Training program in

Dimensional Tolerancing,
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
for

HCL Technologies Ltd

25th April to 19th May 2005
by

Nettur Technical Training Foundation,

Peenya,Bangalore

Dimensional Tolerancing
Ability needed to

REPRESENT

INTERPRET

MANUFACTURE

MEASURE
Main applications of Dimensioning and tolerances are
for

Holes & Shafts,

Tapers,

Threads,

Gears, Splines, etc.

± 0.125
59,45
0.025 M 0.025 M
0.015 M
0,45

± 0.125 A
35,95

C0.5(BOTH SIDES)
0.025 A 0.05 M
0.025 M
30°

R0,5(TYP)
0
-1.0
R4 4,15 1,5
0.6(MAX) x 45° R5

DETAIL AT B
-0.2
0.0

SCALE 5:1
+0.1
-0.2
0

Ø25.25

Ø95,68

B
Ø73,5
Ø38.0

Ø40

C1.15 REFER FORGING DRAWING NO RD 040660

03
FOR MATERIAL, HARDNESS & OTHER DETAILS

NOTE : ALL MACHINED SURFACES TO BE

+0.016

M 0.02 M FREE FROM RUST AND DENT MARKS

Ø29.2

-0.350
26,58 CAD REF . : DN NGT_GSL_RD040669-04 PN : TRANSMISSION TOOLS
DO NOT SCALE : IF IN DOUBT. REFER DESIGN OFFICE
± 0.025 MATERIAL
48,3
UNSPECIFIED APPD.
FOR ENGG. REF. 0.030 M MACHINING DEVIATION AS NOTED DGNR
LINEAR DIMENSION ANGULAR DIMN.
BY SIGN DATE
AT ALLOWANCE Above Upto Devn. Short side of ± mm Deg. of
min 1
0.5
6
6
30
±0.1 angle
±0.2 Above Upto SIZE - C
30 120 ±0.3 10 0.1 10
BOSS FACE 0.15 ± 0.075 120
315
315
1000
±0.5 10 50 0.2
±0.8 50 120 0.5
30
20 TO BE USED ON
1000 2000 ±1.2 120 0.8 10

FRONT FACE 0.15 ± 0.075 SCALE 1 :1 PART NAME: TOOL NO : XXXX/Y

FIFTH GEAR - LAYSHAFT
BORE 0.2 TOOL NAME:
SHEET 1 OF 1
BLANK DRAWING(TURNED)
 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT

Different types of tolerances are

1. Dimensional Tolerances
2. Form Tolerances
3. Position Tolerances
4. Surface Roughness values
5. Combination Tolerances
Other details shown on drawing are

Material specification
Special treatments if any
Heat treatments
Assembly condition
Special notes
Tolerance: Tolerance is the total permissible variation
from the specified basic size of the part. It is defined as
the magnitude of permissible variation of a dimension or
measured control criterion from specified value.

Basic size: The basic size is the size on which variation

permitted.

Actual size:
The size of a feature obtained by measurement

TOL not specified

• Follow general engineering tolerance
• IS 2102 fine, medium, course & very
course
• Unless otherwise specified, it is medium.
• Or else it can be IT 14 VALUE, bilateral
• All drawings need contain conditions on
general tolerance.
 1. Open tolerances or General Engineering tolerances
Standards used are
IS 2102 ( Part – 1) – 1993 / ISO 2768 - 1 : 1989

General Tolerances
Part – 1: Tolerances for Linear and Angular
dimensions without individual tolerance indications
Part – 2: Geometrical Tolerances for features
without individual tolerance indications
Ex: 20.0, 20-f, Ø20-f H

Table 1 – Permissible deviations for linear dimensions except for broken edges
(external radii and chamfer heights, see table 2)
Values in millimeters
Permissible deviations for basic size range
Tolerance Class

0.5 Over Over Over Over Over Over Over

Desig Descripti up to 3 6 30 120 400 1000 2000
nation on 3 up to up to up to up to up to up to up to
6 30 120 120 400 2000 4000

f fine ± 0,05 ± 0,05 ± 0,1 ± 0,15 ± 0,2 ± 0,3 ± 0,5 -

m medium ± ± 0,1 ± 0,2 ± 0,3 ± 0,5 ± 0,8 ± 1,2 ±2

0,1
c coarse ± ± 0,3 ± 0,5 ± 0,8 ± 1,2 ±2 ±3 ±4
0,2
v very - ± 0,5 ±1 ± 1,5 ± 2,5 ±4 ±6 ±8
coarse
1) For nominal sizes below 0,5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the
relevant nominal size (s).
 Table 2 – Permissible deviations for broken edges
( external radii and chamfer heights)
Values in millimeters

Permissible deviations for basic

Tolerance Class size range
Designation Descriptio 0.5 up to 3 Over 3 up over 6
n to6
f fine
± 0,2 ± 0,5 ±1
m medium
c coarse
v very ± 0,4 ± 0,1 ±2
coarse
1) For nominal sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations shall be
indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).

Table 3 – Permissible deviations of angular dimensions

Permissible deviations for ranges of lengths, in

millimeters,
Tolerance Class
of the shorter side of the angle concerned
Desig Descript up to 10 over 10 over 50 up over 120 over
nation ion up to 50 to 120 up to 400 400
F fine ± 10 ± 00 30 ± 00 20’ ± 00 10’ ± 00 5
m medium
c coarse ± 10 30’ ± 10 ± 00 30’ ± 00 15’ ± 00 10
v very ± 30 ± 20 ± 10 ± 00 30’ ± 00 20
coarse
 Table 1 – General tolerances on straightness and flatness
Values in millimeters

Straightness and flatness tolerances for ranges of nominal lengths

Tolerance
Class
over 10 up over 30 up over 100 over 300 up to Over 1000
up to 10
to 30 to 100 up to 300 1000 up to 3000

H 0,02 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

K 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8

L 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6

Table-2 General tolerances on perpendicularity

Values in millimeters

Perpendicularity tolerances for ranges of nominal

lengths of the shorter side
Tolerance
Class
over 100 over 300 over 1000
up to 100
up to 300 up to 1000 up to 3000

H 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5

K 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

L 0,6 1 1,5 2
 Table-3 – General tolerances on symmetry
Values in millimeters

Symmetry tolerances for ranges of

nominal lengths
Tolerance
Class
over 100 over 300 over 1000
up to 100
up to 300 up to 1000 up to 3000

H 0,5

K 0,6 0,8 1

L 0,6 1 1,5 2

Table 4 – General tolerances on circular run-out

Values in mm

Tolerance class Circular run-out tolerances

H 0,1

K 0,2

L 0,5
 IS 2102 – PART – 2
• VALUES FOR – Straightness /
perpendicularity / symmetry / Run out
specified
• Circularity - limited to diameter
tolerance or run out value
• Cylindricity – Limited to combined effect
of CIRCULARITY& PARALLELISM.
• Parallelism – Limited to Dimensional
Tolerance & flatness tolerance.
• Coaxiality - Limited to run out tolerance.

