CHAPTER 11

Reading Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Learning Objectives
Identify the ASME standard for dimensioning and tolerancing Read prints containing geometric dimensioning applications Provide datum identification as given on actual prints Read datum target points, lines, area, and related datum target symbols

Learning Objectives
Calculate the geometric tolerance at given produced sizes based on the material condition symbol Read and explain the information given in feature control frames presented on prints Calculate the virtual condition for given applications Explain the purpose of geometric tolerancing

Learning Objectives
Describe methods for representing datum surfaces, datum target points, areas, lines, datum center planes, and datum axes on drawings Identify the degrees of freedom of a part Interpret drawing applications specifying regardless of featuresize (RFS) and regardless of material boundary (RMB), maximum material condition (MMC), and least material condition (LMC)

Learning Objectives
Interpret surface geometric controls and axis geometric controls Read location tolerances on drawings Explain the differences between conventional tolerancing and positional tolerancing Interpret rectangular coordinate and polar coordinate dimensioning on drawings

Learning Objectives
Read composite positional tolerances on drawings Interpret geometric tolerances specified for threaded fasteners Read projected tolerance zone representations on drawings Interpret concentricity geometric tolerances and positional tolerances specified for coaxial features on drawings

Learning Objectives
Read symmetry geometric tolerances and positional tolerances specified for symmetrical features on drawings Read profile geometric tolerances on drawings Interpret runout geometric tolerances on drawings Interpret form tolerances when independency is specified

Geometric Tolerancing
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) Helps ensure interchangeability of parts Use dictated by function and relationship of part feature Does not take the place of conventional tolerancing (Chapter 8)

ASME GD&T Standards

ASME Y14.5 Dimensioning and Tolerancing ASME Y14.5.1 Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles ASME Y14.5.2 Certification of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Professionals ASME Y14.31 Undimensioned Drawings ASME Y14.43 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles for Gages and Fixtures ASME Y14.1 Decimal Inch Drawing Sheet Size and Format ASME Y14.1M Metric Drawing Sheet Size and Format

GD&T Symbols
Five basic types:
Dimensioning symbols Datum feature and datum target symbols Geometric characteristic symbols Material condition symbols Feature control frame

Datums
Reference features of an object
Planes Points Lines Axes

The true geometric counterpart of a datum feature Establish location and size dimensions

Datum Feature Simulators

The opposite shape of the datum feature Two types:
Theoretical datum feature simulator Physical datum feature simulator

Manufacturing examples:
Machine tables Surface plates Gauge surfaces Surface tables Rotation devices

Datum Feature Symbol

Drawn using thin lines Symbol size relates to the drawing lettering height Each datum feature is identified with a different letter except I, O, and Q Not applied to centerlines, center planes, or axes

Datum Feature Symbol

Datum Feature Terms

Actual mating envelope Datum plane Simulated datum Tangent plane

Datum Feature

Datum Feature Symbol Placement

Datum Surface
Can be controlled by a geometric tolerance Measurements taken from a datum plane do not take into account any variations of the datum surface from the datum plane

Geometric Control of Datum Surface

 Used for layout purposes Selected by three datum features that are perpendicular to each other Assigned precedence and datum reference order:
Primary datum Secondary datum Tertiary datum

Datum Reference Frame (DRF)

Datum Reference Frame (DRF)

Datum Reference Frame (DRF)

All parts have six degrees of freedom
Three degrees of translation Three degrees of rotation

Movement is translational or rotational

Multiple Datum Reference Frames Example

Datum reference X, Y, and Z Datum reference L and M

Datum Features Specified Individually

A note appears next to datum feature symbols indicating how many datum features to consider separately The note 2X INDIVIDUALLY appears next to datum feature symbols of two separate datum features identified by same letter

Reading Datum Target Symbols

Identify datum targets Useful on parts with surface or contour irregularities Connect to datum target point, line, or area with a leader

Reading Datum Target Symbols Movable datum target

Reading Datum Target Points

Primary datum plane is established by locating at least three points on primary datum surface Secondary datum plane is established by locating at least two points on related secondary datum surface Tertiary datum plane is established by locating at least one point on related tertiary datum surface Dimensioned using baseline or chain dimensioning Location dimensions originate from datums

