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UCRL-51319^/fitr.

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PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIVE SIMULANTS


Compiled and edited by Brigitta M. Dobratz

December 15, 1972

Prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48

LANA/RENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY


University of Califomia/Livermore i | IQTI

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DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

LAWRENCE UVERMORE LAB0RA1ORY


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UCRL-51319^

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PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL EXPLOSIVES ANO EXPLOSIVE SIMULANTS


Compiled and edited by Brigitta M. Dobratz MS. date: December 15, 1972 (Supersedes UCRL-6759, Vol. 1, and UCRL-14592)

-NOTICEThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, maizes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED


NOTICE mtelns information ^uu^MBHsry nature ^ S i m ^ ^ ^ j u r e d p r i n u ^ ^ M i ^ ^ e r n a l use at the o r i g i n a t i n ^ l ^ k M ^ ^ ^ n s s u b j e c t to r e vision or c o r r e c t ^ | M i m ^ ^ | H ^ ^ o e 8 not repz%sent a tinalra^f^^ is p a s B ^ confidenc|Mirshould not be abstracted or" disaJ^P^ithout the approval of the originating lation or DTI Extension, Oak Ridge.

Contents
Foreword Conversion Factors Glossary I. High Explosives 1. Introduction 2. Manufacture Specifications 3. Names and Formulations 4. Physical P r o p e r t i e s Physical State and Density Molecular Weight and Atomic Composition Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Vapor P r e s s u r e Crystallographic and Optical P r o p e r t i e s References 5. Chemical P r o p e r t i e s Heat of Formation Heat of Detonation Conapatibility Solubility References 6. Thermal P r o p e r t i e s Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Specific Heat Thermal Stability Thermal Stability of L a r g e r Explosive Charges References Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Static Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Initial Modulus Creep Stress-Strain Relationships Failure Envelope Friction Complex Shear . . . , ' Dynamic Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Compressive S t r e s s - S t r a i n and Tensile Strength Hugoniot Data Sound Velocity
-111-

vii viii ix 1-1 1-1 2-1 2-1 3-1 4-1 4-2 4-4 4-6 4-9 4-10 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-4 5-7 5-8 6-1 6-1 6-4 6-6 6-8 6-51 6-52 7-1 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-14 7-15 .7-15 7-17 7-21

7.

8.

9.

References Performance Detonation Velocity Estimation Equations Chapman-Jouguet Detonation P r e s s u r e Cylinder Test Measurements of Explosive Energy Equation of State Detonation Energy References Sensitivity and Initiation Drop Weight Test Susan Test Comp B-3 Cyclotol 75/25 LX-02-1 LX-04-1 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10-0 LX-11-0 LX-14-0 Octol 75/25 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404-03 PBX-9501 TNT

7-23 8-1 8-1 . 8-2 8-5 8-6 .8-8 8-10 8-12 8-14 9-1 9-1 9-3 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 9-14 9-15 9-16 9-17 9-18 9-19 9-20 9-21 9-22 9-26 9-29 9-29 9-30 9-32 10-1 10-1 10-3 11-1 11-2

XTX-8003 Skid Test Gap Test Shock Initiation Critical Energy Initial Shock P r e s s u r e References 10. E l e c t r i c a l P r o p e r t i e s Dielectric Constant References 11. Toxicity References

-iv-

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II.

Mock Explosives 12. Introduction 13. Names and Formulations 14. Physical P r o p e r t i e s References 15. Thermal P r o p e r t i e s Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Thermal Expansion References 16. Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Static Mechamical P r o p e r t i e s Initial Modulus Tension Creep Failure Envelope Friction Dynamic Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Compressive Stress-Strain Hugoniot Data References . . . . . . . . III. Code Designations LLL Code Designations Formulations in Production (LX Code) Research Explosives (RX Code) LASL Code Designations IV. Data Sheets: Collected P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives and Energetic Materials V. Bibliography Chemical Analysis General Reference Works Health and Safety Initiation and Sensitivity Mechanical and Physical P r o p e r t i e s Performance Radiation Effects Thermal P r o p e r t i e s

12-1 12-1 13-1 14-1 14-1 15-1 15-1 15-4 15-4 16-1 16-2 16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5 16-6 16-6 16-7 16-8 17-1 17-1 17- 1 17-3 17-7 18-1 19-1 19-1 19-3 19-7 19-9 19-13 19-15 19-21 19-23

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-V-

>

Foreword
This handbook presents information axid data for high explosives of interest to p r o g r a m s of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The loose-leaf format is designed to permit easy revision and updating as new information and data become available. Thus, additions and corrections a r e welcomed by the compiler. High Explosives (HE) a r e divided into two c l a s s e s : initial detonating or p r i m a r y explosives and noninitiating or secondary HEs. The p r i m a r y HEs, such as azides and fulminates, a r e extremely sensitive to ignition by heat, shock, and electrical discharge; ignition goes to high-order detonation even for milligram quantities. Their use is therefore limited to squibs and stairting m a t e r i a l s for low-energy detonators. Since p r i m a r y explosives have little application here, their p r o p e r t i e s have been specifically excluded from this compilation. Hereafter, secondary explosives a r e designated as HEs. Since many of the secondary high explosives (which a r e formulated and manufactured within the AEC complex) a r e mixtures, the properties of the additives and binders used have been included. The data a r e the most up-to-date and accurate available to the knowledge of the compiler. Some data, however, can r e p r e s e n t only a range, an approximation, or comparative values; this is especially t r u e of explosive m i x t u r e s . Such cases a r e noted in the text as they occur. The s o u r c e s of information include textbooks, journal articles, technical r e p o r t s , memoranda, l e t t e r s , and personal communications. Various schemes considered in the past to annotate the tables with the apposite r e f e r e n c e s proved too cumbersome. However, an attempt is naade in this revision and will be continued in subsequent revisions to provide p r e c i s e r e f e r e n c e s to the information and data presented. Data not specifically referenced were obtained from UCRL-14592 ; further information and additional r e f e r e n c e s can be obtained from the compiler. References a r e listed at the end of each section. The compilation consists of sections on high explosives and mock explosives, code designations, data sheets on individual m a t e r i a l s , and a bibliography. A list of abbreviations precedes the section on high explosives. The data a r e given in the units (metric or English) in which they were reported originally. All values and units, however, a r e converted to the International System of Units (S.I.)^; throughout this handbook the SI values a r e given in parentheses following the values in English or m e t r i c units. The imits a r e given in the table below and on other tables and figures where used. Reference to a company or product name in this compilation does not imply approval o r recommendation of the product by the University of California o r the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. P r o p e r t i e s of Chenaical Explosives, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCKL-145S2 (1965). 'Metric P r a c t i c e Guide. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, E 380-70 (1970).
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VI1

CONVERSION FACTORS Units and factors for conversion to SI system. Unit system Symbol U. S^British Angle C-J p r e s s u r e Creep compliance Density Detonation velocity Heat of ^ detonation Heat of . formation Initial modulus Length Pressure
cgs deg PCJ bar

SKm/k/s)^ Multiplication factor


rad

1.745329 X 10-2
10^

Pa

1/psi (= in.2/lbf)
P D

m2/N ^cm^ mm/^tsec cal/g cal/g kcal/mol Mg/m^ km/s J/kg J/kg kJ/mol Pa m
m

1.450377 X 10-4
1

1 4.184 X 10^ 4.184 X 10^ 4.184 6.894757 X 10^ 10-10 2.54 X 10"^ 6.894757 X 10^ 1.01 X 105 1.00 X 10^ 4.233 X 10-4 3.048 X 10-1 4.184 X 10^ [(Tp - 32)/1.8] +273.15 T^ + 273.15 1.729577 4.184 X 102
1.8 1

^det
AH,

^0

psi
o

A
mil P psi atm bar

Pa Pa Pa
m/s m/s

Sliding velocity Specific heat^ Temperature Thermal conductivity^* Thermal expansion Vapor pressure Weight

in. /min fl/sec BTU/lb-F


op

s
T k

cal/g-C
C

J/kg-K
K K

BTU/hr-ft-F ca]/cm-sec-C

W/m-K W/m-K m/m-K n^m-K Pa


kg

CTE

in./in.-F cnVcm-C mm Hg, T o r r


lb

v.p.

1.333 X 102 4.535924 X l O " !

In this column, the abbreviations used a r e those of the International System of Units (SI)2; in this system, degrees Kelvin = K. Thermochemical BTU or calorie.

VLll

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Glossary
AFNOL AWRE b.p. BDNPA BDNPF BEAF BKW BTF
%
C

polymerization product of primarily DINOL and 4,4-dinitropimeloyl chloride Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, U.K. boiling point bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal 1,2-ethanediol bisdifluoronitroacetate Brinkley-Kistiakowski-Wilson (equation of state) benzotrifuroxan calculated bulk sonic velocity calculated longitudinal velocity specific heat cellulose acetate butyrate tris-^-chloroethyl phosphate Chapman-Jouguet coefficient of thermal expansion detonation velocity l,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene decomposition difluorotrinitrobenzene 2,2,8,8-tetranitro-4,6-dioxa-l,9-nonane diol 2,2',4,4',6,6'-diaminohexanitrobiphenyl, dimethylformamide dim'ethylsulfoxide 2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate 4,4-dinitropentanonitrile dipicramide

P CAB CEF CJ CTE D DATB dec. DFTNB DINOL DIPAM DMFA DMSO DNPA DNPN DOP E EDNP EGDN f f . p . FEFO G ^50 HE HMX HNAB HNS HVD
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dioctylphthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate energy ethyl 4, 4-dinitropentanoate ethylene glycol dinitrate ultrasonic modulus coefficient of friction freezing point bis(2-fluoro-2, 2-dinitroethyl) formal complex shear modulus drop weight sensitivity high explosive 1, 3, 5, 7 - t e t r a n i t r o - 1 , 3, 5, 7-tetrazacyclooctane 2, 2', 4, 4', 6, 6'-hexanitroazobenzene 2, 2', 4, 4', 6, 6'- hexanitrostilbene high velocity detonation
IX

JWL K k LASL LLL LVD m. p. MEK MIBK MW N n NC NG NM NOL NONA NQ PCJ PBX PENTEK PETN PR R RDX RTV S.I. STP T Tg TACOT TATB TEF Tetryl THF TMD TNM TNT V
V

J o n e s - W i l k i n s - L e e (equation of s t a t e ) d e g r e e s Kelvin thermal conductivity L o s A l a m o s Scientific L a b o r a t o r y Lawrence Livermore Laboratory low v e l o c i t y d e t o n a t i o n m e l t i n g point m ethyl ethylk etone methylisobutylketone m o l e c u l a r weight newton (pound-force) r e f r a c t i v e index nitrocellulose nitroglycerine nitromethane Naval Ordnance L a b o r a t o r y nonanitroterphenyl nitroguanidine Chapman-Jouguet p r e s s u r e plastic-bonded explosive pentaerythritol pentaerythritol tetranitrate Poisson's ratio molecular refraction 1, 3, 5 - t r i n i t r o - l , 3, 5 - t r i a z a c y c l o h e x a n e r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e vulcanizing S y s t e m e I n t e r n a t i o n a l e ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y s t e m of U n i t s ) s t a n d a r d t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e temperature glass transition temperature t e t r a n i t r o - 1 , 2, 5, 6 - t e t r a z a d i b e n z o c y c l o o c t a t e t r e n e 1, 3, 5 - t r i a m i n o - 2 , 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o b e n z e n e tris-^-chloroethylphosphate 2, 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o p h e n y l m e t h y l n i t r a m i n e tetrahydrofuran theoretical maximum density tetranitromethane 2, 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o t o l u e n e volume velocity vapor p r e s s u r e W i l l i a m s - L a n d e l - F e r r y (shift equation)
X

v.p. WLF

a P AH , , AHr a i3 e V p

linear coefficient of expsinsion cubical coefficient of expansion heat of detonation heat of formation adiabatic coefficient of expansion linear CTE cubical CTE dielectric constant sliding velocity density

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XI

PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIVE SIMULANTS


I. High Explosives
1. INTRODUCTION

High explosives a r e metastable compounds or mixtures that can r e a c t rapidly to give gaseous products at high t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e . The attendant expansion of these products is the mechanism by which explosives do useful work. As with p r i m a r y explosives, reaction can be initiated by shock and heat. High explosives, however, differ from p r i m a r y explosives in three ways: 1. Small unconfined charges, even though ignited, will not usually detonate high-order. 2. Electrostatic ignition is very difficult (except in explosive dust clouds). 3. Ignition of any sort r e q u i r e s considerably l a r g e r shocks.

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1-1

CM

2. MANUFACTURE
Pure explosives a r e usually synthesized by sulfuric/nitric-acid nitration of o r ganic compounds. The product is separated from the mixed acids by filtration, then worked free of impurities and dried. TNT is one of the few pure explosives that can be fabricated directly by melting and casting into a desired shape. Most other m a t e r i a l s must be diluted either with TNT (thereby castable) or with plastic (thereby pressable) before they can be fabricated into useful shapes. The procedure used for fabricating castable, TNT-containing formulations is as follows: TNT is melted and the desired solid ingredients a r e added with s t i r r i n g . The melt is precrystallized into a slurry, and vacuum is applied just before pouring into a mold. Cracking and variations in density and composition a r e minimized by careful control of the cooling r a t e . Plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) a r e pressed from "molding" powders, which may be produced in several ways. A typical preparation is by the s l u r r y technique: powdered explosive and water a r e agitated in a container equipped with cover, condenser, and s t i r r e r . A lacquer composed of the plastic (together with a plasticizer, if required) dissolved in a suitable solvent is added to the s l u r r y . The solvent is r e moved by distillation, causing the plastic phase to precipitate out onto the explosive as a coating. The plastic-explosive agglomerates into "beads" as the s t i r r i n g and removal of solvent a r e continued. Finally, water is removed from the beads by filtering and drying, leaving the molding powder. Good molding powders have a high bulk density and a r e free-flowing and dustless. PBX molding powder can be pressed into usable shapes by two methods: compression molding with steel dies, or hydrostatic or isostatic pressing. In the l a t t e r method the explosive is placed in rubber sacks and subjected to fluid p r e s s u r e . With either method, consolidation of the molding powder to reasonable densities (97% of theoretical) is obtained at p r e s s u r e s between 12,000 and 20,000 psi (83 and 138 MPa) and molding t e m p e r a t u r e s between 25 and 120C ( 298 and 313 K). An important and n e c e s s a r y feature of molding is the use of vacuum. The molding powder is normally evacuated to a p r e s s u r e of l e s s than 1000 lu Hg (133 Pa) before pressing. Both p r e s s e d and cast explosives a r e usually machined to final shape. Many intricate forms have been cut successfully. As a rule, the machining of explosives is s i m i l a r to the machining of a conventional plastic, except that water is used as a cutting-tool coolant. New explosives a r e machined by remote control until their behavior under machining has been carefully evaluated. Specifications Manufacture and testing a r e controlled by specifications for production explosives. A list of pertinent specifications is given in Table 2 - 1 .
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2-1

Table 2. 1. Specifications for manufacture and testing.


Specification number Explosives BDNPA/BDNPF Comp B Comp-B-3 FEFO HMX HNAB LX-04 LX-07 LX-09 LX-10 LX-13 Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 WS-1141 MIL-C-401 MIL-C-45113 RM-253202 MlL-H-45444 SS274590 RM-252353 RM-253379 RiVl-253200 RM-253511 RM-253520 Mil -0-45445 PA-PD-711 13Y-101030 13Y-103317 13^-103159 RM-252336 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 PETN KDX Tetryl TNT XTX-8003 13Y-109098 13\-109643 Mil -P-387 Mil -R-398 JAN-T-339 Mil -1-248 13Y-104481 13Y-101031 RM-252988 RM-253201 MIL-P-55026 13Y-104480 U capons Specification for Mixture of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal-Bis(2,2-dinitro-propyl) formal. Military Specification for Composition B. Military Specification for Composition B - 3 . I I I Material Specification for I iquid Explosive Bis(2,2-dinitro-2-fluoro-ethyl) formal (FEFO). Military Specification for HMX. Sandia Spec itication for Synthesis of HNAB (Hexanitroazobenzene). I I I Material Specification for I X-04 Molding Powder. I 1 I Material Specification for I X-07 Molding Powder. 1 1 I Material Specification for I X-09 Molding Powder. I I I Material Specification for I X-10 Molding Powder. I I I General Spec ific ation for I X-13. (CRD) Military Specification for Octol. Pi( atinny Arsenal Pure base Description for Powder, Molding Compound Explosive (PBX). (PBX-9007). I ASI Material Specification for PBX-9011 Molding Powder. I AS! Material Specification for PBX-9205 Manufactured by the Slurry Method. I ASI Material Specification for PBX-9404 Molding Powder. I I I Vlaterial Specification for PB\-9404 Molding Powder. I ASI Material Specification for PBX-9407 Molding Powder. I ASI Material Specification for PBX-9501 Molding Powder. Military Specification for Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PFTN). Military Specification for RDX. Joint Army-Navy Specification for Tetryl (Trinitrophenylinethjlnitramine). Military Specification for I N T I ASI Material Specification for XTX-8003 Extrudable Explosive. Binders I ASI Material Specification for Estane 5740 X-2. LI L Material Specification for Uncured Fluoroelastomer Binder I I L Material Specification for 2,2-DinitropropyIacrylate Polymer (pDNPA) Plastic Binder Military Specification for Polystyrene, Unmodified (For Use as a Binder in Explosives). I ASI Material Specification for Dow Corning Resin 93-022 (Aerospace Grade Sylgard 182). Explosive P a r t s and Testing RM-253391 RM-252356 I I L Specification for Mechanical Properties Testing of Plastic-Bonded High Explosive P a r t s . LI L General Specifications for Plastic-Bonded High Explosives. Title

Estane Fluoroelastomer pDNPA Polystyrene Sylgard

2-2

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3.

NAMES AND FORMULATIONS

This section consists of Tables 3-1 through 3-4, which list the names and formulations of various explosives and energetic compounds. Table 3 - 1 . P u r e explosive compounds.
Material' BTF DATB DIPAM Chemical name B e n z o t r i s - [ l , 2, 5] o x a d i a z o l e [4,4,7]-trioxide 1, 3 - D i a m i n o - 2 , 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o benzene 3 , 3 - D i a m i n o - 2 , 2 ' , 4, 4 ' , 6, 6 ' hexanitrobiphenyl 2,2-Dinitropropyl acrylate Ethyl-4, 4-dinitropentanoate Bis(2-fluoro-2, 2-dinitroethyl)formal 1, 3, 5, 7 - T e t r a n i t r o - 1 , 3, 5, 7 tetraazacyclooctane 2, 2 ' , 4 , 4 ' , 6, 6 ' - H e x a n i t r o a z o benzene 2, 2 ' , 4, 4 ' , 6, 6 ' - H e x a n i t r o s t i l b e n e Partially nitrated cellulose Nitrocellulose (lacquer grade), cellulose trinitrate, piroksilin Nitrocellulose, guncotton Nitroglycerin Aminomethaneamidine Penthrite, TEN Cyclotrim ethylene trinitramine. h e x o g e n c y c l o n i t e , Gh Tetranitrodibenzo1, 3a, 4, 6 a tetraazapentalene Cycle t e t r a m e t h y l e n e tetranitramine, octogen Hexanitrodiphenylamine hexite, dipicrylamine Off-white Yellow Straw White Other designations Benzotrifuroxan, hexanitrosobenzene Color Buff Yellow

DNPA EDNP FEFO


HMX HNAB HNS NC (12% N)"^

Orange Yellow White

NC (13,35% N,
minll^ NG NM NQ PETN RDX

Partially nitrated cellulose 1, 2, 3 - P r o p a n e t r i o l t r i n i t r a t e Nitromethane Nitroguanidine Pentaerythritol tetranitrate 1, 3, 5 - T r i n i t r o - l , 3, 5 - t r i a z a cyclohexane, hexahydro1, 3, 5 - t r i n i t r o - s - t r i a z i n e Tetranitro-l,2,5,6-tetraazadibenzocyclooctatetrene 1, 3, 5 - T r i a m i n o - 2 , 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o benzene 2, 4, 6 - T r i n i t r o p h e n y l m e t h y l nitramine Tetranitromethane 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

White Clear Clear White White White

TACOT

Redorange Bright yellow Yellow Clear

TATB 'Tetryl TNM "TNT

T r o t y l , T, tol

Buff to brown

P r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s m a r k e d with a s t e r i s k s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in d a t a s h e e t s (Section IV). N i t r o c e l l u l o s e is not, s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , a s i n g l e c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d . D i f f e r e n t g r a d e s a r e c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e , the g r a d e d e n o t i n g the d e g r e e of n i t r a t i o n . F o r t h i s handbook we c i t e , w h e r e p o s s i b l e , d a t a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of l a c q u e r - g r a d e n i t r o c e l l u l o s e (12.0% N) and g u n c o t t o n (13.3 5% N, m i n ) . L a c q u e r - g r a d e n i t r o c e l l u l o s e i s not an e x p l o s i v e but an e n e r g y - c o n t r i b u t i n g p l a s t i c b i n d e r in P B X - 9 4 0 4 .

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3-1

Table 3-2.
Explosive Baratol Boracitol

Cast explosives: names and formulations.

TNT RDX
24 40 36 40 25 30 63 60 75 45

F o r m u l a t i o n (wt%) O t h e r ingrediLents Ba(N03)2 B o r i c acid Wax 76 60 1

* C o m p B , G r a d e A^ Comp B-3 ^Cyclotol'^ H-6

Wax Al CaClg HMX PETN Al

5 20 0.5 75 50 20

*Octol *Pentolited Tritonal

25 50 80

P r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s marked with a s t e r i s k s are summarized in data sheets (Section IV). The weight percent values given in the table a r e nominal and subject to some variation. ^Comp B, Grade A is formulated as a 60/40 RDX/TNT mixture, but high-quality castings usually a r e higher in RDX content due to the removal of a T N T - r i c h section at the top of the casting. There a r e several cyclotols and pentolites. The most common cyclotol is RDX/TNT 75/25. The most common pentolite is PETN/TNT 50/50.

3-2

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Table 3 - 3 .

Plastic-bonded explosives: Names and formulations. Formulation

Explosive^ *LX-04-l *LX-07-2 *LX-09-0

Other designations P B H V - 8 5 / j 15 RX-04-BA RX-09-CB

Ingredient HMX Viton A HMX Viton A HMX pDNPA FEFO HMX pDNPA FEFO

wt% 85 15 90 10 93 4.6 2.4 93.3 4.4 2.3 95 5 94.5 4.5 80 20 95.5 4.5 90 9.1 0.5 0.4 90 10 90

Color Yellow Orange Purple

LX-09-1

Purple

*LX-10-0 LX-10-1 *LX-ll-0 *LX-14-0

RX-04-DE

HMX Viton A HMX Viton A HMX Viton A HMX Estane 5702-Fl

Blue-green spots on white Blue-green spots on white White Violet spots on white White o r m o t t l e d gray

RX-04-PI

*PBX-9007

PBX-9007 T y p e B

RDX Polystyrene Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Rosin RDX Kel-F

-PBX-9010 'i't-BX-gOll X-0008

White Off-white

HMX Estane 5740-X2 RDX Pqlystyrene Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

*PBX-9205

92 6 2 94 3 3 94 6 95 2.5 1.25 1.25

White

*PBX-9404

P B X - 9 4 0 4 - -03

HMX NC (12.0% N) Tris(i3-chloroethyl)phosphate RDX E x o n 461 HMX Estane BDNPA BDNPF

White o r b l u e

-PBX-9407 * P B X - 9 501

W h i t e o r black*^ White

P r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s marked with a s t e r i s k s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in data sheets (Section IV). Depending on graphite content. 7/74
3-3

Table 3-4.

M i s c e l l a n e o u s e x p l o s i v e s : N a m e s and f o r m t i l a t i o n s . Formulation

Explosive^ Comp C-4

Other designations

Ingredient RDX Di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate Polyisobutylene M o t o r oil PETN Binder PETN Binder

wt%
91 5.3 2.1 1.6 85 15 63 37 51.7 33.2 15.1 73,5 17.6 6.9 2.0 63.7 34.3 2.0 80 20 72.2 23.4 4.4 80 20

Color White

EL-506A EL-506C *LX-01 NTN

Red Red Clear

Nitromethane Tetranitromethane 1 - Nitropr opane PETN Butyl r u b b e r Acetyltributyl citrate Cab-O-Sil PETN Silicone r u b b e r Cab-O-Sil PETN Silicone r u b b e r

*LX-02-l

EL-506 L-3

Buff

*LX-08

Blue

LX-13 MEN-II RX-Ol-AC

Green Clear

Nitromethane Methanol Ethylenediamine PETN Silicone r u b b e r

*XTX-8003

Extex

White

P r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s m a r k e d w i t h a s t e r i s k s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in d a t a s h e e t s (Section IV).

3-4

12/72

Table 3 - 5 . Additives and binders. Material" BDNPA/BDNPF Cab-O-Sil M-5 DOP Estane 5702-Fl Exon 461 Kel-F 800 Kel-F 3700 Polystyrene Sylgard 182 TEF Viton A Chemical name Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal/ bis(2,2-dinitroprDpyl) formal 50/50 w/o Di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate dioctylphthalate polyurethane solution system Other designation Color Straw White Clear Light amber White Off-white Off-white Clear Light straw Clear White

Trifluorochloroethylene/ vinylidine chloride copolymer Poly (trifluorochloroethylene) Poly (trifluorochloroethylene) Silicone resin Tris-|8-chloroethylphosphate Hexafluoropropylene/ vinylidine fluoride 1:2

Properties of these materials are summarized in data sheets (Section IV).

7/74

3-5

t>

to

CO

4.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

This section contains information relating to selected physical constants and properties of HEs of interest. These p r o p e r t i e s a r e physical state and density (Table 4-1); moleciilar weight MW and atomic composition (Table 4-2); melting point m. p . , boiling point b . p . , and vapor p r e s s u r e v . p . (Table 4-3 and Fig. 4-1); crystallographic ajid optical properties (Table 4-4). Many properties a r e density-dependent. For calculations for mixtures, some useful auxiliary relationships between composition and density a r e as follows:

y mi
p (TMD) = -^

y (v^Pi)
- ^^

(-i/Pi)

I V,
v^ ^ V. 100 m . / p . ^ (mi/Pi) '

V. = W

ipjp.)

W. =

100 ViPi

100 m.

' I^Vi^

S-i

Void V. = 1 - ( P Q / T M D ) , where TMD is theoretical maximum density, m is m a s s , v is volume, W is weight percent, V is volume percent, p is theoretical density, subscript i designates the component, and p is the actual density of the mixture.

7/74

4-1

P h y s i c a l S t a t e and D e n s i t y Table 4 - 1 . P h y s i c a l S t a t e s and d e n s i t i e s .


TMD^,
P

Nominal density, p (g/cm^ 1.48 2.60-2.61 1.53-1.54 1.87 2.2 1.71 1.72 1.59 1.75-1.76 1.79 (Mg/m^))

Material AFNOL Baratol BDNPA/BDNPF^ Boracitol BTF Cab-O-Sil^ Comp B, G r a d e A Comp B-3 C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 7 5/25 DATB DIPAM^ DNPA DOP EDNP EL-506A EL-506C Estane^ Exon 4 6 1 ^ FEFO H-6 HMX HNAB-I^ HNAB-11^ HNAB-III^ HNS^'^ K e l - F 800^ K e l - F 3700^ LX-01 LX-02 LX-04 LX-07 LX-08 LX-09 LX-10-0

Physical state Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid P u t t y l i k e solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Solid Solid R u b b e r y solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Liquid P u t t y l i k e solid Solid Solid P u t t y l i k e solid Solid Solid
4-2

(g/cm^ 1.48 2.63

(Mg/m^))

1.383-1.397 ^ b 1.901 2.3 1.74 1.75 1.77 1.837 1.79 1.47 0-.9861 1.28

1.48 1.48 1.18 1.70 1.607 1.74 ( c a s t ) 1.900 1.795 c a l c . 1.799 o b s . 1.744 c a l c . 1.750 o b s . 1.718 o b s . 1.74 1 .72 2 .02 1 .85 1.23 1.44 1.889 1.892 1.439 1.867 1.896 1 .43-1..44 1 .860- 1,870 1 .860- 1.870 >1.42 1 .837- 1.845 1 .858- -1.868 7/74 1.89

Table 4 - 1 .

(continued) TMD^ p Nominal density, p (g/cm^ (Mg/m^))

Material LX-10-1 LX-11 LX-13 LX-14 MEN-II NC (12.0% N) NC (13.3 5% N, min)


NG NM NQ

Physical state Solid Solid Putty curable to rubbery solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid

(g/cm^ 1.895 1.558 1.849


1 .Ui 1

(Mg/m^))

1.870 1.87-1.876 =1.53 1.834 1.58 1.58

Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501^ Pentolite 50/50 PETN Polystyrene 12 RDX^^ Sylgard 182^^ TACOT TATB TEF Tetryl TNM TNT Viton A' XTX-8003
15

1.59 1.13 at 20C (293 K) 1.72 1.83 1.697 1.822 1.795 1.72 1.865 1.81 1.855 1.71 1.77 1.12 1.806 1.05 1.85 1.938 1.425 1.73 1.6.'S0 at 13C (286 K) 1.654

1.55 1.80-1.82 1.66 1.789 1.770 1.68 1.831-1.844 1.60-1.62^ 1.843 1.67 1.76 1.05

1.61 1.88 1,71

Rubbery solid Putty curable to rubbery solid

1,556

Cast: 1.5-1.6 P r e s s e d : 1.63-1.64 1.815 =^1.53

Theoretical maximum density. A TMD value based on boric acid and TNT is 1.52; during the vacuum casting at over 80C (3 53 K), however, some of the boric acid breaks down to B2O2 This has the effect of increasing the TMD by an unpredictable amount. Nominal density in detonator and booster applications. 7/74 4-3

M o l e c u l a r Weight and A t o m i c C o m p o s i t i o n Table 4 - 2 . M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t s and a t o m i c c o m p o s i t i o n s . F o r m a t e r i a l s that a r e p u r e c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d s , m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t s and m o l e c u l a r f o r m u l a s a r e given: for t h o s e that a r e m i x t u r e s , an a r b i t r a r y m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t of 100 i s a s s i g n e d , and an e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h i s weight i s g i v e n . F o r such m i x t u r e s , the weight p e r c e n t a g e of an e l e m e n t i s given by t h e p r o d u c t of t h e a t o m i c weight and i t s s u b s c r i p t in t h e e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a . El e m e n t a l c o m p o s i t i o n Explosive Baratol BDNPA/BDNPF Boracitol BTF Cab-O-Sil C o m p B , G r a d e A^ C o m p B-S*^ C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 7 5 / 2 5 DATB DIPAM DNPA DOP EDNP EL-506A EL-506C Estane 5702F-1 FEFO E x o n 461 H-6 MW 100 100 100 252.1 60.09 100 100 100 100 243.1 4 54.1 204.1 390.57 220.2 100 100 100 320.1 (213.43)^^ 100 2.03 2.05 1.82 1.78 6 12 6 24 7 2.41 3.25 5.137 5 4 1.890 2.64 2.51 3.54 2.58 5 6 8 38 12 4.29 5.94 7,500 6 2 2.590 1.612 2.009 2 1.08 0.87 0.187 4 2.18 2.15 2.46 2.36 5 8 2 2,67 2.67 2.51 2.69 6 12 6 4 6 3.27 2.68 1.7 58 10 F 2 CI 3 F 3 Ca 0.0045 CI 0.0090 Al 0 . 7 4 1 1.23 6 3.79 0 0.53 6 3.97 6 B 0.97

c
0.74

H 0.53

N 0.90

O 2.38

Other B a 0.29

HMX HNAB HNS K e l - F 3700 LX-01-0 LX-02-1 LX-04-1 LX-07-2 LX-08-0 LX-09-0 LX-09-1

296.2 452.21 450.3 (116.48)^^ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

4 12 14 2 1.52 2.77 1.55 1.48 1.93 1.43 1.425 4-4

8 4 6

8 8 6

8 12 12 CI 1 F 3

3.73 4.86 2.58 2.62 4.39 2.74 2.735

1.69 0.93 2.30 2.43 0.81 2.59 2.592

3.39 2.99 2.30 2.43 2.95 2.72 2.721 Si 0.03 F 0.52 F 0.35 Si 0.50 F 0.02 F 0,0144 7/74

Table 4 - 2 .

(continued) El emental composition

Explosive LX-10-0 LX-10-1 LX-11-0 LX-13 LX-14 MEN-II NC (12.0% N) NC (13.35% N, m i n ) NG NM NQ Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 Pentolite 50/50 PETN Polystyrene RDX S y l g a r d 182 TACOT TATB TEF Tetryl TNM TNT Viton A XTX-8003 See XTX-8003

MW 100 100 100 100 100 262.6 274.1 227.1 61.0 104.1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 316.2 (104.15)^ 222,1 ( 74.16) 388,2 258.2 285,5 287.0 196.0 227.1 (187.08)j^ 100

C 1.42 1.410 1.61 1.521 2.06 6 6 3 1 1 1,78 1.97 1.39 1.73 1.83 1.40 1.41 1.47 2.33 5 8 3 2 12 6 6 7 1 7 5 1.80

H 2.66 2,663 2,53 2.917 7,06 7 7 5 3 4 2.58 3.22 2.43 3.18 3.14 2.75 2.66 2,86 2,37 8 8 6 6 4 6 12 5 0 5 3,5 3.64 5 4 3 8 6 6

N 2.57 2.579 2.16 2.587 1.33 2.25 2.5 3 1 4 2.36 2.43 2.43 2.45 2.49 2.57 2,54 2.60 1.29 4

O 2.57 2.579 2.16 2.658 3,10 9.5 10 9 2 2 2.69 2.44 2.43 2.61 2.51 2.69 2,54 2,69 3,22 12 6 1 8 6 4 8 8 6

Other F 0.17 F 0.156 F 0.70

CI 0.09 F 0.26

CI 0.03 P 0,01 CI 0,07 F 0.09

Si 1

CI 3 P 1

F 6.5 1.01 3.31 Si 0.27 The wax was

Based on nominal composition of 63% RDX, 36% TNT, and 1% wax. assumed to have the composition CH2, Based on nominal composition of BDX/TNT 60/40. 7/74 4-5

Table 4 - 3 .
Material AFNOL Baratol BDNPA/BDNPF Boracitol BTF Comp B, G r a d e A Comp B-3 C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 75/25 DATB DIPAM DNPA DOP EDNP EL-506A EL-506C FEFO 18 16 4 Ref.

Melting points m^p., boiling points b. p,, and vapor p r e s s u r e s v, p.


(C) 105-110 79-80 (K) (378-383) (352-353) 2 79-80 198-200 -80 79-80 (352-353) (471-473) (~3 53) (352-353) (-150 at (0 01 m m Fef b p. CO (K) Ref ( m m Hg)

--(423 a t 1 33 P a )

0 1 a t 100C

(13 33 at 373 h )

-- b
79-80 286 304 (352-353) (559) (377)

-17 -6 (268) 18 0 222-230 83 at OD m m

---------(4')5-503) (356 a t 6 7 Pa)

0 1 at 100C 0 1 at 100C

(13 33 at 373 K) (13 33 at 373 K)

<0 06 a t 150C 1 2 at 200-'C

(<8 0 a t 423 K) (159 9 at 473 K)

11.3-12 9

(284-286)

120-124 at 0 3 m m

(3'iJ-3<)7 a t 40 Pa)

2 14 X 10
at 2JC

(2 85 X 10 a t 298 K)

HMX HNAB 20 9 19 19 LX- 01-0 L X - 02 L X 04 L X 07 L X 08 L X -09 L X -10 L X -11 L X -13 L X -14 MEN 11 NC (12 0% N) NC (13.3570 N, m i n ) See XT

285-287 210-216 316 1. 313 11 318

(558-a60) (488-489) (589) (586) (591) (219)

^10 mm -9 3X10 at 100C 1 X 10"^ at 100C

'T7KT
(4 X 10"'' a t 373 K) (1 33 X lO" a t 373 K) 9347 ' ' TTKT (1 33 X 10"'' a t 373 k ) (3866 a t 298 K)

^10 nim II 1 X 10"-^ a t lOO-C 29 0 a t 25C

Dec >250 D e c >250

(>523) (>523)

129-135 (402-408) with d e c o m p o s i t i o n D e c >280 Dec >250 D e c '250 Dec >270 Dec Dec 135 135 ^553) {>523) (>523) (>543) (408) (408)

Table 4 - 3 .
Material Ref. m.p. (C) Dec.>280 Dec.>250 Dee.>250 Dec.>270 Dec. 135 Dec. 135 13.2
-29 b.p. (K)

(continued)
V P (K)

Ref.

(C)

Ref.

(mm Hg)

(Pa)

LX-09 LX-10 LX-11 LX-13 See XTX-8003 LX-14 MEN II NC (12.0% N) NC (13.35% N, min) NG NM N(3 Octal PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 Pentolite 50/50 PETN

0553) (>523) (^523) (^543) (408) (408) 101-101.5 (374-375) 0.0015 at 20C 37 at 25C (0.2 at 293 K) (49J3 at 298 K)

(286) (244) 246-247 (519-520) with decom;position 79-80 (352-353) Dec.>200 (--473) Dec.>200 (-473) Dec.^250 (-'523) Dec.>200 0473) Dec.>250 Dec.>200 Dec.>240
76

0.1 at 100C

(13.33 at 373 K)

( 523) (-473) (-513) (349) (412-415)


8

139-142

0.1 at 100 t 8 X 10"^ at 100C 10 mm , . ^^

(13 33 at J7i h) (11X10 at 373 K) 6352 r (K)

i3

Polystyrene
RDX

12 13

240 205

(513) (478) (-653) ( 598) (476) (403) (287) (3 54) 3850 '"^10 ' cm ' " "' 1 (K) from 111-130 C (384-403 K)

TACOT TATB
TEF

24 25 26

Dec >3B0 Dec.>325


203 130

Tetryl
TNM TNT

14 2 80.9

125.7

(o9'))

13 at 25C 0 106 at 100C

(1733 at 298 K) (14 13 at 373 K) 3850 '^lO rm 1 (K) from 200-350 C (473-623 K)

XTX-8003

1 mm Hg = 1.33323 X 10^ Pa No fixed melting point. '^Two types of HNS a r e in production: HNS-I, <10 /j particle size, and HNS-I], 100-300 ji particle size D e c : decomposes.

>

Extrapolation

(3.4)

(3.2)

(3,0) J

(2.8) L
97

(2,6)

(2,4) J
127 161

(2.2) L
203

(2,0)

Temperature 1000/TK

30

49

71

Temperature C

Fig, 4 - 1 ,

Vapor p r e s s u r e of FEFO,^^ PETN,^^ RDX,^^ DATB-I,^^ /3-HMX,^^ TATB,^^ HNS.29 Conversion factor: 1 T o r r = 1.333 X 10^ P a .

4-8

7/74

Crystallographic and Optical Properties Table 4-4. Crystallographic and optical properties.'
Material BDNPA/BDNPF^ BTF29.30 a = 9.92 b = 19.52 c = 6.52
I

Polymorph

Unit cell dimension (A (10"1 nm))

Crystal structure

Space group

Refractive index n 1.462-1.464 at 25C (298 K)

Molecular refraction H

Orthorhomic Amorphous

Pna2j 1.46
Pc2

Cab-O-Sil^ DATB^ DOP^^

a = 7.30 b = 5.20 c = 11.63

II (a) I (3) HI (y) IV (6) HNAB^ I II HNs" Kel-F 800^


NQ21

a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c

= 15.14 = 23.89 = 5.91 = 6.54 = 11.05 = 8.70 = 10.95 = 7.93 - 14.61 - 7.66 = - 32.49 = 10.15 = 8.26 - 10.06 - 10.63 - 21.87 - 7.59 = 20.93 - 5.57 - 14.67

Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Hexagonal

Fdd2 P2j/c Pc,P2/c, P2/n P6i22, P6522 P2,/c P2j/a

1.485 at 25C (298 K) a - 1.561-1.565 (3 = 1.562-1.566 T = 1.72-1.74 a - 1.589 3 = 1.594 y = 1.73 a = 1.537 (3 = 1.585 T - 1.666

58 calc. 55.7 obs. 58 calc. 56.1 obs. 58 calc. 55.4 obs. 58 calc. 55.9 obs.

Orthorhombic 1.46 n = 16 a = 1.526 /3 = 1.694 7 = 1.81 u = 1.558 in Na e = 1.551 light

a - 17.58 b - 24.84 c - 3.58 I (ff) (p = 1.778) II (|3) (p = 1.716) 12 a 9.38 b = 9.38 c = 6.71 a = 13.22 b - 13.49 c = 6.83 a - 21.90 b = 21.90 c - 6.63 a = 13.18 b = 11.57 c = 10.71 Unstable

Orthorhombic

Fdd2

25.2 calc. 22.2 obs.