ISO 2768 - m
• General Engg. Tole Tolerance class medium

IS 2102 – f
• General Engg. Tole – class fine
 ISO 2768 – mK

• General Engg. Tole for dimensions -

Tolerance class. m
• General Engg. Tole for form / position –
tolerance class. K

IS 2102 – mK - E
• General Engg. Tole for Dimension as per
m
• General Engg Tole for Form / position as
per K
• Enveloping dia limits -E
 ISO 2768 - K
• General tol. as dim not considered.
• Form/position as per tol. Class K.

SPECIFIED TOLERANCE
• VALUE GIVEN
• VALUE AND POSISTIONAL STATUS
GIVEN
• STD.SYMBOLS USED.
2. Specificied tolerances
Standards used
IS 919 (Part – 1) – 1993 / ISO 286 – 1 : 1988
ISO System of Limits and Fits

Part – 1: Bases of tolerances, Deviations and Fits

Part – 2: Tables of standard tolerance Grades and
limit Deviations for Holes and shaft.

Example : 20H7, 20g6, 30 + 0.02

Specific tolerance should be less than open tolerance

STANDARD SPECIFICATION
Need contain

• HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE OF TOL.

• WHERE IT IS DISPOSED.
HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE
• IS 919 / SP46 OR STD CHARTS SPECIFY.
• 18 GRADES ARE SPECIFIED. VALUE IS
ATTACHED TO A GRADE
• IT=INTERNATIONALTOLERANCE
GRADE.
• AND 18 REPRESENT THE ROUGHFEST
Mfg process
• EVERY MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS
ATTRIBUTED WITH A RANGE OF
ACCURACY GRADE

HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE

FOR EX;
• TURNING IT7, 8 OR 9
• GRINDING IT 5, OR 7
• MILLING IT 6, 7, OR 8
• LAPPING IT 1, 2, 3, OR 4
• SAND CASTING IT 16, 17, 18
• PRESS WORKING IT 10, 11 OR 12
• INJ. MOULDING IT 12. 123 OR 14
 Grades of tolerances obtainable by various
manufacturing processes

According to IS 18 grades of tolerances or accuracy

grades of manufacturing IT1, IT2, IT3….IT18

IT GRADE is generally indicated by numbers from

1 to 18

Manufacturing Processes IT grades

Lapping 1, 2, 3, 4

Honing 3–5

Laser beam machining 5, 6, 7

Super finishing 4–6

Grinding 4–8
Electric Discharge machining 6–7

Boring 5–9
Reaming 5–8
Broaching 5–9
Turning (Diamond tools) 4–7
Turning 7 – 12
Milling 8 – 10
Shaping 10 – 14

Drilling 11 – 14

Extrusion 9 – 12

Blanking 12 – 18

Drawing 10 – 14

Die Casting 12 – 15

Sand casting 14 – 16
 HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE.
• EVERY DIM. ALONG WITH A GRADE
RECEIVE A TOL. VALUE.
• FOR EX. DIM 40 & GRADE 8, TOL= ?
• STD. FORMULA APPLIES TO THIS VALUE
• FOR CONVENIENCE, DIMES. ARE
GROUPED. 0 TO 3; 3 TO 6; 6 TO 10 etc.
• SAME VALUE OF TOL. VALID FOR A DIA
GROUP WITH ONE GRADE.

Table 1 – Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm

Basic size Standard tolerance grades

mm IT12) IT22) IT32) IT42) IT52) IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12 IT13 IT143) IT153) IT163) IT173) IT183)

Up to
Tolerances
Above and in-
cluding
µm mm
- 33 0,8 1,2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 0,1 0,14 0,25 0,4 0,6 1 1,4
3 6 1 1,5 2,5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 0,12 0,18 0,3 0,48 0,75 1,2 1,8
6 10 1 1,5 2,5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 0,15 0,22 0,36 0,58 0,9 1,5 2,2
10 18 1,2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 0,18 0,27 0,43 0,7 1,1 1,8 2,7
18 30 1,5 2,5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 0,21 0,33 0,52 0,84 1,3 2,1 3,3
30 50 1,5 2,5 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 0,25 0,39 0,62 1 1,6 2,5 3,9
50 80 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 0,3 0,46 0,74 1,2 1,9 3 4,6
80 120 2,5 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 0,35 0,54 0,87 1,4 2,2 3,5 5,4
120 180 3,5 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 0,4 0,63 1 1,6 2,5 4 6,3
180 250 4,5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 0,46 0,72 1,15 1,85 2,9 4,6 7,2
250 315 6 8 12 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 0,52 0,81 1,3 2,1 3,2 5,2 8,1
315 400 7 9 13 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 0,57 0,89 1,4 2,3 3,6 5,7 8,9
400 500 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 0,63 0,97 1,55 2,5 4 6,3 9,7
2
500 630 9 11 16 22 32 44 70 110 175 180 440 0,7 1,1 1,75 2,8 4,4 7 11
630 8002 10 13 18 25 36 50 80 125 200 320 500 0,8 1,25 2 3,2 5 8 12,5
2
800 1000 11 15 21 28 40 56 90 140 230 360 560 0,9 1,4 2,3 3,6 5,6 9 14
1000 12502 13 18 24 33 47 66 105 165 260 420 660 1,05 1,65 2,6 4,2 6,6 10,5 16,5
2
1250 1600 15 21 29 39 55 78 125 195 310 500 780 1,25 1,95 3,1 5 7,8 12,5 19,5
1600 20002 18 25 35 46 65 92 150 230 370 600 920 1,5 2,3 3,7 6 9,2 15 23
2
2000 2500 22 30 41 55 78 110 175 280 440 700 1100 1,75 2,8 4,4 7 11 17,5 28
2
2500 3150 26 36 50 68 96 135 210 330 540 860 1350 2,1 3,3 5,4 8,6 13,5 21 33

1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 – 1, annex A, table 5.
2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use.
3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.
 Table 1 – Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm

Basic size Standard tolerance grades

mm IT12) IT22) IT32) IT42) IT52) IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11

Up to
Tolerances
Above and
including
µm
- 33 0,8 1,2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60
3 6 1 1,5 2,5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75
6 10 1 1,5 2,5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90
10 18 1,2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110
18 30 1,5 2,5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130
30 50 1,5 2,5 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160
50 80 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190
80 120 2,5 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220
120 180 3,5 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250
180 250 4,5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290
250 315 6 8 12 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320
315 400 7 9 13 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360
400 500 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400
2
500 630 9 11 16 22 32 44 70 110 175 180 440
2
630 800 10 13 18 25 36 50 80 125 200 320 500
2
800 1000 11 15 21 28 40 56 90 140 230 360 560
2
1000 1250 13 18 24 33 47 66 105 165 260 420 660
2
1250 1600 15 21 29 39 55 78 125 195 310 500 780
2
1600 2000 18 25 35 46 65 92 150 230 370 600 920
2
2000 2500 22 30 41 55 78 110 175 280 440 700 1100
2
2500 3150 26 36 50 68 96 135 210 330 540 860 1350

1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 – 1, annex A, table 5.
2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use.
3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.