Datum Target Point Locations Use basic dimensions or tolerance dimensions

Datum Target Area Locations

Datum Target Line Locations

A Partial Datum Surface

Coplanar Datum Surfaces

Surfaces treated as a single, interrupted surface Continuous feature symbol, or Note below the related feature control frame

Coplanar Datum Surfaces

Datum Axis
A cylindrical object can be a datum feature Represents two theoretical planes intersecting at 90 Represented in drawings with centerlines Pitch cylinder for screw threads establishes datum axis unless otherwise specified
When not using pitch cylinder for screw threads, place note such as "MAJOR DIA" or "MINOR DIA" next to datum feature symbol

Simulated datum axis established by inspection equipment

Datum Axis

Reading the Datum Feature Symbol for a Datum Axis

Coaxial Datum Features

A single datum axis is established by two datum features that are coaxial

Datum Axis Established with Datum Target Symbols

Primary datum axis established by two sets of three equally spaced targets Datum target points identified in correlation to adjacent cylindrical datum feature when two cylindrical features of different diameters establish a datum axis

 Cylindrical datum target areas and circular datum target lines can be used to establish datum axis
Target area represented by two phantom lines with section lines between Datum target line represented by phantom line all around part

Datum Axis Established with Datum Target Symbols

Secondary datum axis established by placing three equally spaced targets on cylindrical surface

Movable Datum Target Symbols with Datum Target Points

When datum targets establish a center point, axis, or center plane on a RMB basis, datum feature simulator movement is normal to true profile

Movable Datum Target Symbols with Datum Target Points

Datum Center Plane

Axis and center plane datum feature symbols align with/replace dimension line arrowhead or appear on feature, leader shoulder, dimension line, or feature control frame

Datum Center Plane

Material Condition Symbols and Material Boundary Symbols

Appear with geometric tolerance or datum reference in feature control frame Modify geometric tolerance in relationship to actual produced size of feature

Material Condition Symbols and Material Boundary Symbols

Material Condition Symbols and Material Boundary Symbols

Regardless of feature size (RFS) and regardless of material boundary (RMB) are assumed

Limits of Size Application

Perfect Form Boundary

Parts produced at MMC must be at perfect form For a part at LMC, form tolerance can vary within geometric tolerance zone to extent of MMC boundary Independency symbol specifies that perfect form at MMC is not required

Perfect Form Boundary

 Assumed when no material condition or boundary condition symbol is specified

RFS applies with respect to individual geometric tolerance RMB applies to datum reference

Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) and Regardless of Material Boundary (RMB)

 Circularity, cylindricity, profile, circular runout, total runout, concentricity, and symmetry are applied only on an RFS basis Tolerance specified using RFS is held at any produced size within specified dimensional tolerance

Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) and Regardless of Material Boundary (RMB)

Surface Geometric Control, Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

RFS is implied if MMC or LMC is not specified Surface control is not associated with a size dimension Each longitudinal element of the surface must lie between two parallel lines of the geometric tolerance zone Perfect form boundary example

Axis Geometric Control, Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

Diameter symbol in front of the geometric tolerance in the feature control frame specifies diameter tolerance zone

Reading Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

Indicated maximum amount of material for feature
Maximum shaft diameter Minimum hole diameter

Specified geometric tolerance is held only at MMC produced size

Reading Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

External feature formula:
MMC Produced Size + Given Geometric Tolerance = Applied Geometric Tolerance

Internal feature formula:

(Produced Size MMC) + Given Geometric Tolerance = Applied Geometric Tolerance

Axis Control, Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

Reading Least Material Condition (LMC)

Indicates least amount of material for feature
Minimum shaft diameter Maximum hole diameter

Given geometric tolerance is held at LMC produced size No requirement for feature to maintain perfect form when produced at the LMC size limit

Reading Least Material Condition (LMC)

External feature formula:
Produced Size LMC + Given Geometric Tolerance = Applied Geometric Tolerance

Internal feature formula:

LMC Produced Size + Given Geometric Tolerance = Applied Geometric Tolerance

Reading Least Material Condition (LMC)

 RMB is implied for datum features influenced by size and form variations unless otherwise specified When a datum feature has a size dimension and form tolerance, size of simulated datum is MMB size limit
Boundary can exceed MMB when axis straightness is specified

