1

,129$5($,1'8675,$/

1.1. 'HILQL LLLFDOVLILF UL

1.2. &kQGLGHFHLQRY P
1.3. QWUHSULQGHUHDLQRYDQW
1.4. Omul inovant
1.5. Tehnici de creativitate

QWUH DQLL
 L
 DL VHFROXOXL QRVWUX D DYXW ORF R DGHY UDW  UHYROX LH LQGXVWULDO

, care ar

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DSDUL LDXQRUUDPXULLQGXVWULDOHGRPLQDQWHQRL

R VFKLPEDUH vQ DFFHQWHOH DFWLYLW

LL GH PDQDJHPHQW RULHQWDW  DFX

m n primul rnd pe buna

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tehnologice care permit realizarea de produse personalizate.

R VFKLPEDUH D QDWXULL SURGXVHORU FDUH FRQ LQ FRPSRQHQWH SURYHQLQG GLQ UDPXUL

industriale

dintre cele mai diferite;

RUHGXFHUHGUDVWLF DFRVWXULORUGHIDEULFD LHvQFD]XODQXPHURDVHSURGXVH

RDPHOLRUDUHUDGLFDO DSHUIRUPDQ HORUSURFHVHORUGHIDEULFD LH

OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUD LH FD XQ IDFWRU GHWHUPLQDQW D LQWHUDF LXQLORU FX PHGLXO vQFRQMXU WRU L D
FHULQ HORUGHSURWHF LHDDFHVWXLD

)LJ6WUXFWXUDVLVWHPHORUWHKQRORJLFHvQSHULRDGDDQLORU
$L
%DLVHFROXOXLQRVWUX

'HILQL LLLFODVLILF

UL

Inovarea = a produce altceva sau a produce altfel (Schumpeter 1941).

Tipuri:

crearea unui nou produs;

LQWURGXFHUHDXQHLQRLPHWRGHGHIDEULFD LH

LQWUDUHDSHRSLD

DSHODUHDODRQRX PDWHULHSULP 

RQRX RUJDQL]DUHDILUPHL

QRX VDXFUHHUHDXQHLQRLSLH H

Inovarea = transferul unei noi idei sau a unui nou conFHSW SkQ

 OD VWDGLXO ILQDO DO

XQXLQRXSURGXVSURFHVVDXDFWLYLWDWHGHVHUYLFHDFFHSWDWHGHSLD

Inovarea = SURFHVXOJOREDOGHFUHDWLYLWDWHWHKQRORJLF LFRPHUFLDO 

Creativitatea = FDSDFLWDWHD GH D LGHQWLILFD QRL OHJ WXUL vQWUH HOHPHQWH RELHFWH
eveQLPHQWH OHJL  DSDUHQW I U  OHJ WXU  vQWUH HOH &UHDWLYLWDWHD LPSOLF 
vQWRWGHDXQD DGXFHUHD XQXL HOHPHQW GH QRXWDWH L HD HVWH SXQFWXO GH
SOHFDUHDOLQRY ULL

Creativitatea = un ansamblu complex de:  LGHL  PRGXUL GH JkQGLUH  DFWLYLW L  SURFHVH
(instrumente, tehnici, moduri de abordare),- UH]XOWDWH VROX LL OD SUREOHPH
VLVWHPHGHSURGXF LHSURGXVH
2LGHHFUHDWLY
XQLF

SULQFkWHYDGLQXUP WRDUHOHWU

WXUL

GLIHULW
DWLSLF
I

HVWHFDUDFWHUL]DW

FXW



DOWIHOGHFkWGHRELFHL

foaUWHSRWULYLW
JHQLDO

VFRSXOXL

&UHDWLYLWDWHDLPSOLF WUHLSDL

6HOHFWDUHDLQIRUPD LHLV YH]LFRSDFLLGLQS GXUH

5HDOL]DUHD GH FRQH[LXQL QRL V  SRWULYHWL SLHVHOH XQXL SX]]OH VDX PDL ELQH V  RE LL R

asemenea imagine pornind de la puzzle-uri diferite)

$QDOL]DV YH]LGDF HVWHLHYHQWXDOV IDFLLGHHDDFFHSWDELO GHF WUHSLD

Atitudinea creatoareSUHVXSXQHFDPDLvQWkLV DLFDSDFLWDWHDGHDILQHGXPHULWvQID DQRXOXL(ULFK

Fromm)
Reason can answer questions, but only imagination has to ask them (Ralph N. Gerald)
Let us learn to dream, and perhaps we will discover the truth (Kekule).
Creativitatea
Inovarea

RLGHHVWU

OXFLW

DGXFHUHDHLSHSLD

Spiritul antreprenorial 

Generarea de idei = creativitate

,PSOHPHQWDUHDLHYDOXDUHDLGHLORU

DELOLWDWHDGHDDYHDVXFFHVFXHDSHSLD

&DSDFLWDWHDGHFRQYHUJHQ

WHKQLF

XXULQ DGHDLQWURGXFHXQQRXSURGXVvQSURFHVXOLQGXVWULDO
LD OLPSXQHSHSLD



RPLFDUHGHWUDQVIHUYHUWLFD

l:
cercetare SURGXVQRXWHKQRORJLHQRX

FXQRDWHUH

inovare



,QRYDUHDVHPDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ

RPLFDUHGHWUDQVIHURUL]RQWDO

(elemente de noutate QRLDSOLFD LL

RQRX IRUP GHRUJDQL]DUHDvQWUHSULQGHULL

creerea unei noi imagini a firmei.