Table 1 – Numerical values of standard tolerance grades IT for basic sizes up to 3 150 mm

Basic size Standard tolerance grades

mm IT12 IT13 IT143) IT153) IT163) IT173) IT183)

Up to and Tolerances
Above
including
mm
- 33 0,1 0,14 0,25 0,4 0,6 1 1,4
3 6 0,12 0,18 0,3 0,48 0,75 1,2 1,8
6 10 0,15 0,22 0,36 0,58 0,9 1,5 2,2
10 18 0,18 0,27 0,43 0,7 1,1 1,8 2,7
18 30 0,21 0,33 0,52 0,84 1,3 2,1 3,3
30 50 0,25 0,39 0,62 1 1,6 2,5 3,9
50 80 0,3 0,46 0,74 1,2 1,9 3 4,6
80 120 0,35 0,54 0,87 1,4 2,2 3,5 5,4
120 180 0,4 0,63 1 1,6 2,5 4 6,3
180 250 0,46 0,72 1,15 1,85 2,9 4,6 7,2
250 315 0,52 0,81 1,3 2,1 3,2 5,2 8,1
315 400 0,57 0,89 1,4 2,3 3,6 5,7 8,9
400 500 0,63 0,97 1,55 2,5 4 6,3 9,7
2
500 630 0,7 1,1 1,75 2,8 4,4 7 11
630 8002 0,8 1,25 2 3,2 5 8 12,5
800 10002 0,9 1,4 2,3 3,6 5,6 9 14
1000 12502 1,05 1,65 2,6 4,2 6,6 10,5 16,5
2
1250 1600 1,25 1,95 3,1 5 7,8 12,5 19,5
1600 20002 1,5 2,3 3,7 6 9,2 15 23
2000 25002 1,75 2,8 4,4 7 11 17,5 28
2500 31502 2,1 3,3 5,4 8,6 13,5 21 33

1) Values for standard tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286 – 1, annex A, table 5.
2) Values for standard tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl.) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use.
3) Standard tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl.) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.
HOW MUCH IS THE VALUE
• 60% INCREASE IN TOL. VALUE FOR
EVERY GRADE UP FOR A DIA
GROUP
• EVERY 6TH GRADE GETS 100%
MORE TOL VALUE

WHERE TO DISPOSE TOLE.

• TOL. CAN BE DISPOSED
• ABOVE BASIC DIM.
• BELOW BASIC DIM
• DISTRIBUTED ON EITHER SIDE
 WHERE TO POSITION
• POSITIONING IS REPRESENTED BY
CAPITAL LETTERS FOR HOLES A,B,H
• BY SMALL LETTERS FOR SHAFTS a,b,h
• STD DISTANCES ARE KEPT EACH
LETTER & FOR EACH DIA GROUP FROM
BASIC DIM.
• THE DISTANCE TO THE BASIC DIM WITH
LEAST VALUE IS TERMED AS
FUNDEMENTAL DEVIASION;
• FD IS FIXED FOR A DIA-DIM
COMBINATION.
Schematic
representation of the
positions of
fundamental deviations
FITS

When two parts to be assembled, the relation

resulting from the difference between the size
before assembly is called a fit.

A fit is represented by
φ 30 H 7 / g6, φ 30 H 7 / p6, φ 40 H7/h6,
φ 40 H7k6, φ 40 H7p6,
Example of general tolerances on a drawing

INTERPRETATION
 INTRODUCTION TO
GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES
• Geometric characteristic symbols are a
set of fourteen Symbols used in the
language of geometric tolerancing.
• The symbols are divided into five
categories:
1. Form
2. Profile
3. Orientation
4. Location
5. Runout
 Feature Control Frame
• Geometric tolerances are specified
on a drawing through the use of a
feature control frame.

Symbol of Zone of
P.D S.D T.D
Geometric Tol. Tolerance

W or w/o zone Modifier

 Feature Control Frame

Tolerance frame
5.1 The tolerance requirements are shown
in a rectangular frame which is divided
into two or more compartments. These
compartments contain, from left to right ,in Figures 3
the following order (see figures 3,4 and 5)
:
_ The symbol for the characteristic to be
toleranced: Figures 4
_ The tolerance value in the unit used for
linear dimensions. This value is preceded
by the sign Φ if the tolerance zone is
circular or cylindrical: Figures 5
_ if appropriate, the letter or letters
identifying the datum feature (see figures
4 and 5)
 Tolerance frame(contd)
• 5.2 Remarks related to the
tolerance, for example “6
holes”, “4 surfaces” or
“6x” shall be written above
the frame (see figures 6 Figure 6 Figure 7
and 7)
• 5.3 Indications qualifying
the form of the feature
within the tolerance zone
shall be within near the
tolerance frame and may
be connected by a leader Figure 8 Figure 9
line (see figures 8 and 9)

Tolerance frame(contd)
5.4 If it is necessary to specify
more than one tolerance
characteristic for a feature,
the tolerance specifications
are given in tolerance frames
one under the other (see
Figure 10
figure 10)
 Toleranced features

• The tolerance frame is

connected to the toleranced
feature by a leader line
terminating with an arrow in the
following way: Figure11

• _ on the outline of the feature or

an extention of the outline ( but
clearly separated from the
dimension line) when the
tolerance refers to the line
surface itself (see figures 11 and
12)
Figure12

Toleranced features (contd)

• _ as an extension of a
dimension line when the
tolerance refers to the axis Figure13
or median plane defined by
the feature so dimensioned
(see figures 13 to 15)

Figure14

Figure15
 Toleranced features (contd)
• _ on the axis when the tolerance
refers to the axis or median plane
of all features common to that
axis or median plane(see figures
16,17 and 18)

Figure16

Figure17 Figure18

Tolerance zones
7.1 The width of the tolerance zone is in the direction of the arrow of the leader
line joining the tolerance frame to the feature which is tolerance, unless the
tolerance value is preceded by the sign Ø (see figures 19&20).

