Tcnicas da Pintura

Pigmentos

! A pergunta pela origem da arte da pintura incerta e no faz parte do projeto deste trabalho. Os Egpcios declararam que ela foi inventada por eles h cerca de seis mil anos, antes de ser levada Grcia o que certamente uma assero um tanto questionvel.Quanto aos gregos, alguns dizem que foi descoberta em Sycon, outros em Corinto.Concordam em afirmar que ela surgiu ao se traar um contorno sobre a sombra projetada de um homem e assim foi feita originalmente; j num segundo estgios e inventou um mtodo mais elaborado feito a partir de uma nica cor chamada monocromo, mtodo utilizado at hoje. Plinio

The Earliest Use of Pigments Circa 400,000 BCE 350,000 BCE

Naturally occurring pigments such as ochres and iron oxides were used as colorants since prehistoric times. Archaeologists uncovered evidence that early humans used paint for aesthetic purposes such as body decoration. Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old were reported in a cave at Twin Rivers, near Lusaka,

Zambia.

It is likely that the stone age inhabitants used the colours, which range from yellow to purple, to paint their bodies during hunting rituals, ceremonies and other social events.
Archaeologists in Zambia have uncovered evidence that early humans used paint for aesthetic purposes far earlier than previously thought. The team found pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old. The oldest pigments previously found were 120,000 years old and the oldest known paintings are just 35,000 years old

. Tuesday, 2

May, 2000, 17:12 GMT 1

Pigmentos
Nota-se ausncia de pigmentos orgnicos

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Silcio Mangans Osso Madeira xidos metlicos Ocre oxido de Ferro(Fe2o3)

Blocos de pigmentos encontrados caverna

Scientists claim to have the first persuasive evidence that Neanderthals wore "body paint" 50,000 years ago

! The shells were coated with residues of mixed pigments

nizio In tilizzo < 1300

Pigmento Asfalto, idrocarburi Azzurrite, 2CuCO3!Cu(OH)2 Azzurrite + Giallo Piombo o Giallo Stagno Azzurrite + Giallo Ocra Bitume, idrocarburi Blu verditer, 2CuCO3!Cu(OH)2 Bianco osso, Ca3(PO4)2 Nero osso, Ca3(PO4)2 Nerofumo, carbone Calcite, CaCO3 (dal terreno) Carbone di legna, carbone Cinabro (Vermiglio), HgS Rame resinato, sali di Cu in balsamo Blu Egiziano, CaCuSi4O10 Gamboge, resina gommosa Terra Verde, silicato di Fe, Mg, Al e K Gesso, CaSO4!2H2O Indaco, C16H10N2O2

Fine utilizzo 1825

Inizio utilizzo < 1300

Pigmento Terre Ferrose, Fe2O3!xH2O Giallo Piombo-Stagno Bianco Piombo, 2PbCO3!Pb(OH)2 Litargirio, PbO Robbia, 1,2-diidrossiantrachinone!Al(OH)3 Malachite, CuCo3!Cu(OH)2 Massicot, PbO Minio (Rosso Piombo), Pb3O4 Oro Mosaico, SnS2 Orpimento, As2S3 Realgar, As2S2 Rosso Piombo, Pb3O4 Zafferano, colorante organico senza mordente Terra Verde, silicati di Fe, Mg, Al e K Ultramarino (naturale), silicato di Na, S e Al Verdigris, Cu(C2H3O2)2!Cu(OH)2 Vermiglio (Cinabro), HgS

Fine utilizzo 1750

1825

1900

1860

Inizio utilizzo 1400 1500 1549 1550 1565 1600 1610 1700 1700 1778 1781 1788 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1802 1805 1809 1810 1817 1824 1825 1825 1826 1825 1836 1834 1840

Pigmento Terre dombra Bianco Bismuto Cocciniglia, colorante organico con mordente Smalto, vetro a base di silicato di Co e K Grafite Marrone Van Dike, carbone Giallo Napoli, Pb3(SbO4)2 Blu di Prussia, Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3 Blu di Prussia + Giallo Ocra (Fe2O3!xH2O) Verde Scheele, CuHAsO3 Giallo Turner, PbOCl2 Verde Smeraldo, Cu(C2H3O2)2!3Cu(AsO2)2 Bario Solfato, BaSO4 Giallo Cromo, PbCrO4 Rosso Cromo, PbCrO4!Pb(OH)2 Giallo Indiano, Ca o Mg euxantato Verde Cromo (Blu di Prussia + Giallo Cromo) Blu Cobalto, CoO!Al2O3 vetroso Blu Ceruleo, CoO!nSnO2 Bario Cromato, BaCrO4 Calcio Carbonato, CaCO3 Giallo Cadmio, CdS Ultramarino (sintetico), silicato di Na, S e Al Rosso Cromo, PbCrO4!Pb(OH)2 Viridiana, Cr2O3!2H2O Alizarina (naturale), 1,2-diidrossiantrachinone Bianco Zinco, ZnO Giallo Stronzio, SrCrO4 Verde Cobalto, CoO!xZnO Bario Solfato, BaSO4

