DK 1chieu 8051 PDF

TAI LIEU C SHARE TREN WEBSITE KYSUBACHKHOA.
COM
LI NOI AU
TAI LIEU C SHARE TREN WEBSITE KYSUBACHKHOA.COM - i -

Trong ca c nganh cong nghiep sa n xuat va i song, cong ta c ieu khien van ha nh
hieu qua cac thiet b nha m tang kha nang sa n xuat, tang chat lng, ong thi tiet kiem
c chi ph san xuat cung nh moi chi ph cho viec tru ng tu ba o dng thiet b san
xuat gi mot v tr quan trong.

ieu khien may ien la mo t lnh v c nghie n cu ng dung ca c thiet b, kh cu va s
o ieu khien e phuc vu ca c nhu ca u thay oi ca c ai lng cu a chuye n ong nh mo
men, to c o hay ieu khien v tr tuy theo ca c ye u cau phat sinh cua moi loai hnh sa n
xuat.

ong c mot chieu c s dung t lau trong cac he truyen o ng co ieu khien to c
o ye u ca u dai ieu chnh ln, o on nh to c o cao va ca c he th ng xuyen hoat ong
che o khi ong, ha m va ao chieu. Nh co ac tnh ieu chnh toc o tot nen c
s dung rat pho bie n trong cong nghiep. Mo t so ng du ng quan trong cu a ong c mot
chieu nh truye n o ng cho xe ie n, ma y cong cu, may nang van chuyen, may can, may
nghien, .v.v

Truyen ong ien to c o chie m phan ln ca c ng dung cu a ieu khien ai lng
chuyen o ng. Trong cac loai ieu khien nh va y thng gom co cac ong c chap
ha nh, cac bo bie n oi ien t cong suat va cac he tho ng ieu khien so. ng nhien
phai co ca c bo loc nguon a u vao at tieu chua n loc nhieu ien t.

e thay oi toc o , ca c ong c xoay chie u oi hoi phai thay oi bien o ie n ap
va tan so trong khi o ng c mot chieu th ch ca n thay oi moi ien ap mot chieu th bo
chuyen ma ch c kh cu a o ng c mot chie u lam thay oi ta n so theo. Ca c o ng c
xoay chieu ha u het khong co choi than, chi ph ban au va chi ph bao dng thap hn
cu a ong c mot chieu. Tuy vao ca c ng du ng ma vie c cho n l a loai ong c na o c
s du ng phu thuoc vao khach hang.

LI NOI AU
- ii -
Trong pham vi lua n a n nay, em xin trnh ba y van e ve ieu khie n toc o ong c
mot chieu dung ho vi ieu khie n 8051 bang phng pha p o ro ng xung.

Em xin cha n thanh ca m n s giup va gop y cu a ca c Tha y, ca c Co khoa ien
ien t a ta o ieu kien thuan li cho em hoa n thanh ban luan a n nay. Mot lan n a,
em xin cam n Thay Dng Hoai Ngha a hng da n tan tnh trong suot qua trnh em
lam lua n a n.

Do kinh nghie m va trnh o con ha n che, phan the hie n va trnh bay con nhieu
khiem khuyet. Knh mong qu Thay co bo qua cho em.

Tran trong knh chao,
TP. Ho Ch Minh, nga y 30 thang 11 nam 2002

Sinh vien: Tra n Xua n Kha nh.

PHAN MUC LUC
- iii -

MUC LUC
Trang
LI NOI AU................................................................................................................................................ i
MUC LUC..................................................................................................................................................... iii
PHAN I GII THIEU................................................................................................................ iv
Chng 1 C S CHUNG........................................................................................................... 1
A. KHAI NIEM TRUYEN ONG IEN.................................................................... 2
B. PHAM VI NG DUNG CUA TRUYEN ONG IEN......................................... 4
C. PHAN LOAI HE THONG TRUYEN ONG IEN .............................................. 7
D. PHNG TRNH CHUYEN ONG CUA MOT HE TRUYEN ONG .............. 8
E. MO MEN CAN......................................................................................................... 9
F. QUY OI CAC AI LNG VE TRUC ONG C.......................................... 10
G. AC TNH C CUA TRUYEN ONG IEN..................................................... 12
Chng 2 IEU KHIEN ONG C MOT CHIEU...................................................... 15
A. CAU TAO C BAN MAY IEN MOT CHIEU .................................................. 16
B. AC TNH C ONG C IEN MOT CHIEU................................................. 19
C. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC .................................................................................... 31
D. IEU KHIEN ONG C DC .............................................................................. 36
PHAN II THIET KE ................................................................................................................. 67
Chng 3 MACH PHAN CNG............................................................................................. 68
A. S O .................................................................................................................... 69
B. CHC NANG CUA TNG BO PHAN................................................................ 71
C. HOAT ONG CUA S O .................................................................................. 77
Chng 4 PHAN MEM ASSEMBLER................................................................................ 79
D. GIAI THUAT........................................................................................................ 80
E. CHC NANG CUA TNG CHNG TRNH CON ......................................... 88
F. CHNG TRNH................................................................................................. 92
Chng 5 PHAN MEM VISUAL BASIC.......................................................................... 99
G. NHIEM VU CUA PHAN MEM......................................................................... 102
H. GIAI THCH HOAT ONG.............................................................................. 103
I. CHNG TRNH............................................................................................... 104
Chng 6 KET QUA ................................................................................................................... 119
J. MACH THI CONG............................................................................................. 120
K. GIAO DIEN IEU KHIEN TREN MAY TNH............................................... 121
PHAN III KET LUAN................................................................................................................ 122
PHAN IV TAI LIEU THAM KHAO.................................................................................. 124
PHAN V PHU LUC.................................................................................................................... 126
1. GII THIEU MCS-8051...................................................................................... 127
2. CONG NOI TIEP................................................................................................. 140
3. GII THIEU CAC VI MACH S DUNG VA LINH KIEN KHAC................. 152
4. GII THIEU VE CHOPPER HAI-PHAN T , CAC CHOPPER NHIEU PHA
VA CHOPPER THYRISTOR VA MACH IEU KHIEN CHOPPER............ 172

PHAN I
-iv-

PHAN I
GII
THIEU

Chng 1 C S CHUNG
A. KHAI NIEM TRUYEN ONG IEN
B. PHAM VI NG DUNG CUA TRUYEN ONG IEN
C. PHAN LOAI HE THONG TRUYEN ONG IEN
D. PHNG TRNH CHUYEN ONG CUA MOT HE TRUYEN ONG
E. MO MEN CAN
F. QUY OI CAC AI LNG VE TRUC ONG C
G. AC TNH C CUA TRUYEN ONG IEN
Chng 2 IEU KHIEN ONG C MOT CHIEU
A. CAU TAO C BAN MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
B. AC TNH C ONG C IEN MOT CHIEU
C. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC
D. IEU KHIEN ONG C DC

PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 1 -

PHAN I - CHNG 1
TAI LIEU C SHARE TREN WEBSITE KYSUBACHKHOA.COM
- 2 -

AKHAI NIEM TRUYEN ONG IEN

Mot he truye n o ng la mot he thong cong nghiep th c hien bien oi na ng lng
ien sang nang lng c ( che o ong c) hay ngc lai che o ha m may phat phuc
vu vie c chay cac quy trnh san xua t kha c nhau nh la: ca c nha may san xuat, va n
chuyen ngi va ha ng ho a, ca c o dung trong nha, cac may bm, ca c ma y ne n kh,
truyen ong cho o a may tnh, cac robot, ca c may nghe nha c, xem phim .v.v
Nga y nay, truyen o ng ien tieu thu khoa ng 50% nang lng ien san xuat c.
Ca c he truyen ong co the cha y thay oi toc o hoac chay vi to c o khong oi.

ong c xoay
chieu
Ghep noi an
hoi
Ma y sa n xuat
(Phu tai)
He thong ba o ve va khi
ong/dng bang c-ie n
hoac ie n t .
3 pha
Hnh 1.1 Truyen ong toc o ha ng.
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 3 -

Truyen ong ien to c o thay oi co o ng c ien (dong ie n xoay chieu), bo ghep
noi a n hoi, tai c kh (ma y san xuat) va he thong bao ve va ong / m bang c ien
hay ie n t. Ngay nay ga n (75-80)% truye n ong ie n van con la loai truyen ong
toc o khong oi v khong co nhieu ng du ng ye u ca u e n ieu khien toc o ngoai tr
trng hp lu c khi o ng, ngng va trong hoat ong bao ve.
Tuy nhien con khoang (20-25)% can en ieu khien to c o va mo men sao cho
thch hp vi phu tai c kh. Cac bo bien oi ien t to ra co nhieu a c trng manh
trong viec thay oi va duy tr mc na ng l ng cung cap thch hp vi loai phu tai can
en ie u khien to c o hay mo men nh : ma y co ng cu, robot, truyen ong cho a ma y
tnh, cac phng tien chuye n ch, v.v
Ve cau truc, mot he thong truyen ong ien noi chung, bao gom ca c kha u:

ong c xoay
chieu
Ghep noi a n
hoi
Ma y sa n xuat
(Phu tai)
He thong bao ve va ong
/ m bang c-ien hoac
ien t.
3 pha

He thong bo
bien oi nguo n
ien t
Hnh 1.2 Truyen ong toc o thay oi
Ghep noi a n
hoi
Ma y sa n xuat
(Phu tai)
1 pha
ong c mot
chieu
He thong ba o ve va bo
ca u dao c ie n.
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 4 -
1. Bo bien oi: dung e bien oi loai dong ien (xoay chie u thanh mot chieu hoa c
ng c lai), bie n oi loai nguon (nguon a p thanh nguo n do ng va ng c lai), bie n oi
m c ien ap (hoa c dong ien), bien oi so pha, bien oi tan so ,v.v. Ca c bo bien o i
thng dung la may phat ien, he may phatong c (he F-), ca c chnh lu co ieu
khien va khong ie u khien, cac bo bie n ta n,v.v.
2. ong c ien: dung e bien oi ien nang thanh c na ng hay c na ng thanh ie n
na ng (khi ham ien). Ca c ong c ien th ng du ng la:
ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha khong ong bo rotor long soc hay da y qua n;
ong c ien mot chieu kch t o c lap, song song, noi tiep, hon hp hay kch
t bang nam cha m vnh c u;
ong c ien xoay chieu ba pha co co gop;
ong c ong bo
3. Khau truyen lc: dung e truyen l c t tru c ong c ie n en c cau sa n xuat hoac
dung e bien oi da ng chuyen o ng (quay thanh tnh tien hay la c) hoac la m phu hp ve
toc o, mo men, lc. e truyen l c co the du ng ca c ba nh rang, truc vt, xch, ai truye n,
cac bo ghe p noi a n hoi.
4. C cau san xuat hay may san xuat: th c hie n ca c thao tac san xuat va cong nghe
(gia cong chi tiet, nangha tai trong, dch chuye n)
5. Khoi ieu khien: la ca c thiet b dung e ieu khien bo bien oi, ong c ien, c
cau truyen l c.
S du ng trong khoi na y co the la ca c kh cu ong cat mach co tiep iem (ca c relay,
contactor) hay khong co tiep ie m (ien t, ba n dan), ca c bo khuyech ai, ca c bo ieu
chnh (regulator), ca c may tnh, cac bo vi x l (microprocessor), cac bo ieu chnh
theo chng trnh, CPU, PLC, CNC.
Ca c thiet b o lng, cam bien (sensor) dung e lay cac tn hieu pha n hoi co the la
cac loai ong ho o, ca c ca m bien t , c, quang.
Mot he thong truyen ong ien khong nhat thiet phai co ay u cac khau nh a
neu. Tuy nhien, mot he truyen ong ien bat ky luo n bao go m hai phan chnh:
Pha n lc: bao go m bo bien oi va o ng c ien.
Pha n ieu khien.
Mot he truyen ong ien c goi la he h khi khong co phan hoi, c go i la he
kn khi co pha n hoi ngha la ai lng au ra c a tr lai a u vao di dang mot
tn hieu na o o e ie u chnh lai viec ie u khien sao cho ai lng au ra a t mot gia
tr mong muo n nao o.

BPHAM VI NG DUNG CUA TRUYEN ONG IEN

Mot s o tom tat ch ra ca c ng dung chu ye u va gii ha n cong sua t ca c da ng
truyen ong ien chnh nh sau:
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 5 -

Ca c ng dung nh bm tr cho nha ma y thuy ien bang ca c to ma y c che tao co
cong suat 100MW hoa c hn n a.
Mc o van hanh cao trong hnh 3, co y ngha rang he thong truyen ong nay oi
hoi phai at c a p ng toc o hay ieu khien v tr mot cach nhanh cho ng, chnh xa c
va pha m vi ieu chnh rong.
Cung vi s phat trien cu a lnh vc ie n t , cac bo bien oi ien t cong suat, a
tao mot s chuye n dch ln trong th tr ng truye n o ng. Cac ong c mot chieu co
choi than toc o thay oi c s du ng t nhieu tha p ky tr c nhng ti nay cac ong
c loai xoay chieu v i nhieu u iem cu a mnh ang thay the da n cho no. Ca c bo
truyen o ng ong c xoay chie u va bo bien oi ien t to ra be n, re hn va kha nang
va n hanh tng ng, ac biet la cac ng dung ieu khie n chuye n ong co tnh thuan
nghch.

Cong suat
(kW)
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
0.1
Trung bnh Cao
Mc o yeu ca u cu a va n hanh
Ma y bm nha
may thuy ie n
Nha ma y xay
xat, xi mang.
Ma y li tam
Cac may bm
Quat
Ma y tron,
ba ng tai
Lo nhiet, bo c hi,
Cac may ieu ho a nhiet o.
Cac may lam giay
Chuye n ch
Can ca u X ly
luyen kim
Thang may
Ma y in
Ma y det
Ma y o ng ho p Robot
Ma y co ng cu
Hnh 1.3 Cac ng dung truye n o ng co toc o thay oi.
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 6 -

Ca c bo bie n oi ien t co ng suat da nh cho ca c loai o ng c mot chieu co choi than
hoac khong choi than cung c nghien cu va a ra cho ca c ng dung vi gia ca h p
ly.
Mc chi ph cho bo bien oi ien t co ng suat th ng luo n cao hn chi ph cu a ong
c khoang t hai e n nam lan, noi chung th gii ha n cong suat cu a he truyen ong
cang l n th s chenh lech gia gi a hai thanh phan na y giam hn.
Ly do cu a viec dung bo bien oi ien t co ng suat cho du gia cu a no ln hn cu a
ong c v trong ha u het cac ng dung co tnh la u dai vie c tie t kiem c na ng l ng
san xuat giup thu hoi khoang chi ph them cho bo bie n oi ien t cong suat, gia s
nh m c cong suat s dung khoang hn 10kW, ne u xem mc tiet kiem na ng lng co
c nh s dung bo bien oi ch 25%, pham vi ie u chnh to c o chng mot en ba
lan va hoat ong lien tuc 24/24 gi/ngay th khoa ng thi gian thu hoi von chng cha
ti na m na m.
Gii han s du ng cong suat cang ln th thi gian quay vo ng vo n cang nhanh do
viec tiet kie m na ng lng to ra cang hieu qua . Cac tnh toan chi tiet xin xem chi tiet
trong tai lieu chuyen e.
Vai tro cu a he truye n ong trong th c te la ieu khien mo men ong c phu hp v i
mo men tai va vi li ien nguon cung ca p khi xa c la p. Ca c quan he cu a mo men tai
cothe c dien at ba ng mot trong cac quan he sau :
Mo men / toc o quy ve au truc ong c;

nam 1990 nam 1995 nam 2000
d.c.
a.c.
40%
60%
d.c.
a.c.
30%
70%
d.c.
a.c.
25%
75%
Hnh 1.4 S thay oi cua th trng truyen o ng.
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 7 -
Hay mo men / thi gian va Toc o / thi gian;
Hay quan he v tr / thi gian.
Con qua trnh qua o, bo truyen ong the hien vai tro no ba ng cach ieu khien
vong kn, trong o tn hieu au ra c a tr lai tn hieu au va o so sanh vi tn hieu
at va lay sai lech la m tn hieu ieu khien cho bo bien oinham duy tr au ra theo
yeu cau.

CPHAN LOAI HE THONG TRUYEN ONG IEN

Co nhie u pha n loai he truyen o ng ien:
1) Phan loai theo so lng ong c s dung: chia ra 3 loai
Truyen ong nho m: dung mot o ng c ien e ke o mot nho m gom nhieu may
san xuat.
Truyen ong n: dung mot ong c ien e keo toan bo mot may.
Truyen ong nhieu o ng c: tr ng h p nay ma y san xuat co cac chuye n o ng
thanh phan cu a no do mot o ng c rieng a m nhan. Hnh thc na y c s dung
kha pho bie n.
2) Phan loai theo ac iem chuyen ong :
Chuyen ong quay;
Chuyen ong tha ng.
3) Phan loai theo che o lam viec:
Lam viec lien tuc;
Lam viec gia n oa n.
4) Phan loai theo chieu quay ong c:
Truyen ong co a o chieu;
Truyen ong khong a o chieu.
5) Phan loai theo dong ien:
Truyen ong ien xoay chieu: dung ong c ien xoay chie u;
Truyen ong ien mot chieu: dung ong c ien mot chieu.
6) Phan loai da theo s thay oi thong so ien:
Truyen ong khong ieu chnh: noi tha ng o ng c vao nguon va keo may san
xuat vi mot toc o khong oi. Thay oi xuat hien ch la do nhieu t be n ngoai;
Truyen ong co ie u chnh: co ng nghe quy trnh san xuat oi hoi phai co ie u
chnh to c o, v tr hay momen. Tho ng so ie n cu a he thay oi c nh ca c thie t
b ieu khien.
7) Phan loai theo thiet b bien oi:
He may phato ng c: (ky hieu: F-), o ng c mot chieu c cap ien t
mot may phat ien mo t chieu (bo bie n oi a y la ma y phat).
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 8 -
Thuoc he truyen ong nay co he may ie n khuyech a iong c (ky hieu:
MK-). Trong o, bo bie n oi ay la MK;
He chnh luong c: (ky hieu: BCL-), ong c mot chieu c cap ie n
t mot bo chnh lu (BCL). Chnh lu co the khong ie u khie n (chnh lu diode)
hay co ieu khien (chnh lu Thyristor: he T-).v.v.

DPHNG TRNH CHUYEN ONG CUA MOT HE TRUYEN ONG IEN

1. He thong chuyen ong tnh tien:
Theo nh luat II Newton, neu xem khoi l ng vat chuye n o ng la kho ng oi, ta co
phng trnh:
F
+ F
C
= F
a
= ma = m
dt
dv
(I.1.1)
Trong o:
F
- l c phat ong do ong c ien tao ra (N);

F
C
- l c can chuyen ong cu a c cau (N);
F
a
- l c ong tao ra gia toc chuye n ong (N);
m - khoi l ng quan tnh cu a vat chuyen ong (kg);
a - gia to c chuyen ong ( m/s
2
);
v - van toc cu a chuyen ong (m/s);
t - thi gian trong o to c o bie n oi (s).
* Lu y ve l c ong F
a
:
Lc ong la khong phai la thanh phan gay nen chuyen ong. ai lng F
a
ch la
mot khai nie m vat ly. Xem pha n cu a mo men ong M
be n di.

2. He thong chuyen ong quay:
Trong he chuye n ong quay, ne u coi mo men quan tnh khong oi, dung nh luat
II Newton ta co:
M
+ M
C
= M
=J = J
dt
d
(I.1.2)
Trong o:
M
- mo men do ong c ien ta o ra (Nm);

M
C
- mo men ca n cu a c cau (Nm)
(M
C
co n goi la mo men tnh);
M
- mo men o ng tao ra gia toc go c (Nm);

J - mo men qua n tnh cu a vat quay (Nm);
- gia to c goc (rad/s
2
);
- toc o goc (rad/s);
t - thi gian trong o to c o goc bien oi (s).
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 9 -

* Lu y ve ai lng M

:
Trang thai la m viec cua truyen ong phu thuoc vao momen quay M
do ong c
sinh ra va mo men tnh M
C
do phu tai cu a ma y quyet nh. Moi mot mo men tre n eu
co the la mo men gay chuyen ong hoac mo men ham. V du, ma y ca a hoa c quat
gio: M
la mo men ga y chuye n ong, M

C
la mo men ha m; khi ca n truc ha tai ng v i
trang thai may phat cu a ong c: M
la mo men ha m, M
C
la mo men gay chuyen ong;
khi can truc ha tai du ng lc: ca hai mo men eu gay chuye n ong; khi ham ien may
can: ca hai mo men e u la ham.
ong l c cu a truyen ong c xac nh bi mo men tong h p cu a hai mo men
tren. Ta goi mo men tong h p nay la mo men ong, ky hie u: M
. Dau cu a mo men
ong la gia tr ai so.
Mo men o ng khong phai dung e ch mo men gay ra gia toc hay gia m toc cu a
truyen ong (M
= M
+ M
C
), ma la du ng e ch mot ai lng mo men bang ve tr so
va ng c chieu vi no, o la mo men cu a kho i lng quan tnh Jd/dt. Mo men nay
phat sinh khi truyen ong thay oi toc o va no co tac dung cho ng la i s thay oi no .
No i ca ch khac, danh t tre n khong phai ch nguyen nha n ma ch ha u qua. o la mot
khai niem vat ly.

Neu toc o ong c tnh theo vong/phut th toc o go c:
= 2
60
n

55 , 9
n
(rad/s)
Nen (M.4.2) tr thanh:
M
= J =
55 , 9
1
dt
dn

oi vi toc o, ta lay chieu quay cua ong c lam chieu dng khong ke ong c
quay theo chie u nao. Dau cu a mo men hng theo chieu quay cu a truye n o ng la
dng, co n nhng mo men ng c chieu quay la am.

EMO MEN CAN

Theo ac tnh tac o ng ta chia mo men can tha nh hai nhom:
Mo men ca n pha n kha ng M
pk
va mo men ca n the nang M
tn
.
1. Mo men can phan khang:
Mo men can loai nay bao gom mo men cu a lc ma sat, lc cat, lc bien da ng cu a
cac vat the khong a n hoi. Chung eu c tao ra do ca c l c pha n khang chong lai
chuyen ong. Do o mo men can phan kha ng luo n luon ngc chie u chuyen ong.
2. Mo men can the nang:
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 10 -
Mo men ca n the nang bao go m mo men do trong l c va l c bien da ng cu a nhng
vat the a n hoi. Nang hoac ha tai trong cung nh nen hoa c keo lo xo eu co lien quan
en s bien thien cu a the nang truye n ong, chnh v va y ta goi mo men ca n loai na y la
mo men the nang. Khi tang d tr the na ng (na ng tai, ne n lo xo, v.v) mo men the
na ng co ta c dung can tr chuyen ong, tc hng ngc chieu quay cu a ong c; khi
gia m the nang (ha tai, gian lo xo, v.v), mo men the na ng la i la mo men ga y chuyen
ong, ngha la no h ng theo chie u quay cu a ong c.
e cho viec tnh toan c thuan tien hn, ta dung ai lng mo men can toa n
phan:
M
C
= M
pk
+ M
tn
(I.1.3)
Thanh phan na o trong ve phai cu a (M.5.1) troi hn th mo men can se mang tnh
o. Pho bien nhat trong thc te la cac truye n ong co mo men ca n thuan pha n kha ng,
hoac mo men can mang tha nh pha n phan kha ng troi. o la ca c truyen ong chnh cu a
may ca n, bang lan, ma y tien, ma y phay, quat gio, bm nc, v.v. Ca c truyen ong co
mo men can mang tha nh phan the nang troi la truye n o ng cu a ca n truc, ban nang (vi
oi trong khong can bang), may nang ha m mo, thang may, truye n o ng na ng cu a may
xuc, v.v.
Qua vie c phan tch tnh chat cu a mo men noi tren ta tha y:
Mo men cu a o ng c trang thai o ng c se mang dau dng v no h ng theo
chieu quay, con trang thai may phat se la am v hng ngc chie u quay.
Mo men ca n pha n kha ng th luo n luon am v no luon luon h ng ngc chie u quay.
Mo men can the nang co dau am khi tang d tr the nang (khi nang tai, nen lo xo),
va mang dau dng khi giam d tr the na ng (khi ha tai, gia n lo xo).

FQUY OI CAC AI LNG MO MEN CAN, LC CAN, QUAN TNH CUA
MAY SAN XUAT VE TRUC ONG C

Mot he truyen o ng ien thng co nhieu bo pha n khac nhau vi cac truc quay
khac nhau: quay trai, quay phai, tnh tien le n, xuong. Cac bo pha n nay tao thanh phan
c hoc cu a he truyen ong ien. Chung co ca c to c o, l c hoac mo men ta c dung kha c
nhau.
Khi tnh toan thiet ke , chon co ng suat ong c hoa c nghien c u s la m viec cua
mot he truye n o ng ien, co the can phai thiet lap phng trnh chuyen ong (I.1.1)
hoac (I.1.2) tai mot iem nao o tren s o ong. Ca c ai lng e thiet lap phng
trnh phai lay ngay tai ie m o. Do vay, ca n phai tien hanh tnh quy oi ca c ai lng
nh lc ca n, mo men can, khoi quan tnh va mo men quan tnh ve iem nh tnh toan.
Thong thng, e thuan tien khi khao sat ca c trang thai la m vie c cu a truyen ong,
ngi ta hay tnh quy oi ca c ai lng ve truc ong c (nguon pha t ong l c).
Nguyen ta c tnh quy oi la d a vao nh luat bao toan nang lng.
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 11 -

1. Quy oi mo men can M
C
ve truc ong c:
Goi mo men sau khi quy oi ve tru c ong c la M
q
.
Cong truyen t ong c = Cong nha n en ma y sa n xuat
M
q

t = M
C

MSX
t
M
q
=
i
M
C
,(Nm) (I.1.4)
Trong o:
- hieu suat cu a c cau truyen l c t ong c ti may san xuat;
i - ty so truyen t truc ong c ti tru c may sa n xuat, i =
/
MSX
;
- toc o goc cu a ong c, (rad/s)
MSX
- to c o goc cu a may san xuat, (rad/s)
t - thi gian sa n xuat;
2. Quy oi lc can F
C
cua chuyen ong tnh tien thanh mo men tren truc ong c:
Cong truyen t ong c = Cong nha n en ma y sa n xuat
M
q

t = F
C
v t
M
q
=

C
F
,(Nm) (I.1.5)
Trong o:
- ban knh quy oi cu a chuyen ong tnh tien ve tru c ong c,
= v/
,(m)
v - toc o na ng (ha) tai trong ,(m/s)
3. Quy oi mo men quan tnh J
MSX
ve truc ong c:
Mo men quan tnh ca n quy oi a y la mo men qua n tnh cu a ca c phan quay cu a
may san xuat J
MSX
, c quy oi ve truc ong c.

ong na ng tch luy tre n truc ong c = ong nang tch luy cua ma y san xuat.
2
1
J
q

2
=
2
1
J
MSX

MSX
2

J
q
=
2
i
J
MSX
, (kgm
2
) (I.1.6)
4. Quy oi khoi quan tnh cua chuyen ong tnh tien thanh mo men quan tnh
tren truc ong c:
Khoi quan tnh ay co the a ra mot th du nh phan carbin cha ngi va oi
trong cu a no trong he truye n o ng thang may.
Theo nh luat bao toan nang l ng, ong nang tch luy tren tru c o ng c bang v i
ong nang tch luy cu a khoi qua n tnh co kho i lng m (kg):
2
1
J
q

2
=
2
1
m v
2

PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 12 -
J
q
= m (v/
)
2
= m
2
(I.1.7)
Nh vay, sau khi quy oi ca c ai l ng may san xuat ve tru c cu a ong c, phng
trnh chuyen ong cu a he truyen ong tr thanh:
M
+ M
q
= J
Trong o:
M
- mo men ong c, (Nm)

M
q
- mo men can (hoac lc ca n hoac ca hai) cua may sa n xuat c quy
oi ve truc ong c, (Nm)
J - mo men quan tnh tong co ng cu a ca phan quay va khoi qua n tnh (neu
co), (kgm
2
)
- gia to c goc, = d
/dt , (rad/s
2
).

* Lu y ve quy c dau:
o i vi toc o, ta lay chieu quay cu a o ng c la m chieu dng khong ke ong c
quay theo chieu nao.
Nhng mo men hng theo chieu quay cu a truyen ong la dng, con nhng mo
men ng c chieu quay la a m.

GAC TNH C CUA TRUYEN ONG IEN

Trong he truyen ong ien, o ng c ien co nhie m vu cung cap ong l c cho c
cau san xuat. Cac c cau san xuat cu a moi loai may co cac yeu cau cong nghe va a c
iem rie ng. Ma y san xuat lai co rat nhieu loai, nhie u kieu vi ket cau rat kha c biet.
o ng c ie n cung nh vay, co nhieu loai, nhieu kieu vi ca c tnh nang, a c ie m
rieng.
e he truye n o ng ien la m viec tot, co hieu qua th gia ong c ien va c cau
san xuat phai am ba o co mot s phu hp tng ng na o o. Vie c chon l a he truye n
ong ien va chon o ng c ie n ap ng u ng cac ye u cau cu a ca c c cau san xuat co
mot y ngha ln khong ch ve mat ky thuat ma ca ve mat kinh te.
Do va y, ta phai xem xet ky ac tnh c cua truye n o ng ient c a c tnh c cu a
c cau san xuat va ac tnh c cu a ong c ien.
a c tnh c bieu th moi quan he gi a to c o quay va mo men quay:
= f(M) hoac n = F(M)
1. ac tnh c cua c cau san xuat:
Ca c c cau sa n xuat tuy rat khac nhau nhng ac tnh c cua chung phan ln c
bieu dien to ng quat b i cong thc c rut ra t thc te:
M
C
= M
C(0)
+ (M
Cm
- M
C(0)
)
k
dm
|
|
\
|
(I.1.8)
Trong o:
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 13 -
M
C
- mo men can cu a c cau san xuat toc o nao o;
M
C(o)
- mo men can cu a c cau san xuat toc o = 0;
M
Cm
- mo men can cua c cau sa n xuat =
m
;
k - so mu ac trng cho phu tai, (k = 0, 1, 2).
Trng hp k = 0: ay la a c tnh c cua ca c c cau nangha (may truc, thang
may), c cau an dao may cat got kim loai v.v.
Trng hp k = -1: may quan day, c ca u truye n ong chnh cac may cat got kim
loai v.v.
Trng hp k = 1: ma y phat ien mot chieu v i tai thuan tr.
Trng hp k = 2: ca c may thuy kh: bm, quat, chan vt tau thuy v.v.

2. ac tnh c cua ong c ien:
a c tnh c = f(M) cu a ong c ien chia ra: ac tnh c t nhien va a c tnh c
nhan tao. Da ng a c tnh c cu a moi loai o ng c khac nhau se kha c nhau.
a) ac tnh c t nhien (tn):
o la quan he = f(M) cu a ong c ie n khi ca c thong so ien: ien ap, tan so,
la nh mc theo che o a c thiet ke che tao va mach ien cu a o ng c khong noi
them ie n tr, ien khang,.
b) ac tnh c nhan tao (nt):
o la quan he = f(M) cu a ong c ien khi cac tho ng so ie n khong ung nh
m c hoa c khi ma ng ien co noi them ien tr, ien khang, hoac co s thay oi ma ch
noi.
3. o cng cua ac tnh c:
ai lng o cng cua mot ng a c tnh c la:
Hnh 1.5 Dang ac tnh c cu a mot so c ca u sa n xuat
M
Cm
M
C(0)

Cm
0

M
k = 0
k = 1
k = 2
k = -1
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 14 -
=

M
= cotg() (I.1.9)
o cng cu a mot a c tnh c c dung e anh gia ac tnh c o.

Khi || nho, a c tnh c la me m (||<10)
Khi || ln, a c tnh c la cng (|| =10100)
Khi || = , a c tnh c la nam ngang va la cng tuyet oi.

ac tnh c cng tuyet oi
ac tnh c cng
ac tnh c mem

M
0

Hnh 1.6 o c ng a c tnh c
PHAN I - CHNG 1
- 15 -

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 16 -

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 17 -
ieu chnh toc o o ng c la chu ong thay oi toc o o ng c theo y muo n cu a
ngi hay thiet b ieu khien sao cho phu h p vi quy trnh co ng nghe cu a bo pha n la m
viec cua may san xuat.

e thay oi toc o bo phan la m viec cu a may san xuat co the thc hien bang hai
phng pha p:
Thay oi t so truyen cua bo phan truyen l c hoac bien toc at gi a ong c va
bo phan lam viec cu a may san xua t (i =
/
MSX
).
Thay oi toc o ong c.
ay ta ch xet en phng phap thay oi toc o ong c.

ACAU TAO C BAN CUA MAY IEN MOT CHIEU
1. S o noi day cua mot may phat kch t song song:

2. Mach t cua mot may ien hai cc:

Bien tr han
do ng
Cc t phu
Hnh 2.1
Cuon kch t Loi t
e cu a c c t
T thong tan
Pha n ng
Ra ng
Gong (a ch)
Hnh 2.2
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 18 -

3. Cuon day kch t tren mot cc t:

4. Phan ng:

5. Cau truc co gop:

Loi cc t
Cuon kch t
au ra au ra
Hnh 2.3
Co gop
Tru c
Hnh 2.4
Ong lot cua co gop
Ranh ga n cac au ra
cu a ca c cuon da y
phan ng
Cac phie n gop
ba ng o ng
Vanh ch V
Nem
Cach ie n mica
Cac phie n gop hng ra ngoa i
Hnh 2.5
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 19 -

6. Mach ien phan ng:

7. Cau truc choi than:

May ien mot chieu ve c ban co hai phan mach ien: mach kch t va mach phan
ng. Pha n kch t nam phan tnh hay stator cu a may ien bao go m ca c cuon day quan
quanh ca c c c t cu a stator. Ca c c c t na y hng vao trong stator nh tren hnh 2.1.
Bo ga
Cho i than
uoi sam
Lo xo co nh choi than
Choi than
au chnh o cang lo xo
Hnh 2.7
Phie n gop
Choi than
B
1

B
2

Hnh 2.6
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 20 -
So c c t la mot so chan va chu ng sap sep xen ke theo c c tnh nam ba c. Cuon kch
t, do ng ien cung nh thong lng cu a cac c c t la nh nhau. Ca c cuo n day kch t
c noi noi tiep. Dong ien cap cho cuon kch t nha m t ho a ca c cc t va tao ra t
thong trong khe h khong kh gi a stator va rotor cua ong c. Ma ch kch t khong
phai la ma ch tieu thu cong suat nguo n chnh trong may ien.
Ma ch pha n ng tieu thu cong suat nguon chnh va nam tre n rotor. Cac cuon day
cu a pha n ng at trong ca c ranh pha n bo tren chu vi be mat cua rotor (hnh 2.4). o
rong mot cuon day goi la bc cuon day, ba ng be rong vung di mot cc t, c goi
la bc c c. Do o ne u mot canh tac du ng cua cuon da y ang nam di mot c c ba c th
canh con lai se na m di c c nam ke ben. Ca c cuo n day tre n ma ch pha n ng noi nhau
thanh mach kn, ket thuc cu a cuon nay se la ba t au cu a cuon tie p o va ket thuc cu a
cuo n da y cuoi cu ng se noi vong en iem bat a u cu a cuon au tien. Dong ie n mot
chieu c a vao hay la y ra t da y quan phan ng thong qua ca c choi than t len co
gop. Co gop la mot ke t cau hnh tru tren be mat co nhieu phie n go p, so phie n gop bang
so cuon day va chung c ca ch ien vi nhau bang mica. au ket thuc cu a mot cuon
va khi au cu a mot cuon ng kha c c no i en chung mot ranh ga n au ra cuon day
tren phie n go p (hnh 2.5).
Ket noi ma ch phan ng nh tren hnh 2.6. Dong ie n a vao pha n ng qua cho i
than va co gop. Choi than B
1
c noi en phien gop so 1, va choi kia noi e n phie n
gop so 13. Dong ien en phan ng t choi than B
1
phien gop so 1 va vong ve phien
gop 13 tai choi than B
2
theo hai ng dan song song, moi ng da n tai mot n a dong
phan ng. Moi ng gom mi hai cuo n da y, tren hnh 2.6 la hai mach nhanh co cac
cuo n : nha nh phai go m t cuon AA e n cuon WW va nha nh kia pha n con lai. Moi
cuo n day trong nho m mi hai cuon day na y, gia s cuo n a u tie n na m di mot c c
ba c th cuon cuoi trong nho m se ket thuc na m di cc nam. Ma ch nhanh go m mi
hai cuon con lai se ngc lai, bat au na m di mot c c nam va ket thuc c c bac. Khi
rotor quay, dong ien chay trong cuon da y na m di mot c c t khong oi, tiep xu c
choi than-co go p thay oi. V chie u do ng ien trong cac cuo n da y ngc nhau va do
cach bo tr xen ke cu a c c t, mo men ta o ra do ca c cuon day co cung chie u. Nh he
choi than-co gop ma may ie n mi co the lam vie c vi nguon mo t chieu.
Dong ien trong cac cuon day phan ng thc ra la xoay chieu v moi lan mot cuo n
da y dch chuyen t vu ng ta c o ng cu a mot c c t sang vung tac ong cu a mot cc t
khac, dong ie n trong no b a o chieu. Ta co the noi he co gop va choi than hoat ong
nh mot bo bien oi dong ien mot chieu thanh dong ien xoay chieu trong ca c cuon
da y pha n ng.