Figure 19 Figure 20
 Tolerance zones (contd)
• 7.2 In general, the direction of the width of the tolerance zone is
normal to the specified geometry of the part (see figures 21&22)

Figure 22
Figure 21

Tolerance zones (contd)

• 7.3 The direction of the tolerance zone shall be indicated when
desired not normal to the specified geometry of the part (see
figures 23&24)
α

Figure 23 Figure 24
 Tolerance zones (contd)
7.4 Individual tolerance zones of the same value applied to several separate
features can be specified as shown in figures 25&26.

Figure 25 Figure 26

Tolerance zones (contd)

7.5 Where a common tolerance zone is applied to several separate features,
the requirement is indicated by the words “common zone” above the
tolerance frame (see figures 27&28).

3XA
COMMON ZONE COMMON ZONE

A A A

Figure 27 Figure 28
 Datums
8.1 When a tolerance feature is related to a datum, this is generally shown by
datum latter which defines the datum is repeated in the tolerance frame.
To identify the datum, a capital letter enclosed in a frame is connected to a solid
or blank datum triangle (see figures 29&30).

Figure 29 Figure 30

8.2 The Datum triangle with the datum letter is placed:

-On the outline of the feature or an extension of the out line (but
clearly separated from the dimension line), when the datum
feature is the line or surface itself (see figures 31)

Figure 31
 - as an extension of the dimension line when the datum feature is the axis or
median plane (see figures 32 to 34).
NOTE - If there is insufficient space for two arrows, one of them may be
replaced by the datum triangle (see figures 33 and 34). on the axis or median
plane when the datum is :

a) the axis or median plane of a single feature

(for example a cylinder);

b) the common axis or plane formed by

two features (see figure 35).

8.3 If the tolerance frame can be directly connected with the datum feature by
a leader line, the datum letter may be omitted (see figures 36 and 37).

8.4 A single datum is identified by a capital

letter (see figure 38).
A common datum formed by two features is
identified by two datum letter
separated by a hyphen (see figure 39).

If the sequence of two or more datum

features is important the datum letters are
placed in different compartments (see figure
40), where the sequence from left to right
shows the order of priority.
If the sequence of two or more datum features is not important the datum letters
are indicated in the same compartment (see figure 41).

9 Restrictive specifications

9.1 If the tolerance is applied to a restricted length,

lying anywhere, the value of this length shall be
added after the tolerance value and separated from it
by an oblique stroke.

In the case of a surface, the same indication is used.

This means that the tolerance applies to all lines of
the restricted length in any position and any direction
(see figure 42).

9.2 If a smaller tolerance of the same type is added to

the tolerance on the whole feature, but restricted over a
limited length, the restrictive tolerance shall be indicated
in the lower compartment (see figure 43).
9.3 If the tolerance is applied to a restricted part of
the feature only, this shall be dimensioned as shown
in figure 44.

9.4 If the datum is applied to a restricted part of

the datum feature only, this shall be dimensioned as
shown in figure 45.
•9.5 Restrictions to the form of the feature within
the tolerance zone are shown in 5.3.
 Theoretically exact dimensions

If tolerances of position or of profile or of angularity are prescribed for a feature,

the dimensions determining the theoretically exact position, profile or angle
respectively, shall not be toleranced.
These dimensions are enclosed, for example The corresponding actual
dimensions of the part are subject only to the position tolerance, profile
tolerance or angularity tolerance specified within the tolerance frame (see
figures 46 and 47).
Figure 46
Figure 47

• Projected tolerance zone

In some causes the tolerances of
orientation and location shall apply not to
the feature itself but to the external
projection of it. Such projected tolerance
zones are to be indicated by the symbol
(see figure 48).
Maximum material condition

The indication that the tolerance value applies at the Figure 48

maximum material condition is shown by the
symbol placed after:

The tolerance value (see figure 49); Figure 49

The datum letter (see figure 50);

Figure 50
Or both (see figure 51);According to whether
the maximum material principle is to be applied
respectively to the toleranced feature. the datum Figure 51
feature or both.
Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing GD & T standards

ANSI Y 14.5M 1982

ISO 1101 – 1983

ASME 14.5M -1994

ISO 1101 -1983

(Technical Drawings-Geometrical Tolerancing-
Tolerancing of Form, Orientation, Location and Run-
out)

ANSI Y14.5
1982-American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
published ANSI Y14.5

ASME Y14.5M-1994

ASME Y14.5M-1994 Revised.

ASME Y 14.5M-1994 stand for

• ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers

• Y 14.5 Standard number.

• M Standard is Metric.

• 1994 Year the standard was officially

approved.

DIMENSION AND TOLERANCES

• Dimension is a numerical value expressed in
appropriate units of measure and used to define
size, location and orientation, form and other
geometrical characteristics.
• Tolerance is a total amount the feature of part are
permitted to vary from specified dimension. The
tolerance is a difference between maximum and
minimum limits.
• Types of tolerance
Limit tolerance.
Plus-minus tolerance.
DIMENSION AND TOLERANCES
cond..
• Plus –Minus Tolerance
Equal bilateral tolerance.
Unequal bilateral tolerance.
Unilateral tolerance.

+0.5 +0.3

0 - 0.2

COORDINATE TOLERACING
SYSTEM
• Part feature is located (or defined) by means of
rectangular dimensions with given tolerances.
 GEOMENTRIC DIMENSIONING
AND TOLERANCING.

COMPARISION BETWEEN GD&T

AND COORDINATE TOLERANCING.
 Key terms used in Geometric
dimensioning and tolerancing

Modifiers and symbols used in

geometric tolerancing

• Understand key terms and how they

affect the interpretation of a
drawing.

• Understand the modifiers and

symbols used in geometric
tolerancing.
 FEATURES

• A feature is a general term applied to

a physical portion of part, such as a
surface, hole or slots,tabs.

• An easy way to remember this term

is to think of a feature as a part
surface.

FEATURES
 Features

Feature Of Size Non-Feature Of Size

External Internal
Feature Of Size Feature Of Size

FEATURE OF SIZE
• This is one cylindrical or spherical
surface, or set of two opposed elements or
parallel surfaces associated with size
dimension which has an axis, center line
or center plane contained within it.

• Features of size are features, which do

have diameter or thickness.