Creativitate

rafinarea ideii

(generarea de idei noi)

,GHHDHVWHFRPSDWLELO FX

$PDGXQDWXQQXP U

politica firmei ?

suficient de idei?

fezabilitate

Inovare

Aplicarea ideii este

Programe detaliat de:
MXVWLILFDW GHFRQVLimplementare,
derentele de marketing, IDEULFD LH
,GHHDHVWHRVROX LHSHQWUX
una din problemele firmei ? SLH HWHKQRORJLH"
comercializare.

Surse ale ideilor:

Rezultat:

-LPDJLQD Le,
-DQDOL]
-REVHUYD LL
- asupra mediului
-DFHHDFHIDFDO LL

Ceva::
- nou, sau
- mai bun, sau
- mai repede, sau
- mai ieftin, sau
- mai frumos.

3HQWUX D P VXUD SURFHVXO GH FUHDWLYLWDWH  L DQVHOH GH WUDQVSXQHUH LQGXVWULDO  WUHEXLH
VSXQVODXUP WRDUHOHvQWUHE ULSXQkQGFkWHXQSXQFWSHQWUXILHFDUHU VSXQVDILUPDWLY

Creativitate:

Inovare

-LGHHDHVWHRULJLQDO "
- este dificil de copiat ?
- esteVLPSO "
-VWkUQHWHLGHLLQL LDWLYH"

-FRQFRUG FXVWUDWHJLDILUPHL"
-DYHPUHVXUVHV RSXQHPvQSUDFWLF "
-YDILDFFHSWDW GHSLD "2SXPHIDFHV ILH"
-DYHPFXQRWLLQ HOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDHL"
-vLSXWHPWHVWDDQVHOHGHVXFFHV"

FRQGXFHODYDORDUHDG XJDW "

$LFL SULQ VWUDWHJLH VH vQ HOHJH   FH YUHP V  ILP  FXP YUHP V  DMXQJHP DFROR L  FXP

GRULPV ILPY ]X LGHDO LLFHLPDJLQHGHPDUF YUHPV DYHP

Fig. 1.-6SD LXOFUHDWLYLWDWH- inovare

Pe baza notelor se poate construi un grafic care

VXJHUHD] ELQHYDORDUHDLGHLL

Inovarea = LQVWUXPHQWXOVSHFLILFDOXQXLXPDQDJHUvQWUHSULQ]
HOH[SORDWHD]

WRUPLMORFXOSULQFDUH

VFKLPEDUHDFDRRFD]LHSHQWUXGLIHULWHDIDFHULVDXGLIHULWH

servicii (Peter Drucker).

Inovarea poate fi privLW
'XS

GLQPDLPXOWHSXQFWHGHYHGHUH

obiectul ei, distingem:

Inovarea de produs:

VFKLPEDUHD GH FRQFHS LH IXQF LRQDO  VDX WHKQRORJLF  FDUH VH ED]HD]  SH R LGHH QRX  FH VH
VSULMLQ  VDX QX SH R WHKQRORJLH QRX   5(1$8/7 (VSDFH/DS

-top, walkman, motorul electric

OLQHDUPLFURSURFHVRUSHDSRLDSRLEL L

realizarea produsului utiliznd alte materiale sau componente ( caroserie din compozite);
XQQRXGHVLJQFDUHDGHVHDvQVHDPQ GHIDSWPDLPXOWGHFkWRVLPSO VFKLPEDUHGHIRUP VDX

de asSHFW HO SRDWH LPSOLFD DVSHFWH HUJRQRPLFH VDX PRGLILF

picior" la aspiratorul de praf);

UL GH IDEULFD LH FRPXWDWRUXO GH

QRL VHUYLFLL FDUH  vQVR HVF SURGXVXO VDX J VLUHD GH QRL XWLOL] UL SURGXVXOXL FD DWDUH VDX FX
PRGLILF UL PLQLPH GDF  DD FHYD UHXHWH

, acesta poate fi nceputul unei noi serii n care

XOWHULRUVHUHJ VHVFFHOHODOWHWLSXULGHLQRYDUHFLWDWHPDLVXV,17(51(7

Inovarea de proces FDUH YL]HD]

 DVSHFWH LQWHUQH DOH  vQWUHSULQGHULL F UHLD  vL  vPEXQ W

HVF

DVWIHO SHUIRUPDQ HOH (VWH YRUED GH  PRGLILF UL DOH SURFHVHORU GH IDEULFD LH GHWHUPLQDWH GH R QRX 
LQYHVWL LHGHSHUIHF LRQDUHDPDWHULDOHORUH[LVWHQWHGHYDORULILFDUHDH[SHULHQ HLGREkQGLWHSHSDUFXUV
QFDGUXOLQRY ULLGHSURFHVVHSRWGLVWLQJH