Fine utilizzo

1625

Inizio utilizzo 1842 1847 1850 1850 1850 1850 1850 1854 1856 1861 1862 1864 1868 1871 1874 1886 1890 1900 1910 1916 1920 1926 1927 1930 1935 1935 1938 1950 1956

Pigmento Vermiglio Antimonio, Sb2S3 Giallo Zinco, ZnCrO4 Blu di Prussia + Giallo Cadmio, vedi formule Blu Cobalto + Giallo Napoli, vedi formule Blu Cobalto + Giallo Cadmio, vedi formule Giallo Cobalto, CoK3(NO2)6!H2O Ossidi di Ferro Verde Ultramarino Carbone-Pece (Malva) Violetto Cobalto, Co3(AsO4)2 Cromo Ossido, Cr2O3 Nerofumo Alizarina (sintetica), 1,2-didrossiantrachinone Nero Manganese, MnO Litofono, ZnS + BaSO4 Polvere di Alluminio, Al Violetto Manganese, Mn(NH4)2(P2O7)2 Bario Solfato, BaSO4 Rosso Cadmio, Cd(S, Se)4 Bianco Titanio, TiO2 Bianco Antimonio, Sb2O3 Rosso Cadmio, CdS + BaSO4 Giallo Cadmio, CdS + BaSO4 Arancio Molibdeno, 7PbCrO4!2PbSO4!PbMoO4 Blu Manganese, Ba(MnO4)2!BaSO4 Blu Ftalocianina, Cu ftalocianina Verde Ftalocianina, Cu ftalocianina clorinata Blu Manganese, Ba(MnO4)2 + BaSO4 Arancio Mercadiano

Alquimia
Mixing color was perceived as diabolical and was therefore prohibited. Moreover, the dyers craft was strictly compartmentalized by corporatist rules, and the workshops that had mastered red dyes and those that worked with blue were kept separate.
Varichon 142

Em relao a classificao dos pigmentos quanto ao seu grau de fugitividade (ligthtfastness) segundo a ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) convenciona a categoria "1" Excelente - para os pigmentos sem nenhuma tendncia fugitiva, ou seja, sua cor no se altera quando exposto luz, passando a "2" o pigmento cujo comportamento quando exposto luz considerado "Muito Bom", "3" seria uma qualificao regular e finalmente "4" para os fugitivos. Como alguns fabricantes de tintas classificam o grau de fugitividade por estrelas (*) ou mesmo outro smbolo, pode ocorrer uma inverso de valores queles com menor familiaridade com os pigmentos. Assim, independente da marca da tinta, se o pigmento utilizado for um vermelho de cdmio verdadeiro (PR-108) este ter uma excelente resistncia a luz, ou seja, no ir "desbotar" com o tempo, e dependendo do fabricante, ter no rtulo a classificao "1" se este utilizar o padro da ASTM ou **** se ele convencionar que 4 (quatro) estrelas significa "excelente" resistncia a luz.

! Vale observar que o nome tcnico, o ndice de cor nome, o grau de fugitividade, o grau de opacidade e a toxicidade so informaes obrigatrias nos rtulos das tintas comercializadas nos EUA. Infelizmente, as tintas nacionais no se preocupam em fornecer explicitamente estas informaes aos artistas.

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Pigmentos Brancos "reflexo total" da luz. Pigmento: Branco de Titnio - PW-6 Resistncia a luz: ASTM - excelente Trata-se de um pigmento sinttico inorgnico, extremamente opaco e de maior poder tintorial entre os brancos. Compatvel com praticamente todos os veculos, como o leo de linhaa, alqudico, acrlico, aquarela, guache, tmpera, casena, encustica, afresco e pastel. No considerado txico e tambm considerado como dixido de titnio. Pigmento: Branco de Chumbo - PW-1 Resistncia a luz: ASTM - excelente Mistura de carbonato de chumbo e hidrxido de chumbo, portanto um sinttico orgnico. um dos pigmentos fabricados artificialmente mais antigos que se tem conhecimento. Pode-se considerar a nica cor a leo branca utilizada at a metade do sculo XIX. Possui propriedades extremamente desejveis quando triturado em leo e sua nica porm considervel - desvantagem o fato de ser extremamente txico.In antiquity people produced by exposing slivers of lead to the compound action of vinegar and animal dung ( varichon, p.36)

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Zinc white: Zinc has been known as a mineral since antiquity when it was melted with copper to form brass. It was also known then, as it is today, as a medicinal ointment. Sources differ on who first isolated the element. Harley and Wehlte claim it was Henkel in 1421 who first produced metallic zinc. Gettens and Stout maintain it was the German chemist, Margraaf in 1746. Historians agree, however, that in 1782, zinc oxide was suggested as a white pigment. Guyton de Morveau at L'Acadmie de Dijon, France, reported on white pigments and the raw materials which might serve as white pigments, including zinc oxide in that year. He suggested zinc oxide as a substitute for white lead. Metallic zinc had originally come from China and the East Indies. When zinc ore was found in Europe, large-scale production of the extracted metallic zinc began. In 1794 and 1796 patents were issued for the manufacture of zinc oxide to the English colormaker John Atkinson of Harrington Near Liverpool.

