The Scientific Revolution (Todays Key Objective) -describe how and why it became unacceptable for scientists to merely

quote great men like Aristotle when proving a hypothesis -describe the rise of peer review as a way of improving scientific inquiry Journal Prompt: What process do scientists use to answer a question? Schedule A. Journal/Discussion of Journal Prompt B. Casarez: From the Renaissance to the Scientific Revolution Context with Guided Notes C. Luxford: What is the Scientific Method? (A Mindset!) How is the scientific method a better way of finding the truth than previous methods? D. Casarez: How did the Scientific Method become the main way to do science? Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes Discussion. E. Luxford: What is peer review? What is the process today for being peer reviewed? What is the purpose of having other scientists look at your work? F. Casarez: What role did groups like the Royal Society have in encouraging peer review? What was the role of kings? Part A: Journal Discussion 1. Write down TWO brilliant things said by someone else during the discussion. A.

B.

2. Write down anything else you think that might be helpful for later assignments in the space below

Part B: From the Renaissance to the Scientific Revolution During the Enlightenment, educated Europeans rediscovered the works of _________ and _________ philosophers and scientists. Originally, copies of these works were quite expensive. But with the invention of the _________ _______, translated copies of these works became more available. Humanists during the Renaissance complained that Medieval scientists had

been cloistered inside a monastery; they did all of their thinking far away from the world and its problems. They wanted people to explore the world around them. Admittedly, they were more interested in _______ and ______ than science, but people like the French essayist _________ started to ask questions about how the world worked. The ____________ _________ also had an impact on the way that people thought about the world around them and the source of ultimate truth. Thinkers like Martin Luther and John Calvin taught that the truth didnt come from all-knowing _______ figures, but rather could be found for oneself. As Europeans expanded around the world, new discoveries were being made all the time. There were so many new people, __________ and _________ that Europeans struggled to take it all in. They needed a way of understanding new phenomena. This way of thinking became the Scientific Method. Part C: Scientific Method 1. What are the steps of the scientific method?

2. When solving a problem or answering a question, do scientists have to follow these steps in this exact order? Why or why not?

3. Compare and contrast how questions were answered before and after the scientific method by filling in the Venn Diagram table below. Science Before the Scientific Method Both (Before & After) Science After the Scientific Method

4. What is a scientific theory?

5. How does a hypothesis become a scientific theory?

Part D: Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes How did the scientific method become the primary way that people do science? A big part of the story is the __________ _________. It allowed the works of prominent scientists like Ren Descartes (France) and Francis Bacon (England) to be given to future scientists as textbooks. In 1620, Francis Bacon published Volume 1 of Novum Organum. The book argued that even the ideas of _________ should be thrown out if they cant be proven through a large number of experiments. Bacon said that scientists should go from specific, concrete facts to broader theories. This way of thinking is called inductive reasoning or sometimes the ________ ___________. In 1637, Descartes published his Discourse on Method. It said scientists should assume almost nothing and break problems into _______ ________. He said that all matter could be studied using _________. He encourages scientists to use deductive reasoning or thinking that goes from broader theories to specific, concrete facts. Ex. Men are mortal. Aristotle is a man. Aristotle is _________. Part E: Peer Review 1. What is peer review?

2. What is the process today for being peer reviewed?

3. For the scientific community, what is the purpose of having scientists look at each others work?

4. As an individual scientist, what is the purpose of having other scientists look at your work?

Part F: The Royal Society and Royal Academy of Science Several monarchies decided to support the work of scientists through the first scientific organizations. Probably the most famous were the ______________ in England (1662) and the __________________ in France (1666). Generally, these groups met to discuss new theories and engage in peer review. __________ scientists were generally prevented from joining these groups, although many continued to pursue scientific questions on their own. 1. What advantages might a king hope to get from having great scientists?