PETN36-40

Tetragonal Orthorhombic Rhombohedral Orthorhombic

P42j/c Pcnb

1.59-1.60 Pbca n a /3 7 =8 ^ = 1.578 I at 20C = 1.597 ["(283 K) = I.6O2J 43.7 calc. 41.4 obs.

Polystyrene j,Ox".40,41,42 I II Sylgard 182^'* TATB'*^"^'* Tetryl'*^ TNT46-50

a b c a b c a b c

= 9.01 - 9.03 - 6.81 = 14.13 = 7.37 = 10.61 = 14.99 = 40.00 = 6.10

Tnclinic Monoclinic

PT

P2^/c

1.430 at 25C (298 K) a = 1.45 3 = 2.3 7 = 3.1 a = 1.546 0 = 1.632 7 =1.74 calc. n = 16 a = 1.543 |3 = 1.674 7 = 1.717

44.3 calc. 49.6 obs.

^Refractive indexes and molecular refractions a r e at 5893 A and 25C (589.3 nm and 298 K).unless otherwise stated; 10 A = 1 nm.

7/74

4-9

References 1. 2. H. Hornig, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). M. Finger, P r o p e r t i e s of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal and Bis(2,2,-dinitropropyl) formal, Eutectic Mixture, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rep.t. UCID-16088 (1972). Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass., Cab-O-Sil, Rept. Cgen-7 (no date). E. E. Kilmer, J. Spacecr. Rockets 5, 1216-1219 (1968). B. F . Goodrich Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Estane Polyurethane Materials, Service Bulletin 64-14; Estane Polyurethane Solution Systems, Service Bulletin TSR 64-18 (1964). Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, Penn., Exon, Sales Service Bulletin No. 20 (1956). E. J. Graeber, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., personal communication (1972). A. C. Schwartz, Application of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosive Components, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., Rept. SC-RR-710673 (1972). K. G. Shipp, J . Org. Chem. 2, 2620-2623 (1964). Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., Kel-F E l a s t o m e r P r o p e r t i e s and Applications (no date). J. R. Humphrey, L X - 1 0 - 1 : A High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51629 (1974). J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Eds., Polymer Handbook, Interscience, N. Y. (1966). C. S, Choi and E. Prince, Acta Cryst. B28, 2857-2862 (1972). Dow Corning, Hemlock, Mich., Information about Electronic Materials, Bulletin 07-123 (1964). S. Dixon, D. R. Rexford, and J. S. Rugg, Ind. Eng. Chem. 49^, 1687-1690 (1957). J. R. Holden, Acta Cryst.. 22, 545-550 (1966). Food Machinery Corporation, Ohio Apex Division, Nitro, W. Va., P l a s t i c i z e r s , Data Sheet (1955). M. Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). K. G. Shipp, U . S . Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., personal communication (1965). G. P. Sharnin, B. J. Buzykin, and K. Kh. Shakurova, J. Org. Chem. (USSR) Q,, 1039-1041 (1970). W. C. McCrone, Anal. Chem. 23^, 205-206 (1951). T. M. Benziger, X-0242: A High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-4872-MS (1972). F . T. Crimmins, The Vapor P r e s s u r e of Pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN) in the Temperature Range of 50 to 98 Degrees Centigrade, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50704 (1969). 4-10
7/74

3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

24.

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

41. 42.

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

E. I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, Technical Information on Military Specialties--TACOT (manufacturer's data sheet), E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Wilmington, Del. (no date). L. C. Smith, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., personal communication (1962). Celanese Corporation, Chemical Division, New York, N. Y., Celluflex CEF, Products Bulletin N-46-2 (1955). F . T. Crimmins, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1969). J, M. Rosen and C. Dickenson, J. Chem. Eng, Data 14, 120-124 (1969). H. H. Cady, A. C. Larson, and D, T. Cromer, Acta Cryst. 20, 336-341 (1966), E. N. Maslen, Acta Cryst. B24, 1170-1172 (1968). H. H. Cady, A. C. Larson, and D. T. Cromer, Acta Cryst, 16, 617-623 (1963). W. C. McCrone, Anal. Chem. 22, 1225-1226 (1950). A, Filhol, Contribution to the Study of the Hexogen Molecule in the Crystalline and the F r e e State, Thesis.Universite de Bordeaux, F r a n c e (1971). (In French). C. S, Choi and H, P. Boutin, Acta Cryst. B26, 1235-2340 (1970). W. Selig, Explosivestoffe 17, 201-202 (1969). J. E. Knoggs, Mineral, Mag, 20, 346-352 (1925), A. D. Booth and F . J. Llewellyn, J. Chem. Soc. (London) 1947, 837-846 (1947). J. Trotter, Acta Cryst. 16^, 698-699 (1963). H. H. Cady, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., personal communication (1972). A. T. Bloomquist, Microscopic Examination of High Explosives and Boosters, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Rept. NDRC-B-3014 (AD-29944) (1957). W. C. McCrone, Anal, Chem. 22, 954-955 (1950). P, M. H a r r i s , P. Reed, and R. E. Gluyas, Structures of Trinitro Aromatic Crystals and Related Substances, U . S . Dept, of Commerce, Rept. 156-104 (1959). H, H. Cady, Microscope 14, 27 (1963). H. H. Cady and A, C, Larson, Acta Cryst, 1, 485-496 (1965). H. H. Cady, Acta Cryst. 23^, 601-609 (1967), W, C, McCrone, Anal. Chem. 21^, 1583-1584 (1949). F , G, J, May, B. W. Thorpe, and W. Connick, J. Cryst. Growth 5, 312 (1969). W. Connick, F . G. J. May, and B. W, Thorpe, Austr, J. Chem, 22, 2685-2688 (1969). D. G. Grabar, F . C. Rauch, and A. J. Fanelli, J. Phys, Chem. 73, 3514-3516 (1969). L. A, Burkhardt and J. H, Bryden, Acta Cryst, 7_, 135-136 (1954).

7/74

4-11

"*

5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES heat of detonation AH ,

This section gives information on heat of formation AH compatibility, and solubility. Heat of Formation

Heat of formation AH^, r e f e r s to the enthalpy of the reaction a C, , ^ + - * C H. N O, (s)V +2^ H, 2(g) . +2^ N2(g) ^ +24 0 2(g) a 13 c d at 1 atm (101 kPa) and 298C (571 K). The sign convention is such that the AH is negative when the above reaction is exothermic. Tables 5-1 and 5-2 give heats of formation of various explosive m a t e r i a l s and of additives and binders, respectively. Table 5 - 1 . Heats of formation, AH, of explosives.
Explosive Baratol Boracitol BTF C o m p B , G r a d e A Comp B-3 Comp C-4 Cyclotol 75/25 DATB DIPAM DKPA EDNP EL-506A EL-506C FEFO HMX HNAB HNS LX-01-0 I X-02-ld LX-04-1 LX-07-2 LX-08d LX-09-0 LX-09-1 LX-10-0 LX-11-0 LX-13 LX-14 MEM-11 N C (12.0% N) NC (13.35% N, n u n ) NG NM NQ Octol PBX-9007a rBX-9010 PHX-tOll"^ PBX-9205'^ PBX-9404-3^ PBX-9407'^ PBX-9501'' P e n t o l i t e 50/ 50 P E IN RDX TACOT TATB Tetryl TMl TNT XTX-8003 For mixtures, "^One k c a l / m o l ''^One c a l ' g (kcal/moU^ -70.8 -257.5 +144.5 +1.0 +0.84 +3.33 +3.01 -29.23 -20.1 -110 -140 (kJ/mol)'' (-295) (-1,076) (+606) ( + 5.78) (+5.28) (+13.9) (+13.8) (-122) (-84 1) (-460) (-585.8) (-167) (-178) ( - 7 4 2 8) (+75.02) (+241.8) (+58.1) (-115.2) (-205.3) (-90.1) (-51.7) (-185.9) (7.61) (+8 38) (-13.1) (-128.6) (t-6.28) ( - 3 1 0 7) (-"04) (-837) (-380) (-113) (-98.7) (tll.U) (*29.8) (-J2.U) (-17 0) (+24.30) (0 331) (+48.4)
(+9
j)

(cal/g) -708 -2,575 +573 +10.0 +8.4 +33.3 +30.1 -120 -44 3 -539 -635 -554.4 +61 +128 +30 83 -275 -491 -215 -123 -444 +18.2 +20.04 -31 4 -307.3 +15.0 -743 823 730 -400 -442 -227 +2 5,7 +71.3 -78.7 -40.5 +58.1 +0.8 + 116 22 8 -24 3 -407 +66 330 -143 +16 J 66 -78 -444

(kJ/kg)""
(-2,952) (-10,755) (+2,399) (+57.8) (+52.8) (+139) (+138) (-503) (-185) (-2,255) (-2,660) (-1,669) (-1,775) (-2,320) (+253) (+535) (+129) (-1,152) (-2,053) (-901) (-517) (-1,859) (+76.1) (+83.8) (-131) (-1,286) (62 8) (-3,107) (-3,441) (-3,052) (-1,673) (-1,853) (-949) (+119) (+298) (-329) (-170) (+243) (+3.31) (+484) (+95.4) ( - 9 9 3 7) (-1,702) (+277 1) (+1,380) (-597 2) (+66 6) (+277) (-284) (-1,859)

-177.5 +17.93 +57.8 +13.88 -27.5 -49.1 -21.5 -12.3 -44 +1.82 +2.004 -3.14 -30.73 See XTX-8003 n.50 -74 3 -216 -200 -90.8 -27 0 -23.6 +2.37 +7.13 -7.87 -4.05 + 5.81 +0.08 + 11.6 +2 3 -24.3 -128.7 +14.71 + 128 -36.85 +4.67 + 13.0 -15 -44.4

( 99,4) (-393) (61.53) (+5i6) (-134.2) (419.1) (54.4) ( 64.4) (-185.9)

the m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t i s a r b i t r a r i l y t a k p n a s 100 g ( s e e T a b l e 4 - 2 ) . 4.184 kJ mol.

4.184 KJ/kg.

I h e s t a n d a r d e n t h a l p i e s of t o r m a t i o n of t h e n o n e x p l o s i v e c o m p o n e n t s oi t h e m i x t u r e s w e r e e s t i m a t e d f r o m bond e n e r g i e s .

7/74

5-1

Table 5-2.
Material BDNPA/BDNPF^ Cab-O-Sil DOP*^ E s t a n e 5702 F - 1 K e l - F 3700*^ Polystyrene Sylgard 182*^ TEF Viton A

Heats of formation, AH
kcal/mol -46.38 -215194 -268.2 -95 -161 .+18.9 -24.9 -300 -332.7 (kJ/mol)

of additives and binders.


kcal/g -0.464 -3.597 -0.687 -0.95 -1.382 +0.181 -1.40 -1.051 -1.778

(kJ/kg)
(-1,941) (-15.051) (-2,874) (-3,975) (-5,783) (+7 57) (-5,858) (-4,397) (-7,439)

(-194.1) (-903,5) (-1,122) (-397) (-674) (+79.1) (-104.18) (-1,255) (-1,392)

Calculation. Estimate.

Heat of Detonation Heat of detonation ^ H , . r e f e r s to the change in enthalpy for the high-order detonation of the explosive. Initial and final states a r e taken at 25C (298 K) and 1 atm (101 kPa) p r e s s u r e . The experimental values listed in Table 5-3 were determined in a detonation calorimeter; they a r e found to vsiry with density, size, and confinement of the charge as well as with c a l o r i m e t e r geometry. Therefore, application of these vailues of detonation energy to other situations r e p r e s e n t s only EUI approximation. The maximum heat of detonation is a calculated value for the enthalpy of the reaction Explosive - Most Stable Products. The order chosen for the most stable products is HgO, COg, C, y and Ng for CHNO explosives. If the explosive contains F and/or CI, then HF suid/or HCl precedes HgO in the o r d e r . The values r e p r e s e n t the upper limit of the chemical energy obtainable from an explosive. In practice, the effective energy developed by a detonating high explosive is always smaller than the assumed thermodynamic maximum energy. The r e a s o n is that the actual shifting equilibrium along the adiabat until freeze-out occurs is not the one assumed h e r e . Also, the actual entropy is higher than for 25C (298 K) and 1 atm (101 kPa) p r e s s u r e . Such codes as RUBY, BKW, suid TIGER a r e believed to give m o r e r e a l i s t i c estimates of the t r u e composition during expansion.

5-2

7/74

Table 5.3. Heats of detonation. A H


fc-xper imcntat AH 11,0, , Explosive Baratol Boracitol - 'l , d BTF C o m p B, G r a d e A Comp B-s'-'^ C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 7 5 / 2 5 DATB^ DIPAM DNPA EDNP E1-506A EL-506C FEFO^ HMX^ HNAB HNS I X-01 0 L X - 0 2 1^ I X-04 1 LX 07 2 (kcal/g) 0 74 0 40 1 69 1 54 1 54 1 59 1 57 1 26 1 3o 1 06 1 23 1 62 1 41 1 45 1 62 1 47 1 42 1 72 1 42 1 42 1 4J 1 J8 1 60 1 60 1
5D

Experimental conditions "2"(g)

(MJAg) (3 10) (1 67) (7 07) (6 44) (6 44) (6 65) (6 57) (5 27) (5 65) (4 44) (5 15) (6 78) (5 90) (6 07) (6 78) (6 lo) (a 94) (7 20) (5 94) (o 94) (5 231

(ktal g) 0 72 0 20 1 69 1 40 1 40 1 40 1 44 1 15 1 27 0 8a 0 J4 1 38 1 12 1 3' 1 48 1 42 1 36 1 a2 1 16 1 11 1 37 1 77 1 46 1 46 1 42 1 28

(MJ kg)"" 3 01) 0 84) 7 07) a 86) 5 86) 5 86) 6 03)


4 81)

(kialg)

(VJkg)"*

(kcaog)

(MJ kg)*^

(C(K))

(m

(mm))

(Mg/m'^)

141

(5 90)

141

(5 90)

2D(298)

1/2

(12

7)

186

1 20

(5 02)

I 12

(4 69)

25(2)8)

1/3

(8 47)

1 69

0 98

(4 10)

0 91

(3 81)

25(2)8)

1/3

(8 47)

180

a 31) 3 3 57) 93)

5 77) A 69)
82)

1 28 1 48

(5

36)

1 21 1 37

(5 06 (5 73)

25(298) 25(298)

1/2 1/2

(12 7) (12 7)

1 61 1 89

6 19) 5 94) 06)) 6 36)


4 85) a 4 )) a 73)

(6 1 J)

1 25

(5 li)

24(297)

1/3

(8 47)

I X oa"^ '
LX 09 0 LX-09-1 LX 10 0 LX-n-0 i,X 13 I X 14 MEN I, NC (12 0% N) NC (13 35% N, min) NG WI^ NQ Octol P B X 9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404' PBX-9407 P B X 9a01 P e n t o l i t e DO OO'* PETN* RDX^ TACOT' TATB Tetryl' TNM'^ 2 INT

( 8 D
(6 6 )) (6 6)) (6 4 J) (5 77)
XTX

7 41) 6 11) 6 11) a 94) a 36) 5 95) 4 3 1) 4 27) 4 27)


6 1 I a 6 )) i a 58) 81

1 38 See 1 58 1 38 1 16 1 16 1 aJ 1 62 1 06 1 57 1 06 1 47 1 oJ 1 46 1 o6 1 60
1 3)

1 16

(4 8b)

25(298)

1/2

(12 7)

-800 >
(6 jli (1 7 )

1 43 1 Oa 1 02 1 02 1 48 1 36 0 88 1 43 13 1 36 1 i6 I 41 1 42 1 46 1 44 1 40 I al 1 48 1 35 1 08 1 45 0 55 1 2 ) 1 6)

(4 (6

8D)

(4 8o)
6J)

(6 ~!ll (4 44) (6 o7) (6 j31 (6 la) (6 40) (6 11) (5 ^i) (6 6J) (6 60) (6 40)

1 06

(4 44)

2a(298)

12

(12 7)

a 82) a 6 ) 5 6))

a 90) 5 J4)

(o 36)

2o(298)

1/3

(8 47)

6 11) 6 03) a 86) 6 32) 6 1 )) 5 64) 4 52) 6 07) 2 30) 5 40) 7 07) 1 09 1 16
(4 (4 36)
8J)

1 Dl

1 23 1 49 1 51 0 98

(5 15) (6 231 (6 il) (4 10)


(4 77)

1 16 1 37 1 42 0 96

(4 85) (a 73) (5 94) (4 02)

21(294) 25(298) 23(296) 23(296)

1 1/2 1/3 1/3 1

(25 4) (12 7) (8 47) (8 47) (25 4) (12 7) (12 7)

1 65 1 73 1 78 1 74

1 65 1 62 1 41 I 20 1 51

(6 0) (6 78) (a JO) (a 02) (6 32) (2 JO) (5 90) (7 8))

'

0 55 1 41 1 88

! 02 1 Oa

(4 27) (4 39)

25(298 25(298

1/2 1/2

1 54 1 55

One cal g

4 184 k l kg

BaCOs 1 1 the f i r s t produi t c a l t ulated "^BQ^S IS the f i r s t p r o d u c t c a l c u l a t e d Contain'^ l i t t l e o r no h y d r o g e n , t h e r e f o r e n ) w a t e r is f o r m e d , and v a l u e s for H j O , ^ ) and BgO, ^ a r e i d e n t i c a l ^^lO., IS he f i r s t p r o d u c t c a l c u l a t e d f A v e r y ' m a l l p e r c e n t a g e of CH^ i m p u r i t y r a i s e s t h e s e v a l u e s m a r k e d l y

7/74

5-3

Compatibility Many m a t e r i a l s have been tested for compatibility with various HEs; those listed or mentioned in this section a r e the most comnaonly used at the LLL facility for explosive testing. In Tables 5-4 and 5-5, which list adhesives and fillers, those m a t e r i a l s rated "A" have been evaluated extensively; those rated " B " have been screened for g r o s s incompatibility only. If these m a t e r i a l s a r e used as they a r e supplied, that i s , in the prepackaged c a t a l y s t / r e s i n system, they a r e satisfactory for use as indicated. It is understood that the adhesives will be used in minimum amounts, mixed according to supplier's instructions, and used only for limited t i m e s , that is, from two to t h r e e months during environmental testing. The r e s u l t s of our compatibility tests a r e valid only for the specific batch/lot of HE and adhesive tested. F o r different HEs and later lots of adhesive, even from the same suppliers, the reactivity and compatibility tests must be repeated. The supplier may change or "improve" the material without notice; this could render the m a t e r i a l incompatible. The compilation is not to be regarded as complete; many other m a t e r i a l s have been evaluated but a r e not commonly used and therefore not included h e r e . Table 5-6 l i s t s adhesive tapes found to be compatible with various HEs; any other tapes should be tested before u s e .

Table 5-4,

Adhesives: Chemical reactivity 3Lnd compatibility with various high explosives. 1, bond strength equal to that of A, compatible; OK for l o n g - t e r m explosive. storage. 2, bond strength l e s s than that of B, compatible; OK for s h o r t - t e r m explosive. storage (less than 30 days). 3, no bond strength. Blank, compatibility has not been checked.
/ / / / / / / /"w//i?/<w/
/ /

/ ^ / ' ^ / 0 ^ // y 0 * / / 0 ^ // / o / o / ^ / . . 5 ^ / > /
/ c i / ' v , /

Adhesive Adiprene L-lOO Adiprene L-167 Adiprene LD-213 Aerobond 2017 Eastman 910 Epoxies'' Laminae 4116 3-M #465 3-M #466 3-M #Y9146

i i s h? u^ s M s h ^ ^ L^ h
A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-2 A-2 A-2 A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-2 A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l __a A - l A-2 A-2

ih
/
A-l A-l A-l

A-2 A-2 A - l A-2


3 3 A-l

A-2

A-l = A - 2
3 A-2 A-2 A-2

A-l = A-l'^ A-2 A-2 A-2

A-l'^
A-2 A-2 A-2 A-2 A-2 A-2

A-l =

Do not use Aerobond 2017 with LX-09. The cure of the adhesive is inhibited by the explosive. BIPAX-2902, EPY-150, and Hysol epoxy patch kit are epoxies certified for bonding strain gauges to LX-04, LX-07, LX-09, LX-10. and PBX-9404. Does not meet environmental specifications. 5-4

7/74

Table 5-5. F i l l e r s and coatings: Chemical reactivity and compatibility. bond strength equal to that of A, compatible; OK for long-term explosive. storage. B compatible; OK for s h o r t - t e r m 2, bond strength l e s s than that of explosive. storage (less than 30 davs). 3, no bond strength. Blank, compatibility has not been checked.

/ >

F i l l e r or coating DC 93-109^*'^ DC 93-119^^ DC 93-120*^ DC 93-122^''^ DuPont 4817 conductive silver FDA 2 Red FDA 3 Green GE RTV 632^'^ Silastic Q 93-009*^ Silastic Q 93-029*^ Silastic RTV 140*^ Silastic RTV 732^ Silastic RTV 891^^

/ ^

ihr r
/ '^J

/CO

/ . /
A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2

/ ^

/ ^

^ A-3
A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3

/ ^
A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 B-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2

/ -v

A L' 1 iilil
A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2 B-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2

A-2 A-2 A-2

Nonflowing RTV silicone rubber used mostly for potting s p a c e r s , detonators, and detonator cables. Do not attempt to use Nuocure 12, Nuocure 28, or Thermolite 12 catalysts with Silastic Q 93-109 or Q 93-029 when the material will be in contact with LX-09 or other formulations containing F E F O or DNPA. These systems contain a platinum catalyst. Do not mix them in a container which has been used to mix the more conventional RTV silicones, e . g . . Silastic Q 93-009 and Q 93-029. The catalyst in these and s i m i l a r RTV s y s t e m s poisons the platinum catalyst and thus inhibits the cure. RTV: r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e vulcanizing.

7/74

5-5

Table 5-6.

A d h e s i v e t a p e s found to be c o m p a t i b l e with v a r i o u s high e x p l o s i v e s . t a p e not l i s t e d should be t e s t e d b e f o r e u s e . Trade name Scotch Brand E l e c t r i c a l Tape Scotch Brand Mylar Scotch Brand E l e c t r i c a l Scotch Brand Masking Scotch Brand Photo Tape S c o t c h B r a n d Double Sided Masking Scotch Brand Tape S c o t c h B r a n d Double Sided Masking S c o t c h B r a n d Double Sided Masking Scotch Brand P l a s t i c Scotch Brand P l a s t i c Scotch Brand P l a s t i c Scotch Brand Cellophane Tape Scotch Brand Cellophane Tape S c o t c h B r a n d M a g i c Mending Scotch Filament Tape S c o t c h B r a n d Double Sided Masking Bear Tape Blue C r o s s T a p e Mystic Tape High V o l t a g e R u b b e r T a p e Permacel Permacel P e r m a c e l Cellophane Tape Teflon T a p e #S15 #S16 #S18 #29 #32 #5803 Number #33 #56 #57 #232 #235 #400 #420 #465 #466 #471 #471 #471 #600 #850 #810 #880 #Y9146 #4/1

Any

Manufacturer 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M B e h r - Manning Hampton Manufacturing Company Mystik Tape, Inc. Okonite Compajiy Permacel Permacel Permacel Saunders Engineering Corporation Technical Tape Corporation Technical Tape Corporation

Color Black Yellow Yellow Tan Black Tan Lead Tan Tan Yellow Red White Clear Clear Clear Pearl Tan Tan Yellow Black Brown Black Red Clear Blue/brown

Tuck Tape Tuck Tape

Yellow Black

5-6

7/74

-0

Table 5-7. Qualitative solubilities of pure explosives. Solubilities a r e expressed as follows, in t e r m s of weight of lubstance dissolved at room temperature per 100 ml of solvent: i - insoluble (less than 0.1 g). sl = slightly soluble (0.1 to 5 g), s = soluble (over 5 g).
Solvent Acetone Benzene Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform DMFA DMSO Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Pyridine Water BTF DATB DIPAM DNPA EDNP FEFO HMX
sl

HNAB

HNS'
sl

NC NG
s s sl sl s

NM

NQ

PETN
s sl
1 1 1

RDX

TACOT"

TATB

Tetryl

TNM

TNT

sl sl

sl sl
sl

sl sl s
sl
S S 1

sl

sl

sl

sl
,10 sl

sl

sl

OI I -J

Table 5-8, Qualitative solubilities of additives and binders. Solubilities a r e expressed as follows, in t e r m s of weight of substance dissolved at room temperature per 100 ml of solvent: i = insoluble (less than 0.1 g), sl = slightly soluble (0.1 to 5 g), s = soluble (over 5 g).
Solvent Acetone Benzene Dichloroethane DMFA DMSO Gasoline Glycerine MEK MIBK THF Toluene Water Xylene BDNPA/ BDNPFll Cab-O-Sil
DOP 12

Estane 5702-Fll3

Exon 46ll4

Kel-F^^

Polystyrene^^

Sylgard 182

TEF^^

Viton A

References D. L. Ornellas, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). D. L. Ornellas, J . Phys. Chem. 72, 2390-2394 (1968). H. W. Sexton, Armament Research and Development Establishment, Fort Halstead, United Kingdom, personal communication (1956), D. L. Ornellas, J. C. Carpenter, and S. R. Gunn, Rev. Sci. Inst. 37^. 907-912 (1966). A. Ya. A pin and Yu. A. Lebedev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR 114, 819-821 (1957). D. O'Keefe, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., personal communication (1972). K. G. Shipp, J. Org. Chem. 29, 2620-2623 (1964). T, Urbanski, Chemistry and Technology of Explosives (McMillan, New York, 1964-1967), vols, 1-3, W. Selig, Some Analytical Methods for Explosives and Explosive Simulants, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7873 P t s . 1-4 (1964-1973). V. D. Gupta and B. L. Deopura, Mol. Phys. 1_9, 589-592 (1970). M. Finger, P r o p e r t i e s of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal and Bis(2,2dinitropropyDformal, Eutectic Mixture, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-16088 (1972). Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation, Ohio-Apex Division, Nitro, W. V., P l a s t i c i z e r s (no date), B. F . Goodrich Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Estane Polyurethane Solution Systems, Service Bulletin, TSR 64-18 (1964). Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, Pa., Exon, Sales Service Bulletin No. 20 (1956). Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., K e l - F E l a s t o m e r P r o p e r t i e s and Applications, Service Bulletin (no date). J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Eds., Polymer Handbook (Interscience, N.Y., 1966), Celanese Chemical Corporation, New York, N.Y., Celluflex CEF, Product Bulletin N-46-2 (1955),

5-8

7/74

6.

THERMAL PROPERTIES

This section contains tables and information on t h e r m a l conductivity k, c o efficient of thermal expansion CTE, estimated specific heat Cp, glass transition point Tg, and thermal stability. Thermal Conductivity Measurements of thermal conductivity made on an apparatus s i m i l a r to that used at the National Bureau of Standards a r e included in Table 6 - 1 , Thermal conductivities as a function of temperature a r e given in Fig. 6-1 for 8 explosives; the straight lines r e p r e s e n t the best fit of the data. Table 6 - 1 . Thermal conductivities k. Explosive (BTU/hr-ft-F)^ (lO"^ cal/cm-sec-C) 11.84 6.27 6.22 6.00 9.25 (W/m-K)^
(0,4.95) (0.262) (0.260)

(C) (F) 18-75 18-72

(K)

Comp B-3 Comp C-4 DATB LX-04 LX-07 LX-09 LX-10 LX-11 NC (12,7% N) PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9404 PBX-9501 Polystyrene Sylgard 182 Tetryl (p = 1.53) TNT (p = 1.60)

(291-348) (291-345)

0.22 0.23 0.25 0.25 0,21 ( e s t .

0.25 0.25

5.5 5.14' 10.0 10,1 10.8^ 2,5i: 2,78; 3,06'


3.5^ 6,83 6.22

(0.251) (0.380) 21.1 70 70 (0.398) 70 (0.432) 70 (0.432) 70 (0.363)(est (0.230) (0.215) (0.432) 70 (0.432) 21,1 70 (0.451) 0 (0.105) (0,116) 50 (0.128) 100 (0.146)(cured) (0.286)
(0.260)

(294) (294) (294) (294) (294)

(294) (294)

(273) (323) (373)

18-45

(291-318)

One cal/cm-sec-C = 4. 184 X 10"^ W/fn-K; 1 BTU/hr-ft-F = 0.004135 c a l / c m - s e c - C = 1.729577 W/m-K, Where measurements were made in both British and m e t r i c units, only the British units were converted.

7/74

6-1

0.60 _

0.35

0.0014 LX-10-0

0.50

0.30 LX-09-0

_ 0.0012

0.25 0.40

0,0010
U

0,20
1

LX-04-1 0.35 -PBX-9501 0.30 -

0,0008

E o

0.30 0.60 r- ^
hCQ

0,0014

D O

I
0.50 -

0,0012

0,25 0.40 PBX-9404 0.20 0.30 -60

0.0010

0.0008

J_
0 Temperature F (250) (300) Temperature K

100

200

(350)

1 5 Fig. 6 - 1 . Thermal conductivity k as a function of t e m p e r a t u r e for L X - 0 4 - 1 , LX-07-0, LX-09-0,6 LX-10-0,5 LX-14-0,'7 PBX-9011,^ PBX-9404,^ and PBX-9501.^ Conversion factors: 1 B T U ^ r - f t - F = 1.7239577 W/m-K; 1 c a l / c m - s e c - C = 4.184 X 102 W/m-K.

6-2

7/74

The thermal conductivity data shown in Fig. 6-2 as a function of HMX content indicate the rsinge of properties available with HMX/Viton explosives; see also the CTE data shown in Fig. 6-3 as a function of HMX content. T h e r m a l conductivity k i n c r e a s e s with increasing HMX content; CTE d e c r e a s e s .

0,30

0.5190

0.20

_ 0,3460 E

t OQ

0.10

0,1730

50 HMXwt %

Fig. 6-2. Thermal conductivity k vs wt% HMX for HMX/Viton s y s t e m s at 70F (21C, 294 K). Conversion factors: 1 B T U / h r - f t - F = 1.729577 W/m-K; 1 c a l / c m - s e c - C = 4.184 X 102 W / m - K ,

7/74

6-3

Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion data were obtained by the use of bulk m e r c u r y dilatometers or a linear expansion apparatus; the two methods produce comparable r e s u l t s . Figure 6-3 shows CTE as a function of HMX content for HMX/Viton s y s t e m s . Table 6-2 l i s t s the measured linear (a) and cubic (jS) expansion coefficients of explosives and binders along with their glass transition t e m p e r a t u r e s and p r e s s e d densities. The cubic expansion coefficients (j3) can be calculated for isotropic m a t e r i a l s as /3 = 3 a.

160

Above T

g 200 E \ E >o o

^o o

80 o Below T ^N>.

u
100 o
E E o
^O I

50 HMXwt %

100

Jo

Fig. 6-3. Coefficients of t h e r m a l expansion CTE vs wt% HMX for HMX/Viton s y s t e m s . Conversion factor: 1 in./in.-F = 1.8 c m / c m - C = 1.8 m / m - K .

6-4

7/74

Table 6.2.

Explosiveg and binders: Coefficients of t h e r m a l expansion CTE, glass transition t e m p e r a t u r e s Tg, and p r e s s e d densities p.
Linear CTE (a)*

(10" in An - ' F )

(io-6 cm/cm c\ \ or um/m-K I "Fl

-WT
Explosives to to to to 60'C 60C 25"C 63C
(213 333) (273-333)

Cubic CTE (gl- /lO"^ cm/cm-"C\ T \ or ^m/m-K / (C (K

"TFT

Ti^r

density /g/cm V Mg/m-

Baratol Boracitol Comp B-3 DATB DOp" Estane ^ 5702-Fl HMX HNAB' HNE^ K e l - F 3700 LX-02 LX-04 LX-07 LX-08 28 5 39 5
26 7 34 8

3 3 + 0 26T 46 7 54 6 97 5 32-46 52-66

-40 0 6 27

-20C 85"C

(279-298) (300-336) (253) (358)

-53 9 to 73 9C -65 to 165"F 80 92

(219-347) (219 347)

30 to 70 (243 343)

385 (51 3) (71 1)


(48) (63)
(48 8) (55 8)

65 -18 -65 -18 -65 -20 65 0 -65 10

to to to to to to to to to to

-18F 165-F -18-F 165F -20''F 165"F 0"F 165F -10F 165F

(219-245) (245 347) (219 245) (24 5 347) (219-244) (244 347) (219 255) (255 347) (219-249) (261 347)
243) (^243)

228 2 182 9 565

-30 to 70 (243-343) -30 to 70 (243-343) 30 to 70 (243-343) 20 -18 18

None above (253) (245)

1 860-1 870 1 860-1 870

Lx-oa
LX-10 LX-U LX-13 LX-u' NC (12 7% N) PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX 9404 PBX-9501 PETN^

27 31 24 26 31 46

1 0 8 2 est est

(244) (245) (245)

1 835 1 845

(44 6) (47 0)
(56) (83)
(48 5) (55 8)

See XTX-8003 27 31

<30"F ^30F

28 7 37 3

(51 7) (67 1) (50 (58 (55 (83 6) 0) 1) 0)

28 32 30 46

1 2 6 1

-65 30 65 -10 80

to to to to to

-40"F 165F -30F 165"F 160-F

(219 233) (243 347) (219 239) (250-347) (211-344) 30 to 70 (243-343)

35 -29

(236) (239) 1 828-1 842

Polystyrene

76 5-89 9 60-80

20 to 90-C <100C

(244 363) 373)

170-210 510-600

<100C 373) >100"C (>373)


20(244)

RDx'" Sylgard 182^ TEF TNT Viton A^


XTX-8003

63 6
(324) 50 0 + 0 0 0 7 T

20-C 65 to 165F Below m p Below -6''F -6 to 165F -22 to 158F 7 5 to 150F

(244) (219 347)

191

65 0 145 2
68 8 77

(117) (254 8) (123 8) (139) m/m-K

Below 252 (252-347) (243 343) (297-339)

-450 728

Below 20(253) 20 to 70 (253 343) 53 9 to 73 9 (219-296)

-27C

1 819 1 544

One in jin -"F

1 8 cm/cm-*C

Specific Heat Specific h e a t s C for the p l a s t i c c o m p o n e n t s of p l a s t i c bonded e x p l o s i v e s w e r e Specific h e a t for the P B X w a s then c a l -

e s t i m a t e d by m e a n s of the K o p p - J o u l e r u l e . ponents.

c u l a t e d by applying the a p p r o p r i a t e weight f r a c t i o n s to t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t of the c o m l i s t e d in T a b l e 6-3 a r e b e l i e v e d to be a c c u r a t e P to 5%. V a l u e s for s p e c i f i c h e a t a t t e m p e r a t u r e s o t h e r than 20C (293 K) for HMXc o n t a i n i n g PBX can b e e s t i m a t e d b y the f o r m u l a C (T) HMX '^p^'^^ " '^p^'^0^ CpTT^THMX ' w h e r e C (T) i s the s p e c i f i c h e a t at a t e m p e r a t u r e o t h e r t h a n 20C (293 K), and C (T) i s t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t at 20C (293 K). for R D X - c o n t a i n i n g P B X . S i m i l a r l y , s u b s t i t u t e RDX v a l u e s into t h e f o r m u l a T h e s p e c i f i c h e a t s of HMX and RDX a s a function of The e s t i m a t e s of s p e c i f i c h e a t C

t e m p e r a t u r e a r e included in Table 6 - 3 . Table 6-3. Specific h e a t s C C (cal/g-C) 0.157 0.201 0.403 0.192 0.299 0.307 0.325 0.333 0.25 (-73C) 0.36 (25C) 0.47 (127C) (1.05)(200 K) (1.51)(298 K) (1.97X400 K) 0.265 0.267 0.271 0.278 0.286 0.295 0.302 0.312 0.40 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 (1.67) (1.21) (1.25) (1.21) (1.17) (1.13) 6-6 7/74 at at at at at at at at 20C 30C 50C 70C 90C 110C 130C 150C (1.109 (1.117 (1.133 (1.163 (1.197 (1.234 (1.264 (1.305 at at at at at at at at 293 303 323 343 363 383 403 423 K) K) K) K) K) K) K) K) at at at at at at at at 30C 50C 70C 83-100C 30C 50C 70C 83-100C experimental (kJ/kg-K)' (0.657 (0.841 (1.686 (0.803 (1.251 (1.284 (1.359 (1.393 at at at at at at at at 303 K) 323 K) 343 K) 3 5 6 - 3 7 3 K) 303 K) 323 K) 343 K) 3 5 6 - 3 7 3 K)

C (est.) at 20C (293 K ,12 Explosive B a r a t o l 13

(cal/g-Cr

(kJ/kg-K)"^

C o m p B - 3 13

DOP

11

- 0 . 5 7 a t 50-150C

(2.385 a t 3 2 3 - 4 2 3 K)

FEFO

HMX^^

HNS^^ LX-02^^ LX-04 LX-07 LX-08 LX-09

Table 6-3. C (est.), at 20C (293 K)TT Explosive LX-10 LX-ll^^ LX-13 LX-14 (cal/g- cf 0.28 0.31 0.27 0.27 (kJ/kg-K)"^ (1.17) (1.26) (1.13) (1.13)

(continued). C , P' (cal/g-C) experimental ^ (kJ/kg-K)'

NC^^ (13.3 5% N, m i n . )
^1^18

(1.84 X 1 0 ' ^ ) + ( 7 . 6 4 X l O ' ^ T ) at 2 9 8 - 3 9 0 K 0.356 at 35-200C 'sat (1.490 at 3 0 8 - 4 7 3 K)

19 NM'

104.4 + (6.381 X lO'^^t) + (3.175 X l O ' ^ t ^ ) (8.131 X 10 ^t^) ,-9.4 + (4.093 X 10 ''t'') J / m o l e - C , t in C

NQ"" Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501^^ PETN^^ Polystyrene 13 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 (1.13) (1.17) (1.13) (1.13) (1.17) (1.13) (1.13) (1.13) (1.09)

= 6 + 0.08 T at 2 0 0 - 4 6 0 K

0.247 + 0.00064t'^ a t 3 7 - 1 6 7 C (310-440 K)

0.238 + 0.00079T 0.26 at 20C 0.283 at 0C 0.300 a t 50C 0.439 at 100C 0.274 0.278 0.285 0.289 0.290 0.293 at at at at at at 20C 30C 50C 70C 90C 110C

at 50-175C (323-448 K) (1.088 at 293 K) (1.184 at 273 K) (1.255 at 323 K) (1.837 at 373 K) (1.146 (1.163 (1.192 (1.209 (1.213 (1.236 at at at at at at 293 303 323 343 363 383 K) K) K) K) K) K)

P e n t o l i t e 50/50 0.26

RDX

Sylgard 182 TATB^^


rr X
,20

0.34 a t 25C 0.25 at 25C (1.05 a t 298 K)

(1.423 a t 298 K)

Tetryl TNT^^

Cp = 15 + 0 . 1 9 T at 2 0 0 - 4 0 3 K 0.2463 + (8.408 X l O ' ^ t ) at 25-68C (298-341 K) 0.4502 + (8.018 X l O ' ^ t ) at 83-117C (356-390 K)

Viton A^^ X T X - 8 0 0 3 16
0,27

0.35

(1.464)

(1.13)

V a l u e s a r e i d e n t i c a l for B T U / l b - F and c a l / g - C . Conversion factor:


Q

1 c a l / g - C = 4.184 k J / k g - K .