The French method of manufacturing, known as the 'indirect process' used the zinc smoke derived from molten zinc, which was heated to 150C and collected in a series of chamber

Branco de Titnio

Several industrial methods based on both minerals anatase and rutile. The ore is chemically broken down with concentrated sulphuric acid. The result is a deposit of iron and titanium sulphate, which is then dissolved in water and boiled to result in the precipitation of the titanium as metatitanic acid and its separation from the iron. Barium carbonate is added to the precipitate to neutralize the acid after which it is calcined. Titanium oxide is usually manufactured with approximately 30% titanium oxide and 70% barium sulphate.

Industrial manufacture of titanium white Oven at Kronos Titan Sample of titanium dioxide from the oven

Titanium White is truly the white of the 20th century. The titanium pigment, titanium dioxide was discovered in 1821 but it was not until 1921 that a titanium white oil color suitable for artistic purposes was introduced by an American manufacturer. In 1916, the Titanium Pigment Corporation of Niagara Falls, New York and the Titan Co. AS, of Norway simultaneously began commercial production of this new white pigment. Then, the principal white pigments used in paints were white lead, zinc white and lithopone.

Kasimir Malievich,White on White, 1913

Pigmentos Amarelos ! Da antiguidade e a era Medieval, a funo principal dos amarelos era imitar o OURO. Eram produzidos atravs da blis de peixe e outros animais, pedras e extratos vegetais, todos, porm, com grande tendncia fugitiva. Como curiosidade, o genuno amarelo indiano era obtido atravs da mistura de urina de vaca com lama. Hoje em dia, o pigmentos amarelos mais usados so: Arylide Entre Yellow 10G; (PY3); Grau de fugitividade pela ASTM = 2 (muito bom); O amarelo de arilido pigmento sinttico, orgnico, tambm conhecido como Hansa Yellow Light ou (Mono) Azo Yellow. Produz um efeito transparente esverdeado brilhante. Maior brilho, poder tintorial e croma do que o equivalente cobalto inorgnico. Diarylide Yellow HR70; (PY83); Grau de fugitividade pela ASTM = 1 (excelente); O amarelo de diarilido um pigmento sinttico, orgnico, mais avermelhado, transparente e resistente luz que os inorgnicos e arilidos. Cadmium Yellow Light; (PY35); Grau de fugitividade pela ASTM = 1 (excelente); O amarelo de cdmio-zinco sinttico orgnico. Os de melhor qualidade so livre de brio, apesar da ASTM permitir at 15% de adio de sulfato de brio. Considerado txico. Tambm chamado de amarelo limo. Possui um equivalente econmico (PY 35:1), a base de litopnios de cdmio

Pigmento: Amarelo Ocre (PY-42) do grego OKHRA ovo Resistncia a luz: ASTM "1" - excelente Tambm conhecido como amarelo de marte, ou amarelo xido, por se tratar de um xido de ferro, sinttico inorgnico, de boa opacidade, alm de econmico.

Red and yellow ochre pigments abound at the surface in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Pigments like these were readily made into paints by prehistoric peoples (such as the nearby Santana do Riacho, Lago a Santa) who would then paint with their fingers or with vegetable paint brushe

. O aafro - za faran ( amarelo em arabe) extrado dos estigmas de flores de uma variedade de Crocus sativus, uma planta da famlia das Iridceas Egyptians used saffron to dye textiles and bandages for mummies like the ones wrapped around tutankhamon 1343 b.c Most plants contain pigments that dye things yellow Varichon 59
Flor de aafro, ao anoitecer, com carpelos vermelhos visveis

How Indian yellow is made: Origin: animal Derived from urine of cows that had been fed mango leaves

the cow urine was evaporated and the resultant dry matter formed into balls by hand. The urine was "heated in order to precipate the yellow matter, then strained, pressed into lumps by hand and dried." It's the mango not the urine that's crucial to the color: "The colourant is a calcium or magnesium salt of an organic acid released by the mango."3 By the early twentieth century the pigment was no longer available, although you can find modern substitutes sold under the name "Indian yellow". Indeed, the cows were extremely undernourished, as mango leaves did not supply the cattle with sufficient nutrients, and they lived for only a very short time. The process was considered inhumane and, since 1908, Indian Yellow pigment has been prohibited from the market. Since ancient times in the Far East, Indian yellow was introduced into India from Persia in the fifteenth century. The amateur painter, Roger Dewhurst, recorded the use of Indian yellow in 1786.

bindheimite

antimonate). Artificial variety of pigment Calcination of a lead compound (oxide, nitrate or lead white) with an antimony compound (oxide, sulfide or potassium