Application of RMB on Primary Datum Feature

For a datum feature of size, datum is established by contact between datum feature surface and surface of processing equipment

Application of RMB on Primary Datum Feature

Simulated datum is axis of datum feature simulator
External feature:
Smallest circumscribed perfect cylinder that contacts datum feature surface

Internal feature:
Largest inscribed perfect cylinder that contacts datum feature surface

Application of RMB on a Primary Datum Center Plane

Simulated datum is center plane of datum feature simulator
External feature:
Two parallel planes that contact datum feature surface at minimum separation

Internal feature:
Two parallel planes at maximum separation

 Secondary

RMB on a Secondary and Tertiary Datum Feature

Contacting datum feature simulator is 90, or another design angle, to primary datum, which is usually an adjacent plane

Same guidelines for primary datum axis or center plane except:

Tertiary
Same guidelines for secondary datum axis or center plane except:
Contacting datum feature simulator is 90, or another design angle, to primary and secondary datums

The Effect of Datum Precedence and Material Condition

Effect of material condition on datum closely examined when precedence is assigned
Changes in precedence alter part fit and function

The Effect of Datum Precedence and Material Condition

Geometric Characteristic Symbols

Provide specific controls related to the:
Form of an object Orientation of features Outlines of features Relationship of features to an axis Location of features

Geometric Characteristic Symbols

The Feature Control Frame Symbol

Form Tolerances
Applied to single features or elements of single features Not related to datums Used to control:
Straightness Flatness Circularity Cylindricity

Straightness Tolerance
Applied to control surface or axis straightness

Surface Straightness Tolerance

Feature cannot exceed MMC envelope and must maintain perfect form if actual size is produced at MMC Otherwise, RFS applies and geometric tolerance remains the same at any produced size

Axis Straightness
Fature control frame placed below diameter dimension Diameter symbol placed in front of geometric tolerance Allows a violation of perfect form at MMC RFS assumed

Axis Straightness at MMC

MMC symbol appears after the geometric tolerance Specified geometric tolerance held at MMC and can increase as actual size departs from MMC Acceptance boundary can be used as a functional gage to verify the part Local size is also verified

Unit Straightness
Specifies straightness per unit Prevents an abrupt surface variation within a relatively short length of the feature Tolerance over total length is greater than unit tolerance

Unit Straightness
Per unit specification given per inch or per 25 mm of length Derived axis or centerline of the actual feature lies within a cylindrical tolerance zone for:
Total length Any 25 mm length, RFS

 Controls median plane of the part within specified straightness tolerance Leader or extension line attaches feature control frame to surface in a view where the surface appears as a line

Straightness of Non-cylindrical Features

Diameter symbol does not appear in front of geometric tolerance

Straightness of a rectangular part applies at RFS or MMC Generally appropriate for thin features

Straightness of a Flat Surface

Straightness geometric tolerance controls single line elements on surface in one or two directions Tolerance zone direction determined by feature control frame placement

Straightness of a Limited Length

Straightness applied to a portion of a long part using a chain line next to view at desired straightness length
Dimension length of chain line Feature control frame connected to chain line with a leader

Applied to a cylindrical or flat part

Flatness Tolerance
Establishes flatness tolerance zone
Always considered RFS when applied to a surface

Flatness Applied to a Size Dimension

In a typical application, derived median plane of feature lies within two parallel planes spaced equal to specified flatness geometric tolerance Geometric tolerance applied at RFS or MMC

Specific Area Flatness

Used when a large cast surface must be flat in relatively small area
Machine only required area

Specific area outlined with phantom lines

Section lines added within area

Specific area located from datums with basic or dimensions Feature control frame connected to area with leader line

Unit Flatness
Used alone or in combination with a total tolerance Most applications use unit flatness with a total tolerance over entire surface so the unit callout does not become unmanageable Unit tolerance must be smaller than total tolerance Unit flatness specified using a square, rectangular, or circular unit area

Circularity Tolerance
Established from periphery, shaft circumference, or inside diameter of a hole Does not reference a datum and is always RFS Must be less than size tolerance Feature control frame connects to the view where the feature appears as a circle or in the longitudinal view

Circularity Tolerance

Circularity Tolerance for a Sphere

Established by two concentric circles created by a plane passing through the spheres center All points on surface must lie within circularity tolerance zone