• These may be cylinders, such as shafts

and holes. They may also be slots,
rectangular or flat parts, where two
parallel flat surfaces are considered to
form a single feature.
How many feature of size are there?

FEATURE OF SIZE NON FEATURE OF SIZE

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FOS
• External FOS are comprised of part
surfaces that are external surfaces.
– Like shaft diameter or width and
height of a planner surfaces.
• Internal FOS is comprised of part
surfaces (or elements) that are
internal part surfaces.
– like hole diameter or the width of a
slot.

Example:
 FEATURE OF SIZE
DIMENSIONS
• A feature of size dimension is a dimension
that is associated with a feature of size.

ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE

= PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART.

• The Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of

an external feature of size is a
similar perfect feature counterpart of
the smallest size that can be
circumscribed about the feature so it
just contacts the surfaces at the
highest points with in the tolerance
zone.
 Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an external
FOS

ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE

= PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART

• The actual mating envelope (AME) of

an internal feature of size is a similar
perfect feature counterpart of the
largest size that can be inscribed
within the feature so that it just
contacts the surfaces at their highest
points with in the tolerance zone.
Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal FOS

Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal

FOS
 MATERIAL CONDITIONS
• A geometric tolerance can be specified to
apply at the largest size, smallest size or
actual size of a feature of size.

• Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

Maximum material condition is the
condition in which a feature of size
contains the maximum amount of material
everywhere within the stated limits of
size.

MMC of external Feature Of Size

MMC
 MMC of internal Feature Of Size

MMC

LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION

(LMC)
• Least material condition is the condition in
which a feature of size contains the least
amount of material everywhere within the
stated limits of size .

LEAST
MATERIAL
CONDITION
 Regardless of feature size
(RFS)
• Regardless of feature size is the term that
indicates a geometric tolerance applies at
any increment of size of the feature within
its size tolerance.

• RFS applied only to size features, such as

hole, shafts, pins, etc.; feature which have
an axis, centerplane or centerline.
• Symbol : S

Material Condition Usage

• Each material condition is used for
different functional reasons.

• Geometric tolerances are often specified

to apply at MMC when the function of a
FOS is assembly.

• Geometric tolerances are often specified

to apply at LMC to insure a minimum
distance on a part.

• Geometric tolerances are often specified

to apply at RFS to insure symmetrical
relationships.
 MODIFIERS

• Modifiers communicate additional

information about the drawing or
Tolerancing of a part.

• There are nine common modifiers

used in geometric tolerancing.

Nine modifiers
PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE
• Symbol: P
• The projected tolerance zone modifier changes the
location of the tolerance zone on the part.

• It projects the tolerance zone above the part surface.

• Height of the projected tolerance zone should be

equal to the max. thickness of the mating part.

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH A

PROJECTED TOLERENCE ZONE SYMBOL
 Using a Projected Tolerance Zone
•A projected tolerance zone is a tolerance zone
that is projected above the part surface.
•A projected tolerance zone modifier is specified
as P

Using a Projected Tolerance Zone

(Contd..)
•A projected tolerance zone is used to limit the
perpendicularity of a hole to ensure assembly with
mating part.
 Using a Projected Tolerance Zone
(contd.)

TANGENT PLANE MODIFIER

• The tangent plane modifier denotes that only the
tangent plane of the toleranced surface needs to be
within this tolerance zone.
 DIAMETER MODIFIER

• The diameter symbol is used two

ways: inside a feature control frame as
a modifier to denote the shape of the
tolerance zone, or outside the feature
control frame to simply replace the
word "diameter“.

Ø Inside the feature Ø Outside the feature

control frame control frame
 Reference modifier
• The modifier for reference is simply
the method of denoting that
information is for reference only.

• The information is not to be used for

manufacturing or inspection.

• To designate a dimension or other

information as reference, the
reference information is enclosed in
parentheses.

Reference
Example:
 RADIUS MODIFIER
• Arcs are dimensioned with radius symbol
on drawings.
• A radius is a straight line extending from
the center of an arc or a circle to its
surface.
• The Symbol for a radius is "R“.
• When the "R" symbol is used, it creates a
zone defined by two arcs.
• The part surface must lie within this zone.
• The part surface may have flats or
reversals within the tolerance zone.

Radius modifier
 Controlled Radius

• The symbol for a controlled radius is "CR“.

• it creates a tolerance zone defined by two

arcs.

• The part surface must be within the

crescent-shaped tolerance zone and be an
arc without flats or reversals.

CONTROL RADIUS
 DATUM IDENTIFYING
LETTER

DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL

DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON A FEATURE

SURFACE AND AN EXTENSION LINE
 PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE
SYMBOLS ON FEATURES OF SIZE

PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL IN

CONJUNCTION WITH A FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
 DATUM TARGET SYMBOL

BASIC DIMESNSION SYMBOL

 SYMBOL INDICATING THE SPECIFIED
TOLERANCE IS A STATISTICAL GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCE

BETWEEN SYMBOL
 COUNTERBORE OR
SPOTFACE SYMBOL

COUNTERSINK SYMBOL
DIMENSION ORIGIN
SYMBOL

DEPTH SYMBOL
 SQUARE SYMBOL

SYMBOL FOR ALL AROUND

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH FREE
STATE SYMBOL

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
INCORPORATING A DATUM REFERENCE
SYMBOL

ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF DATUM

REFERENCE
MULTIPLE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES

COMBINED FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

AND DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT

RULES & CONCEPTS OF GD & T

1. Understand Rule #1 and Rule #2.

2. Understand the concepts of basic

dimensions, virtual condition, inner and
outer boundary, worst-case boundary
and bonus tolerance.
Rule #1
Rule #1 is referred to as the "Individual Feature
of Size Rule."

In industry the Rule #1 is paraphrased as

“perfect form at MMC” or the “envelope rule”.

“Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the

limits of size of an individual feature prescribe
the extent to which variations in its form as well
as in its size are allowed”.
An example of effects of Rule #1 on a planar
FOS.

In Rule #1, the words perfect form mean

perfect flatness, straightness, circularity and
cylindricity. In other words if the feature of size
is produced at MMC, it is required to have
perfect form.

TECHNOTE – For features of size, where

only a tolerance of size is specified, the
surfaces shall not extend beyond a boundary
(envelope) of perfect form at MMC.
INSPECTING A FEATURE OF SIZE
When inspecting a FOS that is controlled by Rule
#1, both its size and form need to be verified.
The MMC size and the Rule #1 envelope can be
verified with a Go gage. A Go gage is made to
the MMC limit of the FOS and has perfect form.
Go gage must be at least as long as the FOS it is
verifying.