X = h e a t c a p a c i t y at s a t u r a t e d liquid n i t r o m e t h a n e u n d e r i t s own v a p o r p r e s s u r e , sax 7/74 6-7

Thermal Stability Thermal changes in materials can be measured in several ways, qualitatively and quantitatively. F o r HEs we generally use differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tests (pyrolysis, CRT, or vacuum stability) that m e a s u r e the amount of gas evolved when an HE is heated for a stated period of time at an elevated t e m p e r a t u r e . Heating r a t e s a r e 10C/min. 1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA). In the usual DTA analysis, identical containers a r e set up (one containing the sample and the other containing a standard reference substance) in identical thermal geometries with temperature s e n s o r s arranged so as to give both the temperature of each container and the difference in t e m p e r a t u r e s between containers. The data a r e displayed as a DTA thermogram in which the t e m p e r a t u r e difference is plotted against the t e m p e r a t u r e of the sample. The standard reference m a t e r i a l chosen is one whose thermal behavior does not change rapidly. Such a plot is almost a straight line if the sample also has no rapidly changing thermal behavior (or if it is very similar to the standard m a t e r i a l ) . Excursions above and below a background line a r e due to endo- or exothermic (heat-absorbing or heatreleasing) changes. The DTA analyses permit interpretation for phase changes, decomposition and kinetic information, melting points, thermal stability. Results a r e shown in Fig. 6-4. Sample sizes a r e of the o r d e r of 20 mg. 2. Pyrolysis. The sample is placed in a pyrolysis chamber which is then flushed with helium. When the a i r has been swept out, the temperature of the chamber is raised at a constant r a t e . Gas evolution is measured as a function of t e m p e r a t u r e by a bridge formed by two thermal conductivity c e l l s . Data a r e included in Fig. 6-4, 25 the right-hand ordinate showing the thermal conductivity response in millivolts (mV). Sample sizes a r e of the order of 10 mg. 3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The objective in a TGA is to determine whether there a r e any weight changes in a saimple, either when it is held at a fixed t e m p e r a t u r e or when its temperature is changed in a programmed linear fashion. The data a r e generally plotted as weight vs t e m p e r a t u r e or time or as weight change vs t e m p e r a t u r e or time. The TGAs a r e useful for only a limited number of physical property investigations, e.g. vaporization phenomena, but they a r e extremely useful for obtaining information on chemical p r o p e r t i e s such as thermal stability and chemical r e a c t i o n s . They a r e also useful for obtaining kinetic data. Sample sizes a r e of the order of 10 mg. The heating r a t e is held at ~10C/min in nitrogen atmosphere, and weight loss is shown as a function of temperature in Fig. 6-5. 4. LLL reactivity test (CRT). The sample is heated at 120C (393 K) for 22 h r . A two-stage chromatography unit is used to m e a s u r e the individual volumes of N, NO, CO, NgO and COg evolved per 0.2 5 g of explosive during this period. The test is used principally to determine the reactivity of explosives with other m a t e r i a l s . When operated as a simple test of explosive stability, the results a r e expressed in t e r m s of the sums of these volumes. Results a r e given in Table 6-4. 6-8 7/74

150

200

250

Temperature " C

Fig. 6-4.

(a) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for baratol.24

7/74

6-9

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(b) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for b o r a c i t o l . ^

6-10

7/74

-J

> E

05 I

50

100

250

300

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(c) DTA curve for BTF.24

1 +5
Comp B

1 1

1
10

1
1
-

+4 -

+3 -

\ \

- 8

+2 -

\
+1- 6

. ^

^^r|

-1 -

j
1

1 1, 1' 1

1
\

-2

1 1

-3

1
/ /
\ 50

1 1
\

- 3

1 1

-4

-5

y
100

J
150

1
200

1
250

1
300 350

Temperature C

6-4.

(d) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Comp B.24 Melting points of both TNT and RDX a r e lowered. The melting endotherm for RDX is almost lost in the decomposition exotherm which s t a r t s at ~150C (423 K). Comp B is l e s s stable than its components separately.

6-12

7/74

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(e) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for cyclotol.24

7/74

6-13

150

200 Temperature

350

6-4.

(f) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for DATE .24 T^Q endotherm starting at ~220C (493 K) is due to the I - II polymorphic transition. The melting point appears at 285''C (558 K)

6-14

7/74

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(g) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for DNPA monomer.24

7/74

6-15

150

200

Temperature C

6-4.

(h) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for p-DNPA. A mild explosion usually blows the sample thermocouple out of the cell at 250C (523 K). The small endotherm at 60C (333 K) is due to the second-order transition of the polymer. 6-16 7/74

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Temperature " C

Fig. 6-4.

(i) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Estane 5740 X - 2 .

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Temperature "C

Fig. 6-4.
-J

(j) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Exon 461. 24

-J

!5 +1
05 I

> E

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(k) DTA curve for F E F O 24

-3 -

50

150

200

Temperature C

6-4,

(1) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for HMX (94.38% Holston production grade).24 Melting point 275C (548 K).
6-20 7/74

50

100

150

200
Temperature "C

250

300

350

Fig. 6-4.

(m) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for HMX (99.9% pure).24 Purified by extraction and crystallization of production-grade HMX. Dry ^-HMX of good purity does not show a ^ -* a transition. This sample shows a ^ -* a transition starting at 187C (460 K), but no melting point, so the endotherm does not show on the curve.

7/74

6-21

150

200

300

350

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(n) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for a-HMX.24 Melting point 282C (555 K).

6-22

7/74

+5 T - HMX

+4

+3

+2

+1

-1

-3

I
-4-

50

100

150

200

V,

250

300

350

Temperature " C

Fig. 6-4.

(o) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for7-HMX.24 Appears to contain a small amount of/3-HMX.

7/74

6-23

> E
I to

50

100

150

200

250 300 Temperature "*C

350

400

450

500

Fig. 6-4,
-a

(p) DTA curve for HNAB. 24

-J

5+205 I

250

300

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(q) DTA curve for HNS. 24

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Temperature C

(r) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Kel-F 3700 (uncured). Z e r o - l i n e drift is due to low thermal conductivity of sample.

<

50

150

200

250

300

350

Temperature

Fig. 6-4.

(s) DTA curve for LX-04 24

7/74

6-27

150

200

350

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(t) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for NC.24 A mild explosion always blows the sample thermocouple out of the cell at 195-197C (468-470 K).

6-28

7/

< 0

Temperature

Fig. 6-4.

(u) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for NQ.24

7/74

6-29

50

100

150

200 Temperature C

250

300

350

6-4.

(v) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for NQ (purified).24 xhe melting point of the sample is superimposed on the decontiposition exotherm. The decomposition in the liquid phase is extremely violent. 6-30
7/7

100

150

200

250

300

350

Temperature C

4.

(w) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for octol.24 The endotherms were due to the melting of TNT and to the |3 -* 6 transition of HMX. The pyrolysis curve shows an almost perfect volatilization curve for TNT before the HMX decomposition.

6-31

'< +1
CO N3

Fig. 6-4.
-a

(x) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9007 24

50

150

200

250

300

350

Temperature - C

Fig. 6-4.

(y) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9010.24

7/74

6-33

5 0
03 I

250

300

350

450

500

Temperature C

Fig, 6-4.

(z) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9205 24

+5 PBX - 9404
Explosion

10

+4

+3

+2

+1

<

-2

-3-

A J y y
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(aa) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9404.^^ Stabilized with diphenylamine. Solvent evolution and decomposition a r e integrated in the pyrolysis curve; however, the DTA curve shows that true decomposition begins at ~75C (348 K). The HMX ^ ^ 6 transition is superimposed on the NC/CEF decomposition exotherm. Some samples of PBX-9404 show a small endotherm at 150C (423 K).
6-35

7/74

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(bb) DTA curve for PBX-9404-03 24

6-36

7/74

<

50

100

150

200

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(cc) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9407.24

7/74

6-37

150

200

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(dd) DTA curve for PBX-9501

24

6-38

7/74

1 +5
Pentolite

1
10 -

+4

+3 "

.0 1 1

+2 ! , +1

1
1

<

1
1

/1

5 >s

1
- 3

-1

-2 -

-3 \ -4

11
/ /

1 ^ *
100

-2

\ "
350

-5
50

1 -f 150

200

1
250

300

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(ee) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for pentolite.24

7/74

6-39

1 +5 \~ PETN

1'

'

10

+4

J H9

+3

8 H

+2

H7

+ 1

11
IP

J
11 11
1

H6

5 ^

-1

H4

-2

11
\ \

H3

-3

H2

-4

-5'

.^-4.
50

4
100

1/ , ^ ^
150 200 250
Temperature C

300

350

6-4.

(ff) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PETN.24 The small pyrolysis at 132C (405 K) r e p r e s e n t s a small evolution of trapped air from the imperfect c r y s t a l .

6-40

7/74

I
-3

03

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(gg) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for polystyrene. ASTM softening point is ~90-100C (363-383 K).

24

The

Temperature C

6-4.

(hh) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for RDX (pure Wabash grade).24 Gas evolution below the melting point is p r i m a r i l y sublimation.

6-42

7/74

150

200

Temperature " C

Fig. 6-4.

(ii) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for RDX (Holston production grade).24 The sample contained several percent of HMX, which shows up as lowered melting point, broader endotherm, and lower gas-evolution t e m p e r a t u r e .

7/74

6-43

^o

1 TACOT

+5

+4

+3
4 ^

+2
I

r
- 2

+1

1 * _

4 _

-1

1
50

1
100

1
150

1
200

1
250

1
300

1
350

1
400

1
450

1
500

Temperature " C

Fig. 6-4.
-J

(jj) DTA curve for TACOT 24

1
+5 TATB

1
- 10 1""

+4

+3

+2

+1

/ -

1
f

1
1

zi/\

> E

-1

/I /I
-2 3

-3

/
-4

I
\1

/'

_<;

L..
50

J
100

1_
150

L
200

- J __'-r
250 300

1
350

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(kk) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for TATB.24 The sample appears to be completely stable to at least 250C (523 K).

7/74

6-45

1
+5
Tetryl

1
- 10

+4

] - 9

+3

A
\y
1 1 1
\ / \
1

+2

A - 7

+ 1

-6

1 1

5 ^

-1

~v
w w
1

- 4

-2

-A - 3

-3

11

- 2

-4 -

/ 1
/ \ 1
50

1I / 1

1 -

-5

/
.100 1 i_^ 150

V
1 200 1 250

T
300 350

Temperature C

Fig. 6-4.

(11) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for tetryl.24 Reportedly melts at 130C (403 K) and explodes at 187C (460 K). This sample started to melt at 128C (401 K) but did not undergo rapid decomposition until about 198C (471 K).

6-46

7/74

150

200 Temperature C

250

350

Fig. 6-4.

(mm) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for TNT (purified).24

7/74

6-47

1 +3

Viton A +2

+1

1 1
1

1 1

u ' 1
1 00

1
1

1 1

> E - 3

1
-1 -2

11
< / 1 50 1 100 1 150 J . \

-3

1 ,

- ^ _
350
400 450 500

200

250 300 Temperature C

-a

Fig. 6-4.

(nn) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Viton A. 24

D -PETN

1
^ \ \

'

iJ 100
Q.

1 B

1
\

1 \
\ \ \

E o

(/) -^
c o>
t_

75 Estane 50 25 0

\
\ \

^ 1
o

100

200

300

400

500

100

200

300

400

500

Temperature C

Fig. 6-5.

TGA curves for explosives and binders. 26

7/74

6-49

Table 6. 4. T h e r m a l stabilities of various explosives.


LLL reactivity test (cm"' g a s S T P / 0 . 2 5 g e v o l v e d in 22 h r a t 120C (393 K)) 0.015-0.02 0.24-0.40 0.05 0.051 0.033 0.026 0.014-0.04 <0.03 0.04-0.06 0.04-0.10 <0.01 0.01 1.8^ 0.3-0.6 0.01-0.04 0.01-0.04 0.03-0.07 0.02 0.04-0.06 0.01-0.04 See XTX-8003 0.02 1.0-1.2 0.02-0.05 0.03-0.07 0.02-0.04 0.024 0.025 0.36-0.40 0.06 0.07 0.10-0.14 0.02-0.025 0.12-0.9 0.8 3.0*^ 3.2-4.9 0.2-0.3^^ 0.18 0.025 5.0 0.07 0.25-0.94 <0.03 0.05-0.16 0.27 V a c u u m stability test (cm^ g a s S T P / g evolved in 48 h r a t 120C (393 K)) 0.19 0.02-0.04

Explosive Baratol Boracitol BTF B T F (purified) Comp B, Grade A Comp B-3 C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 75/25 DATE DNPA FEFO HMX HNS LX-01 LX-02 LX-04 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10-0 LX-10-1 LX-11 LX-13 LX-14 N C (12.0% N) NQ Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501^-^ P e n t o l i t e 50/50 PETN RDX TACOT TATB Tetryl TNT XTX-8003

0.036 0.00-0.012 <0.02'^ -0.005

^ M e a s u r e d a t 80C (3 53 K) b e c a u s e of t h e h i g h v o l a t i l i t y of t h e m a t e r i a l ' ^ M e a s u r e d a t 100C (373 K ) . "^Ref. 2 .

6-50

5. Vacuum stability test. The sample is heated for 48 hr at 120C (393 K). A simple manometric system is used to m e a s u r e the total volume of all gases evolved, including water and residual solvents. The r e s u l t s a r e expressed on the basis of 1 g 3 of explosive. For reference purposes, 1 cm of evolved gas per gram of explosive r e p r e s e n t s about 0.2% decomposition (see Table 6-4). Thermal Stability of L a r g e r Explosive Charges For large amounts of explosive, the results from s m a l l - s c a l e thermal-stability tests a r e not strictly applicable. There is a maximum safe t e m p e r a t u r e that should not be exceeded for large charges: it is the point at which thermal energy from slow chemical decomposition is being given off at a r a t e g r e a t e r than it can be dissipated. It is referred to as the self-heating t e m p e r a t u r e and is dependent on the amount of explosive, its environment, and the time it will be held at the elevated t e m p e r a t u r e . For example: 1.. Twenty-five pounds (11.34 kg) of LX-04-1 may be held at 190C (463 K) for no m o r e than 10 min and at 220C (493 K) for no m o r e than 1 min. 2. Calculations indicate that ~13,000 lb (~6 tons) of molten TNT may be unsafe. Information on problems of this nature can be obtained from m e m b e r s of the Organic Materials Division.

7/74

6-51

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. K. A. Peterman, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1964). A. Popolato, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Albuquerque, N. Mex., personal communication (1974). J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Eds., Polymer Handbook, (Interscience, N. Y., 1960). Dow Corning, Hemlock, Mich., Information About Electronic Materials, Dow Corning Bulletin 07-123 (May 1964). R. L. Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). W. G. Moen, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1964). W. H. Kirkwood, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). M. Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1965). A. C. Schwartz, Application of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosive Components, Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s , Albuquerque, N. Mex., Rept. SC-RR-710673 (1972). H. H. Cady, J. Chem. Eng. Data 17, 369-371 (1972). Food Machinery Corporation, Ohio Apex Division, Nitro, W. V., P l a s t i c i z e r s , Data Sheet (1955). D. L. Ornellas, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). R. Velicky, C. Lenchitz, and W. Beach, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. PA-TR-2504 (January 1949). Enthalpy data were plotted and C was recalculated by D. L. Ornellas, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory (1974). R. Shaw, Stanford Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., personal communication (1973). S. Marantz and G. T. Armstrong, J. Chem. Eng. Data 13, 118-121 (1968). D, G. Miller, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1964). L. J, Decker, J. R. Ward, and E. F r e e d m a n , Thermochim. Acta 8, 177-183 (1974). Army Materiel Command, P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives of Military Interest, U.S. Army Materiel Command, Rept. AMCP-706-177 (1967). H. A. B e r m a n and E. D. West, J. Chem. Eng. Data 14, 107-109 (1969). G. Krien, H. Licht, and J. Zierath, Thermochim. Acta 6, 465-472 (1973). T. W. Benziger, X-0242: A High-Energy Plastic Bonded Explosive, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-4872-MS (1972). H. Cady and W. Rogers, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2696 (July 1962). E, I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Service Bulletin, (no date). R. N. Rogers, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, personal communication (1974). R. N. Rogers, S. K. Yasuda, and J. Zinn, Anal. Chem. 32^, 672-678 (1960). B. Shroyer, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). 6-52
7/74

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

7.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

High explosives a r e viscoelastic m a t e r i a l s . Their mechanical p r o p e r t i e s a r e functions of time, t e m p e r a t u r e , and loading r a t e . In any one m a t e r i a l they v a r y because of differences in raw material from one lot to another, differences in p r e s s i n g conditions, and differences in the machining p r o c e d u r e s used to fabricate the m a t e r i a l s . Therefore, the data in this section a r e not intended to provide exact numerical values but r a t h e r to demonstrate general trends and to make comparisons between different m a t e r i a l s . For m o r e refined calculations to predict the behavior of m a t e r i a l s , each individual lot of HE must be characterized. To c h a r a c t e r i z e m a t e r i a l s over the entire t e m p e r a t u r e range from -65 to 165F (219-347 K), it is n e c e s s a r y to make certain assumptions: 1. The material is homogeneous. 2. The material is isotropic. 3. Linear elastic and viscoelastic theory can be used to characterize explosives. 4. P o i s s o n ' s ratio (PR) is independent of time and t e m p e r a t u r e . (Poisson's ratio for most solid HEs falls in the range from 0.25 to 0.30.) 5. The material is thermorheologically simple (i, e . , the t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e postulate holds). 6. The "failure envelope" (see Fig. 7-8) provides an adequate criterion of failure. 7. The material does not age. These assumptions have been explored experimentally and found to be reasonable. The first step to be undertaken when looking for data on mechanical p r o p e r t i e s is to examine the t i m e - s c a l e of the specific problem. A schematic plot of s t r e s s vs time (Fig. 7-1) is useful for indicating the kind of data needed.

12/72

7-1

Viscoelastic theory applies

Elastic theory applies

0)

-o

D .^-

C 05 O

Thermal cycling problems Long-term storage

X
10 1 Time scale of problems 10

i.

L
10'

Fig. 7 - 1 . The t i m e - s c a l e of the problem indicates the appropriate theory, which in turn indicates the kind of data to be collected. F o r elastic characterization, use initial modulus EQ as in Fig. 7-3 or i/ as in Table 7 - 1 , F o r viscoelastic characterization, use creep curves as in Figs. 7-4 to 7-6. Failure c r i t e r i a apply to both characterizations (Fig. 7-8),

7-2

12/72

Dynamic effects become important in a material when the t i m e - s c a l e of observation approaches the transit time of a wave velocity a c r o s s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c dimension of the sample, This shift from static to dynamic considerations is said to occur when the loading rate ral exceeds approximately 1 sec . Static-dynamic s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationships in compression a r e shown in Fig. 7-2 for LX-04, LX-10, and PBX-9501.

82.74

a.

-55.16
4)
* -

1/1

I.

(/I

.4

-27,58

Fig. 7-2.

Compressive s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves for LX-04, LX-10, and PBX-9501 at various strain rates.1>2 Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6.894757 k P a . Numbers in parentheses a r e loading r a t e s in s " l .

7/74

7-3

o t h e r considerations in the material propeirties a r e the crystallinity of the binder and the effects of adhesives. The crystallinity of the binder is controlled by its carbon content; increased crystallinity i n c r e a s e s the stiffness of the m a t e r i a l and d e c r e a s e s the temperature-sensitivity of the mechanical p r o p e r t i e s . When HE a s semblies a r e joined together with adhesives, the compliance of the adhesive must be considered. Most adhesives used with HEs a r e stronger but m o r e compliant than the explosive. If clean surfaces and recommended assembly procedures a r e used, the bond will usually be stronger than the HE. If the assembly is to be subjected to s t r e s s analysis, the adhesive bond should be modeled as a thermoviscoelastic m a t e r i a l ; however, data a r e not currently available to make this characterization. A s e r i e s of codes for linear thermoviscoelastic analysis has been developed to predict thermal, mechanical, and failure behavior of HEs when subjected to a r b i t r a r y 4 thermal and mechanical boundary conditions. Members of the Nonmetallic Materials Group of W Division can supply copies of the codes and a s s i s t in generating a v i s c o elastic model of the problem to be analyzed. As noted above, different c h a r a c t e r i z a tions of m a t e r i a l a r e required for different kinds of p r o b l e m s . Static Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s In this section, experimental data a r e given for characterization of static m e chanical p r o p e r t i e s : initial modulus E (Fig. 7-3), creep (Figs. 7-4 and 7-5), compression creep (Fig. 7-6), s t r e s s - s t r a i n data (Fig. 7-7), failure envelopes (Fig, 7-8), friction (Table 7-1 and F i g s , 7-9 and 7-10), and complex shear (Fig, 7-11), The failu r e envelopes were obtained under isothermal, monotonically increasing tension loads.

7-4

7/74

Initial Modulus

2.0X 10

l.OX 10'

2.0X10

LX-07-1 P R = 0.275

,P

l.OX 10" -

1
2.OX 10 -

>,

l.OX 10

-60

60

120

180

-60

60

120

180

Temperature F (200) (250) I (300) (350)(200)

Temperature F

JJ

(250)

(300),

(350)

Temperature K

Temperature K

Fig. 7-3. Initial longitudinal modulus Eg vs t e m p e r a t u r e for s e v e r a l explosives, P o i s s o n ' s ratio. Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6,894757 kPa,

PR,

7/74

7-5

Creep

60 LX
40

87.0 58.0 - 29.0 Z \ CN


V 0 o
1

60 40 20 0 120
o X

I
LX-10-0 120F (322 K)

87.0

20

120F (322 K) 70 F (294 K) -04 / 20 ' F ( 2 6 7 K ) /


\ 1^ \ 1

58.0

M-

-Q CN

r o

0^ 60 /

70F(294K) ^20F (267 K)

-129.0 o

T /^

\-

87.0 58.0

1
PBX-9404

1
116.0

o X

1
0)

80

1
0)

(U

.D

u c

29.0

u c

/
40

^120F (322 K) 70F (294 K) 20F (267 K)


58.0

D
Q.

u D c

"Q.

E o
<j

Q.
4) <U

0 435

E o o o.
0)

_. Q.
E
0

i^

u c
"Q.

o a.
(U 0) i_

0 60
40-

-Y^

E o u
k.

D.

4)

\U

20

12 Time hr

18

24

12 Time hr

18

24

F i g . 7 - 4 . T e n s i o n c r e e p d a t a for s e v e r a l e x p l o s i v e s . = 1.450377 X 10-4 m 2 / N .

Conversion factor:

. 2 1 in. /Ibf

7-6

7/74

2000
E

c
"i

1200

'5 400

60 Time min

120

60
Time min

120

Fig. 7-5. Tension creep data for PBX-9501: left, at 100 psi (689 kPa), 70F (294 K); right, at 50 psi (345 kPa), 120F (322 K). The shaded a r e a indicates the range; the points indicate rupture of the specimen.

6000

4000c

I
c
'D

2000

Fig. 7-6. Compression c r e e p data for PBX-9501 at 100 psi (689 kPa), 120F (322 K). The shading indicates the range.

12/72

7-7

Stress-Strain Relationships

1000

800

5.52

600

EQ=

1.06 X 10" psi ( 7 G Pa) c2

400

2.76

200

600

1200

1800

Strain ju i n . / i n . (ju m/m)

Fig. 7-7. S t r e s s - s t r a i n data for PBX-9501. Crosshead velocity 0.005 in./min (7.62 m m / s ) at -35F (236 K). The points indicate rupture of the specimen.

7-8

12/72

Failure Envelope

1600-

11.03

1600 1200

11.03 -8.27 -5.52

800 600400 2004.14 .

2.76

0 800|

2000 4000 1 \ ' IX-09-0 15.52 -4.14 -2.76 1.38 /l 2000 4000

0 800,

1000 2000 ^-^ 15,52

1000 2000 3000

2000 4000

Strain j i i n . / i n . (|j.m/m)

Fig. 7-8.

Failure envelopes for several explosives. = 6.8947 57 kPa.

Conversion factor:

1 psi

7/74

7-9

Friction Coefficients of friction f were determined for several HEs sliding on themselves and on aluminum 6061-T6 as a function of sliding velocity v, at different p r e s s u r e s (loads), t e m p e r a t u r e s , and surface finishes (Table 7-1 and Fig, 7-9), It was found that the W i l l i a m s - L a n d e l - F e r r y (WLF)^ shift equation could be used to c o r r e l a t e the effects of sliding velocity and t e m p e r a t u r e on f; thus, a curve could be calculated for some reduced temperature T (Fig, 7-10),

0.8

PBX-9011 on aluminum

PBX-9011 on PBX-9011

10 ^

10'

10

Sliding velocity i n . / m i n

(10-^

(10"^) (10-^) Sliding velocity 4.23 X m/s

(1)

125 psi (0.86 MPa)

1 Surface finish 125 2 Surface finish 32

'^ 250 psi (1.72 MPa;

o 500 psi (3.45 MPa) n 1000 psi (6.89 MPa)

Fig, 7-9,

Coefficient of friction f as a function of sliding velocity v for several explosives.^ Conversion factor: 1 i n , / m i n = 4.233 X lO"'* m / s . 7-10
7/74

0.4

Comp B-3 on aluminum

Comp B-3 on Comp B-3

LX-04-1 on aluminum

LX-04-1 on LX-04-1

12/72

Table 7 - 1 , Coefficients of friction f as functions of sliding velocity v and p r e s s u r e P at room temperature,^7


V = lO" ^ i n . / m i n (4.23 X l o " ^ m / s ) P (psi (MPa)) Material'' Comp B-3/A1 1 2 Comp B - 3 / C o m p B - 3 1 2 LX-04/A1 1 2 LX-04/LX-04 1 2 PBX-9011/Al 1 2 PBX-9011/PBX-9011 1 2 0.94 0.90 125 (0.86) 250 (1.7) 0.38 0.31 0.33 0.24 0.75 0.70 0.95 0.86 0.71 0.58 0.92 0.87 500 (3.5) 0.36 0.30 0.32 0.23 0.72 0.67 0.90 0.83 0.68 0.52 0.98 0.94 750 (5.2) 1000 (6.9) 0.35 0.29 V = lO"^ i n . / r a i n (4.23 X l o " ^ P (psi (MPa)) 125 (0.86) 250 (1.7) 0.36 0.28 0.33 0.25 0.81 0.69 0.98 0.90 0.73 0.61 0.95 0.90 500 (3.5) 0.33 0.27 0.32 0.24 0.76 0.67 0.93 0.88 750 (5.2) mis) . = 10 i n . / m i n (4.23 X l o ' ^ m / s ) P (pgi (MPa) 1000 (6.9) 0.31 0.26 125 (0.86) 250 (1.7) 0.35 0.27 0.32 0.26 0.80 0.65 1.3 0.94 0.74 0.62 1.1 0.95 0.98 0.92 500 (3.5) 0.34 0.265 0.31 0.24 0.74 0.72 0.94 0.91 0.73 0.57 7 50 (5.2) 1000 (6.9) 0.31 0.26 0.30 0.23

0.62

0.62

0.59

0.59

V = 10^ i n . / m i n (4.23 X 10 " m / s ) 125 (0.86) P ( P si (MPa)) 750 250 500 (1.7) (3.5) (5.2) 0.35 0.28 0.34 0.27 1000 (6.9) 0.32 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.69 0.56

V = 10^ i n . / m i n (4.23 X lO""^ m / s ) P <P s i (Mr a)) 125 (0.86) 250 (1.7) 0.37 0.30 0.31 500 (3.5) 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.71 0.56 0.69 750 (5.2) 1000 (6.9) 0.34

V = 10^ i n . / m i n (4.23 X l o " ' m / s ) P (psi (MF a)) 125 (0.86) 250 (1,7) 0.39 0.35 500 (3.5) 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.285 0.73 0.61 0.72 0.58 7 50 (5.2) 1000 (6.9)

Material^ Comp B-3/A1 1 2 Comp B - 3 / C o m p B - 3 1 2 LX-04/A1 1 2 LX-04/LX-04 1 2 PBX-9011/Al 1 2 PBX-9011/PBX-901: 1 2

0.31 0.30 0.265 0.25 0.75 0.63 1.1 0.92 0.71 0.57 1.0 0.90 0.98 0.89 0.71 0.59 0.91 0.89

0.29

0.73 0.61

0.89 0.70 0.57

0.86 0.72 0.54

0.51

0.50

0.52

0.89

,-4 m / s . One i n . / m i n = 4.233 X lO'^ In t h i s column, 1 i s a l u m i n u m , s u r f a c e finish 125, and 2 is a l u m i n u m , s u r f a c e finish 32.

7-12

7/74

0.7

LX-04-1 on aluminum P = 250 psi ( 1 . 7 M P a )

0.6

0.5

0.50PBX-9404 on aluminum P = 50psi ( 0 . 3 MPa)

0.40 10

-6

10

-4

10 'Sliding velocity i n . / m i n

10'

00-^0)

(10"^)

(10-^ Sliding velocity 4.23 m/s

(10"^)

(10"^)

Fig. 7-10,

Coefficients of friction f as a function of sliding velocity v for two explosives calculated for a reduced t e m p e r a t u r e Tj- of 22C (295 K).^ Conversion factor: 1 in,/min = 4.233 X 10"4 m / s . 7-13

7/74

Complex Shear The complex shear modulus G, or r a t h e r two of its components, shear storage
Q

and shear loss, have been determined for LX-04 at various frequencies (0.0004 to 1 Hz over the t e m p e r a t u r e range -15 to 125F (247 to 325 K)), This m a t e r i a l can be considered to be representative of the family of homogeneous, isotropic, linear viscoelastic and thermorheologically simple polymeric m a t e r i a l s of which HEs a r e m e m b e r s . Figure 7-11 shows the observed shear storage and shear loss moduli of LX-04 reduced to a t e m p e r a t u r e T of 22C (295 K) by the WLF empirical equation.

800

5.52

o E a

" 8

F r e q u e n c y Hz

Fig. 7 - 1 1 . Complex s h e a r moduli of LX-04 at frequencies from 0.0004 to 1 Hz m e a s ured and calculated for Tj. of 22C (295 K) over the t e m p e r a t u r e range -15 to 125F (247 to 325 K). Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6.8947 57 kPa, 7-14
7/74

Dynamic Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Compressive Stress Strain and Tensile Strength The Hopkinson split-bar technique was used to determine compressive s t r e s s strain and ultimate tensile strength of a number of explosives and related m a t e r i a l s at strain r a t e s up to 5000 sec . Hugoniot curves for the unreacted m a t e r i a l s were obtained from a girn experiment with aluminum flyer plates. Table 7-2 (from Bef. 2 and 6) gives dynamic ultimate tensile strength compared to static strength. Other dynamic mechanical properties obtained with the Hopkinson split-bar technique a r e shown in Fig. 7-12. The figure also shows the u l t r a s onically determined modulus E , which provides an upper bound for modulus values. Table 7-2. Strain rate (sec'l) 10-4 850 1100 1550 3100 LX-14-0 10 -4 10 10" 10-4
1050 1100 1300 PBX-9404

Dynamic and static tensile strengths.


Ultimate stress (psi (MPa)) (2,34)

Material LX-04-1

Type of fracture Slightly Slightly Slightly Brittle Slightly Brittle Brittle Brittle Slightly ductile Brittle Brittle Brittle Slightly ductile Brittle Slightly ductile Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle ductile ductile ductile ductile

340

1500 (10.34) 1780 (12.27) 1750 (12.07) 2100 (14.48) 4 50 (3.1) (3.7) (4.0) (2.34) (8.96) (9.65) (2.28) (8.27) (9.24)

540 580 340


1300 1400

PBX-9011

1450 (10.00)

10-4 950
1070 1100 1850

330
1200 1340

1500 (10.34) 1510 (10.41)

PETN

10 lO" 10" 1000 1120 1300 2600 7-15

160 215 215 720 700 785 840

(1.10) (1.48) (1.48) (4.96) (4.83) (5.41) (5.79)

7/74

10^
LX-04-1 ' Tanget modulus at c 1 % strain u

10

10

10"

10' LX-07-1

Tangent modulus at 1 % strain 10" 10

10

Stress at 20 % strain 'Stress at 20%strain 10' 10 10 10 10^ PBX-9404 E u . lO'^ Stress at 20% strain 10^ Tangent modulus at 1 % strain ' Stress a ^20%strgj J3. 10" 10" 10 10

o. >o
00

PBX 9011 Tangent modulus at 1 % strain

-a o E c c o -a c o
0) CD

10^ 10 -5 10^

1 10 -^

10"

10"

Strain rate i n , / i n . - s e c ( m / m - s )

7-12,

S t r e s s and tangent moduli of several explosives as a function of strain r a t e . The dashed line r e p r e s e n t s ultimate s t r e s s . The plots for LX-04-1 and PBX-9404 show the ultrasonically determined modulus E , Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6,8947 57 kPa, "

7-16

12/72

Hugoniot Data Narrow-pulse and sustained shock-loading effects obtained with the flyer-plate technique are shown in Fig. 7-13. The transducer data were normalized to a plateimpact velocity of 0.3 mm/^/sec (0.3 km/s).

2.0
Legend: Output pulses 3,1 mm (nom)

1.6 LX-04-1 LM-04-0 RM-04-BG LX-09-0 LX-10-0 0.4 0.8 1.2

\i^
6.2 mm (nom)

\
T

0 2.0

S. O

9.5 mm (nom)

1.6

1,2

0,8

0,4

0.6

0,8

0.4

0,6

0,8

Time \x% Fig. 7-13.

Time (is

Input and output pulses generated experimentally at three depths in v a r i ous m a t e r i a l s by a 0.28-mm-thick (nominal) aluminum d r i v e r plate backed with foam. Conversion factor: 1 bar = 10^ P a .

7/74

7-17

The Hugoniot of u n r e a c t e d H E s c a n a l s o be e x p r e s s e d by a s i m p l e l e a s t s q u a r e s relationship U^ , s = A + BU p' where U U = shock v e l o c i t y in k m / s , = p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y in k m / s . A, B = m a t e r i a l c o n s t a n t s ,

The d a t a (at a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ) h a v e b e e n c o m p i l e d f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e s for t h e c o m p o s i t i o n s l i s t e d in T a b l e 3-1 to 3 - 3 . 9P r = 9E^' where P = pressure, E = energy, V = volume. L e a s t s q u a r e s r e l a t i o n s h i p s for u n r e a c t e d H u g o n i o t s a r e given in T a b l e 7 - 3 . Table 7-3. L e a s t s q u a r e s fits for Hugoniots of u n r e a c t e d H E s . ^0 Explosiv e Baratol (g/cm^(Mg/m^)) 2.611 Us Equation = 2.40 + 1.66 U P Range^ Co<U^<3.66) 3.66 < Ug < 4.0) 10 11 11 4.40 < Ug < 5.04 3.57 $ U^ < 5.02 s 12 12 11 4.24 ^ U s < 7.01) c = 2.93 3.42 ^ Ug ^ 4 . 4 5 4.42 < U^ < 5.07 s 3.387 < U < 4,469) s \ CQ = 2.736 4.67 < U S 5.22 3.159 < Ug :< Cg = 2.660 7/74 12 12 12 0,.947 12, 13 12 12 13 The G r u n e i s e n c o n s t a n t r i s e x p r e s s e d a s

Ref.

Us = 1.5 + 2 . 1 6 U 2.63 Comp B 1.70 1.710 Comp B (cast) C o m p B - 3 1.700 1.70 1.70 1.72 1.723 C o m p B -3 (cast) Cyclotol DATE 1.680 U s = 2.79 + 1.25 U P Us = 2.95 + 1.58 U P = 1.20 + 2,81 U Us P Us = 2.49 + 1.99 U Us = 3.03 + 1.73 U U s = 2.88 + 1.60 U Us = 2,71 + 1.86 U U s =.1.23 + 2.81 U P u^ = 2.710 + 1.860 U_ s P Us = 2,02 + 2.36 U Us = 2.449 + 1.892 U

1.729 1.780

4.492I 1,.76

7-18

Table 7-3.

(continued)

Explosive H - 6 (cast) H - 6 (cast)

(g/cm

(Mg/m )) 1.76 1.760 U s U s

Equation = 2.654 + 1.984 U p = 2.832 + 1.695 U p =0.61+2.77 U s p =1.00+3.21 U s p =1.73+1.61 U s p =2.36+2,43 U = 2.43 + 2.90 U s p =2,00+1,38 U s p = 1.560 + 1.721 U
+ 1.082

Range^ U < 3.7 s 2.832 < U < 4,535) s i CQ = 2.759 j 1.44 < U < 1.995 s 1.00 < Li < 3 . 1 8 | s \ CQ = 1.00 ) 2.65 < U < 3.78 s 2.61 < U < 3 . 2 4 ~ s

Ref. 14 , 12, 13 15 15 12 12 16

HNS

1.38 1.57

U U

Kel-F LX-04-1 LX-09-0 NM

2.10 1,8601.863 1.839 1.13 1,1231,128

U U U U U s U s U s U s U s U U s s s

2.83 < U

p (1.125-PQ) p

< 4.40 s 2.918 < U < 4.639 s

12 , 12 11

Octol Octol ( c a s t ) PBX-9011-06 PBX-9404-03

1,80 1.803 1,790 1,721 1.840 1.84

=3.01+1,72 U = 2.21 + 2,51 U p = 2.225 + 2.644 U p =1.89+1.57 U p =2.494+2.09 U p = 2,310 + 2,767 U p < 4.97 s Ug < 6.1 6.1 4 ..1 1 < U 2 .4 < <U U < 3.7 2.4 P < 3.7 2 .9 < U^ < 6.7 2.9 < U < 6.7 s U g < 3 . 2- ) ^I0 = 2 . 3 1 0 ) 2 .45 < U s ^10 - 2.60 < 6,05 3.24 < U

12 10 10 10 14

1.84

U^ = 2.45 + 2,48 U s p U s U s U s U = 1.328 + 1,993 U P = 2.683 + 1.906 U p =2,83+1.91 U p =0,885 +3.20 U

15 17 10 11

PBX-9407 PBX-9501-01 Pentolite

1.60 1,844 1.67 1,676

2,11 U < 3,18 2 .11 < Ug 3,18 " 2 .9 < U U^ < 4.4 4.4 2,9 s " 4 .52 < < U U 4.52 < 5,25 5,25 < s .40 < Ug < 2,14l 1 . . ^ v . ^ ^ ^ o,.-., 3 = 2 . 4 5s !) '^l . ,86 , . .< . .Ug g _ < . 2.651 . . . 1
C Q= =2 2 .. 4 45 ^(3

12 ,. 15 j5

PETN

1.59

s p U^ = 1.33 + 2 . 1 8 U s p U ^ = 0.64 + 4 , 1 9 Up

1j < 2.56 2.56 0.77 19

1,60 7/74

U = 1.32 + 2.58 U s p 7-19

1 .89 .89< U U s -

Table 7-3.

(continued)

Explosive

(g/cm^(Mg/m^)) 1.72 U,

Equation 2.326 + 2.342 U

Range'' 2.83 < Ug < 3.18) %-^ .326 )


0.77

Ref, 18 19

1.83 + 3 . 4 5 U

.52 < Ug < 3.87) b = 2.24 ) < 6,493

Polystyrene RDX

1.05 1.64

U U.

= 2.40 + 1,637 U 1,93 + 0,666 U

3.87 < U

12 15

2,00 < Ug < 2,16)


2,80

U_ = 0,70 + 4 . 1 1 U

2.14 < Ug < 2,63


CQ

= 2,80 s

I
1,60

15 10 11,12 13,16 10

1.80 TATB 1.847

U = 2.87 + 1,61 U. U = 2,340 + 2.316 U

4,21 < U

< 5.45

3,125 < Ug < 5,629J CQ = 2.050

1.876

U = 1,46 + 3,68 U U = 2,037 + 2 . 4 9 7 U

CQ

< Ug < 3.23 s < 5.9

3,23 < U

Tetryl

1.30

U = 2,1620 + 1,4271U. 2,58 < Ug < 4,16) c = 1.1 (

20

1.40

U = 1.6111 + 1 . 9 6 5 8 U . 2.20 < Ug < 4.071 1.13

20

1.50

= 2.1674+1.6225U

2.63 < Ug < 4.17( 1.36

20

1.60

U^ = 2 , 3 6 2 1 + 1 . 5 2 8 5 U

2,86 < U 1.66

<4.25(

20

1,70

U = 2 . 4 7 6 3 + 1 . 4 1 6 0 U

3.08 < U g < 4 . 1 7 ) c, = 2 035

20

) 0.737 12 12

TNT

1.582 1.62 1.6431,648

= 2,52 + 1.69 U

4 . 4 6 ^ Ug ^ 4.8S 4,17 < U^ < 5,22 2,78 < U


CQ

U = 3.09 + 1.29 U, U = 2,372 + 2 . 1 6 U.

s = 2,30 s < 3.375J

12

2.345 < U

TNT (cast)

1.62

U^ = 2 , 2 7 4 + 2 . 6 5 2 U U^ = 2 , 9 8 7 + 1 . 3 6 3 U s p
7-20

Ug<3.7 14 3.7 < U


2.297 7/74

Table 7 - 3 .
pQ

(continued)

Explosive

(g/cm^(Mg/m^)) 1.614

Equation Us = 2 . 3 9 0 + 2 . 0 5 0 U P U s = 2.57 + 1.88 U U s = 2.14 + 1.57 U P

Range^ 3.034 < Ug < 5.414) CQ = 2.572 )

r 0.737

Ref. 12, 13 11 12, 13 14

1.63 TNT (liquid) (82C) T r i t o n a l ( c a s t) XTX-8003 1.472

c^ = 2,572 3.49 < Ug < 4 . 6 5 )


CQ

= 1,37

1.73 1.53

Us = 2 . 3 1 3 + 2 . 7 6 9 U U s = 1,49 + 3.30 U

Ug<3.8 2.38 < U^ < 4.06


0

0.77

19

Sound v e l o c i t i e s t h r o u g h the s a m p l e a r e in k m / s ; CQ = i n i t i a l sound v e l o c i t y , c^ = l o n g i t u d i n a l sound velocity, c^ = bulk sound v e l o c i t y .