Free State Variation Applied to Circularity

Typical in nonrigid parts Circularity specification of a nonrigid part can be based on average diameter
Free state symbol appears in feature control frame after geometric tolerance and material condition symbol AVG placed after size dimension

Cylindricity Tolerance
Form tolerance not referenced to a datum Geometric tolerance must be less than size tolerance Always RFS Composite control of circularity, straightness, and taper

Cylindricity Tolerance

Orientation Geometric Tolerances

Used to establish total control of feature relationships:
Parallelism Perpendicularity Angularity Profile (in some cases)

Orientation Tolerances
Controlled feature relates to one or more datum features EACH ELEMENT or EACH RADIAL ELEMENT note allows for control of individual surface elements When tolerance is applied to a plane surface, flatness is controlled to the extent of the orientation tolerance RFS implied

Surface Parallelism
Requires parallelism geometric tolerance Actual surface must be within parallelism tolerance zone established by two planes parallel to the datum Parallelism tolerance zone must be within specified size limits

Tangent Plane
Additional requirement applied to a surface control Symbol placed after geometric tolerance in feature control frame Actual surface can be outside parallelism geometric tolerance zone Tangent plane must be within parallelism geometric tolerance zone

Axis Parallelism
Applied for a feature axis by establishing two parallel planes parallel to a datum plane between which the axis must lie Parallelism tolerance zone must be within specified location tolerance Feature control frame appears with diameter dimension Diameter dimension associates the related geometric tolerance with feature axis RFS assumed

Axis Parallelism

Axis Parallelism
Can be applied to the axes of two or more features Axis of feature must lie within cylindrical tolerance zone parallel to datum axis
Diameter tolerance zone

RFS assumed unless applying MMC or LMC

Parallelism of Line and Radial Elements

Place note EACH ELEMENT below feature control frame to control only individual line elements
Only controls elements in a plane parallel to view in which the tolerance is given

Note EACH RADIAL ELEMENT placed under feature control frame to control parallelism for individual line elements on a radial surface

Perpendicularity of a Surface
Requires perpendicularity tolerance Always RFS Requires datum reference Surface can be held perpendicular to one datum plane or two datum planes
Surface held perpendicular to two datum planes is between two parallel planes perpendicular to two datum planes Feature control frame references both datums

Perpendicularity of an Axis
Established by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane or axis within which the axis feature must lie Feature control frame appears below diameter dimension Only applies in view where dimension is shown

Perpendicularity of an Axis
RFS implied unless applying MMC or LMC Cylindrical perpendicularity tolerance zone applied when diameter symbol appears in front of geometric tolerance in feature control frame

Perpendicularity of a Center Plane

Specifies symmetrical feature as perpendicular to datum plane
Feature center plane held within two parallel planes that are perpendicular to a datum plane Center plane must be within the specified location tolerance

Perpendicularity of Line Elements and Radial Elements

Note used when controlling individual line elements of a surface:
EACH ELEMENT below feature control frame

Note used when controlling individual line elements of a radial surface:

EACH RADIAL ELEMENT under feature control frame

Combining Parallelism and Perpendicularity

Allows versatility by providing uniform parallelism and perpendicularity to related datums Tolerance zones are different or same Feature control frames stacked to provide feature control frame compartment for each geometric tolerance

Angularity Tolerance
Angle must be basic from the datum plane RFS implied unless otherwise specified

Angularity of an Axis
Can be used to control feature axis between two parallel planes
Planes are spaced equally on each side of specified basic angle from datum plane or axis Axis of feature must lie within this zone Only applies to view where specified Feature control frame appears next to feature diameter dimension to specify axis control

Angularity of an Axis
Can be used to control feature axis within a cylindrical angularity tolerance zone
Diameter symbol appears in front of geometric tolerance in feature control frame Specifies cylindrical tolerance zone

Angularity of a Center Plane and Single Element Control

Angularity tolerance formed by two parallel planes at specified basic angle to datum plane Center plane of feature must lie within this zone Used for single line element or single radial element control
Note EACH ELEMENT or EACH RADIAL ELEMENT placed below feature control frame

