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=/2 ;:5. Q5-265- ,>6,GH/F/ ;4/:-5 812G42;7, ?23,./95- 95 <2= 6-2C,A >/95=-,@/ ?81/:2 ? :1565-,6/ <1,>5 , ?>=16/-2C -/@,2-/4-2C ,
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95 81?J/4/ 8;,A242G<2 ?72.,G75, 2;42-/@ ,4, ?75A? ?C12J5-26 -/@,2-/4-26 ,=5-7,757?. ' :1565 E216,1/F/ 5:128;<,A -/@,9/ ? XVI, XVII,
XVIII, 8/ , XIX :5<?, 1/=2 ;5 8275>/42 >/ ,>6,GH5-,6 <547;<,6, C516/-;<,6, :,<,-G<,6, 71/=,@,9/6/, 8/ ./< , >/ =?3H26 812G42GK? (Trevor-Roper 2002, 27-64; Morgan, 65-148). O/<2 95, 15@,62, .?:5-, G:5=;<,
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726/-;<2C @/1;7:/, ;71?9/45 ";42:,-;<,6" ;:5726 (I/6/1S,K 1968;
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"I13, -/12= -/9;7/1,9," (&?<2:,K-09/-2:,K 1990), 815<2 "I21/3/ ;/
%74/-7,=5" ,4, new age <2<57,1/F/ ;/ ;42:5-;<26 6,7242C,926, 8/C/-,>626 , "81/:2;4/:H56 815 A1,GK/-;7:/", 8/ ;:5 =2 8,1/6,=5 -/ 84/-,-, !7/F, ,4, 2315=-,A 85;/6/ =15:-,A I13/ ,> "-=,95, C272:2 ;:?=/ ;5
82-/:H/ ,;7, 6,7242G<, 231/>/@ 2 -5<29 7/9-29, >/31/F5-29 , ;<1,:5-29
,;721,9, =15:-2C , -5</=/ 62K-2C I18;<2C -/12=/.1
' 1/;<2G-26 23,H? ,>6,GH5-,A 71/=,@,9/ , ,;<2-;71?,;/-,A ,;721,9/, 95=-/ 8;5?=2-/?.-/ 756/ 8123,4/ ;5 ? ;/6 :1A ,-7515;2:/F/ G,15
9/:-2;7,. !/=, ;5 2 7/<2>:/-26 ":,-./-;<26 8,;6?". R7/:,G5, >/31,F/:/9?K/ 95 .,F5-,@/ =/ 95 72 -/:2=-2 -524,7;<2 8,;62 9?C2,;72.-5 D:1285, 7232J =5G,E12:/-2 (;4232=-,6 /;2@,9/7,:-,6 6572=26), 35> ,</<:2C -/?.-2C ?7565H5F/, ?> -5;53,.-? 65=,9;<? 82=1G<?, 812<1.,42 ;53, 8?7 2= 6/1C,-/4-5 8;5?=2-/?<5 =2 C4/;,4/, E21?6/ , ,-;7,7?@,9/
2>3,H-5 -/?<5 , =/ 95 <2-/.-2 82;7/42 7516,- <29, ;5, -/J/42;7, ;/;:,6
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*/ 4, 3, A56,./1, =/-/; 81,;7/4, =/ :2=5 2>3,H-? 1/;81/:? 2 7521,9, E42C,;72-/? "4, /;712-26, 2 C52@5-71,.-26 ;,;756?, / C5242>, 2 7265 =/ 95 >56H/ -/;7/4/ 4004. C2=,-5 815 -. 5.? $/1/:-2 =/ -5 3,! $5 3,,
>/72 G72 ;? 72 ,=595 <295 ;8/=/9? ? ,;721,9? -/?<5, <295 ;? 3,45 -5</=/
?:/J/:/-5, ./< , :142 42C,.-5 ? ;:26 <2-75<;7? , :1565-?, /4, ;? =/-/;
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=2>:2H/:/9? =/ 3?=? ?:?.5-, ? 1/;81/:? 2 7>:. ":,-./-;<26 8,;6?" (,4,
82=?-/:;<26, 4585-;<26, </<2 :/6 =1/C2). T/G72 2>3,H-5 ,-;7,7?@,95
(</2 I18;</ /</=56,9/ -/?</ , ?657-2;7,) 81,;7/9? =/ ,6 ;5, </2 /<7?541

"> 23,H/ ;18;<5 8;5?=2-/?.-5 4,751/7?15 75G<2 95 ,>=:29,7, 95=-2 ,4,

=:/ =54/, / -5 2C15G,7, ;5 2 =1?C/. "8/<, -/:5GK? =:/ <29/ >32C ;:295 75JF5 </
;,-757,.-2;7,, 62C? 3,7, =23/1 ?>21/< 8;5?=2-/?.-,A ;7156H5F/ ? I13,9,.
B5=-2 95 <F,C/ 0571/ N,42;/:H5:,K/ "I18;</ 8,;6/" (N,42;/:H5:,K 2006), <29/ 815=;7/:H/ 81,4,.-2 ;:523?A:/7/- 815C45= 1/>4,.,7,A "=15:-,A" ;18;<,A ,
;42:5-;<,A 8,;/6/. *1?C2 95 <F,C/ *1/C2H?3/ %-7,K/ "+,-./-;</ ;7/1/ D:128/
, I13,", <29/ -/; ? 8271/>, >/ <2-7,-?,75726 I13/ :2=, ./< ? =/45<? P,85132159?, "82;7293,-? "-=25:128H/-/" (%-7,K 2004). L,42 3, -581/:5=-2 -5 ;8265-?7, , :,G5 756/7;<,A ;:5>/</ "N,7242G<2C >321-,</", <29, ,>=/95 "U5-7/1 >/
6,7242G<5 ;7?=,95 I13,95" ,> !/.5. I =1?C5 ;71/-5, :526/ ?;85G-? <1,7,<?
8;5?=2,;721,9;<,A, "-2:2126/-7,./1;<,A" ,=59/, =/2 95 !/=,:29 !/=,K ? ;:2929
<F,>, "I13, 815 %=/6/ , 82;45 F5C/" (!/=,K 2005).
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242

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-/, -/657-5 756/ <2929 95 65;72 ? 6?>59? ,=59/, ?> 7521,9? E42C,;72-/ ,4,
81,.? =/ <51/6,</ ;/6/ 1/;75 ? >56H,?
02C45=/962 815 ;:5C/ ,;721,9? ,=595 2 ":,-./-;<26 8,;6?". +,-./-;</ <?47?1/ 95 64/M5-524,7;</ <?47?1/ -/>:/-/ 82 42</4,757? ? 34,>,-,
L52C1/=/ (Garaanin 1979; 1982, Chapman 1981). 012;7,1/4/ ;5 -/ @5-71/4-26 L/4</-? 2<:,1-2 2= 5300. =2 4300. C2=,-5 815 -. 5., / 82 -5<,6
?35=H,:,6 -2:,9,6 82=/@,6/ , <1/K5, =2 4650. (BoriV 2009). T-/<5 -/
:,-./-;<29 -524,7;<29 <51/6,@, ,> O21=2G/ (=/-/; ? !?6?-,9,), I2E,9/
O216/ <2-;7/7?95 81,4,<26 ;:29,A ,;<28/:/F/ 1879, / P?3517 R6,7 82.57<26 XX :5</ 81/:, ./< , ?8215=-? 7/34,@? "8,;6/" ,> O21=2G/ , 8,;/6/ ;/ L4,;<2C ,;72</ (Torma 1879; Roska 1941; Schmidt 1903, Renfrew
1976, 101-109). $5 7153/, 65M?7,6 >/321/:,7, =/ C2:21,62 2 ;/6,6 82.5@,6/ ;7:/1/F/ <1/7<5, ,;721,9;<5 A12-242C,95 >/;-2:/-5 -/ 7,8242G<26
8/1/454,>6? , -/ ,=59, "ex oriente lux", 7.9. 2 815;?=-26 ?7,@/9? 34,;<2,;72.-,A @,:,4,>/@,9/ -/ ;7:/1/F5 5:128;<2C -524,7/. ' 726 <2-75<;7?
,=59/ 2 -524,7;<26 8,;6? -/ L/4</-? (<295 95 815?>572 ; L4,;<2C ,;72</)
3,4/ 95 ;/;:,6 42C,.-/, 2.5<,:/-/ , ;6/71/-/ 95 827:1=26 G,15C A12-242G<2C <2-75<;7/ (Renfrew 1976, 101-109, 200-205). 01:, ,;71/J,:/.
+,-.5, N,4295 +/;,K 95 C2:21,2 2 >-/@,6/ -/ :,-./-;<29 <51/6,@, , E,C?1,-/6/ -/>,:/9?K, ,A 1/>4,.,72 72<26 :,G5 =5@5-,9/: "6/1</6/" (,
;6/71/9?K, ,A 2>-/</6/ 1/=,2-,@/, ;:29,-5 <4/-/ ,4, 8212=,@5), "?15>/-,6 >-/@,6/", "8,;65-,6/", "8,;65-,6 >-/<2:,6/", "C1/E,7,6/", (+/;,K 1910; 1932; 1936). "/<2 95 82;7585-2 65F/2 A12-242C,9? +,-.5, 82C15G-2 95 =2:2=5K, ? :5>? 81:2 ; 5C59;<,6 312->/-,6 =2326, / 82726 ;
B2-,926 VI :5</, +/;,K -,95 5<;84,@,7-2 7:1=,2 =/ ;? :,-./-;<, >-/@,
81/:2 8,;62, ,/<2 3, 7/</: /1C?65-7 92G </<2 ,G/2 ? 81,42C F5C2:26
3,>/1-26 =/7,1/F?. 0;5?=2-/?.-, 82321-,@, ,=595 2 :54,<29, /?72A72-29, 8,;65-29, 81/;18;<29, :,-./-;<29 @,:,4,>/@,9, </2 <245:@, 5:128;<5 8,;65-2;7, =/-/; "8/71,27;<," @,7,1/9? +/;,K/ , ,>:4/.5 F5C2:5
15., ,> <2-75<;7/ , :1565-/ ? <265 ;? -/;7/45 ()H/<,K 1993, 48-58).
-, 2.,C45=-2 -5 >-/9? =/ 95 N,4295 +/;,K ;6/71/2 =/ 95 +,-./ 82>-/,
7?M,-;</ <242-,9/ ,> VI :5</ 815 -/G5 515, / -5 :545458-/ 82=?-/:;</
-524,7;</ <?47?1/.
" </;-,95 ;,;756/7,>/@,95 721=2G<,A , :,-./-;<,A >-/<2:/ , F,A2:2 ".,7/F5", 7/<2M5 ;5 ?<4/8/9? ? <1/7<?, (/94=2:;<? A12-242C,9?. O/34,@5 ,> O/17/1,95 ? !?6?-,9, (Makkay 1969), ,-/.5 ,> 8123456/7,.-2C
/1A5242G<2C , ;71/7,C1/E;<2C <2-75<;7/, ?81/:2 ;? 3,45 95=/- 2= C4/:-,A /1C?65-/7/ ? 81,42C 2.?:/F? 71/=,@,2-/4-2C ,;721,9;<2C A12-242G<2C ;,;756/. N/</9 ;5 ./< 71?=,2 =/ 1/;75C-5 A12-242C,9? </<2 3, 3/4</-;<, -524,7 82:5>/2 ;/ 34,;<2,;72.-,6 8,;65-,6 <?47?1/6/ , G72 3,
239/;-,42 E216/4-? ;4,.-2;7 7/34,@/ ,> O/17/1,95 , 34,;<2,;72.-,A
8,;/-,A ;8265-,</ (Renfrew 1976, 200-205). 02321-,@, <1/7<5 ,;721,9!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