Sound V e l o c i t y L o n g i t u d i n a l and t r a n s v e r s e s h e a r sound v e l o c i t i e s w e r e m e a s u r e d b y M a r s h of 21 LASL in 1971 for m a t e r i a l s with l a r g e a c o u s t i c a t t e n u a t i o n . The a r r i v a l t i m e s of s i g n a l s t r a v e l i n g t h r o u g h d i f f e r e n t t h i c k n e s s e s of s t a c k e d s a m p l e s w e r e m e a s u r e d and the sound v e l o c i t i e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by a d i f f e r e n t i a l t e c h n i q u e , i . e . , b y m e a s u r i n g the t r a n s i t t i m e s of the s i g n a l s t h r o u g h t h e m e a s u r e d t h i c k n e s s e s of t h e s a m p l e s . The bulk sound v e l o c i t i e s c, w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the e x p r e s s i o n f o r i s o t r o p i c materials:

J'

4
17 91 99

and a r e c o m p i l e d in T a b l e 7 - 4 .

' '

7/74

7-21

Table 7-4, Explosive and preparation Baratol (cast) Comp B-3 (cast) Cyclotol (cast) DATE (pressed) Octol (cast) PBX-9010-02 PBX-9011-04 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 TATB (pressed) Tetryl (pressed) TNT (pressed) TNT (pressed) TNT (molten) P (Mg/m^) 2.538 1.726 1.752 1.78 1.80 1.78 1,77 1.83 1,78 1,87 1.68 1.61 1.632 1.47

Sound velocities, c , , c , and c. c (km/s) 2.95 3.12 3.12 2.99 3.14 2.72 2.89 2.90 3.04 1.98 2.27 2.48 2.58 s (km/s) 1.48 1.71 1,69 1.55 1.66 1.47 1.38 1.57 1.70 1.16 1.24 1.34 1.35 % (km/s) 2.40 2,42 2.43 2.40 2.49 2,13 2.41 2,26 2.32 1.46 1,76 1,94 2.08
2,1

7-22

7/74

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. K. G. Hoge, Appl. Polym. Symp. 5, 19-40 (1967). D. Breithaupt, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). R. C. Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1970). G. L. Goudreau, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1970). J. D. F e r r y , Viscoelastic P r o p e r t i e s of Polymers (J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1970), 2nd ed. K. G. Hoge, Explosivstoffe 18, 39-41 (1970). K. G. Hoge, Frictional and Viscoelastic P r o p e r t i e s of Highly Filled P o l y m e r s : Plastic-Bonded Explosives, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-70588 Rev. 1 (1968). M. A. Hamstead, Complex Shear Modulus of a Higii Explosive, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50357 (1967). R . J . Wasley and R. H. Valentine, Shock-Pulse Attenuation and Hugoniot Studies of Three Explosives and Three Mock Explosives, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50950 (1970). B. G. Craig, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, personal communication (1974). V. M. Boyle, R. L. Jameson, and M. Sultanoff, "Determination of Shock Hugoniots for Several Condensed Phase Explosives," in P r o c . 4th Symp. (Intern,) on Detonation, U.S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-126 (1965) pp. 241-247. M. Van Thiel, Compendium of Shock Wave Data, Vol. 2, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Livermore, California, Rept. UCRL-50108, Vol. 2 (1967). N. L. Coleburn and T. P. Liddiard, J r . , J. Chem. Phys. 44, 1929-1936 (1966). V. M. Boyle, W. G. Smothers, a n d L , H. Ervin, "The Shock Hugoniot of Unreacted Explosives"; in P r o c . 5th Symp, (Intern.) on Detonation, U.S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-184 (1970) pp. 251-257, J, Roth, "Shock Sensitivity and Shock Hugoniots of High-Density Granular Explosives," in P r o c . 5th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U . S . Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-184 (1970) pp. 219-230, L, G. Green, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1971), J. E. Lindstrom, J. Appl. Phys. 37^, 4873-4880 (1966), J. Wackerle and J. O. Johnson, P r e s s u r e Measurements on the Shock-Induced Decomposition of High-Density PETN, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Rept, LA-5131 (1973). D. Stirpe, J. O. Johnson, and J. Wackerle, J. Appl. Phys, 41^, 3884-3893 (1970). J. E, Lindstrom, J. Appl. Phys. 41_, 337-350 (1970). S. Marsh, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, personal communication (1974). J . B. Ramsey, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, personal communication (1974).
^'23

8. 9.

10. 11.

12. 13. 14.

15.

16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21. 22.


7/74

CM I

8.

PERFORMANCE

This section contains tables of detonation velocities, detonation velocity equations. Chapman-Jouguet detonation p r e s s u r e s , cylinder-test m e a s u r e m e n t s of explosive e n e r gies, equation-of-state p a r a m e t e r s , and detonation e n e r g i e s . Detonation Velocity Table 8 - 1 . Measured detonation velocities D c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the m a t e r i a l s at nominal composition and density p, under ambient conditions in l a r g e charges at LLL, imless otherwise indicated. (See also Table 8-2.) . _
Explosive Baratol Boracitol BTF Comp B, G r a d e A (pressed) Comp B-3 (cast) Comp C-4 Cyclotol 7 5 / 2 5 DATE DIPAM EL-506A EL-506C H-6 (g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) 2.55 1.55 1.859 1.72 1.62 1.59 1.76 1.79 1.76 1.48 1.48 1.72 (mm/MSec (km/s))^ 4.87 4.86 8.485 7.99 7.70 8.04 8.30 7.52 7.40 7.2 7.0 7.5-7.7 (-65 to 77"F (219 to 293 K)) 9.11 7.6-7.7 (in 0.1-0.3 in. diam column) 7,00 6.84 7.37 8.46 8.64 6.56 8.81 8.82 8.847 8.32 8.837 5.49 7.30 7.70 6,32 7.65 8.48 8.09 8.37 8.50 8.17 8.80 7,91 8,83 7.47 8,26 8.70 7.25 7,76 7.85 6.4 (15 to 20=0 (288 to 298 K)) 6.93 7.30 8 7 6 5 3.4 2 1 Ref.

'

HMX HNAB II

1.89 1.77

HNS LX-01 LX-02 LX-04 LX-07-2 LX-08 LX-09 LX-10-0 LX-10-1 LX-11 LX-13 LX-14 MEN-II NC (13.45% iN) NG NM NO Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9ail PBX-9205 PBX-94a4 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 Pentolite 50/50 PETN RDX TACOT TATB Tetryl TNM

1.70 1.24 1.44 1.86 1.87 1.42 1.84 1.86 1.87 1,87 See XTX-8003 1.833 1.02 1.20 1.60 1.13 1.55 1.81 1.64 1.78 1.77 1.67 1.84 1.60 1.34 1.67 1.76 1.77 1.85 1.88 1.71 1.6

TNT XTX-8003 One m m / ^ s e c = 1 k m / s .

1.64 =1.53

7/74

8-1

Estimation One method for estimating the detonation velocity and p r e s s u r e of an organic C-H-N-O explosive from its chemical s t r u c t u r e was devised by Kamlet and Jacobs of
g

the U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory.

Detonation p r e s s u r e s P in kbars and detonation 3 velocities D in km/s of C-H-N-O explosives at initial densities above 1.0 g/cm can be calculated by means of the simple empirical equations
and

P = Kp2,/, D = A(^^/2(j + Bp^)^ ^ 3 = NM^/^Q^/^

where K p A B N M Q = 15.58, = initial density of HE (g/cm ), = 1.01, = 1.30, = moles of gaseous detonation products per g r a m of HE (mol g a s / g HE), = average molecular weight of detonation product gas (g g a s / m o l gas), = chemical energy of the detonation reaction (cal/g).

Values of N, M, and Q can be estimated from the H2O-CO2 decomposition a s sumption. The other input p a r a m e t e r s a r e the elemental composition, the AH^ in kcal/mol, and the loading density of the HE.

C_H^N_0, N^ " a b c^d - # 2' ' 2 +^ 2 H^O ^2' + (I - D CO2 + fa - I + I)


Then, j^ _ 2c + 2d + b 48a + 4b + 56c + 64d ' 56c + 88d - 8b 2c + 2d + b '
= AH(detonation p r o d u c t s ) - AH.(HE) formula weight

Q _ -AfJ

28.9b + 47.o(d - | ) + AH^(HE) ^ 12a + b + 14c + 16d *

A n o t h e r s i m p l e e m p i r i c a l e q u a t i o n w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d by U r i z a r at L A S L in t h e l a t e 1940s, and g i v e s good a g r e e m e n t w i t h m e a s u r e d d e t o n a t i o n v e l o c i t i e s of m i x t u r e s . T h e d e t o n a t i o n v e l o c i t y of a m i x t u r e o r f o r m u l a t i o n c a n b e e s t i m a t e d o r p r e d i c t e d a s t h e s u m of t h e d e t o n a t i o n o r s h o c k v e l o c i t i e s of t h e c o m p o n e n t s w e i g h t e d by t h e i r 8-2 7/74

individual volume fractions. use in the equation D = ^ (V.D.),

Table 8-2 gives values of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c velocities Dj. for

where D is the detonation velocity of the mixture of infinite diameter, V is the volume fraction, and subscript i r e f e r s to each of the i components including void space. Consult Table 8-1 for D of explosives not listed h e r e . Table 8-2. Material C h a r a c t e r i s t i c velocities D^. _ (g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) P o l y m e r s and p l a s t i c i z e r s Adiprene L AFNOL Beeswax BDNPF BDNPF/BDNPA (50/50 wt% eutectic) CEF DNPA EDNP Estane 5740-X2 Exon-400 XR61 Exon-454 (85/15 wt% PVC/PVA) FEFO (as constituent to -35%) Fluoronitroso rubber Halowax 1014 Kel-F wax K e l - F elastomer K e l - F 800/827 K e l - F 800 Neoprene CNA
NC

_ Ref.

(mm/jusec (km/s))

1.15 1.48 0.96 1,55 1.39 1.45 1.47 1.28


1.2 1.7

1.35 1.60 1.92 1.78 1.85 2.00 2.02 1.23


1.5

P a r a c r i l BJ (Buna-N nitrile rubber) Polyethylene Polystyrene Saran F-242 Silastic 160 Sylgard 182 Teflon Viton A
7/74

0.97 0.93 1.05

1.05 2.15 1.82


8-3

5.69 6.35 5.46 6.50 6.31 5.15 6.10 6.30 5.52 5.47 4.90 7.20 6.09 4.22 5.62 5.38 5.83^ 5.50 5.02 6.70 5.39 5.55 5.28 5.55 5.72 5.10 5.33 5.39

10 11 10 10 11 10 11 10 10 10 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 11 10

10,11

T a b l e 8-2 (continued) P Material (g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) Inorganic additives A i r o r void Al Ba(N03)2 KCIO^ LiClO^ LiF Mg M g / A l a l l o y ( 6 1 . 5 / 3 8 . 5 wt%) NH4CIO4 SiOg ( C a b - O - S i l ) D. (mm/yusec ( k m / s ) ) Ref,

1.5
2,70 3,24 2,52 2.43 2.64 1.74 2.02 1.95 2.2 P u r e e x p l o s i v e s at T M D 6.85 3.80 5,47 6.32 6.07

7.2 6.9
6.25

4.0

10 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

DATE F E F O (invalid w h e n < 35% p r e s e n t ) HMX NQ PETN RDX TATB TNT


cL

1.84 1.61 1.90 1,72 1,77 1,81 1,94 1,65

7.52 7.50 9.15 8.74 8.28 8.80 8.00 6,97

10 11 11 10 11 10 10 10

One s h o t only.

8-4

7/74

Equations To calculate detonation velocities at conditions other than those specified in Table 8-1, the equations in Table 8-3 were developed to take into account composition and density of the explosive, charge diameter, and t e m p e r a t u r e . Table 8-3. Detonation velocity equations. Symbols and units a r e : D = detonation velocity in mm/jusec (km/s), p = density in g/cm^ (kg/mr), R = charge radius in cm (m), W = composition in wt%, V = composition in vol%, T = temperature in C (K). Values or equations in parentheses a r e in SI units.
Explosive Baratol Boracitol BTF Comp B, Grade A Cyclotol DATE LX-01-0 LX-02 LX-04-1 D = 4.96 - (0.454/R) D = 5.15 - (6.25/R) D = 4.265 + 2.27p D = 7.99 - [(75.6 X l O " ' )/R] A D / A T = - 0 . 5 X 10-3 D = 8.298 - [(57.7 X lO' ^ ) / R ] D = 7.52 - [(52.76 X lO' ^)/Rl D = 2.495 + 2 . 8 3 4 p A D / A T = -3.8 X lO"^ D = 7.44 - [(4.31 X 1 0 ' ' )/Rl (7.44 - [(43.1 X 1 0 ' ^ ) / R 1 ) B r a s s confinement; v a r i e s with c o n f i n e m e n t . p = 1.86 -54 to 74C (219-347 K) - 5 4 to 74C (219-347 K) - 3 6 to 23C ( 2 3 7 - 2 9 6 K) 14 15 4C (277 K), infinite d i a m 0.4 < p < 1.63 77% HMX, p = 1.814 p = 1.781 p = 97.5% T M D 13 12 11 Equation (4.96 - [(4.54 X 10 'j/R)) (5.15 - [(62.5 X 1 0 " ^ ) / R J ) (4.265 + (2.27 X l O ' ^ p E ) ) (7.99 - [(0.756 X 10"^)/R]) (8.298 - [(0.577 X 10'^)/R1) (7.52 - [(0.528 X lO'^j/R]) (2.495 + (2.834 X 10-3p)) p = 1.715 77% RDX, p = 1 . 7 55 p = 1.788 Condition 27% T N T , p - 2 . 6 0 , 2.5 < R < 10 R > 5 (0.05) Ref. 12 12 11 12 12 13

D = 1.733 + 3.62p (1.733 + (3.62 X 10"^p)) D = 8.46 - [(24.015 X 10r^)/B] (8.46 - [(0.24 X 10-3)/R]) AD/AT = -1.55 X 10-3 AD/AW = - 38 X 10-3 (w = wt% Viton) AD/AT = -1.55 X 10'^ AD/AW = - 3 5 X 10-3 (w = wt% HMX) A D / A T = -3.56 X lO"^ A D / A T = - 3 . 3 1 X 10"^ See XTX-8003 AD/AT = -3.7 X 1 0 ' ^ , A D / A P = 0.197 X 10" m m / / j s e c - a t m (19.96 k m / s - P a ) D = 1.44 + 4 . 0 1 5 P D = 8.48 - [(64.97 X 10 -3> ')/Rl D D D D = 2.843 + 3 . 1 p = 8.371 - [(10.16 X 10-3)/Rl = 2.41 + 3 . 4 4 p = 4 . 9 9 5 + (36.54 X l O ' S v ) (V (1.44 + (4.015 X lO'^^Jp) (8.48 - [(0.65 X 10"^)/R)) (2.843 + (3.1 X l O ' ^ p ) ) (8.371 - [(0.1016 X 10-3)/R]) (2.41 + (3.44 X l O ' ^ p ) ) vol% RDX) (8.8 - [(0.24 X 10-3)/R]) (2.176 + (3.6 X 10-3p))

LX-07 LX-08 LX-09 LX-13 NM NQ Octol PBX-9010 PBX-9205 PBX-9404

D = 8.8 - [(24.12 X 10"^)/R] D = 2.176 + 3 . 6 p A D / A T = - 1 . 1 6 5 X 1,0-3 A D / A T = -0.4 X 10"^ D = 2.14 + 2 . 8 4 p D = 3.19 + 3.7(p - 0.37) D = 7.92 + 3 . 0 5 ( p - 1.65) D = 2.56 + 3 . 4 7 p D = 0.343 + 3 . 9 4 p D = 7.79 - [(16.8 X 10-3)/R] D D

-54 to 74C (219-347 K) (2.14 + (2.84 X l O ' ^ p ) ) p < 0.37 0.37 < p < 1.65 p > 1.65 p> 1.0 p > 1.2 p = 1.876 0 . 9 < p < 1.534 1.534 < p < p = 1.53 -54 to 74C (219-347 K) 1.636 14 16

Pentolite PETN

RDX TATB TNT

(2.56 + (3.47 X 10 ""p)) (0.343 + (3.94 X l O ' ^ p ) ) (7.79 - [(0.168 X 10-3)/R])

17 12 18

(1.873 + (3.187 X 10-3p)) = 1.873 + 3 , 1 8 7 p = 6.763 + 3 . 1 8 7 ( p - 1.534) - 25.1(p - 1.534)2 + 115.l(p - 1.534)'^ 10'^)fR])

XTX-8003

D = 7.26 - 3.02 X 10'^tR (7.26 - [(30.2 X D = 3.68 + (44.8 X 1 0 - 3 w ) (W = wt% P E T N ) A D / A T = -2.34 X l O ' S

7/74

8-5

Chapman-Jouguet Detonation P r e s s u r e In idealized detonation theory, a detonation front consists of several regions: (1) The leading surface is a shock front, chemically unreactive, with a discontinuous high p r e s s u r e . (2) Following the shock front is the reaction zone where chemical r e actions take place auid r e l e a s e the bulk of the detonation energy; its thickness is e s t i mated to be of the order of 10 mm for some pure explosives, but may vary by s e v e r a l powers of 10 depending on the HE. (3) The surface at the r e a r of the reaction zone is called the Chapman-Jouguet (C-J) plane. Complete thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed to exist at the C-J plane, and the detonation products a r e said to be at the C-J state. Detonation p r e s s u r e normally r e f e r s to the p r e s s u r e in the C-J state; it is somewhat lower than the p r e s s u r e at the shock front. Experimentally, C-J p r e s s u r e s (Table 8-4) a r e measured by various indirect hydrodynamic methods. These m e a s u r e m e n t s may span a range of 10-20%, and their exact interpretation is uncertain. Calculated C-J p r e s s u r e s (Table 8-4) a r e obtained with the RUBY hydrodynamic-thermodynamic computer code, which combines the Rajnkine-Hugoniot conservation equations, the C-J condition, the density and enthalpy of formation AH of the explosive, the laws of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium, and the Brinkley-Kistiakowsky-Wilson (BKW) equation of state for the gaseous products. The code p a r a m e t e r s a r e normalized with measured detonation velocities and C-J p r e s s u r e s of several explosives.

8-6

12/72

Table 8-4. Chapman-Jouguet detonation pressures P c j Pj^j ( k b a r (10 ^ GPa))^ Explosive Baratol BTF Comp B, Grade A Comp B - 3 Comp C-4 Cyclotol (77/23) DATB HMX LX-01 LX-04 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10 LX-11 LX-13 LX-14 MEN-II NC (12.0% N) NC (13.35% N) NG NM Octol (77.6/22.4) PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 P e n t o l i t e (50/50) PETN (g/cm^^ (Mg/m^)) 2 .61 .882 .717 .715 .59 .752 .78 .90 .31 .865 .865 .837 .860 .87 See X T X - 8 0 0 3 .833 .017 .58 .58 .60 .135 .821 .60 .783 .767 .69 .840 ,60 .66 .77 .67 ,99 ,767 .61 .88 .71 ,65 .630 ,546 190 170 375 287 340 300 87 338 253 130 342 265 328 5 324 5 298 288 354 300 280 326 280 100 348 181 291 260 144 207 210 370 113 200 210 251 144 377 375 1.56 350 316 259 250 387 177 330 346 373 360 310 295*^ 287 286 257 Measured 140 294 Calculated, RUBY code

RDX TACOT TATB Tetryl TNM TNT XTX-8003 "One G P a = 10 k b a r .

P r e s s u r e can be c o r r e c t e d for s m a l l c h a n g e s in %RDX and d e n s i t y by the f o r m u l a P = 295 + 1.57 (%FDX - 64) + 678.5 [(pQ - 1.717)/po].

7/74

8-7

Cylinder Test Measurements of Explosive Energy The cylinder test gives a m e a s u r e of the hydrodynamic performance of an explosive. The test geometry is based on a constant volume of HE. The test s y s t e m consists of an explosive charge 1 in. (25,4 mm) in diameter and 12 in. (0.31 m) long in a tightly fitting copper tube with a wall 0.1022 in. (2.6 mm) thick. The charge is initiated at one end. The radial motion of the cylinder wall is measured at about 8 in, (0,2 m) from the initiated end with a streak c a m e r a technique. Detailed r a d i u s - t i m e data a r e available from the Organic Materials Division, The kinetic energy imparted to the copper wall in a fixed geometry leads to a simple way of expressing the performance of the explosive. Two extreme geometric a r r a n g e m e n t s have been considered for the t r a n s f e r of explosive energy to adjacent metal in this range of m a s s ratio of explosive to metal: (1) detonation n o r m a l or headon to the metal, and (2) detonation tangential or sideways to the metal. The effective explosive energy is frequently different for the two c a s e s , even on a relative basis, because of the effects of the equations of state of the detonation products. The cylinder test provides a m e a s u r e of the relative effective explosive energy for both head-on and tangential detonation. The radial wall velocity at 5-6 m m wall displacement, expressed as volume r a t i o (V = V / V Q = 2) is indicative of explosive energy in head-on geometry. The wall velocity at 19 mm displacement, V/V = 7, is indicative of performance in tangential geometry. Table 8-5 l i s t s the specific wall kinetic energies at 6 mm and 19 m m wall d i s placement; these a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of head-on and tangential detonation, respectively. Terminal wall velocities at breakup a r e about 7-10% higher. Approximately 50% of the detonation energy is transferred to the cylinder wall.

8-8

12/72

Table 8-5,

Cylinder-test measurements of explosive energy,^-"^ Specific kinetic energy Ecyi delivered to the copper cylinder wall in geometries characterized by head-on (6 mm displacement) and tangential (19 mm displacement).

^cvl (^"^"^/f ^"^^^ (MJ/kg))


Explosive BTF C o m p B, G r a d e A Cyclotol 77/23 HMX LX-04 LX-07-1 LX-09-0 LX-10 LX-11 LX-13 NM Octol 7 8 / 2 2 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9404 PBX-95016 Pentolite 50/50 PETN TNT XTX-8003 P (g/cm^ (Mg/m3)) 1,859 1.717 1,754 1,894 1,865 1,857 1,836 1.862 1.876 See X T X - 8 0 0 3 1.14 (11-15C) (284-288 K) 1,813 1,788 1,777 1,843 1,843 1.696 1,765 1.630 1,554 0,560 1.215 1.160 1.120 1.295 1.288 0.960 1,255 0.735 0,710 0,745 1.535 1.470 1.415 1,620 1,656 1.260 1.575 0.975 0.950 Head-on 6 mm 1.305 1.035 1.140 1.410 1.170 1.250 1.320 1.315 1.105 Tangential 19 m m 1.680 1,330 1.445 1.745 1,470 1,575 1.675 1.670 1.360

7/74

8-9

Equation of State The Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state has been used to describe accur a t e l y the p r e s s u r e - v o l u m e - e n e r g y behavior of the detonation products of explosives 19,20 in applications of metal acceleration. All values are valid only for l a r g e charges. The equation for p r e s s u r e P is

and that for P s , p r e s s u r e as a function of volume at constant entropy (i. e . , the isentrope), is -R,V -RV , ,,v 1 + Be 2 + cv"^"^^\

Pg = Ae

where A, B, and C a r e linear coefficients (in Mbar (GPa)); R,, R , , and lo a r e nonlinear coefficients; V = V/V (volume of detonation products/volume of undetonated HE); P and 3 P a r e in Mbar (GPa), and E, the detonation energy per unit volume is in (Mbar-cm )/ cm^ ((GPa-m^)/m^). Some explosives have been subjected to a rigorous comparison in which coefficients a r e determined by matching the equation with experimental C-J conditions, c a l o r i m e t r i c data, and expansion behaviorusually cylinder-test data. These explosives a r e listed in Table 8-6 without additional notation. It has proved v e r y useful to estimate coefficients for which only limited data a r e available; for these HEs the e s t i mated p a r a m e t e r s a r e listed as noted. The best estimates a r e for those explosives for which cylinder-test data a r e available. In many instances, PQJ i-s estimated by assuming that 2,7 < r < 2,8, where r is the adiabatic coefficient of expansion. Where data were extremely limited, e s t i m a t e s were made from RUBY code calculations for P Q J , D , and E_; R R, and u were estimated.

8-10

7/74

Tabl e 8-6.

Equation-of -State p a r a m e t e r s , 'a.


C-J parameters
c ^0

"o
Explosive
BTF

r
A

Equation-of-state p a r a m e t e r s
B C Ri R2 u

Composition (wt%) Benzotrifuroxan RDX/TNT 64/36 RDX/TNT 77/23 Diamino - hexanitr o biphenyl PETN/CHg 85/15 PETN/NC/CHg 63/8/29 TetranitrotetrazacyclooctEine Hexanitr ostilbene T N M / N M / m P 33.3/52/14.7 HMX/Viton 85/15 HMX/Viton 90/10 HMX/DNPA/FEFO 9 3 / 4 . 6 / 2 . 4 HMX/Viton 95/5 HMX/Viton 80/20 See XTX-8003 Nitromethane HMX/TNT 78/22 RDX/KEL F 90/10 HMX/Estane 90/10 HMX/NC/CEF 9 4 / 3 / 3 RDX/EXON 94/6 T N T / P E T N 50/50 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

(g/cm3) (Mg/m^^) 1.859 1.717 1.754 1.550 1.480 1.480 1.891 1.540 1.230 1.865 1.865 1.838 1.860 1.875 1.128 1.821 1.787 1.777 1.840 1.600 1.670 1.770 1.500 1.260 0.880 1.730 1.630 1.540

(Mbar) (100 GPa) 0.360* 0.295 0.320 0.180* 0.205* 0.195* 0.420* 0.175* 0.155 0.340 0.355 0.373 0.375 0.330 0.125 0.342 0.340 0.340 0.370 0.265* 0.250* 0.335 0.220 0.140 0.062 0.285 0.210 0.170

(cm//usee) (10"l k m / s ) 0.848 0.798 0.825 0.670 0.720 0.700 0.911 0.660 0.684 0.847 0.864 0.884 0.882 0.832 0.628 0.848 0.839 0.850 0.880 0.791 0.747 0.830 0.745 0.654 0.517 0.791 0.693 0.735

(Mbar-cm^/cm^) (100 G P a - m 3 / m 3 ) 0.1150 0.0850 0.0920* 0.0620* 0.0700* 0.0620* 0.1050 0.0600* 0.0610* 0.0950 0.1000* 0.1050* 0.1040* 0.0900* 0.0510 0.0960* 0.0900 0.0890* 0.1020 0.0860* 0.0800 0.1010 0.0856* 0.0719* 0.0502* 0.0820 0.0600 0.0660* 2.717 2.706 2.731 2.842 2.752 2.719 2.740 2.885 2.711 2.936 2.921 2.851 2.861 2.930 2.538 2.830 2.700 2.776 2.850 2.513 2.727 2.640 2.788 2.831 2.668 2.798 2.727 3.894

(Mbar (100 GPa)) 8.407 5.242 6.034 4.254 3.738 3.490 7.783 4.469 3.110 8.498 8.710 8.684 8.802 7.791 2.092 7.486 5.814 6.347 8.545 5.73187 4.911 6.170 6.253 5.731 3.486 5.868 3.738 27.140 0.14960 0.07678 0.09924 0.08007 0.03647 0.04524 0.07071 0.08358 0.04761 0.15277 0.13896 0.18711 0.17437 0.10668 0.05689 0.13380 0.06801 0.07998 0.20493 0.146390 0.09061 0.16926 0.23290 0.20160 0.11288 0.10671 0.03747 0.17930 0,01368 0.01082 0.01075 0.01175 0.01138 0,00854 0.00643 0.01010 0.01039 0.01159 0,00891 0.00729 0.00809 0.00885 0.00770 0.01167 0.00234 0.00727 0.00754 0.01200 0.00876 0.00699 0.01152 0.01267 0.00941 0.00774 0.00734 0.01202

Comp B, Grade A Cyclotol DIP AM** EL-506 A** EL-506C**


HMX

4.60 4.20 4.30 4.70 4.20 4.10 4.20 4.80 4.50 4.65 4.60 4,60 4,60 4,50 4,40 4,50 4.10 4.20 4.60 4.60 4.40 4.40 5.25 6.00 7.00 4,40 4,15 7,00

1,20 1,10 1.10 1.30 1.10 1.20 1.00 1.30 1.00 1.30 1,15 1.25 1,20 1,15 1,20 1,20 1,00 1,00 1,35 1,40 1.10 1.20 1.60 1.80 2,00 1,20 0,90 1,60

0.30 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.39 0.35 0,35 0,30 0.25 0.30 0.30 0,30 0,38 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,32 0,30 0,25 0,28 0,28 0,24 0,28 0.35 0,35

HNS** LX-01** LX-04-1 LX-07 LX-09-0 LX-10 LX-11 LX-13


NM

Octol PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9404-3 PBX-9407 Pentolite PETN PETN** Tetryl**


TNT

Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine Trinitrotoluene PETN/Sylgard 80/20

XTX-8003

*One Mbar = 100 GPa. Two asterisks indicate tliat cylinder data are not available. Values followed by one asterisk are estimated quantities.

Detonation Energy 21 Detonation energies (as measured by metal acceleration in the cylinder test) of formulations containing mostly HMX can be correlated with the volume fraction of additives by a simple linear relationship E = EHMX i - > where E = detonation energy per unit volume of a formulation at its loaded density, ^HMX ~ detonation energy per unit volume of pure HMX at its theoretical maximum density (TMD) of 1.90 g / c m (Mg/m ). The reference 2 value is (wall velocity) at 19 mm displacement in the cylinder test corrected to TMD, The corrected wall velocity is 1,872 mm//LJsec (km/s), S. = c h a r a c t e r i s t i c energy decrement for each diluent, V. = volume fraction of each additive. The energy decrement for a fixed combination of two or m o r e ingredients is readily computed as y S.V.

:{' -1 s-v..^. ^i^i)'

(8-1)

where the subscript b denotes the fixed combination. The quantity S, V, for the combination becomes one of the t e r m s in Eq, 8 - 1 , An S.V. t e r m for air or void takes a c count of porosity in the actual explosive. A convenient form of Eq. 8-1 gives relative energy as a percentage of HMX energy, Ej, , , and as a function of the volume percent, V., of additives: T ^ _ lOOE _ ERel% - E j j ^ - 100

l^\%'

<-3^

The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c S. can be recognized as a percent energy degradation from pure HMX for each volume percent of the additive. The S. values for a number of additives a r e given in Table 8-7. Neither the applicable range of composition nor the exact linearity of Eq. 8-1 has been tested, but all formulations contained at least 70 wt% HMX.

8-12

7/74

Table 8-7. Characteristic energy decrement S. from pure HMX for additives to HMX.
^i Si

Additive^ AFNOL
Air

(^Rel%/Vi) 0.75
1.3

Additive^ FEFO Graphite *HNS Kel F


NC
*NG

<ERel%/Vi)
0,3 1,3 0,5 1.0

BEAF BDNPA BDNPF CAB CEF *DATB DFTNB *DIPAM BDNPA/BDNPF 50/50 DNPA DNPN EDNP Estane EXON (polyvinyl chloride/ polyvinyl alcohol 85/15

0.75 0.75 0,75


1.3 1.3 0.5

0,75
0,3

0.25
0.5

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75


1,3 1.0

Nitrosorubber *NONA Polyethylene Sylgard *TACOT *TATB Teflon TNT Viton Void Wax

0.75
0.5 1,3 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 0,5 1.0

1.3 1.3

An a s t e r i s k denotes materials not actually tested; values estimated with RUBY code.

12/72

8-13

References 1. 2. E. E. Kilmer, J. Spacecr. Rockets 5, 1216-1219 (1968). U.S. Material Command, Engineering Design Handbook, Explosives Series, P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives of Military Interest, Army Material Command, Rept. AMCP-706-177 (1967). E. E. Kilmer, Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., personal communication (1966). A. C. Schwartz, Application of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosive Components, Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s , Albuquerque, N. Max., Rept. SC-RR-710673 (1972). J. R. Humphrey, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). A. W. Campbell, M. E. Malin, T. J. Boyd, and J, A. Hull, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 27, 567-574 (1956). T. M. Benziger, X-0242: A High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-4872 (1972). A. N. Dremin, Combust. Explos. Shock Waves 2 (4), 45-51 (1966). M, J. Kamlet and S. J. Jacobs, J . Chem. Phys. 48, 23-35 (1968). J. B. Panowski, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., personal communication (1974). H. C. Hornig, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). A. Popolato, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., personal communication (1957). D. P r i c e and A. R. Clairmont, J r . , "Explosive Behavior of Nitroguanidine," in Symp. (Intern.) on Combustion, 12th, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh (1969). M. Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1971). A. W. Campbell, M. E. Malin, and T. E. Holland, J, Appl. Phys. 27^, 963 (1965). H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, M. Finger, and K. E. Kurrle, "Equation of State of Detonation Products," in P r o c . 5th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U . S . Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-184 (1970), pp. 503-512. E. L. Lee, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1971). M. J. Urizar, E. J a m e s , J r . , a n d L . C. Smith, Phys. Fluids 4, 262-274 (1961). E. L. Lee and M. Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). E. L. Lee, H. C. Hornig, and J. W. Kury, Adiabatic Expansion of High Explosive Detonation Products, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50422 (1968). J. W. Kury, H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, J. L. McDonnel, D. L. Ornellas, M. Finger, F . M. Strange, and M. L. Wilkins, "Metal Acceleration by Chemical < Explosives," in P r o c . 4th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U. S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-126 (1965), pp. 3-13.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20.

21.

8-14

7/74

9.

SENSITIVITY AND INITIATION

Several t e s t s have been designed to evaluate the sensitivity of HEs to different kinds of impact under varying conditions. This aspect of the characterization of explosives is treated here in some detail in descriptions of drop-weight impact, Susan, skid, and gap t e s t s . The sensitivity of liquid explosives can be assessed through determination of their low-velocity detonation (LVD) and high-velocity detonation (HVD) characteristics as established by a gap test. Some critical energies for shock initiation are given. Drop-Weight Test The drop-weight machine, or drop hammer, offers one means of evaluating impact sensitivity. In the test, a 2.5- or 5-kg weight is dropped from a p r e s e t height onto a small (~35-mg) sample of explosive. A s e r i e s of drops is made from different heights, sind explosion or nonexplosion is recorded. The criterion for "explosion" is an sirbitrarily set level of sound produced by the explosive on impact. The r e s u l t of the test is summarized as H_Q, the height in cm (m) at which the probability of explosion is 50%. Values in Table 9-1 were determined on a machine patterned after the one designed at the Explosives Division, Atomic Weapons R e s e a r c h Establishments (AWRE) at the time of World War II, Because of the extremely complicated p r o c e s s involved in initiation by impact, these d r o p - h a m m e r data s e r v e only as approximate indications of sensitivity. The H^_ values a r e quite dependent on the anvil surface. Two surfaces a r e usually used: sandpaper (type 12 tooling) and roughened steel (type 12B tooling). In general, values below 25 cm (0.25 m) usually indicate relative sensitivity to impact. Values of 25 to 70 cm (0.25 to 0.70 m) indicate a material of moderate sensitivity that possibly can be handled in accordance with standard p r o c e d u r e s . Values above 70 cm (0.70 m) usually indicate relative insensitivity to impact. The indications of sensitivity given by the d r o p - h a m m e r test a r e always verified by l a r g e - s c a l e testing (see the succeeding t e s t s in this section) for any m a t e r i a l to be handled in large quantities.

12/72

9-1

Table 9 - 1 . Sensitivities of explosives as indicated by the drop-weight impact test.


H^Q (cm (10-^ m ) ) Type 12 tooling
95

Explosive Baratol Boracitol


BTF

5-kg weight Type 12B tooling


----65 --

2.5-kg weight Type 12B tooling


------------------40 -51

>177
11 45 29 33

Comp B , G r a d e A Comp B - 3 Cyclotol 7 5/2S DATE DIPAM^ DNPA EL-506A EL-506C FEFO
H-6

>177
95

>177
------40 -55 -----

>177
59 54 28 60 33 80 41 38 32 35 59

HMX LX-02-1 LX-04-1 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10-0 LX-11-0 LX-13 LX-14-0


NQ

See XTX-8002 >177


41 35 30 44 42 34 33 44 -35 11 28 --28 45 98 36 35 30 80 -----------40 -------- --

Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501^ Pentolite 50/50 PETN RDX TATB Tetryl
TNT

>100
28 80

>177

XTX-8003 (uncured) (cured)

25 21

9-2

7/74

Susan Test The Susan Sensitivity Test is a projectile impact test with the projectile shown in Fig, 9 - 1 . The weight of explosive in the projectile head is about 1 lb (0,45 kg). The

Fig, 9 - 1 , The Susan projectile. Scaled drawing; the high explosive head is 4 in, long by 2 in, in diameter (0,102 m X 0,051 m).

target is armor-plate steel. The r e s u l t s of the t e s t s a r e expressed in t e r m s of a "sensitivity" curve in which the relative "point-source detonation energy" released by the explosive as a result of the impact is plotted against the velocity of the projectile. The relative point-source detonation energy can be derived from a t r a n s i t - t i m e m e a s urement of the air shock from the point of impact to a p r e s s u r e gauge 10 ft (3,1 m) away. The results determined in this manner a r e somewhat subjective, particularly when the reaction level shows a large but relatively slow increase with time. The p r e ferred way to get at the "point-source detonation energy" at present is to relate it to the o v e r p r e s s u r e measured 10 ft (3,1 m) from the impact. This r e s u l t s in much more reproducible data and is not subject to many of the e r r o r s of the t r a n s i t - t i m e m e a s u r e ments. On the figures in this section the energy scale has been set to range from z e r o for no chemical reaction to approximately 100 for the most violent detonation-like reactions (all explosive consumed) for the most energetic explosives. L e s s violent burning reactions that appear to consume all of the explosive can give values on the scale as low as 40; the energy equivalent of TNT fully reacted as a point source, would r e g i s t e r at 70 on the scale. F o r each explosive considered, comments a r e made on the details of the impact process that seem to bear on the impact safety of an explosive. Remarks about probabilities of large reactions a r e relevant to unconfined charges in the 25-lb (11.3-kg) c l a s s . Smaller unconfined charges show a trend of decreasing r e action level as the charge size gets s m a l l e r .

12/72

9-3

References to the "pinch" stage of the impact r e f e r to the t e r m i n a l stage when the nose cap has been completely split open longitudinally and peeled back to the steel projectile body, which is rapidly being brought to a halt.

9-4

12/72

Comp B-3 Comp B-3 (RDX/TNT 60/40) behaves reasonably well in the standard Susan test (Fig. 9-2). Ignition is observed only after extensive splitting and deformation of the projectile nosecap, more or l e s s at the beginning of the "pinch" staige of impact. This results in a threshold velocity of about 180 ft/sec (55 m / s e c ) . The reaction level is quite dependent on impact velocity; it never r i s e s to its full potential even at an impact velocity of 1500 ft/sec (457 m / s e c ) . Any reaction enhancement is seen quite soon after initial ignition. Comp B-3 shoxild be considered as generally r a t h e r difficult to ignite by mechanical means and as having a low probability for violent reaction once ignited, provided the relative confinement is rather low. It has given substantially l a r g e r reactions in the Mod-IA projectile thsui in the standard Mod I; the important difference between the two projectiles appears to be the exceptionally straight flight of the Mod-IA, which results in higher p r e s s u r e s on the explosive and more effective confinement. Comp B-3 has been observed to detonate in impact geometries where there was good Inertial confinement at the time of ignition, sind where It has been subjected to mechanlcil work by the Impact.

100 80
o>
Q>

60 40
20

a>

0) 0

0 0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact ft/sec (0) (244)

(488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig, 9-2.

Susan test: Comp B - 3 . Conversion factor: 1 ft/sec = 3.048 X 10" 1 m / s .

12/72

9-5

Cyclotol 75/25 Cyclotol 75/25 (RDX/TNT 75/25) has both good and bad properties as measured by the Susan test (Fig, 9-3). The threshold velocity for reaction Is probably about 180 ft/sec (55 m/sec), which Is r a t h e r typical of the TNT-bonded cast explosives and higher than most plastic-bonded explosives. On the other hand, reaction levels generally a r e moderately high at relatively low velocity and on occasion a r e considerably higher. Cyclotol 75/25 shoTild be considered as generally r a t h e r difficult to Ignite by mechanlcEil means but capable of a leirge reaction once Ignited. Note should be taken of the very low drop height for Ignition In the 14-deg (0.24-rad) skid test (Table 9-2).