,QRY

ULOH GH IOX[ WHKQRORJLF

vizkQG RSHUD LLOH GH SH IOX[ L vQO

Q XLUHD ORU $XWRPDWL]DUHD

DVDPEO ULL vQ LQGXVWULD DXWRPRELOHORU vQORFXLUHD UDERW ULL FX IUH]DUHD OHJDUHD PDLQLL FX FRPDQG 
QXPHULF GHRUGLQDWRUXOGHODSURLHFWDUHHWF
,QRY

ULOH GH SURFHGHX GH IDEULFD LH

, care schimb

 FX WRWXO PRGXO GH IDEULFD LH SURFHGHXO

IORDW GH IDEULFDUH D VWLFOHL RE LQHUHD DQKLGULGHL IWDOLFH SRUQLQG GH OD R

-xilen, ambalajul Tetrapak,

procesoarele de tratament de text.

,QRYDUHD LQFUHPHQWDO

 FDUH DPHOLRUHD]  UH]XOWDWHOH I U  D IL QHYRLH GH HO

emente noi de

FXQRDWHUHOHJHDOXL0RRUHvQLQIRUPDWLF UHGXFHUHDF[RQVXPXOXLVSHFLILFGHFRFVvQIXUQDO
$QDOL]kQG FRPSDUDWLY FHOH GRX  PRGXUL GH LQRYDUH FRQVWDW P F  PDMRULWDWHD UHDOL] ULORU
YL]HD] SURGXVXOvQ68$DQXODXIRVWLQRYD LLGHSURGXVLGRDUGHSURFHVGHL
DFWLYLWDWHDGH5 'HVWHRULHQWDW PDLGHJUDE VSUHSURFHVWRW68$SHQWUXSURGXVH

% pentru procese).
'XS JUDGXOGHLQWHQVLWDWHWHKQRORJLF

GHRVHELPLQRYD LLGHUXSWXU

L

TehnolRJLLOHvQIXQF LHGHJUDGXOORUGHGH]YROWDUHVXQW
Q VFkQGHVDXHPHUJHQWH

evolutive,
mature,
n declin ,
GHS LWH

Fig.1.-&XUEDORJLVWLF

GHHYROX LHDXQHLWHKQRORJLL

de adaptare.

Tab. 2. Caracteristicile economice ale diferitelor tipuri de procese tehnologice

Tehnologii
&XPS

WRUL

Produs

emergente
cu venituri mari

evolutive

mature

n declin

WRWPDLPXO L

FRQVXPGHPDV

U PkQFHLILGHOL

FDOLWDWHPHGLRFU 

GLIHUHQ LHULPDULGXS 

FDOLWDWHIRDUWHEXQ 

FDOLWDWHPDLVODE 

OLSV VWDQGDUGH

ILUP ILDELOLWDWHEXQ

norme respectate de dect a noilor

PRGLILF UL

Riscuri
fabricant
Profituri
Concu-UHQ
)DEULFD LH

Vnzare

WR L

SURGXVHDS UXWH

mici

certitudi-nea disSDUL LHLvQFurnd.

mari
multe firme, dar este
loc pt. toate
serii scurte, costuri subcapacitate, serii
mari
mari

f. mari

vQVF GHUH

DFHUE SULQSUH XUL

vQVF GHUH

RSWLPL]DW FRVWXUL

supra-capacitate

UHFODP I

VHJPHQWDUHSLD

frecvente
nalte

minime, acoperite de
FHUHUHDvQFUHWHUH

mici
cteva firme

vQFUHWHUHPDUFDW

minime
UHGXFHUHSLD

VXV LQXW

Fig.1. - 3.
Rezolvarea unei tehnologii plafonate prin
SHUIHF LRQDUHVDXvQORFXLUH

Fig.1. - 4.
([HPSOX
UXSWXU 

ceasurilor.

GH
vQ

LQRYD LH
LQGXVW

GH

ria

Fig. 1.-5. Diagrama lui Abernathy.

(YROX LDvQWLPSDXQXLSURGXV

,QRYDUHDvQGLYHUVHOHID]HGHYLD

)D]D LQFLSLHQW

inovHD]

DOHSURGXVXOXL

 $LFL FKLDU L IXQF LLOH SURGXVXOXL VXQW VXVFHSWLELOH D VH PRGLILFD vQF  6(

PXOWF XWkQGRIRUPXO FDUHV U VSXQG FHOPDLELQHSLH LL6(IDFHRLQRYDUHH[SORUDWLY 

D WXWXURU SRVLELOLW

LORU 6H IDF DWkW LQRY UL GH SURGXV FkW L GH WHKQRORJLH L UROXO WUDQVIHUXOXL

WHKQRORJLFGHODRDOW UDPXU HVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQW

(Nu vQWRWGHDXQD DFHHDL ,Q 68$ XQGH DXWRPRELOXO D IRVW FRQFHSXW FD XQ EXQ GH XWLOL]DUH FXUHQW 
s-D LPSXLV FXWLD GH YLWH]H DXWRPDWLF  PDL FRPRG  vQ H[SORDWDUH vQ(XURSDXQGHDXWRPRELOXOHUD
SULYLWDXQSURGXVVSRUWLYDDYXWFkWLJFXWLDFXFRPDQG PDQXDO 

)D]DGHFUHWHUH$LFLDSDULQRYD LLOHGHDILQDUHDSURGXVXOXLSUHFXPLFHOHGHGLYHUVLILFDUH
,QRYD LLOH GH SURFHGHHX GH IDEULFDUH VXQW vQF  IRDUWH SRVLELOH $FXP VH GHILQHVF WHKQRORJLLOH FKHLH

ale noului sector.