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;<5 A12-242C,95 ? ;18;<29 /1A5242C,9, -51/=2 ;? ;5 2=1,@/4, 72C A12-242G<2C /1C?65-7/ >/;-2:/-2C -/ 7/34,@/6/ ,> O/17/1,95, /4, 95 "1/=,2</132-;</ 15:24?@,9/", , </4,31/@,9/ C14 =/7?6/ ?.,-,4/ =/ ,=59/ 2
:,-./-;<29 <?47?1,, </2 2 =,15<7-26 =,E?>,2-26 812,>:2=? 34,;<2,;72.-,A (81272)8,;65-,A @,:,4,>/@,9/, ,>C?3, ;:/<, ;6,;/2 (Garaanin
1979, 207; Renfrew 1976, 93-120). +5K,-/ ;18;<,A /1A5242C/, ./< , </=/
;5 65M?;23-2 -,95 ;4/C/4/ 2 8215<4? -524,7/ ? 9?C2,;72.-29 D:128,, :,-./-;<5 >-/<5 -,95 ;6/71/4/ >/ 8,;62. ">?>57/< 95 B2:/- O2=212:,K, <29,
95 >-/@,6/ 81,=/:/2 :5K, >-/./9 (O2=212:,K , U516/-2:,K 1961). O2=212:,K ? 75<;7? ,> 1969, C2:21, 2 :5>/6/ DC595 , 02=?-/:H/, /4, ; 75>26
=/ ;? ?7,@/9, ,G4, ? 231-?726 81/:@?, ; L/4</-/ </ L4,;<26 ,;72<?
(TodoroviV 1969). $/1/:-2, 95=/- 2= -/9:/J-,9,A 1/>42C/ >/ ?>=1J/- ;7/:
:5K,-5 ;18;<,A /1A5242C/ 8156/ A,82757,.-26 -524,7;<26 8,;6? 95 72
G72 /1A5242G</ C1/M/ >/,;7/ -,.,6 -5 ?</>?95 -/ 72 =/ ;? 8295=,-/.-,
?15>, -/ :,-./-;<29 <51/6,@, , E,C?1,-/6/ ,G7/ :,G5 2= ,>242:/-,A,
-5;,;756/7,.-,A >-/<2:/. O/<2 95 ,=59/ 2 -5<26 3/4</-;<26 -524,7;<26
"8,;6?" ? -2:26 A12-242G<26 , /1A5242G<26 <2-75<;7? 3/4</-;<5 81/,;721,95 82;7/4/ 35;815=657-/. L/156 95 7/<2 ,>C45=/42.

02:/68,15F5 7521,9/ 2 ":,-./-;<26 8,;6?"

)/<2 ;5 7521,9/ 2 :,-./-;<26 8,;6? 82:/68,1,4/? )2 95 , </<2 ?=/A-?2 -2: J,:27 95=-29 ;7/129 7521,9,, <29/ ,6/ ;:295 ?C45=-2 65;72 ? 6?>59? 815:/>,M5-,A ,=59/? #2=,-5 1987, ,> -/?.-2 <1/9F5 ;?6F,:,A ,>:21/
(=-5:-/ G7/68/) 82.54, ;? =/ 81,;7,J? ,>:5G7/9, 2 :/-15=-26 27<1,K?
-5<2C 812E. =1 !/=,:29/ 05G,K/. - 95 </<2 ;? 8,;/45 -2:,-5 812.,7/2 -5 ;/62 :,-./-;<2, :5K , 571?1;<2 8,;62, 75 95 ?7:1=,2 =/ 95 15. 2
,;726 95>,<? (, 8,;6?), / 72 95, =/3265, ;18;<, (05G,K 1987).
%4, 05G,K 95 ,6/2 8157A2=-,</. L,2 95 72 I:57,;4/: L,43,9/, -/:2=-, ;71?.F/< >/ 571?1;<2 8,;62 ,> 6,;751,2>-2C =".!*!8!$ 5$ ,!%8%.), .!80*7, ? (,</C? (>/ <29, -,<2 2= 571?;<242C/ -,95 .?2). L,43,9/ 95
3,2 ;18;<, 824,7,.<, 56,C1/-7 , ,>35C/2 95 ? 72<? *1?C2C ;:57;<2C 1/7/,
81:2 ? "7/4,9?, 8/ ? %651,<? (N,42;/:H5:,K 2006, 34-41). ' (,</C? 95
1984. 239/:,2 <F,C? >!$%#,1%#&.)* 7,5*) * &#%,)'# !%8%$?$ (L,43,9/
1984). ' F29 7?6/., 571?1;<,, / , 6-2C5 =1?C5 =15:-5 95>,<5 ?> 8262K K,1,4,@5 , ;18;<2C 95>,</. L,2 95 :526/ ,6815;,2-,1/- <1,7;<,6 4,-5/1-,6 8,;626 , %17?126 D:/-;26 , 81/:2 95 .?=2 =/ -,95 ?;852 =/ ;/>-/
=/ 95 3/156 '*",$%"# < 8,;62 812.,7/-2. L,43,9/ 1984. :54,: "*5G,E12:/F5 =:/9? ,4, :,G5 ;,;756/ 8,;/F/ 27<1,:5-,A -/ )1,7? -,95 =2 =/-/;
?;8542. O, ;,;756, 8,;/F/ 7153/4, ;? =/ 82;:5=2.5 82;729/F5 >/6,GH5-5 815 C1.<5 <?47?15 -/ 2;71:? )1,7?. O2 ;5 -,95 62C42 =/ =2</J5 951 #1!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