Zero Orientation Tolerance at MMC

Can be used for parallelism, perpendicularity, or angularity Feature has perfect orientation at MMC

Location Tolerancing
Uses location tolerances
Positional tolerance Concentricity tolerance Symmetry tolerance

Positional Tolerancing
Used to establish location of features from true position Provides benefits over conventional methods

Positional Tolerancing
Diameter symbol included when applied to a cylindrical tolerance zone
Compartments addedfor datum reference MMC or LMC symbol appears after tolerance Assume RFS or RMB unless MMB or LMB symbol follows specified datum reference

Positional Tolerancing
Establishes cylindrical tolerance zone when applied to a cylindrical feature When applied to a noncylindrical feature, tolerance value represents distance between two parallel straight lines or planes or distance between two uniform boundaries

Conventional Tolerancing
Establishes surface tolerance zone
Uses or limit location dimensions Actual hole center is anywhere within the square area Diagonal of zone is greatest distance that allows variation in center location Diagonal becomes diameter tolerance zone cylindrical through thickness of part

Positional Tolerancing
Provides increase of 54% in permissible area for the hole location Drawings converted from conventional tolerancing
Datums added Location dimensions changed from to basic Feature control frame added to diameter dimension

Positional Tolerance Zone

Hole axis at true position Positional tolerance at MMC

Positional Tolerance Zone

Hole axis at extreme positional variation Positional tolerance at MMC Positional tolerance at MMC

Positional Tolerance Zone

Hole axis at extreme attitude variation Positional tolerance at MMC

Positional Tolerance Zone

Hole axis at true position Positional tolerance at LMC

Positional Tolerance at MMC

Tolerance increases equal to amount of change from MMC Maximum positional tolerance occurs at LMC Internal feature formula:
Actual Size MMC + Specified Positional Tolerance = Applied Positional Tolerance

External feature formula:

MMC Actual Size + Specified Positional Tolerance = Applied Positional Tolerance

Introduction to Virtual Condition

Internal feature:
MMC OF FEATURE RELATED GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE = VIRTUAL CONDITION

External feature:
MMC OF FEATURE + RELATED GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE = VIRTUAL CONDITION

Positional Tolerance Based on the Surface of a Hole

All elements of hole surface must be outside a theoretical boundary located at true position and produced within specified size limits

 Allows positional tolerance zone to exceed amount specified when feature is produced at any actual size other than MMC Specifies importance of certainty that tolerance is totally dependent on actual size of feature True position required at MMC

Zero Positional Tolerancing at MMC

Zero Positional Tolerancing at MMC

Positional tolerance increases equal to amount of departure as feature size departs from MMC Total allowable variation in positional tolerance is at LMC

Positional Tolerance at RFS

Assume RFS when no material condition symbol appears after positional tolerance RFS applied to positional tolerance when it is desirable to maintain given positional tolerance at any produced size
RFS requires closer control of features

Positional Tolerance at LMC

Used to control relationship of feature surface and true position of largest hole size Sometimes controls minimum edge distance or minimum wall thickness Positional tolerance held at LMC

Positional Tolerance at LMC

Positional tolerance increases equal to amount of change from LMC as produced size departs from LMC toward MMC Maximum positional tolerance is at MMC Requires perfect form at LMC

Calculating Positional Tolerance at LMC

Internal feature:
LMC Actual Size + Specified Positional Tolerance = Applied Positional Tolerance

External feature:
Actual Size LMC + Specified Positional Tolerance = Applied Positional Tolerance

Locating Multiple Features

Rectangular coordinate dimensioning used in positional tolerancing applications

Locating Multiple Features

Polar coordinate dimensioning used to establish angular dimensions in positional tolerancing applications

Single Composite Pattern

Location dimensions are basic from datum reference frame All holes checked together

Features in Patterns with Separate Requirements

To treat patterns separately with regard to the datum references, the note "SEP REQT" appears below each feature control frame
Appropriate when features in one pattern are different in size or have different location requirements than the features in other patterns

Positional Tolerance Specified Individually

Used when a multiple datum reference frame exists and features are positioned to different datums individually Note appears next to datum feature symbols and related feature control frame to identify how many datum features and position tolerance specifications to consider individually
Example: 2X INDIVIDUALLY