100

800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact ft/sec (0) (244)

(488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-3. Susan test: Cyclotol 75/25. Conversion factor: 1 ft/sec = 3.048 X 10" 1 m / s .

9-6

12/72

LX-02-1 LX-02-1 (PETN/butyl rubber/acetyltributyl citrate/Cab-O-Sil 73.5/17,6/6,9/2.0) appears more difficult to ignite in the Susan t e s t than XTX-8003, but the exact t h r e s hold value is poorly defined due to the very small reactions observed and the limited number of tests (Fig. 9-4), Even at 505 ft/sec (154 m/s), the reaction level was very low. The very limited data indicate that LX-02-1 has a very small probability of building to a violent reaction from an accidental ignition where there is relatively little or no confinement.

Q J m 0

I vyu

_j)

<u ^
05 < D C (U

80 60 40 20 0
4

-J
1

> -_o
OH

1 ..

. 1

....J

0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c (0)


J L

(244)

(488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-4.

Susan test: L X - 0 2 - 1 . Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3.048 X l O ' ^ m / s .

12/72

9-7

LX-04-1 LX-04-1 (HMX/Viton 85/15) is moderately easy to Ignite in the Susan test (Fig, 9-5), requiring an Impact velocity of 140 to 150 f t / s e c (43 to 46 m / s ) . At Impact velocities higher than threshold, the nosecap deforms about an inch before ignition is observed. Reaction levels a r e dependent on impact velocity, rising v e r y slowly to t h r e e or four energy units from thireshold out to about 350 f t / s e c (107 m / s ) and then rising m o r e rapidly as impact velocity i n c r e a s e s to 40 or 50 energy units at 1000 ft/sec (305 m / s ) . Thus, while LX-04-1 is moderately easy to ignite from mechanical impact, it has a low probability of building to a violent reaction or detonation from a minor ignition where t h e r e is little or no confinement. Note that LX-04-1 frequently has been observed to detonate high-order in other impact test geometries where the effective confinement was r a t h e r good and the explosive was well pulverized to give a large surface a r e a at the time of ignition.

800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c (0) (244) (488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-5.

Susan test: L X - 0 4 - 1 . Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3.048 X l O ' l m / s .

9-8

12/72

LX-07-2 LX-07-2 (HMX/Vlton 90/10) Is Intermediate In sensitivity between PBX-9404 and LX-04-1. The threshold for reaction Is about 125 ft/sec (38 m / s ) , and the reaction level, while dependent upon Impact velocity, becomes large at a r a t h e r low velocity (Fig. 9-6), Small changes In manufacturing variables can affect the extent of reaction In the Susan test. The LX-07-2 Initially tested was a handmade batch that gave appreciably larger reactions than previously tested LX-07-type explosives. Figure 9-6 also shows the results for RX-07-BA, manufactured at the Hblston Army Ammunition Plant, which meets the LX-07-2 specifications and, based on the results of three shots, appears to be more like the previous LX-07-type explosives. Thus, LX-07-2 has a low threshold for reaction but only a moderate r a t e of buildup to violent reaction. It appeirs that accidental mechanical Ignition of LX-07-2 would have a moderate probability of building to violent deflagration or detonation where the relative confinement was r a t h e r low.

100

' LX-07-2

'

80
4)


0) X O)

60

40
)
0

20

400

800 J_ (244)

0 J L (122) (244)

Projectile velocity ft/sec

(122)

Projectile velocity m/s

Fig. 9-6.

Susan test: LX-07-2 and RX-07-BA. X 10-1 m / s .

Conversion factor: 1 ft/sec = 3.048

12/72

9-9

LX-09-0 LX-09-0 (HMX/pDNPA/FEFO 93/4.6/2,4) displays some very undesirable properties In the Sussui test (Fig. 9-7); It Is very similar to PBX-9404 In many r e s p e c t s . 'Ignition Is seen after about 0.5-ln. (13-mm) deformation of the projectile nosecap, which Is consistent with the very low threshold velocity of 110 ft/sec (34 m / s ) . As with PBX-9404, "pinch"-stage enhancement of the reaction Is observed only at Impact velocities greater than about 200 ft/sec (51 m / s ) . At lower-Impact velocities, r e a c tions build to violent levels with sufficient rapidity that no "pinch" stage enhancement Is observed. The reaction levels observed a r e generally quite high and Independent of Impact velocity. Thus, LX-09-0 exhibits both low-threshold velocity for reaction and rapid buildup to violent reaction. Any accidental mechanical Ignition has a large probability of building to a violent deflagration or detonation.

100 o ,
>s

80

S?

60 40 20-

> >
4) 0

4) C

800

1
\

1600

Projectile velocity at impact ft/sec

I
(0)

I
(488)

(244)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-7.

Susan test: LX-09-0. Conversion factor: 1 ft/sec = 3,048 X 1 0 - l m / s .

9-10

12/72

LX-10-0 LX-10-0 (HMX/Viton 95/5) displays some very undesirable p r o p e r t i e s in the Susan Test (Fig, 9-8). Ignition is observed after about 0.6-in. (15 mm) of projectile nosecap deformation, which is consistent with the low threshold velocity of about 120 ft/sec (37 m / s ) . The reaction levels observed a r e generally quite high and independent of impact velocity. The reaction buildup is sufficiently rapid that no "pinch" stage enhancement of the reaction is observed, LX-10-0 exhibits both a low threshold for reaction and an extremely rapid buildup to violent reaction. Any accidental mechanical ignition of LX-10-0 has a very large probability of building to violent deflagration or detonation.

dJ
Ul

\j\j

'-

1
<u
t_

80 60 ^ 40 20 0
_ 1

D)

< U

> X
_o

a >

(U

0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c (0) J u


J

L.

(244)

(488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-8,

Susan t e s t : LX-10-0, Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3,048 X l O ' l m / s ,

12/72

9-11

LX-11-0 LX-11-0 (HMX/Viton 80/20) is among the least reactive of the PBXs tested in the Susem test (Fig. 9-9), The threshold for reaction is probably about 170 f t / s e c (52,8 m / s ) , judging from the nosecap deformation of 1,8 to 1,9 in, (46 to 49 mm) at the time ignitions were observed for the higher velocity shots. Most TNT-containing cast explosives require even more deformation for ignition; however, the reaction level is quite dependent on impact velocity and Is generally lower than that observed for LX-04-1, although not as low a s that observed for Comp B - 3 , The r a t h e r liigh value of 44 energy units at 612 ft/sec (187 m / s ) is considered atypical and possibly due to ELxisymmetric Impact, Reaction enhancement is observed at the "pinch" stage of the impact, LX-11-0 should be considered as moderately difficult to ignite by mechanical means and as having very low probability of building to violent reaction from a minor ignition where there is relatively little confinement.

0)
t/i

\\J\J

'

'

'

1 < u
Ik.

80 60 40 20 0 - J
f

_ -

(U

_D 0)

1 *-

0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c 1 (0) I I I I (244) I , 1 I I (488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig, 9-9,

Susan test: LX-11-0, Conversion factor: 1 ft/sec = 3,048 X 10" 1 m / s .

9-12

12/72

LX-14-0 LX-14-0 (HMX/Estane 95.5/4.5) is moderately easy to ignite in the Susan test, requiring an impact velocity of about 48 m/s.(Fig. 9-10). This is slightly higher than that required for L X - 0 4 - 1 . Nosecap deformation is generally g r e a t e r than 25 mm before ignition is observed. Reaction levels tend to be somewhat large and e r r a t i c once the threshold velocity is exceeded, somewhat like those of LX-07-2. In support of this tendency skid test results on LX-14 a r e intermediate in reaction level between LX-04-1 and LX-07-2. It appears that accidental mechanical ignition of LX-14-0 would have a moderately low probability of building to a violent reaction or detonation where there was little or no confinement.

a > i/> o
4)
1-

100

80
1 ^ I 1 I I I

X 4) C
4)

S> 60
4>

_ _

40 20 0 0
1

>
D 4>

800
I I I 1 I 1 I

1600
I

Projectile velocity at impact ft/sec

244

488

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig, 9-10,

Susan test: LX-14-0, Conversion factor = 1 ft/sec = 3.048 X lO"! m / s .

7/74

9-13

Octol 75/25 Octol 75/25 (HMX/TNT 75/25) has both good and bad p r o p e r t i e s as measTired by the Susan test (Fig, 9-11). The threshold velocity for reaction is probably about 180 ft/sec (55 m/s), which is r a t h e r typical of the TNT-bonded cast explosives and higher thsin most plastic-bonded explosives. On the other hand, reaction levels become moderately high, generally at relatively low velocity. The variability of r e s u l t s is l e s s than that observed with Cyclotol 75/25, Octol 75/25 should be considered as r a t h e r difficult to ignite accidentally by mechanical means but capable of a large r e action once ignited under certain conditions.

(U
_4) 4>

\j\j

1 1

(rt D

80 60 20 0 0
I (0) I I I
.AS


1 1 1 1

i-

<u c
4>

40

> ^

S)

800
\ (244) I I I

1600
1 (488)

Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-11. Susan t e s t : Octol 75/25. Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3.048 X 10"1 m / s .

9-14

7/74

PBX-9010 PBX-9010 (RDX/Kel F 90/10) displays some v e r y undesirable p r o p e r t i e s in the Susan test (Fig. 9-12). Ignition Is observed after about 0.5-in, (13 mm) of projectile nosecap deformation, which would make the threshold velocity for reaction about 110 ft/sec (34 m / s ) . The reaction levels observed a r e high and Independent of impact geometry. The observed energy r e l e a s e Is not as high a s that often seen with the m o r e energetic explosives PBX-9404, LX-09-0, and LX-10-0, but Intrinsic energy content does not completely explain the difference; geometric factors at the time of maximum reaction a r e thought to also contribute to the observed r e s u l t s . The r e a c tion buildup Is svifflclently rapid that no "pinch" stage enhancement of the reaction is observed. PBX-9010 exhibits both a low threshold for reaction and sufficient r e a c t i vity to indicate a very large probability of violent reaction or detonation from any a c cidental mechanicsJ. ignition.

100 80
O} 4) C

60 40 20

0)

0 0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact ft/sec (0) (244) (488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-12. Susan t e s t ; PBX-9010. Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3.048 X l O ' l m / s .

7/74

9-15

PBX-9011 PBX-9011 (HMX/estane 90/10) is among the least reactive of the PBXs tested in the Susan test (Fig, 9-13), The threshold for reaction is probably about 165 f t / s e c (50 m / s ) , judging from the nosecap deformation of about 1,7-in, (43 mm) at the time of observed ignition for the higher-velocity shots. The reaction level is quite dependent on the impact velocity; it is generally somewhat lower than that observed for LX-04-1 but not as low as for Comp B-3, Reaction enhancement is observed only at the "pinch" stage of the impact, PBX-9011 should be considered as moderately difficult to ignite by mechanical impact and as having v e r y low probability of building to violent reaction from a minor ignition where there is relatively little confinement. PBX-9011 has given only mild reactions in other impact geometries that often give detonations with explosives such as L X - 0 4 - 1 .

(U
Vi

1 \JKJ

a j>
(U
i-

'

80 60 40 20 0
W-S-S

i-

0)

a > c
(U

>
_o
0)

1-

0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c I (0) I I I I (244) \ I 1 I (488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-13, Susan test: PBX-9011. Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3,048 X 10" 1 m / s .

9-16

7/74

PBX-9205 PBX-9205 (RDX/polystyrene/di-2-ethylhexylphthalate 92/6/2) is s i m i l a r to LX-07-2 in some of its properties (Fig. 9-14). The threshold velocity for reaction is probably about 120 ft/sec (37 m/s), judging from the nosecap crush-up at the time of observed ignition with higher-velocity impacts. As with LX-07-2, the response is dependent on impact velocity and is intermediate between that of PBX-9404 and L X - 0 4 - 1 . Thus, PBX-9205 has a low threshold for reaction but only a moderate r a t e of buildup to violent reaction. It appears that accidental mechanical ignition of PBX-9205 would have a moderate probability of building to violent deflagration or detonation.

lOOr

800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact ft/sec (0) (244) (488)

Projectile velocity at impoct m/s

Fig. 9-14. Susan t e s t : PBX-9205. Conversion factor: 1 ft/sec = 3.048 X 10"! m / s .

7/74

9-17

PBX-9404-03 PBX-9404 (HMX/NC/tris-i3-chloroethyl phosphate MlZJ?,) displays some very undesirable p r o p e r t i e s in the Susan test (Fig. 9-15). Ignition is seen after only about 0.35-in. (8.9 mm) of deformation of the projectile nosecap, which is consistent with the v e r y low tiireshold velocity of 105 f t / s e c (32 m / s ) . The reaction levels a r e generally quite high for impacts in the range of 105 to 200 f t / s e c (32 to 61 m / s ) . These reactions build to violent levels with sufficient rapidity that no "pinch" stage enhancement of the reaction is observed. At higher impact velocities, the reaction level seems to depend somewhat on impact velocity, but it is always at least moderately high. "Pinch" stage enhancement of the reaction at these higher-impact velocities is very noticeable, PBX-9404 exhibits both a very low threshold velocity for reaction and rapid buildup to violent reaction. Any mechanical ignition of PBX-9404 has a very large probability of building to violent deflagration or detonation.

4)
*/i

\j\j

'

'

'

D _aj 0)

80 60

0)

/ 40 _ 20 0

0) 0) _D 4)

'Z.

>

% t
1 1 1 1
1 1

0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c (0)


J L

(244)

(488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig, 9-15. Susan t e s t : PBX-9404, Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3,048 X l O ' l m / s .

9-18

7/74

PBX-9501 PBX-9501 (HMX/estane/DNPAF 95/2.5/2.5) is a high-energy explosive with low impact sensitivity for an explosive of its power (Fig. 9-16). The threshold velocity for reaction is about 200 fl/sec (61 m/s), which is higher than that for most PBXs and about equal to that for many TNT-based explosives. Reactions start after about 2.52 in. (6.4 cm) of projectile deformation, which is consistent with the observed threshold velocity. Once threshold velocity is exceeded, reactions become violent over a r a t h e r narrow velocity range. Small reactions do not automatically grow to large reactions as they do in many other high-energy PBXs. Skid-test ignitions, for example, give v e r y low reactions.

(U

1 \J\J

JJ
u.

; / > O
(U

80 60

< D

c
(U

40 _ 20 __ 0

> 'XI _o
on

0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c 1 (0) I I I I (244) I ' l l (488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-16. Susan t e s t : PBX-9501. Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3.048 X 10" 1 m / s .

7/74

9-19

TNT TNT shows no undesirable p r o p e r t i e s by the Susan test (Fig. 9-17). Minor ignitions a r e seen down to about 235 f t / s e c (72 m / s ) impact velocity but only after extensive splitting of the projectile nosecap and abrupt halt of the projectile at the final or "pinch" stage of impact. No violent reactions are observed even at impact velocities above 1200 ft/sec (366 m / s ) . F u r t h e r , the TNT response is independent of whether it is cast or is a high- or medium-density pressing. TNT should be considered very difficult to ignite accidentally by mechanicsd means; any reaction from such an ignition should be regarded as having an extremely low probability of building to violent levels where there is relatively little confinement.

Si
o

'

J)
>s

80 60 40 20 0 .*
1 _..

D)
i-

c
0)

~_

.>
_o

0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact ft/sec I I I I I I I I I (0) (244) (488) Projectile velocity at impact m/s Fig. 9-17. Susan t e s t : TNT. Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3,048 X 1 0 " ! m / s .

9-20

7/74

XTX-8003

XTX-8003 (PETN/silicone rubber 80/20) is moderately difficult to ignite in the Susan test (Fig, 9-18), requiring an impact velocity of about 160 f t / s e c (49 m / s ) , judging from the 1.4-in, (36 mm) of projectile nosecap deformation at the time of observed ignition. Reaction levels ranged from quite low to moderately low over the velocity range tested. While the number of tests is limited, it appears that XTX-8003 has a very small probability of building to violent reaction from an accidental ignition where there is relatively little or no confinement.

<u 1/1 o JJ
di
i~

<\J\J

'

80 60

0)

c <u
(U

40 20 0
1

_o
0)

> vz

0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact f t / s e c

I
(0)

\
(244)

I
(488)

Projectile velocity at impact m/s

Fig. 9-18. Susan t e s t : XTX-8003. Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3.048 X l O ' l m / s .

7/74

9-21

Skid Test Restilts from a sliding impact sensitivity test (skid test) with l a r g e hemispherical 4 5 billets of HE have proved valuable for evaluating the pi ant-handling safety of HEs. ' The test was developed at AWRE in England. In the LLL-Pantex version of this test, the explosive billet, supported on a pendulum device, is allowed to swing down from a p r e s e t height and strike at an angle on a sand-coated steel target plate. Impact angles employed a r e 14 deg (0,24 rad) and 45 deg (0,79 rad) (defined as the angle between the line of billet t r a v e l and the horizontal target surface; the heights vary). The spherical surface of the billet s e r v e s to concentrate the force of the impact in a small a r e a ; the pendulum arrangement gives the impact both a sliding o r skidding component as well as a v e r t i c a l one. The r e s u l t s of the test (Table 9-2) a r e expressed in t e r m s of the type of chemical event produced by the impact as a function of impact angle and vertical drop. Chemical events a r e defined as follows: 0 No reaction; charge r e t a i n s integrity. 1 Burn or scorch m a r k s on HE or target; charge r e t a i n s integrity, 2 Puff of smoke, but no flame or light visible in high-speed photography. Charge may r e t a i n integrity or may be broken into l a r g e pieces. 3 Mild low-order reaction with flame or light; chsirge broken up and scattered, 4 Medium low-order reaction with flame or light; major part of HE consumed, 5 Violent deflagration; virtually all HE consumed. 6 Detonation. The sliding-impact t e s t r e s u l t s a r e significant indications of plant-handling safety because the drop heights and impact angles used in the test a r e quite within the l i m i t s one might find for the accidental drop of an explosive billet. The t e s t is used not only to evaluate the relative sensitivity of different explosives, using the sand-coated target as a reference surface (Table 9-2), but also to evaluate typical plant floor coverings, using PBX-9010 as a reference explosive (Table 9-3 and 9-4),

9-22

7/74

Table 9-2. Standard LLL-Pantex skid t e s t with hemispheres of explosive 11 in. (0.28 m) in diameter sind weighing 23 lb (10.4 kg).a
Impact angle Explosive Comp B-3 (deg) 14 14 14 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 45 45 14 14 14 14 45 45 45 45 14 14 45 45 45 14 45 45 (rad) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) Vertical drop (ft) 3.5 5.0 7.1 28.0 0.62 0.88 1.75 7.1 14.0 28.0 1.75 2.5 14.1 3.5 5.0 7.1 10.0 14.1 0.88 1.25 1.75 2.5 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.1 0.88 1.25 3.5 5.0 7.1 0.88 2.5 3.5 (m) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (8.53) (0.19) (0.27) (0.53) (2.16) (4.27) (8.53) (0.53) (0.76) (4.30) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (3.05) (4.30) (0.27) (0.38) (0.53) (0.76) (0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (0.27) (0.38) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (0.27) (0.76) (1.07) C h e m i c a l event 0 1,0,4 2 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 2 2, 1 0,0 3,0 1, 0 2 3 0, 0, 0, 0 0,0,0 0,0,0 6,4,3 0,0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0,0,0 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0 6,0,0 0,0, 0 6, 0, 0, 0 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0 , 0 6, 6, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0 6,6 0 6, 0, 0, 0 0 0,0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 4 0, 0, 0, 0 6, 6, 6, 0 6,6 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 6, 6 0, 0, 0 0 3 0,0,0 0,0,0

Cyclotol 7 5/25

LX-04-1

LX-07-1

LX-09-0

LX-10-0

Octol 7 5 / 2 5 PBX-9010

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 45 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 45 45

(0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79)

2.5 3.5 0.88 1.25 1.5 1.75 7.1 10.0 20.0 14.1 20.0 0.88 1.25 1.75 1.25 1.75 2.5 0.88 1.25 1.75 1.75 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.1 1.25 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0

(0.76) (1.07) (0.27) (0.38) (0.46) (0.53) (2.16) (3.05) (6.10) (4.30) (6.10) 0.27) 0.38) (0.53) (0.38) (0.53) 0.76) 0.27) 0.38) 0.53) 0.53) 0.76) 1.07) 1.52) (2.16) (0.38) (1.52) (3.05) (1.52) (3.05)

PBX-9011

PBX-9205

PBX-9404

PBX-9501

14 14 14 45 45

^One in. = 2.540 X lO'^ m ; 1 lb = 4.535924 X 10 ^ kg; 1 ft = 3.048 X lo"^ m ; 1 deg = 1.745329 X 10-2 r a d .

7/74

9-23

Table 9-3. Nonstandard skid t e s t s of interest. Target: standard sand-coated steel ( l / 4 - i n . (6.375-mm)) bonded to concrete.^
Explosive Comp B
LX-04-0 - 5 7 F (224 K) eO-F (290 K)

Weight (lb) (kg) 50


23 23 23 23 23 23 23 50 298 298 298 A g e d 11 m o n t h s ; 70C (343 K) Control for aged s a m p l e 28 28 28 28 28 28 23 23 69 70 291 292 291 290 290 290 296 292 296 296 298 293 291 297 295 296 - 3 4 C (239 K) 16C (289 K) IB'-C (289 K) - 3 4 C (239 K) - 3 4 C (239 K) - 3 4 C (239 K) - 3 4 C (239 K) - 3 4 C (239 K) - 3 4 C (239 K) l e - C (289 K) 16C (289 K) l e - C (289 K) 16C (289 K) I S - C (289 K) 71C (344 K) 71C (344 K) T r C (344 K) 71C (344 K) 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23

Impact angle (deg) (rad) 14


45 14 14 45 45 14 45 45 45 45 45 14 45 45 14 45 45 14 45 14 14 45 45 45 45 45 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45

Vertical drop (ft) (m) 5.0


3.5 1.25 1.7 5 3.5 5.0 5.0 14.1 7.1 0.88 1.25 1.75 0.88 2.5 3.5 0.88 2.5 3.5 0.88 3.5 0.44 0.66 0.88 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.5 5.0 0.25 0.33 0.48 0.33 0.44 0.60 0.63 1.23 1.83 2.5 0.62 0.88 1.25 0.88 1.25 1.75 2.5 3.5 5.0 2.5 3.5

p. event 4
2 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 6,0 6 0 0,0 0,0,0 0,0,0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 6,6,0

(22.7)
(10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (22.7 (135.2 (135.2 (135.2 (12.7 (12.7 (12.7 (12.7 (12.7 (12.7 (10.4 (10.4 (31.3 (31.8 (132) (132.4 (132) (131.6 (131.6 (131.6 (134.3 (132.4 (134.3 (134.3 (135.2 (132.9 (132.0 (134.7 (133.8 (134.3 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4

(0.24)
(0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79)

(1.52)
(1.07) (0.38) (0.53) (1.07) (1.52) (1.52) (4.30) (2.16) (0.27) (0.38) (0.53) (0.27) (0.76) (1.07) (0.27) (0.76) (1.07) (0.27) (1.07) (0.13) (0.20) (0.27) (0.38) (0.46) (0.53) (0.76) (1.52) (0.08) (0.10) (0.15) (0.10) (0.13) (0.18) (0.19) (0.38) (0.56) (0.76) (0.19) (0.27) (0.38) (0.27) (0.38) (0.53) (0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (0.76) (1.07)

2 3 5 F (385 K)

LX-04-1

LX-09-0

LX-10-0

M a d e with F l u o r e l With 48 lb (21.8 kg) of s t e e l p l a t e on HE e q u a t o r

LX-14-0

PBX-9404

PBX-9501

2.5 3.5 5.0 7.1

(0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16)

6 0,0,0 6, 6, 0, 0, 0 0. 0, 0, 0, 0 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 0,0,0 0 0 0 0

h ob ob

One in. = 2.540 X 10'^ m; 1 lb = 4.535924 X lO'^ kg; 1 ft = 3.048 X 10"^ m; 1 deg = 1.745329 X lO"^ rad. Acrid or burnt odor noticed after test.

9-24

7/74

Table 9-4.

Evaluation of plant floorings ispheres of PBX-9010 and, ( impact angle.^ Thickness

L L L - P a n t e x test with 50-lb (22.7-kg) hemipt where otherwise noted, 45 deg(0,79rad) Vertical drop (ft) (m)

Floor Material Corrugated rubber floor covering Against grain With grain Linoleum

(in.)

(mm)

Chemical event

10 10 20

1/8

(3.18)

7,1

10.0 14.1 20.0 Poly-Con'


2.5 3.5 5.0 7,1

14 deg (0.24 rad) impact angle

1,25 1.75
2.5 3.5 5.0

Polyurethane (Adiprene L-lOO) Sanded steel Torginal (Torga-Deck)

5/64

(1.98)

7.1

14.1 24.0 1.75


2.5

Urapol floor covering

1/16 3/16 to 1/4 3/32 1/8

(1.59) (4.76 to 6.35) (2.38) (3.18)

14.0 20.0 20.0 28.0


10

(3.05) (3.05) (6.10) (2.16) (3.05) (4.30) (6.10) (0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (2,16) (0,38) (0,53) (0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (4.30) (7.32) (0.53) (0.76) (4.27) (6.10) (6.10) (8,53) (3.05) (4.30) (6.10) (3,05) (4.30) (6.10) (6.10) (1.52) (2.16)

0,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6,6 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,0 6.6

14.1
20 10

14.1
20

14 deg (0.24 rad) impact angle Vinyl ^One in. = 2.540 X lO"^ m; 1 lb = 4.5359 1 deg = 1.745329 X 10-2 ^ad. A poured polyurethane floor covering.

20.0
5.0 7.1

X 10"^ kg; 1 ft = 3,048 X lO"^ m;

7/74

9-25

Gap Test The gap test gives a m e a s u r e of the shock sensitivity of an explosive. The values a r e obtained by measuring the thickness of inert spacer m a t e r i a l (expressed in " c a r d s " or inches) that will just produce 50% probability of detonation when placed between the test explosive and a standard detonating charge. In general, the l a r g e r the spacer gap the m o r e shock-sensitive is the HE. The numbers, however, depend on test size and geometry as well a s on the particular lot, its method of preparation, and density or percent voids. They a r e , therefore, only approximate indications of relative shock sensitivity. Two tests were developed at LASL for different amounts of golid HE; they a r e identified as the l a r g e - s c a l e and the s m a l l - s c a l e gap t e s t s . " In the s m a l l - s c a l e gap test the acceptors (samples) a r e pellets 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) in diameter and 1-1/2 in. (38.1 mm) long; the s p a c e r s (constituting the gap) a r e b r a s s shims in 0.1 in. (2.54 mm) i n c r e m e n t s . The donors a r e modified SE-1 detonators with PBX-9407 pellets 0.300 in. (7.62 mm) in d i a m e t e r and 0.207 in. (5.26 mm) long. Detonation of the acceptor charge is ascertained by the dent produced in a 6-in. (152 mm) square, 2-in. (102-mm) thick witness plate. The values in Table 9-5 were obtained at LASL and at Pantex. Results from the l a r g e - s c a l e gap test at LASL a r e given in Table 9-6. This test differs from the s m a l l - s c a l e test in the following r e s p e c t s : 1. The acceptors a r e pellets 1-5/8 in. (41.3 mm) in d i a m e t e r and 4 in. (102 mm) long. 2. The donors a r e 1-5/8 in. (41.3 mm) d i a m e t e r by 4 in. (102 mm) long PBX-9205 pellets. 3. The s p a c e r s a r e 1-5/8 in. (41.3 mm) diameter disks of 2020-T4 Dural (aluminum).

9-26

7/74

Table 9-5.

S m a l l - s c a l e g a p - t e s t s e n s i t i v i t i e s of v a r i o u s e x p l o s i v e s . ^ Percent voids (%)


2.6 1.1 1.8 1.1 2.1

Explosive Baratol Comp B, Grad e A Comp B-3 Cyclotol 75/25 DATB LX-04-1 (pre- S/65) (post- 6/65) LX-07-1 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10-0 LX-11-0 LX-13 LX-14 NM (modified test)"^ (modified test)'^ Octol 75/2 5 PBX-9007 (0.8% graphilte) PBX-9010-02 PBX-9011-03 PBX-9205 PBX-9404-03 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 Pentolite 50/50 PETN
RDX

Preparation Cast Cast Cast Cast Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed See XTX-8003 Hot-pressed

(g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) 2.565 1.710 1.721 1.753 1.801 1.865 1.865 1.857 1.859 1.835 1.872 1.867 1.833

Expected g;ip range (mils) (mm) Failed at 0 (0.41r0.66) 16-26 (1.1-1.4) 44-54 (0.25-0.41) 10-16 11-17 (0.28-0.43) (1.5-2.0) 60-80 40-60 (1.0-1.5) (1.8-2.3) 70-90 (1.8-2.3) 70-90 (1.9-2.7) 75-105 80-100 (2.0-2.5) (1.1-1.7) 45-65 60-80 7-17 2-8 22-28 45-55 75-95 55-70 25-35 85-105 180-210 90-120 50-70 105-140 30-38 190-220 190-220
2-8

1.3 1.3
1.8 1.3 1.3 1.7 0.3 0.9

Cast Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Cast Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Uncured Cured

1.810 1.665 1.783 1.783 1.682 1.850 1.600 1.770 1.843 1.676 1.700 1.757 1.735 1.872 1.684 1.624 1.53 1.53

1.1 1.8 1.7 0.7 1.6 0.9

(1.5-2.0) (0.18-0.43) (0.05-0.20) (0.56-0.71) (1.1-1.4) (1.9-2.4) (1.4-1.8) (0.64-0.89) (2.2-2.7) (4.6-5.3) 2.3-3.1) 1.3-1.8) 2.7-3.6) 0.76-0.97) 4.8-5.6) 4.8-5.6) 0.05-0.2) 3.4-4.2) 0.20-0.41) 4.1-4.8) 3.3-4.1)

11.3 1.8
0.6

2.0 0.6
0.8 4.1 2.5 2.7 1.8

TATB Tetryl
TNT

XTX-8003

1.7 1.7

135-165 8-16 160-190 130-160

"One mil = 2.540 X lO"^ mm. "in brass sleeve 0.200 in. (5.008 mm) i.d, by 0.147 in. (3.74 mm) thick, "In brass sleeve 0.400 in. (10.2 mm) i.d. by 0.43 in. (10.9 mm) thick.

7/74

9-27

Table 9-6.

L a r g e - s c a l e gap t e s t s e n s i t i v i t i e s . Percent E x p e c t e d gap r a n g e (in.) 1.982 1.801 1.646 1.940 1.786 1.699 1.641 2.783 1.863 1.947 2.654 2.090 2.617 2.107 2.694 2.526 2.483 2.471 2.423 2.410 2.223 2.268 2.455 2.120 2,7 03 2.549 2.732 2.764 2.434 2.725 2.386 2.368 1.460 1.114 1.944 0.870 (mm (5.0.3 (45.7 (41.8 (49.3 (4 5.4 (43.2 (41.7 (70.7 (47.3 (49.5 (67.4 (53.1 (66.5 (53.5 (68.4 (64.2 (63.1 (62.8 (61.6 (61.2 (56.5 (57.6 (62.4 (53.9 (68.7 (64.8 (69.4 (70.2 (61.8 (69.2 (60.0 (60.2 (37.1 (28.3 (49.4 (22.1)

Explosive Comp B-3 Cyclotol DATB

Preparation

(g/cm

(Mg/m*^)) 1.727 1.734 1.756 0.81 .1.705 1.7 57 1.786 1.07 1.815 1.822 0.81 1.786 0.85 1.781

(%) 1.4 2.2 0.8 56.0 7.3 2.9 0.6 43.7 1.4 0.7 55.3 1.5 53.1 1.8 50.3 33.5 24.3 14.3 9.2 5.1 1.4 0.5 66.7 1.7 4.4 0.8 54.2 39.8 3.3 50.9 3.7 55.9 47.4 2.4 1.7 '1.0

HMX Octol ( l a r g e HMX) ( r e g u l a r HMX) PBX-9010-01 PBX-9010-02 PBX-9404-03 (ground, bulk density) (ground) (ground) (ground) (ground) (ground) (slurry) (bimodal)

0.920 1.230 1.400 1.585 1.679 1.755 1.825 1.841 0.60 1.773 1.635 1.702

PBX-9407 Pentolite PETN RDX (raw) Tetryl TNT (granular) (flake) (granluar) T r i tonal (raw)

0.81 1.09 1.750 0.85 1.666 0.73 0.87 1.615 1.626 1.792

T h e v a l u e s in T a b l e 9-7 w e r e obtained at Stanford R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e with a gap t e s t for liquid e x p l o s i v e s . T h e a c c e p t o r s a r e s t e e l t u b e s of 1/2 in. (12.7 m m ) i.d. The s p a c e r s a r e cellulose acetate used X 0.1 in. (2.54 m m ) t h i c k X 4 i n . (101.6 m m ) l o n g . h e r e a s a unit of m e a s u r e m e n t .

d i s k s ( " c a r d s " ) 10 m i l s (0.25 m m ) thick and 1-5/8 in. (41.4 m m ) in d i a m e t e r , in d i a m e t e r and 1/2 i n . (12.7 m m ) long, e a c h w e i g h i n g ~50 g.

The d o n o r s a r e two t e t r y l p e l l e t s 1-5/8 i n . (41.4 m m ) Detonation is detected

on a w i t n e s s p l a t e 1/16 i n . (1.6 m m ) thick for LVD and 3/8 i n . (9.6 m m ) thick for HVD. 7/74

9-28

Table 9-7.

Gap t e s t s e n s i t i v i t i e s of liquid e x p l o s i v e s . LVD gap HVD gap (mm) (381-457) (2790) (90-100) (cards) 77 180 20-44 40

7 HVD v e l o c i t y

Explosive FEFO NG/EGDN 50/50 NM N M / T N M 50/50

(cards) 1500-1800 11,000 a 354-394

(mm) (19.6) (4 5.7) (5.1-10.2) (10)

(km/s) 7.2 7.61 6.3 7.4

None in t h i s g e o m e t r y . Shock I n i t i a t i o n Critical Energy D a t a f r o m a n u m b e r of s o u r c e s show t h a t t h e r e i s a r a t h e r s t r i c t b o u n d a r y b e tween shock i n i t i a t i o n and noninitiation of an e x p l o s i v e a s a function of the e n e r g y flue n c e of the s h o c k w a v e . value. E a c h e x p l o s i v e s t u d i e d h a s a s p e c i f i c c r i t i c a l e n e r g y fluence C r i t i c a l e n e r g y a s a function of p r e s s u r e and t i m e h a s not b e e n e x p l o r e d widely, A critical energy The

but the d a t a to d a t e i n d i c a t e that the c r i t i c a l e n e r g y fluence for i n i t i a t i o n i s p r o b a b l y r e a s o n a b l y c o n s t a n t o v e r the i n i t i a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a n g e s of i n t e r e s t . equation i s E -tP' equation h a s been d e r i v e d from the c o n s e r v a t i o n and Hugoniot r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

2 2 w h e r e E i s the c r i t i c a l e n e r g y in c a l / c m ( J / m ), t i s t h e p u l s e - w i d t h of the i n c i d e n t shock in jus, P i s the shock p r e s s u r e in k b a r (GPa), p i s the d e n s i t y of the e x p l o s i v e 3 3 in g / c m (Mg/m ), and U i s t h e shock v e l o c i t y in cm/^iS (km/s) in the e x p l o s i v e at s p r e s s u r e P . T a b l e 9-8 g i v e s the E v a l u e s for s e v e r a l H E s .

7/74

9-29

Table 9-8.

Critical energies.^
P

c Ref.
8 8 9 8 10 8

Explosive Comp B Comp B-3 HNS-I LX-04 LX-09


NM

(g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) 1.715 1.727 1.555 1.865 1.84 1.13 1.84 1.842 ==1.0 1.0 =1.6 1.93 1.655 1.6 1.645

(cal/cm^ (kJ/m^)) 35(-1500)'' '-29( 1250) <34(<1422) 26(1090) 23(962) 404.7( 17,000) 15(630) 15(644) ~2(~84) 2.7(120) ~4(~167) 226( 9500) 10(420) 100(-i'4200) 34(1420)

PBX-9404 PETN TATB Tetryl TNT (cast) (pressed)

8 11 8 8 8
8 12

13 8

*One cal/cm = 4.184 X 10"* J/m^. The a s t e r i s k s indicate that the values were estimated from data other than critical energy determinations and should be considered as tentative.

Initial Shock P r e s s u r e Shock initiation experiments, such a s wedge tests, provide r e c o r d s of initial shock p r e s s u r e - d i s t a n c e histories c h a r a c t e r i s t i c to each HE. The log P-log x equations in Table 9-9 r e p r e s e n t least squares fits in the p r e s s u r e ranges indicated. The P - x " equations in the table r e p r e s e n t least square fits for runs (x) of l e s s than 25 m m . Some of the fits a r e shown graphically in Fig. 9-19.

Table 9-9.
Explosive Baratol PBX-9011-06 PBX-9404

Least squares fits for shock initiation data.


Equation / l o g P = 1.2352 - 0.3383 log x I P = 5.44 + 22.47 x " ! /log P = 1.1835 - 0.6570 log x IP = 2.59 + 13.55 x P = 1.1192 - 0.6696 log x {p' 2.17 + 9.88 x-1 P = 0.9597 - 0.7148 log x 1.09 + 8.71 x"l log P = 1.0999 - 0.5878 log x log P = 1.1029 - 0.5064 log x log P = 0.6526 - 0.5959 log x log P = 0.3872 - 0.5038 log x log P = 0.3855 - 0.2916 log x P = 1.4170 - 0.4030 log x fp"= 8.24 + 26.01 x-1 log P = 0.7957 - 0.463 log x Range 6.8 S P < 12 6.8 < P < 12 4.8 ^ P < 16 4.8 ^ P < 16 2 < P < 25 3 < P < 25 1.2 S P < 6.3 2.0 S P < 6.3 2.5 S P < 6.9 2.5 S P < 7.2 2.0 ^ P ^ 4.2 1.2 S P ^ 2.0 0.2 ^ P ^ 0.5 11 ^ P < 16 11 < P < 16 3.0 ^ P ^ 5.0 Ref. 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 14 14 16

(Mg/m3) 2.611 1.790 1.840 1.721

PBX-9501-01 PETN TATB XTX-8003

/1.833 11.844 (1.72 <1.60

r.

(i.o
1.876 1.53

X = distance of run to transition to high o r d e r in mm P = initial shock p r e s s u r e in GPa.

9-30

7/74

Pressure GPa

Curve No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Explosive Comp B
NQ

PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PETN PETN PETN TNT XTX-8003

p(Mg/m-^) 1.72 1.69 1.83 1.60 1.0 1.60 1.72 1.63 1.53

TT17 17 18 17 16 16 17 16

Ref.

Fig. 9-19. Log-Log plots of distance of run to detonation vs initial shock p r e s s u r e of various explosives.
7/74

9-31

References E. E. Kilmer, J. Spacecr. Rockets 5, 1216-1219 (1968). T. M. Benziger, X-0242, A High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., Rept. LA-4872-MS (1972). L . G. Green and A. M. Weston, Data Analysis of the Reaction Behavior of Explosive Materials Subjected to Susan Test Impacts, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-13480 (1970). L. G. Green, A. M. Weston, and J. H. van Velkinburg, Mechanical Behavior of Plastic-Bonded Explosives Vertically Dropped on a Smooth, Rigid, Steel Target Surface, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51022 (1971). L . G. Green, A. M. Weston, and J. H. van Velkinburg, Mechanical and Functional Behavior of Skid Test Hemispherical Billets, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51085 (1971). M. J. U r i z a r and L. C. Smith, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., personal communication (1970). R. W. Woolfolk, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., personal communication (1970). F . W. Walker, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, to be published (1974). D. P r i c e , U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., personal communication (1967) L. G. Green, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). L. G. Green, E, J. Nidick, J r . , and F . E. Walker, Critical Shock Initiation of PBX-9404, A New Approach, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL51522 (1974). L. G. Green, E. J. Nidick, J r . , and F . E. Walker, Critical Energy for Shock Initiation of Tetryl and A-5, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID16469 (1974). M. L. Schimmel, QUEST-Quantitative Understanding of Explosive Stimulus Transfer, Summary Report - Tasks 1 thru 6. McDonnell Aircraft Co., St. Louis, Mo,, Rept. MDC-A-1021 (1971). B . G. Craig, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., personal communication (1974). J. Wackerle and J. O. Johnson, P r e s s u r e Measurements on the Shock-Induced Decomposition of High-Density PETN, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., Rept. LA-5131 (1973). D. Stirpe, J. O, Johnson, and J. Wackerle, J. Appl. Phys. 4^., 3884-3893 (1970). J. B. Ramsey and A. Popolato, "Analysis of Shock Wave and Initiation Data for Solid Explosives," in P r o c . 4th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U.S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-126 (1965), pp. 233-238. I. E. Lindstrom, J . Appl. Phys. 37_, 4873-3880 (1966).