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</ </2 57-,.<5 -/@,2-/4-5 95=,-,@5 ,4, -/12=/ -,95 7/=/ 3,42" (L,43,9/
1984, 41). */<45, +5-71,; , (5=:,< ;? 3,4, ? >/34?=,! L,43,9/ ? 81,.? 2
;:26 .,7/F? ?:4/., &,=,9@5, &,<,9@5 , =1?C5 6/42/>,9;<5 -/12=5, -/1/:-2 , D71?1@5, /4, ;:, ;? 2-,, 82 F56?, C2:21,4, 95=-? =15:-? :/1,9/-7? ;18;<2C (1/G/-;<2C) 95>,</, , -/1/:-2 ,> F,A2:2C 8,;6/ =,15<7-2
95 812,>/G4/ K,1,4,@/. L,43,9,-2 15>2-2:/F5 95 :142 95=-2;7/:-2, /4,
95 >/-,6H,:2 </2 81,651 42C,.<,A C15G/</:
1. I:/ 571?1;</ ;42:/ 4,.5 -/ K,1,4,.-/, 8/ 95 9/;-2 =/ ,6/9? ,;7?
C4/;2:-? :15=-2;7.
2. D71?1;<, 75<;72:, ;5 8156/ 7265 95=-2;7/:-2 62C? 812.,7/7, 81,65F?9?K, K,1,4,@?.
3. D71?1;</ ;42:/ ;7:215-/ ;? 8156/ ;18;<,6 15.,6/ <295 82.,F? 7,6
;42:26, / , C1/E,.<, 4,.5 -/ =/7, 829/6 (/<12E2-,9/). !5@,62 N 95 </2
?;7/4/;/-2 N !D, * </2 * N, ' </2 '*"U% ,4, '+%&%, ! </2 !%&
,7=.
4. B5=-26 812.,7/-, 75<;72:,, 6/ </<2 -523,.-2 >:?./4, (,8/< 95 72
=15:-, ;18;<,), 82726 ;5 4/<2 815:2=5 8262K? ;4,.-,A ;18;<,A 15.,.
!5@,62, /<2 ;5 812.,7/ $1',(*, 72 4,., -/ $1'*7$(*, G72 K5 15K, 2-, <29, J,:5 ? ,;729 $1'*7*, >-/., )#-(*7, (-5K562 :/H=/ ;,7-,./1,7, 2 7265
=/ 95 $1'*7$ 7?1;</ 15.). " 572 815:2=/! )/2 , ;:/<2 =1?C2 C5-,9/4-2 27<1,K5 , 2:2 95 -5,>15@,:2 95=-2;7/:-2! B5=/- 2= >/3/:-,9,A L,43,9,-,A
815:2=/ 95: "$'$ .*&$ @$% 8 A,%8"$" (L,43,9/ 1984, 143-146). T/81/:2, ?
8,7/F? 95 95=/- 2= 157<,A 4/<2 .,7H,:,A 571?1;<,A -/78,;/ -/ E15;@,
,> O/1<:,-,95 (Tomb of Orcus), C=5 ;? ?> 4,<2:5 32C2:/ =/7/ , F,A2:/
,65-/ Aita (P/=), Phersipnai (051;5E2-/), , Cerun (#51,2-) (Wellard
1973, 141).
+15=, ? @54,-, 815-57, L,43,9,-2 .,7/F5 >4/7-,A 7/34,@/ ,> 0,1C,9/ (Pyrgi). "-/.5, >-/.5F5 7,A 842.,@/ ; <1/9/ VI :5</ 815 -.5. 95 ? -/?@, =54,6,.-2 82>-/72 >/A:/H?9?K, 8/1/454-26 E5-,./-;<26 75<;7?: 72
95 >/A:/4-,@/ 571?1;<2C <1/H/ U515 (Thefarie Velianas), 32C,F, '-, 82:2=26 F5C2:5 715K5 C2=,-5 :4/=/F/ (75<;7 65M?7,6 -,95 =2;42:-2 815:5=5- -/ E5-,./-;<, 8/ 95 ;/62 95=-/ 15. 812.,7/-/ -/ 571?1;<26: ?* G72
>-/., 71,) (Bonfante and Bonfante 1983, 53; Robinson 1995, 152-154). D:2
L,43,9,-2C .,7/F/ , 815:2=/:
"' K,1,4,.-29 71/-;4,751/@,9,:
B$+'*?$ C
", 7/- 76,/ - ,</< M 5 1/6 /> - :/: / 7,5 K5 ?-,/4
/> 715 ; - J56,/ ;/ - 65K - J?7/ - J53/1, 5 , :54,
/ -/; - >/4 - <42 - :5-, /> - 7?1? K5 - 6?-,; 7/;
M2:/; 7/6 5 15;</ - ,4/. :5 - 7?45 1/;5 - -/K - K,
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/:,4 - K215 /1 - 75J, /65, 7/45 - ,4/. :5 - / 4>/;5

-/< - / 71/ -5; - >,4/K /4 - ;545 , 7/4/ - /<- />
:51; - ,7/ -,6 - M5 1/6 : 5 - / :,4 - 5 -,/ </ 8?4?6 .:/9/.
B$+'*?$ <
-/, - J53/1,5 - :54 ,,?-/; - J/6?5 <45:5 - 5 7/-/4
6/; /- - 7,?1 ?-, /; - J54/K5 - :/ </4 - 76,/4 / :,4
.:/4 - / 62K 5 - 8?4?6 .:/ - ; -2 ,/E.
O5<;7 8127?6/.5- ? ;18;<26 95>,<?:
D'$!"$ &'#E?$ C.
" 7/ <F,C/ 629/, ;12.5-/
2:=5 95 ?15>/-/, 82G72 ;5 >/:57?956,
=/ :/6/ <29, ;75 >/95=-2,
9/ =/1,:/6 2:? >56H?,
72 65K56 >4/72 ;531,6/,
-5</ 2-2 :54,, =/ 82;7/42 >/42C,
<242-,6/ >/=5G5-,6 7?,
B/ =/956 2:=5 ;?C1/M/-,6/ 2=15=3?,
=/ ;5 ;4?J5 <F,C26
, >/8,;5 12= =/ >-/,
:=5 !/G/-, =/ ;5 1/M/9? -/ 2:26 65;7?,
C2=,-/6/ >56H? =/ 21?, =/ 75J/75,
=/ 3, 3,2 2=/745 12= <29, >-/ >/ ;5 42>,,
$2 /<2, =/ =/1/ -5;7/-5,
;,45K, ;:5 =/ ;5 ;545,
=/ 27,6H? ,62:,-?,
82G72 :51>/ 7,A -56/ 2M5 ?15>/-,A,
T-/9? 82A458-,,
572, =/ -56/ 2-=/ >4/7/,
=/ 3, ,A .?:/42,
D'$!"$ &'#E*?$ <.
$5</ ;5 1/M/ ;53/1,95 6-2C2,
64/=, =/ >/65K? <245:<5,
-5</ ?<?K/-, 2<?8H/9?,
-/ J17:5-,<? 64/M5,
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

246

%&D)I%$*%! 0%&%+DIO!%

B/ ;/6 2-/9 <29, J54,,

=/ >-/9? >/.57/< 6295 <F,C5,
= 82A458-,A =/ 3, ;5 .?:/4/,
7/ 62K , >4/72 =/ .?:/ ;5
2-2 2= <1/M5."
L,43,9/ 82;45 815:2=/ =/95 ,;@18/- <265-7/1 ;:/<5 15.,. !5@,62: /
95 /, +% 95 +%, +./% 95 <F,C/. T/G72 <F,C/? 0/ - +6. , ./% (.64% #2/:%)
- +6./4% - +6./% - +./%. )/2 ? ,7/4,9/-;<26. ,#%+ 95 /3%+/, ,>C2:/1/7,
;42:2 82 ;42:2. ; 95 6<", 6*'". = 95 4". >%. 95 ?%#%( 82 ,7/4,9/-;<26 rame, /4, 2:=5 >/81/:2 >-/., 9("-%&6 (?15>/-2 ? 3/</1, 6/</1 ;? 842.,@5
>4/7-5), ?2;7/426 -/ ;18;<26 ;5 </J5 9(%.1"&6. I/62 ;5 7153/ ;57,7,. D
;/=/, L,43,9/ 95 -/ 7/34,@/6/ 8128?;7,2 =/ 81582>-/ .?:5-? 15. <"(%.,
<29? K5 </;-,95 812-/K, 812-,@H,:, 812E. 05G,K. O/<2M5 95 8278?-2 >/-56/1,2 15. #6!9*"&/, <29/ K5 >/ 95=-2C 8272F5C ,;71/J,:/./ ;18;<2571?1;<,A :5>/ 3,7, ;?=32-2;-/ (L,43,9/ 95 .,7/2 #!6, 79. #6!6&/ 2-,
<29, 231/M?9? >56H? , *"&/ - -%'"$/+/ $", 82 4/7,-;<26 :142 -58/71,27;<,).
L,43,9, ;5 621/ 81,>-/7, 6/1H,:2;7. W5C2:/ <F,C/ ,6/ C272:2 71,
;727,-5 ;71/-/, / 81,65F?9?K, ;:29 3,>/1-, ;,;756 2- 95 7565H-2 28,;/2 ;:295 ".,7/F5" 6-2C,A 571?1;<,A -/78,;/.
% 2-=/ ;5 829/:,2 812E. 05G,K. $5<24,<2 C2=,-/ 82 239/:H,:/F?
L,43,9,-5 <F,C5 ? -/G29 G7/68, 82.,F? =/ ;5 829/:H?9? ;5->/@,2-/4-5
:5;7, 2 05G,K5:26 =5G,E12:/F? 571?1;<2C, /4, , :,-./-;<2C 8,;6/.
05G,K ? ;:29,6 81:,6 -/;7?8,6/ , -2:,-;<,6 75<;72:,6/ -,95 6-2C2
;826,F/2 L,43,9,-2 27<1,K5. ";7,-/, ? <F,>, F*"E$".)# &*.-# (81,15M5-29 , G7/68/-29 82;45 05G,K5:5 ;617,) 239/:H5- 95 95=/- <1/7/< ,
64/< 81,</> L,43,9,-2C 1/=/ (05G,K 1995, 75-76), / L,43,9,-2 ,65 ;826,F5 ;5 , ? ;8,;<? ,4?;71/@,9/. %4, >/72 05G,K ;8156-2 81,A:/7/ L,43,9,- 6572= ".,7/F/" 571?1;<,A 75<;72:/, ;/62 C/ ?;/:1G/:/ (-5 2=/9?K,
=?J-2 82G72:/F5 ;:26 8157A2=-,<?). I?9575 , 81,;:/9/F/ 7?M,A "27<1,K/" 2.,C45=-2 ,6/ , ? 8;5?=2-/?@,. $/ 95=-26 9/:-26 815=/:/F? ;/28G7/:/: "D71?1;<, <215-, 15., ;? ;42:5-;<,, / /1A5242G</ =2<?65-7/@,9/ >/ 2:2 724,<2 95 -/657H,:/ =/ ;5 -5 62J5 815-5315C-?7,".2 05G,K5:2
.,7/F5 842.,@/ ,> 0,1C,9/ >/;-2:/-2 95 -/ L,43,9,-26, 65M?7,6 -,95
,;72. O1/-;4,751/@,9/ ;5 81,4,.-2 1/>4,<?95, / 815:2= 92G , :,G5. +142
95 ;,68726/7,.-2 , 824,7,.<, /<7?54-2 .,7/F5. B2G , 7/=/ ;? I135 ;?;5=, ,>=/:/4, , 2;7/:H/4, -/ @5=,4?.
I4232=/- (05G,K5:) 815:2=: "" 7/ 7/6/ =2-5;5 ;:? 35=? -5?75G-? ,
-/C-/ -/ 1/>6,GH/F5 2 1/>/1/F,6/ </2 =/ , 32C,F/ 3/@, 812<457;7:2
2

%.0., 4,.-5 >/3545G<5.