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Pigmento: Amarelo de Npolis (PY-41) Resistncia a luz: ASTM "1" - excelente O verdadeiro amarelo de npolis um pigmento semi-opaco, sinttico inorgnico fabricado artificialmente desde o sculo XV. Devido ao seu elevado custo e por ser altamente txico, a maioria dos fabricantes de tintas utiliza misturas de xidos de zinco, amarelo ocre e outros para obter um efeito final similar (Hue). Pigmento: Amarelo de titnio-niquel (PY-53) Resistncia a luz: ASTM "1" - excelente Desenvolvido na dcada de 60, trata-se de um pigmento de grande estabilidade qumica e alm de grande resistncia a luz, tambm s condies atmosfricas e ao calor. Lead antimonate yellow is one of the oldest synthetically produced pigments known. This antimonial yellow has been known from very early times as an enamel colour. It has been found upon Babylonian bricks at least 2,500 years old. Persian pottery as early as the thirteenth century of our era is occasionally decorated with antimonial yellow. Although it is was used in enamels it was used in paintings only from the renaissance.

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Chrome yellow: Chromium was discovered as a Siberian mineral, called crocoite in the eighteenth century. The mineral is deep orange, a natural form of lead chromate. It was analysed in the late 1790s by the eminent French chemist Nicolas Louis Vauquelin, who identified the new element chromium as the source of the colour. Vauquelin studied the compounds of chromium, and found that he could make bright yellow and rich orange versions of lead chromate, both of which he proposed as potential pigments. The chromium colours did not become widespread, however, until the discovery of chromiumcontaining mineral deposits in France, USA and Britain. The preparation of chromates of lead, specifically chrome yellow was published by Vauquelin in the Annales de Chimie IXX in 1809.

Origin: artificiall Minerals: greenockite and hawleyite (at Mineralogy Database). Those natural minerals though known in nature were not used for pigments.

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History of Cadmium yellow/red: Stromeyer discovered metallic cadmium in 1817 but production of the cadmium pigments was delayed until about 1820 because of the scarcity of the metal. A natural mineral, greenochite, is known in nature but was not used for pigments. Cadmium sulfide was prepared with an acid solution of cadmium salt (either chloride or sulfate) which was heated with hydrogen sulfide gas until a powder was formed. Hues ranging from a lemon yellow to a deep orange were made in this way. The deeper varieties of cadmium yellow and orange were the most permanent. The paler varieties were known to fade on exposure to sunlight. All of the cadmiums were brilliant and the deeper shades had the greatest tinting strength. Field claimed that the best cadmiums were those produced without an excess of sulfur and that the permanence of a carefully made cadmium was improved when mixed with lead white using only an ivory knife. They were used in both oil and watercolor but could not be mixed with copper-based pigments. A cadmium red was available as a commercial product from 1919. Cadmium pigments were used sparingly due to the scarcity of cadmium metal and therefore because was more expansive.

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llustration of the process: Solutions of cadmium(II) nitrate and sodium sulfide heating the solution,s precipitation reaction heating the solutions precipitation reaction stirring the precipitate Filtration of the product

Wolfgang Laib, plen, 1977

Anish Kapoor White Sand, Red Millet, Many Flowers Wood, cement & pigment. Installation, dimensions variable, 1982

Pigmentos Vermelhos

Genus caesaolpina

A natureza fornece-nos matrias-primas tais como flores, madeiras, razes, sementes, barros, pedras e at mesmo insetos que proporcionam a fabricao dos pigmentos vermelhos. O pau-brasil, nome de um tipo de madeira muito encontrado em nosso pas durante sua descoberta e colonizao, um desses elementos, que tambm entra na Histria do pas por acabar levando seu nome. O "mnium", ou zarco, foi largamente utilizado na era Medieval ! na The first us e of ilustrao de livros e pinturas em painis. the term Brazil or Brezil was in 1190 Varichon 126

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Short History of Red Pigments The oldest pigment was probably red ochre, which was used in cave art. The ancient world had red madder lake, artificially-made red lead, and vermilion (natural mineral cinnabar). Artificially-made vermilion was the most prominent red pigment until the manufacture of cadmium red in 1907. Red is one of the subtractive primary colors. Red is light of the longest wavelengths discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 630740 nm. Longer wavelengths constitute infrared light and cannot be seen by the naked eye.

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In the Paleolithic era around 40.000.B.C our ancient ancestors heated yellow in order to redden it, achieving the first chemical tranformations in human history. ( 118) Red is seen best by the human eye because, of all the rays in the humam spectrum, this color refracts most rapidly on the retina (90) During ancient Roman celebrations of certain pagan rites particularly the complex cult rutuals of the Dionysian Mysteries scarlet garments were worn by the inniatiates as weel as the officiants to protect them agaisnt maleficient powers. (99) Until the 12th century red was the most prestigious color in the medieval europe(111)

Anne Varichon Colors.What they mean and how to make them . Abrahams, 2006

Ocre vermelho

An Australian Aboriginal rock art may depict a giant bird that is thought to have become extinct some 40,000 years ago, thereby making it the oldest rock painting on the island continent.