9-32

7/74

10.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

Like other polymeric m a t e r i a l s , the secondary HEs discussed h e r e a r e good electrical insulators. They a r e not considered to be sensitive to accidental initiation from electric s p a r k s . Dielectric Constant The dielectric constant e, also called relative permittivity, is density-dependent; it IS defined as the ratio of the capacitance of a condenser filled with the sample m a t e rial to the capacitance of the condenser with a vacuum between its plates. The dielectric constants of several explosives a r e given in Table 1 0 - 1 . An empirical, logarithmic relationship has been established for two-component HEs composed of the same materials in different proportions. Figure 10-1 illustrates this mixing rule for TNT/RDX compositions. The relationship is expressed as log k^ = e^ log K^ = 6^ log k^. where k = relative permittivity of the mixture, ^l''^2 ^ I'elative permittivities of components, and 6-,, ^2 = volume ratios of components.

3.4

' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1


Cyclotol n/ / ^ Comp B rT

3.2

3.0 -

-J
H

'Xast TNT
2.8

, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1
0 20 40 60 80
RDX wt %

1 1

100

Fig. 1 0 - 1 . Logarithmic mixing rule applied to TNT-RDX mixtures 1

7/74

10-1

Table 1 0 - 1 . Dielectric constants, e.


p 0.9 Material Baratol Boracitol Comp B Comp B - 3 ^ (pressed) Cyclotol Exon 461 HMX-I(i3) HMX-II(ff)
HMX-IIKT)

1.0 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1.05 3,4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2.492.55 2.77"^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1.12 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2.61 _ _ _ _

1.4 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1.5 2

1.53 1 _ 2.84*^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1.6 1.2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1.7 2,5 _ _ _ _ _ _

1.72

1.73

1.75 6

1.76 1,7

1.81 1

1.82 8

1.84 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3.52^ _ _ _

1.86 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1.87 8

1.90 8 _ _ _ _ _ 3.087^ _ _

2.02 9

2.59 1 4.12^

2 _ _ _ _ _

Reference 1 6 _ _ 3.25*^ _ 3.41^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ 3.00^^ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3.38"^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2.82'^ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ 3.20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -

_ _ _ _

4.671 _ 3.44^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Kel-F LX-04-1 Octol PBX-9404 (pressed) PETN PETN (detonator grade) Polystyrene Sylgard Tetryl TNT TNT (cast)

2 102*^ 2.310*^ _ _ 2.059'^ _ _ _ _ 2.163'' _

2.447*' 2 . 5 7 ? ' ' _ _ _ 2.795*'

2.727'' 2.897'' _ _ _ 3.097'' _ 2.88 _ _ _ 3.304'' _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

2.95^ 3.5*^ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _

2.728*' 2.905*' 2.629'' _

2.048*' 2 . 1 3 1 ' '

Comp B - 3 ; TNT/RDX 37.8/62.2. M e a s u r e d at 35 G H z . M e a s u r e d at 1 k H z . M e a s u r e d at 3 GHz. M e a s u r e d a t 5 MHz. ' M e a s u r e d a t 25 G H z .

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. B. Hayes, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., personal communication (1956). G. F . Cawsey, J. L. F a r r a n d s , and S. Thomas, P r o c . Roy. Soc. (London) 248A, 499-521 (1958). J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, eds., Polynier Handbook, Interscience, N.Y. (1966). Dow Corning, Hemlock, Mich., Information About Electronic Materials, Bulletin 07-123 (May 1964). Firestone Plastics Company, Exon, Sales Service Bulletin No. 20 (1956). K. Ernst, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). M. Fulk, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). M. Bedard, H. Huber, J. L. Myers, and G. F . Wright, Can. J. Chem. 40, 2278-2299 (1962). Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minn,, Kel-F Elastomer P r o p e r t i e s and Applications, Service Bulletin (no date).

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10-3

11.

TOXICITY

Toxic symptoms can result from exposure to some HEs and components by inhalation of the dust or vapor, by ingestion, or by contact with the skin. Most explosives a r e not highly toxic, but c a r e l e s s handling could result in systemic poisoning, usually affecting the bone marrow (blood-cell-producing system) and the liver. The following general precautions (LLL standard operating procedures) should be observed on all HEs: 1. The material should be handled only in a well-ventilated a r e a . 2. Skin contact should be avoided. Explosives can be absorbed through the skin, or they may cause skin rash (the most common symptom among explosives handlers). Daily baths and clean clothing a r e recommended for persons engaged in HE processing. Toxicities, where known, a r e listed in Table 1 1 - 1 . Table 1 1 - 1 . Health hazards of explosives. Explosive BDNPA/BDNPF Cab-O-Sil Comp C-4 DIPAM DOP Estane Exon 461 FEFO HNAB HNS NC NG NM NQ PETN RDX TEF Tetryl TNM TNT
T

Toxicity None
2

Low Moderate" 4 Moderate


T 5

Low None^ Slight^ High^ 9 Slight Slight^ None"* Very high 4 Moderate Slight'^ High^ Slight 10 Moderate when ingested 11 High^ 4 Very high 4 Moderate

7/74

11-1

References M. Finger, P r o p e r t i e s of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal and Bis(2,2dinitropropyDformal, Eutectic Mixture, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-16088 (1972). H. G. Hammond, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, personal communication (1974). A. J. Hollander, Mil. Med. 134, 1529-1530 (1969). N. 1. Sax, Dangerous P r o p e r t i e s of Industrial Materials (Reinhold, New York, 1968). M. Radeva and S. Dinoeva, Khig. Zdraveopazvane, 9(5), 510-16 (1966). (Cited in Chem. Abstr. 66, Abstr. 103632 (1967). B . F . Goodrich Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Estane Polyurethane Solution Systems, TSR 64-18 (1964). Firestone P l a s t i c s Co., Pottstown, Pa., Sales Service Bulletin No. 20 (nd). B, J . Mechalas and P . H. Allen, Toxicology Screening of FEFO, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-13372 (1968). A. C. Schwarz, Applications of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosive Components, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., Rept. SC-RR-710673 (1972). A. S. Kaplan, C. F . Berghout, and A. Peczenik, Arch. Environ. Health 10, 877-883 (1965), Celanese Corporation, Chemical Division, New York, N. Y., Celluflex CEF, Products Bulletin N-46-2 (1955).

11-2

7/74

II. Mock Explosives


12. INTRODUCTION It is often convenient for test purposes to have m a t e r i a l s that duplicate compositional, mechanicail, or other properties of an HE but lacks its hazards. A s e r i e s of mock materials has been formulated for these purposes. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p r o p e r ties of these mocks a r e summarized in this section according to the same scheme used for HEs in the preceding sections. A mock HE is a nonexplosive equivalent of a particular explosive formulation. The approved all-purpose mock for LX-04-1 might naturally be called L M - 0 4 - 1 . However, mocks do not always (in fact, they seldom do) psiir in one-to-one relation with the corresponding HE. For PBX-9404, for example, t h e r e a r e t h r e e separate mocks: a compositional mock, a physical-property mock, and a t h e r m a l mock. F o r this and other r e a s o n s too involved to detail here, no attempt is made to achieve correspondence beyond the class designation. Thus, there may be an LM-04-5 that mocks the t h e r m a l expansion characteristics of LX-04-2, or an RM-06-H that mocks the density of RX-06-AA, etc. Selection of the best mock HE for a specific purpose involves the following steps: Selection of the properties to be mocked. Some examples: 1. Atomic composition 2. Density 3. Thermal properties Coefficient of t h e r m a l expansion Heat transfer p r o p e r t i e s (Table 15-1 shows how to select the properties for a specific boundary condition) 4. Mechanical properties Elastic behavior Viscoelastic behavior Failure behavior Comparison with the HE of interest over the appropriate t e m p e r a t u r e range. either by direct comparison of properties or by comparison of r e s u l t s from analytical calculations.

12/72

12-1

CM

13.

NAMES AND FORMULATIONS

Table 13-1. Formulations of mock explosives.


Explosive properties mocked l'BX-9404: mechanical properties Composition (wt%) Pentaerythritol Ba(N03)2 NCCEF Cyanuric acid Melamine NC ;Jc'n 46.0 2.8 3.2 32
4 4

Mock
'JOG 10

Molecular formula * 1 . 8 9 ^ 4 . 4 4 ' ^ 0 . 3 8 ^ ^ 2 . 6 2 ^ ^ 0 . 1 8 * ^ ^ 0 . 0 3 ^ 0 . 0 1

')0503

P B X - 9 4 0 4 and L X - 1 0 : atomic composition

^2.32^3.18'^2.96*-'l.60^^0.04 ^0.01

cr:F
LM-04-0 L.X-04: a t o m i c c o m position^ LX-04: mechanical properties static and d y n a m i c Cyanuric acid Melamine Viton A Cyanuric acid Ba(N03)2 Viton A

"iQ 7 ^,-' 16.8 ^-^ 14.5 15

C H N O F '-2.34 2.66'^2.51^1.39^0.63 ^2.02^1,86^1.751.97^0.54^^0.06

KM-04-BG

A p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.05"n of a r e d p i g m e n t i s a l s o a d d e d t o t h e s e f o r m u l a t i o n s . M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t s of t h e s e m i x t u r e s a r e a r b i t r a r i l y t a k e n a s 100. Although d e s i g n e d a s an a t o m i c - c o m p o s i t i o n m o c k , L M - 0 4 - 0 c a n a l s o be u s e d a s a n a p p r o x i m a t e m o c k of t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of L X - 0 4 - 1 at a m b i e n t c o n d i t i o n s .

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13-1

14. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Table 14-1. Pt^rsical states Jind densities.^ Physical state Solid Solid Solid Solid TMD, p (g/cm3 (Mg/m3)) 1.89 1.68 1.727 1.914 Nominal density, p (g/cm3 (Mg/m^)) 1,88 1.57 1.70 1.87

Mock HE 90010 90503 LM-04-0 RM-04-BG

Mock HE 90010 has been widely used for many years, both at LLL and at LASL, where it was originally formulated. However, it could be considered a very low-grade propellant, since it contains a fair amount of BaNOo. It burns in air with a sooty flame. Decomposition at 250C (523 K) results in about 117 ml of gas evolved per gram of material. RUBY calculations were made for approximations of volume burn. The identity of the solid products of combustion is not clear; they could be either BaCOg or BaO. If we assume that the more energetic BaCO is a product, the calculated energy equivalent is about one-third that for TNT. Many differential thermal analyses have been made; they all show a characteristic exotherm. Mock HE 90010 is difficult to ignite and will not propagate a detonation, but it is definitely an exothermic material. It is strongly recommended that 90010 no longer be used in experiments involving fissQe materials. 2 RM-04-BG contains relatively much l e s s BaNO,. Its RUBY calculations for volume burn indicate that the greater heat input would be required to decompose it than would be obtained from the final oxidation; nevertheless it does show a small exotherm at 400''C (673 K). Clearly it presents less of a potential hazard than mock 2 90010, but it also should not be used for experiments with fissile m a t e r i a l s .

References 1. R. C. Murray, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, personal communication (1972). 2. E. James, J r . , Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, personal communication (1973).

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14-1

15. THERMAL PROPERTIES This section contains information on the selection of heat transfer properties, thermal conductivities k, coefficients of thermsQ expansion CTE, glass transition points T_, and specific heats C . Table 15-1 shows how to select the appropriate heat-transfer properties to be mocked. This table is based on mocking the temperature under specific conditions. In steady-state problems with insulated or prescribed-temperatiu:e boundsu:y conditions, thermal properties have no significance and any material could be used.

Table 15-1. Criteria for selection of heat-transfer properties to be mocked.


Boundary conditions No heat generation Insulated P r e s c r i b e d temperature P r e s c r i b e d heat flux Convection Heat generation Insulated P r e s c r i b e d temperature P r e s c r i b e d heat flux Convection Transient problems^ a a a,k a,k a,k
Q-.k

Steady-state problems a

k k k k k k

a,k a,k

^Herek = thermal conductivity, or = ^pC

= thermal diffusivity.

Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Specific heats were determined by an ice calorimetry technique. in Table 15-2 and Figs. 15-1 and 15-2. Data a r e given

Table 15-2. Thermal conductivities k and specific heats C . C^(Ref. 2)


k (Ref. 1) Mock HE 90010 90503 LM-04-0 RM-04-BG (BTU/hr-ft- op) 0.31 0.36 0.59 0.66 (10-4 c a l / s e c - "O (12.8) (14.9) (24.3) (27.2) (W/m-Kf (0.54) (0.62) (1.02) (1.14) BTU/lb- op or c a l / g 0.23 0.29 0.28 0.24 (kJ/kg-Klf" (0.96) (1.21) (1.17) (1.004)

^One cal/cm-sec-C = 4.184 X 10^ W/m-K; 1 BTU/hr-ft-F = 0.004135 cal/cm-sec-C = 1.729577 W/m-K. ^One BTU/lb-'F = 1 cal/g-C = 4.184 kJ/kg-K.

12/72

15-1

-0.0028

1.2

0.65-0.0026 1.1

0.0024 ^j
o I

1.0
E

0)
JZ

r
0.0022 0.0018 '

B u ^ u

0.40-

0.70

-0.0016

0.35-0.0014 60 Temperature "F (250) (300) Temperature K 180 J I (350)

-0.60

Fig. 15-1. Thermal conductivity k as a fimction of temperature. Conversion factors: 1 BTU/hr-ft-'F = 1.729577 W/m-K; 1 cal/sec-cm-'C = 4.184 X 102w/m-K.

15-2

12/72

1
0.30 90010

1
1.30

0.26
o D>

y1 1 1
1 1

1.10

0.22
D (J U.

-0.90

0.18

l.SOu

1.10

0.90 0.18

-60

60

120

180

-60

60

120

180

Temperature F (225) (275) (325) (225) (275) (325)

Temperature K

Fig. 15-2.

Specific heat Cp as a function of t e m p e r a t u r e . 1 BTU/lb-F = 1 cal/g-C = 4.184 kJ/kg-K.

Conversion factor:

12/72

15-3

Thermal Expansion Early CTE data for cyanuric-acid-type mock HEs were affected by surface chalking and growth; this is now prevented by a parylene coating. CTE data a r e given in Table 15-3. Table 15-3. Coefficients of t h e r m a l expansion CTE a' 3 and g l a s s transition t e m p e r a t u r e s Tg.
L i n e a r C T t (0) Mock HE 90010 90503 LM-04-0 RM-Q4-BG (10' 6 in./in.15 5 23 3 20.8 29.5 21.5 43.9 19.2 37.5 F) (10 '^ c m / c m - C (nm/m-K)) (27.9) (41.9) (37.4) (53.1) (38 7) (79 0) (34.6) (67.5) leniperature (F) - 6 5 to -30 - 1 0 to 165 - 6 5 to -10 10 to 165 - 6 5 to -24 10 to 165 - 6 5 to -20 0 to 165 (K) (21<)-2J9) (250-147) (219-250) (261-347) (219-243) (261-347) (219-244) (255-347) 199 4 m e a s . ^ 19a calc -30 to 70 (243-343) Cubic C T F (3) (lO"'' cm cm-'-C \^m m - K ) ) Temperature ("C (K))

'',
C F (K)) -18 -18 -18 -18 (245) (245) (245) (245)

Pressed density p ( g / c m ^ (Mg/m^)) 1.880-1 882 1.574-1.589 1 705-1.715 1.80

One i n . / i n . - F - 1.8 c m / c m - C - 1.8 m / m - K .

References 1. 2. 3. 4. R. T. R. M. C. Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). Hoheisel, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1969). C. Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1968). Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal commimication (1965).

15-4

7/74

16.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The (data presented here^ are for each mock HE without comparison with the corresponding live HE. A mechanical mock can best be selected by selecting the appropriate mechanical property to be mocked and then making a comparison with the available data for the HE, Figure 16-1 shows the s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationship in compression for RM-04-BG,

15

-103.43

000 s
10

-1 68.95

525 -1

34.47

6.6X 10"^ s "^ 6.6X 10"^ s "^ 3.3X 10"'*s ' ^

15 Strain %

Fig, 16-1, Compressive s t r e s s strain curves for RM-04-BG at various strain r a t e s , ^

12/72

16-1

Static Mechanical Properties Included here ^re data on initial modulus EQ, tension creep, failure envelope, and coefficient of friction f."^ Initial Modulus

2x10

13.80 10.35 6.89 3.45

Q.

O 0 13.80 1 o - 10.35

<2

-60

0 I (250)

60 I (300)

120

180

-60

60

120

180

Temperature F I l_ (350) (250)


Temperature K

(300)

(350)

Fig. 16-2. Initial longitudinal modulus En V9 temperature. 1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.

Conversion factor:

16-2

12/72

Tension Creep 120

CN

I
c _a
"5. E o u a
(J

Fig. 16-3. Tension creep data. Conversion factor: 1 in.^/lbf = 1.450377 X lo"* m^/N, 12/72 16-3

Failure Envelope

1600-

11.03

1200 -

_ 8.27

Q.

800-

5.52

400-

2.76

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

S t r a i n j u i n . / i n . (/Jm/m)

Fig, 16-4.

Failure envelopes.

Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.

16-4

12/72

Friction

0.5-

10

10"^ 1 10^ Sliding velocity in./min (4.23 m/s)

10"

L
(10"^) (10"*) (10'*) Sliding velocity 4.23 X m / i (10-2) (1)

Fig. 16-5. Coefficient of friction f as a function of sliding velocity v. Conversion factor: 1 inVmln = 4.23 X 10-4 m / s .

12/72

16-5

Dynamic Mechanical Properties Compressive Stress-Strain The Hbpkinson split-bar technique was used to determine the compressive stress4 strain properties of mock HE and Viton. The results are shown in Fig. 16-6.

10

I r RM-04-BG data Viton-A data Extrapolation

Eu ^10' Eu o
o.

-10 8 Sg
a

I
3

e 10'

'0^ I a>
c S
D C

1
o 10'

.o'l

10^ 10 in ./in ./sec (n/m-s)

Fig. 16-6. Stress and tangent moduli for RM-04-BG and Viton as a function of strain rate.^ Also shown is the ultrasonically determined modulus Eu. Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.

16-6

12/72

Hugoniot Data The Hugoniots of u n r e a c t e d m o c k H E s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m M a r s h ' s m e a s u r e d 5 sound v e l o c i t i e s ( T a b l e s 7-4 and 1 6 - 1 ) , and a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e 1 6 - 2 . Table 1 6 - 1 . P (Mg/m3) 1.84 1.61 Sound v e l o c i t i e s . c s (km/s) 1.56 1.48 % (km/s) 2.67 2.09

Mock 90010 90503

^1 (km/s) 3.22 2.70

T a b l e 16-- 2 .

L e a s t sq u a r e s fits for Hugoniots of u n r e a c t e d m o c k HE s .

Mock 90010 90503

P (Mg/m^) 1.84 1.61

Equation U = 2.70 + 1.62 U ^ s p [U = 2.67 + 1,57 U J s p l U = 3.39 + 1 . 2 5 U I, s p

Range

U < 6.28 s U > 6.27 s

The f l y e r - p l a t e d a t a for m o c k H E s a r e shown in F i g . 1 6 - 7 ; c o m p a r e with Figs.7-13 through 7-15. H E s (p. 7 - 1 5 ) . See a l s o the s e c t i o n on D y n a m i c M e c h a n i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of

7/74

16-7

3.2

LX-04-1
E

LM-04-0

RM-04-BG 2.8
o o o o

2,4

0.2
Particle velocity mm//usec ( k m / s )

0.4

Fig. 16-7. Hugoniot data for LM-04-0 and RM-04-BG, compared with L X - 0 4 - 1 . References 1. 2. 3. R. C, Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1970). K. G. Hoge, Applied Polymer Symposia 5, 19-40 (1967). K. G. Hoge, "Friction and Viscoelastic P r o p e r t i e s of Highly Filled P o l y m e r s : Plastic-Bonded Explosives," in Developments in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 4 (Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, 1970), pp. 371-392. K, G. Hoge, Explosivstoffe 18^, 39-41 (1970). S. Marsh, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N, M., personal communication (1974). R, J. Wasley and R. H. Valentine, Shock-Pulse Attenuation and Hugoniot Studies of Three Explosives and Three Mock Explosives, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50950 (1970),

4. 5. 6.

16-8

7/74

III. Code Designations


This section defines and describes the codes now in use at LLL and LASL for designating explosive m a t e r i a l s . Three categories of explosives a r e covered, LLL formulations in production, LLL r e s e a r c h formulations and LASL PBX designations. The code for each type is distinctive and easily recognized, LLL CODE DESIGNATIONS Formulations in Production (LX Code) A specific code designation in this category is assigned to an explosive when the state of development of its formulation has reached the point where (1) a set of reasonable manufacturing specifications cm be written for the developed formulation, (2) the evaluation of the m a t e r i a l ' s chemical, physical, explosive properties and sensitivity is essentially complete, (3) the material has a definite application. This code consists of the two l e t t e r s LX followed by a dash, two digits, a second dash, and finally a single digit. The first pair of digits is m e r e l y an a r b i t r a r y s e r i a l number assigned in sequence. The last digit denotes a subclass in the s e r i e s . Thus we have LX-01-0, LX-02-1, . . , , LX-05-0, etc. The l a s t digit provides for the small changes in manufacturing specifications that inevitably occur. F o r example, when LX-04-0 has undergone a revision of explosive particle size, new lots, manufactured under the revised specification, are identified as LX-04-1, LX-01 A liquid material, characterized by a wide liquid range (-65 to +165F (219-347 K)), moderate energy r e l e a s e , and good stability and sensitivity properties, CAUTION: The TNM component is moderately volatile and highly toxic, LX-02 A material of puttylike texture characterized by ability to propagate in very small diameters, LX-02 is derived from a s e r i e s of DuPont formulations, the EL-506 s e r i e s . Its immediate p r e d e c e s s o r in development, called EL-506 L-3, r e p r e sented one of several LLL modifications to DuPont's EL-506D, EL-506 L-3 became LX-02-0, and differed from the composition above by the inclusion of a few tenths of a percent of a red dye (DuPont Oil Red). Later, the dye was omitted because it tends to migrate out of the explosive under certain conditions.

12/72

17-1

LX-04 A solid explosive chairacterized by excellent mechanical and compatibility properties, an energy r e l e a s e about 9% l e s s than LX-09, and sensitivity p r o p e r ties much superior to LX-09. LX-07-2A modification of LX-04 with a higher energy r e l e a s e (5% l e s s than LX-09-0) obtained at the expense of some degradation in the mechanical p r o p e r t i e s (less elongation, etc.) and in sensitivity. LX-08 An extrudable, curable explosive developed for u s e in Dautriche timing tests. LX-09 Similar to the LASL explosive PBX-9404, but with significantly i m proved t h e r m a l stability and slighttly poorer physical p r o p e r t i e s . LX-10 In the same energy class as LX-09 and PBX-9404, but utilizing HMX and Viton A like LX-04, and having excellent t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . It also exhibits high creep r e s i s t a n c e but may be somewhat m o r e sensitive than the others. LX-11 Like LX-04 but intentionally degraded in energy by adding an additional 5% binder. LX-13 A variant of the LASL explosive XTX-8003. A m a s t e r log kept in the office of the Organic Materials Division contains the current listing of LX number assignments. The listing includes a detailed description of each LX explosive.

17-2

12/72

Research Explosives (RX Code) A great variety of explosive formulations that never enter "production" are generated as the result of vsirious r e s e a r c h and development p r o g r a m s . These m a t e r i a l s are designated " r e s e a r c h " explosives and identified by a code patterned after the LX code. The code is applied to all m a t e r i a l s that are formulated in large amounts or that a r e handled by large numbers of people outside the Organic Materials Division (either in- or outside the Laboratory). The RX-code consists of the l e t t e r s RX followed by a dash, two digits, another dash, and finally two capital alphabetic c h a r a c t e r s . Thus we might have RX-Ol-AA, RX-13-XD, etc. The two digits, assigned a r b i t r a r i l y in sequence, define a general class of formulation. Thus, RX-01 r e f e r s to nitrometiiane liquid formialations, RX-02 to PETN extrudable formulations, etc. The two final l e t t e r s in the code, also assigned arbitrarily in sequence (AA, AB, etc.) refer to a specific formulation within that generad c l a s s . RX-01 A s e r i e s of liquid materials containing nitromethane, RX-02 A s e r i e s of extrudable m a t e r i a l s containing PETN. RX-03 A s e r i e s of solid, plastic-bonded m a t e r i a l s containing DATB or TATB. RX-04 A s e r i e s of solid, plastic-bonded m a t e r i a l s composed of HMX amd fluorocarbon elastomer. A specific example is RX-04-AB (HMX/Viton A 85/15); the HMX is defined as Holston's Class A. This m a t e r i a l is for r e s e a r c h purposes only, it is very much more sensitive than LX-04 with the identical chemical composition. RX-05 A s e r i e s of solid, plastic-bonded m a t e r i a l s based on HMX amd polystyrene. RX-06A s e r i e s of extrudable materials based on HMX/4, 4-dinitropentanoic acid e s t e r formulations. RX-07 A Series: A s e r i e s of cyclotols (RDX/TNT) containing various additives. B Series: A s e r i e s of LX-07-type explosives. RX-08 A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on formulations of HMX, energetic liquids, and polymers. They are p r i m a r i l y for use in polymerization/pressure-casting experiments, RX-09 A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on formulations of HMX and energetic binders. The binders a r e primarily based on plasticized poly(2, 2-dinitropropylacrylate). These explosives are intended to be high-energy formulations replacing PBX-9404. 12/72 17-3

RX-10A s e r i e s of rigid plastic-bonded explosives containing RDX and a fluorocarbon binder. They a r e p r i m a r i l y designed a s insensitive replacements of PBX-9010, RX-11A s e r i e s of rigid plastic-bonded explosives containing HMX and a light metal perchlorate. RX-12A s e r i e s of inert metal-loaded formulation of HMX/Viton. RX-13 Potentially explosive materials compoxmded to produce color changes from the heat produced upon impact. RX-14 A s e r i e s of HMX/polyethylene formulations. These explosives p o s s e s s a very liigh degree of insensitivity, even though they a r e formulated with relatively low volume percentages of binder. RX-15 PETN- or BTF-based rigid PBXs for booster applications. RX-16 HMX/silicone formulations made in paste or putty form using a spray-on catalyst. RX-17A s e r i e s of HMX-based rigid explosives using various binders and energetic plasticizers. RX-18A s e r i e s of paste explosives containing HMX and a perchlorate. fluid is energetic, for example, EDNP or F E F O . The c a r r i e r

RX-19An extrudable explosive consisting of c l a s s - E HMX and water with a reinforcing agent, such as milled glass fibers, and a wetting agent. RX-20A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on HMX and an energetic binder (NFPATVOPA). These a r e p r i m a r i l y formulations to replace PBX-9404. RX-21A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on HMX, a perchlorate, and energetic binders. RX-22 A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives for exploring advanced energy concepts. RX-23 A s e r i e s of liquid explosives based on hydrazine.

17-4

12/72

RX-24A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives containing HMX, PVC/PVA, and graphite. RX-25A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on HMX, a light metal, a perchlorate, and a binder. RX-26A s e r i e s of high-temperature composite explosives based on TATB. RX-27A s e r i e s of high-temperature explosives based on TACOT. RX-28A s e r i e s of conventional high-temperature plastic-bonded explosives. RX-29A s e r i e s of explosives consisting of separate components which a r e nondetonable until mixed. RX-30A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on gelled nitromethane and various perchlorates. A m a s t e r log kept in the office of the Organic Materials Division (Bldg. 222) lists and describes in detail each RX explosive. No correlation exists between RX and LX code number sequences.

7/74

17-5

t>

t^

LASL CODE DESIGNATIONS The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has a number code for designating PBX materials that r e a c h the stage of pilot or full-scale production. The code consists of four digits, a dash, and two more digits (for example, 9010-02). The first two digits give the weight percentage of the major explosive ingredient in the formulation. The next two digits represent an a r b i t r a r y s e r i a l number, assigned in sequence as m a t e r i als a r e developed. The digits following the dash r e p r e s e n t a second arbitrsirily assigned serial number to designate different modifications of a given formulation. Thus, PBX9010-02 is a material that contains 90 weight percent of the major explosive ingredient, is the tenth 90% material to be developed, and is the second modification of that psirticular composition. The last two digits a r e often deleted in references to LASL m a t e r i a l s . Thus, production PBX-9404 should, strictly speaking, be designated PBX-9404-03. The -03 designates a product manufactured in Holston equipment from HMX with a particular p a r t i c l e - s i z e distribution. LASL r e s e a r c h explosives c a r r y the designation X followed by a four-digit number.

12/72

17-7

CM

CO I

IV. Data Sheets: Collected Properties of Explosives and Energetic Materials


This section contains the assembled data sheets of properties of individual explosives and related materials of continuing interest to this Laboratory, For details, conversion factors, and references, please refer to Section I, The symbols and units used in these data sheets a r e listed below for your convenience. Property Boiling point Chapman-Jouguet p r e s s u r e Coefficient of thermal expansion linear cubical Creep compliance Crystal data Density Detonation velocity Dielectric constant Drop weight sensitivity Energy cylinder test Gap test (1/2 in.) Glass transition point Heat of detonation Heat of formation Initial modulus Melting point Molecular refraction Molecular weight Refractive index Skid test Solubility Specific heat Thermal conductivity Vapor p r e s s u r e Symbol b,p.
PCJ

Unit C (K) kbar (GPa) m/m-K m/m-K m^/N A g //c m 3 mm/jusec (km/s) cm (10"^m) (mm//./sec)^/2 (MJ/kg) mil (mm) F (K) kcal/g (kJ/kg) kcal/mol (kJ/mol) GPa C (K)

a ^

P D

e "50 ^cyl
Gap

AH^

^o m.p.
R

MW
n

Skid sol.
Cp k

ft (m)

cal/g-C (kJ/kg-K) c a l / s e c - c m - C (W/m-I B T U / h r - f t - F (W/m-K) mm Hg (Pa)

v.p,

12/72

18-1

CM

MATERIAL: B I S ( 2 , 2 - D I N I T R O P R O P Y L ) A C E T A L / BIS(2.2-DINITROPROPYL)FORMAL (Plasticizer)

DESIGNATION :
SUPPLIER:

BDNPA/BDNPF

2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION BDNPA BDNPF wt% 56 50

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : Color : straw A t . comp. : M W : 100 TMD : Nominal : 1.383-1.397 at m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 25C(298K) b.p. ("C (K) ) : - 1 5 0 at 0.01 m m H g (-428 a t 1.33 Pa) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point {C (K) ) : f . p . ("C (K) : < - 5 2 6 8 ) 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AH^ (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -46.38 k c a l / 1 0 0 g (-194.1 k J / 0 . 1 kg) Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i-insol.) : s benzene, toluene i water Elongation (/^ : Density fe/cm ) : liquid Crystal cJota :

R: n : 1.462-1.464 at 25">C (298 K) Shore hardness :

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES (P =

I I . TOXICITY None. T (F (K) ) : C P NOTES (cai/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):

7/74

18-3

BDNPA/BDNPF

18-4

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

BENZOTRIS-[l,2,5] OXADIAZOLE -[1,4,7] TRIOXIDE STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

BTF

Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 8. 0.24-0.40 0.05 (purified)

Physical state: s o l i d Color: MW: buff CgNgOg


o

A t . comp.: 252.1

DETONATION PROPERTIES ( P= 1.859

D (mm/^isec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.485 TMD: 1.901 Nominal: 1.87 ,-1 P j - j (kbar (10 GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 294 (MJ/kg)):

Density ( g / c m ):

(p=

1.882

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 198-200(471-47-3) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : _ v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y|((mm//usec)^/2 6 mm: Crystal data: o r t h o r h o m b i c (Pna2 ) a = c = 9.92 6.52 b = 19.52 1.305

( p = 1.859

19 mm: 1.680 9. SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 11 12B tool

H5Q(cm(10-2

R: Susan test: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (kcal/g (MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A H, ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) : ^2 ( i ) 1.69 (7.07) 1.41 (5.90) +144.5 (+605) 2 (g)

AH.

1.69 (7.07) 1.41 (5.90) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. ( f t (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s a c e t o n e , benzene, DMFA, DMSO, ethanol, ethyl a c e t a t e , ethyl e t h e r , pyridine i carbon tetrachloride, 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: water

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(P =

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:

11.

TOXICITY

7/74

18-5

BTF
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

BENZOTRIS-11,2,5] OXADIAZOLE-[l,4,7] TRIOXIDE

I n i t i a l modulus

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500


Tempera fure **

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

18-6

7/74

MATERIAL: A M O R P H O U S S I L I C O N O X I D E ( G e l l i n g agent)

DESIGNATION : SUPPLIER : Cabot C o r p .

Cob-O-Sil

M-5

2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

O Si O

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : s o l i d ( f l u f f y p o w d e r ) Color : MW: white Si02 TMD : 2.3 Nominal : m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point ("C (K) ) : f.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -215.94 (-903.5) 2.2 R: n: 1.46 Shore hardness : 60.09 A t . comp. : Crystal data : amorphous

Density (g/cm^) :

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i-insol.) :

Elongation (/c) :

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k : CTE:

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES (p =

11. TOXICITY Tg (F (K) ) : C P NOTES (cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): Low.

7/74

18-7

Cab-O-Sil M-5

18-8

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: C O M P B, G R A D E A 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMUU\TION wt% RDX TNT Wax 63 36 1

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (''F(K)):

COHfip

Cp(cal/g-'>C(kJ/kg-K)):

Thermol stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 8. 0.25 9 for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 0.051

Physical state: Color: MW: A t . comp.: 100

0.05-0.16

C2_03H2_g4N2_^gO2_g^ TMD: Nominal: 1.74 1.71

DETONATION PROPERTIES 7.99 ( p= (p= 1.72 1.717 ) )

D (mm//Jsec ( k m / s ) ) : P j - j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 295

Density (g/cm"^):

m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : - 8 0 ( - 3 5 3 ) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y|((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: 1.035

(MJ/kg)):

(p=

1.717

19 mm: 1.330 9. SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 45 128 tool

H^Q(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 {Jl) 1.54 (6.44) +1.0 (+5.78) ^^2 (g) 1.40 (5.86) -

Susan test:

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj, ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): 16-26 (0.41-0.66)

(p=

1.710

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 6.27 X l o ' ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.262 W / m - K ) CTE: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

11.

TOXICITY

^___.^^^_^^__-_.^^^^_
7/74

18-9

Comp B
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

COMP B, GRADE A

Initial modulus

Creep

Failure envelope

NOTES

+5 +4 + 3[
42

10 Comp B '
9

+1 / ,' \ ^ 0-x^ \ -1 1 -2 \ -3 \ -4 ^-1 -5 C ) 1 00 200 300 Tennpera ture - " C

J y^^^^
>
E 4 3 2 1 0

8 7 6 5

18-10

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: C Y C L O T O L 7 5 / 2 5 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% RDX TNT 75 25

DESIGNATION:

Cyclotol

7 5 / 2 5

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 0,25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 0.014-0.04 0.25-0.94

Physical state: Color: A t . comp.: MW: 100

C^_7gH2_5gN2_3g02_gg TMD: Nominal: 1.77 1.75-1.76

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/iusec ( k m / s ) ) : P(-j (kbar (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 316 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.754 ) 8.30 ( p= (p= 1.76 1.752 ) )

Density (g/cm"^):

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 79-80 (352-353) b.p. ( ' > C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 0.1 at 100C (13.33 at 373 K )

E^y|((mm/;usec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 1.140

19 mm: 1.445 9. SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 33 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"2

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 (H ) 1.57 (6.57) +3.01 (+13.8) ^ 2 (g) 1.44 (6.03) _

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y - 180 f t / s e c ( - 5 5 m / s ) ; g e n e r a l l y d i f f i c u l t to i g n i t e but capable of l a r g e r e a c t i o n .

A Hj^^ (kcal / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj. ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) 0.88 (0.27) 28.0 (8.53) 4 0

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l s c a l e : 1 0 - 1 6 (0.25-0.41) L a r g e s c a l e : 1.646 (41.8)

(p = 1.753) (p = 1.756)

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: 3.38 (p = 1.75)

11.

TOXICITY

7/74 18-11

Cyclotol 7 5 / 2 5
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

CYCLOTOL 7 5 / 2 5

Initial modulus

Creep

Failure envelope

NOTES

<

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

Cyclotol

'

^J
1 1 1

f\\
1

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

()

100 200 300 Te npe nature - C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-12

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: l , 3 - D I A M I N O - 2 , 4 , 6 - T R I N I T R O B E N Z E N E 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION NH OjN NOj

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):


y

DATB

Cp(cal/g-''C(kj/kg-K)): NHj NOj 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid CgH^N^Og TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 286 (559) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)): 1.837 1.79 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 259 250

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: <0.03 <0.03

Physical state: Color: yellow A t . comp.: MW: 243.1

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 7.52 ( p= (p= 1.79 1,78 ) )

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

E^y|((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: (Pc2) a = 7.30 b = 5.20 c = 11.63 19 mm: 9. SENSITIVITY m)):

(MJ/kg)):

(p=

H^Q(cm(10"^

12 tool >177

12B tool >177

R:

Susan test:

5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^ (i) 1.26 (5.27) 0.98 (4.10) -29.23 (-122) ^^2 (g) 1.15 (4.81) 0.91 (3.81) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A H^ ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s D M F A , DMSO i acetone, benzene, c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e , t e t r a c h l o r i d e , ethanol, w a t e r 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 6.00 X 10"* c a l / s e c - m - C (0.251 W / m - K ) a = 32-46 / u m / m - K at 253 K a = 52-66 lum/m-K at 358 K carbon

Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l s c a l e : U - 1 7 (0.28-0.43) L a r g e s c a l e : 1.641 (41.7)

(p = 1.801) (p = 1.786)

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE:

11.

TOXICITY

7/74

18-13

DATB
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

1.3-DIAMINO-2. 4, 6-TRINITROBENZENE

Initial modulus

Creep
NOTES

Failure envelope

50

150

250

350

Temperature C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-14

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 3 . 3 - U I A M I N O - 2 , 2 ' , 4 , 4 ' . 6 . 6 HL\ANITllOB[PHl;NYL 2. STRUCTURE OR F O R M U U T I O N

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

D I P A M |

H-N^

NO,

0,N^

^NH, Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):

UjN^

^ NOj

Vf OjN

^NOj Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

4.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid

Physical state: Color:

A t . comp.: MW: 454.1

Cj2HgNjjOj2

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 7.40 ( p= (p= 1.76 ) )

Density (g/cn?):

TMD:

1.79 P^j(kbar (10"' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: (MJ/kg)): (p= )

Nominal: m.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : 304(577) b.p.(C(K)): v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 95 12B tool

H2Q(cm(10'^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES H20(^) 1.35 (5.65) - 2 0 . 1 (-84.1) HjO (^^ 1.27 (5.31)

Susan test:

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - insol.):

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(p=

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: _ _ 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: c :

11.

TOXICITY

Moderate.

12/72

/5
18-^

DIPAM
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

3.3-DIAMINO-2,2',4.4',6.6'-HEXANITROBIPHENYL

Initial modulus

Creep

Failure envelope

NOTES

18-1

lU
12/72

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

2,2-DINITROPROPYL

ACRYLATE

DESIGNATION: 6. THERAAAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):

D N P A

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

"\
H/

C = C C O C C

II

NO, H

1 21
I I

C H

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
o

1
H
H

NOJ

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: A t . comp.: MW: 204.1 Density ( g / c m ^ ) : TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( < ' C ( K ) ) : b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)): 1.47 P ^ j ( k b a r ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= ) solid CgHgN20g 8. 0,25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.04-0.06

off-white DETONATION PROPERTIES ( p= ) D (mm//iJsec ( k m / s ) ) :

E^y,((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool >177 12B tool

H^Q(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 {) 1.06 (4.44) - 1 1 0 (-460) ^20(9) 0.85 (3.57) _

Susan test:

A H^^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone Gap test (mils (mm)): (p= )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE:

11.