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-/ -/; I& +D$D <29, ;? 2:=5 J,:54, / :, 82M2;75 ? 35<;7:2 , -/8?;7,;75 , -/; , ;:? >56H? !%R%$I)' , 815=/;75 -/; 1/>9/15-,6 "O%&"N% @54? >56H? , ;:5 -/; ;/=/ 1/;?75 82 "O%&"B" ? 35=, ,>=/75 2= ;:29,A :2M/ <29, -5 826,;4,G5 -/ ;:295 -/1/G7/95 , ;:5 I& +D$D <29, ;?
62C4, ,6/7, ;15K-? ;?=3,-? 8/ -5</ 95 A:/4/ 7,6 ,>=/9-,.<,6 ;,-2:,6/" (05G,K 1995, 51-62, O. V).
05G,K -,95 3,2 /<1,3,./- </2 L,43,9/ 8/ -/6 95 ?;<1/7,2 <265-7/15
;:/<5 15.,. N5M?7,6 27<1,:5-, ;? (=231,) I42:5-, , (>4,) "7/4,. % -/?.,4, ;62 , =/ ;5 -/ =15:-26 ;18;<2-571?1;<26 @*%!% +/. /-'%4&/5#/. $/&6*/.% </J5 :9!/05 5*% $&/9A. N2J5 ?;7153/7,! */<45, 571?1;<,, 79 1/G/-;<,, 82.52 95 =/ C2:21, C272:2 ;:/<2. I?2.5- ; 7/<:26 -5429/4-26 <2-<?15-@,926 05G,K ;5 :142 31>2 2</-,2 571?1;<2C. W5C/ ;?
2.5<,:/4/ :5K/ =54/.
$2, 815 ;:5C/: <2 95 3,2 !/=,:295 05G,K? W5C2:/ 4,.-2;7 ;7/4-2 -/6
,>6,.5. 02G72 ? F5C2:,6 <F,C/6/ -56/ 3,2C1/E;<,A 82=/7/</, 82C45=/962 G7/ 2 F56? 8,G? =1?C,. )/<2 </J5 95=/- F5C2: 3,2C1/E: "!/=,:295 05G,K (1931-1993). !2=,2 ;5 ? +545;?, ? N/<5=2-,9,. I15=,-26 607,A 27,G/2 ? "7/4,9?. O/62 82;7/2 ?-,:51>,757;<, 812E5;21. 7<1,2
:,-./-;<2 8,;62, 815:52 +545;2:? <F,C?. '612 ? L5.?. W5C2: >-/./9
;A:/K5- 95 75< 82;45 F5C2:5 ;617," (N,42;/:H5:,K 2006, 33). )/<:/
G7?1/ 3,2C1/E,9/ 7/<:2C :54,</-/! $2:,-5 ;? 2 F56? ,>:5G7/:/45 ,>=/G-,95, /4, <2-71/=,<721-2, -/:2=5K, 1/>-21/>-5 ,-;7,7?75 , ?-,:51>,7575 -/ <29,6/ 95 !/=,:295 05G,K -/:2=-2 1/=,2: ,;7,.? ;5 Institut di
Balcanologia, Roma /Trieste; "-;7,7?7 >/ 21,95-7/4-5 ;7?=,95 ? %15@?, Instituto degli studi orientali, Milano, )/75=1/ >/ 21,95-7/4-? /1A5242C,9?
'-,:51>,757/ ? Q,15-@,... 0,;/42 ;5 ./< , =/ 95 ;71?.F/< >/ 21,95-7/4-? 8/452-7242C,9? (I7/-<2:,K 2004) , =/ 95 >32C =5G,E12:/F/ :,-./-;<2C 8,;6/ 621/2 =/ 35J, ,> I13,95 ? N,4/-2 , !,6 (B2:/-2:,K 2004).
L2C/7/ , 1/>32<215-/ </1,951/, -56/ G7/. I/62 G72, -/J/42;7, -,C=5 -,95 =2;7?8-/ F5C2:/ 812:51H,:/ -/?.-/ 3,2C1/E,9/ , 3,34,2C1/E,9/ <29/
3, C/ <:/4,E,<2:/4/ >/ 2:/<2 815;7,J-/ , ?C45=-/ 65;7/, 8/ ;5 -5 7153/
.?=,7, /<2 -/ ,7/4,9/-;<,6 ?-,:51>,757,6/ -,<2 -,95 .?2 -, >/ 6-2C5
2= -/:5=5-,A </75=/1/ , ,-;7,7?7/, / -5<624, >/ 812E5;21/ 05G,K/.
02C45=/962 815 ;:5C/ 05G,K5: -/9>-/./9-,9,, "815<157-,.<," 1/=.
39/:H5- 95 ? 82;7A?6-2 81,15M5-29 <F,>, 05G,K5:,A -2:,-;<,A .4/-/</ 1995. C2=,-5 (F*"E$".)# &*.-#) (05G,K 1995). ' <F,>,, 2;,6 "-2;5K5C" 75<;7/ 2 :,-./-;<26 8,;6? ,6/ 92G -5<24,<2 -2:,-;<,A 75<;72:/
2 />3?@, &585-;<2C +,1/, 8215<4? 571?1;<2C 8,;6/ (.,7/:,A 11, 5 ;71/-/) </2 , 1/>-,A 6/F,A :/1,9/@,9/ -/ 75 71, 7565. ' C4/:-26 75<;7? (2=
2;/6 ;71/-/) F*"E$".)# &*.-#, 05G,K 81:5 71, ;71/-5 82;:5K?95 ,;721,9/7? ,;71/J,:/F/ +,-.5 , A12-242C,9, ; 82;53-,6 2;:1726 -/ C14 =/7?65 (>/;7/1545 , -5</4,31,;/-5), =/ 3, >/<H?.,2 =/ ;5 A12-242C,9/ :,-!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

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./-;<5 <?47?15 <15K5 ",>65M? V , IV 6,45-,9?6/ 815 -.5.". 02726 =/95

,;721,9/7 ,;71/J,:/F/ -/ L/F,@, C=5 95, </<2 </J5, -/M5-2 150 E1/C65-/7/ ;/ ?7,;-?7,6 ;42:,6/ , -/78,;,6/, / , @,7,1/ , ,-7518157,1/ /?7215 %. U516/-2:,K , B. O2=212:,K/. 05G,K 95 92G <21,;7,2 ;7/1?, -5</4,31,;/-? A12-242C,9?, 8/ 95 >/<H?.,2 =/ 95 ,>65M? :,-./-;<2C , 81272;?651;<2C 8,;6/ ;/62 373 C2=,-5 1/>4,<5 (? <21,;7 +,-.5). )2-/.-2, -/
8152;7/45 71, ;71/-5 ;:2C 582A/4-2C .4/-</ 05G,K ;5 =/95 ? >/<H?.,:/F5. 015C45=/2 95 =57/H-2 <51/6,.<5 E1/C65-75, 8158,;/2, ;-,6,2 , <4/;,E,<2:/2 6/751,9/4. $/932H5 95 @,7,1/7, F5C2:5 >/<H?.<5:
")51/6,.<5 E1/C65-75 ;/ ;42:,6/, ?15>,6/ , -/78,;,6/ ,> +,-.5, L/F,@5 ,
=1?C,A /1A5242G<,A 42</4,757/ <29, 81,8/=/9? :,-./-;<29 <?47?1, 815C45=/2
;/6 =57/H-2, 8158,;,:/2 , ;-,6,2 , ,>:1G,2 <4/;,E,</@,9? 6/751,9/4/. O26
81,4,<26 ;/6 ?;7/-2:,2 =/ :,-./-;<2 8,;62 1/;824/J5 ; -5<24,<,6 :51>,9/6/
(,4, G<24/6/) ;:29,A ;42:-,A >-/<2:/. "> :5K5C 3129/ >-/<2:/ ,>=:29,2 ;/6 57
</1/<751,;7,.-,A. = 72C 3129/ 81582>-/7H,:2 95 14 ;42:/ <29/ ;5 62C? ;:1;7/7,
? :2</45. N5M?7,6, 82-2:-26 /-/4,>26 62J5 ;5 =2K, ;/62 =2 857 <295 3,;62
62C4, 81,A:/7,7, </2 :2</45, =2< 2;7/45 62J562 ;6/71/7, F,A2:,6 :/1,9/-7/6/. " 65M? 2;7/4,6/, <295 3,;62 ;:1;7/4, ? <2-;2-/-75, 62J562 812-/K, :/1,9/-75, 7/<2 =/ 3, F,A2: ?<?8/- 3129 ,>-2;,2 43. 0156/ 7265, :,-./-;<2 8,;62
3, ,6/42 />3?<? 2= ?<?8-2 26 ;42:/. %4, 8215= ;42:-,A >-/<2:/, <29, ;:/<, >/
;535 ,6/ ;:29? C4/;2:-? :15=-2;7, ? :,-./-;<26 8,;6? -/,4/>,62 , -/ 4,C/7?15.
&,C/7?15 ;? 7/<2M5 :526/ 81582>-/7H,:5. N, ;62 ? -/G29 7/34,@, ,>=:29,4, 23
4,C/7?15, <295 -/932H5 81,</>?9? 81,-@,8 -/ 2;-2:? <2C/ ;? :,-./-;<, 8,;/1,
;7:/1/4, ;:295 4,C/7?15, 7/<2 =/ ;5 ?:,=26 ? 2:/9 815C45= 62C? 81582>-/:/7, ,
=1?C5, -2:5 4,C/7?15. +526/ 95 </1/<751,;7,.-2, , 72 K562 ,;7/K, 2=6/A, =/ ?
:,-./-;<26 81/:28,;? ,6/62 , 81,65-? 7/.<5, 95=-5 ,4, :,G5, <295 ;5 -/4/>5
?;15= 15.,, G72 K5 3,7, </;-,95 ?2.H,:2 , ? 8,;65-2;7, 8272F,A @,:,4,>/@,9/" (05G,K 1995, 22-23 ).