BAC TNH C ONG C IEN MOT CHIEU
1. ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap va kch t song song:

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 21 -
ong c ien mot chieu kch t o c la p, cuon kch t c cap ien t mot nguon
ien ngoai o c lap vi nguo n ien cap cho rotor (cuon ng).

a) Phng trnh ac tnh c:

Khi ong c lam viec, rotor mang cuon ng quay trong t trng cuon cam nen
trong cuon ng xuat hien mot s c ien ong cam ng (hay co n goi la s c phan ie n
ong) co chieu ng c vi ien a p at vao phan ng cua ong c. Phng trnh ien ap
ma ch rotor se la:
U = E + I
(I.2.1)
Trong o:
U - ien ap li, V;
E - sc ie n ong cua o ng c, V;
I
- dong ien phan ng cu a ong c, A;

R
- ien tr toa n bo ma ch phan ng, ;

R
= R
+ R
phu
(I.2.2)
R
phu
- ien tr phu trong ma ch phan ng, ;
R
- ien tr ma ch phan ng, ;

R
= r
+ r
ct
+ r
cb
+ r
cp
(I.2.3)
r
- ien tr cuon day phan ng, ;

r
ct
- ien tr tiep xu c gi a choi than va phien go p, ;
r
cb
- ien tr cuon bu, ;

+ -
L
kt
R
kt

I

U

- +
+ -
L
kt
R
kt

I

U
U
kt

Hnh 2.8 a) S o nguyen ly noi da y ong
c mot chie u kch t oc la p.
b) S o nguye n ly noi da y ong c
mot chieu kch t song song
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 22 -
r
cp
- ien tr cuon phu, ;
Sc ie n ong phan ng t le vi toc o quay cu a rotor:
E = k (I.2.4)
Trong o:
- t thong qua mot cc t, Wb;
- toc o go c cu a rotor, rad/s;
k - he so, phu thuoc vao ket cau cua o ng c.
k =
a
pN
2
(I.2.5)
V i:
p - so oi c c t chnh;
N - so thanh dan tac dung cu a cuon ng;
a - so mach nhanh song song cu a cuon ng.
Nh l c t trng ta c du ng vao day da n phan ng khi co dong ien, rotor quay
di ta c dung mo men quay.
M = kI
(I.2.6)
T he phng trnh (I.2.1), (I.2.4) va (I.2.6) phng trnh a c tnh c =(M) nh
sau:
= M
k
R
k
U
u
2
) (

(I.2.7)
b) ng ac tnh c:

Phng trnh ac tnh c (I.2.7) co dang ha m bac nhat y = Ax + B , nen ng
bieu dien tren he tru c toa o M0 la mot ng tha ng vi o doc a m. ng ac tnh
c cat truc tung 0 tai iem co tung o:
0
=
k
U
(I.2.8)
Toc o
0
la toc o ng vi M
C
= 0, ngha la: khi khong co l c ca n nao ca . o la
toc o ln nhat cu a o ng c ma khong the at c che o ong c v khong bao gi
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 23 -
xa y ra M
C
= 0 (do l c ma sat luon ton tai khi ong c quay). To c o
0
goi la toc o
khong tai ly tng.

Khi toan bo ca c thong so ien cu a o ng c la nh m c theo thiet ke ( c ghi
tren nhan ong c) va khong mac the m ie n tr phu vao ma ch ong c v R
= R
va
phng trnh a c tnh c se la:
= M
k
R
k
U
dm
u
dm
dm
2
) (

(I.2.7)
ng ac tnh c lu c na y goi la ng a c tnh c t nhien (Hnh 2.10).

M

=
k
U
0

Hnh 2.9 ac tnh c cu a ong c ien
mot chieu kch t o c lap.
M
Hnh 2.10 a c tnh c t nhien cua o ng
c ie n mot chie u kch t oc lap.

m

A
M
nm M
m
M
C
dm
dm
k
U
=
0

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 24 -

Khi phu tai ta ng da n t M
C
= 0 en M
C
= M
m
(M
C
= M
C
- 0) th toc o ong c
gia m dan t
0
xuong
m
( =
0
-
m
). iem A (M
m
,
m
) goi la ie m la m viec
nh mc. Phng trnh (I.2.7) va (I.2.7) co the viet di dang:
=
0
- (I.2.9)
V i o sut to c t le vi mo men tai:
= M
k
R
dm
u
2
) (

(I.2.10)
Nh vay, ng tha ng ac tnh c co the ve c nh hai ie m
0
va A. Cung co
the dung mot trong hai iem o ket h p vi iem khac th ba la iem cat cu a a c tnh
c vi truc hoanh 0M. iem nay co tung o = 0 va hoanh o suy ra t (I.2.7).
M = M
nm
= k
m
u
dm
R
U
= k
m
I
nm
(I.2.11)
Trong o:
I
nm
=
u
dm
R
U
(I.2.12)
Mo men M
nm
va dong ien I
nm
goi la mo men ngan ma ch va dong ien ngan
mach. o la gia tr mo men ln nhat va do ng ien l n nhat cu a ong c khi c cap
ien ay u ma to c o bang khong. Trng hp na y xay ra khi bat au m may va khi
ong c ang cha y ma b dng lai v b ket hoa c tai qua ln khong keo c. Dong ien
ngan mach nay ln va thng bang:
I
nm
= (10 20)I
m

No co the gay chay ho ng o ng c neu hie n tng ton tai keo dai.
Do vay, khi m may phai them ie n tr phu R
phu
va o ma ch rotor e han che dong
ien m may va khi ong c ang chay b dng lai th can phai nhanh chong cat ien.

c) Anh hng cua cac thong so ien oi vi ac tnh c:

Phng trnh (I.2.7) cho thay, ng ac tnh c ba c nhat = f(M) phu thuo c vao
cac he so cu a phng trnh, trong o co ch a cac tho ng so ien U, R
va . Ta xet anh
hng cu a tng thong so nay.

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 25 -
1) Trng hp thay oi ien ap phan ng (Hnh 2.11)
U=var; R
= const; = const

V ien ap at vao phan ng khong the vt qua gia tr nh mc nen ta ch co the
thay oi ve pha gia m. Trng h p nay, o doc (hay o cng) cu a a c tnh c kho ng
thay oi:
2
) (

k
R
u
= const
Con to c o khong tai ly tng
0
thay o i t le thuan vi ien ap :
0
=
k
U
= var
Nh vay, khi thay oi ien ap at va o phan ng, ta c mot ho cac ng a c
tnh c song song vi ng ac tnh c t nhien (tn) va thap hn ng ac tnh c t
nhien. Ca c ng a c tnh c nay goi la ca c ng a c tnh c nha n tao (nt).

2) Trng hp thay oi ien tr mach phan ng: (Hnh 2.12)
R
= var; U = const; = const

V R
= R
+ R
phu
ne n ien tr mach phan ng ch co the thay oi ve pha tang
R
phu
. Tr ng hp nay, toc o khong tai gi nguye n:
0
=
k
U
= const
Con o doc (hay o c ng) thay oi t le thuan theo R
:
M

Hnh 2.11 Ho ac tnh c cua ong c ie n
mot chieu kch t o c lap khi giam ien ap
phan ng.
01
02
03
04
M
C.m
tn
nt
1
nt
2
nt
3
U
2
U
1

U
m

U
3

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 26 -
2
) (

k
R
u
= var

Nh vay, khi tang ie n tr R
phu
trong mach phan ng, ta c mo t ho cac ng
a c tnh c nha n ta o cung i qua iem (0,
0
).

3) Trng hp thay oi t thong kch t : (Hnh 2.13)
= var; R
= const; U = const

M

Hnh 2.12 Ho ac tnh c cua ong c ien
mot chieu kch t o c lap khi tang ien tr
mach phan ng.
0
M
C.m
tn
nt
1
nt
2
nt
3
R

R
+R
phu3
R
+R
phu2
R
+R
phu1
M

Hnh 2.13 Ho ac tnh c cua ong c ien
mot chieu kch t o c lap khi giam t thong.
3
M
C.m
tn
nt
1
nt
2
nt
3
m

1

2
3

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 27 -

e thay oi t thong , phai thay oi dong kch t nh bien tr R
kt
mac ma ch
cuo n cam. V ch co the tang R
kt
ne n t thong kch t ch co the thay oi ve pha gia m.
Trng hp nay, ca to c o khong tai ly tng va o doc ac tnh c eu thay oi.
0
=
k
U
= var
2
) (

k
R
u
= var
Khi giam t thong,
0
tang, con o doc th gia m manh.

d) ao chieu quay ong c:

Chieu t lc ta c dung va o dong ien xac nh theo quy tac ba n tay trai. Khi ao
chieu t thong hay a o chie u dong ien th t lc co chieu ngc lai. Vay, muon ao
chieu quay cua ong c ien mot chieu co the th c hien mot trong hai ca ch:
hoac ao chieu t thong (qua a o chieu dong ien kch t)
hoac ao chieu dong ien phan ng.

ng a c tnh c cu a o ng c khi quay thuan va khi quay ngc la o i xng
nhau qua goc to a o .

Phng phap ao chieu t thong th c hien nhe nhang v ma ch t thong co co ng
suat nho hn ma ch phan ng. Tuy vay, v cuon kch t co so vong da y ln, he so t ca m
ln, do o thi gian ao chieu tang len nen phng phap nay t dung. Ngoai ra, dung
phng phap ao chie u t tho ng th khi t thong qua tr so khong co the la m to c o ta ng
qua, khong tot.

e) M may ong c kch t oc lap:

Luc bat a u ong ie n cho ong c, to c o ong c con ba ng khong nen dong
ien ong c I
nm
tnh theo (I.2.12) rat ln, tao ra mo men nga n mach M
nm
tnh theo
(I.2.11) cung rat ln va co the ga y ra cac ha u qua xau.
Dong ie n m may:
I
mm
= I
nm
=
u
dm
R
U
= (10 20)I
m

oi vi ong c co co ng suat cang ln th R
thng co gia tr cang nho va dong

I
nm
cang ln. ie u na y lam xau che o chuyen mach trong ong c, ot nong ma ch
ong c va gay sut a p li ien. Tnh trang cang xau hn neu he truye n ong ie n
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 28 -
thng phai m ma y, a o chieu, ham ien thng xuyen nh may truc, ma y ca n ao
chieu, thang ma y len xuong, v.v

Mo men m ma y qua ln se tao ra cac xung lc ong lam he truyen o ng b giat,
lac, kho ng tot ve mat c ho c, hai ma y va co the ga y ra nguy hie m nh: gay tru c, v
ba nh ra ng, t ca p, t xch, v.v
M
mm
= M
nm
= k
m
I
mm

Vay, e am bao an toan cho o ng c va ca c c cau truyen ong cung nh tranh anh
hng xau ti li ien, phai han che do ng ien khi m may, kho ng cho vt qua gia
tr:
I
mm
= (1,5 2,5)I
m

Ngha la ca n phai the m ien tr phu R
phu
va o ma ch phan ng sao cho:
I
mm
=
=
+
u
dm
phu u
dm
R
U
R R
U
= (1,5 2,5)I
m

Cong suat ong c ln th chon I
mm
nho.

Trong qua trnh m may, toc o ong c tang dan, sc ien ong cu a ong c E
= k cu ng tang dan va do ng ie n o ng c b giam:
I =
phu u
R R
E U
+

Do o mo men ong c cung gia m. Do vay, khi mo men giam i mot mc nao o th
phai cat ien tr phu R
phu
trong mach phan ng e o ng c tr ve lam vie c (hay tiep
tuc m may) tren a c tnh t nhien.

Tom lai, e han che dong ie n qua ln luc m may phai them ien tr va o ma ch
phan ng. Trong qua trnh ong c ta ng to c, phai loai bo da n ca c ien tr m may ra
khoi ma ch phan ng.

2. ong c ien mot chieu kch t noi tiep:

ong c ien mot chie u kch t noi tiep co cuon kch t ma c noi tiep vi cuo n day
phan ng. Vi cach ma c noi tie p, dong ien kch t bang dong ie n phan ng nen cuon
da y kch t noi tiep co tiet dien day ln va so vong day t. T thong cu a ong c phu
thuoc vao dong ien pha n ng (t c la phu thuoc vao tai):
= kI
(I.2.13)
Trong o:
k - he so phu thuoc cau tao cua cuon day kch t.
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 29 -

Bieu thc (I.2.13) cho biet: t thong phu thuoc tuye n tnh vao dong ien phan
ng (tc dong ien kch t). ieu na y ung khi ma ch t khong ba o ho a t va khi dong
ien I
< (0,8 0,9)I

m
.Tiep tuc ta ng I
th toc o tang t thong cha m hn to c o ta ng

I
roi sau o khi tai ln (I
> I
m
), co the coi = const v ma ch t a b ba o ho a.

a) Phng trnh ac tnh c:
Xuat phat t ca c phng trnh c ban cu a o ng c ien mot chieu noi chung:
U = E + I
(a)
E = k (b)
M = kI
=kkI
2
(c)
Ta co the tm c phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ie n mo t chieu kch t
noi tiep:

T (I.2.13), (b) va (a) :
=
' ' kk
R
I kk
U
u
u
(d)
Rut I
t (c) va thay va o (d):

=
'
'
kk
R
M kk
U
u
(I.2.14)
b) ng ac tnh c:
Hnh 2.14 a) S o nguye n ly noi day o ng
c mot chie u kch t noi tiep.
b) T thong ong c mot chieu kch
t no i tiep phu thuo c vao do ng ien
phan ng (cung la dong kch t).
-

R

+

R
k
t

+
I
= I
kt
U

kt
bh

I

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 30 -
ng a c tnh c cu a ong c ie n mot chieu kch t noi tiep theo phng trnh
(I.2.14) la mot ng hyperbol.

Thc te, o ng c th ng c thiet ke e la m vie c vi mach t ba o ho a vung tai
nh m c. Do vay, khi tai nho, ac tnh c co da ng ng hyperbol ba c hai va me m,
con khi tai ln (tren nh m c) a c tnh co da ng gan thang va c ng hn v mach t a
ba o hoa ( = const).

Khi M
C
= 0 (I
= 0), theo (I.2.14) th tr so se vo cu ng ln. Th c te, do luo n co

M
C
0 v khong the khong co lc ma sat co tru c ong c va ma ch t khi I
kt
= 0 van
con co t d (
d
0) nen khi kho ng tai M
C
0, toc o o ng c se la:
0
=
du
k
U
(I.2.15)

Toc o nay khong pha i ln vo cung nhng do t d
d
nho nen
0
cung ln hn
nhieu so vi tr so nh m c (5 6)
m
va co the gay hai va nguy hiem cho he truyen
ong ien. V vay, khong c e ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep la m viec che o
khong tai hoac ri vao tnh trang khong tai. Khong dung o ng c mot chieu kch t noi
tiep vi cac bo truye n ai hoac ghep noi (ly hp ma sat). Thong thng, ta i toi thieu
cu a ong c la khoang (10 20)% nh m c. Ch nh ng ong c cong suat ra t nho(vai
chu c watt) mi co the cho phep cha y khong tai.
tn
nt
1
nt
2

R
phu
= 0
R
phu1

R
phu2

M
M
mm
A
m
M
C.m
Hnh 2.15 a c tnh c cua o ng c ie n mo t chieu kch t noi tiep.
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 31 -

Do ng a c tnh c me m nen to c o ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep bie n
ong ma nh theo phu tai. vu ng tai ln th o cng a c tnh c l n hn, do o toc o t
b thay oi manh theo tai.

Phng trnh ac tnh c t nhien suy t (I.2.14) vi R
= R
.
=
'
'
kk
R
M kk
U
u
(I.2.14)
a c tnh c cat truc hoanh tai iem M
mm
, tr so M
mm
suy ra khi cho = 0:
M
mm
= kk
2
|
|
\
|
u
R
U
= kkI
mm
2
(I.2.16)
Trong o:
I
nm
=
u
R
U
(I.2.17)

c) Anh hng cua cac thong so ien oi vi ac tnh c:

Phng trnh (I.2.14) cho thay: ac tnh c = f(M) cua ong c ien mot chieu
kch t noi tiep b anh hng bi ien tr mach ong c (ma ch phan ng va cung la
mach kch t ).

a c tnh c t nhien (tn) cao nhat ng vi ien tr phu R
phu
= 0. ca c a c tnh c
nhan tao (nt) ng vi R
phu
0. ac tnh cang tha p khi R
phu
cang l n.

ong c mot chieu kch t noi tiep, dong ien phan ng cung la dong ien kch
t nen kha nang tai cu a ong c hau nh kho ng b anh h ng bi ien ap.

d) ao chieu quay ong c kch t noi tiep:

Cung nh ong c mo t chieu kch t song song, ong c kch t noi tiep se a o
chieu quay khi ao chieu dong ien phan ng.

e) M may ong c kch t noi tiep:

Luc m may o ng c, phai a them ien tr m may vao ma ch ong c e han
che dong ien m ma y trong gii han khong qua 2,5I
m
. Trong qua trnh ong c tang
toc, phai cat dan ien tr m may, ong c se lam viec tren ng ac tnh c t nhie n
khong co ien tr m may.
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 32 -

3. ong c ien mot chieu kch t hon hp:

ong c ien mot chieu kch t hon h p t ga p hn ca c loai o ng c a xet ca c
mu c tre n. Trong ong c loai nay, t thong c tao ra do ta c du ng ong thi cua hai
cuo n kch t: mot cuo n song song (ktss) va mot cuon noi tiep (ktnt). Do vay, ng a c
tnh c cu a ong c ien mot chieu kch t hon h p phan bo gia a c tnh c cua o ng
c mot chieu kch t song song va a c tnh c cu a ong c ien mot chie u kch t noi
tiep.

Neu t trng cu a cuo n song tao ra manh hn t trng cu a cuon noi tiep th ac
tnh c cua o ng c kch t hon hp gan ac tnh c cu a o ng c kch t song song hn.

Neu t trng cu a cuo n noi tiep tao ra manh hn t tr ng cu a cuo n song song th
a c tnh c cu a o ng c kch t hon hp ga n ac tnh c cu a ong c kch t noi tiep
hn.

Mot trong nhng a c iem cu a ong c kch t hon h p la co a c tnh c me m, co
the cha y che o kho ng tai v toc o khong tai co gia tr gii ha n.

CNGUYEN LY LAM VIEC

Khi at vao trong t trng mot day da n va cho do ng ie n chay qua da y dan th t
trng se ta c du ng mot lc t vao dong ien (vao da y dan) va la m day dan chuyen
ong. Chieu cua lc t c xa c nh bang quy ta c ba n tay trai.

ong c ie n noi chung va ong c mot chieu noi rieng la m vie c theo nguyen ly
na y.

Ta xet cau tao cu a mo t ong c mot chieu.

T tr ng c tao ra nh cac cuon day co do ng ien mot chie u cha y qua. Cac
cuo n nay goi la cuo n cam (hay cuon kch t ) va c qua n quanh cac c c t. Th ng
th stator ong c co at cac cuon cam nen stator con goi la pha n cam. T tr ng do
cuo n cam tao ra se ta c dung mo t t lc vao ca c day dan rotor at trong cac ranh cu a
rotor khi co dong ie n chay qua. Cuo n da y nay goi la cuon ng. Dong ien a vao
cuo n ng qua ca c choi than va co gop. Rotor mang cuo n ng nen go i la phan ng.

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 33 -

Gia s cac day dan cuon ng na tre n rotor co dong ien hng vao, con ca c
da y dan cuon ng na di rotor co dong ien hng ra hnh ve. T l c F tac dung
va o cac day dan rotor co chieu xa c nh theo quy tac ban tay trai se tao ra mo men lam
quay rotor ngc chie u kim ong ho.

Khi ong c la m vie c, cuo n cam tao ra t trng
d
do c tru c c c t va pha n bo oi
xng oi vi c c t. Ma t phang 00 tren o co at choi than, v a la mat pha ng trung
tnh hnh hoc va la mat pha ng trung tnh vat ly. ong thi, dong ien trong cuo n ng
cung ta o ra t trng rieng
n
hng ngang truc cc t. T tr ng tong trong ong c
Hnh 2.16
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 34 -
mat tnh chat oi xng doc tru c va mat phang trung tnh vat ly quay i mot go c
(ngc chieu quay cu a rotor) so vi mat phang trung tnh hnh hoc (Hnh 2.17).

Dong ien cuon ng cang ln th
n
cang manh va goc quay ca ng ln. Ta noi
phan ng phan ng ca ng ma nh.

Hnh 2.17 T tr ng trong ong c ien mot chieu
a)do cuo n cam tao ra
b)do cuon ng ta o ra
c)do hai cuon tong hp
d)to ng vec t cac sc t o ng.
a) b) c)
d)
F
n

F
x

F
d

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 35 -
Pha n ng phan ng la mot trong nh ng nguyen nha n gay ra tia l a gia choi than
va co gop cung nh gia ca c la go p trong co gop. Co the han che anh hng na y nh
xoay choi than theo v tr mat phang trung tnh vat ly (tc la theo goc ). Thong thng
trong ca c ong c ie n mot chieu hie n nay, ngi ta dung phng phap them c c t
phu.

Cc t phu c at gia ca c c c t chnh va cuon day cc t phu se tao ra t
trng ngang truc so vi t tr ng chnh va ng c chieu vi t trng
n
cu a cuon ng
e kh t trng
n
. Nh vay, pha n ng phan ng b ha n che va qua trnh chuyen
mach trong ong c se tot hn.

Hnh 2.18 Phan bo cc t phu trong ong c ien mot chieu
1- cc t phu; 2- cuo n day c c t phu(cuon phu); 3- cuon kch
t(cuo n cam); 4- cc t chnh.
a) b)
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 36 -

V t trng
n
gay ra phan ng pha n ng t le vi dong ien pha n ng I
nen
cuo n day c c t phu c mac noi tiep vi cuon day phan ng. Do vay, khi do ng ien
phan ng ta ng len, phan ng phan ng ma nh len th cuon da y c c t phu cu ng sinh ra t
trng ngc manh hn e kh t trng
n
.

Ngoai ra, bien pha p tang khe h khong kh gia stator va rotor cung c ap
dung. Ca ch na y dan t i s tang kch thc ong c va phai tang cng them cuon kch
t chnh v khe h khong kh ln se la m yeu t trng chnh.

cac ong c mot chieu cong suat trung bnh va ln bien pha p chnh la them
cuo n da y bu at trong ra nh ca c c c t chnh nha m tao ra t thong
b
ng c chieu vi
n
lam t trng khe h kho ng kh kho ng b meo n a. Cuon bu cung c ma c noi
tiep vi cuon ng.

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 37 -

DIEU KHIEN ONG C DC

1. Gii thieu:
Trong cac ng dung mang xoay chie u, e bien oi t m c ie n ap nay sang m c
khac, ta dung may bie n ap. oi vi mang ien mot chieu th ta co the du ng cac bo bien
oi ba n dan, ca c he may phat mot chieu. Trong pha n nay, em xin trnh bay cach ieu
khien ong c dung nguyen ly bo chopper.

Bo chopper co hai che o lam viec gia m ap va tang ap:

Bo chopper giam ap: goi la giam a p v ien ap ngo vao cao hn ien ap ngo ra.
Do ng cong suat o t nguo n mot chie u co nh V
1
se cha y t phan co ien the cao sang
phan co the thap V
2
, phan t hoat o ng la phan t th nhat, che o truyen ong ong
c.

A
1
B
1

A
2
B
2

Chopper hoat
ong che o
giam ap
Ngo vao Ngo ra
May ien DC
lam viec
che o ong
c

Phu tai
+
+
+
I
1
I
2

V
1
V
2
V
1
I II
IV III
V
2

I
2

+
_
V
1

S
1

S
2

L
R
A
1

A
2

B
1

B
2
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 38 -

che o truye n o ng, ien a p nguon co nh cung cap cho bo chopper V
1
tren
a u c c A
1
A
2
ngo vao, sau khi qua bo chopper, c bien oi, giam xuong co n ien
ap k hieu V
2
tren a u cc ngo ra B
1
B
2
, dong cong suat chay t phan ie n ap cao sang
phan a p thap nen ma y ien lam vie c che o ong c. ie n ap a t vao ong c V
2
va
dong phan ng I
2
dng, iem la m vie c na m trong pha n t th nhat nh tren hnh 2.20.
e ieu khien hoat ong cho bo chopper, ta ong cat khoa ien t S
1
(GTO,
BJT,) tan so cao la p lai. Dang song ien ap ra co da ng xung ch nhat, nh va y ta co
the ieu chnh c ien ap trung bnh at le n ong c.

Bo chopper tang ap: phan t hoat ong II, che o may phat.
e hoat ong c che o nay th V
1
< V
2
, luc nay bo chopper se thay oi ta n
so o ng cat cu a no.

A
1
B
1

A
2
B
2

Chopper hoat
ong che o tang
ap
Ngo ra Ngo vao
May ien DC
lam viec
che o may
phat

Phu tai
I II
IV III
I
2

V
2
+
+
+
I
1
I
2

V
1
V
2
V
1
+
_
V
1

S
1

S
2

L
R
A
1

A
2

B
1

B
2
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 39 -

2. Chopper giam ap:
a. Cau hnh mach va nguyen ly lam viec:

Chopper se ieu chnh lng cong suat nguon mot chieu co nh cung cap vao
mach tai. Ma ch tai co ng suat cu a chopper tren hnh 2.22 nam trong vung net t, bao
gom hai linh kien ban da n cong suat lam viec nh mot cong tac ong cat tnh. Trong
o, cong tac ky hieu S
1
la mot linh kien chuyen mach co ie u khien. No co the la mot
loai bat ky trong so mot vai loai linh kien chuyen ma ch ban dan cong suat. Loai linh
kien nay co the o ng cat theo y muon khi cung cap tn hieu ieu khien thch hp cho
cac c c ieu khien cua no. Th du, neu linh kien c chon cho S
1
la GTO (loa i
Thyristor co the kch tat), ngi ta kch en c c cong cu a no mot xung dong ien dng
ngan e thong no va mot xung dong am nga n e khoa no. Neu S
1
la loai MOSFET
kenh N, tn hieu thong la mot xung ap dng c duy tr trong suot khoang nh thi
m va tn hieu kho a la m c ie n ap zero. Ngoai phan ma ch tai cong suat, chopper co
mot mach ieu khien (khong ve tren hnh 2.22), no co ch c na ng cung ca p tn hieu ieu
khien hoat ong o ng cat cu a linh kie n S
1
theo ye u ca u. Linh kien ba n dan th hai tren
hnh 2.22 ky hie u la S
2
, la mot diode co ng suat_ loai linh kien khong ieu khie n_ no
tao ng da n cho do ng thua n trong khoang nh thi tat va ca c dong ng c. Gia thiet
+
_
V
1

S
1

S
2

L
R
A
1

A
2

B
1

B
2
Hnh 2.22 Chopper giam ap
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 40 -
coi S
1
va S
2
la ly t ng, tc la: coi chuyen mach gi a hai tra ng thai ong cat dien ra tc
thi va khong co sut a p tren linh kien khi la m vie c.

Ca c au va o ky hieu la A
1
(a u dng) va A
2
(au am). Ca c a u ra B
1
(dng) va
B
2
(a m). ien a p nguon cung cap co nh ky hieu V
1
. ien tr tai R noi en ngo ra
qua mot cam khang L. Muc ch cu a cam kha ng nay la se lam pha ng ca c ot bien dong
ien ngo ra do qua trnh chuyen mach trong chopper gay ra. ien ap qua tai va dong
ien qua no co the xem nh phang khi L u ln. Ca m kha ng L dung e loc bo ca c
thanh phan xoay chie u va c xem nh mot thiet b cu a nguon. No thng co loi sa t
va co the mang dong tai thuan mot chieu ma khong bao ho a t.

e tien khao sat, ta co mot so nh ngha sau:
f - tan so chuyen mach lap lai cu a chopper ,(Hz);
T - chu ky tua n hoa n cu a chopper, T = 1/f ,(s);
T
on
- thi gian thong cu a kho a ien t S
1
,(s);
T
off
- thi gian kho a cu a kho a ien t S
1
,(s);
D - chu ky la m vie c cu a kho a ie n t S
1
, c tnh bang: D = T
on
/T
Khi S
1
thong, ien ap V
1
at ng c len diode S
2
nen S
2
kho a. Dong ien tren ien
tr tai tang theo ham mu do co mat cu a ca m khang L. Dong ien nay ky hieu bang i
2
.