 Feature control frame doubled in height and divide into two parts
One positional geometric characteristic symbol used in one double height feature control frame compartment Pattern-locating control specified in upper part of feature control frame Feature-relating control specified in lower entry

Composite Positional Tolerance

Composite Positional Tolerance

Two Single-Segment Feature Control Frames

Two position symbols displayed, each in a separate compartment
Pattern-locating control specified in top half of feature control frame Single datum reference in lower half of feature control frame provides orientation Double datum reference provides orientation and alignment for feature-relating control

Two Single-Segment Feature Control Frames

Offers tighter relationship of holes within pattern Pattern-locating zones and featurerelating zones must remain same distance from secondary datum

Two Single-Segment Feature Control Frames

Composite Positional Tolerancing Applied To Circular Patterns

Pattern-locating zones located using a basic diameter and basic angle between features
Oriented to specified datum reference frame

Feature-relating zones located partially or totally within boundaries of pattern-locating zones

Held perpendicular to primary datum Controlled as group by basic dimensions

Feature axes must fall within both zones

Composite Positional Tolerancing Applied To Circular Patterns

Two Single-Segment Tolerance Applied to Circular Patterns

Top half of feature control frame controls location of features as a group to the datums Slot and tertiary datum added to patternlocating control to provide orientation of the pattern of holes Lower portion of feature control frame controls pattern of features related to each other

Two Single-Segment Tolerance Applied to Circular Patterns

Material Condition Requirements In Composite Positional Tolerancing

Composite and two single-segment feature control frames must have same material condition Datums must be in same order of precedence with same boundary condition

 Used for features with a common axis

Holes and counterbores

Position Tolerancing of Coaxial Features

When tolerance is same for both features, positional tolerance zone diameter is same for both features relative to specified datums
Feature control frame appears below note to specify hole and counterbore

Position Tolerancing of Coaxial Features

When different tolerances are applied to coaxial features related to the same datum features, separate feature control frames are used
One feature control frame appears under note to specify hole size Another feature control frame appears under note to specify counterbore

 When tolerances control individual counterbore-to-hole relationships relative to different datum features, an additional specification is required
A note appears under the datum feature symbol for the hole and under the feature control frame for the counterbore to indicate number of places each applies on an individual basis

Position Tolerancing of Coaxial Features

Coaxial Positional Tolerance of Features in Alignment

Used for holes lying apart and in alignment Positional tolerance zone of holes located by basic dimensions from referenced datums Each hole can be produced at any location within positional tolerance zone

Coaxial Positional Tolerance of Features in Alignment

Position Tolerancing of Non-parallel Holes

Locating Slotted Features

Located to centers with basic dimensions from datums When a greater positional tolerance is placed on the length than on the width, a feature control frame is added to the length and width dimensions

Locating Slotted Features

Bidirectional positional tolerance used for a greater location tolerance in one direction than the other direction
Positional tolerance results in a rectangular tolerance zone Omit diameter symbol omited from the feature control frame Positional tolerance zone is noncylindrical

Locating Slotted Features

When the positional tolerance is controlled in relation to the feature surfaces, each feature is controlled by a theoretical boundary
Size of each slot is within size limits and no portion of surface can enter theoretical boundary Feature control frame preceded with number of slots, such as 2X

Locating Slotted Features Boundary formula:

MMC Length Positional Tolerance = Boundary Length MMC Width Positional Tolerance = Boundary Width

Position Tolerancing of Spherical Features

Spherical diameter symbol precedes feature size dimension Feature control frame appears below size dimension and positional tolerance zone is spherical

Applying Positional Tolerancing to Fasteners

Fasteners (Chapter 9) Thread symbol represents thread on drawing Thread note provides thread specifications Unless otherwise specified, geometric tolerances apply to pitch diameter

 A: Location tolerance applies to the cylindrical axis of the pitch diameter B: Location tolerance applies to the cylindrical axis of the major diameter C: Location tolerance applies to the cylindrical axis of the minor diameter

Applying Positional Tolerancing to Fasteners

A Projected Tolerance Zone Applied to a Print

Length is distance fastener extends into the mating part, thickness of the part, or height of a press-fit stud Perpendicularity tolerance provides a tighter control than allowed by a positional tolerance