$,</= 582A/4-,95 27<1,K5 -,95 ,>:5=5-2 7/<2 95=-2;7/:-2, -,7, 28,;/-2 7/<2 A4/=-2<1:-2 -5/1C?65-72:/-2 , 95>C12:,72, ? 95=-26 8/;?;?:
815C45=/2 <51/6,.<5 E1/C65-75, 823129/2 ;42:/, 2=15=,2 <2-;2-/75, :2</45, :/1,9/-75 , 4,C/7?15. $/1/:-2, 72 "815C45=/2 <51/6,.<5 E1/C65-75" 2=-2;,42 ;5 ?C4/:-26 -/ ,4?;71/7,:-5 7/345 ? <F,>, 2 -524,7;<29
L/F,@, (O2=212:,K , U516/-2:,K 1961, 41-43, O. XXXII-XXXIV; TodoroviV 1969, 77-84, Pl. I-XII). R7/ 7? ,6/ 75G<2? I:5 95 72 4582 ;/6 05G,K
=5G,E12:/2 , 812.,7/2 , 72 35> </65-/ ,> !2>575. 02726 95 <12> "<268/1/7,:-? /-/4,>?" >/<H?.,2 =/ ;4,.-,A >-/<2:/ ,6/ ? 1/>4,.,7,6 8,;6,6/ G,126 ;:57/: L1/6/, 4,-5/1-2 %, 4,-5/1-2 L, <,8/1;<2, ;7/12E5-,./-;<2, ;7/12C1.<2, >/8/=-2;56,7;<2, 1?-;<2 , C4/C2H,.<2. $/9:,G5
;4,.-2;7,, -/1/:-2, ,6/ ;/ ;18;<26 K,1,4,@26 ./< =:/=5;57 82=?=/1-,A ;42:/, / "@542<?8-/ 571?1;</ />3?</ ;/=1J/-/ 95 ? :,-./-;<26 8,;6?". 05G,K >/<H?.?95: ""> 2:2C/ 812,>,4/>, =/ ;? 2;7/4, -/12=, ? :5!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

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K29 ,4, 6/F29 651, 815?>,6/4, >-/<2:5 >/ ;:295 8,;62 2= :,-./-;<2C =,15<7-2 ,4, ,-=,15<7-2. $5<, >-/@, ;? 815-57, ;/ ;:29,6 ,=5-7,.-,6
234,<26, -5<, ;? ;7,4,>2:/-,, =2< 95 2= -5<,A 815?>572 ;/62 -/=/A-?K5.
' ;:/<26 ;4?./9?, :,-./-;<2 8,;62 95 3,42 ,>:21 8,;65-2;7, >/ 6-2C5
@,:,4,>/@,95 ,4, ;? 82= F5C2:,6 ?7,@/956 -/;7/45 3129-5 8,;65-2;7, ;
23>,126 -/ F5C2:? -/91/-,9? 829/:?" (05G,K 1995, 23-24).
*/<45, 72 95 72! O2 95 7/9 582A/4-, 75<;7 -/ <29, ;5, 5:2 :5K :,G5 2=
=:5 =5@5-,95 82>,:/9? 724,<, -/@,2-/4-126/-7,./1;<, /6/751, , ;71?.F/@, 1/>4,.,7,A 812E,4/. +512:/7-2 C/ -,<2 -,95 :/H/-2 -, 812.,7/2.
"4, -,<2 -,95 815782;7/:,2 =/ 72 -,95 15>,65 -5<2C 2C126-2C <218?;/
C1/M5, ;7?=,95 239/:H5-5 15@,62 ? "7/4,9,, 82= .,926 75J,-26 <1@</9?
6/;,:-, A1/;72:, ;7242:, ? ;:57;<,6 3,34,275</6/. $,95 72 -, <1/7<,
?:2= -5<2C 28;5J-2C =54/ 2 <268/1/7,:-29 /-/4,>, 8,;65-2;7,. $,G7/
2= 72C/, 2:2 95 .,7/:/ E/62>-/ ;7?=,9/ 2 :,-./-;<26 8,;6?. O?, -/ 71,.57,1, ;71/-5 (<1?8-2C ;42C/) 95 ;:/ -/:2=-/ C1/M/, /1C?65-7/@,9/, A,8275>5, 75;7,1/F5, <268/1/7,:-5 /-/4,>5, ;,-75>/. I:5 95 7?, 32H5 15.5-2
-,.5C -56/! O/F?G/- -2:,-;<, .4/-.,K, C272:2 =,1H,:2 /6/751;<, -/,:/- , -5/1C?65-72:/-.
)/<2 95 72 7/<2>:/-2 1*"E$".)# &*.-# "=5G,E12:/-2"? N572= 95 81,4,.-2 95=-2;7/:/- , >/;-2:/- 95 -/ ?-,:51>/4-29 H?=;<29 ;<42-2;7, (&$%,*0#'*$) =/ 81582>-/95 231/;@5 , 7/62 C=5 -5 82;7295 ("4,@5" -/ N/1;?,
81582>-/:/F5 J,:27,F/ , E,C?1/ ? 234/@,6/ ,4, -/8?<4,-/6/ ? ;75-,,
,4, ? 81,12=-,6 G/1/6/ -/ </65-?) (Nickell 2004). B5=/- 2= -/982>-/7,9,A 81,651/ ".,7/F/" 81,12=-,A -/8?<4,-/ ? ;75-, 95 G8"$-# -/78,; ?
R:5=;<29, <29, 95 =5@5-,9/6/ 3,2 ".,7/-" -/ 1/>4,.,75 -/.,-5 =2< .?:5-, =/-;<, 81/,;721,./1 B5-; +21;5 (Jens Worsaae), 92G ? XIX :5<? -,95
?35=H,:2 82</>/2 =/ 95 ? 8,7/F? ;/:,6 23,./- 81,12=-,, C5242G<, E5-265- , =/ -,</<:,A 7/9/-;7:5-,A 1?-/ -/ ;75-, , -56/ (Andersson
1947). ' ;4?./9? ":,-./-;<2C 8,;6/" 231/>/@ ;? ";42:/" <29/ ;? 05G,K ,
=1?C, "=5G,E1/-7," 81582>-/4, ? 21-/65-7,6/, 2C15327,-/6/ ,4, 1/>4,.,7,6 >-/@,6/ ?C153/-,6 -/ -524,7;<29 <51/6,@,.
02;45 "=5G,E12:/F/" :,-./-;<2C 8,;6/ ;:5 95 3,42 4/<G5. 7:21,4, ;? ;5 -5:,M5-, -2:, 81/:@, ,;71/J,:/F/. 05G,K , F5C2:, ;/1/=-,@,
62C4, ;? =/ .,7/9? ;:5! " ?</>,:/4/ ;? ,6 ;5 6,1/<?42>-/ 27<1,K/: ;7/12;7 8,;65-2;7, ;5 -52.5<,:/-2 812=?3H,:/4/, / C45 .?=/, <H?.-, =2</>, >/ 72 827,@/4, ;? 3/G ;/ ;18;<5 751,721,95. "012.,7/-/" 95 />3?</ &585-;<2C :,1/, , "27<1,:5-/" 65>24,7;</ 8,;65-2;7. 02C45=/962 05G,K5:2 239/GF5F5 =15:-5 65>24,7;<5 />3?<5: "$/ &585-;<26 :,1? -/G4, ;62
71, >-/</. -, ;? 2= </65-/ 82;7/:H5-, ,4, ?<28/-, <1/9 J17:5-,</.
W,A2:, 234,@, ;? , , . 02;6/71/-, ,> 1/>4,.,7,A ?C42:/ 2-, 65F/9?
;:29? E216?, / ;/6,6 7,6 ;?C51,G? , -2:? ;/=1J,-?. 01265-/ ;:5742;7, (? 1/>4,.,72 =23/ =/-/) ?.5;7:?95 ? 2:26 812@5;?, G72 =2:2=, =2 72!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