+
_ V
1

S
1

S
2

L
R
A
1

A
2

B
1

B
2
i
2
i
1

+
_ V
1

S
1

S
2

L
R
A
1

A
2

B
1

B
2
i
D

(a)
(b)
T
2 1
B B
v
t
V
1

T
on
T
off
(c)
t (d)
2
i
I
p1
I
v1
I
p2
I
v2
I
p3
I
v3
I
p
I
v
t
(e)
1
i
I
p1
I
v1
I
p2
I
v2
I
p3
I
v
I
p
I
v
I
p
I
p
I
v
(f)
D
i
I
p1
I
v1
I
p2
I
v2
I
p3
I
v3
I
p
I
v
I
p
I
v
I
p
I
v
t
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 41 -

Dang so ng ien ap tren hai au ngo ra B
1
B
2
trong ca c chu ky chuye n mach cu a
chopper nh tren hnh 2.23 (c); ien ap na y bang V
1
khi S
1
thong (S
1
on). Da ng song
dong ie n i
2
trong ma ch tai c trnh bay tren hnh 2.23 (d); lu y ra ng trong chu ky
lam vie c au tien cu a chopper, dong ien ta ng len t tr so zero ban au theo da ng ha m
mu.
Kho a ien t S
1
(van S
1
) c duy tr trang thai thong trong suot qua ng nh thi
T
on
, roi sau en nh thi kho a (off : kho a,tat, cat, ngat,h ma ch). Tai thi ie m S
1

kho a (S
1
off), i
2
co mo t gia tr xac nh. Ta ky hieu bien o cu a do ng ien tai thi iem
na y la I
p1
. a y la gia tr nh cu a dong ien trong suot chu ky la m viec au tien ngo
ra chopper. Gia tr nh nay xuat hien tai th i iem van S
1
khoa. Dong ie n na y khong
the tc thi gia m xuo ng zero, do hien dien cam khang L. Viec suy gia m dong ien i
2

tao ra mot ien ap cam ng Ldi
2
/dt xuat hien tre n cam khang. ien ap ca m ng nay
phan c c thua n cho diode va do ng ie n trong ma ch c lien tuc. Thuat ng t
ha nh_freewheeling_ dung e ch dong ien chay trong mach theo kieu na y ma khong
do mot nguon ien ap tch c c t be n ngoai duy tr, ma ch do pha n na ng l ng tch luy
trong phan t kho (ca m khang L). Muc ch cu a diode S
2
la cung cap mot ng dan
ien lien tu c khi van S
1
kho a. V vay, viec kho a S
1
se t o ng la m S
2
thong ma ch neu
mach co pha n t kho L. Cau hnh ma ch luc na y bieu dien bang hnh 2.23 (b). ien ap
tren hai au cc ngo ra B
1
B
2
luc nay bang zero va dong ien i
2
th suy gia m theo ham
mu. Dong ien i
2
suy giam lien tuc trong suot qua ng nh thi T
off
. Ta ky hieu gia tr
dong ie n nho nhat cu a i
2
tai cuoi quang nh thi T
off
co bien o la I
v1
. Cac dang so ng
ien ap va dong ien trong chu ky au tien bieu dien tren hnh 2.23 (c) va hnh 2.23
(d). Trong khoang nh thi T
on
, dong ien ngo ra i
2
ba ng dong ien ngo vao i
1
. Dong
ien t hanh cha y qua diode c ky hieu la i
D
, bang do ng ien i
2
trong suot khoang
nh thi T
off
. Cac dang song cu a hai dong ien nay c the hien tren hnh 2.23 (e) va
hnh 2.23 (f).
Chu ky chuyen mach th hai cu a chopper se bat au khi S
1
thong tr lai tai th i
iem cuoi cu a khoang nh thi kho a T
off
a u tien. Cau hnh mach se thay oi nh tren
hnh 2.23 (a), va do ng ien se bat au tang len. Luc na y, dong ien khi au se khac
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 42 -
khong, ba ng vi I
v1
cuoi khoang nh thi T
off
th nhat va do o nh dong ien th
hai I
p2
se ln hn I
p1
va bien o dong tai cuo i khoa ng nh thi T
off
th hai (ta se goi la
dong ien ay va ky hieu la I
v2
) se l n hn so vi I
v1
. Theo kieu nay, ca hai bie n o
dong ien dong nh va dong ay se lien tuc tang. Tuy nhien ta se tha y rang khoa ng
che nh le ch nay se cang gia m i sau mot chuoi cac chu ky ong cat lien tuc cu a
chopper. Sau mot vai chu ky, s kha c biet trong ca c chu ky lien tiep tr ne n qua be va
co the bo qua c. Ta noi rang mach a at e n trang thai la p lai hay trang thai xa c
lap. ieu nay co ngha la co the xem do ng ien nh cung nh do ng a y a bang nhau
trong cac chu ky lien tiep. Trang thai xa c lap c bieu dien pha n hnh nam be n phai
cho tat ca ca c dang song ien a p, dong ien tren hinh 2.23. Cac do ng ien nh va ay
trang thai xa c lap ky hieu la I
p
va I
v
nh tren hnh 2.23. Lu y ra ng ien ap tai ngo ra
B
1
B
2
t no a xac lap t chu ky o ng cat au tien.

b. Quan he ien ap:
Tren hnh 2.23 (c) trnh bay dang so ng cua ien ap tren hai a u c c B
1
B
2

la
2 1
B B
v cu a bo chopper. a y la mot chuoi xung ch nhat trong suot khoang T
on
. ien ap
na y go m mot tha nh pha n DC va mot thanh phan AC. Tha nh pha n AC la o nhap nho
ien ap. Mu c ch s dung cam khang L e loc bo o nhap nho ie n ap va gi lai thanh
phan DC. Lu y rang tan so nha p nho c ba n bang tan so lam vie c cu a chopper. Sau
a y ta ch ng minh rang co the bo qua o nhap nho cua ien ap ngo ra bang cach dung
mot ca m khang u l n va ta n so ong cat ln.
Bien o ien a p DC au ra tren ca c au c c tai tnh bang o cao trung bnh cu a
da ng so ng tre n hnh 2.23 (c) nh sau:
V
2
= V
1

T
T
on
=V
1
D (I.2.18)
Trong o D la chu ky lam vie c cu a bo chopper, c xac nh ba ng t so khoang
nh thi T
on
tren tong thi gian nh thi T. Do o, t so bien oi ien ap a cu a bo
chopper, c xa c nh bang t so gi a ien ap ngo ra tre n ien a p ngo vao se bang:
a = V
2
/V
1
= D (I.2.19)
Ba ng ca ch thay o i khoa ng nh thi T
on
, ta co the thay oi c chu ky la m vie c
ong cat t 0 e n 1. V va y ngi ta co the ie u khie n chopper ba ng thay oi chu ky
lam viec e at c t so bien oi ien ap di n v hay theo mot yeu cau.
c. Pham vi chu ky lam viec cua cac bo chopper thc te:
Trong ca c bo chopper thc te, do ca c linh kien ban dan khong ly tng, kho ng co
kha na ng th c hien c viec thay oi t so bien ap tren toan khoa ng 01. oi vi hoa t
ong thc te cu a mot linh kien ba n dan luo n can mot khoa ng th i gian chuyen trang
thai xa c nh tuy thuo c vao a c tnh loai linh kien c cho n s du ng.

i
e
n

a
p

t
on
t
off

T
on
(hieu dung)
T
off
(hieu dung)
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 43 -

Nh vay, v i ieu kien ly tng th ta co khoang thi gian chuyen ma ch bang
khong va thc te th no khac khong; ta goi khoang th i gian can thiet e chuyen ma ch
la t
on
va t
off
(ky hieu ch thng e kho ng lan lon vi ky hieu cu a thi gian nh thi
thong va khoa cu a linh kien). T so bien oi ien a p thap nhat cung se co gii ha n khac
khong. Neu mot ng du ng ye u cau en mc ien ap a u ra tha p hn, ngi ta se gia m
tan so o ng cat cu a chopper.
Lu y: viec gia m tan so ong cat cua chopper se la m tang o nha p nho cu a dong
ien ngo ra, dan en viec la m tang ca c ton that va nhiet tren ong c DC.
Gi i ha n c c ai cu a t so bien oi ien ap: do ton tai cu a thi gian chuye n trang
thai trong cac bo chopper thc te nen t so bien oi ie n ap cc a i luon be hn n v.
ieu nay c khac phuc bang vie c dung mot cong tac ien t (bo chuyen mach c
kh) e noi tat chopper.

d. Cac quan he ve dong ien:

Hnh 2.25 Da ng song do ng ien trang thai xac lap
+
_ V
1

S
1

S
2

L
R
i
+
_
S
1

S
2

L
R
i
T
on
T
off
I
v
I
p
(a) Chopper ON (b) Chopper OFF
(c) Da ng song dong ie n
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 44 -

Mot chopper co chu ky lam vie c khong oi va ang hoat ong trang thai xa c
lap. Dang so ng do ng ie n tai nh tren hnh 2.25 (c). Ca c ng da n dong trong ca c
khoang nh thi T
on
va T
off
c trnh bay rieng tren hnh 2.25 (a) va 2.25 (b).
Trong khoang nh thi T
on
, dong ien tai tang len t bie n o a y c ky hieu I
v

tren hnh 2.25 en bie n o nh ky hieu I
p
. Trong khoang nh thi T
off
, dong ien se
gia m t I
p
xuo ng I
v
. Chuoi nay c lap lai trong suot ca c chu ky lien tiep. Trong phan
giai tch sau, ta se rut ra ca c bieu th c cu a I
v
va I
p
va cu ng nh theo doi qua trnh tien
ti xa c lap cu a chopper bat au vi dong ie n bang zero (I
v(1)
= 0).

Hnh 2.26 trnh bay qua trnh tang len cu a do ng ien tai trong suot qua trnh ong
cat. Ta ky hie u ca c chu ky lam vie c bang 1,,n nh tren hnh. Ta gia s ra ng do ng ien
tai iem bat au cua chu ky th nhat bang zero. e tong quat, ta tnh cho chu ky th n.
Do ng ie n ban au tai iem a u khoang nh thi T
on
thuo c chu ky th n c ky hieu
ba ng I
v(n)
. Tai cuoi th i iem khoang nh thi T
on
, dong ien at en bien o nh, ta
ky hie u bien o o ba ng I
p(n)
. Ta gia s rang go c thi gian la tai ie m bat au cu a T
on

thuoc chu ky th nhat.
Phng trnh mac li trong suot quang nh thi T
on
[hnh 2.25 (a)] la:
1
V Ri
dt
di
L = +
Tai thi iem t = 0 th i = I
v(n)
. giai phng trnh vi phan trong quang thi gian T
on

vi ieu kie n a u a neu ta c:
I
p(1)
I
v(2)
I
p(2)
1
t
T
on
T
off
2 3 n
n+1
I
v(n)
I
p(n)
I
v
I
p
Hnh 2.26 S ta ng le n cu a do ng ien trong qua trnh o ng cat
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 45 -
i = I
v(n)
e
-t/
+
R
V
1
(1-e
-t/
) (I.2.20)
Trong o = L/R la ha ng so thi gian cu a mach ngo ra. Tai cuoi mo i chu ky ON
(t=T
on
), i = I
p(n)
nen:
I
p(n)
= I
v(n)

/
on
T
e
+
R
V
1
(1-
/
on
T
e
) (I.2.21)
Tiep theo ta xet khoa ng nh thi T
off
(OFF) trong chu ky th n. e n gia n, ta
cho n lai go c thi gian tai iem bat au cua khoang nh thi T
off
, phng trnh mac l i
trong suot quang nh thi T
off
la:
0 = + Ri
dt
di
L
Giai phng trnh vi pha n bac nhat trong khoa ng nh thi T
off
vi ieu kien a u
i(t=0) = I
p(n)
, ket qua la:
i = I
p(n)
e
-t/
(I.2.22)
Tai cuoi khoa ng nh thi T
off
(t = T
off
), i = I
v(n+1)
, c tnh bang:
I
v(n+1)
= I
p(n)

/
off
T
e
(I.2.23)
Thay gia tr I
p(n)
t (I.2.21) va o (I.2.3) co:
I
v(n+1)
= I
v(n)
e
-T/
+
R
V
1
(
/
off
T
e
- e
-T/
) (I.2.24)
Trong o , T = T
on
+ T
off
la chu ky tuan hoan cu a chopper. Phng trnh (I.2.24) la dang
truy hoi tnh gia tr do ng ien a y theo ca c dong a y trong cac chu ky ong cat lien tuc
trc o, ta co the n gian lai la:
I
v(n+1)
= A + BI
v(n)
(I.2.25)
V i:
A =
R
V
1
(
/
off
T
e
- e
-T/
) (I.2.26)
B = e
-T/
(I.2.27)
oi vi chu ky au tien (n=1), I
v(n)
= 0. Do o ta co the liet ke mot bang gia tr
I
v(n)
nh sau:
I
v(2)
= A
I
v(3)
= A(1 + B)
I
v(4)
= A(1 + B + B
2
)
. . .
I
v(n+1)
= A(1 + B +B
2
+ . . . + B
n-1
)

Thay bieu thc tong cua mot chuoi hnh hoc trong ngoa c bang bie u thc n gian
cu a no, ta c:
I
v(n+1)
= A
B
B
n
1
1
= ) 1 (
1
/
/
/
/
1
nT
T
T
T
e
e
e e
R
V
off

(I.2.28)
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 46 -
Khi n u ln e ta co the bo qua th a so th ba (e
-nT/
<< 1), ta coi nh ma ch at
en trang thai xac lap va gia tr dong ay xa c la p bang:
I
v
=
/
/
/
1
1
T
T
T
e
e e
R
V
off

(I.2.29)
Thay (I.2.29) va o (I.2.23) co:
I
p
=
/
/
1
1
1
T
T
e
e
R
V
on
(I.2.30)
Lu y ra ng vie c rut ra cac gia tr xa c lap I
v
va I
p
co the nhanh hn neu ta tien hanh
tnh toan bat au t gia thiet trang thai mach a xa c la p. Ca ch tnh nay khong cho ta
thay c s ta ng len cu a dong ien.
o nhap nho do ng ie n nh-nh: ky hieu bang I
pp
, xac nh theo cong th c:
I
pp
= I
p
I
v
(I.2.31)
Trong o, ca c thanh pha n I
v
va I
p
tnh theo ca c cong thc (I.2.29) va (I.2.30).
Thanh phan DC cua dong ien tai: phan hnh na m be n phai cua hnh 2.26 cho ta
da ng so ng xa c la p cu a chopper. Ta tha y no la s cho ng chap cu a mot thanh phan DC
vi mot o nhap nho AC. V ta ch quan ta m en tha nh phan DC cu a dong ie n au ra,
nen e tnh c no ta phai tnh ra o cao trung bnh cu a dang song xa c lap o. Th du
ta co the tnh c dien tch nam pha n ben di da ng song trong mot chu ky chopper
ba ng cach tch phan bieu th c dong ien cho bi co ng th c (I.2.20) va (I.2.22) trong
cac khoang lien tuc. Chia e u pha n dien tch cho chu ky cu a chopper rut ra c tha nh
phan dong ien DC ky hieu la I
d
. Mot ca ch n gia n hn se du ng nguye n ly cho ng
chap, ta chia thanh phan ien a p DC ngo ra cho ie n tr tai R.
I
d
=
R
DV
R
V
1 2
= (I.2.32)
Dung bie u th c (I.2.31) va (I.2.32) ta rut ra c phan tram cu a tha nh phan dong
ien nha p nho AC theo tha nh phan dong ie n DC ngo ra.
Th du minh hoa:
Mot bo chopper co ca c tham so mach : V
1
= 100V, L=10mH, R=5, tan so o ng
cat f=1kHz, chu ky la m vie c D=50%.
Thanh pha n DC ien a p ra:
V
2
= DV
1
=50V
Thanh pha n DC dong a u ra:
I
d
= V
2
/R = 10A
Tan so tuan hoan chopper:
T = 1/f =0,001s
Khoang nh thi thong:
T
on
= DT =0,5.10
-3
s
Khoang nh thi kho a:
T
off
= (1-D)T = 0,5.10
-3
s
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 47 -
Thi ha ng ma ch tai:
= L/R =2.10
-3
s
Gia tr dong nh:
I
p
=
/
/
1
1
1
T
T
e
e
R
V
on
=11,24A
Gia tr dong ay:
I
v
=
/
/
/
1
1
T
T
T
e
e e
R
V
off

=8,75A
Do ng ie n nhap nho nh-nh:
I
pp
= I
p
I
v
=2,49A
Pha n tram o nhap nho nh-nh:
%I
pp
= 100 I
pp
/I
d
=24,9%
Ba y gi, ca c tham so khong e ca p en se khong oi, va ta ta ng tan so ong cat
chopper le n gap bon lan, f=4kHz, th
T = 1/f =2,5.10
-4
s; T
on
= 1,25.10
-4
s; T
off
= 1,25.10
-4
s
I
p
= 10,31A; I
v
= 9,69A
I
pp
=0,62A
I
d
khong oi (10A)
%I
pp
= 6,2%
Ta khong thay o i ta n so o ng cat ma thc hien ta ng ca m khang len bon lan,
L=40mH, ca c tham so khac kho ng thay oi, th th i hang cu ng tang bon lan. V tan so
ong cat khong oi (1kHz), gia tr ca c t so: T/, T
on
/, T
off
/ gio ng nh trong trng
hp ch tang tan so o ng cat tre n. V chu ky lam viec khong oi nen tha nh phan DC
a u ra chopper khong oi. Do o, cac gia tr I
p
, I
v
va do ng nhap nho nh-nh I
pp
cu ng
khong oi (bang trng hp ch thay oi bon lan tan so).
Nha n xet: gia m nha p nho dong ien bang ca ch tang tan so ong cat chopper hay
tang ca m khang cung mot t le se at c ket qua tng ng nhau. Th c te th viec
tang ta n so c a thch hn v phng pha p nay cho phep du ng mot ca m kha ng be
hn. Cam khang th ng co loi sat, c thiet ke mang dong ien thua n DC ma khong
b ba o ho a t v the no la thiet b nang ne, co ng ke nh.

e. S phu thuoc vao chu ky lam viec cua o nhap nho dong ien:
Thay oi chu ky la m viec la phng phap thc te c dung e ieu chnh do ng
ien trong mot tai. V the ngi ta rat quan ta m en vie c tm cach la m gia m o nha p
nho dong ie n d a va o chu ky la m vie c ma khong ca n quan ta m en tham so mach tai.
o nhap nho nh-nh cu a dong ien viet lai t (I.2.31) nh sau:
I
pp
=
/
1
1
1
T
e R
V
[(1 + e
-T/
) (e
-DT/
+ e
-(1-D)T/
)] (I.2.33)
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 48 -
Trong phng trnh nay, a i lng thay oi theo chu ky lam vie c la so tr trong
tha so th ba cua tch ba th a so (e
-DT/
+ e
-(1-D)T/
). o nhap nho se ln nhat khi ai
lng na y cc tieu. La y vi pha n ai lng na y theo D va cho bang khong. Tnh ra c
gia tr cua D e ai lng (e
-DT/
+ e
-(1-D)T/
) cc tieu khi :
D = 0,5 (I.2.34)
Nh vay, o nhap nho dong ien se ln nhat khi chu ky lam viec ba ng 50%. a y
la trng h p toi te nhat va ta se du ng gia tr na y i tnh gia tr cam khang san phang L
e gii ha n o nhap nho theo yeu cau.
Gia tr c c ai cu a o nhap nho dong ien: thay D=0,5 va o (I.2.33):
I
pp
=
/
2 / 5 . 0
1
1
) 1 (
T
T
e
e
R
V

Du ng ha ng a ng th c (a
2
b
2
)=(a-b)(a+b) cho a th c di mau:
I
pp
=
/ 5 . 0
/ 5 . 0
1
1
1
T
T
e
e
R
V
(I.2.35)
Th du minh hoa:
Du ng cong thc v a tm c tnh o nha p nho dong cho v du minh ho a cua bai
tren, thay cac gia tr thch hp vao (I.2.35) c:
I
pp
=
3 3
3 3
10 2 / 10 5 , 0
10 2 / 10 5 , 0
1
1
5
100

+
e
e
= 2,49A
Ke t qua nay giong ket qua tren.

f. Chon gia tr cam khang mach tai, tan so ong cat cua chopper e gii han o
nhap nho dong ien nh-nh trong khoang cho phep:
T (I.2.35) co:
e
-0,5T/
=
a
a
+
1
1
(I.2.36)
V i:
a =
1
V
R I
pp
(I.2.37)
Lay logarit t nhie n (I.2.36), co:
a
a T
+
=
1
1
ln 2

Chu ky T=1/f, f la ta n so ong cat cu a chopper, va = L/R la thi hang mach tai.
The ca c ai lng na y vao phng trnh tren, ta c:
fL =
)] 1 /( ) 1 ln[( 2 a a
R
+
(I.2.38)
Mot ng dung th c te quan trong cu a cong thc (I.2.38) la gi o nhap nho do ng
ien thap hn mot gii han cho phep, bang cach tang cam khang L hoac tang tan so
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 49 -
chopper. a y la ly do bo bien oi chopper c thiet ke e la m viec vi tan so cao
gia m thieu nhu ca u dung ca c cam khang loc.
Th du minh ho a: van ap dung cho th du minh ho a tren, ngi ta mong muon
gii ha n o nha p nho cua do ng ie n tren khoang chu ky la m viec en 0,2A.
Thay ca c gia tr ba ng so vao (I.2.37) va (I.2.38), co a = 0,01 va fL = 125. V tham
so ma ch tai co L =0,01Henry nen tan so do ng ien thap nhat bo chopper can co e duy
tr o nhap nho do ng gii ha n I
pp
= 0,2A la f=125/0,01 = 12,5kHz.
Ne u kha na ng cua chopper ch hoat ong vi tan so cao nhat en 5kHz, th e
thoa man yeu ca u tren, gia tr cu a cam khang loc phai cho n bang:
L = (fL)/f
max
= 125/5 = 25 mH.

g. Hoat ong cua bo chopper khi mach tai co mot sc ien ong ngc:
ieu khien to c o ong c DC la mot ng du ng rat quan trong cua cac bo chopper.
Trong cac dang ng dung nay va cac ng dung dung ie u khien chopper kha c, co the
co mot nguon ie n ap ng c nam tren ma ch tai cong suat cu a bo bien oi chopper. Khi
mot bo chopper c dung e ie u khien to c o cu a mot ong c DC, ong c co mot
sc ien o ng ngc, loai ien ap ca m ng trong mach ong c do co toc o quay.
Chopper phai ieu khien do ng ie n tai cha y ngc vao so vi nguon sc ien ong
cam ng cu a ong c. Trong mot ng du ng dung e na p bin, chopper phai ieu khien
dong ien na p theo chieu ngc lai s c ie n ong bo nguon bin. Hnh 2.27 trnh bay
mot tai co mot sc ie n o ng ng c c truye n ong t bo chopper. Ta co the phan
tch to ng quat hoat o ng vi loai tai nay va rut ra cac quan he ie n a p, do ng ien nh
oi vi mot tai R-L, cac quan he nay se a p du ng c cho tr ng hp tre n neu cho
E=0.

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R
E
i

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L
R
E
i
V
1
R
+

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L
E
i
V
1
(a) Chopper ieu khie n mot tai co
nguo n sc ien ong ngc
(c) mach trong khoa ng T
off
(b) mach trong khoang T
on

Hnh 2.27 Tai co nguon s c ien ong cam ng
S
2
S
1
S
2
S
1
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 50 -
ay ta se phan tch ie u kien xac la p. Dang song dong ien giong nh tre n
hnh 2.25 (c); ta co cac tr nh trong ca c chu ky tuan hoan van la I
p
va tr a y la I
v
.
Trong suot quang nh thi thong (T
on
), ca u hnh mach nh tren hnh 2.27 (b);
phng trnh ma c li se la:
E Ri
dt
di
L V + + =
1
(I.2.39)
ieu kien a u la i = I
p
lu c t = 0, cho n go c th i gian tai thi ie m bat au T
on
.
Trong suot khoang nh thi T
off
, ta se cho n lai go c thi gian la luc bat au T
off
,
cau hnh mach trnh bay tren hnh 2.27 (c); phng trnh ma c li tng ng la:
E Ri
dt
di
L + + = 0 (I.2.40)
ieu kien a u se la i = I
p
luc t = 0.
Giai he phng trnh vi phan (I.2.39) va (I.2.40), cach giai tng t mu c d) trang
42, ta c ket qua sau:
I
p
=
/
/
1
1
1
T
T
e
e
R
V
R
E
on
+ (I.2.41)
I
v
=
/
/
/
1
1
T
T
T
e
e e
R
V
R
E
off

+ (I.2.42)
V i = L/R la thi ha ng ma ch tai. Lu y rang hai bieu th c nay co the rut ra c
t ca c bieu thc oi vi trang thai xa c la p I
p
va I
v
c rut ra t trc oi vi bo
chopper hoat ong v i tai R-L (khong co nguon s c ien o ng ngc) bang cac cong
them thanh pha n do ng a m E/R.
o nhap nho nh-nh cu a dong ien ra cho bi:
I
pp
= I
p
I
v

Bieu th c nay cung giong trng hp cua tai R-L.
Th du minh hoa:
Mot xe hi s dung mot ong c DC c cap nguon t mot nguon 200V co ta n so
hoat o ng co nh 2kHz. ien tr cu a o ng c la 0,04 va cam kha ng to ng ma ch tai la
0,1mH. to c o 40da m/gi (64,36km/h), o ng c tao ra mot s c ien ong cam ng
60V. Chu ky la m vie c D la 33,2%.
= L/R =0,1.10
-3
/0,04=2,5.10
-3
s
Chu ky chopper:
T = 1/f = 5.10
-4
s
Khoang nh thi thong:
T
on
= DT = 1,66.10
-4
s
Khoang nh thi kho a:
T
off
= (1-D)T = 3,34.10
-4
s
V
1
= 200V va E = 60V
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 51 -
Do ng ie n nh:
I
p
=
/
/
1
1
1
T
T
e
e
R
V
R
E
on
+ = 272A
Do ng ie n ay:
I
v
=
/
/
/
1
1
T
T
T
e
e e
R
V
R
E
off

+ = 50,4A
o nhap nho nh-nh:
I
pp
= I
p
I
v
= 221,6A
Thanh pha n DC ien a p ngo ra:
V
2
= DV
1
= 0,332200 = 66,4V
Thanh pha n DC dong ien ngo ra:
I
2
= (V
2
- E)/R = 160A
Cac che o dong ien lien tuc va khong lien tuc:
Th du tre n cho thay trong trng h p nay o nhap nho dong ie n nh-nh co
mot gia tr rat ln so vi thanh phan dong DC. e la m gia m o nhap nho, ta chon hoa c
la mot ta n so chopper cao hn hoa c la ta ng gia tr ca m kha ng hoac ca hai.
Neu giam cam khang, dong ie n ay se gia m theo va cuo i cung ba ng zero; la m
gia m tiep L se lam cho do ng ien cang mau gia m xuo ng zero hn tha m ch con tr c
khi khoa ng nh thi T
off
hoan tat. Ta co the kie m chng neu tnh toan lai th du tren
vi gia tr ca m khang luc nay bang 0,06mH va cac tham so kha c coi nh kho ng oi.
Thay gia tr mi cu a L vao bieu thc do ng ien nh va do ng ay, tnh c:
I
p
= 347,9A ; I
v
= -21A

Dong ien ay mang gia tr am, ieu na y thc ra khong ton tai do s hien dien
cu a diode S
2
cung ca p mot ng da n lien tuc khi dong ien ma ch tai chay ng c.
Diode co se kho a tai thi iem dong tr ve lai gia tr khong va co khuynh hng ao
ng c. V vay, phng trnh ma c li cho ta gia tr dong I
v
khong cho ta gia tr ung.
Do o , sau khi dong ien gia m xuong kho ng, no duy tr gia tr phan co n lai cu a
khoang nh thi kho a T
off
. Dong ie n lai tiep tuc tang le n t gia tr ban a u zero trong
khoang nh thi thong T
on
tiep theo va cho ca ca c chu ky khac. Dang so ng dong ien
tai co dang nh tren hnh 2.28.
I
p

Hnh 2.28 Che o kho ng lien
tuc cu a dong ien tai
T
on
T
off
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 52 -
Ta tha y rang dong ien chay trong mach da ng xung va khong lien tuc. Ta noi
ra ng chopper hoat ong trong che o dong ta i khong lien tu c. Che o hoat ong nay la
ngoai y muon, a c bie t la trong ie u khien toc o o ng c DC. Ngi ta noi chung co
the tranh c che o hoat ong nay bang ca ch chon l a tan so chopper thch hp hoa c
thi ha ng mach tai hoac ca hai.
ie u kie n xuat hie n cua che o dong tai khong lien tu c co the tm c bang cach
cho I
v
= 0 :
/
/
/
1
1
T
T
T
e
e e
V
E
off

= (I.2.43)
Nh vay muo n biet c co xuat hien che o dong lien tuc khong, ta phai tnh en
cac thong so sau:
T so ien ap E/V
1

T so chu ky tuan hoan chopper so vi thi ha ng ca m khang =L/R cu a mach tai.
Nhng tham so nay xa c nh chu ky lam viec trong o hoat ong cu a chopper co
che o dong tai khong lien tuc khong.
Th du minh hoa:
Mot chopper ie u khien mot ong c DC la m vie c co nguo n ca p 200V, tan so
chopper 2kHz,ien tr ma ch ong c 0,2 va cam khang 0,2mH. Khi cha y mot to c
o a cho co s c ien ong ngc 150V. Xa c nh gii han di cu a chu ky lam vie c
D
min
( di gia tr nay th ong c se la m vie c che o dong ta i khong lien tuc).
Qua trnh tnh nh sau:
= L/R =0,2.10
-3
/0,2 =1ms
Chu ky tuan hoan:
T = 1/f = 0,5ms
Tham so tnh toan th nhat:
E/V
1
= 150/200 = 0,75
Thay nhng gia tr na y vao ie u kien ba t au cua che o do ng khong lien tu c cho
bi (I.2.43), xa c nh c tham so can tnh toa n th hai:
T
off
/ = 0,10355
Khoang nh thi kho a T
off
= 0,10355ms
Khoang nh thi thong T
on
= T T
off
= 0,3965ms
Chu ky la m vie c gii ha n bang
D
min
= T
on
/T = 0,3965/0,5 = 79,3%.
S hoat o ng cua bo chopper khi la m viec vi ca m khang san pha ng vo han: ca ch
tranh che o dong khong lien tu c tren ch co y ngha vi bo chopper thc te, trong
khao sat ly thuyet, ta se coi nh lo c phang la tuyet oi. Dang song cu a dong ie n
trng hp nay nh tre n hnh 2.29.
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 53 -

h. Cac bo loc ngo vao:
Viec khao sat ca c dang song dong ie n tren hnh 2.29 cho thay, cho du dang song
dong ien tai la thuan DC trong trng hp loc ngo ra at en o ly tng, dang song
dong ien trc chopper phan ngo vao cu a no co the kho ng at. Ta lu y rang dong
ien ngo vao se chay t nguon DC thc te la mot chuoi cac xung. Mot nguo n ien nh
va y khong a p ng c ye u cau mot nguon DC, nh la mot bo bin hoac thanh gop
cung cap nguon cong suat DC. Cac bat li chnh cu a do ng ien da ng xung nh the bao
gom:
Nguon phai ieu khie n mot dong ien nh kha ln.
Ton that cong suat ta ng tren cac ng da n mang tnh ie n tr do dong ien hieu
dung co gia tr cao hn.
Nhieu ien t do ca c thanh phan cao tan trong dong ien va ca c nh nhon len
xuong cu a ca c xung dong ie n.
V vay ngi ta mong muon co mot bo loc ngo vao chopper v i muc ch gi
cho o nhap nho dong ien trong nguon DC pha m vi chap nhan c.
Hnh 2.30_ trnh bay mot bo loc phan au vao cua mot bo chopper.
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L
R
E
i
2
V
1
(a) Chopper ieu khie n mot tai co
nguo n sc ien ong ngc
(d) Dang so ng do ng ien tai i
2

(c) Dang so ng do ng t ha nh i
F
Hnh 2.29 Cac da ng so ng do ng ie n vi cam kha ng san pha ng
vo ha n
i
1
i
F
i
2
0
0
i
F
0
i
1
(b) Dang so ng do ng ien va o i
1

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 54 -
o i vi bo chopper na y, ta gia s rang ca m khang san pha ng pha tai tien ti vo
ha n. Ta ky hieu s c ien ong ng c pha tai la E. No bang zero oi vi loai tai
khong co s c ien ong ngc. Bo lo c au vao cua chopper c trnh bay trong pha n
khung co net t va go m co mot ca m khang L
1
va mot dung khang ky hieu C
1
.
Ta gia s ra ng dong ien tai c ky hieu bang i
2
tre n hnh co the bo qua thanh
phan nhap nho. Khi chopper chuyen S
1
sang tra ng thai ON, do ng ien na y la tong cu a
dong ien dung i
C
va dong ien nguon DC i
1
. Thanh pha n dong ien i
1
bang dong ien
chay qua ca m khang L
1
. Dong ien dung se co h ng nh tren hnh ve , va v vay tu
ien se mat mot t ien tch trong suot khoa ng nh thi m cu a chopper, vi mot sut ap
tng ng at len chopper. o sut ap nay se be neu tu ien co mot gia tr u ln. Trong
suot trang thai khoa (OFF) cu a S
1
, dong ie n cha y trong ie n kha ng se lien tuc, nhng
dong ie n luc na y se la do ng ien na p cu a tu ien. V vay, can lu y rang tu ien se
na p ie n trong suot khoa ng nh thi T
off
va phong ie n trong khoang nh thi T
on
cu a
chopper. V va y, dong ien qua tu ien se la dong ien xoay chieu trong qua trnh la m
viec xac lap cu a chopper. Da n en co mot o nha p nho AC tng ng c chong cha p
trong ien ap cu a tu ien (ien ap tu ie n cung la ien a p at vao bo chopper). Ca c
phat bieu tren ung cho chopper khi la m viec trang thai xa c la p. Trc khi bat a u
hoat ong chuyen mach cua chopper, can co mot khoang thi gian thch hp e tu ien
na p ien ay en gia tr ien a p nguon DC V
1
. Neu ta bo qua ie n tr trong cua cuon
da y L
1
, ie n ap tu ie n se co cu ng mot gia tr DC trong qua trnh lam vie c xa c lap cu a
chopper. Hien nhien t thc te se khong co mot ie n ap xa c la p DC tre n mot cam
khang ly tng. o nha p nho cua ien a p tren tu ie n co the c gi trong gii han
chap nha n c tho ng qua viec chon mot ien dung u ln C
1
. Mot ieu may man
a y la tnh knh te cu a viec s dung mot tu ie n co gia tr ln, v ta co the dung e n ca c

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S
1
D
F
L
2
R
E
i
2
i
C
L
1
C
1 V
1
i
1
Bo loc a u vao
Hnh 2.30 Chopper co bo loc ngo vao

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 55 -
tu ien loai ien pha n c phan c c t nhien co the chap nha n c tre n ca c mach
DC. Ca c loai tu ien nh the la co sa n vi cac kch thc gii han va cho ca c gia tr
ien dung l n. Bang viec dung mot gia tr ien dung u ln, ngi ta de dang gi o
nhap nho ien ap DC a u vao chopper trong gii ha n chap nhan c.
Th du minh hoa:
Bo chopper tren hnh 2.30 lam vie c tan so 1kHz va mot chu ky lam vie c 60%.
ien ap nguon DC cung cap 250V. Dong ien tai au ra 20A va c xem nh phang
(v coi L
2
-> ). Cam khang loc au vao L
1
c gia s la u ln e lo c bo thanh pha n
nhap nho dong ien nguo n i
1
. Xac nh gia tr cu a tu ie n C
1
e gi mc nhap nho
nh-nh cu a ien ap pha au vao cu a chopper trong khoang 4% ien ap nguo n DC.
Coi cac phan t ma ch khac la ly tng.
Qua trnh tnh nh sau:
ien a p DC a u ra: V
2
= DV
1
= 0,6250 = 150V
Cong suat au ra: P
2
= V
2
I
2
= 15020 =3000W
Do kho ng ton that (P=0): P
1
= P
2
=3000W
Do ng ie n nguon: I
1
= P
1
/V
1
=3000/250=12A
Trong suot khoang nh thi OFF, I
1
la do ng ie n nap tu.
Tong ien tch nap tu ien C
1
: Q = I
1
T
off
= 12(1-0,6)10
-3
= 4,8.10
-3
C
o tang ien ap tre n tu: 4,8.10
-3
/C
1

Trong suot quang nh th i ON, tu ien phong ien.
Do ng ie n tu ie n: I
C
= I
2
I
1
=20 12 =8A
Lng ie n tch luc phong ra bang luc nap vao, nen o giam ap V xuat hien trong
khoang nh thi ON co bien o bang o tang ap trong khoa ng nh thi OFF.
ien a p nhap nho tre n tu: [4%]250 =10V
Khoang ien ap nhap nho nh-nh na y tng ng ty le vi lng ien tch pho ng
na p tren tu loc (Q = C U).
Gia tr C
1
tnh nh sau:
4,8.10
-3
/C
1
= 10
C
1
= 480F.
Nha n xet: gia tr ca m khang lo c tnh tren la gia tr xap x v ca c phan t ma ch c
gia thiet la ly t ng va coi nh khong co nhap nho dong ien pha tai va nguon. Ca c
gia thiet na y ch giup tnh toan cu a ta mau hn. Mot gia tr cang ln cu a C
1
se la m o
nhap nho ien ap tha p hn. Lu y ra ng ien ap nhap nho tren tu ien cung la ien ap
nhap nho tren ca m khang loc L
1
v mot au cu a cuon ca m c noi vao mot nguon ap
DC ( c xem la co nh, kho ng nhap nho). Do o , vie c s dung mot tu ien cang l n
se tng ng la m gia m dong ien nhap nho au vao (tnh toa n tren ta gia thiet khong
ton tai nha p nho cu a dong ie n).

i. Bo chopper l tng co cac bo loc ca hai ngo vao-ra:
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 56 -
Ma ch chopper tren hnh 2.31 co hang so th i gian mach tai c xem la rat ln, v
va y dong ien tai c xem la khong nha p nho . Ca m khang loc L
1
va ien dung loc C
1

tren ngo au vao c coi la rat ln, v va y dong ie n nhap nho cua nguo n au va o va
ien ap nhap nho cu a chopper ngo vao c bo qua.
V i ca c gia thiet na y, chopper se la m viec nh mot may bien ap gia m a p ly tng
cho ien DC gio ng nh mot may bien a p gia m ap ly tng ien AC. Ca c quan he tng
ng gi a ca c ai lng phan s va th cap nh sau:
T so bien ap V
2
/V
1
= D
T so bien do ng I
2
/I
1
= 1/D
Cong suat au vao = V
1
I
1
= cong suat au ra = V
2
I
2

T so bien ap cu a ma y bien ien ap DC cu a chung ta co the thay oi trong pham
vi t khong e n mot nh mot phng phap n gia n : thay oi chu ky la m viec D cu a
chopper (mo hnh mach thi cong cua ta se la m viec theo phng phap na y).
Ca c dong ie n va ien a p ma ta quan tam c ky hieu bang ca c ky hie u thch
hp tren hnh 2.31 va dang so ng cu a chung c trnh bay tre n hnh 2.32. Ca c dang
song nay gom ca c do ng ie n chay qua ca c linh kien chuyen mach (van co ieu khie n
S
1
va van khong ieu khien S
2
) va cac ie n ap tren chung. Cac da ng song do ng ie n va
ien ap cu a cac linh kien chuyen mach ca n thiet e tnh toan ca c nh mc th c cho
linh kien se c chon cho ma ch chopper.