Faza de maturitate *XVWXULOH L UHSUH]HQW ULOH FOLHQ LORU VXQW GH DFXP VWDELOL]DWH ([LVW 
GHMDFk LYDPDULSURGXF WRULLPDLPXOWH,00-XULFDUHJUDYLWHD] vQMXUXOORU$SDULQRYD LLvQFHHD
FHSULYHVFVHUYLFLLOHRIHULWHRGDW FXSURGXVXOPLFURVHJPHQWDUHDSLH LLVDXSURGXVHRULJLQDOH pentru
R FDWHJRULH GH FOLHQ L GRULWRUL GH QRX 7:,1*2 GH H[HPSOX 7HKQRORJLLOH FKHLH GHYLQ GH DFXP
WHKQRORJLLGHED] /DSURGXVLQRYD LLOHVXQWGHWLSFXUHQWLQFUHPHQWDO

Faza de declin 6LQJXUHOH LQRYD LL UHDOPHQWH LQWHUHVDQWH VXQW FHOH GH DGDSWDUH FDUH V 
relanseze produsul. Un exemplu este TGV, un altul ncercarea firmei de produse alimentare Beghin6D\ GH D ODQVD XQ ]DK U XRU SHQWUX D IUkQD DVWIHO SURJUHVXO HGXOFRUDQ LORU VLQWHWLFLGH WLS

ASPARTAM.

'XS LPSDFWXODVXSUDLQGXVWULHLLGXS JUDGXOGHLQIOXHQ DUHDSLH LL, distingem:

inovarea de fond6LQWH] DXQRUQRLWHKQRORJLLVDXDXQRUQRLQHYRL
descoperirea unei QLH FRPHUFLDOH (Recombinarea de elemente cunoscute pentru a creea ceva
QRXVROLFLWDWGHSLD

vPEXQ W

LQRYD LDFXUHQW

LQRYD LDUHYROX LRQDU

LUHDXQXLSURGXVH[LVWHQW

6FKLPEDUHDPRGXOXLGHUHDOL]DUHFXS VWUDUHDIXQF LHLLFOLHQWHOHL

Fig.1. - 6.
Succesiunea modurilor de inovare.

(IHFWHOHGLIHULWHORUWLSXULGHLQRYD LL

FUHD]

 QRL UHOD LL FRPHUFLDOH

distrugnd pe cele vechi

&UHHUHGHQLH

,QRYD LH GH IRQG

DUKLWHFWXUDO

(aparat foto jetabil)

(FHDVFXFXDU 
3

VWUHD]

 L vQW

UHWH

&UHD]
mo

tehnologiile existente
,QRYD LHFXUHQW

DSDUL LD

,QRYD LH

GLVFKHW 

UHYROX LRQDU
p

unei noi logistici

tehnologice

VWUHD]

 L vQW

compact-disc

UHWH YHFKLOH

UHOD LLFRPHUFLDOH

6XUVHOHSRWHQ LDOHDOHLQRY
([LVW PDULFDWHJRULLGHRSRUWXQLW

ULL

LOHJDWHGHPHGLXOvQFDUHIXQF LRQHD] vQWUHSULQGHUHD

(ori ce schimbare poate nsemna o oportunitate !):

- politice;
- economice;
- sociale;
- tehnologice.
/XDUHDORUvQFRQVLGHUD LH $1$/,=$PEST
/XPHDWLQGHV GHYLQ RVLQJXU HFRQRPLH(conf. Policy Studies Institute, London, 1991), prin:
globalizare: eliminarea barierelor vamale, a barierelor privind transferurile de capital,
UHYROX LRQDUHDVLVWHPHORUGHWUDQVSRUWLWHOHFRPXQLFD LLGRPLQD LDFRPSDQLLORUWUDQVQD LRnale,
VSRULUHDWUDQVIHUXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOGHWHK]QRORJLH LDPLF ULORUIRU HLGHPXQF 

LQWHJUDUHDHFRQRPLHL8QLXQHDHXURSHDQ PRQHGDXQLF UXQGD8UXJXD\

PRQGLDOL]DUHDRS LXQLORUSHQWUXLQYHVWL LLPDWHULLSULPHSLD

SHQWUXSURGXVHLVHUYLFLLSLH H

de capital.