The minimum size (LMC) of a FOS can be

measured with a No-Go gage.
A No-Go gage is made to the LMC limit of the
FOS.
Rule#2

“RFS applies, with respect to the individual

tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no
modifying symbol is specified. MMC and LMC
must be specified on the drawing where
required”.

Relationship between Dimensional

tolerancing
and
Geometric tolerancing

Geom.
tolerancing
Dimensional tolerancing
Rule #2a is an alternative practice of Rule #2 according
to which RFS may be specified as a symbol in feature
control frames if desired and applicable.

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC
DIMENSIONS

Basic Dimension

The basic dimension is the goal, and a geometric

tolerance specifies the amount of acceptable
variation from the goal.
“A basic dimension is a numerical value used to
describe the theoretically exact size, true profile,
orientation, or location of a feature or gage
information (i.e., datum targets)”.
On engineering drawings there are two uses for
basic dimensions:

1. To define the theoretically exact

location, size, orientation, or true profile of a
part feature.

2. To define gauge information.

Basic dimensions must get their tolerances from

a geometric tolerance or from a special note.

Basic Dimension Symbol

The basic dimension only specifies half the

requirement. To complete the specification, a
geometric tolerance must be added to the feature
involved with the basic dimension.
Basic Dimension examples.
No geometric control is used on basic dimensions
that specify datum targets. When basic dimensions
specify datum targets, they are considered gage
dimensions.

Basic
Dimensions
used to locate
Datum
Targets.
• Interpret the flatness control.

• Interpret the straightness control.

• Interpret the circularity control.

• Interpret the cylindricity control.

 FORM CONTROLS

• Flatness. c

• Straightness.

• Circularity. „

• Cylindricity. g

FLATNESS
SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO PARALLEL PLANES

STRAIGHTNESS
SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- CYLINDER

CIRCULARITY
SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO COPLANAR

CONCENTRIC CIRCLES
CYLINDRICITY
SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO COAXIAL CYLINDERS

FLATNESS
Definition : Flatness is the condition of a
surface having all of its elements in one plane.
The tolerance zone for a flatness control is
three-dimensional.
General representation
 Interpretation of Flatness tolerance :

It consists of two parallel planes within which

all the surface elements must lie. The
distance between the parallel planes is equal
to the flatness control tolerance value.

Rule #1 Effect on Flatness

•Whenever Rule #1 applies to a feature of size that
consists of two parallel planes, an automatic
indirect flatness control exists for both surfaces.
Rule #1 Effect on Flatness
•When the feature of size is at MMC, both surfaces
must be perfectly flat.
•As the feature departs from MMC, a flatness error
equal to the amount of the departure is allowed.

Flatness Control Application

Some examples of when a designer uses
flatness control on a drawing are to provide a
flat surface:
• For a gasket or seal.
• To attach a mating part.
• For better contact with a datum plane.
When these types of applications are
involved, the indirect flatness control that results
from Rule #1 is often not sufficient to satisfy the
functional requirements of the part surface.
This is when a flatness control is specified on
a drawing:
Inspecting Flatness
•Establish the first plane of the tolerance zone
by placing the part surface on a surface plate
that has a small hole.
• The surface plate becomes the true counterpart
of the controlled feature. A dial indicator is set in
the small hole.
• The tip of the dial indicator traces a path across
the entire part surface.
• Then the part is moved over the hole at random.

• If the FIM (full indicator movement) is larger

than the flatness tolerance value at any point on
the path, then the surface flatness is not within its
specification.
 STRAIGHTNESS :
Definition : Straightness of a line element is
the condition where each line element (or
axis or center plane) is a straight line.
The tolerance zone for a straightness control
(as a surface line element control) is two-
dimensional.
General Representation :

General Representation
Interpretation (Straightness applied to the
surface element)

Rule#1’s Effects on Surface Straightness

• Whenever Rule #1 is in effect, an automatic
indirect straightens control exists for the surface
line elements.
Rule#1’s Effects on Surface Straightness
• When the feature of size is at MMC, the line
elements must be perfectly straight. As
the FOS departs from MMC a straightness error
equal to the amount of the departure is allowed.

Interpretation (Straightness applied to the

axis)
0.2

0.2mm
Straightness at MMC Application
• A common reason for
applying a straightness
control at MMC to a
FOS on a drawing is to
insure the function of
assembly.
• Whenever the MMC
modifier is used in a
straightness control, it
means the stated
tolerance applies when
the FOS is produced at
MMC.

Straightness at MMC Application

• An important benefit
becomes available
when straightness is
applied at MMC: extra
tolerance is
permissible.
• As the FOS departs
from MMC towards
LMC, a bonus
tolerance becomes
available.
 Inspecting a Straightness Control (Applied
to a FOS at MMC)

CIRCULARITY
Definition: Circularity is a condition where all
points of a surface of revolution, at any Section
perpendicular to a common axis, are equidistant
from that axis.
General representation:

0.2

39.0
38.5
Example :

Circularity control :
•A circularity control is a geometric tolerance that
limits the amount of circularity on a part surface.
•It specifies that each circular element of a
feature’s surface must lie within a tolerance zone
of two coaxial circles.
•It also applies independently at each cross
section element and at a right angle to the feature
axis.
•The radial distance between the circles is equal to
the circularity control tolerance value.
 INTERPRETATION

94.2 – 94.6
0.2

79.4 – 79.8 Two imaginary and concentric circles with their

0.2 radii 0.2mm apart.

0.2

Part
surface

Circularity application :

•Is to limit the lobing (out of round) of a shaft

diameter.
•In certain cases, lobing of a shaft diameter will
cause bearings or bushings to fail prematurely.
 Circularity application :

•The diameter must be within its size tolerance.

•The circularity control does not override Rule #1.
•The circularity control tolerance must be less than the
size tolerance.
•The circularity control does not affect the outer
boundary of the FOS.

INSPECTION OF CIRCULARITY
Cylindricity g

Definition :Cylindricity is a condition of a

surface of revolution in which all points of the
surface are equidistant from a common axis.
General Representation :

0.2

39.0
38.5

Example & Interpretation:

 Cylindricity control :
•A cylindricity control is a geometric tolerance that limits
the amount of cylindricity error permitted on a part
surface.
•It specifies a tolerance zone of two coaxial cylinders
within which all points of the surface must lie. A
cylindricity control applies simultaneously to the entire
surface.
•The radial distance between the two coaxial cylinders is
equal to the cylindricity control tolerance value.
•A cylindricity control is a composite control that limits
the circularity, straightness, and taper of a diameter
simultaneously.