250

%&D)I%$*%! 0%&%+DIO!%

C/ =/ ;5 2-, 1/>=:/9/9? , ;8/9/9?, ,4, ?> 81265-? 82>,@,95 82;6/71/F/

<2682-?9? -2:? E216?, G72 ,6 82726 =/95 -2:? ;/=1J,-?. :/9 812@5;
?8?K?95 -/ 35;<2-/.-2;7" (05G,K 1995,13). DA, 7, C5-,9/4-, "&585-@,".
I/62 ;/ 71, @175 62C4, ;? =/ -/8,G? ;:/G7/. " 72 2-=/ ?9?71? >-/., 95=-2, ? 82=-5 =1?C2, / ?:5.5 715K5. % /<2 ;5 C45=/ -/C4/:/.<5, -5G72 ;/;:,6 =1?C2. 02-5;5- 7,6 27<1,K56 *1/C/- B/@/-2:,K, /1A5242C ,> 02J/15:@/, (=2;<21/GF, 815=;5=-,< 81/,;721,9;<5 ;5<@,95 I18;<2C /1A5242G<2C =1?G7:/), ?;<4,<-?2 95: "$562C?K5 95, 95=-2;7/:-2, =/ 95=-/ 7/<:/
@,:,4,>/@,9/ </2 G72 95 @,:,4,>/@,9/ &585-;<2C :,1/ (...) -,95 ,6/4/ ;,;756 >/8,;,:/F/ , <26?-,@,1/F/ -5<26 :1;726 8,;6/. $,<2 -/6 -5 =/95
>/ 81/:2 =/ 7:1=,62 </<2 8,;62 -,95 82;729/42!" (O2=212:,K 2004, 8).
N5M?7,6, -,95 ;5 -, 7? ;7/42. +15=-, ,;71/J,:/., 815=:2M5-, 05G,K56 >/G4, ;? , =?3H5 ? 812G42;7. $/ 42</4,757? X?72:-,@/ ;/1/=-,@, -582>-/72C "I42:5-;<2C ,-;7,7?7/" ,> 012A21/ 0.,F;<2C, 27<1,4,
;? 1992. 71/C2:5 8,;65-2;7, ,> "%$"#/ &$',#'*!$, $(,'.), ,&#6,, .!$%,
*5-,H8 700.000 * 160. 000 /#0*"$". 7265 95 =2<?65-7/@,9? 82=-52 05G,K5: ;a1/=-,< X?326,1 )H/<,K, / 31?9/45 ;? ;:5 -2:,-5. 05G,K 95 3,2
1?<2:2=,4/@ ,;71/J,:/F/, / /-/4,>/ 95 23/:H5-/ ? "%1A,:? )H/<,K" ?
L52C1/=?. $5 ;/62 =/ 95 ? 8,7/F? 3,4/ 8,;65-2;7, :5K , </45-=/1 , <2;6,.<, 712?C/2. $5<, >-/@, , ;,6324, "*-$78 -*)%#.)#&.)8 .!%8)!8%8
&$ ., ", -#/8 E*!$!* +,5 &#-$/$'$". % -,;? ;:, >-/@, ?15>/-,. $5<, ;?
"8&*.$"* !,6"*)#- 6,-*7.)#/ "$"#(,4$" , =/3265, "&#0 %$5'*E*!*- .1,!'#."*- 8.'#1*-$, E*!$1$ &#1%(*"$ ,-*!87, 0%8/$E*78 &#%8)8" ()H/<,K
1993, 182, T. XLI, XLII).
I,68726/7,.-/ 95 ,>6,GH5-/ 81,./ ,> 05G,K5:5 3,2C1/E,95 2 812C2F5-26 -/?.-,<?, <2C/ 95, >32C F5C2:,A 27<1,K/, 62K-/ ;18;</ >:/-,.-/
/1A5242C,9/ ./< 7232J5 ,>C-/4/ ,> >56H5. %-<57/ <29? 95 82:2=26 -/:2=-2C 05G,K5:2C 27<1,K/ ;812:52 ./;28,; "#/4/<;,9/" 1987. C2=,-5,
82</>/4/ 95 =:5 ,-7515;/-7-5 .,F5-,@5. B5=-/ 95 =/ 95 2C126-/ :5K,-/
-/982>-/7,9,A 9?C2;42:5-;<,A /1A5242C/ ? 8278?-2;7, 2=3/@,4/ 05G,K5:? ,=59? 2 :,-./-;<26 8,;6? (*1/C2;4/: I1592:,K, N,4?7,- #/1/G/-,-,
%429> L5-/@, L21,:29 (2:,K, $,<24/ O/;,K ,7=.). *1?C/ 95 =/ -,<2 2=
3129-,A ?.5;-,</ /-<575 -,95 =2 829/:5 E5H72-/ ? "L213,", -, .?2 >/ !/=,:29/ 05G,K/ , F5C2:5 -/:2=-5 1/=2:5 (StojanYev 1987).
T-/./9-2 95, 65M?7,6, =/ 95 7/ ,=59/ 2 81/;18;<29 />3?@, 1*"E$"*?* 82726 >42K?=-2 657/;7/>,1/4/ , -/G4/ 842=-2 745 ? <:/>,,;721,9;<29, <:/>,4,-C:,;7,.<29 , <:/>,/1A5242G<29 3/9@, 2 :54,<26 , 62K-26 ;18;<26
-/12=?, <29, 95 ? 812G42;7, .,7/:26 -5>/A:/4-26 ;:57? -5;53,.-2 82=/1,2 ;:29/ @,:,4,>/@,9;</ 27<1,K/ (-524,7,>/@,9?, 8,;62, 657/4?1C,9?,
,7=.). $/1/:-2, 62=54 95 82>-/7 , -5 -/12.,72 21,C,-/4/-. *2 ? =4/<?
82=;5K/ -/ 1/>-5 ;4,.-5 -/@,2-/4,;7,.<5 >42?8271535 -/?<5, 2= .5C/ :/H/ 8265-?7, ;/62 -/982>-/7,9? )2;,-,-? ,-=2C516/-;<? 7521,9?, <29? 95
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

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7/<2 :5G72 <21,;7,2 -/@,;7,.<, %-5-5135 (Ahnenerbe) (62K-/ SS 21C/-,>/@,9/ >/ 2.?:/F5 , 81262:,;/F5 -56/.<2C <?47?1-2C -/;45M/) (Arnold 2006). "-7515;/-7-2 95 =/ 95 %-5-5135 3,2 G,12<2 27:215- </ ;:,6
/4751-/7,:-,6 , 8;5?=2-/?.-,6 756/6/, ?<24,<2 ;? 827:1M,:/45 ,4,
81262:,;/45 ,=59? 2 C516/-;<29 ;?851,21-2;7,, 2= 6,;7,<5, 71/J5F/
;:572C #1/4/, =2 5<;85=,@,9/ -/ O,357, ";4/-= (O?4/), /4751-/7,:-,A 7521,9/ 2 P,85132159,, 45=5-26 =23?, %-7/17,<? ,7=. (Levenda 2005, 157220). T/-,6H,:2 95 =/ ;5 =/-/; 82321-,@, 75>5 "I13, -/12= -/9;7/1,9,"
? 9/:-2;7, ;7/4-2 3215 ; 815=;7/:-,@,6/ ">:/-,.-5" /1A5242C,95, </2 ;
5<;82-5-7,6/ "=,1,C2:/-5 -21=,9;<5 7521,95". ' 8,7/F? 95 .5;7 65A/-,>/6 2=31/-5, ? 8;,A242C,9, 82>-/7 </2 81295<@,9/. O5G<2 3, 3,42 823129/7, ;:5 =51,:/75 05G,K5:2C "27<1,K/" ? 828?4/1-29 8;5?=2-/?.-29 4,751/7?1,. 029/:,4, ;? ;5 ./< , ;85@,9/4,>2:/-, ,>=/:/., , ./;28,;, 82;:5K5-, ,;<H?.,:2 729 8123456/7,@,. %4, -/ 72 9/:-2;7 ;:/</<2 ,6/
81/:2, </2 , -/ 4575K5 7/F,15 , %74/-7,=?.
N-2C2 95 >-/./9-,95 72 G72 ;? -5<5 2>3,H-5 -/?.-5 ,-;7,7?@,95 27:21,45 ;:29/ :1/7/ :/715-,6 82321-,@,6/ ":,-./-;<2C 8,;6/", :512:/7-2
? ;71/A? =/ 3, ? 8127,:-26 62C45 =/ 3?=? 812C4/G5-5 >/ 7:1=2<21-5,
<2->51:/7,:-5 , =2C6/7;<5. O2 95 ,6/42 =/45<2;5J-5 82;45=,@5. I18;</
/</=56,9/ -/?</ , ?657-2;7, ( C1/-/< ? $2:26 I/=?) 21C/-,>2:/4/ 95, ?
;/1/=F, ; 7/9/-;7:5-,6 </4,E21-,9;<,6 "%1A526,7242G<,6 ,-;7,7?726" (Institute of Archaeomythology, Sebastopol, USA), ;<?8 D"$)#1* ?*1*'*5$?*7, (2= 24.-29. 6/9/ 2004.). 15>?47/7,6/ ;<?8/ 62C42 3, ;5 =2;7/
1/;81/:H/7,, /4, 95=/- 2= -/92.,7,9,A 95 =/ ;? 82G72:/2@, 4,</ , =54/
!/=,:29/ 05G,K/ 3,4, >/=2:2H-, 82G72 95 ":,-./-;<2 8,;62", </<2 ;?
;6/71/4,, -2:2;/=;<,6 ;<?826 :51,E,<2:/-2 ? -/9815;7,J-,929 ;18;<29
-/?.-29 ?;7/-2:,. *2=?G5, 1/>C-5:,2 ,A 95 -2:, -/>,: "82=?-/:;<2" ,4,
"=?-/:;<2" 8,;62, <29, ;? <21,;7,4, /651,.<, /1A526,7242>,, ?65;72
:5K ?;:295-2C ":,-./-;<2 8,;62". ' :526/ ?C45=-26 , -/9;7/1,956 ;18;<26 ./;28,;? "&5728,;? N/7,@5 ;18;<5" 829/:,2 ;5 , 81,</> ;<?8/ ,>
851/ ,>:5;-2C %45<;/-=1/ N. 05712:,K/, E,42>2E/ , 3,34,275</1/,
/?721/ <F,C5 "01/,;721,9/ I13/" (05712:,K 2004). $/ ;71/-? G72 95 05712:,K ? ;:26 81,</>? ?7:1=,2 =/ 95 4,-5/1-2 L 8,;62 1500 C2=,-/ ;7/1,95 2= 4,-51/-2C % 8,;6/ (05712:,K 2004, 475). T-/./9-2 95, 65M?7,6,
G72 2- 82>=1/:H/ 72 G72 ;? , /1A5242>,, </2 /</=56,< L2C=/- L1?<-51 ,
%-=159 I7/12:,K 81,A:/7,4, 05G,K5:? ,;7,-?: "02A:/4-2 95 G72 95
L1?<-51 8278?-2 81265-,2 6,GH5F5 >/A:/H?9?K, .,7/F? <F,C/ N/1,95
#,63?7/; (...) ;,9/2 95 2= >/=2:2H;7:/, /4, -,95 -/G/2 >/ ;A2=-2 =/ ;5,
3/1 82;15=-2 ,>:,-, (...) $5;821-2 95 =/ 3, , 05G,K 2:/<:,6 ;<?826,
</2 -/?.-,<, 3,2 815>/=2:2H/- (...) +,-./-;</ <?47?1/ 95 35> ;?6F5, 827:1=,2 95 I7/12:,K ;/ ?35M5F56 <295 95 </2 ;:5J =/A ?-52 ? ;<?8 , +,-,
,6/4/ ;,;756 8,;65-5 <26?-,</@,95 <29, 95 ;:,6/ 3,2 =2;7?8/-" (05712!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

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:,K 2004, 479-480).