+

S
1
S
2
L
1
Tai
I
2
I
S2
L
1
C
1 V
1
I
1
Hnh 2.31 Chopper co bo loc ly tng ca c ngo vao-ra
I
S1
V
2
A

+
+
V
S1
V
S2
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 57 -
Lu y rang ca c da ng so ng tren hnh ga n vi cac gia thiet ly t ng. Thong thng
khi cho n linh kien ba n dan nen chon mot nh mc ie n ap va nh mc dong ien
tng oi ln hn tnh toan, nh vay he so an toan se cao le n. He so an toan ve ien ap
cao e chong ca c gai qua ap xuat hie n trong qua trnh qua o cu a chuyen ma ch. Tng
t he so an toan cho dong ien e cho ng qua do ng ga y bi cac tra ng thai bat thng,
qua ta i, v.v. Cac nh m c dong ien phu thuoc cach giai nhiet cho linh kien, o la
loai bo n nhiet dung ke m theo no.
Th du minh hoa:
Mot chopper ly tng hnh 2.31 co V
1
= 100V, V
2
= 60V, I
2
= 10A. Ta tnh toan
cac thong so co lien quan e n ma ch nh sau:
Chu ky la m vie c: D = V
2
/V
1
= 60/100 = 0,6
Do ng ie n au vao: I
1
= DI
2
= 0,610 = 6A
Gia tr trung bnh cu a I
S1
la
I
2
T
on
/T = 100,6 =6A
S1
2
la
I
2
2
T
on
/T = DI
2
2

tr hieu dung cu a dong I
S1
la
0
V
1
0
I
1
0
V
tai
Hnh 2.32
Cac da ng song cu a chopper giam ap co bo
loc ly tng cac ngo va o-ra
0
V
AB
0
I
S1
I
2
0
I
S2 I
2
0
I
2
0
-V
1
V
2
=V
Diode
0
V
S1
+V
1
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 58 -
10 6 , 0
2
2
2
= = I D I D = 7,7A
S2
la
I
2
T
off
/T = 10(1-0,6) =4A
S2
2
la
I
2
2
T
off
/T = I
2
2
(1-D)
tr hieu dung cu a dong I
S2
la
10 6 , 0 1 1
2
= I D = 6,3A
ien ap thuan tr nh tra ng thai xac lap cu a van S
1
la V
1
= 100V va ien a p nh
ng c xa c lap la 0V.
ien ap thua n tr nh trang thai xa c la p cu a van S
2
la 0V va ien ap ngc tr nh
xa c lap cu a van S
2
la V
1
= 100V.
Dang song do ng ie n va o tu lo c C
1
:
Do ng ien va o tu ie n I
C
ba ng hieu gi a dong ien nguo n mot chieu DC I
1
va
dong ien chuyen ma ch chopper I
S1
[xem hnh 2.33 (a)].
Trong khoang nh th i T
on
, I
1
= 6A va I
S1
= I
2
= 10A I
C
= -4A;
Trong khoang nh th i T
off
, I
1
= 6A va I
S1
= 0A I
C
= 6A.
Nha n xet: do ng ie n vao tu ien la mot thanh phan AC tra ng thai xac lap.

4. Chopper tang ap :
a. Cau hnh mach tai:
Ca u hnh mach chopper ta ng ap bieu die n tren hnh 2.34.

I
S1
I
1
I
C
I
C
T
on T
off
4A

6A

(a) (b)
Hnh 2.33 Da ng song do ng ien tu ien C
1

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 59 -
S khac nhau cu a hai cau hnh tang ap va gia m a p la trong chopper ta ng ap, ca c v
tr cu a diode cong suat va linh kie n chuyen mach co ieu khien c hoa n v cho nhau.
Ca ch goi ten cho cac linh kien lu c na y nh tren hnh 2.34.
e ieu khie n mot chopper ta ng a p, van co ieu khie n ky hieu S
2
lan lt tho ng
va khoa tan so chopper c chon theo kieu nh cua bo giam a p. T so tang ap c
xa c nh bi chu ky chuyen ma ch.
Tren hnh 2.34, cong suat au vao c cung cap t nguon ien ap DC ky hieu V
S
,
na m phan hnh be n phai, va cung cap co ng suat cho tai; tai ay la mot nguo n ien ap
cao hn V
1
nam pha n hnh be n trai. Chopper du ng e ta ng a p cap nguon sang a p ngo
ra. Tre n hnh cung co mot ma ch loc gio ng vi mach lo c a c trnh bay nam phan
cu a chopper giam ap phan tren. Mach lo c nay gom co cac phan t C
1
va L
1
cung c
dung phan cao ap. Nhng ch kha c ay la phan cao ap lai tr thanh tai. Dong ien
qua ma ch loc nay chay vao tai se lam gia m c o nhap nho. Ta cu ng gia thiet rang
cac phan t cu a bo lo c nay co gia tr u ln e loc bo tha nh pha n nha p nho cua dong
tai.
Pha n hnh ben phai cu ng con mot cam kha ng ky hieu ba ng L
2
, mu c ch cu a no
lam cuo n san phang at phan ap thap giong chopper gia m a p co cam khang san
phang au ra cung at pha n ap thap e la m ba ng o nhap nho dong. No la mot yeu
cau thiet yeu cho hoa t ong cu a bo chopper ta ng ap. Trong che o tang ap, cuo n L
2

hoat o ng nh mot ho ch a nang l ng ta m thi, lay na ng lng t nguon DC trong
khoang nh thi T
on
va truyen lai nang l ng o cho nguon co ien ap cao hn trong
khoang nh thi T
off
. No dung e san phang o nha p nho cu a do ng ien phan ie n
ap tha p (pha n ap thap trong trng h p tang ap la ngo va o bo chopper). Dung mot gia
tr L
2
u ln th dong ien nguon au vao se kho ng b nhap nho. Pha n ien tr cu a L
2
,
cu a nguo n, cua da y da n co ng chung lai, ta ky hieu bang R
2
.

+

+
C
1
L
1
S
1
S
2

X
Y
Z
V
1
L
2
R
2
V
S
i
2
Hnh 2.34 Chopper tang ap co bo lo c
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 60 -
b. Phan giai tch bo chopper tang ap:
e n gia n, ta co mot so gia thiet sau : cac pha n t mach la ly tng va
Pha n ien ap cao co ma ch lo c ly t ng (L
1
va C
1
u ln);
Chu ky la m vie c cu a chopper khong oi (D = const);
Ma ch chopper ang la m vie c xa c la p.
Gia tr L
1
ln e bo qua o nhap nho dong ien ta i. V va y, neu tai mang tnh ien
tr, ien ap tren no ky hie u ba ng V
1
nh hnh 2.34 se khong oi. Mat kha c, chnh V
1

cung co the la mot nguon ap nh la mot bo bin can c nap ie n. ien a p tren tu lo c
se co bien o DC la V
1
, v khi xac la p th cuon cam ly tng L
2
c xem nh b ngan
mach. Neu C
1
rat ln th o nhap nho ien ap tren no cung co the c bo qua. Do o,
ien ap pha n mach tai co the c thay the ba ng mot nguon a p khong oi V
1
va khi o
mach c ve lai n gian hn nh tre n hnh 2.35
Ca u hnh mach trong cac khoang nh thi T
on
va T
off
:

c. Thanh phan mot chieu cua dong ngo vao: (phan ap tha p)
Hnh 2.36 (a), trnh ba y ca u hnh mach trong khoang nh thi thong T
on
cu a
chopper. ien ap at len van co ieu khien S
2
bang kho ng, va nh vay van khong ieu
khien diode S
1
b phan cc ng c bi nguo n V
1
va do o se kho a ng da n na y. Trong
suot khoang nh thi na y, dong ien tang le n trong cam khang at ti bien o nh ky
hieu bang I
p
ong ngha vi viec nguon ap V
S
na p nang lng cho cuon cam L
2
.

+

S
1
S
2

X
Y
Z
V
1
L
2
R
2
V
S
i
2
Hnh 2.35 Chopper tang ap la m viec vi pha n a p cao la mot nguon DC co nh.
+
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 61 -
Ca u hnh mach trong khoang nh thi T
off
trnh bay pha n hnh 2.36 (b).
Khi chopper nh thi kho a (OFF), dong ie n trong L
2
suy gia m e ta o ra ien ap
Ldi
2
/dt tren no. L ng ien ap nay cung chieu vi nguon V
S
, cong lai se phan c c
thuan cho van khong ieu khien S
1
va thong no. Dong ie n se chay va o phan ien ap
cao va nh vay se truyen cong suat cho pha n ien ap cao t pha n co ie n a p tha p.
Trong khoa ng thi gian na y, do ng ien suy gia m en bie n o a y ky hieu ba ng I
v
. d a
va o cac thong so mach va chu ky la m vie c, dong ien se giam ve khong tham ch con
trc ca luc khoa ng nh thi T
off
ket thuc. Trong trng hp nay dong ie n chay trong
nguo n ap V
S
se kho ng lien tu c. a y ta ch xet trng hp do ng lien tuc, pha n khong
lien tuc se trnh bay trong phan khac, ben di.
T so bien ien ap:
Dang song ien ap xuat hien tren hai a u c c YZ c ch tren hnh 2.37

+

S
1
S
2

X
Y
Z
V
1
L
2
R
2
V
S
i
2
(a) Mach trong qua trnh nh thi T
on

+

+

S
1
S
2

X
Y
Z
V
1
L
2
R
2
V
S
i
2
(b) Mach trong qua trnh nh thi T
off

+
Hnh 2.36 Cac ca u hnh mach chopper trong cac khoang nh thi T
on
va T
off

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 62 -

Da theo cac mo ta tren, trong khoang nh thi T
on
, ie n ap co bien o bang
zero. Trong khoa ng nh thi T
off
, do dong ien chay lien tu c qua diode, ie n ap se
ba ng V
1
. Ta thay ra ng ien ap tren c c YZ pha n ap thap co da ng chuoi xung. Dang
song na y gom mot tha nh phan DC va mot thanh pha n nha p nho. o nha p nho se b lo c
bo khi qua ca m khang L
2
. Thanh phan DC c ky hie u bang V
2
va cach tnh toan la
lay o cao trung bnh cua dang song tren hnh 2.37 nh sau:
V
2
=
off on
off
T T
T V
+
1
= V
1
(1-D) (I.2.44)
V vay t so bien oi ien ap ky hieu bang a cu a chopper, c xa c nh bang
ien ap ngo ra tren ie n ap va o nh sau:
a =
D V
V
=
1
1
2
1
(I.2.45)
Phng trnh (I.2.45) cho thay ve mat ly thuyet khi ieu chnh chu ky lam viec
thch hp se ieu chnh c lien tuc t so bien oi ien ap t mot (D = 0) en vo han
(D = 1).
Ca c quan he do ng ie n cu a chopper ta ng ap:
Xet mach xa c la p, che o dong ien tai lien tuc.
Phng trnh mac li trong khoang nh thi T
on
[xem hnh 2.36 (a)] la:
L
2
dt
di
2
+ R
2
i
2
= V
S
(I.2.46)
ieu kien a u : i
2
= I
v
tai t = 0, va cho n goc thi gian la lu c bat a u T
on
.
Phng trnh mac li trong khoang nh thi T
off
[ hnh 2.36 (b)] :
L
2
dt
di
2
+ R
2
i
2
= V
S
V
1
(I.2.47)
ieu kien au: i
2
= I
p
tai t = 0, va chon goc thi gian la lu c bat a u khoa ng nh
thi T
off
.
I
p
va I
v
la ca c bien o nh va a y cu a dong ien i
2
.
0
T
on
T
off

V
1

Hnh 2.37 Dang song ien a p tren ca c c c YZ phan ap tha p
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 63 -
Giai phng trnh (I.2.46) vi ieu kie n au a cho va t = T
on
co:
I
p
=
/ /
2
) 1 (
on on
T
v
T S
e I e
R
V

+ (I.2.48)
Giai phng trnh (I.2.47) vi ieu kien au cho tai t = T
off
co:
I
v
=
/ /
2
1
) 1 (
off off
T
p
T
S
e I e
R
V V

+
(I.2.49)
Trong o, = L
2
/R
2
. Giai he hai phng trnh (I.2.48) va (I.2.49) ta c:
I
p
=

/
/ /
2
1
2
1
T
T T
S
e
e e
R
V
R
V
on

(I.2.50)
I
v
=
/
/
2
1
2
1
1
T
T
S
e
e
R
V
R
V
off
(I.2.51)
Dang song cu a i
2
c ve tre n hnh 2.38.
o nhap nho nh-nh cu a dong ien ngo vao i
2
cho bi:
I
pp
= I
p
I
v

Thay gia tr I
p
va I
v
trong cong thc (I.2.50) va (I.2.51) vao c:
I
pp
= )] ( ) 1 [(
1
1
/ ) 1 ( / /
/
2
1
T D DT T
T
e e e
e R
V

+ +
(I.2.52)
o nhap nho dong ie n nh-nh phan ap thap cu a bo chopper tang ap trong cong
thc (I.2.52) giong hoa n toan co ng thc tnh o nhap nho dong ie n nh-nh phan a p
thap cu a bo chopper gia m ap [cong thc (I.2.33) trang 46].
V cac bieu th c e tnh o nhap nho dong ie n I
pp
giong nhau o i vi dong ien
nhap nho pha n ie n ap tha p cu a ca hai bo chopper loai tang a p va gia m ap, hai quan he
khac c rut ra d a theo I
pp
cua bo chopper giam ap cung tng t cho bo chopper
tang a p. o la:
Chu ky la m viec D ma tai o dong ien nha p nho at c c ai, D = 50% [xem co ng
thc (I.2.34) trang 46];
Gia tr cc ai cu a o nhap nho do ng ien na y cu ng c cho cu ng mot co ng thc
(I.2.35) trang 47 nh sau : I
pp
=
/ 5 . 0
/ 5 . 0
2
1
1
T
T
S
e
e
R
V
.
d. Thanh phan DC cua dong ien ngo vao: (phan ie n ap thap)
I
p
I
v
T
on
T
off
i
2
Hnh 2.38 Dang song dong ien i
2

PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 64 -
Do ng ien ngo va o c cung cap bi nguo n ap V
S
dao o ng gi a bien o nh I
p

cho bi cong thc (I.2.50) va bie n o ay cho bi (I.2.51). Mot dang song ien hnh
c trnh bay tren hnh 2.38 tren. Dong ien nay co mot thanh pha n DC va mot
thanh phan nhap nho. Thanh phan do ng nha p nho xuat hien v tren thc te ch co ca m
khang mang gia tr hu han phan ie n a p thap. Ca c cong th c (I.2.50) va (I.2.51)
c rut ra d a tren mot gia tr hu han cua L
2
. Thanh pha n mong muo n cu a ta la thanh
phan DC. No co the tnh ra c bang ca ch lay o cao trung bnh cu a dang song tren
hnh ve 2.38 tho ng qua viec tnh tch pha n ca c bie u th c thch hp. Mot cach th c n
gian e tm thanh pha n DC la dung nguye n ly chong chap, ta se ba t au nh sau:
Thanh pha n DC cu a ien ap xuat hien tren hai au ngo vao YZ la:
V
2
= V
1
(1-D) (I.2.44)
V vay dong ien DC I
2
c tnh bang:
I
2
= =
2 2
2
1
R R
V V
S
[V
S
V
1
(1-D)] (I.2.53)
Th du minh hoa:
Mot bo a c quy cho xe hi co ien ap 120V. Xe hi c truyen ong bang mot
ong c DC dung ie u khien chopper. ie n tr mach ong c: 0,2. Trong qua trnh
ha m, cau hnh bo chopper chuyen sang la m viec che o tang ap. Khi xe hi ang
chay xuong mot con doc mot toc o nao o , s c ie n ong ca m ng trong may ien la
110V va dong ha m la 10A. Gia thie t che o la m vie c dong ien lie n tuc.
Xa c nh chu ky lam viec chopper nh sau:
Thanh pha n DC cu a ien ap tren hai cc YZ ky hieu bang V
2
la:
V
2
= V
S
R
2
I
ham
= 110 0,210 =108V
Theo cong th c (I.2.44) th V
2
ba ng:
V
2
= (1-D)V
1

Chu ky la m vie c D xa c nh t ang thc:
108 = (1-D)120
D = 10%.
e. Hoat ong cua chopper tang ap trong che o dong ien khong lien tuc:
Khi phan ien ap tha p co cam khang nho th dong ien ngo va o co the se ve
khong trc khi khoang nh thi OFF ket thuc. ieu kien xa c nh ngng cu a che o
dong kho ng lien tu c se xuat hien lu c nao nh sau:
Cho dong ien ay bang khong roi ru t ra cap tham so gio ng nh phan dong
khong lien tuc cu a chopper gia m ap.
T (I.2.51) va I
v
= 0 suy ra:
/
/
1
1
1
T
T
S
e
e
V
V
off
= (I.2.54)
Th du minh hoa:
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 65 -
v du tren, lu c nay ta thay oi cam khang tong cong phan ma ch ap tha p (bao
gom ca ca m khang o ng c va mach loc) xuong con 300H. Tan so chopper la 1kHz.
Ta tnh toan cho ma ch nay theo t ng ie u kien nh di ay:
ien ap cam ng van la 110V nh th du tre n, trong suot qua trnh ha m tai sinh, xac
nh ngng chu ky la m viec (neu thap hn tr nay o ng c se la m viec trong che o
dong khong lien tu c). Ta lu y rang khi noi ong c la m vie c trong che o ha m tai sinh
ay la chopper se la m vie c che o ta ng a p.
Ta co:
T = 1/f = 10
-3
s
= L
2
/R
2
= 0,3.10
-3
/0,2 =1,5.10
-3
s
V
S
= 110V, V
1
= 120V
Thay ca c gia tr na y vao cong thc (I.2.54), ta co:
T
off
= 8,86.10
-4
s
Suy ra chu ky la m vie c ngng la:
D =
T
T T
off
=11,4%.
Do ng ie n ha m luc na y tnh nh sau:
V
2
= V
1
(1-D) = 120(1-0,114) = 106,3V
I
2
=
2
2
R
V V
S

=
2 , 0
3 , 106 110
= 18,5A
Nha n xet: nh vay, so vi v du tren kho ng co e cap en tan so ong cat cu a chopper
th e thoa ma n c che o do ng lien tuc th chopper trong th du tren ca n co tan so
ong cat cao hn.
Ne u bay gi khong ha m ma ta truyen ong cho o ng c (chopper hoat ong giam
ap). Ta se tnh ngng xuat hien che o dong khong lien tu c luc nay:
Khi truyen ong, chopper hoat ong che o giam ap. Trng hp nay ngng
xuat hien cu a che o dong ien tai khong lien tu c xa c nh theo cong thc (I.2.43), va
sc ie n ong ng c luc nay E = V
S

1
/
/
/
1
1 V
V
e
e e
V
E
S
T
T
T
off
=

V vay:
/
/
/
1 120
110
T
T
T
e
e e
off

=
Thay ca c gia tr so vao bieu th c tren, ta co:
T
off
= 6,2.10
-5
s
T
on
= 10
-3
- 6,2.10
-5
= 9,38.10
-4
s
Vay ngng xuat hien che o dong khong lie n tuc khi truyen ong la:
D = 0,938/1 = 93,8%.
Thanh pha n DC cu a dong ie n ong c tai chu ky la m vie c na y la:
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 66 -
I
d
=
R
E V
2
=
2 , 0
110 120 D
= 12,8A.
f. Anh hng cua tan so chopper en s xuat hien cua che o dong khong lien
tuc trong ong c:
Ta lu y rang co the la m gia m chu ky la m viec thap hn va do ng ien ham thap
hn ma khong ga p phai che o dong khong lien tuc neu tang tan so ong cat va ca c
ieu kie n khac khong thay oi. Che o truye n ong van u ng khi a p dung ca c nay. Ta
co the la m giam chu ky lam vie c trong che o na y cu ng nh lam gia m dong ien
truyen ong cho ong c ma khong gap phai che o dong kho ng lie n tuc. V t so T/ co
mat trong bieu thc tnh chu ky la m viec ngng nen vie c ta ng thi hang cung co tac
ong he t nh khi tang tan so chopper.
Th du minh hoa:
Cung th du tre n, ca c thong so kha c kho ng thay oi, tan so chopper tang len 6kHz.
Ta tnh lai ca c ket qua phan tre n nh sau:
Chu ky tuan hoan: T = 1/f = 1/6000 =0,1667ms
Thay gia tr so vao (I.2.54) co:
T
off
= 0,1520ms
T
on
= 0,1667 0,1520 = 0,0147ms
Chu ky la m vie c ng ng:
D = T
on
/T = 0,0147/0,1667 = 8,82%
Ta co:
V
2
= V
1
(1-D) = 120 (1-0,0882) =109,42V
I
d
=
R
V V
S 2
=
2 , 0
42 , 109 110
= 2,9A
Trong qua trnh truyen ong, chopper hoat ong che o giam ap. Ngng xuat
hien che o dong kho ng lie n tuc xa c nh theo (I.2.43):
1
/
/
/
1 V
V
e
e e
S
T
T
T
off
=

The so va o phng trnh nay co:
T
off
= 1,3203.10
-5
s
T
on
= T-T
off
=0,1667 1,3203.10
-5
=0,1535ms
D = T
on
/T = 0,1535/0,1667 = 92,08%
Thanh pha n DC cu a dong ie n ong c tai chu ky la m vie c na y la:
I
d
=
R
E V
2
=
2 , 0
110 120 D
= 2,48A
g. Cac dang song cua chopper tang ap khi co cac bo loc tren hai ngo vao-ra:
Trong cac tnh toan cua ta cho bo chopper tang ap, ta a gia thie t ra ng mach loc
L-C la ly tng pha n cao a p (ngo ra) nhng lai mot gia tr hu ha n cu a cam khang
san phang pha n ie n ap thap (ngo va o). Ta co y thc hien ieu nay nha m nhan manh
PHAN I - CHNG 2
- 67 -
s xuat hien cu a che o dong ie n lien tuc va kho ng lien tuc phan ap tha p cua bo
chopper khi hoat ong ca hai che o gia m ap va ta ng ap. Ta cu ng muon nhan manh
ve s xuat hien thanh phan nha p nho dong ien phan ap thap va s phu thuoc cu a no
va o ca m khang san phang hoa c tan so chopper hoa c ca hai. Trong cac ng du ng truyen
ong phng tien giao thong dung chopper, ong c truyen o ng na m phan ap thap
va ac quy nam phan cao ap. Ta co the chuyen oi qua lai gia hai che o truye n o ng
va ha m tng ng vi hoat ong giam ap va ta ng a p cu a chopper khi dung no e ieu
khien phng tien giao thong. e co the hoat o ng tot ca hai che o th ngi ta ca n
phai co ca m khang san pha ng phan ap thap u l n. e bo ac quy phan cao ap chopper,
ngi ta phai co ma ch loc L
1
va C
1
u l n. Khi quan tam en ca c nha n to nay, ta se
khoi phai e y en cac gia thiet mach phai ly tng hay khong tr khi c nhac ti. Ta
ch gia thiet cac linh kien chuyen ma ch la ly tng va nh vay th kho ng co ton that
trong ma ch chopper. Khi a co nh ng chopper ly t ng nh the th viec ng du ng no
cho cac ieu khien phng tien giao thong se rat hieu qua, do ng ien nguon DC va
dong ien o ng c lu c na y kha phang va gan nh khong co d n so ng.
Cong suat pha n cao a p la V
1
I
1
, cong suat phan ap tha p la V
2
I
2
. Thc hien ang tr
hai thanh phan ta c quan he do ng ie n trong bo chopper ta ng ap la:
I
1
/I
2
= 1-D.

PHAN II
- 68 -

PHAN II
THIET KE

Chng 3 MACH PHAN CNG
A. S O
B. CHC NANG CUA TNG BO PHAN
C. HOAT ONG CUA S O
Chng 4 PHAN MEM ASSEMBLER
D. GIAI THUAT
E. CHC NANG CUA TNG CHNG TRNH CON
F. CHNG TRNH
Chng 5 PHAN MEM VISUAL BASIC
G. NHIEM VU CUA PHAN MEM
H. GIAI THCH HOAT ONG
I. CHNG TRNH
Chng 6 KET QUA
J. MACH THI CONG
K. GIAO DIEN IEU KHIEN TREN MAY TNH

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 69 -

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 70 -
AS O: (Hnh 3.1)

Hnh 3.1 S o mach thi cong.
PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 71 -
DANH SACH CAC THANH PHAN:
Th t So lng Mo ta linh kien
01 1 IC, AT89C51, Microcontroller
02 1 12MHz Crystal
03 6 10uF Capacitor
04 4 Led 7 oan
05 4 BJT, 2N1015,PNP
06 1 IC, ADC0809
07 1 IC, 7447
08 1 IC, 74393
09 1 IC, MAX232
10 1 IC, LM7805
11 1 BJT, 2N1061, NPN
12 1 Bien tr 10K
13 1 Ca u chnh lu diode
14 2 Led thu-phat
15 2 au noi DB-9 (c, ca i)
16 5 Tu ien 10nF
17 10 ie n tr 470
18 6 ien tr 10K
19 1 ien tr 47K
20 4 ien tr 1K
21 2 ien tr 4K7
22 1 Nut reset
23 1 Rle 5V 8 cha n
24 1 Tu loc nguo n, 2200uF 25V
25 2 Diode 1N4007, chong ap ngc
26 2 Tu ien 30pF
27 2 BJT, 2N2222, NPN
28 1 BJT, D468, NPN
29 1 DC Motor 6V
30 1 a CD, uc 20 lo, c gan ong truc ong c

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 72 -

BCHC NANG CUA TNG BO PHAN:

KHOI NGUON:

Hnh 3.2 Cau truc ma ch mguon.

Cung cap nguo n nuoi cho mach thi co ng.
Khoi nguon c thiet ke e cung ca p m c ien ap on nh 5V cho mo hnh. Mot
bien ap 110V/220V sang 6V/9V/12V khoang 1A; mot ca u chnh lu 1A; tu ien nguon
2200F 25V va IC on ap 7805.

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 73 -

KHOI GIAO TIEP MAY TNH:

Hnh 3.3 Khoi giao tie p PC-KIT

Thiet lap quan he giao tiep vi ma y tnh.
Khoi c thiet ke nha m m rong kha nang ieu khien cho kit. Ma ch giao tiep
a y n gian ch co au cam day va bo IC max232 va tu ien la m tng thch ien ap
gia hai n v giao tiep la ma y tnh (~12V) va kit (~5V).
Hai khoi giao tiep nhau qua hai ng truye n nhan va phat, ngoai ra da y masse
c noi chung.

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 74 -

KHOI VI IEU KHIEN AT89C51:

Hnh 3.4 Khoi ie u khien AT89C51.

Trung tam ie u khien cac che o lam vie c cua ong c va toan bo moi hoat ong
khac : ieu khien ong c chay toc o mong muo n, ao chieu, ha m ng c, ieu khien
hoat ong ma ch hien th led, o toc o, giao tiep vi may tnh.
Khoi gom co IC AT89C51, mach ta o xung va ma ch reset.

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 75 -

KHOI AT TOC O TREN KIT:

Hinh 3.5 Kho i at toc o tre n KIT.

Khoi ieu khien to c o o ng c ba ng tay na m tren kit.
Khoi go m co IC ADC0809 la m ch c na ng chnh la chuyen oi tng t/so, IC
74LS393 ta o xung nhp cho ADC0809 va bie n tr at toc o e chon m c ien a p cho
ADC0809.

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 76 -

KHOI HIEN TH:

Hnh 3.6 Khoi hie n th toc o o.

Dung e hie n th toc o o c cu a ong c trong mo hnh ma ch thi cong.
Khoi go m IC 7447 lam nhiem vu giai ma BCD sang bay oan, bo n led bay oan,
bon transistor A1015 keo dong cho bon led ba y oan loai anode chung, bay ie n tr
ha n do ng cho ba y au va o a, b, c, d, e, f va g (kho ng ve tren hnh ) va bo ien tr phan
c c transistor.

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 77 -

KHOI MACH ONG C:

Hnh 3.7 Khoi mach ong c.

Khoi nay gom ma ch ong l c cung cap co ng suat cho ong c. Bo phan cam bien
toc o s dung ke m theo la mot a CD-ROM co uc lo va cap led thu-phat. Mot thanh
phan n a la relay ta m cha n cho mu c ch ao chieu ong c dung transistor D468 e
ieu khie n.
Xem chi tiet trong pha n phu luc.

PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 78 -

CHOAT ONG CUA S O:
1. Cac bc chuan b:
Kiem tra noi da y;
Kiem tra noi nguon;
Chnh bien tr at toc o ve zero e ong c khong chay khi mi ca p nguon.
2. Hoat ong cua s o:
Sau khi cap nguon cho mach hoat ong, trang thai cu a cac khoi tre n nh sau:
Khoi nguon cho ra ien ap 5V ngo ra.
Khoi giao tiep may tnh trang thai ch.
Khoi vi ieu khien AT89C51 th c thi chng trnh c nap vi cac ie u kie n a u
la to c o at bang zero, toc o o xuat ra led la khong, ta o xung khi ong cho
ADC0809.
Khoi at toc o tre n kit, luc au v cha at toc o nen ong c kho ng chay.
Khoi hien th hien bon so khong.
Khoi ma ch ong c h mach.
e ieu khien o ng c cha y toc o mong muon, chnh bien tr at to c o theo
chieu ta ng ien ap. AT89C51 trong qua trnh th c thi chng trnh se cap nhat toc o t
ADC0809, so sanh to c o cap nhat vi to c o tr c o, ne u co s thay oi, no se t
ong cap nhat vao o nh toc o chuan, sau o se ieu khien phat xung nh thi, ta ng
m c 1 lien tu c khi to c o chuan ln hn toc o o, cho ti khi bang nhau va ngc lai
gia m nh thi m c 1 khi toc o chuan be hn to c o o.
Viec tang hay gia m khoang nh thi tuan thu luat: lng tang khoa ng nh thi
m c nay o ng thi i kem giam mot l ng tng ng khoang nh thi mc kia.
Sau khi tnh toa n l ng chenh le ch gi a to c o chua n va toc o o, nga t do bo
nh thi timer 0 neu xuat hien, AT89C51 se kiem tra bit dau (trong chng trnh la bit
nh a ch 00H) e xa c nh bo e m timer 0 ang nh thi trong khoang nh thi
m c 1 ( ne u noi dung 00H bang 1) hay mc 0 ( ne u noi dung 00H ba ng khong).
Ne u ang nh thi mc 1 th xo a 00H, nap noi dung trong o nh gia tr nh th i
m c 0 vao timer 0 va cho chay.
Ne u ngat cu a timer 0 cha can thiep th AT89C51 se xuat toc o o c t bo
cam bien to c o (CD-ROM va ca p led thu-phat) cho khoi hie n th.
Trong chng trnh thc thi cu a AT89C51, ta s dung ba ngat co o u tien theo
th t giam dan la Timer 0, ngat ngoai 0, ngat do port noi tiep.
Ngat ngoai 0 se la m viec vi o u tien xep sau ngat do timer 0, neu timer 0 tran
va ga y ngat th ngat ngoai 0 se ch va th c thi sau o. Ngat ngoai 0 se lien tu c tang o
PHAN II - CHNG 3
- 79 -
nh to c o moi khi co xung canh am at va o chan /INT0 cu a AT89C51. O nh to c o b
xo a moi khi timer 0 ga y ngat.
Tiep theo la ngat do port noi tiep va cach a t toc o cho ong c t may tnh.
Tren ma y tnh, tren panel ieu khien, ta chon toc o mong muon, nhan nut Start,
8-bit d lieu se truyen sang kit AT89C51. Ket thuc qua trnh nhan d lieu t kit gay ra
ngat. Ngat do port noi tiep co o u tien th ba sau timer 0 va ngat ngoai 0.
D lieu au tien khi nha p vao se c kiem tra xem lieu o co phai la ky t yeu
cau ao chieu hay kho ng. Neu phat hien d lieu v a nhan c t may tnh la tn hieu
yeu ca u a o chieu th AT89C51 se ieu khien ao chie u ong c va thoa t khoi che o
ngat port noi tiep.
Ne u lenh yeu ca u kho ng phai la ao chieu, toc o at t ma y tnh sau o se c
kiem tra xem co thay oi so vi toc o hien ha nh hay khong. Trng hp khong thay
oi se phan hoi toc o cho may tnh.
Trng hp kha c khi toc o at khac toc o chuan, to c o chua n se b thay the
ba ng chnh toc o mi at nay, e ket thu c qua trnh ngat cu a port noi tiep, AT89C51
se phan hoi toc o hien hanh cho may tnh. Qua trnh nh thi cho o ng c cha y se
giong nh cu a ADC0809.

PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 80 -

PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 81 -
DGIAI THUAT:
Bang danh sach cac lu o giai thuat c s dung:
Ten lu o Nhiem vu Trang
TIMER 0_ISR
Trnh phuc vu ngat do Timer 0

INT0_ISR
Trnh phuc vu ngat do em to c o

SP_ISR
Trnh phuc vu ngat do port noi tiep

MAIN
Chng trnh chnh

HIENTHITOCDO
Hie n th toc o o

DELAYMS
Lam tre 1 mili giay

BINTOBCD
oi so nh phan 16-bit thanh ma BCD nen

DIV_16_8
Chia so nh pha n 16-bit cho so 8-bit

Chc nang cac o nh c dung trong chng trnh:
O nh Chc nang
7FH
Byte cao cu a gia tr khoang nh thi m c 1 (byte cao cua T
H
)
7EH
Byte thap cua gia tr khoa ng nh thi mc 1 (byte thap cu a T
H
)
7DH
Byte cao cu a gia tr khoang nh thi mc 0 (byte cao cua T
L
)
7CH
Byte thap cua gia tr khoa ng nh thi mc 0 (byte thap cu a T
L
)
7BH
Bo nh ca p nhat toc o o theo chu ky lam vie c cu a Timer 0 (~50ms)
7AH
O nh toc o o (ca p nhat gia n tiep qua 7BH)
79H
O nh toc o chuan
78H
O nh lu toc o at cua may tnh (cap nhat gia n tiep qua 76H)
77H
O nh lu toc o at cua ADC0809 (cap nhat gian tiep qua 75H)
76H
O nh cap nhat toc o at t may tnh
75H
O nh cap nhat toc o at t ADC0809
74H
Tng t thanh ghi R7
73H
Tng t thanh ghi R6

Chc nang thanh ghi trong bank thanh ghi default:
Thanh ghi Chc nang
R2
e em so la n dch bit khi chia so 16-bit cho so 8-bit
R3
e phat hien tn hieu ye u ca u a o chie u ong c
R5
Lam bo em trong chng trnh con DELAYMS
R6
da ng nh phan ch a byte thap, BCD th cha ha ng chu c-n v cu a gia tr to c o o
R7
da ng nh phan ch a byte cao, BCD th cha ha ng ngan-tram cua gia tr toc o o
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 82 -

TIMER 0_ISR

PUSH ACC
CLR TR0
oc toc o t ADC vao o nh 75H

Bit dau: 00H
= #0
?
Yes
No
(75H) (77H)
?
Yes
No
Na p (75H) vao (77H)
Na p (75H) vao (79H)
Y1:
Xoa bit da u: 00H = #0
Nap (7DH) vao TH0
Nap (7CH) vao TL0
Xoa bit P3.7

Khi o ng ADC0809
Nap (7BH) va o (7AH)
Xoa (7BH)
Set bit da u: 00H = #1
Nap (7FH) va o TH0
Nap (7EH) va o TL0
Set bit P3.7

SKIP_1:
Khi o ng timer 0: TR0=1
POP ACC
RETI
Y2:
TIMER 0_ISR:
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 83 -

INT0_ISR

SP_ISR
Tang noi dung bo em toc o 7BH
RETI
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 84 -

MAIN

PUSH ACC
RI = 1
?
No
Yes
Nap SBUF va o (76H)
Nap (76H) vao R3
R3 100
?
No
Yes
CLR RI

Nap (7AH) va o SBUF
SKIP_2:
CLR TI
POP ACC
RETI
EXIT:
(76H) = (79H)
?
No
Yes
SKIP_4:
Nap (76H) vao (79H)
Nap (76H) vao (78H)
CPL P3.6
SP_ISR:
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 85 -

HIENTHITOCDO

Nap 50 000s(thi gian mc 0 cu a tn hieu ie u khien o ng c) vao hai byte:
Cao: 7DH, thap: 7CH;
Nap 00000s(thi gian mc 1 cua tn hie u ieu khien ong c) va o hai byte:
Cao: 7FH, tha p: 7EH;
Khi o ng ADC0809
Nap SCON, TH1,SP
Nap TMOD, TCON, IE, IP
Set bit: TR1 = 1
Set bit: TR0 = 1
(79H) > (7AH)
(Chuan > o)
?
Yes
No
Giam o nh 7EH, neu tra n
00FF th giam o nh 7FH.