LPSOLFD LL SHQWUX JXYHUQHOH QD LRQDOH VFDGH SXWHUHD GH FRQWURO DVXSUD HFRQRPLHL QD LRQDOH
FUHWHQHYRLDGHDLQWUDvQLQVWLWX LLVXSUD QD LRQDOHLSDUWHQHULDWHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

2SRUWXQLW

LDSDUGLQ

6WUXFWXUD LQGXVWULHL L D SLH LL FUHWHUH UDSLG  VHJPHQWDUH QHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH VFKLPE UL vQ
PHWRGHOHGHIDEULFD LHVFKLPE ULJOREDOH([DSDUL LD,17(51(7

6FKLPE ULOHJLVODWLYH
6FKLPE UL vQ SHUFHS LD OXFUXULORU H[ SHUFHS LD QRX  D SUREOHPHORU HFRORJLFH FDUH DFRQGXVOD
QRLP UFLGHGHWHUJHQ LQRLWLSXULGHDPEDODMHHWF

6ROX LL RIHULWH GH DQDOL]D SUREOHPHORU QHSRWULYLUL vQWUH UHDOLWDWH L S UHULOH SUHFRQFHSXWH
SLUDPLGD0DVORZDQDOL]DHHFXULORUUHGHILQLUHDSUREOHPHORUVXEDOWHXQJKLXUL

6ROX LLJ VLWHSULQDGDSWDUHDVROX LLORUDOWRUDDQDOL]DPRGXOXLvQFDUHDO LLDXUHXLWSDWHQWHDOH

naturii (sonar-ul, de ex.), parteneriate de afaceri.

&DH[HUFL LXGHXWLOL]DUHDRSUWXQLW

LORUU VSXQVXOODXUP WRDUHDOLVW GHvQWUHE UL

Ce m-a surprins recent n:

lume ?
Romnia ?
domeniul n care lucrez ?
firma la care lucrez ?

vQHYROX LDSLH LLLDFOLHQ LORUPHL"

ce produse sau servicii noi s-DUSXWHDFUHDSRUQLQGGHODU

3HWHU'UXFNHUFRQVLGHU F H[LVW DSWH

VSXQVXULOHGHPDLVXV"

surse principale de inovare:

Surse interne:
11HSUHY

]XWXO6XFFHVXOVDXLQVXFFHVXOQHDWHSWDWHYHQLPHQWXOQHVFRQWDWGLQH[WHULRU

,QFRQJUXHQ D'LVFUHSDQ DvQWUHUHDOLWDWHDDDFXPHVWHLFXPFUHGHDPQRLF HVWH

1HFHVLW
6FKLPE

LOHSURFHVXOXL0RGLILF ULLPSXVHGHPRGLILFDUHDFHUHULLRSWLPL] UL

etc.

ULvQVWUXFWXUDGRPHQLXOXLVDXDSLH HORU

Alte cereri, alte metode.

Surse externe:
0RGLILF

ULGHPRJUDILFH'HH[HPSOXSHJUXSHGHYkUVW 

6FKLPE

ULGHPRG

FUHGLQ HFRQYLQJHULODFDUHWUHEXLXHU VSXQV

7. Descoperiri fundamentale. De ex. tranzistorul.

&RQIRUPOXL-%UXVWDLOL)IUHU\DOWHVXUVHGHLQRYDUHSRWIL

1. Partenerii industriali: )XUQL]RULL L FOLHQ LL SRW IL ILUPH LQRYDQWH LDU vQJOREDOHD LQRYD LLORU ORU
presupune o inovare la nivelul produsului. Astfel, firma VA/(2VSHFLDOLVW vQVXEDQVDPEOHDXWRD
GHSXV vQ  XQ QXP U GH  EUHYHWH ID

 GH  OD 5HQDXOW L  OD 3HXJHRW SULQFLSDOLL V L

FOLHQ L&LWURHQDFRQFHSXWvPSUHXQ FX9$/(2VXVSHQVLDKLGURDFWLY GHSH;0

In mod similar, compania AIR France (client) a colaborat strns cu AIRBUS (fabricant) la
conceperea cabinei de pilotaj la A 320.
2. Transferurile de tehnologie: Se poate vorbi de transferul unor concepte tehnologice de la un
sector la altul. Un asemenea exemplu este motorul DIESEL, destinat vehiculelor grele, care a fost
ulterior adaptat la automobilele uRDUH
8QHRULWUDQVIHUXOVHIDFHvQWUHUDPXULLQGXVWULDOHGLIHULWH$VWIHO&LWURHQDOF UXLLQJLQHUHI
HUDVSHFLDOLVWvQDHURQDYHDIRVWSULPXOFDUHDFUHDWRFDURVHULHDHURGLQDPLF WHVWDW vQWXQHO7RWGH

la avioane au luat automobilele frnele antLEORFDQWHXQHOHPHWRGH&$'GLVFXULOHGHIUkQ

GLQILEU 

GH FDUERQ 18P UXO LQYHQ LLORU I FXWH SHQWUX DVWURQDXWLF  L DSOLFDWH XOWHULRU vQ DOWH UDPXUL
PHGLFLQ LQGDOLPHQWDU FRQVWUXF LLPDLQLHVWHHQRUP

&HUHUHD SLH LL

SLD

Se poate vorbi de inovD LLSURSXVHSLH LLTechnology pushLLQRYD LLFHUXWHGH

Market pull), raportul ntre ele fiind cel de 20 : 80.
3kQ ODXUP DSDUL LDXQHLLQRYD LLHVWHGHFLV GHWUHLIDFWRULDQXPH

