1

Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M.

Ashari T. Elektro ITS
1
Single Phase Rectifier Single Phase Rectifier
Dr. Ir. Mochamad Ashari, M.Eng.
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS)
Surabaya
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 2
Single Single- -Phase Rectifier Phase Rectifier
Half Wave: Half Wave:
Beban Resistive:
tegangan rata-rata
Tegangan rms
Beban Inductive
Freewheeling Diode
Full Wave: Full Wave:
Performance parameter:
tegangan rata-rata
Tegangan rms
harmonisa
Filter:
Inductor (L)
Capacitor (C)
LC
2
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 3
Half Wave Rectifier Half Wave Rectifier

m
m avg o
V
t td V V = =

0
sin
2
1
| |
2
2 cos
2
1
2
1
2
1

sin
2
1
2
1
0
0
2
m
m
m rms o
V
t V
t d t V V
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
=

R
V
I
avg o
avg o

=
R
V
I
rms o
rms o

=
=
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 4
Inductive Load Inductive Load

=+
( ) | |

+ =
=

+

cos 1
2

sin
2
1
0
m
m avg o
V
t td V V
Pada periode positif, inductor di-
charge
Saat t=, arus di induktor masih
tersisa shg diode tetap menyala
Diode off setelah arus Io turun
mencapai 0 pada t==(+)
3
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 5
Inductive Load Inductive Load
Persamaan arus Io dapat dicari dari
respon waktu:
Arus steady state (i
SS
)
Arus transient (i
TR
)
Arus Total, i = i
SS
+ i
TR
( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
=

R
L
t
X R
V
i
L
m
SS


1
2 2
tan , sin
t
L
R
TR
Ae i iR
dt
di
L

= + = , 0
(

+
+
=

sin ) sin(
2 2

t
L
R
L
m
e t
X R
V
i

=+
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 6
Free Wheeling Diode Free Wheeling Diode
Selama periode positive, inductor
di-charge
Pada periode negative, diode Df on
dan arus mengalir ke R. Inductor di-
discharge
Diode utama off tepat pada t=
4
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 7
Full Wave Rectifier Full Wave Rectifier
Single Phase Full Bridge
Rectifier:
Uncontrolled
Semi Controlled
Fully Controlled
Macam Filter:
Beban R murni
Filter L
Filter C
Filter LC
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 8
Uncontrolled Rectifier Uncontrolled Rectifier Beban Beban R R
Performance Parameters:
Tegangan dan arus rata-
rata
Tegangan dan arus rms
Ripple
Harmonisa
5
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 9
Tegangan Tegangan rata rata- -rata rata
Tegangan dan arus output rata-rata

= = =

0 0
2
sin
2
2 1
m
m
T
ave
V
t td V d f
T
V
R
V
I
ave
ave
=
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 10
Tegangan rms Tegangan rms
Tegangan dan arus output rms
( )
2
sin
2
2
sin
1
0
2 2
0
2
m
m
T
m rms
V
t td V t d t V
T
V = = =

R
V
I
rms
rms
=
R
V
I V P
ave
ave ave dc
2
= =
R
V
I V P
rms
rms rms ac
2
= =
ac
dc
P
P
=
6
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 11
Ripple Ripple
Ripple atau riak gelombang
adalah distorsi yang
menyebabkan tegangan dc
menjadi tidak murni
Tegangan dc tak murni =
tegangan dc + ripple
Besaran ripple:
Ripple factor (RF)
Peak-to-Peak Ripple
V
dc
Vripple
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 12
Ripple Factor Ripple Factor
1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
ave
rms
V
V
RF
Ripple Factor
Benilai Nol apabila
berupa gelombang DC
murni
Bisa bernilai lebih dari
100%
Gelombang dc murni
mempunyai harga rata-
rata=rms
7
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 13
Peak Peak- -to to- -Peak Ripple Peak Ripple
Besar riak gelombang
dinyatakan dalam selisih
harga tertinggi dan terendah
komponen ac-nya.
Dinyatakan sebagai %
terhadap harga rata-rata
Contoh gambar disamping:
Teg. V
ave
=10 volt
V
pp-rip
= 2 volt (20%)
V
max
=V
ave
+V
pp-rip
V
min
=V
ave
-V
pp-rip
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 14
Harmonisa Harmonisa
Harmonisa:
gelombang sinusoida
yang mempunyai
frekuensi kelipatan
integer dari frekuensi
utama
Sinusoida dg frek utama
Komponen fundamental
(harmonisa ke-1)
Sinusoida dg frek 2x frek
utama Harmonisa ke 2
Dan seterusnya
8
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 15
Deret Deret Fourier Fourier
( ) ( )

=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos ) (
n
n n
t n b t n a a t f
( ) ( )
( ) ... 3 sin 3 cos
2 sin 2 cos sin cos ) (
3 3
2 2 1 1 0
+ +
+ + + + + =
t b t a
t b t a t b t a a t f