Tang o nh 7CH, neu tran
FF00 th tang o nh 7DH.

Tang o nh 7EH, neu tra n
FF00 th tang o nh 7FH.

Giam o nh 7CH, neu tran
00FF th giam o nh 7DH.

X1:
HIENTHITOCDO
X2:
(79H) < (7AH)
(Chuan < o)
?
Yes
No
X0:
MAIN:
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 86 -

DELAYMS

Nap (7AH) va o thanh ghi A
Na p 60 vao thanh ghi B
Nhan A vi B
Nap B va o R7
Nap A vao R6
Nap B va o (74H)
Nap A va o (73H)
BINTOBCD
Nap R7 vao 74H
Nap R6 vao 73H
Nap (73H) vao thanh ghi A
Nap so BCD n v trong A (ANL)
Chon led n v: ACC.4 = 0 (ORL)

DELAYMS (6 lan)
Xuat A ra port 0
Hoan v hai nible trong A
Nap so BCD chuc trong A (ANL)
Chon led chu c: ACC.5 = 0 (ORL)

DELAYMS (6 lan)
Xuat A ra port 0
Nap so BCD tram trong A (ANL)
Chon led tram: ACC.6 = 0 (ORL)

DELAYMS (6 lan)
Xuat A ra port 0
Hoan v hai nible trong A
Nap so BCD ngan trong A (ANL)
Chon led ngan: ACC.7 = 0 (ORL)

DELAYMS (6 lan)
Xuat A ra port 0
RET
HIENTHITOCDO:
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 87 -

BINTOBCD

Xoa thanh ghi R5
NOP
Tang thanh ghi R5 len 1

LOOPA:
RET
R5 = 255
?
Yes
No
DELAYMS:
PUSH ACC
PUSH B
Nap 10 vao thanh ghi B
DIV_16_8
BINTOBCD:
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 88 -

DIV_16_8
Cat noi dung A vao STACK
Ca t noi dung R2 va o STACK
Xoa thanh ghi A
Na p 16 vao R2
DIV_16_8:
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 89 -

PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 90 -
ECHC NANG CUA TNG CHNG TRNH CON:
TIMER 0_ISR
ay la chng trnh phuc vu ngat danh cho ngat do Timer 0 gay ra.
Nh a e cap pha n tren [dong th 9 t tren xuong, trang 55]; nguyen ly tao
xung co o rong mc cao hay thap thay oi cho ieu khien to c o ong c nh sau :

Trong o:
T
L
la khoang thi gian nh thi m c 0 (tng ng vi ien ap 0V).
T
H
la khoang thi gian nh thi m c 1 (tng ng vi ien ap 5V).
Gia tr nap cu a khoa ng nh thi T
H
c lu va o ca c o nh co a ch:( high: 7FH,
low : 7EH ) va cho T
L
: ( high : 7DH, low : 7CH ).
Toc o chuan c la y vao t ADC0809 hoa c ma y tnh nap va o o nh a ch :
(79H).
So sanh gi a o nh cap nhat trc tiep vi o nh cap nhat gian tiep e cap nhat
va o o nh to c o chuan 79H s thay oi tre nhat xuat hien cu a hai phan ie u khien at
toc o ADC va may tnh. Trong o, ca c o nh du ng en la:
78H : o nh toc o at t ma y tnh (78H ca p nhat gian tiep qua 76H).
76H : o nh toc o at cap nhat tr c tiep t may tnh.
77H : o nh toc o at t ADC0809 (77H cap nhat gian tiep qua 75H).
75H : o nh toc o at cap nhat tr c tiep t ADC0809.
Bit anh dau e m, cho n la bit nh a ch 00H.
Bit 00 co gia tr :
1 : tc la xung ieu khie n ong c ang nh thi mc 1 (5V).
0 : tc la xung ieu khie n ong c ang nh thi mc 0 (0V).
S du ng Timer 0, mode 1, khi tran th interrupt (sau khoang 50ms).

T
H
T
L
T co nh = 50ms = 50 000 s
T
H
thay oi tuy y theo to c o
ong c
- ne u toc o ong c > toc o chuan
gia m T
H

- ne u toc o ong c < toc o chuan
tang T
H

High 7FH
Low 7EH
High 7DH
Low 7CH
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 91 -
Timer 0 : bo nh thi 16-bit co bon mode hoat ong.
Mode 1 : Timer 0 at hoat ong mode 1, cac bit M1 = 0, M0 = 1 trong thanh ghi
TMOD => thiet lap nh thi 16-bit, e Timer 0 bat au em th ong thi phai set bit
TR0 = 1 trong thanh ghi TCON.
Interrupt timer 0: TF0 = 1 trong thanh ghi TCON khi Timer 0 e m ti gia tr a t
va vong ve gia tr 0.
V i cac dien gia i tren, hoat ong cu a TIMER 0_ISR to m ta t nh sau:
Khi ngat xa y ra, dng timer 0, kie m tra bit dau 00H, co hai trng hp:
Bit dau 00H bang 1: ca c hoat ong tiep theo se la
Xoa bit dau 00H;
Nap lai dung lng e m (T
L
) cho Timer 0;
Ha tn hieu ieu khien ong c xuo ng m c thap;
Cho chay lai Timer 0.
Bit dau 00H bang 0:
Ca p nhat to c o at t ADC0809. Hai tr ng hp:
Phat hie n co s thay oi toc o at t ADC, cap nhat toc o o.
Toc o nha n ve t ADC kho ng thay oi, kho ng ca p nhat.
Khi ong lai ADC0809;
Set bit dau 00H;
Nap lai dung lng e m (T
H
) cho Timer 0;
Nang tn hieu ieu khien ong c le n mc cao;
Cho phep Timer 0 hoa t ong.

INT0_ISR
Trnh phu c vu ngat ga y ra do ngat ngoai 0.
Chng trnh con nay phu c vu vie c em to c o quay cu a ong c. No c viet
ngay sau vector ngat cua ngat ngoai 0 (lenh vi x ly: ORG 0003H).
Trnh nay ch thc hien moi ong tac la tang noi dung o nh to c o o 7BH len
mot. Qua trnh e m to c o nay dien ra trong khoang 50ms (chu ky cu a xung ieu khie n
toc o o ng c) va sau o c tai lap (vong ve 0 va em lai trong chu ky tiep).
Trnh phu c vu ngat na y khong hien dien ro ra ng trong chng trnh, no c at
noi tiep ngay sau lenh goi a ch vector ngat va c trnh bay a y co ten la
INT0_ISR ch nham mu c ch mo ta ro hn ca c hoat ong die n ra ben trong bo vi ieu
khien.

SP_ISR
ay la trnh phu c vu ngat, phu c vu vie c thu phat d lieu cu a port noi tiep.
Trnh phuc vu port noi tiep hoat ong theo c che thu trc va pha n hoi sau. Tom
tat qua trnh hoat ong cu a trnh phu c vu nga t port noi tiep nh sau:
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 92 -
Ban au ch nhan d lieu gi qua t may tnh, khi nhan u 1 byte d lieu, c RI
dng le n 1. Trnh phu c vu ngat nhay vao xen ngang chng trnh chnh.
Byte d lieu c kie m tra e xa c nhan la tn hieu ieu khien ao chieu hay la tn
hieu at toc o. Neu la tn hieu a o chieu, bo vi ieu khien se xuat tn hieu a o cc
ong c. Trng hp at to c o, ong c mot lan n a se kiem tra e phat hien toc o
at t may tnh co thay oi so vi toc o hie n hanh hay khong.
Qua trnh x ly tiep theo vi ieu khien da va o ket qua kie m tra, neu co thay oi
toc o th AT89C51 t o ng cap nhat toc o mi nay, neu khong thay oi th vi ieu
khien se bo qua khau cap nhat tren.
e ke t thu c hoat ong cu a mnh, vi ieu khien tra toc o o hie n hanh ve may
tnh e hien th tren man hnh may tnh.

MAIN
Pha n chng trnh la m viec nh mo t bo tnh toan-hieu chnh dung lng e m T
H

hoac T
L
e thay oi chu ky la m vie c cu a xung ieu khien toc o ong c. Ben canh o
con co nhiem vu: tao baud rate 1200, nap ca c tr thch h p cho cac thanh ghi ieu khien
va hien th toc o o.
Xem chi tiet tren phan lu o giai thuat.

HIENTHITOCDO
Trnh con na y phuc vu cho viec hien th toc o o ra khoi hien th led bay oan.
Xem chi tiet tren lu o giai thuat.

DELAYMS
Trnh con tao tre khoa ng mot mili giay (1024 microsecconds).

BINTOBCD
Trnh con chuyen oi so BIN sang so BCD, a u va o la cap thanh ghi R7:R6 lien
tiep cha byte cao va byte tha p cu a so nh pha n 16-bit.
e chuye n sang ma BCD nen, ta can chuyen sang ma BCD theo cach la y gia tr
can chuyen oi la n lt chia cho 10, so d se la ma BCD tng ng. Neu so ca n
chuyen oi la 16-bit nh trng hp cu a ta, chia la n a u e c so d la ma BCD
ha ng n v, lay ket qua chia lan th hai e c so d la ma BCD hang chuc. Thu tu c
dung e chia so 16-bit cho so 8-bit la DIV_16_8.
e tm hai ma ha ng tra m va ha ng ngan co n lai, ch can dung le nh <DIV AB>
thong thng trong ta p lenh.
Ke t qua t thu tuc nay cung la R7:R6, nhng ba y gi la so BCD ne n vi R7 ch a
ha ng ngan trong 4-bit cao, hang tram trong 4-bit thap. Tng t cho R6, nible cao ch a
ha ng chu c va tha p ch a n v.
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 93 -
Trong thu tuc nay co s dung en thu tuc chia so 16-bit cho so 8-bit se trnh ba y
di ay.

DIV_16_8
Chng trnh con chia mot so nh pha n 16-bit cho 10 (so nh phan 8-bit) dung phe p
tr va phep dch trai bit lien tiep cho ti khi en bit th 16.
Dien giai cu the nh sau:
au tien, dch trai 1-bit toan bo 16-bit trong co mat trong ca p thanh ghi R7:R6 co
c Carry, CY=0. Thanh ghi A tai dong le nh <RLC A> mang gia tr ca c bit cao cu a so
nh phan 16-bit c dch trai va co the con co bit i trc bit cao mang gia tr chia con
d cua lan dch bit ke trc o. Phan tnh ra tr d nay c tnh ra bang lenh <SUBB
A,B> na m no i tiep sau cu a nhan A_GREATER_EQ_B va tr d (neu co) c
gi nguyen trong thanh ghi A luc nhay ra ngoai nhan.
Tai dong lenh <CJNE A, B, NOT_EQUAL> cho ta ba kha na ng quan he gi a
A va B:
Neu A = B : CY = 0
Neu A > B : CY = 0
Neu A < B : CY = 1
Hai trng hp au, thng so bang 1 (dong lenh bieu th la ba dong lenh tiep
theo sau lenh tr neu tren) c nap vao bit thap nhat cu a thanh ghi R6 (ch a gia tr
cu a c Carry dch vao). Trng h p con lai khong can phai na p gia tr 0 (khong chia
het) cho bit neu ra trong hai tr ng hp au v ban than no a ba ng zero trong la n dch
bit o. Ch khi nao chia het th bit mang gia tr zero cu a c Carry dch trai vao R6 mi
c thay bang 1.
Ne u A > B, th thng so = 1 va so d tnh ra ba ng le nh SUBB. So d nay se lu
lai cho lan dch bit sau (lan dch bit sau la lan dch bit th 16).

PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 94 -
FCHNG TRNH:
;***************************************************************;
;CHNG TRNH CHNH, x dung 3 ngat
;***************************************************************;
ORG 0000H
LJMP MAIN
ORG 0003H ;external interrupt 0
INC 7BH
CPL P2.1
RETI
ORG 000BH ;timer 0 interrupt
LJMP TIMER 0_ISR
ORG 0023H ;serial port interrupt
LJMP SP_ISR
MAIN:
CLR TI
CLR RI
MOV 7DH,#HIGH(-50000) ;chu ky xung kch o ng c = 50ms
MOV 7CH,#LOW(-50000) ;tan so tng ng 20Hz
MOV 7FH,#0 ;khi o ng khoa ng nh thi mc 1 ba ng zero
MOV 7EH,#0
CLR P2.0 ; khi o ng ADC0809
SETB P2.0 ;tao mot xung ra START,ALE
CLR P2.0
MOV TMOD,#21H ;timer1 mode 2, timer 0 mode 1
MOV TH1,#-26 ;1200 baud
SETB TR1
SETB TR0
MOV TCON,#01H ;IT0 =1 : nga t ngoai 0 tac o ng bang ca nh xung xuong
MOV SCON,#50H ; mode = 8-bit UART
MOV SP, #2FH ;bo nh don bat au t 30H
MOV IP,#02H ;PT0=1 :u tien cho ngat timer 0
;REN=1 : cho phep hoat ong thu
MOV IE,#93H ;EA=1:cho phep ngat toa n cu c
;ES=1:cho phep ngat do port noi tiep
;ET0=1 : cho phe p ngat do timer 0
;EX0=1 :cho phep ngat ngoai 0
;
;***************************************************************;
;Dung timer 0 e nh toc o o ng c
;X0: giam nh thi mc 1 va tang nh thi mc 0
;X1: tang nh thi mc 1 va giam nh thi mc 0
;***************************************************************;
X0:
MOV A,7AH ;bo nh toc o o (7AH)
CLR C
SUBB A,79H ;toc o chuan (79H)
JC X1 ;neu chuan > o: C=1
;-->nha y en X1
MOV A,79H ;chua n
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 95 -
CLR C
SUBB A,7AH ;o
JNC X2 ;neu chuan = o : C=0
;-->nha y en X2
DEC 7EH ;o > chuan: giam nh khoa ng nh thi 1
CLR C ;ong thi tang khoa ng nh thi 0
MOV A,#0FFH ;so sanh byte thap vi 0FFH
CJNE A,7EH,TANG_DINH_THOI_MUC_0 ; neu phep tr (7EH) co m n
; th tr tiep (7FH)
DEC 7FH ;byte cao gia tr khoang nh thi 1
TANG_DINH_THOI_MUC_0:
INC 7CH ;byte tha p gia tr khoang nh thi 0
CLR C
MOV A,#0
CJNE A,7CH,X2 ;neu cong b tran th cong 1
;vao (7DH)_byte cao gia tr nh thi 0
INC 7DH
CPL P2.2
SJMP X2
X1:
INC 7EH
CLR C
MOV A,#0
CJNE A,7EH,GIAM_DINH_THOI_MUC_0
INC 7FH
GIAM_DINH_THOI_MUC_0:
DEC 7CH
CLR C
MOV A,#0FFH
CJNE A,7CH,X2
DEC 7DH
CPL P2.3
X2: ;rpm=(7AH)/20/0.05*60=(7AH)*60
CALL HIENTHITOCDO
SJMP X0
;
;*********************************************************************;
;Trnh phuc vu ngat Timer 0
;nap cac khoa ng nh thi va cho chay timer 0
;*********************************************************************;
TIMER 0_ISR:
PUSH ACC
CLR TR0
JB 00H, Y1 ;kiem tra bit dau 00H, ne u (00H)=1
;th nhay en Y1
MOV 75H, P1 ;75H la o nh cap nhat toc o at t ADC
MOV A, 75H
CJNE A,77H, NOT_EQ_ADC ;so sanh gia tr cap nhat vi gia tr a lu
;cua la n kiem tra trc
SJMP SKIP_1 ;neu kho ng thay oi th bat au tien ha nh na p
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 96 -
;khoang nh thi 0 va cho chay timer 0
NOT_EQ_ADC:
MOV 77H,A ;77H la o nh lu toc o at cu cu a ADC
MOV 79H, A ;bang th cap nhat toc o chuan
SKIP_1:
CLR P2.0 ;khi o ng ADC
SETB P2.0
CLR P2.0
MOV 7AH, 7BH ;7AH la o nh to c o o
MOV 7BH, #0 ;7BH la o nh toc o se thay oi
;theo moi lan timer 0 b tran (~50ms)
SETB 00H ;bat a u nap nh thi 1
MOV TH0, 7FH ;byte cao gia tr khoang nh thi 1
MOV TL0, 7EH ;byte tha p gia tr khoang nh thi 1
SETB P3.7 ;nang tn hieu ie u khien ong c le n mc cao
SJMP Y2
Y1:
CLR 00H ;bat a u nap nh thi 0
MOV TH0, 7DH ;byte cao gia tr khoang nh thi 0
MOV TL0, 7CH ;byte tha p gia tr khoang nh thi 0
CLR P3.7 ;ha tn hieu ie u khien ong c xuo ng m c 0
Y2:
SETB TR0 ;cho timer 0 cha y
POP ACC
CPL P2.4 ;en ba o
RETI
;
;***************************************************************;
;Hien th toc o, pp quet led
;hang nga n-tram ch a trong byte a ch 74H
;hang chuc-n v trong byte a ch 73H
;7AH chc toc o o bang so xung/50ms hoac vo ng/giay
;nh va y muo n chuyen oi sang rpm th nhan 60.
;***************************************************************;
HIENTHITOCDO:
MOV A, 7AH
MOV B,#60
MUL AB
MOV 73H, A ; (73H) = (R6)
MOV 74H, B ; (74H) = (R7)
MOV R7, B ;R7 : byte cao so nh phan 16 bit
MOV R6, A ;R6 : byte tha p so nh phan 16 bit
LCALL BINTOBCD ;CTC chuye n so BIN 16 bit tha nh so BCD nen
MOV 73H, R6 ;R7 cha so BCD nen ha ng nga n-hang tram
MOV 74H, R7 ;R6 cha so BCD nen ha ng chuc-n v
MOV A, 73H
ANL A, #0FH
ORL A, #11100000B ;chon led n v
MOV P0, A
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 97 -
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
MOV A, 73H
SWAP A
ANL A, #0FH
ORL A, #11010000B ;chon led chuc
MOV P0, A
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
MOV A, 74H
ANL A, #0FH
ORL A, #10110000B ;chon led tram
MOV P0, A
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
MOV A, 74H
SWAP A
ANL A, #0FH
ORL A, #01110000B ;chon led nga n
MOV P0, A
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
ACALL DELAYMS
RET
;
;********************************************************************;
; Chng trnh con lam tre 1 mili giay
;********************************************************************;
DELAYMS: ;millisecond delay routine(1024MC)
MOV R5,#00H ; 2MC
LOOPA: ; 255 x 4MC = 1020MC
NOP ; 1MC
INC R5 ; 1MC
CJNE R5,#0FFH,LOOPA ; 2MC
RET ; 2MC

PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 98 -

;
;********************************************************************;
; Chng trnh con oi so nh phan 16-bit thanh ma BCD nen
;inputs: dia chi 74H chua byte cao so nh pha n 16-bit (R7 =74H)
; dia chi 73H chua byte tha p so nh phan 16-bit (R6 = 73H)
;outputs: dia chi 74H chua ngan-tram BCD nen (R7 = 74H)
; dia chi 73H chua chuc-donvi BCD nen (R6 = 73H)
;********************************************************************;
BINTOBCD:
PUSH ACC
PUSH B
MOV B, #10
ACALL DIV_16_8 ;lay R7:R6 chia cho 10
PUSH B ;cat ha ng n v va o Stack
MOV B, #10
ACALL DIV_16_8 ;tiep tuc chia cho 10
PUSH B ;cat ha ng chu c vao Stack
MOV B, #10
MOV A, R6
DIV AB ;tiep tuc chia cho 10
PUSH B ;cat so ha ng tram vao Stack
;A cha so hang nga n
SWAP A ;a so hang nga n len 4 bit cao
POP B ;lay so hang tram t Stack ra
ORL A, B ;Ket hp so hang nga n-hang tram
MOV R7, A ;R7 = ngan - tram
POP ACC ;lay so hang chu c t Stack ra
SWAP A ;a so hang chuc le n 4 bit cao
POP B ;lay so hang n v t Stack ra
ORL A, B ;Ket hp so hang chuc- ha ng n v
MOV R6, A ;R6 = chuc - n v
POP B
POP ACC
RET
;
;********************************************************************;
;Chng trnh con chia mot so nh pha n 16-bit cho mot so 8-bit
;so 8-bit la 10 (he thap pha n)
;********************************************************************;
DIV_16_8:
PUSH ACC ;cat thanh ghi A
PUSH 02H ;cat thanh ghi R2
MOV R2, #16 ;cho phe p dch 16 la n
CLR A
DIVIDE:
XCH A, R6
CLR C ;dch bit 7 cua R6 va o Carry
RLC A ;bit 0 cua R6 ba ng 0
XCH A, R6
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 99 -
XCH A, R7 ;dch bit Carry vao bit 0 cu a R7
RLC A
XCH A, R7
RLC A ;dch bit 7 cua R7 va o A
CJNE A, B, NOT_EQUAL ; Xem so bit a dch >= so chia cha?
SJMP A_GREATER_EQ_B
NOT_EQUAL: ;No : thng so = 0 cat trong R6
JC BELOW
A_GREATER_EQ_B: ;Yes: thng so = 1 cat trong R6
SUBB A, B ; So d cat trong A
XCH A, R6
ORL A, #1
XCH A, R6
BELOW:
DJNZ R2, DIVIDE ; xem a dch u 16 lan cha?
;cha th nha y len DIVIDE
XCH A, B ; neu u 16 lan dch roi th nap so d vao B
POP 02H
POP ACC
RET
;
;********************************************************************;
;Trnh phuc vu ngat Port noi tiep
;********************************************************************;
SP_ISR: ;NHAN TR C - PHAN HO I SAU.
PUSH ACC
JNB RI, EXIT
MOV 76H, SBUF ;76H la o nh cap nhat toc o t may tnh
MOV R3, 76H ;R3 thanh ghi du ng phat hien a o chie u ong c
CJNE R3,#100,SKIP_4
CPL P3.6
SJMP EXIT
SKIP_4:
MOV A, 76H
CJNE A, 79H, NOT_EQ_COMPUTER
SJMP SKIP_2
NOT_EQ_COMPUTER: ;pha t hie n toc o at t may tnh thay oi nen
;lay toc o t 76H nap cho 78H
MOV 78H, A ;78H la o nh lu gia tr at t may tnh
MOV 79H, 78H
SKIP_2:
CLR RI ; xoa RI
MOV SBUF, 7AH ;PHAN HOI THONG TIN
; ket thuc pha n hoi, ngat noi tiep b ngat bi chnh no
;vong len th c hien lai trnh fu c vu ngat port noi tiep,
; ung phai do ng le nh thoat do (RI = 0)
;ket thuc trnh fuc vu ngat m i nay
;tr ve lai trnh vu ngat trc o
; (tam ngng do ngat phat xuat hien), va
;lan na y thoa t thc s khoi SP_ISR !
PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 100 -
EXIT:
CLR TI
POP ACC
CPL P2.5 ;en ba o giao tiep co ng noi tiep
RETI
;
;*************************************************************************;
; R3 4 AO CHIEU O NG C
;*************************************************************************;
; R5 4 DELAYMS
;*************************************************************************;
; R6 4 CHUC-DONVI
;*************************************************************************;
; R7 4 NGAN-TRAM
;*************************************************************************;
END

PHAN II - CHNG 4
- 101 -

PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 102 -

PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 103 -

GII THIEU VE VISUAL BASIC

S lc ve Visual Basic:
- Visual Basic (VB) la sa n pha m phan me m cu a Microsoft.
- VB la mot ngon ng lap trnh hng o i tng.
- Hien nay phien ba n mi nhat la phie n ban 6.0 (na m 1998), cung cap mot so tnh
na ng mi phuc vu cho lap trnh tre n Internet.
- VB 6.0 la chng trnh 32 bit, ch chay tren moi trng Win95 tr len.
- Phien ban chng trnh s dung la phie n ban 6.0.
Tnh nang cua VB 6.0:
* u iem:
- Tie t kiem c th i gian va cong sc so vi mot so ngo n ng lap trnh co cau
truc khac v ta co the thiet lap cac hoat o ng tren tng oi tng c VB cung ca p.
- Khi thiet ke chng trnh co the thay ngay ket qua qua tng thao ta c va giao
dien khi thi hanh chng trnh.
- Cho phe p chnh s a de da ng, n gian.
- Kha nang ket hp vi ca c th vie n lien ket ong DLL.
* Nhc iem:
- Yeu cau cau hnh may kha cao.
- Ch cha y c tren moi trng Win95 tr len.
Yeu cau khi s dung chng trnh:
May tnh cu a ta phai c cai at pha n me m Visual Basic (5.0 hoac 6.0) v trong
chng trnh khong cung ca p pha n mem VB.
Ta co the tm mua phan me m VB (ca c phien ban) tai cac c a hang dch vu tin hoc.
* Cach cai at Visual Basic (5.0 hoac 6.0): Cach ca i at VB cung giong nh
cach cai at cac chng trnh phan me m kha c tren Win95.
- a CD chng trnh nguon vao o a CD ROM, chng trnh AutoRun t
ong hien th.
- Thc hien theo tng b c hng dan cu a chng trnh cai at.
- Lu y co the cho n th mu c lu gi chng trnh VB kha c vi hng dan ma c
nh ma chng trnh cai at a ra nhng phai nh chnh xa c e khong gay rac roi ve
sau.
- Sau khi cai at, VB se ta o tren a cng mot th muc chnh theo ng dan
c ch nh trong qua trnh cai at, trong o ch a cac d lieu khac nhau dung cho
viec thiet ke hay nhng co ng cu e lam vie c vi VB.
Mot so nh ngha:
Mot chng trnh ba ng VB co 2 pha n: Form va Code.
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 104 -
- Form la "bo ma t" cu a chng trnh va ng i s du ng la m viec vi chng trnh
qua oi tng na y, tren o the hie n ca c nu t ieu khie n hay mot trnh n... qui nh
cach la m vie c cu a Form.
- Code la phan be n trong cu a chng trnh e ieu khien toan chng trnh. Pha n
na y ch ngi la p trnh mi co the tha u suo t no va thiet lap nh ng oan lenh ra lenh
cho oi tng thc hie n mot cong vie c nao o.
- Khi a thc hien xong vie c tao hai b c tren ngha la ta a lap mot d a n
(Project). Moi d an co the co nhie u Form, hoac can co nh ng tap tin cha ma lenh
rieng e x ly nh ng thao ta c ac biet, hoac mot so tap tin dung e quan ly toan bo d
an... Nh vay, mot d an (Project) go m co (ca c ieu kien liet ke di a y co the co
hoac kho ng trong mot Project tuy tng d an):
+ Tap tin .FRM cho moi Form c thiet ke.
+ Tap tin .FRX cho Form c thiet ke vi cac co ng cu co d lieu ac biet.
+ Tap tin .BAS cho cac ma le nh rie ng.
+ Tap tin .RES ch a ca c tai nguyen cua d an nh bitmap, icon...
+ Tap tin duy nhat .VBP (chng trnh chnh) cho toan bo d an.
Cac thao tac c ban khi xay dng chng trnh bang VB:
* Cach them mot oi tng tren thanh ToolBox:
- RightClick va o oi tng Pointer tren thanh ToolBox, chon Component, ho p
thoai Component xuat hien.
- a nh da u Check va o oi t ng muo n chon, sau o Click OK e ghi nhan.
* Tao mi mot Project:
- Click chon bie u tng New Project hoa c va o trnh n File\New Project.
- Trong ho p thoai New Project qui nh chng trnh ta muo n viet mc o na o,
m c o can ban ta chon Standard EXE va click OK. Ca c l a cho n khac ta se tm hieu
mc lap trnh cao hn.
- Ma n hnh xuat hien mot Project mi ch a mot Form trang tng ng.
* Lu Project:
- Click chon bie u tng Save hoac vao trnh n File\Save Project e lu Project
va File\Save Form e lu Form.
- at ten cho Project hay Form va click OK e chap nhan.
* M Project co san:
- Click chon bie u tng Open hoac va o trnh n File\Open Project.
- Hop thoai Open Project xuat hien, cho n ten Project ca n m trong khung File
name va click Open e m Project.
* Tao Form: T trnh n Project, chon Add Form hoac chon bieu t ng Add
Form tren thanh Standard.
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 105 -
* Cach goi thi hanh hay m mot Form: Trong mot Project co the co nhie u Form,
neu ta muon m Form nay khi ta c ong en mot bien co nao o tren Form ang hoat
ong ta co the dung lenh:
Ten Form ca n m.Show
V du: Gia s Form frmMain ang hien hanh, ta muon khi Click va o nut
Tmkiem e tm mot ng i na o o trong d lieu cu a ta. Ca c thong tin ve ngi can tm
c hien th trong Form frmTim, do o ta phai cho hie n th Form nay len tr c bang
cach viet lenh cho bie n co Click cu a nut Tm kiem cu a Form frmMain:
Private Sub Timkiem_Click()
frmTim.Show
End
* at mot oi tng len Form: Co hai cach:
Ca ch 1: DoubleClick len o i tng can at len Form tren thanh cong cu
ToolBox.
Ca ch 2: Click chuot len oi tng tre n thanh ToolBox, sau o a tro chuot len
Form va Click and Drag en v tr va kch thc thch h p.
* Chon oi tng a co tren Form: a tro chuot en oi tng va Click, co the
nhan gi phm Shift va Click en ca c oi t ng kha c e chon nhieu oi tng.
* Di chuyen mot oi tng tren Form: Chon oi tng ca n di chuyen va Click
and Drag en v tr m i hoa c nhan to hp phm Ctrl + ca c phm di chuye n.
* Hieu chnh kch thc oi tng: Chon oi tng ca n hie u chnh, a tro chuot
en 1 trong 8 nut ie u khien bao quanh oi tng va Click and Drag cho en kch
thc v a y hoa c nhan to hp phm Shift + Ca c phm di chuye n.
* Xoa mot oi tng tren Form: Chon oi tng can xo a va nhan phm Delete.
* Mo ta cau truc cua chng trnh:
Chng trnh Visual Basic c thc hien theo hai bc:
- Tao Form (Thiet ke giao die n): Thiet ke hnh dang Form va bo tr ca c oi
tng tre n Form.
- Viet Code (viet oa n ma lenh cho ca c oi t ng): Dung ca c cau lenh cu a
VB e qui nh ca ch la m vie c cu a moi Form hay moi oi tng.

GNHIEM VU CUA PHAN MEM:
Ta se dung phan mem nay e la p trnh tren may tnh giao tiep vi kit AT89C51.
Ca c thanh pha n cu a chng trnh viet tren Visual Basic co cac file:
<BANG_DIEU_KHIEN_VA_HIEN_THI_TOC_DO_DONG_CO_DC.frm>
<BANG_DIEU_KHIEN_VA_HIEN_THI_TOC_DO_DONG_CO_DC.frx>
<Project1.vbp>
Ca c file th vien lien ket ong va file ieu khien nhung oi t ng va ket noi d
lieu trong windows OLE (Object Linking & Embedding):
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 106 -
<MSVBVM60.DLL>
<Project2.dll>
<Mscomm32.ocx>
Lu y: file Mscomm32.ocx va MSVBVM60.DLL ch ca n thiet khi may tnh s
dung khong cai at chng trnh Visual Basic (he ie u hanh may tnh ang s du ng la
windows 98SE).

HGIAI THCH HOAT ONG:
Khi muon giao tiep dung chng trnh na y, ta co the chay file <readme.exe> a
c bien dch sa n hoa c cach kha c la chay tren nen Visual Basic, nhan nut open va
cho n file <Project1.vbp>, nha n phm Start tren thanh co ng cu hoa c phm F5. Giao dien
lam viec tren Visual Basic 6.0 sau khi m se co c a so nh sau:

Hnh 5.1 Giao dien panel ieu khie n tren PC.
Tren giao dien a c m ra, ta nhn thay co ca c phm: Start, Stop, InvertDir,
Exit, mot thanh trt at toc o va hai khung hien th: o ln da nh hien th toc o o va
nho cho to c o at.
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 107 -
e chay ong c to c o mong muon, cho n toc o a t bang thanh trt, nhan
phm Start tren panel ieu khie n e truyen toc o at cho kit. Sau khi truyen xong, may
tnh se nhan c to c o o c t kit gi lai cho no. To c o o na y se hien th tren
khung hien th danh cho toc o o.
e thc hien dng o ng c, nhan nut Stop.
e la m a o chieu ong c, nhan phm InvertDir.
Co the th c hien ham ng c nh sau: nhan InvertDir e a o chie u ong c, quan
sat e phat hien thi iem toc o ong c gia m ve khong, nhan nu t Stop. Ta nen nha n
sm tr c lu c ong c dng mot chu t e tra nh tr ng hp ap ng cu a ta kho ng kp luc
toc o o ng c qua gia tr zero.
Nha n nut Exit e thoat khoi chng trnh.