! Red ocher was the first pigment used by humankind. Fragments of red ocher and basalt pestle ere discovered near Nazarethian in an ancient sepulcher dating from 90.000 b.c
! Varichon 129

um dos primeiros pigmentos vermelhos foi o Cinabre, produzido a partir de uma dura pedra vermelha formada nas minas de mercrio

Cinbrio, cinabre ou cinabarita o nome usado para o sulfeto de mercrio (II) (HgS), o minrio de mercrio comum. O nome vem do grego, usado por Teofrasto e provavelmente foi aplicado a muitas substncias diferentes.

The Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii ( 110 B.c) was decorated with frescoes notablefor their use of cinnabar, one of the most precious pigments of the era. It was imported from the mercury mines in Almadn, Spain, the purified and tunes into a fine powder in Roman workshps. Varichon. 112 Prisoners were forced to extract cinnabar from mercury mines without proper ventilation or protection, so they would die after a few years of constant exposure to the heavy metal Pigments

Garana (Rubia tinctorium) uma espcie de erva da famlia das rubiceas, originria da regio do Mediterrneo, atinge at 90cm de altura. Suas folhas so speras e repleta de espinhos e suas flores so amarelas ou azuladas. As razes fornecem substncias corantes vermelhas como a purpurina e a alizarina.
Roots of the madder plant are dried, crushed, hulled, boiled in weak acid to dissolve the dye, and fermented to hydrolyze anthraquinones from the glycosides. The extracted dye is made into a pigment by dissolving the dye in hot alum (aluminum potassium sulphate; AlK(SO4)2 ! 12 H2O) solution, and precipitating pigment with soda or borax. Madder is the only plant that provides a true red. The pigments in its roos are so powerfullll that mader can tint the milk and even the bones of the animals that feed on I . The mummy bandages wrapped around Tuttankhamon were dyed red with madder Varicon ( 122)

Illustration of the process: making alizarin in the laboratory: The solution of sodium carbonate is poured into the solution of aluminum sulfate Precipitate of aluminum hydroxide alizarin mixed with castor oil The solution of sodium carbonate is poured into the solution of aluminum sulfate Precipitate of aluminum hydroxide alizarin mixed with castor oil alizarin is added to the aluminum hydroxide Reaction mixture after heating for one hour

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History of Carmine lake: Cochineal lake Cochineal, native to the New World, was used by the Aztecs for dyeing and painting and was brought to Europe in the sixteenth century following the Spanish conquest. When Cortez and his conquistadors entered the Mexican capital, with its great market place, they found bales of finely-woven cotton and of delicate yarns spun from rabbit fur, dyed a thrilling carmine. Included in the tribute paid by each conquered state to Montezuma, emperor of the Aztecs, were many bags each containing millions of the dried bodies of a tiny red insect -the cochineal bug that lives in colonies among tattered white tents of silk and wax spun on the pads of the prickly-pear cactus. Killed in ovens, then dried in the sun, these produced the "silver cochineal' from which the finest dye was made, but it was more than a century before Europeans discovered the only chemical, tin oxide, that would deposit the pigment on wool or other fiber so that it would not wash off. Eventually the bugs were imported and grown in Spain, Italy, North Africa and other countries where the cactus can be grown. They are still grown in Mexico and India to furnish the permanent brilliant carmine for foods. drinks, cosmetics and artists' colors. Kermes lake In Asia and Europe, the ancient craftsmen understood the secrets of making several shades of red dye. One of the finest and most ancient was "kermes, ' and source of our word "crimson" and the Arabic name for a wingless insect living on certain species of European live oaks. These insects were scratched from the twigs with the fingernails and produced a powerful permanent scarlet dye believed to be that obtained from the Phoenicians by the Hebrews to dye the curtains of their tabernacle.Kermes carmine was used as a dye and a laked pigment in ancient Egypt, Greece and the near East and is one of the oldest organic pigments;

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! As indstrias fencias distinguem-se em tudo. o seus tecidos de l sao clebres ; no o so menos extrados de um molusco Murex Trunculus ou Murex Brandaris, as tintas cujos tons iam do rosa ao prpura e ao roxo. Todavia essa indstria essencial instalavase longe das cidad, pois era preciso deixar que a carne dos moluscos se decompusessem durante certo tempo ao ar livre, num recinto de odor abominavel. quantidades enormes de murex assinalam numerosas oficinas de tinturaria, tanto no territrio fenicio como nas colonias ocidentais.
Fernand Braudel. Memrias do mediterrneo p. 210

Natural mineral consisting of silica and clay owing its color to iron oxide. It is found throughout the world, in many shades, in hues from yellow to brown, and faint blue. The best brown ochre comes from Cyprus. The pigment has good hiding power and excellent permanence in all media.

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Cochineal insects on a prickly pear cactus stem (Lanzarote Island, Spain); details of clusters of cochineal insects The insects are harvested by hand (Canary Islands, Spain); Handful of cochineal insects

Anthony van Dyck, who was born in 1599 and died in 1641.