2
0
0
) (
2
1
d f a
=

2
0
) sin( ) (
1
d n f b
n

2
0
) cos( ) (
1
d n f a
n
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 16
Deret Deret Fourier Fourier
( )

=
+ =
1
0
cos ) (
n
n n
t n c t f
0
0
0 0
=
=

a c
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

n
n
n
n n n
a
b
b a c
1
2 2
tan
( ) ( )
( ) ... 3 cos
2 cos cos ) (
3 3
2 2 1 1 0
+ +
+ + + + + =


t c
t c t c c f
9
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 17
Harmonisa Tegangan Harmonisa Tegangan Output Output
Contoh:
Tegangan output
uncontrolled rectifier beban
R murni

m
V
d f a
2
) (
2
1
2
0
0
= =

= = t 0 sin ) ( ) (
m
t V t v f
( )( )

=
+

= =
,... 4 , 2
2
0
1 1
1 4
) cos( ) (
1
n
m
n
n n
V
d n f a

= =

2
0
0 ) sin( ) (
1
d n f b
n
( ) ... 4 cos
15
4
2 cos
3
4 2
= t
V
t
V V
t v
m m m

Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 18

Spektrum Spektrum dan dan Harmonic factor Harmonic factor
Besaran untuk mengukur
harmonisa:
Harmonic Factor (HF) atau
Total harmonic Distortion (THD)
2
4
2
3
2
2
1
1
V V V
V
HF THD + + = =
...
2
3
2
2
2
1
+ + + = V V V V
rms
2
1
2
1
1
V V
V
HF THD
rms
= =
Harmonic Spectrum
0 2 4 6 8 n

m
V 2
10
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 19
Uncontrolled Rectifier dg Filter L Uncontrolled Rectifier dg Filter L
Filter L berfungsi untuk meratakan arus
Untuk L=tak terhingga, arus dc
menjadi rata. Arus input berupa
gelombang persegi
Besar V
pp-rip
diestimasi dari komponen
harmonisa
Tegangan bridge (V
bridge
) adalah
tegangan dc rectifier beban R murni
Tegangan output (V
dc
) yaitu
R
Z
V
R I V
n
n bridge
n R n dc
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
) (
) ( ) (
fnL R Z
n
2
2
+ =
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 20
Contoh Contoh Filter L Filter L
Hitunglah tegangan ripple
peak-to-peak (V) suatu
rectifier fullwave :
Sumber V
ac
=100 V, 50 Hz
Beban R=4
Filter L=9.55mH
Ada 2 macam penyelesaian:
1. Dicari response arus
I(t)=I
steady-state
+ I
transient
2. Diestimasi dari
harmonisa
11
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 21
Estimasi Harmonisa Estimasi Harmonisa
V
R
=IR I=V/Z | Z |,
R=4;L=9.55mH
|V
bride
| n
1.12 0.28 18.4 5.1 6
3.8 0.95 12.6 12 4
33.2 8.3 7.2 60 2
90 22.5 4 90 0
V
ave
= 90 volt
V
p-rip
= (33.2
2
+3.8
2
+1.12
2
)
1/2
= 33.4
V=V
p-p rip
= 2*33.4 = 66.8 volt
V
max
=123.4 V
V
min
=56.6 V
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 22
Hasil Simulasi Hasil Simulasi Filter C Filter C
12
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 23
Uncontrolled Rectifier dg Filter C Uncontrolled Rectifier dg Filter C
Filter C berfungsi untuk
meratakan tegangan output
Sepasang diode akan on
saat capasitor charging
Diode off sesaat setelah
tegangan mencapai
maksimum
Diode tetap off dan
Capacitor discharge
mencatu beban
Tegangan mencapai
minimum sebelum diode on
dan charging lagi
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 24
Contoh Contoh Filter C Filter C
Hitunglah tegangan ripple
peak-to-peak (V) suatu
rectifier fullwave dengan:
Sumber V
ac
=70.71 V, 50 Hz
Beban R=20
Filter C=5000 mikro Farad
Ada 2 macam penyelesaian:
1. Dicari response arus
I(t)=I
steady-state
+ I
transient
2. Diestimasi dengan Deret
Taylor
13
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 25
Estimasi Deret Estimasi Deret Taylor Taylor
Capacitor Discharge
voltage:
RC
t
m dis
e V V

=
Deret Taylor, untuk x<<1
x e
x

1
|
.
|

\
|

RC
t
V V
m dis
1
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 26
Tegangan Tegangan Ripple Filter C Ripple Filter C
Untuk penurunan tegangan
discharge yang kecil maka
tT/2, shg:
RC
t
V V V
max max min
=
RC
T
V V V
2
max max min
=
fRC
V
V V V
2
max
min max
= =
005 . 0 * 20 * 50 * 2
100
= V
Volt V 10 =
Jadi tegangan ripple-
nya (peak-to-peak) =
10 volt
V
V V
90 V
100
min
max
=
=
14
Fullwave Rectifier 1 phase, Dr. M. Ashari T. Elektro ITS 27
Hasil Simulasi Hasil Simulasi Filter C Filter C