ICHNG TRNH:
Pha n chng trnh co hai pha n nh sau:
Phan giao dien:

Hnh 5.2 Panel ieu khien.
Pham ma:
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 108 -
Option Explicit
Dim KyTuSoXuat As Byte 'toc o at xua t cho KIT
Dim KyTuChuXuat As String
Dim KyTuSoNhan As Byte 'toc o o nha n ve t KIT
Dim KyTuChuNhan As String
Dim Address As Long
'Dim Data As Long
Dim data As Long
Dim Buffer As Variant
'Const DiaChiCom = &H3F8 'a ch truye n tho ng cong COM 1

Private Declare Function Inport Lib "Project2" (ByVal Address As Long) As Byte

Private Declare Sub Outport Lib "Project2" _
(ByVal Address As Long, ByVal data As Long)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Sub cmdStart_Click()
'thiet lap che o truye n d lieu
Frame1.Caption = "Today is " & Date
KyTuSoXuat = HScroll1.Value 'cap nhat lai toc o at
data = KyTuSoXuat
Text3.Text = KyTuSoXuat
' MSComm1.CommPort = 1
' bit rate, no parity, 8 data, and 1 stop bit.
MSComm1.Settings = "1200, N, 8, 1"
'Set to 0 to read entire buffer on Input
' MSComm1.InputLen = 0
' MSComm1.InBufferSize = 256
'Input and output data are text:comInputModeText=0, binary th comInputModeText=1.
' MSComm1.InputMode = 1 'comInputModeText
'MSComm does no handshaking.
MSComm1.Handshaking = comNone
' MSComm1.OutBufferSize = 256
MSComm1.EOFEnable = False
'MSComm1.RTSEnable = True ' RTS = +12V
' MSComm1.RTSEnable = False ' RTS = -12V
'No OnComm event on received data.
' MSComm1.RThreshold = 0
'No OnComm transmit event.
' MSComm1.SThreshold = 0
MSComm1.PortOpen = True
'm cong e
'XUAT D LIEU :
'ra thanh ghi em phat
Call Outport(&H3F8, data)
Dim i As Integer
For i = 1 To 8
BANG_DIEU_KHIEN_VA_HIEN_THI_TOC_DO_DONG_CO_DC.BackColor = QBColor(12) 'o
BANG_DIEU_KHIEN_VA_HIEN_THI_TOC_DO_DONG_CO_DC.BackColor = QBColor(14) 'vang
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 109 -
BANG_DIEU_KHIEN_VA_HIEN_THI_TOC_DO_DONG_CO_DC.BackColor = QBColor(9) 'xanh
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 110 -
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
'Delay khoang thi gian u la u e Kit phat data phan hoi : toc o o c.
'Bat a u Delay:
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 111 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 112 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
'NHAP D LIEU :
't thanh ghi em thu
KyTuSoNhan = Inport(&H3F8)
Text1.Text = KyTuSoNhan * 60
'Xo a ca c bo e m phat va nha n
' MSComm1.OutBufferCount = 0
' Buffer = MSComm1.Input
MSComm1.PortOpen = False
' MSComm1.InputLen = 0
' MSComm1.InBufferSize = 256 'bo em nhan: 256 byte.
End Sub
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
End
End Sub
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Sub HScroll1_Change()
' Thanh trt : Min = 0 va Max = 60
Text2.Text = 60 * HScroll1.Value
End Sub
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Sub START_Click()
' KyTuSoXuat = HScroll1.Value ' byte ca n phai xuat ra ngoai vi - KIT AT89C51
End Sub
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Sub INVERTDIR_Click()
KyTuSoXuat = 100 'cap nhat lai toc o at, v la Stop nen at data=0.
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 113 -
data = KyTuSoXuat
MSComm1.CommPort = 1
MSComm1.InputLen = 0
MSComm1.InBufferSize = 256
MSComm1.InputMode = 1 'comInputModeText
MSComm1.OutBufferSize = 256
MSComm1.RThreshold = 0
MSComm1.SThreshold = 0
'm cong e
'XUAT D LIEU :
Dim i As Integer
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 114 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 115 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
'Bat a u Delay:
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 116 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
'NHAP D LIEU :
't thanh ghi em thu
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 117 -
MSComm1.OutBufferCount = 0
Buffer = MSComm1.Input
MSComm1.InBufferSize = 256 'bo em nhan: 256 byte.
End Sub
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Sub MSComm1_OnComm()

End Sub
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Private Sub STOP_Click()

KyTuSoXuat = 0 'cap nhat lai toc o at, v la Stop nen at data=0.
data = KyTuSoXuat
MSComm1.CommPort = 1
MSComm1.InBufferSize = 256
MSComm1.InputMode = 1 'comInputModeText
MSComm1.OutBufferSize = 256
MSComm1.RThreshold = 0
MSComm1.SThreshold = 0
'm cong e
'XUAT D LIEU :
Dim i As Integer
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 118 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 119 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
'Bat a u Delay:
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 120 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
PHAN II - CHNG 5
- 121 -
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
For i = 1 To 8
Next i
'NHAP D LIEU :
't thanh ghi em thu
MSComm1.OutBufferCount = 0
Buffer = MSComm1.Input
MSComm1.InBufferSize = 256 'bo em nhan: 256 byte.
End Sub

PHAN II-CHNG 6
- 122 -

PHAN II- CHNG 6
- 123 -
JMACH THI CONG:
Di ay la hai hnh chup lai mo hnh ie u khien toc o ong c ien mot chieu
a c thi cong va chay th:

Hnh 6.1 Mach thi co ng a chay th .

Hnh 6.2 Board mach chnh.
PHAN II- CHNG 6
- 124 -
KGIAO DIEN IEU KHIEN TREN MAY TNH:
ay la giao die n panel ieu khien n gia n c thiet ke e ie u khien cho mo
hnh thi cong tren:

Hnh 6.3 at toc o o ng c bang panel ieu khien.

PHAN III- KET LUAN
- 125 -

PHAN III
KET LUAN

PHAN III - KET LUAN
- 126 -

V i mong muon co the thc hien c tot hn n a e tai nhng thi gian qua t
oi vi mot ngi mi lan au lam vie c vi mot khoi lng oi hoi tap trung ln. e ta i
hien a giai quyet c nh ng van e xa y dng lai mo hnh ie u khien o ng c DC
theo ly thuyet a ho c.
o ng c trong mo hnh mach thi cong co the chay theo to c o at, co the ha m hay
a o chieu tuy theo ie u khien tren Kit cung nh tren ma y tnh.
Pha n ma ch thi co ng tren co the phat trien them e ieu khien cho loai o ng c co
cong suat ln hn, ie u khien cho ong c khong o ng bo hie n ang c s dung ro ng
rai. Lu c o phan chng trnh can nham ti viec x ly ieu khie n kch chuye n ma ch
cho bo bien oi nguon cong suat, mach kch t,v.v tuy theo cach ieu khien ong c
c l a chon theo phng phap nao. Trong mo hnh ma ch thi cong bo x ly va chng
trnh viet thien ve ieu chnh chu ky la m viec, ieu chnh cac khoang thi gian la m
viec (ON) hay con goi la khoang nh thi thong va khoang thi gian tat (OFF) con goi
la khoang nh thi kho a. To c o ong c thay oi tuy theo thay oi cu a chu ky lam
viec.
Tuy nhien mo hnh x ly kho ng tot phan hien th toc o; ay toc o hien th
khong c on nh va cha kp giai quyet. Ngoai ra phan me m Visual Basic e ieu
khien o ng c t may tnh cung ch c thiet ke mc toi thieu e co the ieu khie n
c ca c hoat ong c ba n cu a ong c. oi vi phan mem ta co the nang cap the m
cac tnh na ng mi tren panel ieu khien cung nh giao dien se tot hn, than thien hn.
Tom lai, phan e tai a giu p em hieu ro rang hn ve nh ng ieu a hoc va mot so
kinh nghie m thi co ng mach.
Trong thi gian la m lua n an, do con thieu kinh nghie m va trnh o con han che
nen nhng sai la m mac phai khong the tranh khoi. Em xin chan tha nh ca m n va ghi
nh s giu p , ong vien t gia nh, tha y co va ban be a giup em co c nh
hng u ng trong luc giai quyet ca c cong viec cu a mnh.

PHAN IV
- 127 -

PHAN IV
TAI LIEU
THAM
KHAO

PHAN IV
- 128 -
o oo o TAI LIEU THAM KHAO x xx x
1. Ion Boldea, S. A. Nasar, Electric Drives, CRC Press, Printed in the United
States of America, 1999.
2. Vu Quang Ho i, Trang b ie n-ien t Co ng Nghie p, Nha Xuat Ban Giao Du c,
Nha may in Quan oi, 2000.
3. X. N. Vesenevxki (Ngi dch: Bui nh Tie u, Le Tong), Ca c a c tnh cua o ng
c trong truyen ong ien, Nha Xua t Ban Khoa Hoc va Ky Thuat, Nha may in Die n
Hong (15, Hai Ba Trng Ha Noi), 1979.
4. Peter F.Ryff, David Platnick, Joseph A. Karnas, Electrical Machines And
Transformers-Principles and Applications, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey 07632, Printed in the United States of America, 1987.
5. Joseph Vithayathil, Power Electronics-Principles and Applications, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company (USA), 1995.
6. Tong Van On, Hoang c Hai, Ho Vi ieu Khie n 8051, Nha Xuat Ban Lao
ong- Xa Hoi, X nghiep in Machinco (21, Bui Th Xuan- Q.1- TP. HCM), 2001.
7. Van The Minh, K Thua t Vi X L, Nha Xuat Ban Giao Du c, Cong ty in Khoa
hoc k thuat, 1997.
8. PTS Nguyen Tien Dung, Tran The San, Vu Hu T ng, PTS Nguyen Ngoc
Phng, Ky nang la p trnh Visual Basic 6, Nha Xuat Ban Thong Ke, X ng In
Cong ty XNK & Phat trien Van ho a, 1999.
9. Nhom ta c gia Elicom, Ngon ng la p trnh Delphi 5, Nha Xuat Ba n Tho ng Ke,
Cong ty sa ch va thiet b trng hoc a Nang, 2001.
10. Tran Quang Vinh, Nguye n ly pha n cng va k thuat ghe p noi may vi tnh, Nha
Xuat Ba n Gia o Du c, X nghiep in Ha Tay, 2002.
11. Nguyen c Thanh, o l ng, ieu khie n bang may tnh, Nha Xuat Ba n a i hoc
Quoc gia TP. Ho Ch Minh, Xng in ai hoc Ba ch Khoa- ai hoc Quo c gia TP.
HCM, 2002.
12. Ngo Dien Ta p, La p trnh ghep noi ma y tnh trong Windows, Nha xuat ba n Khoa
hoc va Ky thuat, Ha Noi, 2002.
13. (Philips ECG), ECG Master Replacement Guide,(), (), 2002.

PHAN V
- 129 -

PHAN V
PHU LUC

PHAN V
- 130 -
1GII THIEU MCS-8051:
Na m 1980, tap oan Intel cong bo chip 8051, bo vi ieu khien a u tien cu a ho vi
ieu khie n MCS-51. Mot so nha san xuat c phep cung ca p ca c IC tng thch vi
cac san pham MCS-51 cua Intel la Siemens, Advanced Micro Devices, Fujitsu,
Philips, Atmel.
Cac IC cu a ho MCS-51 co ca c a c trng chung nh sau:
4 port I/O 8 bit;
Giao tiep noi tiep;
64K khong gian bo nh chng trnh m rong;
64K khong gian bo nh d lieu m rong;
Mot bo x ly luan ly (thao ta c tren ca c bit n);
210 bit c a ch ho a;
Bo nhan/chia 4 s.
Cac bie n the ngay nay gan nh co gap oi ca c ac trng na y (AT80C52,
SAB80515,).
Ngoai ra, tuy theo so hieu sa n xuat ma chung co nhng khac biet ve bo nh va bo
nh thi/bo em nh trong bang so sanh d i ay:

So hieu san xuat Bo nh chng trnh (ma) Bo nh d lieu So bo nh thi
(bo em)
8031
8051
8751
8951
0K
4K ROM
4K EPROM
4K FLASH
128 byte
128 byte
128 byte
128 byte
2
2
2
2
8032
8052
8752
8952
0K
8K ROM
8K EPROM
8K FLASH
256 byte
256 byte
256 byte
256 byte
3
3
3
3
PHAN V
- 131 -
Gii thieu AT89C51:
S o khoi cua AT89C51 :
Hnh PL.1.1 S o khoi AT89C51.
AT89C51 la mot Microcontroller 8 bit, loai CMOS, co to c o cao va cong suat
thap vi bo nh Flash co the lap trnh c. No c san xuat vi cong nghe bo nh
khong bay hi mat o cao cu a ha ng Atmel, va tng thch vi chuan cong nghiep cu a
80C51 va 80C52 ve chan ra va bo lenh.

PHAN V
- 132 -
Cau hnh chan cua AT89C51:
Hnh PL.1.2 S o cha n IC AT89C51.
Nhng ac trng cua AT89C51:
4KB ROM;
128 byte RAM;
Hoat ong tnh ay u: 0Hz e n 24MHz;
Khoa bo nh chng trnh ba ca p;
4 port xuat nhap 8-bit;
2 bo nh thi 16-bit;
Ma ch noi tiep song co ng la p trnh c;
Ma ch ong ho va mach tao dao ong tren chip.
Mo ta cac chan:
Vcc
chan cung ca p ien.
GND
chan noi at (0V).
Port 0
PHAN V
- 133 -
Port 0 la port xuat nhap hai chie u c c ma ng h, 8 bit. Neu c s dung nh la
mot ngo xuat th moi chan co the ke o 8 ngo vao TTL. Khi mc 1 c viet vao cac
chan cu a port 0, ca c chan nay co the c du ng nh la cac ngo nhap tong tr cao.
Port 0 con c cau hnh la m bus a ch (byte tha p) va bus d lieu a h p khi
truy xuat en bo nh d lieu va bo nh chng trnh ngoai. che o a hp, Port 0 co
cac ien tr ke o len ben trong.
Port 0 cung nha n cac byte ma khi la p trnh Flash va xuat ca c byte ma khi kiem tra
chng trnh. Ca c ie n tr ke o len ben ngoai c can en trong khi kiem tra chng
trnh.
Port 1
Port 1 la port xuat nha p 8 bit hai chieu co ca c ien tr keo len ben trong. Cac bo
em xuat cua port 1 co the hut va cap do ng vi 4 ngo vao TTL. Khi cac logic 1 c
ghi len cac chan cua port 1, ca c chan nay c keo le n m c cao bi cac ien tr keo
len ben trong va co the c s du ng nh la cac ngo vao. Khi la m nhiem vu port nhap,
cac chan cu a port 1 ang c ke o xuo ng mc thap do tac o ng ben ngoai se cap do ng
do co ca c ie n tr keo len be n trong.
Port 1 cung nhan byte a ch tha p trong th i gian lap trnh cho Flash va kiem tra
chng trnh.
Port 2
cac chan cu a port 2 ang c ke o xuo ng mc thap do tac ong ben ngoai se cap do ng
do co ca c ie n tr keo len ben trong.
Port 2 tao ra byte cao cu a bus a ch trong thi gian tm nap lenh t bo nh
chng trnh ngoai va trong thi gian truy xuat bo nh d lieu ngoa i s du ng cac a ch
16-bit (MOVX @DPTR). Trong ng dung nay, port 2 s dung ca c ien tr keo len ben
trong khi phat ca c bit 1. Trong thi gian truy xuat bo nh d lieu ngoai s dung ca c a
ch 8-bit (MOVX @RI), port 2 phat cac no i dung cua thanh ghi ch c nang a c biet P2.
PHAN V
- 134 -
Port 2 cu ng nhan cac bit a ch cao va vai tn hieu ieu khien trong thi gian lap
trnh cho Flash va kie m tra chng trnh.
Port 3
cac chan cu a port 3 ang c ke o xuo ng mc thap do tac ong ben ngoai se cap do ng
do co ca c ie n tr keo len be n trong.
Port 3 cung co n c s dung la m ca c ch c nang khac cu a AT89C51, cac ch c
na ng na y c liet ke nh sau:

Chan Ten Chc nang chuyen oi
P3.0 RXD
Ngo vao cu a port noi tiep
P3.1 TXD
Ngo ra cua port noi tiep
P3.2 INT0
Ngo vao ngat ngoai 0
P3.3 INT1
Ngo vao ngat ngoai 1
P3.4 T0
Ngo vao be n ngoai cua bo nh thi 0
P3.5 T1
Ngo vao be n ngoai cua bo nh thi 1
P3.6 WR
ie u khie n ghi bo nh d lieu ngoai
P3.7 RD
ie u khie n o c bo nh d lieu ngoai

RST
Ngo vao reset. Mc cao tren chan na y trong 2 chu ky ma y trong khi bo dao ong
ang hoat ong se reset AT89C51.
ALE/ PROG
ALE la mot xung ngo ra e chot byte thap cu a a ch trong khi truy cap bo nh
ngoai. Cha n nay cung la ngo nhap xung lap trnh ( PROG) khi lap trnh Flash.
PHAN V
- 135 -
Khi hoat ong bnh thng, ALE c phat vi mot ty le khong oi la 1/6 tan so
bo dao ong va co the c du ng cho cac mu ch ch timing va clocking ben ngoai. Tuy
nhien, lu y ra ng mot xung ALE se b bo qua moi khi truy cap bo nh d lieu ngoai.
Neu muon, hoat ong ALE co the ca m c bang ca ch set bit 0 cu a SFR tai a
ch 8Eh. Neu bit nay c set, ALE ch dc hoat ong khi co mot lenh MOVX hoa c
MOVC. Ngc lai, chan na y c ke o len cao bi ca c ien tr pullup "nhe ". Viec set
bit ca m-ALE kho ng co tac dung khi bo vi ie u khien ang che o thi hanh ngoai.
PSEN
PSEN (Program Store Enable) la xung oc bo nh chng trnh ngoai. Khi
AT89C52 ang thi hanh ma (code) t bo nh chng trnh ngoai, PSENc kch hoat
hai la n moi chu ky ma y, nhng hai hoat ong PSEN se b bo qua moi khi truy cap bo
nh d lieu ngoai.
EA/Vpp
EA (External Access Enable) phai c noi vi GND e cho phep thiet b oc
code t bo nh chng trnh ngoai co a ch t 0000H en FFFFH. Tuy nhien, lu y
ra ng neu bit khoa 1 (lock-bit 1) c lap trnh, EA se c chot be n trong khi reset.
EA phai c noi vi Vcc khi thi hanh chng trnh ben trong. Cha n nay cu ng
nhan ien ap cho phe p la p trnh Vpp=12V khi lap trnh Flash (khi o a p lap trnh 12V
c chon).
XTAL1 va XTAL2
XTAL1 va XTAL2 la hai ngo vao va ra cu a mot bo khuech ai dao ong nghch
c ca u hnh e dung nh mo t bo dao ong tren chip.
Khong co yeu cau na o ve duty cycle cu a tn hieu xung ngoai,v ngo nha p noi v i
mach tao xung noi la mot flip-flop chia oi, nhng cac ch nh ve thi gian high va
low, cac m c ap toi a va toi thieu phai c tuan theo.
Ca c ac trng khac xin tham khao trong cac tai lieu chuyen e hoac gia o trnh.
Pha n tiep theo xin trnh bay ve s o cau truc Ram noi va pha n tham khao nhanh ta p
lenh 8051 e tien theo doi chng trnh Assembler trong luan an.

PHAN V
- 136 -

S o cau truc RAM noi:

Hnh PL.1.3 Cau truc RAM noi AT89C51.
7F 7E 7D 7C 7B 7A 79 78
2F
77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 2E
6F 6E 6D 6C 6B 6A 69 68 2
67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 2C
5F 5E 5D 5C 5B 5A 59 58 2B
57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 2A
4F 4E 4D 4C 4B 4A 49 48 29
47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 28
3F 3E 3D 3C 3B 3A 39 38 27
37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 26
2F 2E 2D 2C 2B 2A 29 28 25
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 24
1F 1E 1D 1C 1B 1A 19 18 23
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
22
0F 0E 0D 0C 0B 0A 09 08
21
07 06 05 04 03 02 07

00 20
Bank 3 1F
18
Bank 2 17
10
Bank 1 0F
08
Bank thanh ghi 0
(mac nh cho R0-R7)
07
00

RAM a du ng
7F
30
RAM
a ch bit
a ch
byte
87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 80
P0
khong c a ch hoa bit
81
SP
khong c a ch hoa bit 82 DPL
khong c a ch hoa bit 83
DPH
khong c a ch hoa bit 87
PCON
8F 8E 8D 8C 8B 8A 89 88
88
TCON
khong c a ch hoa bit 89 TMOD
khong c a ch hoa bit 8A
TL0
8B
TL1
khong c a ch hoa bit 8C
TH0

97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90
90
P1
9F 9E 9D 9C 9B 9A 99 98 98
SCON
99
SBUF
A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 A0 P2
AF AC AB AA A9 A8
A8
IE
BC BB BA B9 B8
B8
IP
E7 E6 E5 E4 E3 E2 E1 E0 E0
ACC
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D0
D

PSW
B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 B0 P3
F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1 F0 F0
B
CAC THANH GHI CH C NANG A C BIET
a ch
byte
a ch bit
8

TH1
FF
PHAN V
- 137 -

Tham khao nhanh tap lenh 8051:
Ghi chu:
Rn nh a ch thanh ghi s du ng R0 R7
base thanh ghi nen co the la con tro d lieu hoa c PC
byte co the la Rn, direct, @Ri
direct a ch 8-bit trong RAM noi (00H FFH)
@Ri nh a ch gian tiep s du ng thanh ghi R0 hoa c R1
source toan hang nguon: co the la Rn hoac direct hoa c @Ri
dest toan hang ch: co the la Rn hoa c direct hoac @Ri
#data ha ng so 8-bit ch a trong lenh
#data16 ha ng so 16-bit
bit a ch trc tiep (8-bit) cu a mot bit
rel offset 8-bit co dau
addr11 a ch 11-bit trong trang hien hanh
addr16 a ch 16-bit

PHAN V
- 138 -

Tham khao nhanh tap lenh 8051:

TAT CA CAC LENH TRNH BAY THEO TRAT T ALPHABE:
ACALL addr11 DIV AB LJMP addr16 RETI
ADD A,source DJNZ byte,rel MOV dest,source RL A
ADDC A,source INC byte MOV DPTR,#data16 RLC A
AJMP addr11 INC DPTR MOV bit,bit RR A
ANL dest,source JB bit,rel MOVC A,@A+base RRC A
ANL bit JBC bit,rel MOVX dest,source SETB bit
CJNE dest,source,rel JC rel MUL AB SJMP rel
CLR A JMP @A+DPTR NOP SUBB A,source
CLR bit JNB bit,rel ORL dest,source SWAP A
CPL A JNC rel ORL C,bit XCH A,byte
CPL bit JNZ rel POP direct XCHD A,@Ri
DA A JZ rel PUSH direct XRL dest,source
DEC byte LCALL addr16 RET

CAC THANH GHI TIEU CHUAN CUA 8051/52:
Symbol Name Address Reset-value
ACC * Accumulator E0 0000 0000 (00)
B * B Register F0 0000 0000 (00)
PSW * Program Status Word D0 0000 0000 (00)
SP Stack Pointer 81 0000 0111 (07)
DPL Low Byte Dptr 82 0000 0000 (00)
DPH High Byte Dptr 83 0000 0000 (00)
P0 * Port 0 80 1111 1111 (FF)
P1 * Port 1 90 1111 1111 (FF)
P2 * Port 2 A0 1111 1111 (FF)
P3 * Port 3 B0 1111 1111 (FF)
IP * Interrupt Priority Control B8 xxx0 0000 (?0)
IE * Interrupt Enable Control A8 0xx0 0000 (?0)
TMOD Timer/Counter Mode Control 89 0000 0000 (00)
TCON * Timer/Counter Control 88 0000 0000 (00)
T2CON * ^ Timer/Counter 2 Control C8 0000 0000 (00)
TH0 Timer/Counter 0 High Byte 8C 0000 0000 (00)
TL0 Timer/Counter 0 Low Byte 8A 0000 0000 (00)
TH1 Timer/Counter 1 High Byte 8D 0000 0000 (00)
TL1 Timer/Counter 1 Low Byte 8B 0000 0000 (00)
TH2 ^ Timer/Counter 1 High Byte CD 0000 0000 (00)
TL2 ^ Timer/Counter 2 Low Byte CC 0000 0000 (00)
RCAP2H ^ T/C 2 Capture Reg. High Byte CB 0000 0000 (00)
RCAP2L ^ T/C 2 Capture Reg. Low Byte CA 0000 0000 (00)
SCON * Serial Control 98 0000 0000 (00)
SBUF Serial Data Buffer 99 Xxxx xxxx (??)
PCON Power Control 87 0xxx 0000 (?0)
Mo ta k hieu ac bie t: ^ = 80C52 * = bit nh a ch x = trang thai tuy y.
PHAN V
- 139 -
CAC LENH SO HOC
Instruction Description Bytes Periods C OV AC
ADD A, Rn Add register to ACC 1 12 x x x
ADD A, direct Add direct byte to ACC 2 12 x x x
ADD A, @Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC 1 12 x x x
ADD A, #data Add immediate data to ACC 2 12 x x x
ADDC A, Rn Add register to ACC with Carry 1 12 x x x
ADDC A, direct Add direct byte to ACC with Carry 2 12 x x x
ADDC A, @Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC with Carry 1 12 x x x
ADDC A, #data Add immediate data to ACC with Carry 2 12 x x x
SUBB A, Rn Subtract Register from ACC with borrow 1 12 x x x
SUBB A, direct Subtract indirect RAM from ACC with borrow 2 12 x x x
SUBB A, @Ri Subtract indirect RAM from ACC with borrow 1 12 x x x
SUBB A, #data Subtract immediate data from ACC with borrow 2 12 x x x
INC A Increment ACC 1 12
INC Rn Increment register 1 12
INC direct Increment direct byte 2 12
INC @Ri Increment direct RAM 1 12
DEC A Decrement ACC 1 12
DEC Rn Decrement Register 1 12
DEC direct Decrement direct byte 2 12
DEC @Ri Decrement indirect RAM 1 12
INC DPTR Increment Data Pointer 1 24
MUL AB Multiply A & B 1 48 0 x
DIV AB Divide A by B 1 48 0 x
DA A Decimal Adjust ACC 1 12 x

PHAN V
- 140 -
CAC LENH LOGIC:
ANL A,Rn AND register to ACC 1 12
ANL A,direct AND direct byte to ACC 2 12
ANL A,@Ri AND indirect RAM to ACC 1 12
ANL A,#data AND immediate data to ACC 2 12
ANL direct,A AND ACC to direct byte 2 12
ANL direct,#data AND immediate data to direct byte 3 24
ORL A,Rn OR register to ACC 1 12
ORL A,direct OR direct byte to ACC 2 12
ORL A,@Ri OR indirect RAM to ACC 1 12
ORL A,#data OR immediate data to ACC 2 12
ORL direct,A OR ACC to direct byte 2 12
ORL direct,#data OR immediate data to direct byte 3 24
XRL A,Rn XOR register to ACC 1 12
XRL A,direct XOR direct byte to ACC 2 12
XRL A,@Ri XOR indirect RAM to ACC 1 12
XRL A,#data XOR immediate data to ACC 2 12
XRL direct,A XOR ACC to direct byte 2 12
XRL direct,#data XOR immediate data to direct byte 3 24
CLR A Clear the ACC 1 12
CPL A Complement the ACC 1 12
RL A Rotate the ACC left 1 12
RLC A Rotate the ACC left through Carry 1 12 x
RR A Rotate the ACC right 1 12
RRC A Rotate the ACC right through Carry 1 12 x
SWAP A Swap nibbles in the ACC 1 12

PHAN V
- 141 -
CAC LENH CHUYEN D LIEU:
MOV A,Rn Move Register to ACC 1 12
MOV A,direct Move Direct byte to ACC 2 12
MOV A,@Ri Move Indirect byte to ACC 1 12
MOV A,#data Move Immediate data to ACC 2 12
MOV Rn,A Mov ACC to Register 1 12
MOV Rn,direct Move Direct byte to Register 2 24
MOV Rn,#data Move Immediate data to Register 2 12
MOV direct,A Move ACC to Direct byte 2 12
MOV direct,Rn Move Register to Direct byte 2 24
MOV direct,direct Move Direct byte to Direct byte 3 24
MOV direct,@Ri Mov Indirect RAM to Direct byte 3 24
MOV direct,#data Move Immediate data to Direct byte 3 24
MOV @Ri,A Move ACC to Indirect RAM 1 12
MOV @Ri,direct Move direct byte to indirect RAM. 2 24
MOV @Ri,#data Move Immediate data to Indirect RAM 2 12
MOV DPTR,#data16 Load datapointer with 16 bit constant 3 24
MOVC A,@A+DPTR Move code byte at ACC+DPTR to ACC 1 24
MOVC A,@A+PC Move code byte at ACC+PC to ACC 1 24
MOVX A,@Ri Move external RAM to ACC 1 24
MOVX @Ri,A Move ACC to external RAM 1 24
MOVX A,@DPTR Move external RAM to ACC 1 24
MOVX @DPTR,A Move ACC to external RAM 1 24
PUSH direct Push direct byte to stack 2 24
POP direct Pop direct byte from stack 2 24
XCH A,Rn Exchange register with ACC 1 12
XCH A,direct Exchange direct byte with ACC 2 12
XCH A,@Ri Exchange indirect RAM with ACC 1 12
XCHD A,@Ri Exchange low order digit indirect RAM with ACC 1 12

PHAN V
- 142 -

CAC LENH THAO TAC TREN BIT:
CLR C Clear carry flag 1 12 0
CLR bit Clear direct bit 2 12
SETB C Set carry flag 1 12 1
SETB bit Set direct bit 2 12
CPL C Complement carry flag 1 12 x
CPL bit Complement direct bit 2 12
ANL C,bit AND direct bit to carry 2 24 x
ANL C,/bit AND complement of direct bit to carry 2 24 x
ORL C,bit OR direct bit to carry 2 24 x
ORL C,/bit OR complement of direct bit to carry 2 24 x
MOV C,bit Move direct bit to carry 2 12 x
MOV bit,C Move carry to direct bit 2 24
JC rel Jump if carry is set 2 24
JNC rel Jump if carry is NOT set 2 24
JB bit,rel Jump if direct bit is set 3 24
JNB bit,rel Jump if direct bit is NOT set 3 24
JBC bit,rel Jump if direct bit is set and clear that bit 3 24

CAC LENH RE NHANH:
ACALL addr11 Absolute call within 2K page 2 24
LCALL addr16 Absolute call (Long call) 3 24
RET Return from subroutine 1 24
RETI Return from interrupt 1 24
AJMP addr11 Absolute jump within 2K page 2 24
LJMP addr16 Absolute jump (Long jump) 3 24
SJMP rel Relative jump within +/- 127 bytes (Short jump) 2 24
JMP @A+DPTR Jump direct relative to DPTR 1 24
JZ rel Jump if ACC is zero 2 24
JNZ rel Jump if ACC is NOT zero 2 24
CJNE A,direct,rel Compare direct byte to ACC, jump if NOT equal 3 24 x
CJNE A,#data,rel Compare immediate to ACC, jump if NOT equal 3 24 x
CJNE Rn,#data,rel Compare immediate to register, jump if NOT equal 3 24 x
CJNE @Ri,#data,rel Compare immediate to indirect, jump if NOT equal 3 24 x
DJNZ Rn,rel Decrement register, jump if NOT zero 2 24
DJNZ direct,rel Decrement direct byte, jump if NOT zero 3 24
NOP No operation (Skip to next instruction) 1 12

PHAN V
- 143 -

2CONG NOI TIEP:
Thong tin noi tiep c du ng trong rat nhie u ng dung ghe p noi vi may vi tnh
nh chuot, modem, may ve, ma y in, may quet, v.v. V d lieu c truyen song song
tren ca c bus may tnh nen e truyen noi tiep c, be n phat dung cac thanh ghi dch
song song noi tiep e bien oi ca c byte song song tha nh mot chuoi bit noi tiep nhau
cho ra cong va ben thu phai dung ca c thanh ghi dch noi tiep song song e bien o i
ng c lai.
Thong tin noi tiep c phan biet thanh hai loai: truyen noi tiep o ng bo va khong
ong bo . Khi truyen noi tiep ong bo, ngoai ng day truyen so lieu gi a hai tra m
phat va thu can co them mot ng day ieu khien e truyen tn hieu nhp nha m e
ben thu xa c nh c cac thi ie m ta i o so lieu tre n ng truyen a on nh. Trong
khi o, truyen noi tie p khong o ng bo ch can mot day truye n trong o ca c tho ng tin
ong bo c truyen ngay cu ng vi cac t d lieu. o la cac bit Start (bit bat au) ch
th s bat au cua kho i so lieu c truye n va bit Stop (bit ket thuc) ba o ket thuc khoi
so lieu o cu ng mot so bit phat hien va s a lo i c ghe p cu ng ca c bit so lieu e tao
thanh mot khung truye n (frame) hay mot SDU (Serial Data Unit).
Gi a hai cong thong tin noi tiep co the co ca c phng thc trao oi thong tin nh
sau:
Noi n cong (Simplex Connection): so lieu ch c truyen theo mot hng.
Ban song cong (Half Duplex): so lieu truyen theo hai hng, nhng moi thi
iem ch c truyen theo mot hng.
Song cong (Full Duplex): so lieu c truyen ong thi theo hai hng.
Chuan thong tin noi tiep:
Do han che ve dai ta n cu a ng truyen nen hau het ca c thiet b au cuoi so lieu
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) muo n thong tin vi nhau khong the noi tr c tiep vi
moi trng truyen da n analog c ma phai thong qua cac thiet b thong tin so lieu
DCE (Data Communication Equipment). Th du, viec thong tin gia hai may tnh hoac
may fax la ca DTE qua ng ie n thoai co ng co ng phai c noi qua hai thiet b DCE
la cac modem nh hnh di a y.
Hnh PL.2.4 Thong tin gia hai may tnh qua mang ien thoai.