Cylindricity application :
•Is to limit the surface conditions (out of round,
taper, and straightness) of a shaft diameter.

•In certain cases, surface conditions of a shaft

diameter will cause bearings or bushings to fail
prematurely.
Cylindricity application :

•The diameter must also be within its size tolerance.

•The cylindricity control does not override Rule #1.
•The cylindricity control tolerance must be less than the
total size tolerance.
•The cylindricity control does not affect the outer boundary
of the FOS.

INSPECTION OF CYLINDRICITY
 DATUM SYSTEMS
(PLANAR DATUM)

• Set of symbols and rules that communicates to the

drawing user how dimensional measurements are to be
made.

WHY DATUM SYSTEM?

• First, it allows the designer to specify which part

surfaces are to contact the inspection equipment
for the measurement of a dimension.
• Second, the datum system allows the designer to
specify, in which sequence the part is to contact
the inspection equipment for the measurement of a
dimension.
 BENEFITS OF DATUM SYSTEM

-It aids in making repeatable dimensional

measurements.
-It aids in communicating part functional relationships.
-It aids in making the dimensional measurement as
intended by the designer.

CONSEQUENCES

-Good parts are rejected

-Bad parts are accepted
 DATUMS(PLANAR)

• DATUM
• DATUM FEATURE
• DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
• SIMULATED DATUM
• DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
• DATUM SELECTION

DATUM

• A datum is a theoretically exact plane, point or axis

from which a dimensional measurement is made.
• A Datum is the true geometric counter part of a datum
feature
• A true geometric counter part is the theoretical perfect
boundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature.
 DATUM FEATURE

• A datum feature is a part feature that exists on the

part and contacts a datum.

SIMULATED DATUM

• A simulated datum is the plane established by the

inspection equipment.
 DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR

•A datum feature simulator is the inspection equipment

that includes the gage elements used to establish the
simulated datum.
 DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
• The symbol used to specify a datum feature on a
drawing is called the datum feature symbol.

FOUR WAYS OF REPRESENTING PLANAR DATUMS

 DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE
CONTROL FRAME

• The drawing must communicate when and how

the datums should be used. This is typically done
through the use of feature control frames.

DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE CONTROL

FRAME
 DATUM REFRENCE FRAME

• A datum reference frame is a set of three mutually

perpendicular datum planes.

• The datum reference frame provides direction as

well as an origin of dimensional measurements.

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME

 Datum-related versus FOS dimensions

• Only dimensions that are related to a datum

reference frame through geometric tolerances
should measure in a datum reference frame.

• If a dimension is not associated to a datum

reference frame with a geometric tolerance, then
there is no specification on how to locate the part
in the datum frame.

Datum-related versus FOS dimensions(contd…)

 INCLINED DATUM FEATURES

• An inclined datum feature is a datum feature that

is at an angle other than 90°, relative to the other
datum features.

MULTIPLE DATUM REFERENCE FRAMES

• A part may have as many datum reference frames as needed to

define its functional relationships.
 COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES

• COPLANAR SURFACES.

• COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES.

-In this case, a datum feature symbol is attached
to a profile control.
-The profile control limits the flatness and
co planarity of the surfaces.

COPLANAR DATUM
FEATURES(contd…)
 DATUM TARGETS
• Datum targets are symbols that describe the shape,
size and location of gauge elements that used to
establish datum planes or axes.
• Datum targets are shown on the part surfaces on a
drawing, but they actually do not exist on a part.
• Datum targets can be specified to simulate a point,
line or area contact on a part.
• The use of datum targets allows a stable and
repeatable relationship for a part with its gauge.
• Datum targets should be specified on parts where it is
not practical (or possible) to use an entire surface as a
datum feature.

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS

• A datum target application uses two of symbols:

1.A datum target identification symbol
2.Symbols that denote which type of
gauge elements are to be used.
• The leader line from the symbol specifies whether
the datum target exists on the surface shown or on
the hidden surface side of the part.
• Three symbols used to denote the type of gauge
element in a datum target application are the
symbols for a target point, a target line, and a
target area.
DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd….)

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd….)

• A datum target point is specified by an X shaped

symbol, consisting of a pair of lines intersecting at
90°.
• Basic dimensions should used be used to locate
datum target points relative each other and the
other datums on the part.
DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd….)

• Datum target point

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd….)

• Datum target line

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd….)

• Datum target areas

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd….)

Creating a partial reference frame from
offset surfaces(contd…)

DATUM AXIS
&
DATUM CENTER PLANE
 INTRODUCTION

• Here Feature of Size

is used as a datum
features
• When a diameter is
used as a datum
feature, It results in a
datum axis
• When a planar is used
as a datum feature, it
results in a datum
center plane
Describe the datum that results from a FOS datum feature

3 Ways for representing an axis as

datum
• Datum identification symbol can be touching the surface of a
diameter to specify axis as the datum

Describe the ways to specify an axis as a datum.

 3 Ways for representing an axis as
datum (Contd….)
• Datum identification symbol can be touching the beginning
of a leader line of FOS to specify an datum axis

3 Ways for representing an axis as

datum (Contd….)
• Datum identification symbol can be touching the feature
control frame to specify an axis or centre plane as datum
2 Ways for representing a centre plane as
datum
• Datum identification symbol can be inline with
dimension line to specify on axis or centre plane as
datum

Describe the ways to specify an centre plane as a datum.

2 Ways for representing a centre plane as

datum (Contd….)

• Datum identification symbol can replace one side of the

dimension line and arrow head
 Datum Terminology
• Datum feature A
• Datum feature
simulator / Gauge
element
• Simulated datum
axis A
• Simulated datum
Feature A

FOS datum feature referenced at

MMC
 FOS datum feature referenced at
MMC (Contd…)
• The gauging equipment that serves as the datum
feature simulator is a fixed size
• The datum axis or center plane is the axis or center
plane of the gage element
• The size of the true geometric counterpart of the
datum feature is determined by the specified MMC
limit of size or, in certain cases, its MMC virtual
condition

FOS datum feature referenced at

MMC (Contd…)
• Referencing a FOS datum at MMC has two effects
on the part gaging :
– The gage is fixed in size
– The part may be loose (shift) in the gage

List two effects of referencing a FOS datum at MMC

 Datum axis MMC primary

Draw the datum feature simulator for an external and

internal FOS datum feature (MMC primary).