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How Van Dyke brown is made: Origin: natural earth The minerals composing Van Dyke brown, are pyrolusite and goethite, both considered to be among the most permanent pigments, and mainly lignite. Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, used as a fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere between coal and peat. Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of around 25-35%, a high inherent moisture content sometimes as high as 66%, and an ash content ranging from 6% to 19%. Derived from earth compounds such as soil and peat, similar in composition to lignite brown or coal. Generally it has over 90% constituent organic matter with small amounts of iron, alumina or silica. It is prepared first by heating to drive off excess moisture and then by the common process for earth pigments. The natural earth is dried and homogenized. Positively identified in paintings since 17th century. Originally obtained from the Cologne and Kassel regions of Germany, and later obtained elsewhere, the pigment from each locality can vary slightly in color and composition, leading to confusion in the precise qualities of this color. It is suggested that the brown 'lignite' colours came into use in the late XVII and XVIII Century when brown backgrounds and dark decor became popular in Europe. Extensively used in the 19th Century in both oils and water colour. Partially transparent in oil and as a result, has been used for staining woods and glazing in pictures.

Helio 0iticica.Blide, decada de 60

Vergara
! Em 1989, ocorre uma mudana importante em sua pintura. O artista passa a trabalhar com pigmentos naturais e minrios a partir dos quais realiza a base para trabalhos em superfcies diversas. Estes se tornam resultantes de um processo de impresso e impregnao de diferentes matrizes, como a prpria boca dos fornos numa pequena fbrica de pigmentos de xido de ferro em Rio Acima (MG), e de uma posterior interveno do artista.

Purpura color oficialis

Caligula (12- 41 a.d) had the king f Maurithania assasinated for dressimg in a purple robe more beautiful tnan his own an Nero condemned to death who dares to wear imperial purple ( varichon 137, 141) Pope paul II ( 1417- 1471) decreed that cardinals would wear purple n emulatn of Roman and Byzantine emperors

Cobalt(II) chloride and sodium hydrogenphosphate Solutions of both salts

The remarkable range of pigments that could be produced with cobalt included cobalt violet, is known since 1859. Salvetat first described the preparation of cobalt violet in Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences XLVIII in an article titled, "Matieres minerales colorantes vertes et violettes.

Malachite from Madagascar, and other places Commonly prepared in the Middle Ages in Europe the essence of its production is to add potash, lime and sal ammoniac to a soluble copper salt such as copper sulphate or sulphite. Reaction of copper(II) sulfate with sodium carbonate.

Mineral malachite occurs in egyptian tomb paintings since the Fourth dynasty, in european paintings it seems to have been of importance mainly in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Verdigris:
Used often, from antiquity through the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque. Verdigris was the most vibrant green available until the 19th century. Often mixed with, or glazed over lead white or lead-tin yellow because of its transparency. Often seen in illuminations, book illustrations and maps where it fell in and out of favour due to its fugitive nature. Later it can be seen in the palettes of the followers of Van Dyke ! Especially prepared in wine-growing areas, because acetic acid is a byproduct of winemaking. Copper plates are covered with winemarc and allowed to stand, the resulting acetic acid reacts with the copper, forming a blue to blue-green crust which is scraped off and ground. Many historical recipes for its manufacture can be found, as the one by Pliny who described exposing copper to the vapours of fermenting grapes or in closed casks over vinegar.

Paolo Veronese (Caliari) : The Marriage Feast at Cana, detail of banqueting table with man in a green robe and dwarf with a parrot, c.1562

Green earth: It has been in painting since ancient times. Although this material is naturally available in the Mediterranean world, it was used just in late Greek-Egyptian art. Used frequently in medieval painting for underpainting of flesh tones, its use declined after the Renaissance. The word glauconite is derived from the Greek word glaucos, originally meaning gleaming, later bluish green, and then silvery or gray.

Glauconite has a micaceous structure. It is characteristically formed on submarine elevations of ancient seabeds ranging in depth from 30 to 1,000 meters (100 to 3,300 feet) below sea level, and in the sedimentary rocks of different geological systems. Natural variety of pigment The pigment is produced by grinding the natural material glauconite and celadonite. Indeed, green earth is primarily composed of the minerals celadonite and glauconite which different percentage presence produces colors that vary from cold bluish greens to warmer yellow and olive hues. The most famous deposit of green earth was found near Verona, Italy, and this mine was active until World War II. Other mines produced variations in color and texture of the pigment: Baltic states, Bohemia, Cypress, France, Hungary, Poland, Saxony, Tyrol, and the Mendip hills of England. Our green earth is from from open mines near Mt. Baldo, Italy.

Schweinfurt green or emerald green was developed in an attempt to improve Scheele's green. This copper aceto-arsenite pigment was first produced commercially by the firm of Wilhelm Sattler at Schweinfurt, Germany in 1814. Justus Von Liebig and Andre Bracconot separately published papers on its method of manufacture. Von Liebig's paper "Sur une couleur verte" was published in 1823 in Annales de chimie XXIII (pp. 412-3). Verdigris (or acetic acid) was dissolved in vinegar and warmed. A watery solution of white arsenic was added to it so that a dirty green solution was formed. To correct the color, fresh vinegar was added to dissolve the solid particles. The solution was then boiled and bright blue-green sediment was obtained. It was then separated from the liquid, washed and dried on low heat and ground in thirty- percent linseed oil. The pigment was considered a good drier.