QDWXUDIXQF LLORUFHWUHEXLHVFVDWLVI FXWH

tehnologiile caSDELOHDUHDOL]DDFHVWHIXQF LL

QDWXUDVWUXFWXUDLJXVWXULOHFOLHQWHOHL

&HOH WUHL HOHPHQWH WUHEXLH SULYLWH vPSUHXQ  $VWIHO R FXWLH GH YLWH]H FX YDULD LH FRQWLQX  D
UDSRUWXOXLGHWUDQVPLVLHHVWHPDLHILFLHQW  IXQF LDLSHUIHFWUHDOL]DELO WHKQRORJLFDIRVWSXV SH
XQHOH PRGHOH XRDUH GH $8', vQ DQLL
 GDU QX D SULQV SHQWUX F  SXEOLFXO D WUDWDW VROX LD FX R
GHRVHELW UHWLFHQ



,QWHUHVXO SLH LL VH FRQFHQWUHD]  DGHVHDV SH DQXPLWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH SURGXVXOXL $VWIHO OD

automobile, n anii '60 SULRULWDWHD R DYHDX SHUIRUPDQ HOH vQ DQLL

 HFRQRPLD GH FDUEXUDQW vQDQLL

 FDOLWDWHD L VHFXULWDWHD FDURVHULHL 3HULRDGD HFRQRPLHL GH FRPEXVWLELO D IRVW SURSLFH SHQWUX R
LQRYD LHPDMRU PRWRDUHOHWXUER GLHVHOSHPDLQLPLFL

&kQGLGHFHLQRY

1.
2.
3.
4.

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- N-DPPDLDX]LWDDFHYD
- Te-ai gndit bine ?
-&HRV VSXQ OXPHD"
-,GHHDDVWDQXRV SODF QLP QXL
- Am mai ncercat-o, nu merge.
-1XRV ILHQLFLRGDW DFFHSWDWDDFHYD
- Nu este n stilul nostru de lucru.
-1XHVWHSUREOHPDQRDVWU 
-1XRV VHYkQG 
- Ne trebuie ceva mai interesant.
- Ne trebuie altceva.
- Este prea complicat.
- $VWDFUHHD] PDLPXOWHSUREOHPHGHFkWUH]ROY .
-1LPHQLQXRV vQ HOHDJ FHYUHLV VSXL
-W FHUH
- Oh ..
-&UHGF JOXPHWL
-0DLFDXW LDOWFHYD
-HILi n-RV RDSUREH
-1XVXQWHPSUHJ WL LV IDFHPDDFHYD

-2V FRVWHRDYHUH
-&LQHRV IDF DDFHYD"
- N-DPI FXWQLFLRGDW DDFeva.
-2V IRUP PRFRPLVLHFDUHV VWXGLH]H
-1XDYHPWLPSGHDDFHYD
-9DGHUDQMDSHSUHDPXO L
- Este foarte interesant, dar..

-$PDLI FXWFLQHYDYUHRGDW
-$LvQ HOHVJUHLWFHGRULP
- Nu va interesa pe nimeni
- Este fascinant, dar..

DDFHYD"

1.5.Tehnici de creativitate
7HKQLFLOHGHFUHDWLYLWDWHYL]HD] FRVWXULPDWHULLSULPHSURGXVHGLILFXOW

LDS UXWH

3HQWUXJ VLUHDGHLGHLQRLVHDSHOHD] OD

brainstorming

VLQHFWLF

DQDOL] PRUIRORJLF

OLVWHGHvQWUHE UL

cutii de sugestii.

3HQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORUVHDSHOHD] OD

diagrame Pareto
diagrame Ishikawa

VLQHFWLF EUDLQVWRUPLQJ

diagrame why-why.
mind mapping.

DQDOL] 6:27

cutii de sugestii.
7HKQLFLGHFUHDWLYLWDWHLQGLYLGXDO

Chindogu.
7HKQLF  MDSRQH]  SHQWUX D DQWUHQD RDPHQLL OD H[HUFL LL FDUH OH GH]YROW  FUHDWLYLWDWHD 6H
FHUHV VHFUHH]HHYHQWXDOU VSXQ]kQGODXQDGLQvQWUHE ULOHFHDLSXWHDIDFHFX"VDXFDUHHVWH
FHD PDL EXQ  FDOH SHQWUX" XQ SURGXV RULJLQDO FDUH V  vQGHSOLQHDVF  REOLJDWRULX GRX  FRQGL LLV 
ILHSHUIHFWLQXWLOLV SRDW ILIDEULFDWLV IXQF LRQH]H

Fig. 1.5..-1


 SLHSWHQH SHQWUX FHL FX FKHOLH 

IRDUWHJXWXU LD L

Exemple de Chindogu:

 XQW GH YRLDM 

 SDQWRIL SHQWUX PHQDM 

 EDWLVW  SHQWUXFHL

&RQFXUVXULOHGH&KLQGRJXLDXvQFRQVLGHUD LHXUP WRDUHOHFULWHULL

&UHDWLYLWDWHDQHRELQXLWXQLFSOLQGHLPDJLQD LH

Calitatea design-ului;
Personalitatea produsului.