TOXICITY

7/74

18 -17

DNPA
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

2.2-DINITROPROPYL ACRYLATE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4+ 3+2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5. 0

DNPA monomer 1

10 9

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0 100 Explosion p-DNPA

10 9 8 7 6

-8
7 6 5 4 / / / / / / / 200 300 3 2 1 JO

- --v

5 4 3 2

\^_^\

100

, J\
200 300 Temperature C ) curves.

Temperature C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

18-18

7/74

MATERIAL: D I - 2 - E T H Y L H E X Y L (Plasticizer)

PHTHALATE

DESIGNATION :

DOP

SUPPLIER : 2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION O II II C 0 C O 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : Color : MW: clear C24H3g04 TMD : 0.9861 Nominal : m.p. ( < ' C ( K ) ) : b.p. ("C (K) ) : 222-230 (495-503) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : <0.06 at 150C (<8.0 at 423 K ) Brittle point ("C (K) ) : f . p . ("C ( K ) ) : - 5 5 (218) 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H ^ (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -268.2 (-1 122) R : n: 1.485 at 25''C (298 K ) Shore hardness * 390.57 A t . comp. : liquid Crystal data : 0 H 1^ 1 C C H2 CH 1 -^ 1 C (CH2)4 C CH3 (CH,), H H

f^
% ^

Density (g/cm"') :

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i-insol.) : s gasoline, m i n e r a l oil i glycerine, water

Elongation (4 :

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES e: (p =

k:
CTE : 74 M m / m at 10-40C (283-313 K )

11. TOXICITY Tg (F (K) ) : C (cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): ^-0.57 at 50-150C (-2.385 at 323-423 K ) None.

NOTES

7/74

18-19

r-

EXPLOSIVE: l . n i M 2.

4 , 4 - l ) I M i l U ) l ' i : N r \ N O A 11.

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued)

EDNP

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

NO, H

1
H

1
I I

1
C

1 !
C-OC H

II
1
C H H

Cp(cal/g-''C(kj/kg-K)):

HC C

NOj H

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: l i q u i d Color: yellow C^Hj2N20g TMD: Nominal: 1.28 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: _ (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) : ( P= ) A t . comp.: MW: 220.2 Density ( g / c m ): 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

m.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : -6 (268) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : i;.^ at 0.05 m m (356 at 6.7 Pa) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 128 tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

R:

Susan test:

5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2^(Jl) 1.23 (5.15) -140 (-586) ^ 2 (g) 0.94 (3.93) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

A Hj^, (kcal/g (MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : b acetone, c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , D M F A , DMSO. ethanol, e t h y l acetate, ethyl ether, p y r i d m e 1 water 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(p=

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e :

11.

TOXICITY

12/72

i.1 18-a

EDNP
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

ETHYL 4.4-DINITROPENTANOATE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

18-M

12/72

MATERIAL: P O L Y U R E T H A N E S O L U T I O N S Y S T E M (Binder)

DESIGNATION:
SUPPLIER: B . F . Goodrich

Estano 5702-F1

2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

0-(CH2)4

~ 0 1 1 - O - C -

0 1 1 (CH2)4- C - O -

O (CHj)^ - 0 n n=5-lC

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : r u b b e r y s o l i d Color : l i g h t a m b e r A t . comp. : ( C 5 _ i 3 , H , 5 0 o N o _ ^ 3 , O j , 5 3 ) ^ MW: 100 TMD : Nominal : 1.18 R: n : Shore hardness : A 70 Density fe/cm^) : Crystal data :

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : b.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) :

f.p. r C ( K ) ) :
5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : - 9 5 (-397) 7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i-insol.) : s - acetone, d i c h l o r o e t h a n e , D M F A , D M S O , MIBK, THF

Elongation (^ : MEK,

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k : CTE:

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES e: (p =

11. TOXICITY None. T ("F (K) ) :


y

- 3 1 (242)

(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):

NOTES

^/^^

18-23

Estane 5702-F1

+3
Estane 5740X-2 t-2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 50

_ _ _ ^

^.-v.,^

>
E

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500


Temperature C

r\ ) curves.

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

18-24

7/74

MATERIAL:

TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE/

DESIGNATION :

Exon 461

VINYLIDINE CHLORIDE COPOLYMER (Binder) SUPPLIER : F i r e s t o n e P l a s t i c s Co. 2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

X U X

u u u

c c -

\
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : s o l i d Color : w h i t e A t . comp. : ( C 4 H 2 C l 3 F 3 ) ^ MW:(213.43)n Density (g/cm ) : m.p. ( ^ ( K ) ) : b.p. CCiK)): v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : f.p. (C(K)): 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H ^ (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) :

Crystal data :

TMD : Nominal : 1.70 R: n : Shore hardness :

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i-insol.) : s g a s o l i n e , M E K , toluene, x y l e n e

Elongation (/() :

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES f : 2.82

(p=

1.7)

11. TOXICITY T (F (K) ) :


y

Slight.

(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):

NOTES

7/74

18-25

Exon 461
1 r

+3 -^2 -rl '< 0^ -1 -2 -3 50

Exon 461

>
E

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500


Temperature C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-26

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: B I S ( 2 - F L U O R O - 2,2 - D I N I T R O E T H Y L ) FORMAL 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (<'F(K)):


y

FEFO

NO, H FC C NOj H

II II

O C O H

1 1

C H

1 ^ II
C F NO2

NO

C^(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): E s t . : 0.36 at 25C (1.507 at 298 K ) Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) :

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: straw C5HgN40^QF2 TMD: 1.607 liquid

0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

0.04-0.10

A t . comp.: MW: 320.1

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/iusec ( k m / s ) ) : P^j(kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: (MJ/kg)): (p= ) ( p= (p= ) )

Density ( g / c m ):

Nominal: m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 11.3-12.9 (284-286) b . p . ( " C ( K ) ) : 120-124 at 10.3 m m (393-397 at 40 Pa) v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 2.14 X l O ' ^ at 25C (2.85 X 10-2 at 298 K )

E^y,((mm/;usec)2/2 6 mm: 19 mm: Crystal data: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 28 12B tool

H (cm(10"^ ^"

Susan test: R: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^ 2 { ) 1.45 (6.07) 1.28 (5.36) -178 (-743) ^ 2 (g) 1.39 (5.82) 1.21 (5.06)

A Hj^^ (kcal / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj, ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. ( f t (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, c h l o r o f o r m , D M F A , DMSO, e t h a n o l , e t h y l acetate, e t h y l e t h e r , p y r i d i n e i carbon tetrachloride, 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: water

Gap test (mils (mm)): See T a b l e 9 - 6 .

(p=

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

11.

TOXICITY

High.

7/74

18 -27

FEFO
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

BIS(2-FLUORO-2,2-DINITROETHYL)FORMAL

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

>
E

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature " C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-28

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 1.3,5.7- T E T R A N I T R O - 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 TETRAZACYCLOOCTANE 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION ^2

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T g Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): ( F ( K ) ) : none

H M X

O-N^

"^C^ ^2

^NO, E x p . : 0.265 at 20C (1.109 at 293 K) Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: < 0 . 0 1 1 g for 48 hr: 0.07

4,

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid

Physical state: Color: white A t . comp.: MW: 296.2

C^^HgNgOg TMD: Nominal: 1.900 1.89

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) : P j - j (kbar (10"^ GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 387 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.894 ) 9.11 ( p= (p= 1.89 1.90 ) )

Density ( g / c m ): m.p.(C(K)):

285-287(558-560)

b.p.(C(K)):

3 X l O ' ' ^ at 100C (4 X 10-'^ at 373 K )

v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: I: monoclin, I I : orthorh. I l l : monoclin. (P2^/c) (Fdd2) (PCj^P2/c) a = 6.54 b = 11,05 c = 8.70 a = 15.14 b = 23.89 c = 5.91 a = 10.95 b = 7.93 c = 14.61 I V : hexag. (P6^22) a = 7.66 19 mm: 9. 1.40 1.745

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 33 128 tool 40

HjQ(cm(10"^

c = 32.49 Susan test:

R: I : 58 c a l c , 56.1 o b s . ; I I : 58 c a l c . , 55.7 obs. ; I I I : 58 c a l c , 55.4 o b s . ; I V : 58 c a l c . , 55.9 o b s . n: See T a b l e 4 - 4 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2^ (il) 1.62 (6.78) 1.48 (6.19) +17.93 (+75) ^ 2 (g) 1.48 (6.19) 1.37 (5.73)

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A H^ ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s DMSO s i acetone, D M F A , p y r i d i n e i c a r b o n disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, c h l o r o f o r m , ethyl ether, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: a = 22.0 X l o " ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 t o 165F a = 50.4 ; u m / m - K at 219-347 K jS = 162.5 Axm/m-K at 243-343 K

Gap test (mils (mm)): L a r g e s c a l e : 2.783 (70.7) (p = 1.07)

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: I : 3,087 H: 4.671 I I I : 3.867 1 1 . TOXICITY Slight. (p = 1.90) (p = 1.87) (o = 1.82)

7/74

18-29

HMX
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

l,3,5,7-TETRANITRO-l,3,5.7-TETRAZACYCLOOCTANE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4 +3 +2 ^ +1 HMX (94.38%)

10 9 8 7

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0
-1

a-

HMX

II

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0

1 1

y-

HMX

1 '
1
1

10 9 8 7 6

1 1

5 0
-I -2 -3 -4

6 /fL 5
1
1

1 1 '
4 2 3

^1~
11 li

-2 -3 -4
..A

-1 -2 -3 -4

J
1
1

5 =1
4 3 2 1 0

I'l

\
0 100

1 ..J v.:0 200 300 50 150 250 350 Temperature " C Temperature C

M 100 200 300

i /\ (
)
1 y.

100

200

300

Temperature *C

Temperature

-c

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-30

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2 , 2 ' . 4 . 4 ' , 6 , 6 ' - H E X A N I T R O A Z O B E N Z E N E 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

HNAB

02N<^

V = N < ^
NO2 U^N^ '

V02

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: orange 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Aisec ( k m / s ) ) : I I : 7 . 6 - 7 . 7 ( p = (p= 1.77 ) ) solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

A t . comp.: C^2H4Ng0^2 MW: 452.21 Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

T M D : C a l c . : 1:1,795; 11: 1.744; I I I : - , O b s . : I : 1 . 7 9 9 ; I l : 1.750; P ( , j ( k b a r ( 1 0 " ^ GPa)): 111:1.718 m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : 215-216 (488-489) Meas.: b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : .7 v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 1 X 10 at 100C Calc: (1,33 X 1 0 ' ^ at 373 K) E^y,((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: (MJ/kg)):

(p=

Crystal data: I: ( P 2 j / c ) a = 10,15 b = 8,26 c = 10.06 R: I I : (P2^/a) a = 10,63 b = 21.87 c = 7.59

19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

Susan test: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES " j O (^ ) 1.47 (6.15) +57.8 (+241.8) HjO (g^ 1.42 (5.94)

A H^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone s i c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , e t h y l acetate 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: a = 80 M m / m - K

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(p=

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

11.

TOXICITY

Slight.

7/74

18-31

HNAB
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

2, 2', 4, 4', 6, 6'-HEXANITROAZOBENZENE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature "C DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.

18-32

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2 , 2 ' , 4 , 4 ' , 6 , 6 - HEXANITROSTILBENE 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

HNS

NO, ^ ^ C = NOjQ^N C

NO,

^ NO,

Cp(cal/g-<"C(kj/kg-K)): Est.: 0.40 (1.67)

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: 0.01 1 a for 48 hr: 8.

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: yellow C^^HgNgO^g TMD: 1.74 solid

At. comp.: MW: 450.3

DETONATION PROPERTIES ( p= 1.70

D (mm//Lisec ( k m / s ) ) : 7.00

Density ( g / c m ):

Nominal: 1.72 m.p. ( C (K)): 316 (589); I: 313 (586); II: 318 (591) b.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)): I: logj^Q P ^ ^ = 14.084 - (9347/T (K)) II: 1 X 10-9 at lOO^C (1.33 X l O ' ^ at 373 K) orthorhombic

P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: (MJ/kg)):

(p =

E^y,((mm/Acec)^/2 6 mm:

{p-

Crystal data:

19 mm: 9. SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

a = 20.93 b = 5.57 c = 14.67

H^Q(cm(10"^

R: Susan test: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^() 1.42 (5,94) +13.88 (+58,1) ^ 2 (g) 1.36 (5,69) Skid test: Impoct angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. ( f t (m)) Event

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj (kcal/mol ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , I - i n s o l . ) : s DMFA si acetone 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: CTE: = 92 A^m/m-K
:

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(P=

11.

TOXICITY

Slight.

7/74

18-33

HNS
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

2,2',4,4',6,6'-HEXANITROSTILBENE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES
1 1 1

Fail ure envelope

7 6 5

+5 +4 +3

r-

HNS

4 < +2 +1 0 -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1
.l._.

:^
~~ ~^\

V
^'^^s.

2 1 0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-34

7/74

MATERIAL: (Binder)

POLY(TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE

DESIGNATION :

Kel-F 800

SUPPLIER: 1 2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

3M

1
\

f \
.. . C 1 C 1

?\
1

\\
Physical state : Color : MW: Density (g/cm^) : A t . comp. :

'
solid

'

/n

1 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Crystal data :

off-white (CgClFg)^ TMD : Nominal : 2.02 R : n: 1.416 D 64 Shore hardness :

m.p. (>C(K)): b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : f.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/moi) ) :

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ): 1500 (10)

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s i . s o l . , i-insol.) : s acetone, b u t y l acetate, e t h y l a c e t a t e , MIBK, THF i toluene, w a t e r 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES MEK,

Elongation (/c) :

350

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES e : 300 (p= 2.02)

k:
CTE:

I I . TOXICITY

T CF (K) ) :
C P (cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):

NOTES

7/74

18-35

to

CO

MATERIAL: (Binder)

POLY(TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE

DESIGNATION :
SUPPLIER: 3 M

Kl-F 3 7 0 0

2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION / . C l \

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : s o l i d Color : MW: off-white (116.48)n TMD : Nominal : m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 1.85 R: n : Shore hardness : A 45 A t . comp. : ( C g C l F g ) ^ Density (g/cm'') : Crystal data :

b.p. r C ( K ) ) :
v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : -64 (209) f . p . (C (K) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : - 1 6 1 (-674)

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ): 350-600 ( 2 . 4 1 - 4 . 1 4 )

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Elongation (/c) :

500-800

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES (p =

I I . TOXICITY T (F(K)): -15(258)

(cal/g-<'C(kJ/kg-K)):

NOTES

7/74

18-37

Kel-F 3 7 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

+3 Kel-F 3700 (uncured) +2 +1


\1 H 1
1-

'

' 1 j'
1 1

'

-f

1+

-t

>
E

-1 -2 -3

11 . 50

^ 1
J..

V 1 1

^1

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-38

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

l.\-01

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):

LX-01

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt%

NM TNM l-Nitropropane

51,7 33.2 15.1 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K): Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: clear C j 52H3_^3N^^gg03_3g TMD: Nominal: 1,23 A t . comp.: 100 liquid

0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

1.8 at 80C (353)

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 6.84 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: 156 Calc: 177 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) ( p= (p= 1.24 1.31 ) )

Density ( g / c m ):

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : - 5 4 (219) b.p. ( ' C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 29,0 at 25C (3866 at 298 K)

E^y,((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data:

19 mm: 9. SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

H^Q(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^ (Jl) 1.72 (7.20) -27.5 (-115.2) ^jO (^^ 1.52 (6.36)

Susan test:

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hf ( k c a l / m o l ( k j ^ / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , I - insol.):

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(p=

6 , THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE:

11.

TOXICITY

12 72

:U

LX-01
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

LX-01

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

^0 18-J

12/72

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

LX-02-1

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)): 9 none above -4 (253)

L X - 0 2

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wtTu PETN Butyl rubber Acetyltributyl citrate Cab-O-Sil 73.5 17.6 6.9 2.0

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): Est,: 0.29 (1.213)

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES puttylike solid 8. 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.3-0,6

Physical state: Color: buff A t . comp.: MW: 100 3

C2_7^H4_ggNQ_g302 ggSig^^g

DETONATION PROPERTIES 7,37 ( P= 1.44 (p= ) )

D (mm/^sec ( k m / s ) ) : TMD: Nominal: 1.44 1,43-1.44 P^j(kbar(10"'GPa)): Meas.: Calc:

Density ( g / c m ):

m.p.(C(K)): no f i x e d m . p . b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y,((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

(MJ/kg)):

(p=

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 80 12B tool

H^Q(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 {Jl ) 1,42 (5,94) - 4 9 . 1 (-205.3) ^^2 (g) 1,16 (4,85)

Susan test: V e r y d i f f i c u l t to i g n i t e ; s m a l l p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d i n g t o a v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n .

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj, ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , I - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(p=

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE: a = 128.7 m / m - K at 244-253 K P = 385 m / m - K at 243-343 K

11.

TOXICITY

12/72

-S'

LX-02
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

LX-02-1

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Fail ure envelope

>/2.
1812/72

EXPLOSIVE:

LX-04-1

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F (K)): -18 (245)

L X - 0 4

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
Wt^o

HMX Viton A

85 15 C (cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): E s t . : 0.30 (1.25)

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: Density (g/cm"^): TMD: Nominal: 1.889 1.860-1.870 P j , j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: 350 Calc: 330 (MJ/kg)): ( p = 1.865 ) (p= 1.865 ) yellow C^_55H2_5gN2_3o02 3 O F Q 52 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES ( p= 1.86 ) D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) : 8.46 A t . comp.: solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.01-0.04

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec. >250 (>523) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.170 1.470

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 41 12B tool 55

H^Q(cm(10"^

R: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 (i) 1.42 (5.94) 1.31 (5.49) ^ 2 (g) 1.31 (5.49) 1.25 (5.23)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y 140-150 f t / s e c (43-46 m / s ) ; m o d e r a t e l y easy t o i g n i t e ; l o w p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d i n g t o a v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n . Some g e o m e t r i e s detonate h i g h - o r d e r .

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp:

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) 14.1 (4.30) 5,0 (1.52) 2 3 )

A Hf ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) : - 2 1 . 5 (-90.1) Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , I - I n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: P r e - 1 9 6 5 : 6 0 - 8 0 (1.5-2.0) P o s t - 1 9 6 5 : 4 0 - 6 0 (1.0-1.5) 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e : 3.44

( p = 1.865

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 9,25 X l o " * c a l / s e c - c m - C ; 0,22 B T U / h r - f t - ' F ^.^g. (0.380 W / m - K ) a = 28.5 X l O ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 to - 1 8 ' ' F (51.3 MHi/m-K at 219-245 K) a = 39.5 X l O " ^ i n . / i n . - ' ' F at - 1 8 t o 165F ( 7 1 . l A i m / m - K at 245-347 K ) 1 3 = 228.2 M m / m - K at 243-343 K )

(p = 1.86)

11.

TOXICITY

7/74

18-43

LX-04
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 1 10.35 _
D

LX-04-1

1 PR = 0 . 3 0

" ~ ~ ~ -\

1 o
UJ

a.

\
6.89

3.45 n 200 1 250

v^^^
1 300

1
350

Temperature K Initial modulus

87.0

1
322 K

1
2000 4000 Strain n m/m 6000

o
X

58.0

T
S 29.0
O-

( ^

294 K

hi^ii412 Time hr Creep

\24

Failure envelope

NOTES

50

150

250

350

Temperature C DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.

18-44

7/74

EXPLOSIVE:

LX-07

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T ("F ( K ) ) : - 1 8 (245) 9 Cp(oal/g-C(kJAg-K)): E s t . : 0.28 (1.172)

LX-07

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt^ HMX Viton A 90 10

Thermal stability (cm^ of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K>: 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state; solid Color: orange 0.25 9 for 22: hr: 1 for 48 hr: 0.01-0.04

At. comp,:
MW: 100 Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

C^,^s^,e2^2A3^2A3^0.35
TMD: 1.892

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/isec ( k m / $ ) ) : 8.64 ( P= 1.87

Nominal: 1.860-1.870 m,p, ( ' C ( K ) ) : dec. >250 (>523) b.p. ( ( < ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

P^j(kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P o ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 346 (MJ/kg)):

(p=

1.865

E^y,((mm/fisec)^/2 6 mm: Oystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.250

( p = 1.857

(LX-07-1) |

1.575 ( L X - 0 7 - 1 )

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 38 12B tool

H2Q(cm(10"^

R: Susan test: Threshold velocity ~ 125 f t / s e c (~38 m / s ) : has moderate buildup to violent reaction. ( L X - 0 7 - 2 ) . "2 ( i ) 1.49 (6.23) - 1 2 . 3 (-51.7) ^2 (g) 1.37 (5.73) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event *14 (0.24) 2.5 (0.76) 6 1

5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

A H ^ j (kcal/g (MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hf (kcal/mol ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

*45 (0.79) 7.1 (2.16) 5 *LX-07-l Gap test (mils (mm)): ( p = 1.857 70-90 (1.8-2.3) (LX-07-1)

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 0.23 B T U / h r - f t - F (0.398 W / m - K ) CTE: a = 26.7 X 10"^ i n . / i n . - ' F at - 6 5 to -18''F (48 m / m - K at 219-245 K) a = 34.8 X 10"^ ln./ln.-"'F at - 1 8 to l e s - F (63 m / m - K at 245-347 K) 0 = 182.9 m / m - K at 243-343 K 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:

1 n.

TOXICITY

4f5
12/72 18-tf

LX-07
|7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES I 10.35 f
111

LX-07-2

1 1
PR = 0 . 2 7 5

-....^.^^^^^

6.89
o 3.45

\
-^^

_ *" 1
35C1 o

0 200

1,
250 300 Temperature K Initial modulus

fl

\
8.27

N.
\

1 5.52 1

\
)

2
Z ^ 2.76
E

\
O

1
58.0 322 K^.-

1 ^^^^J,^ r
-

f 1

y
1^^^fc^ 1

~o
X

1
8 C o eep corn) 29.0

1
\^
o 0

1 ^"^^ 1 2000 4000 Strain*im/m

6000

294K

6 12 Time-hr Creep

i7K
18 24

Failure envek>pe

NOTES

.i^

12/72

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

LX-08-0

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg ( F ( K ) ) :

L X - 0 8

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% PETN Sylgard Cab-O-Sil 63.7 34.3 2.0

Cp(cal/g-'>C(kj/kg-K)):

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K^: 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: p u t t y l i k e s o l i d Color: MW: blue C^ggH^ggN^gjO^g^Si^j^^^ 3 Density ( g / c m ): TMD: Nominal: 1.439 >1.42 P^j(kbar(10"^GPa)): Meas,: Calc: (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 6.56 ( P= >1.42 ) 100 A t . comp.: 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 129-135 (402-408) w i t h dec. b.p.(C(K)): v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y,((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 ( i ) 1.98 (8.27) - 4 4 (-185.9) ^ 2 (g) 1.77 (7.41)

Susan test:

A H^^j ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A H^ ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - Insol.):

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(p=

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: a = 104.5 X l O " ^ i n . / i n . - F (188 m / m - K ) (3 = 565 m / m - K 11. TOXICITY 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE:

12/72

-s

LX-08
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

LX-08-0

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

18-

12/72

EXPLOSIVE

LX-09-0

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F (K))g - 2 0 (244)

L X - 0 9 - 0

2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt7o LX-09-0 HMX pDNPA FEFO 9J 4.6 2,4 LX-09-1 93,3 4,4 2,3

Cp(cal/g-C(kj/kg-K)): Est.: 0.28 (1.172)

3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 8. 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.03-0.07

Physical state: Color: purple

At. comp.: C^^^^B^^^^n^^^^0^.i^V^^^2 MW: 100 L X - 0 9 - 1 Density ( g / c m ' ^ ) TMD: 1.867 Nominal: 1.837-1,845

SIPI'P> labia 4-2)

DETONATION PROPERTIES 8.81 ( p= 1.84 )

D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) :

P(-j 'kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P o ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 377 373 (MJ/kg)):

(p=

1.837

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec, >280 (>553) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y,((mm/Aec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.320 1.675

(p=

1.836 )

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 32 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2{Jl) 1.60 (6,69) "20^^) 1,46 (6,11)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 1 1 0 f t / s e c (~34 m / s ) ; has h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y of r a p i d b u i l d u p to v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n .

A Hj^j (kcal/g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A H, ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) Gap test (mils (mm)): 75-105 ( 1 . 9 - 2 . 7 ) 1.25 (0.38) 5.0 (1.52) 6 6 )

+1.2 (+7.61) ( L X - 0 9 - 0 ) +2.004 ( + 8.38) ( L X - 0 9 - 1 )

Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , I - i n s o l . ) : ( p = 1.835

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 0,25 B T U / h r - f t - F (0,432 W / m - K ) 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e :

CTE: a = 27,1 X 10 m . / m , - F at - 6 5 t o - 2 0 F (48,8 m / m - K at 219-244 K) a - 31,0 X 1 0 ' ^ m , / i n , - F at - 2 0 to 165F (55.8 m / m - K at 244-347 K )

11.

TOXICITY

12/72 18-aB

4-9

LX-09-0
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

LX-09-0

13.801c2 O ' o
LU

'>
\ PR = 0.30

10.35 5.52 6.8913.45 200 T 9

\
1
250 1 300

1
350

Temperature K Initial modulus

1
o 290
X

322 K

' -

^ 145 o a. E o

294 K 267 K 1 1 12 Time hr Creep 1 18

2000

4000

Strain /um/m 1 24

Failure envelope

NOTES

18-

iSb

12/72

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

LX-10-0

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) LX-10-1 94.5 4.5 T (F (K)): g - 1 8 (245)

LX-10

STRUCTURE OR F O R M U U T I O N wt% LX-10-0 95 5

HMX Viton A

Cp(cal/g-C(kj/kg-K)): Est.: 0.28 (1.17)


o

4.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES "-'l . 4 1 0 " 2 . 6 6 3 ^ 2 . 5 7 9 ^ 2 . 5 7 9 * 0.156

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K ) ) : LX-10-0 LX-10-1 0.25 g for 22 hr: 0.02 0.04-0.06 1 g for 48 hr: 8.

Physical state:'soUd Color:

b l u e - g r e e n spots on w h i t e C^.42H2.66^2.57^2.57^0.17 LX-10-0 TMD: Nominal: 1,896 1,858-1,868 LX-10-1 1.895 1.870 P j - j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 375 360 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.862 ) (p= 1.860 ) DETONATION PROPERTIES 8.82 ( p= 1.86 )

A t . comp,: L X - 1 0 - 0 : MW: 100

D (mm/^isec ( k m / s ) ) :

Density ( g / c m ):

m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : dec, >250 (>523) b.p. ( ' C ( K ) ) : v . p , (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y,((mm//isec)^/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.315 1.670

SENSITIVITY

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 (Jl) 1.55 (6.49) - 3 . 1 4 (-13.1) ^ 2 (g) 1.42 (5.94)

H j Q ( c m ( 1 0 ' ^ m)): 12 tool 12B tool LX-10-0 5 kg: 35 L X - 1 0 - 0 2.5 k g : 40 L X - 1 0 - 1 2.5 k g : 35 Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 120 f t / s e c (~37 m / s ) ; has h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y of r a p i d buildup to violent reaction.

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj. ( k c a l / m o l $ c J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) 0.88 (0.27) 3.5 (1.07) (p= 0 6 1.872 )

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 80-100 ( 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 )

6. THERAAAL PROPERTIES k: 0.25 B T U / h r - f t - F (0.432 W / m - K ) a = 24.8 X l O ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 to O'F (44.6 / u m / m - K at 219-255 K) a = 26.2 X l O ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at 0 to 165F (47.0 A i m / m - K at 255-347 K ) 11. TOXICITY 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e :

CTE:

18- 51

7/74

LX-10
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

LX-10-0

5.52 250 300 Temperature K Initial modulus 350

-,^
o X

1 58.0 322 K

1
_

1000

2000

3000

Strainjum/m

^
29.0

^
_
294 K 567 K
-I 1 1 1

1
u
D

_/^^^
(

"5E 0

12 Timehr Creep

18

24

Failure envelope

NOTES

18-52

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

LX-11-0

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg ( F ( K ) ) : -18 (245)

LX-11

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% HMX Viton A 80 20

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/k9-K)): 0.28 (1.172) o Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K): Est.:

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: white C^ gjH2_53N2_^g02 ^ ^ F ^ .^^


q

0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

0.01-0.04

solid

A t . comp.: 100

8 . DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/^sec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.32 ( P= (p= 1.87 1.87 ) )

Density ( g / c m ):

TMD: Nominal:

1.87-1,876

P(^j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 310 (MJ/kg)):

m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : dec. >250 (>523) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^^,((mm/Aec)^/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.105 1.360

(p=

1.876

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 59 12B tool

H^Q(cm(10"^

R: 5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) : ^2 ( i ) 1.38 (5,77) 1,23 (5.15) "20(g) 1,28 (5,36) 1.16 (4.85)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 170 f t / s e c (~53 m / s ) ; i s m o d e r a t e l y d i f f i c u l t t o i g n i t e and has v e r y l o w p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d u p to violent reaction.

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

-30.73 (-128.6)

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , I -insol . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): 45-65 (1,1-1.7)

(p=

1,867

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: (est.) 0.21 B T U / h r - f t - C (0.363 W / m - K ) 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE: a = (est.) 31 X l o ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at -65 t o - 1 0 F (56 m / m - K at 219-249 K) a = (est.) 46 X l o " ^ i n . / i n . - F at 10-165*'F (83 m / m - K at 261-347 K)

11.

TOXICITY

12/72

18-1

LX-11
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

LX-11-0

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

-m

12/72

EXPLOSIVE:

LX-14

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T


y

LX-14

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% HMX Estane 5 7 0 2 - F l 95.5 4.5

(F(K)):

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): Est.: 0.27 (1.13)

o Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K)): 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.02

0.025

Color: v i o l e t spots on w h i t e A t . comp.: MW: 100 S.521^2.917^2.58702.658 TMD: Nominal: 1.849 1.833 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: E^y,((mm/Aec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. SENSITIVITY 12 tool 12B tool 51 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) 370 (p= 1.833 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.837 ( p= 1.833 )

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

m.p. (C ( K ) ) : dec. >270 0 5 4 3 ) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

H . (cm ( 1 0 " ^ mm)): ^" 2.5 k g :

R: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2() 1.576 (6.594) ^2 {g)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~48 m / s ; i s m o d e r a t e l y easy to i g n i t e . A c c i d e n t a l m e c h a n i c a l i g n i t i o n w o u l d have m o d e r a t e l y l o w p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d i n g to v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n o r detonation.

AH^^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj. ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

(1,432 (5.954) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

+1.50 (+6.28)

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: 60-80 ( 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 )

(p=

1.833

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: a = 27 X 1 0 " ^ i n . / i n . - F <30F (48.5 A i m / m - K < 2 3 9 K ) a = 31 X 10-6 i n . / i n . - F > 30F (55.8 A<m/m-K>239 K ) 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e :

11.

TOXICITY

7/74

18-55

LX-14
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

5.52

4.141-

200

250

300

350

Temperature K Initial modulus

2.76

1.38

2000 Strain jim/m

4000

Creep I NOTES

Failure envelope

18-56

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: N I T R O C E L L U L O S E (12% N) 1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMUU^TION [CgH,02(ON02)3]^

DESIGNATION:

NC

(12%

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):

Cp(cal/g-C(kj/kg-K)):

3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: white CgH^Ng^^Ogg
o

1.0-1.2

solid lgfor48hr: 5.0 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) : TMD: Nominal: 1.58 P ( . j ( k b a r ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 200 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.58 ) ( p= )

A t . comp.: MW: 262.6


1

Density ( g / c m ):

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec. 135 (408) b.p. C C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/Aec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

R: Susan test: [s. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES H2O (^ ) 1.16 (4.85) -216 (-904) HjO (^^ 1.02 (4.27) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

AHj^j(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, ethanol i c a r b o n tetrachloride, c h l o r o f o r m , ethyl ether, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 5.5 X 1 0 " ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.230 W / m - K ) a = 80-120 A^ni/m-K 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: Gap test (mils (mm)): (p= )

CTE:

11.

TOXICITY

None,

7/74

18-57

NC (12% N)
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

NITROCELLULOSE (12% N)

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5
+ 4 ' Explosion +3 +2 +1 0 NC

,- ! 1
1
1

10 9 8 7 6 _ 5>E 4 3 2 1 0 300

' ""^-^^

-1 1
-2
-3 -4

11
\

-5 0

-,-,--'-'' ,
100 200 Temperature " C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-58

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: N I T R O C E L L U L O S E (13.35% N, 1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION [Cga^02(ON02)3]^

min)

DESIGNATION:

NC (13.35%

N)

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):

Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):

3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: white CgE^Ng^^O^Q TMD: Nominal: 1.58 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 210 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.58 ) 8. A t . comp.: MW: 274.1 Density ( g / c m ): solid 1 5 for 48 hr: DETONATION PROPERTIES ( p= 1.20 )

D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 7.30

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec, 135 (408) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y,((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

H5Q(cm(10"^

R:

Susan test:

|5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 (Jl) 1.16 (4.85) - 2 0 0 (-837) ^2 (g) 1,02 (4.27) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj. ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, ethanol i c a r b o n tetrachloride, chloroform, ethyl ether, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: Gap test (mils (mm)): (See T a b l e 9-6) (p= )

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE:

11.

TOXICITY

None.

12/72

18-59

NC (13.35% N)
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

NITROCELLULOSE (13.35% N, min)

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 Explosion-^ NC

;|i

10 9 8 7 6 5 4
\

0 ^-^_::^-t -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0
1 \ 1

3 \ 2 1 0 300

/ ^^^^
100 200 Temperature C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-60

7/74

EXPLOSIVE:

1,2.3-PROPANETRIOL

TRINITRATE

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

N 6 |

1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

H,

H,

r
C OjN O

1
C O

|2
C O NOj NOj

Cp(cal/g-C(kJAg-K)):

Thermal stability (cm^ of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K): 14. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: clear CgHgNgOg TMD: NomitKil: 1.59 P^j(kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 253 251 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.60 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/psec ( k m / s ) ) : 7.70 (P= 1.60 ) 227.1 A t . comp.: liquid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 a for 48 hr:

Density (g/cm"^):

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 13.2(286) b.p. ( ( < ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 0.0015 at 2000 (0.2 at 293 K )

E^y,((mm/Aec)2/2 0 nuns Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. ^^

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

H2Q(cm(10"2

R:

Susan test:

{ 5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AH^j(kcol/g(MJ/k9)): 1 Calc: Exp: A Hj (kcal/mol ( k j / m o l ) ) : "2 ( i ) 1.59 (6.65) - 9 0 . 8 (-380) ^ 2 (g) 1.48 (6.19) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s t ' s l . s o l . , i - l n l . ) : sacetone, benzene, c h l o r o f o r m , ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, n i t r i c acid, sulfuric acid, pyridine s i c a r b o n disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, w a t e r 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:

Gap test (mils (mm)): See Table 9 - 6 .

(p=

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:


:

11.

TOXICITY

V e r y high.

(.1
12/72 IB-^*"

N6
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL TRINITRATE

Initial modulus

Creep
NOTES

Failure envelope

^218-

12/72

EXPLOSIVE:

NITROMETHANE

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F (K)):

N M

1 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULMION

H H

1
NO

C H

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): l^st.: 0.41 at 30C (1.715 at 303 K) 3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K):

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: MW: clear C^HgN^02 TMD: Nominal: 1.13 at 293 K P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 130 144 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.14 ) (p= 1.135 ) 61.0 A t . comp.: liquid 1 g for 48 hr: 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 6.32 ( p= 1.13 )

Density ( g / c m ):

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : - 2 9 (244) b.p.(C(K)): 101-101.5(374-375) v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 37 at 25C (4933 at 298 K )

E^y|((mm//Leec)2/2 6 mm: 19 mm: 9. 0.560 >. 0.745 /

^ t 284-288 K

Crystal data:

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 128 tool

H5Q(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 ( i ) 1.62 (6.78) 1.23 (5.15) -27 (-113) ^ 2 (g) 1.36 (5.69) 1.06 (4.44)

Susan test:

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : sDMFA, DMSO, ethanol, e t h y l e t h e r , water Gap test (mils (mm)): ( m o d i f i e d ) 7-17 (0.18-0.43) 2-8 (0.05-0.20) 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: See a l s o T a b l e 9 - 6 . 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e : (P= )

11.

TOXICITY 1

Moderate. (f.3 12/72

NM
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

NITROMETHANE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

, ^

12/72

EXPLOSIVE: N I T R O G U A N I D I N E 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T


y

N Q

(F(K)):

NO, H N

1 ^C
II
NH

1 N

Cp(cal/g-<'C(kJ/kg-K)):

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 8. 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.02-0.05

Physical state: Color: white

A t . comp.: MW: 104.1

C^H^N^Og TMD: Nominal: 1.72 1.55

DETONATION PROPERTIES 7.65 ( p= (p= 1.55 ) )

D (mm//jsec ( k m / s ) ) : P(.j(kbar (10"' GPa)): Meas.: Calc:

Density ( g / c m ):

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 246-247 (519-520) w i t h dec. b.p.(C(K)): v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y|((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: o r t h o r h o m b i c (Fdd2) a = 17.58 b = 24.84 c = 3.58 19 mm: 9.

(MJ/kg)):

(p=

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool >177 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10'^

R: n: 5.

25.2 ( c a l c ) , 22.2 (obs.) 16 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 ( i ) 1.06 (4.44) -23.6 (-98.7) ^ 2 (g) 0.88 (3.68)

Susan test:

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s s u l f u r i c a c i d ; s i ethanol, n i t r i c a c i d ; i acetone, benzene, c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e , c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , e t h y l acetate, ethvl ether, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k:

Gap test (mils (mm)):

(p=

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE:

11.

TOXICITY

Slight.

7/74

18-65

NQ
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

NITROGUANIDINE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 ^ 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 50 150 NQ

_9

10

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1

NQ (purified)

10 9 8 7

-7 ^ ^
6

-*^c:::l_xl w^--5
/ v
250 350 Temperature C 2

_>

5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

1 1

k
;

6 5 4 3 2

>
E

4 3 1 0

"-1 1

<

'

'

1 0

50

150

250

350

Temperature C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-66

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: O C T O L 1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% HMX TNT 75 25

DESIGNATION: 1 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

Octol

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): Est.: 0.27 (1.13)

3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0,25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: MW: C^^^gH^^gN^ggOggg TMD: Nominal: 1.83 1.80-1.82 P ^ j (kbar (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 342 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.813 ) (p= 1.821 ) 100 solid l,gfor48hr: 0.18 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Aisec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.48 ( p= 1.81 )

A t . comp.:

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

m.p.(C(K)): 79-80(352-353) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 0.1 at 100C (13.33 at 373 K )

E^^,((mm/Aec)^/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.215 1.535

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 41 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

R: [5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 { ) 1.57 (6.57) +2.57 (+11.9) "20(g) 1.43 (5.98)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 180 f t / s e c (~55 m / s ) ; i s r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t t o i g n i t e a c c i d e n t a l l y , but capable of l a r g e r e a c t i o n once i g n i t e d .

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 3.5 (1.07) 6

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 2 2 - 2 8 (0.56-0.71) L a r g e - s c a l e : 1.947 (49.5)

(p = 1.810) (p = 1.822)

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: _ _ 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

11.

TOXICITY

7/74

18-67

Octol
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

OCTOL

Initial modulus

Creep

Failure envelope

NOTES

+5 +4 +3

Explosion' ' 1

Octol

-2\ +u
0 -1 > - ^ -2 1 -3 -4 0

/ i! / !l

r
200 300

10 9 8 -7 -6 5>E 4 3 2 1 n

100

Tennperature --C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-68

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: P B X - 9 0 0 7 1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% RDX Polystyrene Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate Rosin 90 9.1 0.5 0.4

DESIGNATION: 1 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):

P B X - 9 0 0 7

(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): E s t . : 0.28 (1.17)

3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: solid 1 g for 48 hr: 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES 8,09 ( p= 1.64 (p= 1.60 ) ) white or mottled gray C j g^Hg 22N2_4302_44 0.03-0.07

A t . comp.: MW: 100

D (mm/^isec ( k m / s ) ) : TMD: 1.697 P(-j(kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P o ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 265

Density (g/cm"^):

Nominal: 1.66 m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec. >200 (>473) b.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/^ec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

(MJ/kg)):

(p=

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 35 12B tool 28

H5Q(cm(10"^

R: Susan test: Is. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 ( i ) 1.56 (6.53) +7.13 (+29.8) "20(g) 1.39 (5.82) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event |

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l M / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils ( m m ) ) : S m a l l - s c a l e : 45-55 (1.1-1.4)

(p=

1.665

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:

e:
11. TOXICITY

7/74

18-69

PBX-9007
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

PBX-9007

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

>
E

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature C

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-70

7/74

EXPLOSIVE:

PBX-9010

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (''F(K)): _

PBX-9010

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% RDX Kel F 90 10

(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): E s t . : 0.27 (1.13)

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: white Cj_3gH2_^3N2_4302^43ClQ_QgFQ_26 TMD: 1.822 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 328 5 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.788 ) (p= 1.783 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/^isec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.37 ( p= 1.78 ) solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.02-0.04

0.2-0.3

A t . comp.: MW: 100

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

Nominal: 1.789 m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec. >200 (>473) b.p. ( = C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y,((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.160 1.470

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 30 12B tool 45

HjQ(cm(10"^

R: [5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2{i) 1,47 (6.15) -7.87 (-32.9) "20^^) 1.36 (5.69)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 1 1 0 f t / s e c (~34 m / s ) ; has h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y of r a p i d buildup to violent reaction.