'> ;<?8 95 3,4/ 21C/-,>2:/-/ , ,>42J3/ -524,7;<,A /175E/</7/ ; -/:2=-,6 >-/@,6/ , -/78,;,6/. (/< , -/96/G72:,7,9, 75G<2 =/ ;? -/ ,>42J5-,6 815=657,6/ , E1/C65-7,6/ <51/6,<5 62C4, :,=57, , >-/<2:5, /
-5<624, 8,;62 ,4, 75<;72:5 (I7/12:,K 2004). L,42 95 7? C526571,9;<5
21-/65-7,<5, ;:/</<2 , /8;71/<7-5 ;,6324,<5 (81,;?7-5 ? ;:/<29 ?657-2;7, , ?-,:51>/4-26 H?=;<26 ,>1/>?), 7? , 7/62 82 -5</ ?C153/-/ ?<1G75-/ 4,-,9/ <29/ 95 62C4/ 3,7, 715-?7-, ,4, 71/9-,9, >-/< , <2929 3, ;5
62C42 81,=/:/7, -/91/>4,.,7,95 >-/.5F5, /4, 8,;6/ -5!
O5< </=/ 95 ?, 7/<2M5 ?C45=-26, H?3H/-;<26 /1A5242G<26 ./;28,;?
Documenta Praehistorica 2005. 239/:H5- 342< 75<;72:/ 2 -524,7;<,6 >-/@,6/ (82 ;4,.-,6 <1,751,9?6,6/ ,>321/ /?721/ </2 , >/ -2:2;/=;<,
;<?8), 27<1,:5-, ;? , 7521,9;<, 2<:,1, >/ 81582>-/:/F5 "82=?-/:;<2C"
2=-2;-2 ":,-./-;<2C" 8,;6/. N/1<2 N514,-,, ,7/4,9/-;<, -2:,-/1,
.4/- %1A526,7242G<2C ,-;7,7?7/ , /?721 81295<7/ "01/,;721,9;<2 >-/F5" (The Prehistory Knowledge) 95 ? =?J56 75<;7? -/:52 ;56,27,.<, 81,;7?8 2;235-2;7,6/ "82=?-/:;<2C 8,;6/", C=5 95 ,>65M? 2;7/42C 239/;-,2
>/G72 ;5 >-/@, 8,;6/ 75G<2 62C? 1/>4,<2:/7, 2= 21-/65-7/4-,A 627,:/: "0,;/F5 , ?<1/G/:/F5 62C? 3,7, ,>:5=5-, 7/<2 =/ 815-2;5 821?<5
,4, 8/<575 ,-E216/@,9/. U542<?8/- 82C45= -/ ;:57 81/,;721,9;<,A >56H21/=-,</ ,>1/J/:/2 ;5 <12> 21-/65-7,<?: >56H/ , 82=>56-, ;:57, -532, I?-@5, N5;5@, >:5>=5, 3,H<5, J,:27,F5 , H?=,... 012-,@H,:, 82;6/71/., 62C? =/ :,=5 .,7/:5 "75<;72:5" ;/.,F5-5 2= 21-/65-7/: 8/=/
<,G/, J,72 8/=/ -/ >56H?, -,.5... (+,=5,<2 2002) (...) $5<, >-/@, (-/
81,651 %, +, N, X, +, </2 , 8295=,-, -/7?1/4,;7,.<, 627,:, </2 G72 ;?
;?-@5, <,G/, 87,@/, =1:2) 62C?, ? >/:,;-2;7, 2= <2-75<;7/, 3,7, >-/<2:,
8,;6/ ,4, =5<21/@,9/ (#,63?7/; 1999). T-/<2:, 8,;6/ , =5<21/@,9/ 62C?
=/ J,:5 ;<?8/ -/ ,;726 2395<7? (...). " >-/<2:, 8,;6/ , =5<21/@,9/ 62C4,
;? 3,7, ;7:215-, ,> 5;757;<,A 1/>42C/." (Merlini 2005, 239, 241). I 2:/<:,6 <1,751,9?626 >/,;7/ -,95 75G<2 :,=57, 8,;62 3,42 C=5. (/< , ?
234/@,6/. N514,-,95:/ A,8275>/ 95 81/:, 81,651 028512:;<5 42G5 A,8275>5 <29/ -,G7/ -5 >/31/F?95, 75 95 -/?.-2 , ,-E216/7,.<, 8278?-2
-5:/4,=-/ , -5<21,;-/ (Poper 1972). T/81/:2 2-/ 95 ;/;:,6 -5-/?.-/ 951
95 -,95 62C?K5 -, ? 81,-@,8? 823,7,, 82G72 82 N514,-,95:,6 651,4,6/
;:5 62J5 =/ 3?=5 ,;72:1565-2 21-/65-7, >-/< , 8,;62.
' ,;726 6/-,1? 35>23/4-2C <1,751,9?6/, ? <29, ;5 ;:5 62J5 ?<428,7,,
N514,-, <2-;7/7?95: "02=?-/:;<2 8,;62 95 :526/ =15:/- ;,;756 8,;/F/,
75 ;5 :512:/7-2 ;/;729, 2= 65G/:,-5 42C2C1/6/, ,=52C1/6/, 8,<72C1/6/, ,
-5<,A 2C1/-,.5-,A E2-57;<,A 54565-/7/ <29, ;? 3,4, 82:1565-2 , 6/1C,-/4-2 2>-/./:/-,. &2C2C1/6,, ,=52C1/6, , 8,<72C1/6, ,>:5=5-, ;? ,> 95>,</ /8;71/<7-,A ;,6324/" (Merlini 2005, 241). 01, 7265 815-5315C/:/ .,F5-,@? =/ 95 <2= -/;7/1,9,A /?72-26-,A 8,;/6/ (<4,-/;72, 5C,8/7;<2, <,!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

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-5;<2 , 6/9/-;<2) 815=;7/:H/F5 15., ,6/42 <2C-,7,:-, 81,21,757 -/=

815=;7/:H/F56 C4/;2:/, / =/ 95 ? ;:,6 82>-/7,6 8,;6,6/ /8;71/<7-, 234,< ?:5< 815=;7/:H/2 82>-,9? E/>? ? 1/>:29? 8,;65-2;7,. )/<2 ,;7,.5
4,-C:,;7/ +/F/ I7/-,G,K: "'812GK5-, /8;71/<7-, 234,@, 815=;7/:H/9?
A12-242G<, 64/M? E/>? ? 5:24?@,9, 8,;6/, <2929 ? ;4?./9? /?72A72-5 8,;65-2;7, ?:5< 8157A2=, @175J-2 8,;62, / 75 81:5 E/>5 ? +,-./-;<29 <?47?1, -56/" (I7/-,G,K 1996, 434). I7/-,G,K 95 ? -5<24,<2 1/=2:/ ?35=H,:2 82</>/2 =/ 95 7/<2>:/-2 ":,-./-;<2 8,;62" ? -/932H56 ;4?./9? -5;821/>?6 , =/ >/81/:2 :,-./-;<, ,>242:/-, , 1/>-212=-, >-/@, -5 62C? 815=;7/:H/7, -,</<:2 8,;62 (I7/-,G,K 1992, 1996, 2002).
!54/7,:,>,1/F5 , 1/;75>/F5 <1,751,9?6/ <29, 82726 262C?K/:/ =/ ;5
;:5 62J5 812C4/;,7, 8,;626 :,=, ;5 , ? 1/=? %-=159/ I7/12:,K/ ? 756/7;<26 342<? 82;:5K5-26 -524,7;<,6 >-/@,6/ ? ./;28,;? Documenta Praehistorica. I7/12:,K 82:2=26 ":,-./-;<2C 8,;6/" :54,: ")2-/.-2, 2<15-?2
3,A ;5 </ /-7128242G<,6, ./< , 8/452-;2@,242G<,6 /;85<7,6/ <H?.-2C
8,7/F/: 8,;62 ,4, -5? N2J=/ 95 ,>-5-/M?9?K5, /4, 72 8,7/F5 82;7/95 35>-/./9-2. *1?C,6 15.,6/, >/ -5<2C/ <2 3, J54542 =/ =/H5 1/;81/:H/ 2 >-/./9? ;/62C E5-265-/ ;/;:,6 95 =2:2H-/ .,F5-,@/ =/ 95 ? 8,7/F? ?23,./95- ;,;756 8,;65-5 <26?-,</@,95." L,42 3, >/-,6H,:2 ;/>-/7, <29,6 72
"8/452-;2@,242G<,6" 6572=26 I7/12:,K 81:2 >/<H?.?95 =/ 95 =,456/ =/
4, 95 ? 8,7/F? 8,;62 ,4, -5 >/81/:2 -53,7-/, =/ 3, ? ,;726 8/;?;? 35>
,</<:,A =2</>/ -5823,7-2 <2-;7/72:/2 =/ 95 ":,-./-;<2 8,;62 8#+*E$7,"
.*.!,- &*.-,", )#-8"*)$?*7," (regular system of written communication)
=1?C,6 15.,6/ 8,;62 (StaroviV 2005, 259). +512:/7-2 2.5<?95 =/ 6? :51?9562 -/ 15..