A Projected Tolerance Zone Applied to a Print

Projected Tolerance Zone Representation First Option

Projected Tolerance Zone Representation Second Option

Virtual Condition
Determined when designing mating parts Violating virtual condition risks the interchangeability of mating parts Virtual condition of a feature must be interchangeable with virtual condition of its mating part

Calculating Virtual Condition

Internal Feature Formula:
MMC SIZE OF THE FEATURE RELATED GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE = VIRTUAL CONDITION

External Feature Formula:

MMC SIZE OF THE FEATURE + RELATED GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE = VIRTUAL CONDITION

Zero Positional Tolerance at MMC with the Clearance Hole at Virtual Condition

Concentricity Geometric Tolerance

Establishes concentricity Specifies a cylindrical tolerance zone Axis of tolerance zone coincides with datum axis

Concentricity Geometric Tolerance

Specifies that median points originating from feature surface must be within cylindrical concentricity tolerance zone Applied only on an RFS basis Related datum reference applied only on an RMB basis

Concentricity Geometric Tolerance

Concentricity Geometric Tolerance

Form irregularities of an actual feature can make it difficult to establish location of median points
Finding median points requires analysis of surface variations Runout or positional tolerancing used unless it is absolutely necessary to control median points

 Applied only on an RFS basis Related datum reference applied only on an RMB basis Presents difficulty in inspecting median points Positional tolerance locating symmetrical features considered if symmetry is not required

Symmetry Geometric Tolerance

Symmetry Geometric Tolerance

Positional Tolerancing Locating Symmetrical Features

Establishes a center plane-to-center plane control Used to locate one or more features symmetrically with respect to center plane of datum feature

Positional Tolerancing Locating Symmetrical Features

Diameter symbol omitted in feature control frame Positional tolerance zone is distance between two parallel planes equally divided on each side of true position Material condition must accompany positional tolerance
RFS assumed otherwise

 Use to control symmetry relationship of features within their limits of size Datum feature usually specified on MMB basis Perfect symmetry occurs and a boundary of perfect form is established when positional controlled feature is at MMC and datum feature is at MMB Out-of-perfect symmetry only happens as produced size leaves MMC

Zero Positional Tolerance at MMC for Symmetrical Objects

Profile Tolerances on Prints

Profile can be used to control form or combinations of size, form, and orientation Based on true profile Must be contained within size tolerance when used as a refinement of size Always RFS Equally disposed bilateral unless otherwise specified Profile geometric tolerance zone is generally oriented to one or more datums

Profile of a Line Tolerance

Used when it is unnecessary to control profile of the entire feature Used when parts have changing cross sections throughout length Assumed to be equally disposed bilateral when leader from feature control frame extends to related surface without any additional clarification

Profile of a Line between Two Points

Between symbol appears under feature control frame Any combination of letters used True profile established with a basic or tolerance dimension Equally disposed bilateral unless otherwise specified Feature confined within profile tolerance zone

Profile of a Line between Two Points

Profile of a Line All Around

Unilateral Profile of a Line

Unequally disposed symbol appears after geometric tolerance in feature control frame Tolerance value repeated after unequally disposed symbol when the tolerance has material added to feature or part

Unilateral Profile of a Line

Unilateral Profile of a Line

Tolerance value placed before the unequally disposed symbol when the tolerance has material taken from the feature or part 0 appears after the unequally disposed symbol Specifies entire profile tolerance is inside of true profile

Alternate Unilateral Profile Tolerance Option

Short phantom line appears parallel to the true profile on the side of the intended unilateral tolerance Dimension line with an arrowhead placed on the far side and a leader line connected to the feature control frame with a leader line on the other side

Unequally Disposed Profile of a Line

Total profile tolerance value appears before the unequally disposed symbol in feature control frame Value of tolerance that adds material to the feature or part placed after the unequally disposed symbol

Unequally Disposed Profile of a Line

 Either inside or outside of true profile shown as a basic dimension Dimension line with arrowheads placed on each side of the phantom lines and connected to the feature control frame with a leader Actual profile of part must be between the basic zone created around the true profile

Alternate Unequally Disposed Profile Tolerance Option

Profile of a Surface Tolerance

Use to control entire surface as a single feature Extends along total length and width or circumference of object or feature(s)
Establishes a blanket tolerance