! Verde cor presente na natureza clorofila- orgnica mas que s pode ser utilizada em pigmentos minerais

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Pigmentos Azuis Os artistas de hoje podem contar com uma seleo diversificada, brilhante e confivel de azuis. Um dos mais antigos pigmentos azuis, o "azurite", proveniente de um mineral azulado foi utilizado no Egito antigo, China e Japo e se tornou marcante na arte Europia a partir do sculo XV.

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Pigmento: Azul de Ftalocianina (PB-15) Resistncia a luz: ASTM "1" - excelente Inventado na Inglaterra em 1935, um pigmento semi-transparente, sinttico orgnico, de grande poder tintorial e caractersticas semelhantes ao azul da prssia, com a vantagem de ser mais permanente.

The blue material used (known as Egyptian blue) is possibly the earliest artificial pigment ever produced. It first appeared in Egypt and Mesopotamia around 2500 BC and then spread throughout the Mediterranean world where it was widely used until around AD 800. It is a bright blue crystalline material, made by mixing sand, lime and copper or copper ore and heating them to around 850-1000C. Research by British Museum staff has found that Egyptian blue has a very unusual property. When red light is shone onto it, it gives off infrared light; this property is called luminescence. This luminescence cannot be seen by the naked eye, but can be recorded using a device which is sensitive to infrared light (such as a night vision camera). The luminescence can be most clearly detected when other sources of visible and infrared light are excluded, for example by working in a darkened room. Extensive testing of other blue/purple pigments has found that only two others, Han blue and Han purple, share this property. We know that the Han colours, which are chemically very similar to Egyptian blue, were only ever used in China and only during a very restricted time period, so they are unlikely ever to be confused with Egyptian blue.

Azurite
Origin: mineral and artificial Natural mineral found in many parts of the world in the upper oxidized portions of copper deposits lazhuhad in Persian

Also used prolifically in the East, azurite can be found in wall paintings in Central China from the Ming and Sung Dynasties, as well as cave paintings at Tun Huang in Western China. There are records of its use also in Japan and Ancient Egypt. Replaced when "Prussian blue" is discovered in the 18th century, azurite was the most important blue pigment in European painting throughout the middle ages and Renaissance. It was made artificially from the 17th century.

! Azul de Cobalto
! Resistncia a luz: ASTM "1" - excelente Descoberto na Frana em 1802, mas utilizado em pintura artstica a partir de 1820-1830. um pigmento sinttico, orgnico, formado pela calcinao de xido de cobalto e de alumnio. O verdadeiro azul de cobalto uma das cores mais caras, sendo muitas vezes substitudo por um tom do ultramar. considerado um pigmento txico.

Ultramarine is made: Origin: natural and artificial Lapis lazuli is a complex rock mixture containing the mineral Lazurite, Main mine deposits in Afghanistan

History of Ultramarine: Natural Ultramarine Ultramarine is famous for having been the most expensive pigment. It was more expensive than gold during the Renaissance. First used in 6th century Afghanistan, the pigment found its most extensive use in 14th and 15th century illuminated manuscripts and Italian panel paintings, often reserved for the cloaks of Christ and the Virgin. It's use as a pigment among ancient mediterranean cultures is very rare. It was imported to Europe by way of Venice. ULTRAMARINUS

Synthetic Ultramarine

Synthetic ultramarine is one of the best-documented pigments of the nineteenth century probably because its invention was requested of chemists and not the result of their independent research. Ultramarine, genuine made from the semi-precious gem lapis lazuli was so costly in the nineteent century that artists infrequently used it. The hue is a necessary component in a balanced palette o warm and cool colors; without it a cool, deep blue is lacking. The beginning of the development of ultramarine blue, artificial was known from Goethe. In about 1787, he observed the blue deposits on the walls of lime kilns near Palermo in Italy. He was awar of the use of these glassy deposits as a substitute for lapis lazuli in decorative applications. He did not, however, mention if it was suitable to grind for a pigment.

Yves klein, Sculpture ponge bleu

! ! Pure pigment and synthetic resin1959, 28 x 18 x 11 cm

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Yves Klein French, 1928-1962 Untitled Anthropometry, 1960 Dry pigment and synthetic resin on paper mounted on canvas

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Pigmento: Azul da Prssia (PB-27) Resistncia a luz: ASTM "1" - excelente Descoberto e desenvolvido entre 1704 - 1724, trata-se de um pigmento transparente, sinttico inorgnico, tambm conhecido como azul de paris, azul de ferro, azul da china e azul-bronze.
History of Prussian blue: The first modern, artificially manufactured color was Prussian blue. It was made by the colormaker Diesbach of Berlin in about 1704. Diesbach accidentally formed the blue pigment when experimenting with the oxidation of iron. The pigment was available to artists by 1724 and was extremely popular throghout the three centuries since its discovery. When was Prussian blue used? Discovery Used until 1724 continues in use Use of Prussian blue among paintings in the SchackGallery, Munich:

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Plants: woad (Isatis tinctoria L/ Pastel.), Indigofera tinctoria L. and others The most typical source of indigo is woad, shown in this field. Today, indigo is also produced by the bacterium E. coli through genetic engineering:

Indigo is most commonly used as a dye for fabrics,

as this woman is doing (Podor, Senegal). To make painting pigments, the dye is "fixed" to a ground white material, in a processed called "laking.
Indian indigo was probably used as a painting pigment by ancient Greeks and Romans. Marco Polo (13th century) was the first to report on the preparation of indigo in India. Indigo was quite often used in European easel painting since the Middle Ages. Increasingly, analysis has identified indigo present not only in underpaint, but also in top paint.

Not only did ancient Europe disparage dyers woad, but it associated the color blue with the enemy- Celtic and Germanic barbarians" These ethnic groups were blue eyed considered ignominious in Rome; in theater, such features were the objects of caricature. Arichon 175 At the beginning of 12th century an evolution of taste ( blue) began, driven by the growing adoration of the Virgin Mary, By the end of the middle ages, the hierarch of colors that reigned in western culture thought was entirely reorganized, and blue now dominate,idem,180 British derives from the word brith which means woad in celtic 184
Piero della Francesca Madonna del parto 1467. Detached fresco 206 x 203 cm. Santa Maria a Nomentana, Monterchi.

Pigmentos pretos. Absoro total da luz

! ! Pigmento: Negro de Marte - PBK-9 Resistncia a luz: ASTM "1" - excelente Tambm conhecido como Preto de "Ivory", do ingls, "marfim" ou negro-de-osso, pois so feitos de ossos carbonizados, um dos negros mais utilizados em pintura artstica. No recomendvel a pintura sobre este pigmento em potncia mxima (puro) pois ter forte tendncia a rachar.

! Preto: Do latim prettu vindo de pressus, significando denso, apertado ! Negro : do latim niger, -gra, -grum ! Dans les socits anciennes, on utilisait deux mots pour le qualifier: en latin, niger, qui dsigne le noir brillant (il a donn le franais noir), et ater (d'o vient atrabilaire, qualifiant la bile noire), qui signifie noir mat, noir inquitant.

Bone black is prepared by charring bones, horns etc. in the absence of air. It is the deepest black but it was not used as widely as charcoal black. Fragments or turnings of ivory, or of the osseous parts of animals are put into a crucible surrounded by burning coals and covered. The ivory or bones, by exposure to the heat, were reduced to charcoal. ! ! History of Bone black: Numerous identifications of bone black are reported in literature. Bone black has been identified in prehistoric paintings and found in Egyptian, Greek and Roman art. It is found throughout European medieval and Renaissance art and later in both oil and watercolor paintings until modern times. Many old masters used bone black in their work. In Rembrandt's paintings, the dark-colored umbers night have been almost enough for the background shadows, but the black clothing worn by his sitters called for an intense black pigment

The name carbon black is generally used as a generic name for those blacks that are made from the partial burning or carbonizing of oil, wood, vegetables and other organic matter. Best prepared from vine clippings, fruit pits, or small twigs, which are partially burned, and then ground. Most charcoal black contains various minerals and tarry plant hydrocarbons. Produces slow-drying paint.

Used throughout history, carbon black is easy to prepare and has excellent hiding power. Since carbon absorbs light so well, it often appears dark with infrared imaging, revealing an artist's charcoal sketch under the painting. The name carbon black is generally used as a generic name for those blacks that are made from the partial burning or carbonizing of natural gas, oil, wood, vegetables and other organic matter. In 1864, a process was developed in America for a black more suitable for watercolor

Soulages - Processus de cration - 1981 Adam MontmartreAdam Montmartre! 128 vdeos

! http://youtu.be/TfinJkJltiI

O que difere a tinta de um pigmento, o fato deste ltimo estar fixado por uma espcie de cola. Quando o pigmento em p misturado com algum veculo aglutinante suas caractersticas cromticas so alteradas pela opacidade e pela refrao tica comum a esse material, dando mais ou menos a sensao de profundidade no plano em que aplicada. Cada um desses veculos d cor uma particularidade visual, tornando-a mais brilhante ou mais acetinada, ou mais ou menos espessas, proporcionando faturas diferenciadas e apreciveis na variao de suas qualidades visuais, e ganhando assim,muitas vezes, qualidades tteis. Eurico lopes

Pintura

Cor como fixar um pigmento

Bibliografia
http://www.webexhibits.org/ pigments/indiv/recipe/ titaniumwhite.html http://www.historyofscience.com/G2I/timeline/ http://www.culture.gouv.fr/ culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/
http://www.fumdham.org.br/pinturas.as phttp://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/a/ ancient_colour_on_parthenon.aspx

! http://www.itaucultural.org.br/ aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm ! http://www.itaucultural.org.br/ aplicexternas/enciclopedia_ic/index.cfm