"U/15:2 -2:2 2=542" ,4, ,>6,GH/F5 71/=,@,95

0,;62 82=1/>?65:/ >-/<5 <29, ,6/9? -5>/:,;-2 >-/.5F5 1/>?6H,:2
=1?C,6/ 35> ?;65-2C 239/GF/:/F/. )24,- !5-E1? 281/:=/-2 ,;7,.5 =/
;? >-/@, ? 3/4</-;<26 -524,7?, </2 , -/ 6-2C,6 =1?C,6 65;7,6/ , ?
=1?C,6 :1565-,6/, :512:/7-2 3,4, "&%*1$!"$ (*:%$ E*7, 7, 5"$E,4, +*'# %$58-3*1# .$-# /%"E$%8 )#7* 78 7, *5-*.'*#" (a private code, significant
only to the potter who made it) (Renfrew 1973, 204). 02 !/-<? L?C/1;<26
8,;62 95 ";,;756 <26?-,</@,95 65M? H?=,6/ 8?756 <2-:5-@,2-/4-,A
:,=H,:,A >-/<2:/, -/12.,72 95>,.<,A", /4, </<2 ,;7,.5, "82= 8,;626
62J562 ;6/71/7, 95>,.<5 95=,-,@5 -/ 1/>4,.,7,6 -,:2,6/ ;71?<7?15 95>,</" (L?C/1;<, 1997, 10). 0,;62 ?C4/:-26 2>-/./:/ !D(" <295 ;5 62C?
"T# +%!%O", / -5 82962:5. 02;729, -/1/:-2 , 82962:-2 8,;62, /4,
2-2 -,95 /8;71/<7-2. +,-./-;<, >-/<2:, ;? ./< , </=/ 3, 81,A:/7,4,
:,G5 -5C2 ;?6F,:? C1/M? , "81582>-/:/F5" >-/<2:/ 65M? 6-2G7:26 21!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-* "... /#0. 5. .1.2 (2010)

254

%&D)I%$*%! 0%&%+DIO!%

-/65-/7/, ;,6324/ , ;4?./9-,A 2C15327,-/ ,;?:,G5 /8;71/<7-, , C526571,>2:/-, =/ 3, 3,4, , 82962:-2 8,;62 (C=5 ;? 82962:, , 15.,?). I
=1?C5 ;71/-5 7, >-/@, ;? ,;?:,G5 6/423129-,, A57512C5-,, ,>242:/-, ,
-5;,;756/7,.-,, 35> , 95=-2C 75<;7/, 15.5-,@5, 8/ , 15.,, =/ 3, 3,4, C4/;2:-2, E2-57;<2 8,;62.
$5<2 621/ 15K, =/ 95 ;:5 72, 82.5:G, 2= "C5-,9/4-2C 05G,K5:2C 27<1,K/", ;/62 95=-2 3%("*6 &6*6 6'"!6. $/ 2;-2:? =2;/=/GF5 5:,=5-@,95 62J5 ;5 >/<H?.,7, =/ :,-./-;<2C 8,;6/ -56/. (/< -, 812728,;6/! $/<2- ,>42J35 ? $2:26 I/=? (, 239/:H5-2C </7/42C/) 15</2 3,A =/ ?C4/:-26, 2;,6
;821/=,.-2, -56/ -, >-/<2:/. "+,-./-;<2 8,;62" 95 ;/62 95=-/ </1,</ ?
4/-@? 1/>4,.,7,A ,>6,GH5-,A 71/=,@,9/, <295 3?9/9? ?:5< ? 2<24-2;7,6/
?>=16/-2C ,=5-7,757/ -5<5 >/95=-,@5, </2 ;?12C/7 45C,7,6,757/ , @565-7
-/@,2-/4-5 , ;2@,9/4-5 <2A5>,95 (Hobsbom 2002, 22; Hobsbom 2002a, 442).
D1,< P23;326, 2=C2:/1/9?K, -/ 8,7/F5 </<:? <21,;7 62C? ,;721,./1, =/
,>:?<? ,> 812?./:/F/ ,>6,GH5-5 71/=,@,95, :54,: "">6,GH5-5 71/=,@,95 ;? :/J-, ;,68726, , 8156/ 7265 ,-=,</721, 8123456/ <29, =1?C/.,95
-5 3, 62C/2 =/ ;5 81582>-/ , 1/>:29-2C 72</ <295C 3, ,-/.5 3,42 75G<2
,=5-7,E,<2:/7, , =/7,1/7,. -5 ;? =2</>-, 6/751,9/4. (...) I7?=,95 ,>6,GH5-,A 71/=,@,9/ -5 62C? 3,7, 1/>=:295-5 2= G,1,A ;7?=,9/ ,;721,95
=1?G7:/, -,7, ;5 62J5 2.5<,:/7, =/ ;5 1/>:,9? 6-2C2 ,>:/- 23,.-2C 27<1,:/F/ 7/<:,A 81/<;,, ;:5 =2< 2-5 -,;? ,-75C1,;/-5 ? G,15 ;7?=,95
(Hobsbom 2002, 22). "+,-./-;<2 8,;62" , =1?C5 ;4,.-5 ,>6,GH5-5 71/=,@,95 , 8;5?=2,;721,9;<5 , 8;5?=2/1A5242G<5 7565 >/,;7/ K5 ?K, ? G,1,
=265- -/?.-2C ,-7515;2:/F/ /-7128242C,95, ,;721,2C1/E,95, /1A5242C,95
, ;2@,242C,95 /4, -/ J/42;7 "-2:2126/-7,./1/", -5 </2 -2:/ , 2>3,H-/
,-7518157/7,:-/ 8/1/=,C6/, -5C2 </2 :5K :,M5-, /4, 2>3,H/- ;,68726 ,
,-=,</721 821565K/9/ ? ;18;<26 =1?G7:?.

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Aleksandar Palavestra
The Invention of tradition: VinYa script
The problematic term the VinNa script denotes a number of incised
ornaments and signs on the surface of the pottery of the VinYa culture one of
the most important "cultures" of the South Eastern European Neolithic. The
modes of use and abuse of this phenomenon of and the very term the VinNa
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script have changed through time, elloquently testifying about the paradigm
shifts in the European archaeology, at the same time indicating dangerous
contaminations of archaeology by pseudo-archaeological ideas. During the
19th and first half of the 20th century, the idea of a script in the Neolithic
cultures of South Eastern Europe surfaced occasionaly as an argument for the
short "historical" chronology and Near Eastern influences. During the 1980s
the idea of the VinNa script emerges again in Serbia, this time, as an invented
tradition, from the pseudo-scholar circles, and is massively supported by the
media. The VinNa script becomes the central motif of a much larger pseudoscholar movement: the invention of script is linked to praehistory of South
Eastern Europe, allegedly from Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Lepenski Vir, over
the Etruscan, Lydian and other scripts, down to Cyrillic and Latin letters.
Unfortunately, over the last years the term the VinNa script falsely
represented by the media as a new and equally valid interpretive paradigm
seeps into the general public discourse, and even into archaeology itself.
Key words: Invention of tradition, VinYa script, Neolithic, Etruscan script,
Serbia, Pseudoarcheology
Aleksandar Palavestra
LInvention dune tradition: l"criture de Vinca"
La notion problmatique d "criture de Vinca" sapplique certains
ornements inciss et signes sur la cramique de la culture de Vinca lune des
"cultures" les plus importantes du nolithique de lEurope du Sud-Est. Lemploi
et labus de ce phnomne et du terme mme d "criture de Vinca" ont volu
avec le temps, et cest ainsi que dun ct ils tmoignent loquemment des
changements de paradigmes dans larchologie europenne, alors que de lautre
ct ils rendent compte des contaminations dangereuses de larchologie par
des ides pseudo-archologiques. Au 19e et dans la premire moiti du 20e
sicle, lide dune criture dans les cultures nolithiques de lEurope du SudEst apparaissait parfois comme la confirmation de la courte chronologie
"historique" et des influences proche-orientales, ce qui, en tant que paradigme
interprtatif, a t compltement ananti par la nouvelle chronologie S-14. Dans
les annes 80 du 20e sicle, lide de l "criture de Vinca" apparat nouveau
en Serbie, cette fois comme une tradition invente, venant de tout autres cercles
pseudo-scientifiques et fortement encourage par une campagne mdiatique.
L "criture de Vinca" devient le motif central dun mouvement pseudoscientifique bien plus large, o la dcouverte de lcriture est associe la
prhistoire de lEurope du Sud-Est (prtendument depuis le palolithique, le
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msolithique, Lepenski vir, en passant par lcriture trusque, lydienne et

dautres critures authentiques, jusquaux alphabets cyrillique et latin).
Naturellement, la prtendue "criture de Vinca" dans les temps troubls des
identits ethniques branles et de leffervescence politique dans les Balkans,
devient un exemple clatant du dtournement du pass des fins politiques
momentanes. Malheureusement, ces dernires annes la notion d "criture de
Vinca" - faussement prsente dans les mdias comme un paradigme
interprtatif nouveau et galement valide selon le principe des vases
communicants, dborde le cadre de la pseudo-science pour se rpandre dans le
discours public, et mme dans larchologie.
Mots-cls: tradition invente, criture de Vinca, nolithique, criture
trusque, Serbie, pseudo-archologie

Primljeno 23.03.2010.
PrihvaCeno 29.03.2010.

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