DTE DTE
DCE DCE Ma ng ie n thoai
Ma y tnh May tnh
Modem Modem
PHAN V
- 144 -
Ca c tieu chuan chnh cho thong tin so lieu noi tiep hien nay c xay dng bi
cac to ch c ITU (International Telecommunications Union), EIA (Electronics Industry
Association) va ISO (International Standards Organisation). Cac chuan ITU ve thong
tin noi tiep thuoc ve nhom V va ca c chuan EIA ve thong tin noi tiep thuo c ve nhom RS.
Chuan RS-232C quy nh cac ghep noi no i tiep gia mot DTE va DCE vi khoang
cach cc ai la 17 en 20m va toc o truye n so lieu cc ai len ti 20kbps.
Tn hieu ien theo chuan RS-232C la lng cc: m c logic 1 co ie n the dng so
vi at (0V), mc 0 co ien the a m so vi at.
Vi tn hieu ra: m c logic cao co ie n the trong dai t +5V en +15V
m c logic thap t 5V en 15V.
Vi tn hieu vao: m c logic cao t +3V en +15V
m c logic thap t 3V en 15V.
Logic tren ng truyen so lieu TxD va RxD c oi thanh logic am, tc la mc
logic cao co ie n the a m so vi at (0V) va mc logic thap co ien the dng so vi
at. D lieu tren ng truyen ch mot trong hai tra ng thai MARK hoa c SPACE, lan
lt tng ng vi tra ng thai ien the am hoa c dng t c la tng ng vi m c logic 1
hoac 0. Vi ca c may PC, cac m c ie n the ien hnh la 12V. D lieu c truyen lan
lt theo tng nho m bit. Moi nhom goi la mot SDU hay mot khung truyen. Mot khung
truyen bao go m:
1 bit start luon m c logic thap, ien the dng.
1 hoa c 1,5 hoa c 2 bit stop luo n mc logic cao, ien the am.
1 hoa c khong co 1 bit kiem tra chan le,
5, 6 hoac 7 bit so lieu.
Th du, khi cac khung truyen ai die n cho ca c k t (vi ma ASCII la 7 bit) c
truyen tre n ng day lan lt vi mot khoa ng thi gian tre gia chung. Trong khoang
thi gian na y ng truye n va o trang thai MARK (mc logic cao). Hnh sau la mot
minh ho a ve tn hie u nhan c tren ng truye n TxD hoac RxD khi truyen cac bit
thong tin ma ho a ASCII cho hai ch A (100 0001 = 41h) vi bit parity le.
PHAN V
- 145 -
Hnh tren la th du ve tn hieu tren ng truyen cu a ca c bit bieu dien cho hai k
t A.
Toc o truye n so lieu noi tiep c o bang so bit truyen trong mot giay bps.
Trong ca c he thong truyen so lieu vi ma nh phan toc o nay trung vi toc o baud la
so lan thay oi trang thai cu a mot ke nh truyen tn hieu trong mot giay. Tat ca ca c may
PC eu co co ng ghep noi thong tin noi tiep. Cong s ca p goi la COM1 (hoac COM3)
va th ca p la COM2 (hoac COM4). Co hai loai a u ca m tn hieu cho ca c cong nay la
D-25 (25 chan) va D-9 (9 chan) thng c ga n pha sau thu ng ma y. S dung loai
na o cho COM1 hoa c COM2 la tuy ngi lap rap ma y tnh, thng th hay dung au
cam D-9 cho COM1. cac a u ca m cho ca c cong noi tiep gan tre n thung may PC bao
gi cu ng la loai au ca m c (male), a u ca m cap noi ra ca c thiet b ngoai vi la au
cam cai (female). Viec nay e tra nh nha m lan vi au cam D-25 dung cho cong song
song LPT ga n tren thu ng may PC luo n la loa i au ca m cai (female).

Ca c chan tn hieu tre n cac au ca m c noi ra ca c ng day e cac thiet b DTE
va DCE thong tin vi nhau. Ngoai day at GND co ien the 0V, co the pha n tha nh hai
nho m ng day go m nho m cac ng truyen d lieu TxD, RxD va nhom ca c ng
tn hieu ieu khien (goi la ca c tn hieu mo c noi thong tin) go m ca c ng con lai. Bang
sau mo ta ten va ch c nang cu a cac ng tn hieu.
D25 D9 Ten K hieu Chc nang
1 - Frame Ground
FG
Thng c noi vi vo boc kim cua ca p dan hoac at.
2 3 Transmit Data
TxD
So lieu c phat t DTE (th du PC hoac thiet b a u cuoi) ti
DCE qua ng TxD.
3 2 Receive Data
RxD
So lieu c thu t DCE vao DTE.
A (100 0001) A (100 0001)
7 bit d lieu
Khoa ng tre
LSB MSB LSB MSB
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

B
i
t

s
t
a
r
t

B
i
t

p
a
r
i
t
y

l
e

B
i
t

s
t
o
p

MARK
SPACE
PHAN V
- 146 -
4 7 Request To Send
RTS
DTE at ng nay mc tch c c khi no sa n sa ng phat so lieu.
5 8 Clear To Send
CTS
DCE at ng nay mc tch c c e thong tin cho DTE rang
no san sang nhan so lieu.
6 6 Data Set Ready
DSR
Chc nang tng t nh CTS nhng c kch hoat bi DTE khi
no san sang nha n so lieu.
20 4 Data Terminal Ready
DTR
Chc na ng tng t nh RTS nhng c kch hoat bi DCE
khi no muo n phat so lieu.
8 1 Data Carrier Detect
DCD
DCE at ng nay m c tch cc e bao cho DTE biet la a
thiet lap c lien ket vi DCE t xa (nhan c song mang t
be n DCE oi tac)
22 9 Ring Indicator
RI
DCE (loai lap ngoai) ba o v i DTE co mot cuo c goi t xa v a
goi en.
7 5 Signal Ground
SG
GND
Ca c chuan RS-422A (co ng truyen can ba ng) va RS-423A (co ng truyen
khong can ba ng) cho phep tang to c o truyen so lieu va khoa ng cach thong tin len ln
hn n a.
Chuan RS-485 la mot chuan tang cng cu a RS-422. No quy nh cho cac ghep
noi thong tin a ie m va song co ng, do vay rat thch hp cho ca c ng dung tren mang
may tnh. Toc o truyen cc ai ay kho ng han che va c at bi thi gian tang
cu a s n xung, thng c 10Mbps. Vi o dai ca p 1,2km ma ng may tnh dung chua n
RS-485 cho phe p ghep noi ti 32 cap ma y thu/phat.
ng day da n tn hie u anh hng en cac xung so lieu ba trng hp sau:
Lam suy gia m bien o xung: do ien tr cua ng day.
Lam me o dang xung: do ien dung k sinh gia cac cap ng da y, ien tr va ien
cam cu a ng da y ga y nen meo da ng pha va gia m dai truyen.
Gay on: do o n noi (o n nhiet cu a ng day) va o n ngoai la ca c ta c nha n ben ngoai
tac ong len ng truyen.
Ngoai ng da y chung (day at), ca c ng truyen khong ca n ba ng (nh theo
chuan RS-423) s dung mot ng day cho tn hieu so trong khi ca c ng truye n can
ba ng (nh theo chuan RS-422) s dung hai ng day cho moi tn hieu. Dong ien
trong hai day dan cu a ng truyen ca n bang ngc pha vi nhau. Do vay, ng
truyen nay co u iem la t chu anh h ng cu a on ngoai v cac nguon na y eu cung
ga y nen tren hai da y da n cng o o n bang nhau ve o ln nhng co pha ngc pha.
Khi hoat ong to c o truyen cao, cac a u cuoi cua da y dan th ng c noi vi cac
terminator co tr kha ng bang tr khang a c tnh (tr khang song) cu a ng day (th
du, 50 hay 70). Ca c ma ch ghep noi theo chuan RS-422 co the tai c en 10 ma y
thu. Chu ng khong co ng day noi at do va y c du ng rat tot khi can phai ca ch li
gia hai nut trong ma ch thong tin. Ne u s du ng to c o truyen thap th co the tang c
khoang cach thong tin len. Th du, trong mo t vai trng hp khi chat lng cap da n tot
va moi trng t nhie u th co the s dung ca c thiet b vi chua n RS-232 tho ng tin vi
nhau khoang cach le n ti 1km vi toc o 1200bps.
PHAN V
- 147 -
Ba ng sau cho cac thong so cu a cac chua n ghep noi thong tin noi tiep c ban.

EIA RS-232C RS-423A RS-422A RS-485
ITU V.28 V.10/X26 V.11/X27
Toc o truye n so lieu 20kbps 300kbps 10Mbps 10Mbps
Khoa ng ca ch cc ai 1720m 1200m 1200m 1200m
Loai noi tai Khong can ba ng Khong can ba ng vi sai Can bang vi sai Can bang vi sai
So ca p thu/phat 1 1 1 32
ien the ieu khien 3V 15V 2V 6V 2V 5V 2V 5V
So ng day cho mot tn hieu 1 2 2 2

Truyen noi tiep cac ma k t ASCII:
Ca c d lieu gom ca c con so, k t, v.v c truyen t nguon ti ch th ng c
ma ho a. Ba tap ma k t thong dung hien nay la ma Baudot, ma ASCII (American
Standards Code for Information Interchange) va ma EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded
Decimal Interchange Code). Viec truye n ma ASCII trong thong tin noi tiep ma y vi
tnh la rat tho ng dung. o la vie c truyen ca c k t c ma hoa ba ng ca c so nh phan 7
bit vi 96 k t in ra c va 32 k t khong in c dung cho ieu khien nh c trnh
ba y trong bang sau.
Bang ma ASCII
So hex K t So hex K t So hex K t So hex K t
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
0A
0B
0C
0D
0E
0F
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
NUL
SOH
STX
ETX
EOT
ENQ
ACK
BEL
BS
HT
NL
VT
FF
CR
SO
SI
DEL
DC
1

DC
2

DC
3

DC
4

NAK
SYN
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
2A
2B
2C
2D
2E
2F
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
SP
!

#
$
%
&
.
(
)
*
+

-
.
/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
4A
4B
4C
4D
4E
4F
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
6A
6B
6C
6D
6E
6F
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
PHAN V
- 148 -
17
18
19
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
EBT
CAN
EM
SUB
ESC
FS
GS
RS
US
37
38
39
3A
3B
3C
3D
3E
3F
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?
57
58
59
5A
5B
5C
5D
5E
5F
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
77
78
79
7A
7B
7C
7D
7E
7F
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~
DEL

Tai cac thiet b phat dung chuan RS-232C, bit t y ngha nhat LSB cu a k t ASCII
c truye n au tien, bit nhieu y ngha nhat MSB truyen sau cung. Th du sau la ca c
nho m bit ai dien cho thong ba o Fred c truye n noi tiep vi bit parity le .

Hnh PL.2.5 Truye n ca c k t F, r, e va d.

Ca c k t in c thuoc ve ca c ch cai thng va ch hoa (a z, A Z),
cac ch so (0 9) va cac k t khac nh k t thanh cach (SPACE), !, # v.v. Lu
y rang cac ma ch thng va ch hoa ch kha c nhau bit th 5 (hn ke m nhau gia tr
2
5
= 32). Di a y giai thch mot vai k t ie u khie n.
BS (Backspace): Neu c gi ti man hnh no se xoa k t c gi ra man hnh
trc o. Khi nhan phm BS tre n ban phm, no se phat ra mot k t ^H (Cntrl-H).
HT (Horizontal Tab): Chuyen con tro ma n hnh mot khoang cach (Tab) ve be n
phai v tr hien tai. Thng khoa ng o c at bi pha n mem. Khi nha n phm TAB
tren ban phm no se tra ve k t ^I hoa c khi nhan ^I se th c hien c ch c nang ke
tren.
LF (Line feed) va CR (Carriage Return): K t CR at con tro ti v tr au dong.
K t LF at con tro xuong di mot do ng.
FF (From Feed): Neu c gi ti ma n hnh se dch v tr con tro i mot v tr ve
ben phai (ch c nang ng c vi BS) hoa c c gi ti may in.
VT (Vertical Tab): Ne u c gi ti man hnh no se chuyen v tr con tro len mot
ng pha tren. Khi nhan phm ^K tren ba n phm cung cho phep thc hie n chc nang
na y.
01100010 01001111 10100111 00100011
Bit a u tien c truyen
F r e d
PHAN V
- 149 -
NUL (Null): Thng c dung e pad s bat a u cu a cac k t can truyen va e
phan ranh gii mot xa u k t.
BEL (Bell): Khi truyen k t nay ti mot k t phat a m no se phat ra mot a m
thanh. Ch c nang tng t khi nha n ^G tren ba n phm.
DC1-DC4 (Device Control): ieu khie n hoa t ong cu a ca c man hnh va cac may
in. Mot may thu s du ng k t DC1 (^Q) e ba o cho ma y phat ng ng phat. K t DC3
(^S) bao cho may phat lai tiep tu c phat. Loai tho ng tin na y thuo c loai mo c noi me m
(software handshaking).
ESC (Escape): Mot so phan me m dung k t nay cho vie c thoat khoi cac menu
hoac tu y chon.
DEL (Delete): Xo a k t v tr hien tai cu a con tro .
EXT (End of Text): Dung e ngat mot x l (^C).
EOT (End of Transmission): He ieu ha nh UNIX dung k t na y e bao rang
ngi s du ng a ket thuc viec nhap d lieu. Giong k t end-of-file (^D).
SUB (Substitute): dung e xac nh mot k t ket thu c tep (end-of-file EOF).
ieu khien thong tin noi tiep gia hai thiet b:
Tuy thuoc va o tng quan gi a cac toc o truyen va thu so lieu ma co the ca n phai
co s ie u khie n tho ng tin hay khong. Neu may thu co kha nang oc cac k t thu tr c
khi may phat truyen k t tiep theo th khong can co s ie u khien nay. o la thong tin
khong co mo c noi (no-handshake). May thu nhan cac k t va lu tr va o mot vu ng nh
a c biet trc khi o c no. Vu ng nh nay goi la bo em thu (receive buffer). ie n hnh
vung na y ch lu gi mot k t. Neu ca c k t a c a en a y khong c o c kp
trc khi nhan k t kha c (ta noi bo em cha c rong) th co the xay ra hie n t ng k
t hien tai se b viet e len bi cac k t kha c en sau. Khi xa y ra ieu nay th can phai
thc hien vie c ieu khien thong tin gi a ben phat va ben thu. K thuat ie u khie n thong
tin gia hai thiet b e tranh ie u tre n xa y ra goi la k thuat moc no i (handshaking). o
la vie c buoc may phat ngng truye n k t cho en khi may thu o c xong cac k t ang
na m trong bo e m thu, tc la cho en khi bo em thu ro ng. Co hai loai mo c noi:
Moc noi cng (hardware handshaking) dung ca c ng tn hieu ieu khie n moc
noi nh CTS, RTS, DTR va DSR.
Moc noi mem (software handshaking) lien quan ti vie c gi ca c k t ieu khien
a c biet nh cac k t t D1 e n D4 trong ba ng ma ASCII e truye n thong tin mo c noi
gia ben phat va ben thu.
Hnh sau la s o noi cac ng day gi a hai tram thu/phat trong thong tin khong
co mo c noi. Trong trng hp nay may thu co the o c so lieu nha n c t bo em thu
trc khi k t kha c c nhan. So lie u c truye n t a u TxD cua ma y phat va c
nhan au RxD be n thu. Khi mot DTE (th du, may PC) can noi vi mot DTE kha c
th ng TxD mot ben c noi vi ng RxD ben kia va ng c lai. Ca c au tn
TD
RD
TD
RD
3
2
3
2
D-9 D-9
TD
RD
TD
RD
3
2
2
3
D-25 D-9
PHAN V
- 150 -
hieu mo c noi moi ben c noi ca p vi nhau (RTS noi tr c tiep vi CTS, DTR vi
DSR) nha m la m cho ca c may luon trang thai san sa ng thu va san sang truyen.

Ca c ng ieu khien c dung mc tch c c cao. Khi mot ma y muon phat so
lieu no na ng day RTS cu a mnh len mc cao roi kiem tra trang thai day CTS cho e n
khi da y nay m c tch cc cao. Chng na o day nay con m c tha p th co ngha la may
thu van con ban va cha the nhan c so lieu. Khi may thu o c xong so lieu t bo
em thu cu a no, ng RTS noi vi CTS cu a may phat se t ong nhay le n m c cao e
ch th cho ma y phat rang may thu bay gi a sa n sang nhan so lieu tiep theo. Qua trnh
nhan so lieu cung gio ng nh qua trnh truyen. Khi DCE muon phat ti DTE, au vao
DSR be n may thu se tr nen tch c c. Neu may thu khong the nhan so lieu no se a t
ng DTR m c khong tch c c. Khi no trang thai xo a nha n, no se at ng DTR
m c tch cc va ma y ben kia se c phe p phat so lieu. ng DTR se c at
m c kho ng tch c c cho ti khi k t c x l xong. Khi noi DTE vi DCE th cac
ng moc noi c noi trc tiep vi nhau nh hnh di ay.

TD
RD
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
GND
TD
RD
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
GND
3
2
7
8
4
6
5
3
2
7
8
4
6
5
D-9 D-9
TD
RD
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
GND
TD
RD
RTS
CTS
DTR
DSR
GND
3
2
7
8
4
6
5
2
3
4
5
20
6
7
D-25 D-9
Hnh PL.2.7 Noi day thong tin gi a hai cong RS-232C theo kieu moc noi cng
TD
RD
RTS
CTS
DTR
TD
RD
RTS
CTS
DTR
3
2
7
8
4
3
2
7
8
4
D-9 D-9
TD
RD
RTS
CTS
DTR
TD
RD
RTS
CTS
DTR
3
2
7
8
4
2
3
4
5
20
D-25 D-9
PHAN V
- 151 -

Sau a y la gian o mo ta qua trnh tho ng tin vi mo c noi me m. Co hai k t ASCII
c du ng e khi phat va dng truyen so lieu. o la k t DC1 trong ba ng ma ASCII
co gia tr la 11h goi la X-ON va k t DC3 co gia tr la 13h go i la X-OFF. Khi ma y pha t
nhan c k t X-OFF no se ngng phat so lieu cho e n khi nhan c k t X-ON.
Loai mo c noi nay thng c du ng trong tr ng hp khi may phat va may thu co the
x l so lieu tng oi nhanh. Thng may thu co mot bo em so lieu ln ch a cac k t
nhan c. Khi bo e m na y ay, no se truyen sang ben phat k t X-OFF, sau khi oc
xong het noi dung bo em no se truyen k t X-ON.

Lap trnh thong tin noi tiep:
Lap trnh trc tiep vi cac cong noi tiep:
Chip UART-8250 c dung trong may vi tnh PC/XT phu c vu cho thong tin noi
tiep vi toc o truyen so lieu cc ai la 9600bps. T may AT tr i du ng chip 16450
hay 82450 cho phep mot toc o truyen cao hn en 19200bps. Cac chip nay c lap
ngay tren ban mach chnh hoac c lap tre n ban mach ghe p noi va o/ra ca m tren khe
cam m ro ng cu a may tnh. a ch cu a mot so thanh ghi nh sau:

M
a
y

p
h
a
t

M
a
y

t
h
u

So lieu
So lieu
X-ON
X-OFF
Hnh PL.2.9 Moc noi mem dung hai k t X-ON va X-OFF
PHAN V
- 152 -

Thanh ghi a ch
em so lieu phat va thu (TD/RD)
Cho phep ngat
Nhan da ng ngat
nh da ng so lieu (LCR)
ieu khie n Modem
Tra ng thai ng truye n (LSR)
Tra ng thai Modem
Lu tr o c/viet tam thi
a ch c s
a ch c s + 1
a ch c s + 2
a ch c s + 3
a ch c s + 4
a ch c s + 5
a ch c s + 6
a ch c s + 7
Lu y : a ch c s : COM1 = 3F8h va COM2 = 2F8h.
Ca c thanh ghi e m so lieu phat va thu co cung mot a ch bang a ch c s.
Thanh ghi tra ng thai ng truyen xa c nh trang thai cu a ca c bo em thu va phat.
ay la thanh ghi ch oc (tat ca cac bit c ghi t ong bang pha n c ng). nh dang
cu a t trang tha i nh sau:

Khi truyen d lieu, mot k t mi co the c viet ti bo e m trc khi k t trc
o c gi. e tranh ieu nay, bit so sau D6 c kiem tra e xa c nh lieu va n con
mot k t trong bo em phat khong. Neu bit nay c at len 1 tc la bo e m phat a
rong. Vay e gi mot k t phai viet mot vong lap kiem tra sau:
Kie m tra bit D6 cho ti khi no c at =1
Gi k t
Th du, trong ngo n ng Pascal se la:
repeat
trang_thai := port[a ch LSR] and $40;
until (trang_thai = $40);
Khi thu so lieu, bit D0 c kiem tra e xac nh lieu a co so lieu trong bo e m
thu cha theo vo ng lap sau:
Kie m tra bit D0 cho e n khi no c at =1
o c k t
Th du, trong ngo n ng Pascal se la:
0 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
=1: phat hie n iem dng
=1: loi khung truyen
=1: loi cha n-le (parity)
=1: loi tran so

=1: so lieu a sa n sa ng
=1: thanh ghi em phat rong
=1: bo em phat rong
PHAN V
- 153 -
repeat
trang_thai := port[a ch LSR] and $01;
until (trang_thai = $01);
Thanh ghi nh dang d lieu (LCR) khi ta o ca c thong so thong tin nh so bit cho
mot k t, so bit chan le, so bit stop. No co the c viet hoac oc. nh dang cac bit
ieu khie n trong thanh ghi nh sau:

e tham nhap thanh ghi em thu/phat bit D7 phai xo a ba ng 0. Co n khi muon khi
tao bo chia toc o baud, bit c at len 1. Toc o baud c at bang viec nap mot he
so chia N, 16 bit vao a ch cua bo e m so lieu thu/phat va a ch tiep theo. Gia tr
c nap phu thuoc vao tan so may phat song tha ch anh noi vi UART. Thng tan so
na y bang 1,8432MHz. Do o:
To c o baud =
N 16
ho ong nhp so tan

Ba ng sau tnh sa n mot so he so chia N ( c na p vao thanh ghi e m so lieu
RD/RD) ng vi toc o baud tng ng.

Toc o baud He so chia Toc o baud He so chia
110
300
600
1200
1800
0417h
0180h
00C0h
0060h
0040h
2400
4800
9600
19200
0030h
0018h
000Ch
0006h

e nap he so chia to c o baud, trc het bit 7 cu a thanh ghi LCR c at len 1.
Sau o byte thap cu a N c nap va o a ch thanh ghi em so lieu roi byte cao c
na p tiep vao a ch ln hn 1. Cuoi cung bit 7 c xoa ve 0. Th du, e co toc o
9600 baud vi ta n so nhp la 1,8432MHz cong COM1; tr c het so 0Ch c nap vao
a ch 3F8h, sau o so 00h c nap va o a ch 3F8h + 01h = 3F9h. Khi bit 7 c
xo a ve 0, mo t thao tac oc t a ch c s se oc t bo e m RD va mot thao ta c viet se
viet ti bo e m TD.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
=1: phat mot iem d ng
bit chan le 000: kho ng co
001: cha n le le
011: cha n le cha n
101: luo n bang 1 (mark)
111: luo n bang 0 (space)

so bit so lieu 00: 5bit 01: 6bit
10: 7bit 11: 8bit
so bit stop 0: 1bit stop
1: 1,5bit stop
= 0: o c/ghi ma y thu/phat
= 1: chot bo chia toc o baud
PHAN V
- 154 -
Lap trnh qua DOS va BIOS:
Mot may PC chuan co the ho tr ti 4 cong COM. Nhng a ch c s cua chung
c at trong bo nh BIOS va a ch cu a moi co ng c lu tr vung a ch:
0040:0000 (COM1); 0040:0002 (COM2); 0040:0004 (COM3) va 0040:0008 (COM4)
Lenh MODE COM [:] toc o baud[, chan-le [, be rong t [, so bit stop [, p]]]]
c dung e at cac tham so cu a cong noi tiep. Th du, lenh khi tao cong COM2
vi toc o 2400 baud, mot bit chan-le chan, 8 bit so lieu va 1 bit stop nh sau:
Mode com2:2400, e, 8, 1
Lenh ptr = (int far
*
) 0x0400000; khi ong mot con tro xa e khi phat s thong
tin cua BIOS vi ca c a ch cong. Moi a ch la 16bit do va y con tro se tro ti mot gia
tr nguyen. Mot con tro xa c dung nh va y co the tham nhap c ti 1MB nh
trong khi mot con tro gan ch co the tham nha p ti c c ai la 64kB.
Viec kie m tra va ieu khien ca c cong COM c lap trnh qua BIOS. Ha m s dung
trong C la: int bioscom (int cmd, char abyten, in port)
Trong o , port = 0 cho cong COM1; port = 1 cho cong COM2;
cmd: 0 at cac thong so tho ng tin ti gia tr c cho bi abyte.
1 gi k t
2 nhan k t
3 tra ve trang thai cua thong tin. Khi cmd c at ti 0, th b c
chng trnh ho a.
Trong che o na y, nh ngha ca c bit trong byte c cho nh sau:

Khi cmd = 3, gia tr tra ve la mot so nguyen 16 bit kho ng dau.
Ca c bit t 8 en 15 c nh ngha nh sau:
Bit 15 timeout; Bit 11 loi khung truyen;
Bit 14 thanh ghi dch phat rong; Bit 10 loi chan le;
Bit 13 thanh ghi gi k t phat rong; Bit 9 loi chay qua chay chng trnh;
Bit 12 phat hien ie m d ng; Bit 8 so lieu san sang.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
000 100baud 100 1200baud
001 150baud 101 2400baud
010 300baud 110 4800baud
011 600baud 111 9600baud
0: 1 bit stop; 1: 2 bit stop
10: 7 bit so lieu
11: 8 bit so lieu
00: khong co bit parity;
01: parity le;
10: parity cha n
PHAN V
- 155 -

3GII THIEU CAC VI MACH S DUNG VA LINH KIEN KHAC:

KHOI NGUON :
e ma ch hoat ong c, ta can co mot nguon cung cap 5V on nh. Khoi th
nhat ta trnh ba y la khoi nguo n. Xem hnh di ay.

Hau het cac mach lo gic so va ca c bo x ly e u ca n mot nguon cung cap 5V.
Thng th ta luon co sa n ca c nguon co mc ien a p khoang 9VDC 24VDC. e tao
ra mot nguo n cong suat 5V, ta du ng mot IC (Integrated Circuit) on a p LM7805 nh
hnh sau:

PHAN V
- 156 -

Du ng 7805 la mot cach n gian de da ng thc hien. Ta ch viec noi au dng cua
nguo n a p thay oi (bat ke t 9VDC en 24VDC) e n chan au vao (chan ky hieu bang
I hay so 1). Noi a u a m en chan chung (ky hieu ba ng C hay so 2) va sau o khi m
nguo n, ta se co mot nguon ap 5V tre n chan ra O (hay so 3). oi khi ng day cap
nguo n au vao (tre n 9VDC) b nhieu. e san phang nhng nhie u na y va co c au ra
5V tot hn, ta du ng mot tu ien noi vao mach, gia au vao va chan chung (GND). Ta
dung mot tu ien 2200F 25V.

Trong s o, ta ky hieu IC LM7805 ba ng U6 va nguo n a p thay oi a vao co
bien o trong ta m 7V 30V; ien a p ngo ra 5VDC 5%.
Trong ma ch thi co ng ta cho n loai UA7805C, co dong nh mc 1A (IC-Pos VR,
5V, 1A : ay la loai IC o n ap loai chan Ground nam gi a, ap ra 5V 5%, do ng tai 1A).
Linh kien thay the: UA7805C, UA7805CKC, UA7805CU, UA7805UC, (so tay tra cu
[ECG master replacement guide_ 2002 Edition] so hieu loai linh kien thay the
ECG960, so trang: 1-201).
Chon loai cau chnh lu 1A.
PHAN V
- 157 -

KHOI GIAO TIEP MAY TNH:

Khoi giao tiep may tnh a y c trnh bay gom :
Tu ien: go m na m tu ien 10F c s du ng phoi h p vi MAX232 tao s tng
thch m c ie n ap gia hai n v giao tiep 5V (Kit AT89C51) va 12V (ma y vi tnh).
DB-9 : au cam loai 9 chan, anh so t 1 e n 9.

Tren hnh la hnh anh cu a hai DB-9 female (hai au ca m cai) va mot da ng au
DB-9 male ( c) loa i ga n tren board.

Ba ng sau mo ta te n va ch c na ng cu a cac ng tn hieu cu a au ca m DB-9:
Chan so Ten K hieu Chc nang
PHAN V
- 158 -
1 Data Carrier Detect DCD
DCE at ng nay mc tch c c e ba o cho DTE
biet la a thiet lap c lien ket vi DCE t xa (nhan
c so ng mang t be n DCE oi tac).
2 Receive Data RxD
So lieu c thu t DCE vao DTE.
3 Transmit Data TxD
So lieu c phat t DTE (th du PC hoa c thiet b au
cuoi) ti DCE qua ng TxD.
4 Data Terminal Ready DTR
Chc nang tng t nh RTS nhng c kch hoat bi
DCE khi no muon phat so lieu.
5 Signal Ground SG GND
6 Data Set Ready DSR
Chc nang tng t nh CTS nhng c kch hoat bi
DTE khi no sa n sa ng nhan so lieu.
7 Request To Send RTS
DTE at ng nay mc tch c c khi no sa n sa ng
phat so lieu.
8 Clear To Send CTS
DCE at ng nay mc tch cc e thong tin cho
DTE rang no sa n sa ng nhan so lieu.
9 Ring Indicator RI
DCE (loai lap ngoa i) ba o vi DTE co mot cuo c goi t
xa v a goi en.
Lu y: DCE : Data Communication Equipment (Thiet b thong tin so lieu).
DTE : Data Terminal Equipment (Thiet b au cuoi so lieu).

IC, Max 232:
PHAN V
- 159 -

PHAN V
- 160 -

IC Max 232 ca n nguo n cung ca p +5V, so chan phat/nhan : 2/2, do ng ien cung
cap 5mA.
Loai bo e m/bo nhan tren ng day cu a ho ha ng IC max232 c dung cho tat ca
cac ng du ng theo chuan giao tiep EIA/TIA-232E va V.28/V.24 trong cac giao tiep
truyen thong, va a c biet la du ng trong nh ng ng du ng theo m c ien ap 12V khong
san co .
Max 232 co ca c phan: cac bo bien oi ien a p DC-DC bm nap hai chieu, ca c bo
em RS-232, cac bo nha n RS-232.
Bo bien oi ien ap bm nap hai chieu: trong che o hoat ong em RS-232, max
232 co hai bm nap ben trong e bie n oi ien ap +5V sang 10V (khong tai). Bo bien
oi au tien dung tu ien C
5
e gap oi m c ien a p +5V au va o sang +10V tren tu
ien C
6
tai ngo ra V+. Bo bien oi th hai dung tu ie n C
7
e ao m c ien ap +10V
sang 10V tre n tu ie n C
4
tai ngo ra V-.
Mot lng nho cong suat tai cac ngo ra +10V (V+) va 10V (V-) se b rut bt pha n
phat cho ma ch ien ben ngoai, V+ va V- se kho ng ieu chnh c, nen sut a p ngo ra
va tang dong tai.
Cac bo em RS-232: bien o song ien ap ngo ra ien hnh la 8V khi mang ta i
danh nh 5K cu a bo nhan RS-232 va nguon ca p V
CC
= 5V. Bien o song ra c
a m bao ap ng tieu chuan EIA/TIA 232E va V.28 co cac m c ngo ra bo em toi
thie u ba ng 5V trong ieu kien xa u nhat. ieu kien xau nhat nay co n co the con co
mot tai toi thieu 3K vi nguo n cap V
CC
= +4,5V va nhiet o la m viec th ln nhat.
Khoang pham vi ie n a p ngo ra bo e m luc khong ta i t (V+ -1,3V) en (V-
+0,5V).
Ca c ngng a u vao tng thch cho ca hai loai tai TTL va CMOS. Ca c au vao
khong c du ng en th bo trong (khong ke t noi) v a co ca c ien tr keo le n 400K
c noi san len V
CC
. Ca c ien tr ke o len bat buo c cac au ra cu a ca c bo e m khong
dung en m c thap v tat ca cac bo em la e m ao. Cac ien tr keo len ben trong
co do ng nguon ca p khoa ng 12A. Toc o bien oi bien o au ra bo e m c gii han
PHAN V
- 161 -
thap hn 30V/s theo a c tnh ky thuat cu a chuan EIA/TIA-232E va V.28. Mot toc o
ien hnh la 24V/s khong tai va 10V/s khi co tai 3 va 2500pF.
Cac bo nhan RS-232: cac ac tnh ky thuat cu a EIA/TIA-232E va V.28 nh ngha
m c logic 0 ng vi mot m c ien ap ln hn 3V cho tat ca ca c bo nha n a o. Ca c
ng ng au vao c at m c 0,8V va 2,4V v vay cac bo nha n tng ng vi ca c
a u vao loai TTL cung nh cac mc cu a EIA/TIA-232E va V.28.
Ca c au vao bo nhan co the chu c mot m c qua ie n ap len ti 25V va cung
cap cac ien tr a u cuoi danh nh 5K en ca c ngo vao.
Mc ien ap ngo vao bo nhan la 0,5V thay the cho mc 0,2V. Viec nay lam xo a
sa ch chuyen tiep a u ra bang ca c tn hie u vao thay oi cham, tham ch con co the la
mot nhieu. Thi gian tre cua truyen at bang bo nhan khoang 600ns va no o c la p vi
hng cu a bien o song au vao.

KHOI VI IEU KHIEN AT89C51:
Khoi nay la trung tam ieu khien cu a toa n bo mo hnh thi co ng. Bao gom mot IC
AT89C51, ke m theo bo phan tao xung nhp va mach ien ta o chc nang Reset cho
mach ieu khien.

IC AT89C51:

PHAN V
- 162 -
AT89C51 la con vi ieu khie n CMOS 8-bit kha nang cao vi cong suat thap, co 4
Kbytes cho lap trnh Flash va bo nh ch oc co the xo a (PEROM). Linh kien nay
tng thch vi chuan cong nghiep co ta p le nh cu a 8051 va s o chan. Bo nh co the
lap trnh Flash tren chip cho phep nh chng trnh nhanh cho ng dung bo lap trnh bo
nh kho ng boc hi nh PG302 va bo ghep noi la p trnh ADT87. Nh vie c ghep mot
CPU 8-bit chuan cong nghiep vao trong mot chip nguye n khoi a lam cho AT89C51 tr
thanh mot IC ie u khien manh cung cap nhieu giai pha p co tnh linh hoat va gia ca h p
ly cho ca c ng dung ieu khie n.
AT89C51 cung ca p ca c ch c nang sau:
~ 4 Kbytes of bo nh lap trnh Flash
~ 128 bytes of RAM
~ 32 ng xuat nhap
~ hai bo e m/nh thi 16-bit
~ na m vector vi hai m c u tien ngat
~ cong noi tiep hoat ong che o song co ng
~ ma ch tao dao ong va xung nhp co tre n chip
Ngoai ra, AT89C51 con c thiet ke vi m c logic tnh cho ca c ng dung giam
tan so en zero va ho tr cho phep cho n la ca c che o tiet kiem na ng lng. Ta goi o
la che o gia m nguon vi CPU van cho phep RAM, timer/counters, port noi tiep va he
thong ngat la m viec. Che o gia m nguon tiet kiem RAM nhng co la p bo dao ong va
nh va y ca c ch c na ng khac cu ng ngng cho en khi phan c ng c reset.
Nguon xung Clock: gom mot khoi thach anh 12MHz va hai tu o n nh 30pF.

Mach ien reset:

PHAN V
- 163 -

KHOI AT TOC O TREN KIT:
Khoi nay gom mot IC ADC0809 la m nhie m vu chuyen m c ien a p at sang dang
so va nha p vao cho kit qua port 1. Phan i kem go m co IC 74LS393 la m nhiem vu ta o
xung nhp clock cho ADC. Mot bien tr loai volume 10K . ADC 0809 dung chan P2.0
cu a AT89C51 lam nguon phat xung START.