Diagramele PARETO.
,GHHDGHED] GLQFDX]HVHGDWRUHVFODGLQHIHFWH

Exemplu:
Tab.1.5.-,PSRUWDQ DFOLHQ LORUXQHLILUPHSULQSULVPDYROXPXOXLGHYkQ]

Clientul :
9kQ] UL

A
8

B
18

UL

C
2

D
62

E
51

F
1

G
5

H
11

I
38

J
2

K
1

E
51
113
56

I
38
151
76

B
18
169
85

H
11
180
90

A
8
188
94

G
5
193
97

J
2
197
98

C
$/
2
3
197 200
99 100

L
1

Tab. 1.5.-2. Prelucrarea PARETO:

Clientul
9kQ] UL

Cumulat
Cumulat %

D
62
62
31

,,

Mind-mapping.
Metoda mind-mapping

SURSXQH FRQVWUXLUHD XQHL GLDJUDPH FDUH V  DUDWH FXP GH GHGXF

SUREOHPHOH L F LOH GH UH]ROYDUH XQHOH GLQ DOWHOH DD FXP DSDU HOH vQ PLQWHD QRDVWU  (VWH FD R
GLDJUDP ,VKLNDZDGDUFDUHQXFDXW FDX]HOHFLHIHFWHOH6FKHPDWLFDUDW 

Fig. 1.5.-'LDJUDP

VFKHPDWLF GH0LQG

-mapping.

6HUHFRPDQG 

LGHLOHFKHLHV ILHDOHVHFXJULMH(YHQWXDOVHSRDWHIDFHRDVHPHQHDGLDJUDP vQFDUHV VHSOHFH

pe 4 domenii:

Tipuri;

Modele;

Tehnici, instrumente;

Elemente favorabile.

GLYHUVHOHGRPHQLLVHSRWVFULHFXFXORULGLIHULWHLHVvQHYLGHQ

GDF DSDULQWHUVHFW ULVDXGDF GLDJUDPDVHFRPSOLF H[FHVLYGHPXOWvQVHDPQ F LGHLOHFKHLH

DXIRVWU XJkQGLWH&HOPDLEXQOXFUXHVWHV VHUHLDWRWXOGHODFDS

0HWRGDPRUIRORJLF

)=ZLFN\

Motor:
tip combustibil:KLGURFDUEXULDO LFRPSXLRUJDQLFLKLGURJHQSUDIF
stare agregare combustibil: gaz, lichid, solid
VXUV

FRPEXUDQW

UEXQHVROX LL

LQWHUQ H[WHUQ PL[W

VROX LL

LQWHUQ H[WHUQ

tip combustie:
WLSPLFDUHPRWRU

VROX LL
VROX LL

alternativ, circular, linear

PHGLXGHIXQF LRQDUHvQYLGvQDHUvQDS SHDS SHS PkQW

4 3 3 2 3 

VROX LL

(5 VROX LL

VROX LLGLVWLQFWH

Robinet:
D6HQVXOGHDF LRQDUH$S VDUH7UDJHUH,PSLQJHUH5RWLUH
E0RGXOGHDF LRQDUH

Cu mna (1), Cu piciorul (2), Mecanic (3), Electric (4).

c) Forma: Cilindric(1), Cu mXFKLL7LMH3HGDO )DU IRUP YL]LELO 
Structura a4-b1-FFRUHVSXQGHURELQHWXOXLRELQXLWGHODEDLH
Structura a1-b2-c4 corespunde robinetelor montate n vagoanele CFR.
Structura a2-b4-F FRUHVSXQGH XQXL URELQHW DF LRQDW prin intermediul unei celule fotoelectrice,
FDUHG GUXPXOODDS vQGDW FHPkLQLOHVHSODVHD] vQSR]L LDGHVS ODUH
6H UHPDUF  QXP UXO PDUH GH VROX LL [[

  FDUH SRW DS UHD SULQ FRPELQ ULOH GRDU D WUHL

FDUDFWHULVWLFL 'DF  VH DGDXJ  L DOWH FDUD

FXSUX DODP

cteristici posibile (natura materialului - R HO R HO FURPDW

 PDWHULDOXO JDUQLWXULL GH HWDQDUH FDXFLXF SROLHWLOHQ  SROLSURSLOHQ  WHIORQ HWF -

QXP UXOGHVROX LLWHRUHWLFSRVLELOHFUHWHFRQVLGHUDELOLRGDW FXHOFUHWHLSRELOLWDWHDGHDJ VLR

VROX LHWHKQRORJLFLHFRQRPLFPDLDYDQWDMRDV GHFkWFHDFRPXQ 

9HFLQ

LPRUIRORJLFHGHRUGLQXOXQX

s11
s21
s31

s12
s22
s32

s13
s23
s33

. Fie de exemplu matricea:

L ILH VROX LD V V V VLQJXUD FXQRVFXW  Q DFHVW FD]
DYHPDVHYHFLQ W

LGHRUGLQXO

s11, s21, s32 / s11, s21, s33 / s11, s22, s31 / s11, s23, s31 / s12, s21, s31 / s13, s21, s31.
Tab. 1.5.-1XP

UXOGHYHFLQ W

LGHRUGLQXOXQXDLXQHLPDWULFLPRUIRORJLFHGH[

6ROX LLFXQRVFXWH
9HFLQ W

LGHRUGLQXOXQX

1
6

4
12

6
15

12
12

9
18

1.5.2. Tehnici de creativitate de grup.

Brainstorming.
Reguli general valabile:

FRQYRDF SHFLQHWUHEXLHRDPHQLGHVFKLLFXLGHL

SUHJ WHWHELQHHGLQ DDPELDQ

GHILQHWHFRUHFWVFRSXODQXQ

DQWUHQHD] SHWRDW OXPHDvQFXUDMHD] SURGXF LDGHLGHLWRDWHLGHLOHVXQWEXQH

PLQLPL]HD] HYHQWXDOHOHFRQIOLFWHPLQLPL]HD] SRQGHUHDGLJUHVLXQLORU

RU PRGDOLW

-OSUH]LQW

LGHv

nregistrare, etc.)

FODULQIRUPD LLOHGHODFDUHVHSOHDF 

nu permite critica;

vQFXUDMHD] LGHLOHUHIHULWRDUHODFDX]HOHSULPDUHGDF VHSRDWHSUREOHPHLVWXGLDWH

rezultatul final va depinde n primul rnd GHQXP

Sinectica.

UXOGHLGHLDGXQDWH

)RORVHWH DQDORJLD VDX PHWDIRUD SHQWUX D SHUPLWH FD SUREOHPD V  ILH SULYLW  GLQWU

-un alt

unghi.
2SUREOHP JUHXGH DERUGDWGHYLQHHYHQWXDOIDPLOLDU  U VSXQ]kQGPDL vQWkLODvQWUHEDUHD
&XFHVHDP Q "
2 SUREOHP  H[WUHP GH EDQDO  SRDWH GHYHQL LQWHUHVDQW  GDF  SXQHP PDL vQWkL vQWUHEDUHD
&XPDUILGDF V

-ar asem QDFX"6HSRWIDFHXQHOHDVRFLD LLFLXGDWHFDUHV

Exemplu: perechea pat - carte poate conduce la:

XQPRGHOGHODPS VSHFLDO SHQWUXFLWLWXOvQSDW

XQSDWFDUHV VHvQFKLG FDRFDUWHSOLDELORFXS PDLSX LQORF

DWHUQXWXULGHXQLF IRORVLQ

FRQGXF ODLGHLQRL

SODVDWHFDIRLOHXQHLF U LODVSLWDOHvQFDPHUHOHGHJDUG 

Metoda diagramelor Ishikawa

Fig. 1.5.2.-1
'LDJUDP ,VKLNDZD

pentru stabilirea cauzelor unui

GHIHFW

vQ

FXUVXO

IDEULFD LHL

industriale.

0HWRGDFHORUS

ULL

3HQWUX DQDOL]DFULWLF DLGHLORUHPLVHVHDSOLF PHWRGDFHORUS O ULLSXUWDWHILHGHRDPHQL

GLIHUL LILHSHUkQGGHWR LPHPEULLJUXSXOXL&HOHS O ULLUHSUH]LQW 

S O ULD DOE

, cel ce dorHWH LQIRUPD LL&H LQIRUPD LL DYHP " FH LQIRUPD LL QH OLSVHVF " FH
S O ULDJDOEHQ , cel cu idei practice (pedantul). $UPHUJHGDF DGXFHPIDEULFDPDLDSURDSHGH
clientEHQHILFLXOJOREDOFUHWHUHGXFkQGFRWDGHEHQHILFLXSHXQLWDWHDGHSURGXVLYkQ]kQGPDL

LQIRUPD LLQH DUILGUDJV DYHP"FXPSXWHPRE LQHLQIRUPD LLOHGHFDUHDYHPQHYRLH"

PXOWFRVWXOvQDOWDOHQHUJLHLWUHEXLHV QHIDF PDLSX LQHQHUJRLQWHQVLYLHWF

3 O ULD

verde, FHOFXLGHLWU

VQLWHLQRYDQWXO

Ne trebuie ceva cu totul nou !, ce alte alternative

DPSXWHDJ VL"FXPDPSXWHDIDFHOXFUXULOHDOWIHO"FHDOW H[SOLFD LHDUSXWHDH[LVWD"

3 O ULD QHDJU

FHO FH FULWLF

 ED]DW SH IDSWH

. Regulamentele nu ne permit aceasta, nu avem o

FDSDFLWDWH GH SURGXF LH VXILFLHQW  YD GHWHUPLQD FUHWHUHD SUH XULORU L QX YRP PDL YLQGH QX
DYHPH[SHULHQ

3 O ULD URLH

vQGRPHQLXHWF
FHO FH FULWLF

 ED]DW SH LQWXL LL 6LPW F  QX R V  LQ  1X

-mi place modul cum

JkQGLPVLPWHXF SUH XULOHYRUYDLDvQVHQVXO

3 O ULDDOEDVWU

, mediatorul, cel ceUH]XP

LGHLOH

. Am putea avea un rezumat al celor discutate

SkQ  DFXP " FUHG F  GH DFXP WUHEXLH V  QH FRQFHQWU P DVXSUD DVSHFWHORU SULRULWDUH FLQH DU IL
GLVSXVV

-LPDLSXQ

RGDW S O ULDYHUGH"HWF