Equally disposed bilateral unless otherwise specified Normally requires reference to datums for proper orientation of profile

Profile of a Surface Between Two Points

Profile of a Surface All Around or All Over

Establishes a blanket tolerance Surfaces all around or all over object outline must lie between two parallel boundaries equal in width to given geometric tolerance Tolerance zone should be perpendicular to datum plane

Profile of a Sharp Corner

Tolerance zone extends to intersection of the boundary lines A rounded corner can occur Controlled using a maximum radius note

Unilateral or Unequally Disposed Profile of a Surface

Coplanar Profile Tolerance

Used to control profile of coplanar surfaces as a single surface Phantom line appears between surfaces in the view where required surfaces appear as lines Leader connects from feature control frame to phantom line and a note appears below feature control frame identifying the number of surfaces

Coplanar Profile Tolerance

Profile of Plane Surfaces

Used to control form and orientation of planar surfaces Can be used to control the angle of an inclined surface in relationship to a datum
Surface must lie between two parallel planes equally split on each side of a true plane that has a basic angular orientation to a datum

Profile of Conical Features

Controls form or form and orientation Controls feature independently as a refinement of size or orients feature to a datum axis Profile tolerance must be within the size tolerance Actual surface must lie between two coaxial boundaries equal in width to the specified geometric tolerance, having a basic included angle, and within the size limits

Composite Profile Tolerance

Feature control frame doubled in height Geometric characteristic symbol placed in first compartment Locating tolerance zone specified in top half of feature control frame
Datum reference given in order of precedence in feature control frame Feature to be controlled from datums located with basic dimensions

Composite Profile Tolerance

Profile form and orientation tolerance zone specified in bottom half of feature control frame
Datum referencing establishes limits of size, form, and orientation of profile related to locating tolerance zone

Actual feature surface must be within both tolerance zones

Profile of a Feature to Be Restrained

Identify datum features Provide a note specifying process used and force required to restrain the part

Runout Geometric Tolerance

Used to control surfaces constructed around or perpendicular to a datum axis
Control of circular elements of a surface Control of cumulative variations of circularity, straightness, coaxiality, angularity, taper, and profile of a surface Control of variations in perpendicularity and flatness

Runout Geometric Tolerance

Always specified RFS Datum references always specified RMB Feature control frame connects to surface by a leader line Multiple leaders used to direct a feature control frame to two or more surfaces having a common runout tolerance

Circular Runout
Controls circularity and coaxiality when applied to surfaces constructed around or perpendicular to a datum axis Can be used to control wobbling motion Controlling datum verified before checking other surfaces Reference datum always RMB

Circular Runout
Measured by full indicator movement (FIM) of a dial indicator placed at several circular measuring positions as part is rotated 360 FIM is a total tolerance Each circular element must lie within the FIM Datum axis for runout inspection estabished using a clamping device
Collet typical

Circular Runout

Total Runout
Controls combined variations of circularity, straightness, coaxiality, angularity, taper, and profile when applied to surfaces constructed around and at right angles to a datum axis Can control combined variations of perpendicularity Can control concavity or convexity when applied to surfaces perpendicular to a datum axis

Total Runout
Reference datums always RMB Tolerance zone encompasses entire surface as part is rotated 360
Entire surface must lie within specified tolerance zone Dial indicator is placed at every location along surface as part is rotated 360

Total Runout

 Chain line located with basic dimensions appears in linear view

Runout Applied to a Portion of a Surface and Two Datum References

Feature control frame connects to chain line by a leader

Datum identifying letters placed in feature control frame Letters separated by a dash

Runout Applied to a Datum Surface and a Datum Axis

Datums placed separately in feature control frame in order of precedence Profile must be within specified geometric tolerance when part is mounted on the datum surface and rotated 360 about the datum axis Datum reference always specified RMB

Runout Control Applied to a Datum

Datum feature symbol specified to apply runout Datum feature symbol centered below feature control frame or datum feature symbol connected to the leader shoulder

Combining Runout with Other Geometric Tolerances

Used in runout tolerancing applications
Profile and circular runout Runout and cylindricity

Specify Independency
Form control is independent of size tolerance and should be added to the feature Size is verified by a two-point check using a micrometer or caliper Form is checked using the runout tolerance