IC ADC0809:
Mo ta chung:
ADC0809 la mot linh kien CMOS nguyen khoi co mot bo bien oi 8-bit dang
tng t sang dang so , bo chon 8 kenh va ieu khien logic tng thch vi bo x ly 8-
bit. Bo bien oi A/D 8-bit dung ca c xap x lien tiep nh mot ky thuat bien oi. Bo bien
oi co ac trng mot bo so sanh ca n ba ng ba m tong tr cao. Mot bo chia ien ap 256
ien tr, ca y chuye n mach tng t va mo t thanh ghi xap x lien tiep. Mot bo chon
kenh ta m ng cho phep nhap bat ky mot trong 8 kenh tn hieu tng t a vao.
Linh kien bo qua vie c phai chnh ve zero hay chnh nh toan thang o t ben
ngoai. Viec giao tiep de dang vi cac bo vi x ly nh vie c chot va ma ho a ca c au va o
a ch chon kenh va ca c ngo ra TTL ba tra ng thai c chot.
Viec thiet ke ra ADC0809 a c toi u nh ket h p hau het ca c mat manh cu a
mot vai ky thuat bien oi A/D.
Kha nang cu a ADC0809 co the cho to c o bien oi cao, o chnh xa c cao, s phu
thuoc nhiet o toi thieu, o chnh xac lam viec la u dai, kha nang lam viec lap lai va
PHAN V
- 164 -
tieu thu t cong suat. Nhng a c tnh na y a la m cho no thch h p cho cac ng dung t
ieu khie n ma y moc va x ly en ca c ng du ng trong t o ng va tie u dung.
Cac ac trng:
De dang giao tiep vi cac vi x ly.
Hoat ong co tnh t le hoa c vi 5 V
DC
hoa c chuan ien ap c ieu
chnh theo t ng khoang tng t.
Khong yeu cau phai chnh zero hay toan thang.
Chon kenh bang ca c ng a ch bieu dien theo mc logic
Pha m vi ien ap ngo vao 0V5V bang mot nguon n 5V.
Ca c ngo ra a p ng c ac tnh ky thua t mc ien ap TTL.
o ng goi dang o khuon 28 cha n hoa c kn theo tieu chuan.
o ng goi mang chip c u c lai thanh khoi 28 chan.
ADC0809 tng ng vi MM74C949-1.
Cac ac tnh ky thuat chnh:
o phan gia i: 8 bit.
Sai so khong hieu chnh tong cong: LSB va 1 LSB.
Nguon n: 5 V
DC
.
Cong suat tha p: 15mW.
Thi gian bie n oi: 100s.
S o khoi:
PHAN V
- 165 -

ieu khie n & nh thi
S.A.R.
(Thanh ghi xa p x lien tie p)
Cay chuyen mach
Thang ien tr 256 R
Bo em
chot ngo ra
ba trang
thai
Cac chuyen
mach tng
t cho n
ke nh trong
tam ng
Bo giai
ma va
chot a
ch
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
o o
C
a
c

a
u

r
a

8
-
b
i
t

8

a
u

v
a
o

t
n
g

t
a

c
h

3
-
b
i
t

Cho phep chot
a ch
V
CC
GND
REF (+)
REF (-)
Cho phep
xuat
Bo so sanh
8 bit A/D
Ket thuc bien oi
(ngat)
K
h
o
n
g

X
u
n
g

n
h
p

PHAN V
- 166 -
S o chan:

ac tnh ky thuat:

Ky hieu Thong so ieu kien Toi
thieu
ien hnh Toi a n
v
V
REF+
ien a p cao nhat
cu a thang o
V
CC
V
CC
+0,1 V
V
REF-
ien a p thap nhat
cu a thang o
-0,1 0 V
I
IN
Dong va o f
CLK
=640kHz -2 0,5 2 A
V
IN(1)
ien a p vao logic 1 V
CC
1,5 V
V
IN(0)
ien a p vao logic 0 1,5 V
V
OUT(1)
ien a p ra logic 1 I
OUT
=-360A V
CC
0,4

V
V
OUT(0)
ien a p ra logic 0 I
OUT
=1,6mA 0,45 V
f
CLK
Tan so xung clock 10 640 1280 kHz
t
EOC
Thi gian delay
EOC
(Xem gian
o xung)
0 8+2s Chu
ky
clock
t
C
Thi gian bie n oi f
CLK
=640kHz 90 100 116 s
t
WS
o ro ng xung Start
toi thieu
(Xem gian
o thi gian)
100 200 Ns
t
ALE
o ro ng xung ALE
toi thieu
(Xem gian
o thi gian)
100 200 Ns
PHAN V
- 167 -

Mo ta chc nang:
Bo chon kenh (Multiplexer): linh kien ch a bo chon kenh ta m ng tng t.
Moi mot kenh au vao c cho n bang s du ng mot bo giai ma a ch. Bang sau ch ra
cac tra ng thai ca c ng a ch e chon ra c kenh mong muon.

Kenh chon ADD C ADD B ADD A
IN0 L L L
IN1 L L H
IN2 L H L
IN3 L H H
IN4 H L L
IN5 H L H
IN6 H H L
IN7 H H H

a ch c chot vao trong bo giai ma luc xuat hien canh len cu a tn hieu cho
phep chot a ch ALE.

ac tnh chuyen oi (Converter characteristics): Thanh ghi xap x lien tiep
(SAR,Successive Approximation Register) cua bo bien oi A/D c reset tai canh len
cu a xung Start (bat a u chuye n oi). S chuyen oi c bat au tai ca nh xuo ng cu a
xung Start. Qua trnh chuyen oi se b ngat ne u nhan c mo t xung Start mi. S
chuyen oi lien tiep co the c thc hien bang ca ch noi ngo ra EOC (End Of Convert,
ket thuc chuyen oi) va o ngo Start. Neu s dung che o nay, mot xung Start ben
ngoai phai c cung cap sau khi bat nguo n. Xung EOC se xuong mc thap sau canh
len cua xung Start t 0 en 8 xung clock va len mc cao khi viec chuye n oi a xong.

Bieu thc chuyen oi:
Trong he tho ng chuye n oi mang tnh t le, ien a p ngo vao cu a ADC0809 c
cho bi phng trnh:
MIN MAX
X
Z fs
IN
D D
D
V V
V

Trong o:
V
IN
= ien ap au va o ADC0809
V
fs
= ien a p toan thang
V
Z
= ien ap zero
D
X
= ie m ang xac nh so lieu
PHAN V
- 168 -
D
MAX
=gii han to i a so lieu
D
MIN
=gii ha n toi thieu so lieu.
S chuye n tiep gi a ca c ma so lieu N va N+1 c cho bi:
V
IN
=
) ( ) ( ) (
512
1
256
) (
+
+
)
`
+
REF TUE REF REF
V V
N
V V
D lieu so ngo ra oi vi mot au va o tuy y la mot so nguyen N na m trong ta m:
N = 256
) ( ) (
) (
REF REF
REF IN
V V
V V
o chnh xac tuyet oi.
Trong o:
V
IN
= ien ap tao ngo va o bo so sanh
V
REF(+)
= ien ap tai cha n REF(+)
V
REF(-)
= ien ap tai chan REF(-)
V
TUE
= ien a p sai lech khong ieu chnh to ng cong (ie n hnh
V
REF(+)
512)
Trong ma ch thi cong, ADC0809 dung e chuye n oi tn hieu a t c a va o
kenh IN0 t bien tr at to c o 10K, tn hieu ngo ra c a ra tam ng truyen
ve port 1 cu a AT89C51 nh tren s o khoi.

Gian o thi gian:

PHAN V
- 169 -
IC 74LS393:

Chan QA chia oi xung a vao chan A.
Chan QB chia bon xung a va o chan A.
Chan QC chia ta m xung a va o chan A.
Chan QD chia mi sau xung a va o chan A.
Lay xung ra tren chan QA lam xung nhp cho ADC0809.
Bien tr volume 10K : bien tr na y du ng e at toc o cho ong c. Bien tr co
ba chan, mot cha n c noi V
CC
= 5V, mot cha n noi xuo ng masse, chan co n lai lam
chan chon ap ra trong khoang t 0V5V.
Khi mc ien ap c cho n th tn hieu ien ap at nay c a vao ke nh IN0
cu a ADC0809. Phan viec tiep theo la cu a ADC0809.

KHOI HIEN TH:
Khoi nay go m mot IC 7447, giai ma so BCD, lai mot bo led bay oan bo n con,
loai anode chung. Pha n mach ke o do ng cho led dung transistor PNP so hieu A1015 co
cac ien tr phan cc 1K va 10K.
Tren hnh, phan ngo vao cu a bay tn hieu {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} cho led bay oan ta
dung ie n tr day han dong 330 (tre n hnh khong co ve cac ie n tr nay). Cha n so
na m the hien dau thap phan khong dung, e trong (ky hie u dau X).
A1015 so hieu thay the: ECG290A, so trang: 1-48.
Mo ta: T-PNP, Si, AF PO, P
D
0,6W.
Chi tiet:
Mo ta & ng dung: PNP-Si, AF Pwr Amp.
Collector To Base Volts BV
CBO
= 100V.
Collector To Emitter Volts BV
CEO
= 80V.
PHAN V
- 170 -
Base To Emitter Volts BV
EBO
= 5V.
Max. Collector Current I
C
Amps = 0,5A.
Max. Device Diss. P
D
watts = 0,5 W (T
A
= 25
0
C).
Freq. in MHz f
t
= 120.
Current Gain h
FE
= 100 min
Vo : TO-92
Linh kien thay the:A1014FA-1, A1015, A1015-0, A1015FA-0, A1015-G, A1015G
(Trans), A1015-GR, A1015GR, A1015GRL (Trans), A1015L (Trans), A1015-O,
A1015-OFA (Trans), A1015-Y, A1015-YFA (Trans), A1015YL (Trans),

Tnh tr han dong keo led:
Khi transistor A1015 dan, sut ap tre n E-C ba ng 0,2V.
Gan ung coi sut a p tren moi oa n bang 1,4V.
Chon dong qua mo i oan led bang 10mA.
PHAN V
- 171 -
Ap at tren ien tr ha n dong: 5 - 1,4 0,2 = 3,4V
Tr so tr han dong se ba ng: 3,4V / 0,01A =340.
Chon ien tr bang 330.
Toan bo 7 oa n sang, dong ien qua A1015:107= 70mA < (I
C.MAX
= 500mA).

Hnh ve e tnh toa n ien tr ha n do ng cho LED 7 oan dung A1015.
(Lu y: ien han dong khong ve tren s o ma ch e de nhn.)

PHAN V
- 172 -
KHOI MACH ONG C:

Ca c linh kien ma ch go m:
Diode chuyen mach cua Relay va ong c loai:
Chon loai 1N4007 co cac thong so:
1N4007 ECG125 /1-109.
Mo ta: R-Si, 1000 PRV, 2,5A.
Gen. Purp. Rect. Si
Peak Reverse Voltage PRV Max V = 1000
Average Rectified Forward Current I
o
Max = 2,5A at 25
0
C Lead Temp
Forward Voltage Drop Max V
F
= 0,8V at 1A.
1N4006, 1N4006G, 1N4006GP, 1N4006ID, 1N4006S, 1N4006SG, 1N4007,
1N4007G, 1N4007GP, 1N4007ID, 1N4007S, 1N4007SG,
Relay DPDT: chon loai 5V, 8 cha n.
PHAN V
- 173 -
Chon khoa chuyen mach cho Relay la D468:
D468 ECG293 /1-48
T-NPN, Si, AF PO, P
D
0,75W
AF Pwr Amp
BV
CBO
= 60V
BV
CEO
= 50
BV
EBO
= 5
I
C
Max =1A
P
D
= 1W(heat sink) & 0,75W(T
A
= 25
0
C)
f
t
= 200MHz
h
FE
= 120 min
T-16
D468, D468A, D468B, D468C, D471, D571,
Ghep Darlington: chon 2N2222 & 2SC1061.
2N2222 ECG123A /1-43
T-NPN, Si, AF/RF Amp, Sw
BV
CBO
75V
BV
CEO
40V
BV
EBO
6V
I
C
Max 0,8A
P
D
0,5W (T
A
=25
0
C)
f
t
300MHz
h
FE
200 (typ.)
TO-18
2N2220, 2N2220A, 2N2221, 2N2221A, 2N2222, 2N2222/A, 2N2222A, 2N2224,
2N2236, 2N2237, 2N2242, 2N2244, 2N2245, 2N2246, 2N2247, 2N2248, 2N2249,
2N2250, 2N2253, 2N2254, 2N2255, 2N2256, 2N2257, 2N2272,

2SC1061 ECG152 /1-43
T-NPN, Si, AF PO (AF Pwr Output)
BV
CBO
60V
BV
CEO
60V
BV
EBO
5V
I
C
Max 7A
P
D
50W
f
t
10MHz
h
FE
60 (typ.)
TO-220
PHAN V
- 174 -
2SC1060, 2SC1060A, 2SC1060B, 2SC1060BM, 2SC1060C, 2SC1060D, 2SC1061,
2SC1061A, 2SC1061B, 2SC1061BT, 2SC1061C, 2SC1061D, 2SC1061K, 2SC1061KA,
2SC1061KB, 2SC1061KC, 2SC1061KD, 2SC1061T, 2SC1061T-B, 2SC1061TB,
Tnh toan mach o ng c:
Chon ong c trong mo hnh loai 6V, kch t nam cham, dong ie n 550mA.
Chon transistor 2SC1061 (I
max
= 7A > 550mA).
h
FE
= 60 I
B
= 550/60 9mA.
Chon transistor 2N2222 (I
max
= 800mA > 9mA)
R
C
= 470
V
Rc
= 4709 4,2V
h
FE(2N2222)
= 200 I
B(tnh toan)
= 9/200 0,045mA.
I
B(2N2222)
=
k
V V
10
8 , 0 5
0,42mA > 0,045mA.

Tnh toan mach ieu khien Relay: chon loai D468 (I
Cmax
= 1A).
ien tr Relay: R
cd(Relay)
= 200.
I
C(tnh toan)
= I
cd(Relay)
=
200
) 2 , 0 5 ( V V
= 240mA < 1000mA.
h
FE
= 120 I
B(tnh toan)
=
120
240mA
= 2mA < 4,4mA.
I
B(D468)
=
k
V V
1
) 6 , 0 5 (
= 4,4mA. (chon tr han dong 1k).
PHAN V
- 175 -

Tnh toan mach led phat thu:
* ma ch phat:
Do ng qua led chon 8mA, tr han do ng: R
hd
=
mA
V V
8
) 4 , 1 5 (
= 470.
* ma ch thu:

PHAN V
- 176 -

4GII THIEU VE CHOPPER HAI-PHAN T , CAC CHOPPER NHIEU PHA
VA CHOPPER THYRISTOR VA MACH IEU KHIEN CHOPPER:
CHOPPER HAI-PHAN T:
Chopper co hai che o la m vie c la che o gia m ap va che o tang a p. Ca u hnh mach
trong moi che o hoat ong a c xet tre n [Chng 2, mu c D, trang 36]. S khac
nhau ve ma ch ien trong moi che o la v tr cu a diode va van ieu khien ong ngat.
Hai che o hoat ong cu a mot chopper hai-phan t nh c ve trong hai hnh
tren. ay cung la hnh ve cho mot ng du ng ieu khie n toc o ong c DC tieu bieu.
o ng c phan ien ap tha p cua chopper va nguo n DC cung ca p phan cao a p. C c
tnh cua ien ap cam ng cua o ng c phu thuoc va o chieu quay cu a no. Trong hai hnh

+

C
1
L
1
S
1
S
2
V
1
L
2
R
2
V
S
i
2
(b) Chopper hoat o ng hoat ong che o giam ap (truye n ong)
+

+

C
1
L
1
S
1
S
2

X
+ Y
Z
V
1
L
2
R
2
V
S
i
2
(a) Chopper hoat o ng che o ta ng ap (ha m)
+
i
1
i
S1
i
S2
v
S2

Hnh PL.4.1 Hai che o la m vie c cu a chopper hai-phan t.
PHAN V
- 177 -
tren, o ng c se quay vi chieu khong oi va v the nen se co mot ien ap cung c c
tnh. Tren hnh PL.4.1 (b), ong c se truyen ong cho mot ma y san xuat ne n no se
nhan cong suat t nguon qua bo chopper, do ng ien co chieu nh tren hnh ve va ta coi
a y la chieu dng quy c. Tren hnh PL.4.1 (a) la trang thai ong c ang ha m tai
sinh, dong ie n se c coi la am theo quy c tre n. Bieu die n ca c iem lam vie c cu a
hai che o nay len tru c toa o co tru c tung bieu dien ien ap ong c va dong ong c
ba ng tru c hoanh.
Hnh PL.4.2 Cac phan t hoat ong cu a chopper hai-pha n t.
Mot chopper la m vie c c ca hai che o goi la mot chopper hai-phan t.
Co hai ca ch e thc hien chuye n che o la m viec cho mo t chopper hai-pha n t la
dung tiep iem c kh hoac tiep iem tnh (dung phoi hp cac linh kien ban dan).
Phan t I:
Chopper lam viec che o
truyen o ng (giam ap).
Phan t II:
Chopper lam viec che o
ham (tang a p).
V
S
I
2

V
1
+
+
V
S
L
1
C
1
G
1

G
2
S
1

S
2
D
1

D
2
L
2
R
2
Chopper hai-pha n t dung IGBT.

X

Y

Z
1

2

3

4
1 X
2 Y
3 Y
4 Z
(GIAM AP)
3 X
4 Y
1 Y
2 Z
(TANG AP)
Chopper hai-pha n t dung tiep ie m c kh.
PHAN V
- 178 -
CHOPPER NHIEU PHA:
Chopper nhieu pha la mot bo chopper co hai hoac nhieu hn ca c chopper hoa t
ong song song va co o dch pha tng ho vi nhau. Tat ca cac chopper e u giong
nhau, hoat o ng cung tan so ong cat va chu ky la m vie c. Tuy nhien, gi a cac chu ky
co o lech pha vi nhau. Viec s dung ca u hnh ma ch chopper nhieu pha se mang lai
mot so u ie m. au tien la tan so dong ien nhap nho cao hn nen de da ng loai bo .
Moi chopper trong bo chopper m-pha co tan so ong cat va chu ky lam viec. Kha c
nhau la ie m bat a u chu ky ong cat cu a chopper 2 se cha m hn so vi choppper 1
khoang thi gian T/m gia y tng ng vi mo t go c tre pha 360
0
/m. Tng t , ie m ba t
a u chu ky ong cat chopper 3 cham hn chopper 2 mot goc dch pha bang 360
0
/m va
tiep tuc cho en chopper th m. o dch pha na y co ta c du ng la m tang tan so nha p nho
cu a dong ien tai. So pha cang ln th tan so nay ca ng ln: ta n so nha p nho do ng ien
tai ngo ra ga p m lan ta n so ong cat cua chopper oi vi bo chopper m-pha.
Giai tch che o giam ap cua bo chopper m-pha:
Xet ta i R-L (coi V
S
= 0), gia thiet mach chopper a hoat ong xa c lap. So chopper
se c chuyen ma ch ON tai bat k thi iem nao tuy thuo c va o chu ky la m vie c D.
Lu y rang dong ien tai co ta n so nhap nho do ng ie n gap m la n tan so chuyen
mach cu a chopper.

V
1
+
V
S
L
1
C
1
Bo chopper m-pha hoa t ong che o gia m ap.

+
> >> >
< << <
> >> >
< << <

1 2 m
L
2
R
2
L
2
R
2
L
2
R
2
L
S
R
S
D
1
D
2
D
m
S
1
S
2
S
m
i
1
i
2
i
m
i
S
= i
1
+ i
2
++ i
m

P

N
PHAN V
- 179 -
Neu 0 < D < 1/m, co mo t qua ng thi gian ma trong o mot chopper nao o se m
ON va cac chopper kha c c t ha nh (freewheeling). Dong ie n trong pha chopper
m ON se tang len co n ca c pha chopper kha c se giam xuong. Trong khoang thi gian
na y dong ien tong se tang len mot bie n o nh, ky hieu bang I
p
. Noi tiep o la mot
quang thi gian kha c trong o tat ca cac chopper chuyen ma ch sang OFF va toan bo
cac dong m-pha se t ha nh. Trong suot quang thi gian nay, do ng ien to ng se giam ve
bien o ay, ky hieu bang I
v
. Nh vay, cau hnh mach chopper se lien tuc thay oi theo
hai che o da n dong nay: mot chopper ON, dong tai tang len va tiep o chopper o tat
OFF th dong tai giam xuong.

Neu 1/m < D < 2/m, trng hp nay tng t trng hp tren, se co hai che o dan
dong ng vi hai ca u hnh mach chopper:
1. Hai chopper ong thi chuyen ma ch m ON va tat ca ca c pha chopper con lai la t
ha nh; trong suot qua ng thi gian nay, dong ien se tang len gia tr dong ien nh I
p
.
2. Ch mot chopper chuyen mach m ON va ca c pha chopper khac t ha nh; trong suot
quang thi gian nay, dong tai se gia m ve bie n o ay I
v
.

Neu 2/m < D < 3/m, la p lua n tng t ta cung co hai che o dan do ng:
1. Ba chopper chuyen mach m ON th do ng ta i se tang len gia tr nh I
p
.
2. ch hai chopper chuye n ma ch m ON th do ng tai se gia m ve bien o ay I
v
.

Tiep tuc qua trnh la p luan theo ca ch nay, ta co the tong quat ho a cho bat ky gia
tr nao cu a D, nh sau:
Ne u (p 1)/m < D < p/m , trong o p la so nguyen nho hn hoa c ba ng m; se co hai che
o dan:
1. p chopper se chuyen mach m ON, va dong ien se tang len nh I
p
.
2. Ch (p 1) pha chopper chuyen ma ch m ON, va do ng tai se gia m xuong bie n o
a y I
v
.

Phng trnh ma ch trong trng hp p pha chopper chuyen mach m ON, (m p)
pha chopper kha c t hanh (hnh ve tren). Ta gia thiet cac pha dan la 1. . . p va ca c pha
t hanh la p+1 . . . m. Bo lo c ngo vao L
1
C
1
c gia s la l tng e ie n ap ngo
va o V
1
c xem la ha ng so. Ta co:
1
1
2 1 2
V
dt
di
L i R
dt
di
L i R
S
S S S
= + + + (PL.4.1)(1)
1
2
2 2 2
V
dt
di
L i R
dt
di
L i R
S
S S S
= + + + (PL.4.1)(2)
. . . . . .
PHAN V
- 180 -
1 2 2
V
dt
di
L i R
dt
di
L i R
S
S S S
p
p
= + + + (PL.4.1)(p)
0
1
2 1 2
= + + +
+
+
dt
di
L i R
dt
di
L i R
S
S S S
p
p
(PL.4.1)(p+1)
. . . . . .
0
2 2
= + + +
dt
di
L i R
dt
di
L i R
S
S S S
m
m
(PL.4.1)(m)
Cong ca c phng trnh t (PL.4.1)(1) en (PL.4.1)(m) ve theo ve co:
' ' ' V
dt
di
L i R
S
S
= + (PL.4.2)
Trong o:
R = R
2
+ mR
S
(PL.4.3)
L = L
2
+ mL
S
(PL.4.4)
V = pV
1
(PL.4.5)
Phng trnh (PL.4.2) ung trong phan tang len cu a dong tai, tng ng vi p
chopper m ON. Chu ky na y ke o dai t luc ON cu a p chopper e n thi iem chuyen
mach tat OFF cu a mot chopper. Ky hie u chu ky tang cu a dong ien tai bang T
r
, ta co:
)
1
(
1
m
p
D T T
m
p
DT T
r
= (PL.4.6)
Chon go c thi gian tai thi iem bat a u tang cu a chu ky tang, tc la lu c p
chopper chuyen ma ch m ON, ieu kie n au cho phng trnh (PL.4.2) se la:
i
S
= I
v
luc t = 0 (PL.4.7)
Giai phng trnh vi pha n (PL.4.2) vi cac ieu kien a neu, ap so la:
) 1 (
'
'
/ / t t
v S
e
R
V
e I i

+ = (PL.4.8)
Trong o:
= L/R (PL.4.9)
Do ng ie n nh xua t hien tai t = T
r
. Suy ra:
) 1 (
'
'
/ /
r r
T T
v p
e
R
V
e I I

+ = (PL.4.10)

Trong o, T
r
c tnh ra t phng trnh (PL.4.6).

Chu ky suy giam cua dong ien tai:
Trong chu ky gia m cu a dong ien, ch co (p 1) pha chopper chuyen ma ch ON va
con lai toa n bo cac pha chopper kha c t hanh (freewheeling). Qua ng chu ky nay se
keo dai t pha chopper 1 chuyen ma ch tat OFF en khi pha chopper (p + 1) chuye n
mach m ON. Ky hieu quang thi gian nay bang T
f
, ta co:
PHAN V
- 181 -
) ( D
m
p
T DT T
m
p
T
f
= = (PL.4.11)
Phng trnh mac li trong quang chu ky suy giam dong ien cu ng tng t nh
cach viet phng trnh mach trong khoang chu ky tang le n cua dong tai. S khac nhau
ay la ch co (p 1) phng trnh co ch a pha n t nguo n V
1
trong ve phai cu a phng
trnh vi phan (tng ng v i [p 1] pha chopper chuye n mach m ON)trong he m
phng trnh ong th i, co n lai co thanh phan ve phai phng trnh ba ng zero (tng
ng vi trng hp t ha nh OFF). Phng trnh dong ien tai co the rut ra bang ca ch
cong tat ca m phng trnh tren:
' ' ' ' V
dt
di
L i R
S
S
= + (PL.4.12)
Trong o:
V = (p 1)V
1
(PL.4.13)
R = R
2
+ mR
S
( PL.4.3)
L = L
2
+ mL
S
( PL.4.4)
Chon go c thi gian ta i luc bat au khoang chu ky suy gia m, ie u kien au cu a
phng trnh (PL.4.12) se la:
i
S
= I
p
tai thi iem t = 0 (PL.4.14)
Giai phng trnh vi pha n (PL.4.12) vi ieu kien au (PL.4.14) cho ta bieu thc
dong ien tai trong khoa ng chu ky suy giam dong ien tai:
) 1 (
'
' '
/ / t t
p S
e
R
V
e I i

+ = (PL.4.15)
Dong ie n tai gia m xuong bie n o ay tai thi iem t = T
f
. Ta co:
) 1 (
'
' ' / /
f f
T T
p v
e
R
V
e I I

+ = (PL.4.16)
Ca c phng trnh (PL.4.10) va (PL.4.16) la hai phng trnh ong thi, giai he
na y vi hai bie n la I
p
va I
v
c:
|
|
\
|

m T
m T T
p
e
e e
p
R
V
I
r
/
/ /
1
1 '
(PL.4.17)
|
|
\
|
m T
T
v
e
e
p
R
V
I
f
/
/
1
1
1
'
(PL.4.18)
Trong cac phng trnh tren, p la mot so nguyen nho hn m, phu thuoc vao chu ky
lam viec va se c xa c nh dung quan he sau:
m
p
D
m
p
< <
1
(PL.4.19)
T/m la chu ky nha p nho do ng ie n tai, tnh ba ng:
T/m = T
r
+ T
f
(PL.4.20)

Cac thanh phan DC cua ien ap va dong ien tai:
PHAN V
- 182 -
Xem hnh mach chopper m-pha gia m ap tren, lu y V
S
= 0. Tat ca cac pha
chopper se cung cap dong ie n song song ra tai. T so gia m ap cua moi pha chopper
va n la D (ket qua cu a pha n chopper 1-pha hay chopper n a c khao sat trong
phan I, chng 2, mu c D, trang 36). Tren hnh chopper m-pha gia m a p cua phu lu c na y,
mot ie n tr R
2
(ien tr cuo n san phang L
2
) se gay mot sut ap tre n no. Ta ky hieu
thanh pha n DC cu a dong ien tai bang I
d
. Thanh pha n DC cu a moi pha chopper se la
I
d
/m.
Thanh pha n DC cu a ien ap tai tre n hai c c P-N cu a moi pha chopper la:
V
PN
= DV
1
R
2
I
d
/m (PL.4.21)
V
PN
= I
d
R
S
(PL.4.22)
T (PL.4.21) va (PL.4.22) ta rut ra c I
d
va V
PN
bang:
m R R
DV
I
S
d
/
2
1
+
= (PL.4.23)
m R R
R DV
V
S
S
PN
/
2
1
+
= (PL.4.24)
Th du minh ho a:
Mot bo chopper 4-pha hnh sau la m vie c tan so 250Hz va chu ky la m viec D =
70%. Ca c d lieu kha c la R
2
= 0,4; L
2
= 2mH; R
S
= 2,4; L
S
= 4,5mH va ie n ap va o
V
1
= 200V. Tnh nhap nho nh-nh do ng tai, tan so nhap nho dong tai, thanh pha n DC
ap tai tre n R
S
, thanh pha n DC dong tai, suy ra phan tra m dong nhap nho so vi tha nh
phan dong tai DC.
Qua trnh tnh toan nh sau:

Chu ky chopper: T = 1/f =4ms.
So pha: m =4 va chu ky la m vie c: D = 0,7.
T (PL.4.19) p = 3.
PHAN V
- 183 -
T (PL.4.6) chu ky tang dong tai: T
r
= 4(0,7 0,5) = 0,8ms.
T (PL.4.11) chu ky gia m do ng tai: T
f
= 4(0,75 0,7) = 0,2ms.
Chu ky nha p nho tong cu a dong tai la: T/m = T
r
+ T
f
= 1,0ms.
Do o tan so nha p nho dong ien tai bang 1000Hz, gap bon lan tan so chopper.
T (PL.4.3) va (PL.4.4)
R = 0,4 + 42,4 = 10.
L = 2 + 44,5 = 20mA.
Thi ha ng ba ng = 20/10 = 2ms.
The gia tr so vao (PL.4.17) va (PL.4.18) suy ra:
Ca c gia tr do ng nh va ay:
I
p
= 56,76A.
I
v
= 55,16A.
Do ng ie n tai nhap nho nh nh bang: 56,76 55,16 =1,6A.
The gia tr so vao (PL.4.24) suy ra:
Thanh pha n DC cu a a p tai at tren tr R
S
ba ng:
V V
PN
4 , 134
1 , 0 4 , 2
4 , 2 200 7 , 0
=
+

=
The gia tr so vao (PL.4.23) suy ra:
Thanh pha n DC cu a dong ie n tai bang:
. 56
1 , 0 4 , 2
200 7 , 0
A I
d
=
+
=
Pha n tram cu a o nha p nho so vi thanh pha n DC do ng tai bang:
o nhap nho nh_nh dong tai = 1,6/56 = 0,0286 = 2,86%.

Tai co nguon sc ien ong ngc:
Trong ca c ng dung th du nh ieu khien toc o ong ien DC th se luon co mot
sc ie n o ng na m tre n mach tai (thng ky hieu bang V
S
). Khi mot bo chopper nhie u
pha ie u khien mot tai nh the co the phan tch m rong da tren pha n a giai tch cho
loai ta i khong co nguo n s c ie n ong (tai R-L) tren. Gia s do ng ien lien tu c trong
moi pha chopper. m phng trnh mac li t (PL.4.1)(1) en (PL.4.1)(m) c viet lai
nhng co bo sung thanh phan V
S
vao ve phai cu a ca c phng trnh. Cac phng trnh
mi co the c giai tng t nh phan tai khong co s c ie n o ng ma ch tai, ket qua
rut ra do ng nh va a y bang:
|
|
\
|

+ =

m T
m T T
S
p
e
e e
p
R
V
R
mV
I
r
/
/ /
1
1 ' '
(PL.4.25)
|
|
\
|
+ =

m T
T
S
v
e
e
p
R
V
R
mV
I
f
/
/
1
1
1
' '
(PL.4.26)
Ngng xuat hien cua che o dong khong lien tuc:
Lap ang th c I
v
= 0, t (PL.4.26) suy ra:
PHAN V
- 184 -
|
|
\
|
m T
T
S
e
e
p
m V
V
f
/
/
1
1
1 1
(PL.4.27)
Th du minh ho a:
Tiep tuc th du tren, nhng bay gi tai co them mot sc ien o ng V
S
= 100V. ca c
thong so kha c khong thay oi.
(a). Tnh ca c dong nh va a y, nha p nho nh nh cu a dong o ng c.
(b). Tnh V
S
ngng ma tai o che o dong khong lien tu c bat au xuat hien.
Qua trnh tnh toan nh sau:
Thay ca c gia tr so vao (PL.4.25) va (PL.4.26) co:
I
p
= 16,76A.
I
v
= 15,16A.
o nhap nho do ng nh nh ba ng: 16,76 15,16 = 1,6A.
Nha n xet: V
S
khong la m thay oi o nhap nho dong ie n nh nh.
Gia tr sc ie n o ng tai V
S
tai o che o do ng khong lien tu c xuat hien rut ra bang
cach la p ang th c I
v
= 0 hay the gia tr so vao (PL.4.27) suy ra:
V
S
= 137,9V.
Che o tang ap va cac bo chopper m-pha hai-phan t:
Ca u hnh ma ch cu a bo choppper nhie u pha tang ap c ve tng t nh chopper
n, ch can thay oi v tr cua linh kien ban da n co ie u khien va diode co ng suat.

Tren hnh, phan a p thap nam ben phai co nguon ap V
S
. Cau tao ma ch nh vay co
the dung ham tai sinh cho ong c DC trong ng du ng ieu khien toc o ong c du ng
chopper.
PHAN V
- 185 -

Hnh tren la mot v du bo chopper m-pha hai-pha n t du ng IGBT lam van ie u
khien. Trong o: L
S
, R
S
la ien ca m va ien tr ma ch tai; L
2
la ien cam san pha ng
ngo ra (moi chopper co rieng bo loc ngo ra nhng gia tr eu bang L
2
), R
2
la ien tr
cu a ien cam L
2
. Bo loc ngo vao la L
1
va C
1
. Bo chopper m-pha co m chopper giong
nhau nhng ch tan so ong cat b lech pha nhau go c pha 360
0
/m.

V
1
+
V
S
L
1
C
1
G
11

G
21
Bo chopper m-pha hai-phan t dung IGBT.
G
1m

G
2m
G
12

G
22

+
> >> >
< << <
> >> >
< << <

1 2 m
L
2
R
2
L
2
R
2
L
2
R
2
L
S
R
S
PHAN V
- 186 -

CHOPPER THYRISTOR:

MACH IEU KHIEN CHOPPER:

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TAI LIEU C SHARE TREN WEBSITE KYSUBACHKHOA.

- l c phat ong do ong c ien tao ra (N);

- mo men do ong c ien ta o ra (Nm);

- mo men o ng tao ra gia toc go c (Nm);

la mo men ga y chuye n ong, M

- toc o goc cu a ong c, (rad/s)

- mo men ong c, (Nm)

- dong ien phan ng cu a ong c, A;

- ien tr toa n bo ma ch phan ng, ;

- ien tr ma ch phan ng, ;

- ien tr cuon day phan ng, ;

= var; U = const; = const

thng co gia tr cang nho va dong

< (0,8 0,9)I

th toc o tang t thong cha m hn to c o ta ng

roi sau o khi tai ln (I

t (c) va thay va o (d):

= 0), theo (I.2.14) th tr so se vo cu ng ln. Th c te, do luo n co

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