Datum centre plane MMC primary

 Datum axis MMC secondary

Draw the datum feature simulator for an FOS datum

feature (MMC secondary with virtual condition)

Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,

Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)
 Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,
Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)
(Contd…)
• When referencing the datums with the face primary,
diameter secondary (MMC), and slot tertiary (MMC),
the following conditions apply:
• The part will have a minimum of three points of
contact with the primary datum plane
• The datum feature simulators will be fixed size gage
elements.
• The datum axis is the axis of the datum feature
simulator

Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,

Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)
(Contd…)
• The datum axis is perpendicular to the primary datum
plane
• Depending upon the datum feature's actual mating
size, a datum shift may be available.
• Second and third datum planes are to be associated
with the datum axis
• The tertiary datum center plane is the center plane of
the tertiary datum feature simulator
 Datum Axis from a Pattern of Holes,
MMC Secondary

Draw the datum axis when using a pattern of FOS as

a datum feature (MMC secondary)

Datum sequence

Panel-A

Explain how changing the datum reference sequence in a feature

control frame affects the part and gauge
 Datum sequence (contd…)
• Panel A
• An adjustable gauge is required.
• No datum shift is permissible on datum feature A
• The part is oriented in the gage by datum feature A
• Datum feature B will have a minimum of one point
contact with its datum feature simulator
• The orientation of the holes will be relative to
datum axis A

Panel B

Datum feature
simulator for
datum plane B
• Panel B
• Datum feature B will have 3- point contact with its
datum plane
• The part is oriented in the gauge by datum feature B
• The orientation of holes will be relative to datum
plane B
• An adjustable gauge is required and no datum shift is
permissible on datum feature A

Panel C

Virtual
condition=Ф10.2
 Basics of Orientation Control

• Interpret the perpendicularity control.

• Interpret the angularity control.

• Interpret the parallelism control.

PERPENDICULARITY
SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :-TWO PARALLEL PLANES

PERPENDICULAR TO DATUM SURFACE

Perpendicularity Control
 Define Perpendicularity
• Perpendicularity is the condition that results when
a surface, axis, or centerplane is exactly 90 deg to
a datum.

• A perpendicularity control is a geometric tolerance

that limits the amount a surface, axis, or
centerplane is permitted to vary from being
perpendicular to the datum.

Perpendicularity Tolerance Zones

1. Two Parallel Planes

2. A cylinder
 Perpendicularity Applications
1. Perpendicularity applied to a surface.

2. Perpendicularity applied to a planar FOS.

3. Perpendicularity applied to a cylindrical FOS.

Perpendicularity applied to a
surface
 Interpretations
• Tolerance zone – two parallel planes that are
perpendicular to the datum plane.
• Distance between tolerance plane – specified
tolerance value.
• Important criteria – all elements of the surface
must be within the tolerance zone.
• Perpendicularity tolerance zone limits the flatness
of toleranced feature.
 Inspection of perpendicularity

Perpendicularity with multiple

datums
 Interpretations
• Tolerance zone – two parallel planes that are
perpendicular to the datum plane.
• Distance between tolerance plane – specified
tolerance value.
• Important criteria – all elements of the surface
must be within the tolerance zone.
• Perpendicularity tolerance zone limits the flatness
of toleranced feature
Perpendicularity control that
contains MMC modifier
 Interpretations
• Tolerance zone – two parallel planes that are
perpendicular to the datum plane.
• Distance between tolerance plane – specified
tolerance value.
• The center plane of the Actual Mating Envelope
must be within the tolerance zone.
• A bonus tolerance is permissible.
• A fixed gauge may be used to verify the
perpendicularity control.

Perpendicularity control with

MMC modifier applied to
cylindrical FOS
 Interpretations
• Tolerance zone – a cylinder that is perpendicular
to the datum plane.
• Diameter of the tolerance zone – specified
tolerance value.
• The axis of the diameter must be within the
tolerance zone.
• A bonus tolerance is permissible.
• A fixed gauge may be used to verify the
perpendicularity control.
Indirect perpendicularity controls

Perpendicularity can be indirectly controlled by –

• Position tolerance.
• Runout tolerance.
• Profile tolerance.

Angularity Control
• Angularity is the condition of a surface, center
plane, or axis being exactly at the specified angle.

• An angularity control is a geometric tolerance that

limits the amount a surface, center plane, or axis is
permitted to vary from its specified angle.
ANGULARITY
SYMBOL :-

a
ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO PARALLEL PLANES
INCLINED 60 DEGREE TO DATUM SURFACE.

Angularity tolerance zones

1. Two parallel planes

2. A cylinder
 Angularity applications
1. Angularity applied to a surface.

2. Angularity applied to a cylindrical FOS.

Angularity applied to a surface.

 Interpretations
• Tolerance zone – two parallel planes that are
perpendicular to the datum plane.
• Distance between tolerance plane – specified
tolerance value.
• Important criteria – all elements of the surface
must be within the tolerance zone.
• Tolerance zone is oriented relative to the datum
plane by a basic angle.
• Angularity tolerance zone limits the flatness of
toleranced feature
 Inspection of Angularity

Angularity control applied to a

diametrical FOS
 Interpretations
• Tolerance zone – a cylinder.
• Diameter of the tolerance zone – specified
tolerance value.
• The axis of the toleranced feature must be within
the tolerance zone.
• Tolerance zone is oriented relative to the datum
plane by a basic angle.
• An implied 90 deg basic angle exists in other
direction
 Indirect angularity control

Angularity can be indirectly controlled by –

• Position tolerance.
• Runout tolerance.
• Profile tolerance.

Parallelism Control

• Parallelism is the condition of a surface, center

plane, or axis being exactly parallel to the datum.

• An parallelism control is a geometric tolerance

that limits the amount a surface, center plane, or
axis is permitted to vary from being parallel to the
datum.
 Parallelism Tolerance Zones
1. Two parallel planes.

2. A cylinder.

Parallelism Applications
• Parallelism applied to a surface.

• Parallelism applied to a cylindrical FOS.

PARALLELISM
SYMBOL :-

ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- CYLINDER

Parallelism Applied To a Surface

 Interpretations
• Tolerance zone – two parallel planes that are
parallel to the datum plane.
• Tolerance zone is located within the limits of size
dimension.
• Distance between tolerance plane – specified
tolerance value.
• Important criteria – all elements of the surface
must be within the tolerance zone.
• Parallelism tolerance zone limits the flatness of
toleranced feature.
 Inspection

Parallelism Applied to a FOS at

MMC
 Interpretation
• Tolerance zone – a cylinder that is parallel to the
datum plane.
• Diameter of the tolerance zone – specified
tolerance value.
• The axis of the diameter must be within the
tolerance zone.
• A bonus tolerance is permissible.
• A fixed gauge may be used to verify the
parallelism control.
• Parallelism tolerance zone limits flatness of the
toleranced feature.