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A H^ ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 1.25 (0,38) 6

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - insol.):

Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 7 5 - 9 5 (1.9-2.4) L a r g e - s c a l e : 2.107 (53.5)

(p = 1.783) (p = 1.781)

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 5.14 X 1 0 ' ^ c a l / c m - s e c - C (0.215 W / m - K ) CTE: a = 66 lum/m-K 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

11.

TOXICITY

7/74

18-71

PBX-9010
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

PBX-9010

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

'

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 '< 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
C

' PBX-9010 j

10 J9 8

1 / 1
L

7 6

^^^ ^^ \ 1 '
50 150

iL^
\ ''''--^
250 350

5 >s 4 3 2 1 n

Temperature C D T A (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.

18-7-2

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

PI^X-9011

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T ("F ( K ) ) : 9 - 3 5 (236)

PBX-9011

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
wt' 0

HMX Estane

90 10

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): Kst,: 0.28 (1.172)

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.024

Physical state: Color:

off-white Cj_^3H3_^gN2_4502_gi o 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Aisec ( k m / s ) ) : TMD: 1.795 P(_j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 324 5 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.777 ) 8,50 ( p= (p= 1.77 1.767 ) )

A t . comp.: MW: 100

Density ( g / c m ):

Nominal: 1.770 m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec. >250 (>523) b.p.(C(K)): v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y|((mm/psec)2/2 6 mm: 19 mm: Crystal data: 9. 1.120 1.415

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 44 12B tool 98

HjQ(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2{) 1.53 (6.40) -4.05 (-17) " j O (^^ 1.36 (5.69)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 165 f t / s e c (~ 50 m / s ) ; i s m o d e r a t e l y d i f f i c u l t t o i g n i t e and has v e r y low p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d u p to a violent reaction.

AH^^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A H^ ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0,24) 45 (0.79) Gap test (mils (mm)): 55-70 (1.4-1,8) 20.0 (6.10) 20.0 (6.10) (p= 2 0 1,783 )

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - insol.):

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10.0 X l O ' ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C ; 0.25 B T U / h r - f t - F (-JE. (0.432 W / m - K ) a = 28.7 X l O ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 to - 4 0 ' ' F (51,7 m / m - K at 219-233 K) a ^ 37.3 X l o " ^ i n , / i n . - F a t - 3 0 to IGS^F (67,1 m / m - K at 243-347 K) 11, TOXICITY 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

1i
12'72 18--

PBX-9011
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

PBX-9011

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

-U

12/72

EXPLOSIVE: 2,

PBX-9205

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)): C

PBX-9205

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% RDX Polystyrene Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate 92 6 2

(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): E s t . : 0.28 (1.17)


0

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid C^^^^H^^^^N^^^^O^^^^ TMD: Nominal: 1,72 1.68 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 288 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.69 ) 0,25 g for 22 hr: 1 Q for 48 hr: 0,025

Physical state: Color: MW: white A t . comp.: 100

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.17 ( p= 1.67 )

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec. >200 (>473) b.p, ( C ( K ) ) : v , p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 42 12B tool 36

HjQ(cm(10"^

R: 5,

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES H2O (^ ) 1,46 (6,11) HjO ( g ) 1,41 (5.90)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 120 f t / s e c (~37 m / s ) ; has m o d e r a t e p r o b a b i l i t y of buildup to a violent reaction.

AH^^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc:

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event A Hj (kcal/rtiol ficj/mol)): +5.81 (+24.30) Gap test (mils (mm)): (p= S m a l l - s c a l e : 25-35 (0.64-0.89) 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e : 1.682 ) 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) 1.25 (0.38) 2,5 (0.76) 2 4

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

11.

TOXICITY

7/74 18-75

PBX-9205
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

PBX-9205

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES
-\ 1 r

Failure envelope

+3 PBX - 9205 +2 +1 '

5 0
-1 -2 -3
1 -
I ^ 1
I

.-^

\'-1

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature "C ) curves.

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

18-76

7/74

EXPLOSIVE:

PBX-9404-03

DESIGNATION:
6, THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) wt% T ( F ( K ) ) : - 2 9 (239) g C(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): P Est.: 0.27 (1.13)

PBX-9404

2 , STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

HMX NC Tris-|3-chloroethylphosphate

94 3 3

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 , PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 0.36-0.40

3.2-4.9

white o r blue C^_4oH2^^5N2 57O2 ggClQ^OgP^O^ TMD: Nominal: 1.865 1.831-1.844 P ^ j (kbar (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 375 354 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.843 ) (p= 1.840 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Aec ( k m / s ) ) : 8,80 ( p= 1.84 )

A t . comp,: MW: 100

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec, >250 (>523) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p , (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y,((mm/Aisec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.295 1.620

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 34 12B tool 35

H2Q(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^ () 1.56 (6.53) 1.38 (5.77) 40.08 (40.331) " j O (^^ 1.42 (5.94) 1.28 (5.36)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y 105 f t / s e c (32 m / s ) ; has v e r y l a r g e p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d u p to v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n .

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A H^ ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop h t , ( f t (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 85-105 (2.2-2.7) L a r g e - s c a l e : 2.268 (57.6) (p - 1.850) (p = 1.841) 1.25 (0.38) 3.5 (1.07) 6 6

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10.1 X 1 0 " * c a l / s e c - c m - C ; 0.25 B T U / h r - f t - F ^j^^ (0.432 W / m - K ) a = 28.1 X 10~^ i n . / i n . - ^ F at - 6 5 t o - 3 0 F (50,6 lum/m-K at 219-239 K ) a = 32.2 X 10~^ i n . / i n . - ' F a t - 1 0 t o l e S ^ F (58,0 , u m / m - K at 250-347 K) 11, TOXICITY 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: c: 3.52 (p = 1,84)

18-77

7/74

PBX-9404
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

PBX-9404-03

i
10.35
o

\
6.89

^ o
LU

\ \

5 52

3.45 0 2()0 1 250

V
1 300

^
. _ "
1 35C) 4.14

^ ^
/

Temperature K Initial modulus

S.
1 2.76
0)

.
116 OcN^ -^ E EO

^^^"^222^:.

1.38

58 0 ^
A / " ^

/
1000 2000

8T^ a. ^
<" V

u ^
0

274 K
L9A7I^

Strain j u m / m

6 Time hr Creep

12

Failure envelope

NOTES

+5 -^4 +3 +2 +1

L.

Explosion PBX-9404
A

\ / 1
1

10 9 8 7 6

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 \

r-

10 9 8 7

PBX-9404-03

r
\ _ ^

/
"

6 5 4 3 2 1 \

5 . 1oi--^^i 1
-2r (

5 4 3 2

0
-1 -2 -3 -4

"3i
-4t -5 - - i ^ 0 100

200

1 ^' 0 300

-5 1
0 100 200 300 Temperature C ) curves.

io

Temperature C D T A (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

18-78

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

PBX-9407

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):
y

PBX-9407

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% RDX Exon461 94 6

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): Est.: 0.27 (1.13)

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.06

Physical state: Color:

white or black 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES C^_4^H2^g6N2_5402_54Cljj 0 7 ^ 0 . 0 9 D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) :


o

A t . comp.: MW: 100

7,91

( p= (p=

1.60 1.60

) )

Density ( g / c m ):

TMD: Nominal:

1.81 1.60-1.62

P(.j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 287 300 (MJ/kg)):

m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : dec. >200 (>473) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y,((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. SENSITIVITY m)):

(p=

HjQ(cm(10"^

12 tool 33

12B tool 30

R:

Susan test:

5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2() 1.60 (6.69) +11.6 (+48.4) " 2 (g) 1.46 (6.11) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

AH^^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: Large-scale: 90-120 (2.3-3.1) 2,120 (53.9) (p = 1.770) (p = 1.773)

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

11,

TOXICITY

7/74

1 8 - 79

PBX-9407
\7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

PBX-9407

Inlflal modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 ^ 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -s 0

"T"'
PBX - 9407

10 9 8 7 6

i /I
X

^~^,
1

5 >E 4

\
/ 100 200

\ \

V. ^ 1 0 300

Temperature C D T A (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.

18-80

7/74

EXPLOSIVE:

PBX-9501

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)): C

PBX-9501

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% HMX Estane BDNPA BDNPF 95 2,5 1.25 1.25

(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): E s t . : 0.27 (1.13)


o

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: white 8. A t . comp.: MW: 100 C^ 4 ^ H 2 ^ 8 6 ^ 2 . 6 0 2 , 6 9 D (mm/Aisec ( k m / s ) ) j TMD: Nominal: 1.855 1.843 P ( - j ( k b a r ( 1 0 ' ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: -358 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.843 ) (p= ) 8,83 ( p= 1.84 ) DETONATION PROPERTIES solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 a for 48 hr: 0.8 0.07

Density ( g / c m ):

m.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : dec. >240 {>513) b.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/iUsec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 1.288 1.656

SENSITIVITY m)): 5 kg: 12 tool 44 12B tool 80

Hjp(cm(10"^

R: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 {) 1.59 (6.65) _ +2.3 (+9.5) ^ 2 (g) 1.44 (6,03)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y - 2 0 0 ft/sec (~61 m/s); once t h i s v e l o c i t y i s exceeded, reactions become violent over a n a r r o w r a n g e . S m a l l r e a c t i o n s do not a u t o m a t i c a l l y g r o w t o l a r g e ones.

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/l<g)): Calc: Exp: A Hj. ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: 50-70 ( 1 . 3 - 1 . 8 ) (p = 1.843) 10 (3,05) 10 (3.05) 3 0

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10.8 c a l / c m - s e c - C (0.451 W / m - K ) CTE: a = 30,6 X l O " ^ i n , / i n , - F at - 8 0 t o leO-F (55.1 lum/m-K at 211-344 K ) 11. TOXICITY 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

18-81

7/74

PBX-9501
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

PBX-9501

5.52

Initial modulus 2 2.76

4000 600
3.

1200

800

Strain;u m / m 2000

12 Time hr

18

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 ) C

10 PBX - 9501 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 200 300 Temperature "C E

-:.-r^>

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-82

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

P E N T O L I T E 50/50

DESIGNATION:

Peiitolite

5 0 / 5 0

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% PETN TNT 50 50

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): E s t . : 0.26 (1.09)

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: C2_33H2 3^N^^293,22 TMD: Nominal: 1,71 1.67 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 280 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.696 ) (p= 1.66 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES 7.47 ( P= 1.67 ) solid 0,25 g for 22 hr: 1 ,g for 48 hr:

3.0 at 100C (373 K)

A t . comp.: MW: 100

D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) :

Density (g/cm"^):

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 76 (349) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 0.1 at 100C (13.33 at 373 K )

E^y,((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 0.960

19 mm: 1.260 9. SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool -35 Susan test: 12B tool

H2Q(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2{) 1.53 (6,40) 1.23 (5,15) -24.3 (-99.4) "20^^) 1.40 (5,86) 1,16 (4.85)

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj, ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

6 , THERMAL PROPERTIES k:

Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 105-140 ( 2 . 7 - 3 . 6 ) (hot pressed) 3 2 - 3 8 ( 0 . 7 6 - 0 . 9 7 (cast) L a r g e - s c a l e : 2.549 (64.8) 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

(p = 1.676) (p = 1.700) (p = 1.702)

CTE:

n.

TOXICITY

7/74

18-83

Pentolite 5 0 / 5 0
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

P E N T O L I T E 50/50

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4
+3

Pentoli te n II / ^ _ ^\\ \\
1 1

10 9

+2 + 10 -1 -2 -3"
-4i _5i

8 / ^ 7 6

'

5
4 3

1 1

/ 100 200

A
300

2 1 0

Temperature C DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.

18-84

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: P E N T A E R Y T H R I T O L

TETRANITRATE

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F (K)): none

PETN
|

1 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
O NO,
H C

1
1
I

H I
0,NO

1 H

CCCONO,

Cp(cal/g-''C(kj/kg-K)): Exp.: 0.26 (1.088)

1 1

1 H

H C

O NOj

3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) :

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: white C^ii^^O^^ TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : 1,77 1.76 P _ . ( k b a r (10"^ G P a ) ) : ^'^ p = 1,77 p = 1,67 Meas.: 340 300 Calc: 326 280 (MJ/kg)): p = 0,99 87 100 (p= 1.765 ) 8. A t . comp.: MW: 316.2 Density ( g / c m ): solid 1 g for 48 hr: DETONATION PROPERTIES 8.26 ( p= 1.76 0,10-0.14

D (mm/^sec ( k m / s ) ) :

139-142(412-415)

b.p.(<'C(K)):

v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 8 X l O " ^ at 100C (1.1 X l O " ^ at 373 K )

E^y,((mm/psec)V2 ^gl0Pmm= Crystal data: I: t e t r a g o n a l ( P 4 2 ^ / c ) a = 9,38 b = 9,38 c = 6.71 R: Susan test: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2 (i) 1.65 (6.90) 1,49 (6,23) -128.7 (-593) ^ 2 (g) 1.51 (6.32) 1.37 (5.73) I I : o r t h o r h o m b i c (Pcnb) a = 13,22 b = 13,49 c = 6.83 ^^'^^^ [6352/T(K)] 6 mm: 19 mm: 9. 1,255 1,575

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 11 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hf ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, D M F A , DMSO, e t h y l acetate, p y r i d i n e sibenzene, ethyl ether i carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, c h l o r o f o r m , ethanol, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: a = 46.1 X 1 0 ' ^ i n . / i n . - F (83,0 m / m - K ) a = 7 6 . 5 - 8 9 . 9 ^m/m-K jS = 249.2 lum/m-K at 244-363 K

Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 190-220 (4.8-5.6) Large-scale: 2.732(69.4) (p = 1.757) (p=0.81)

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: 2.447 (p = 1.4) 2,577 (p = 1.5) 2,727 (p = 1,6) TOXICITY

CTE:

2,897 (p = 1.7) 2.95 (p = 1.75)

11.

at 243-343 K High.

7/74

18-85

PETN
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

PENTAERYTHRITOL

TETRANITRATE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1\ \ PETN

10 9 8 7

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

"^

J.
100 200 300

Temperature - " C DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.

18-86

7/74

MATERIAL:

POLYSTYRENE (Binder)

DESIGNATION: SUPPLIER:

Polystyrene

2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

f r A
1 1

V" u ;
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : s o l i d Color : MW: clear (CgHg)^ TMD: Nominal : m.p. (C ( K ) ) : 240 (513) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : f.p. C'C(K)): 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : +18.19 (+79.1) 1.12 1.05 R: n: 1.59-1.60 (104.15) A t . comp. : Crystal data : rhombohedral, a = 21.90 b = 21.90 c = 6.63 amorphous Density fei/cm) :

Shore hardness :

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i-insol.) : s benzene, toluene

Elongation (/c) :

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k : 2.51 X 1 0 " ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.105 Vi/m-K) at 273 K CTE : 0- = 60-80 A i m / m - K < T /3 = 170-210 / j m / m - K < T = 510-600 A i m / m - K > T

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES e : 2 . 4 9 - 2 . 5 5 ( a m o r p h . , p = 1.05) 2.61 (cryst., p = 1.12)

I I . TOXICITY Tg (F (K) ) : 373 K C ^ (cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): 0.300 at 50''C (1.255 at 323 K )

NOTES

7/74

18-87

Polystyrene

+3 +2 +1

Polystyrene

5 0
-1 -2 -3

50

""'"^^^-^__

7^.:
/
500

'

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Temperature "C

18-88

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

l,3,5-TRINITRO-l,3.5-TRIAZACYCLOHEXANE STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION


NO,

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

RDX

1
N

'

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): 1
ONN

1
NNO,

Exp.:

0.274 (1.146)

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid CgHgNgOg TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : 205 (478) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : log P cm = 10.87 - [ 3 8 5 0 / T (K)] f r o m 111 t o j g p o ^ ^3g^ ^^ ^Q3 j ^ j 1.806 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 ' ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 338 348 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.767 ) 8. 0,25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 0,02-0.025

Physical state: Color: MW: white A t . comp.: 222.1 Density {g/cn?):

0.12-0.9

DETONATION PROPERTIES 8,70 ( P= 1.77 )

D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) :

E^y,((mm/f^ec)2/2 6 mm:

Crystal data: I : o r t h o r h o m b i c (Pbca) a = 13.18 b = 11.57 c = 10.71 R: 43.7 ( c a l c ) , 41.4 (obs.) n =8 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2{Jl) 1.62 (6.78) 1.51 (6,32) "20(g) 1.48 (6.19) 1,42 (5,94) 11: unstable

19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 28 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

Susan test:

5.

AH^^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj, ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

+14.71 (+61.55)

Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, D M F A , DMSO Gap test (mils (mm)): siethanol, pyridine i benzene, c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e , c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , S m a l l - s c a l e : 190-220 ( 4 . 8 - 5 . 6 ) c h l o r o f o r m , e t h y l acetate, e t h y l e t h e r , w a t e r L a r g e - s c a l e : 2.434 (61.8) 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: a = 63.6 ^m/m-K at 244 K 11. TOXICITY 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

(p = 1.735) (p = 1.750)

CTE: /3 = 191 /Lim/m-K at 244 K

Slight.

7/74

18-89

RDX
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

1,3.5- T R I N I T R O - 1 , 3 . 5 - TRIAZ ACY CLOHEX ANE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2

RDX (production grade)

10 9 8 7 ^6

"

^ _ _' 1 ^^1
100 / / 200 300

^4

100

200

300

-3 -4 -5 0

Jo

Temperature C DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

Temperature C ) curves.

18-90

7/74

MATERIAL:

S I L I C O N RESIN ( B m d e r )

DESIGNATION :

Sylgord

182

SUPPLIER : Dow C o r n i n g 2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

Si

V '"' J
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : Color : MW: liquid light straw (CH.OSi) A b n (74.16)^ TMD: Nominal : A t . comp. : Density (g/cm ) :

Crystal data :

1.05 at 25C (298 K ) R: n : 1.430 at 25C (298 K ) Shore hardness : A 4 0 - 5 0 ( c u r e d )

m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : b.p. ("C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : <-70C (<203 K ) ( c u r e d ) f.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -24.9 (-104.18)

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ): 800-1200 (55-83) Elongation (/c) : 80-140

Solubility (s-sol., s l - s l . s o l . , I-insol.) :

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k : CTE : 3.5 X 1 0 " ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.146 Vi/m-K) ( c u r e d ) 180 M i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 to +65F (324 | u m / m - K at 219-347 K )

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES c : 2.77 (p = 1.05)

I I . TOXICITY T ('F (K) ) : C P NOTES Replaces Q - 9 3 - 0 2 2 . (cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K) ) : 0.34 at 25C (1.423 at 298 K )

7/74

18-91

EXPLOSIVE: T E T R A N I T R O - l , 2 , 5 . 6 - T E T R A Z A D I BENZOCYCLOOCTATETRENE 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION NO^ r N"

DESIGNATION: 6, THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):

TACOT

r Tv^^No,
^ : ^ ^
N NO2

Cp(cal/g-<'C(kJ/kg-K)):

2NV>

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 Q for 48 hr: 8.

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: solid

red-orange 0^2^4^803 TMD: Nominal: 1.85 1.61 P(^j(kbar (10"^ GPa)): Meas,: Calc: 181 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.61 ) DETONATION PROPERTIES 7.25 ( p= 1,85 ) D (mm/AKec ( k m / s ) ) :

A t . comp.: MW: 388.2

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : dec. >380 (>653) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y,((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

H5Q(cm(10"^

R:

Susan test:

5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 {)

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A H^ ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

"2 (g)
1,35 (5.64) 0.96 (4.02) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

1.41 (5.90) 0.98 (4.10) +128 (+536)

Solubility ( s - s o l . , sl - s l , s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s i D M F A , DMSO. n i t r i c a c i d , p y r i d i n e ichloroform, ethanol, water Gap test (mils (mm)): (p= )

6 , THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:


:

11,

TOXICITY

12/72 18-93

TACOT
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

TETRANITRO-1,2,5,6-TETRAZADIBENZOCYCLOOCTATETRENE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+6 7 t-5 +4 5 +3 +2 3 +1 2 0 -1 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature C
\

TACOT 6

+-

DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s (

) curves.

18-94

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

l,3,5-TRIAMINO-2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENE STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION NH, OjN HjN NO2 NO2 NHj

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)): 9

TATB

Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): Est,: 0.25 at 25C (1.05 at 298 K)


0

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K ) ) : 0,25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

4,

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid

Physical state: Color: A t . comp.: MW: 258,2

bright yellow CgHgNgOg 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/iusec ( k m / s ) ) : TMD: 1.938 P j - j (kbar (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 291 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.88 ) 7,76 ( p= 1.88 )

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

Nominal: 1.88 m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec. >325 (>598) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :

E^y,((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: t r i c l i n i c (PT) a = 9.01 b = 9.03 c = 6,81 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool >100 12B tool

HjQ(cm(10"^

R:

Susan test:

5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES " j O (i) 1.20 (5.02) - 3 6 . 8 5 (-154.2) "20(g) 1.08 (4.52) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hf ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , sl - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s l D M F A , DMSO, H2SO4 i acetone, benzene, c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e , c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , ethanol, ethyl acetate, e t h y l e t h e r , w a t e r 6 , THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:

Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: 2-8 ( 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 2 )

(p=

1.872

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

11,

TOXICITY

7/74

18-95

TATB
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

l,3,5-TRIAMINO-2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 TATB

10 9 "8 7 6 4 3 (' ' 2 / \ 1 1 ==1^ I 0 250 350

--_JL50
__j

150

Temperature C DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.

18-96

7/74

MATERIAL:

TRIS-(3-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHATE (Plasticizer)

DESIGNATION :

TEF

SUPPLIER : 2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

0 =

p _ ( o - C H 2

-^"2^1)3

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : l i q u i d Color : MW: clear 285.5 TMD: Nominal : m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : b.p. (C (K)) : 203 (476) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : -60 (213 K ) f . p . (C (K) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -300 (-1255) R: n : Shore hardness : 1.425 A t . comp. : C g H ^ g C l g O ^ P Density (g/cm"^) : Crystal data :

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i-insol.) : s a l c o h o l s , benzene, c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , e s t e r s , e t h e r s , ketones, t o l u e n e , xylene i aliphatic hydrocarbons 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE : 3 = 840 M m / m - K

Elongation (/^ :

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES (p =

I I . TOXICITY T ("F (K) ) :


y

Low.

(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):

NOTES

7/74

18-97

v ^

EXPLOSIVE: 2 , 4 , 6 - T R I N I T R O P H E N Y L M E T H Y L NITRAMINE 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION H3C OjN N N02 N02

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):

T e t r y i

Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):

N02 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid C^H^NgOg TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 130 (403) 1.73 1.71

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.036

Physical state: Color: yellow A t . comp,: MW: 287,0

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm//usec ( k m / s ) ) : P^j(kbar (10"' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 260 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) 7.85 ( p= (p= 1.71 1,71 ) )

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

b.p. ( C ( K ) ) :

v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y,((mm//:isec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: m o n o c l i n i c (P2 / c ) a = 14.13 b = 7.37 c = 10.61 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 28 12B tool

H5Q(cm(10"^

R:

Susan test:

5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 () 1.51 (6.32) 1.14 (4.77) +1.67 (+19,1) ^ 2 (g) 1.45 (6.07) 1.09 (4.56) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A H^ ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Solubility ( s - s o l . , sl - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l , ) : s acetone, benzene, e t h y l acetate, n i t r i c a c i d sl c h l o r o f o r m , ethanol, ethyl ether i c a r b o n disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, water 6 , THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 6.83 X 10"* c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.286 W / m - K ) 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: 2.728 (p = 1.4) 2.905 (p = 1.5) TOXICITY 3.097 (p = 1.6) 3.304 (p = 1.7) Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: Large-scale: 135-165 ( 3 . 4 - 4 . 2 ) 2,386(60.6) (p = 1.684) ( p = 1.666)

CTE:

11.

High.

7/74

18-99

Tetryi
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

2,4,6 - TRINITROPHEN YLMETHYLNITRAMINE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Failure envelope

10 9 8 7 6
^5

u
12

^3

^0 0 100 200 300 Temperature C ) curves.

1'

DTA (-) and pyrolysis (

18-100

7/74

EXPLOSIVE:

TLTRANITROMETHANE

DESIGNATION: 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):

T N M

2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

NO

1 2
OpN C

NO,

Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):

^
o TherrTKil stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K): 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:

NOj

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: clear C i^^Og TMD: Nominal: 1.650 at 286 K liquid

A t . comp.: MW: 196.0

8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/jjsec ( k m / s ) ) : P ^ j ( k b a r (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 144 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) 6.4 ( P= 1.6 ( p - 1.65 ) )

Density ( g / c m ^ ) :

m.p. (C ( K ) ) : 14.2 (287) b . p . ( " C ( K ) ) : 125.7 (399) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)): 13 at 25''C (1733 at 298 K)

E^y,((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 12B tool

H^Q(cm(10"^

R: 5.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^ ( i ) 0.55 (2,30) +13.0 (+54.4) ^2 (g) 0,55 (2,30)

Susan test:

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hf ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility (s - s o l . , sl - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s benzene, ethanol, e t h y l ether sl w a t e r 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: Gap test (mils (mm)): (See T a b l e 9-6.) (p= )

CTE:

11.

TOXICITY

Very high.

12/72

18--m

TNM
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

TETRANITROMETHANE

Initial modulus

Creep NOTES

Fa ilure envelope

16212/73

EXPLOSIVE:

2.4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T CF(K)):

TNT
|

1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION

^ H g OjN jNOj Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):

NO2 1 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: A t . comp.: MW: 227.1 3 Density ( g / c m ): TMD: 1.654 1.5-1,6 (cast) 1-63-1.64 (pressed) solid C.HgNgOg

Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0,25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 8. 0,00-0.012

~ 0.005

buff t o b r o w n DETONATION PROPERTIES ( P= 1,64 ( p = 1,630 ) )

D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 6,93 P ^ j ( k b a r ( 1 0 " ' GPo)): Meas,: Calc: 190 207 (MJ/kg)):

Nominal: m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 80.9 (354)

b.p. ( C ( K ) ) :
log P

v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 0.106 at 100C (14.13 at 373 K ) 10 cm = 9.11 - [ 3 8 5 0 / T (K)] f r o m 200 t o 350C (473.623 R )

E^y|((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: 0.735 0.975

( p = 1,630

Crystal data: a = 14.99 b = 40.00 c = 6.10

19 mm: 9.

SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool 80 12B tool >177

H5Q(cm(10"^

R: n: 5.

44.3 ( c a l c ) , 49.6 (obs.) 16 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES " j O in 1.41 (5.90) 1.09 (4.56) - 1 5 (-64.4) Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 2 3 5 f t / s e c (~72 m / s ) ; v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o i g n i t e a c c i d e n t a l l y , and has v e r y l o w p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d u p t o v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n .

A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj. (kcal/rrK)l ( k j / m o l ) ) :

"20(g)
1.29 (5.40) 1.02 (4.27) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop h t . (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , sl - s l , s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, benzene, c h l o r o f o r m , D M F A , e t h y l acetate, n i t r i c a c i d , s u l f u r i c a c i d , p y r i d i n e s l c a r b o n disulfide, carbon t e t r a c h l o r i d e , ethanol, ethyl ether; i w a t e r 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 6.22 X l O " ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.260 W / m - K ) a = 50.0 + 0.007T / u m / m - K at below m . p .

Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: Large-scale: 8-16 ( 0 . 2 0 - 0 . 4 1 ) 1.944 (49.4) (p = 1.624) (p = 1.626)

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: 2.629 2.795 TOXICITY (p = 1.4) (p = 1.5)

CTE:

11.

Moderate.

7/74

18-103

TNT
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

2,4,6- TRINITROTOLUENE

Initial modulus

Creep

Failure envelope

NOTES

+5 -^4 +3 -^2 +1

TNT (purified)

i\

10 9 8 7 6 5 > E 4 3 2 0

-1 -2 -3 -4 1- -5 50

7U
/I
/ 1

/
150 250

' 1
350

Tsmperature C DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.

18-104

7/74

MATERIAL:

HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE/ (Binder)

DESIGNATION :

VitOn

V I N Y L I D I N E F L U O R I D E 1:2

SUPPLIER : DuPont 2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

c c
I

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : Color : MW: white (C5H3 ^^Fg^^)^ TMD : Nominal : m.p. i'C(K)): b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : f.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AHf (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -332.7 (-1392) 1.815 R: n : Shore hardness : A 4 0 - 6 0 (71 c u r e d ) (187.08)jj A t . comp. : rubbery solid Crystal data :

Density fe/cm^) :

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s - acetone, M E K , M I B K , n - b u t y l acetate, THF

Elongation (/^ :

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE : a = 65.0 X l O " ^ m./m.-'F at <6''F (117 / u m / m - K a t < 2 2 5 K ) = 145.2 X 1 0 " ^ i a / i n . - F at -6 to 165F (254.8 A i m / m - K at 252-347 K ) jS = - 4 5 0 lum/m-K at <-253 K = 728 / n m / m - K at 253-343 K

10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES (p =

I I . TOXICITY Tg ( F ( K ) ) : C -27C (246 K ) 0.35(1.464)

(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K) ) :

NOTES

7/74

18-105

Viton A

50

100 150 200 250

300 350 400 450

500

Temperature " C

18-106

7/74

EXPLOSIVE: 2.

XlX-8003

DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T^(OF(K)): _

XTX-8003

STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% PETN Silicone r u b b e r 80 20

Cp(cal/g-C(kj/kg-K)):

o Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K^: 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: white C j ^ Q H g g ^ N j Q j O g g j S i p 27 TMD: Nominal: 1.556 =1.53 P^j(kbar (10"' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 170 210 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.554 ) (p= 1.546 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES 7.30 ( p= =1.53 ) 100 putty c u r a b l e to r u b b e r y s o l i d 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: >0.02 at 100C (373)

A t . comp.:

D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) :

Density ( g / c m ' ' ) :

m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : 129-135 (402-408) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):

E^y|((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. 0.710 0.950

SENSITIVITY m)): Cured: Uncured: 12 tool 21 25 12B tool

H5g(cm(10"^

R:

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) : 2{e) 1.86 (7.80) 1.16 (4.85) -44.4 (-185.9) ^ 2 (g) 1.67 (7.00) 1.05 (4.39)

Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 160 f t / s e c (~49 m / s ) ; has v e r y s m a l l p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d u p to v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n .

Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event

Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): Cured: Uncured: 130-160 ( 3 . 3 - 4 , 1 ) 160-190 ( 4 . 1 - 4 . 8 )

(p=

1.53

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:

CTE: a = 68.8 X l o ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 2 2 to ISS^F (123.8 m / m - K at 243-343 K) a = 77 X l O " ^ i n . / i n . - F at 75 t o 150''F (139 m / m - K at 297-339 K) P - 413.7 n v m - K at 219-296 K)

11.

TOXICITY

12/72

-m

XTX-8003
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

XTX-8003

Initial modulus

Creep

Failure envelope

NOTES

IS-K

12/72

V. Bibliography

CHEMIGAL ANALYSIS Anderson, D. M . , F. B. Kistner, and M, J. Schwarz, The M a s s Spectra of Volatile Constituents in Military E x p l o s i v e s , Cold Regions R e s e a r c h and Engineering L a b . , Hanover, N, H . , Final Rept. AD-699325 (1969). Ghasan, D. E . , and G. Norwitz, Qualitative A n a l y s i s of P r i m e r s . T r a c e r s . Igniters, Incendiaries. B o o s t e r s , and Delay Compositions on a Micro Scale by U s e of Infrared Spectroscopy. Department of the Army, Frankford Arsenal, P a . , Rept. T - 7 1 - 6 - 1 (AD-729337) (1971). G r o s s m a n , G. L . , and W. Selig, A Rapid D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Tris(chloroethylphthalate) in P B X - 9 4 0 4 E x p l o s i v e . L a w r e n c e L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15444 (1969). Doali, J . O. and A. A. J u h a s z , High Speed Liquid C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c S e p a r a t i o n s of T h e r m a l l y L a b i l e High E n e r g y C o m p o u n d s . P a r t I. A p p l i c a t i o n of High Speed Liquid C h r o m a t o g r a p h y to t h e Q u a l i t a t i v e A n a l y s i s of C o m p o u n d s of P r o p e l l a n t and E x p l o s i v e s I n t e r e s t , B a l l i s t i c R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , A b e r d e e n , R e p t . B R L - 1 6 4 4 (1973). Hoffsommer, J. C . , and J. M. Rosen, U l t r a m i c r o a n a l y s i s of E x p l o s i v e s in Seawater. U . S . Naval Ordnance L a b . , White Oak, Md., N O L - T R - 7 1 - 1 5 1 , (1971). Jenkins, R . , and H. J. Gallop, "The Identification of E x p l o s i v e s in T r a c e Quantities on Objects near an Explosion," Explosivstoffe 18, 139-141 (1970). Kegler, W . , and D. Grune, Determining the Synthetic Content of E x p l o s i v e Synthetic Mixtures, Institut F r a n c o - A l l e m a n d de R e c h e r c h e s , St. L o u i s , Fraince, Rept, I S L - N - 8 / 6 7 (1967), (In German.) Norwitz, G., Spectrophotometric D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Sulfate in P r o p e l l a n t s and N i t r o c e l l u l o s e . U . S . Dept of the A r m y , Frankford A r s e n a l , Philadelphia, P a . , Rept. F A - T R - T - 7 0 - 1 0 - 1 (1970). P r i s t e r a , F . and W . E . F r e d e r i c k s , C o m p i l a t i o n of I n f r a r e d S p e c t r a of I n g r e d i e n t s of P r o p e l l a n t s and E x p l o s i v e s , P i c a t i n n y A r s e n a l , D o v e r , N . J . , R e p t . (AD-859846) (1969). Schubert, H . , F. Volk, and H. R o s z i n s k i . "Analytical Study of RDX-HMX Mixtures," Explosivstoffe 14. 265-273 (1966). Selig, W . , Some Analytical Methods for E x p l o s i v e s and E x p l o s i v e Simulants, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. U C R L - 7 8 7 3 (1964); Pt. 2 (1965); Pt.3 (1969); Pt. 4 (1973). Selig, W . , The A n a l y s i s of F E F O in P l a s t i c - B o n d e d E x p l o s i v e s . L a w r e n c e L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-5118 (1966). PA-TM-1887 AD-730444 Md., Philadelphia,

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19-1

Selig, W., Fluorine Analysis of Plastic-Bonded Explosives and P l a s t i c s , F r e s e n i u s Z . Anal. Chem. 234. 261-269 (1968). Selig, W., The Semimicro Determination of Fluorine in Plastic-Bonded Explosives. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15074 (1967). Selig, W., The Analysis of Cyclomethylenetetranitramine (HMX) amd Ammonium Perchlorate in Plastic-Bonded Explosives. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15173 (1967). Selig, W., The Infrared Determination of Poly(2,2,-dinitropropyl Acrylate) in LX-09, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15202 (1967). Selig, W., The Analysis of 1. 3. 5. 7 - T e t r a n i t r o - l . 3. 5. 7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX) and Potassium Perchlorate in Plastic-Bonded Explosives. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15208 (1967). Selig, W., The Analysis of the Explosive LX-09-0. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15330 (1968). Selig, W., The Analysis of Bis(2. 2-dinitro-2-fluoroethyl) F o r m a l (FEFO) in LX-09-0. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15452 (1969). Selig, W., "Microdetermination of Chloride and Azide by Sequential Titration,' Mikrochim. Acta 1971, 46-53(1971). Snell, F . D., and L. S. Ehre, Eds., Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis (Interscience, New York, 1971), Vol. 12, pp. 405-471. Wright, I., "The Rapid Micro Combustion Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in High Explosives," Explosivstoffe 16, 176-178 (1968).

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GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS Agard Combustion and Combustion Panel, The Chemistry of Propellants (Pergamon P r e s s , London, 1959). Alder, B , , S. Fernbach, and M. Rotenberg, Methods in Computational Physics. Vol. 3 of Ftindamental Methods in Hydrodynamics. Academic P r e s s , New York, 1964). Altshuler, L. V., "Use of Shock Waves in H i g h - P r e s s u r e Physics." Sov. Phys.-Uspekhi 8^ 52-91 (1965). Andreev, K. K., and A. F . Belyaev, Theory of Explosive Substances, T r a n s l . AD-643597 (1966). Army Materiel Command, Principles of Explosives Behavior, U . S . Army Materiel Command, Rept. AMCP-706-180 (1972). Army Materiel Command, P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives of Military Interest. U. S. Army Materiel Command, Rept. AMCP-706-177 (1967). (Supersedes W. R. Tomlinson, J r . , Picatinny Arsenal Rept. PA-TR-1740 (1958)). Ascani, D. C., "Literature of Explosives," in Advances in Chemistry S e r . . No. 78, pp. 565-580 (1968). Avanesov, D. S., Manual of Physical and Chemical Testing of Explosives, Gosndarstvennoe Izdatel. Oboron. Promyshl. (Transl. by H. G. Condor, U. K. Atomic Energy Authority, Rept. AWRE-TRANS-30 (1962)). Beach, N. E . , M. C. St. Cyr, and V. K. Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives with Polymers I. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept, PA-TR-2595 (AD-207076, PB-168175, 1959). Beach, N. E . , M. C. St. Cyr, and V. K. Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives with Polymers II. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., P l a s t e c Rept. 33 (AD-672061) (1968). Beach, N. E . , M. C. St. Cyr, and V. K. Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives with Polymers III. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., P l a s t e c Rept. 40 (AD-721004) (1971). Bebie, J . , Manual of Explosives. Militsiry Pyrotechnics, and Chemical Warfare Agents. (MacMillan, New York, 1943). Berger, J . , and J. Viard, Physics of Solid Explosives (Dunod, P a r i s , 1962). (In French.) Bowden, F . P . , and A. D. Yoffe, F a s t Reactions in Solids (Butterworths, London, 1858). Bradley, J. N., Flame and Combustion Phenomena (Methuen. London, 1969). Bradley, J. N . , Shock Waves in Chemistry and Physics (Wiley. London, 1962), Bradley, R. S., High P r e s s u r e Physics and Chemistry. Vols. 1 and 2 (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1963). Coates, A. D . , E. Freedman, and L. P . Kuhn, C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Certain Military Explosives. Bsillistic R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-1507 (1970), Cook, M. A., The Science of High Explosives (Reinhold. New York, 1958). 7/74 19-3

Cook, S. G., J. M. Rosen, and C. N. Bernstein, Manual for Ammunition Quality Evaluation Surveillance Laboratories (U. S. Naval Powder Factory, Indian Head, Md., 1964). Combustion Institute, Symposium on Combustion, Vols. 1- (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1929-). Davis, T. L . , The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives (Wiley, New York, 1953). Department of the Army, Military Explosives. Dept. of the Army, Rept. TM-9-1910 (1955). (Identical to Dept. of Air F o r c e Rept. T O - l l - A - 1 - 3 4 ) . Dunston, I., "Chemistry in the Technology of Explosives and Propellants," Chem. in Britain 7. 62-79 (1971). DuPont De Nemours, E. I., and Company, B l a s t e r s Handbook. 15th ed., (E. I. DuPont De Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., 1967). Elban, W. L . , Development of Inert Simulants for Castable Plastic Bonded Explosives. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-71-192 (1971). Ellern, H., Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics (Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1968). Ellern, H., Modern Pyrotechnics (Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1961). Evans, B. L . , A. D. Yoffe, and P . Gray, "Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Azides," Chem. Rev. 59, 515-568 (1959). Fedoroff, B. T . , Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items. Vols. 1- (Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., I960-). Fordham, S., High Explosives and Propellants (Pergamon P r e s s , New York, 1966). Frank-Kamenetskii, D. A., Diffusion and Heat Exchange in Chemical Kinetics (Plenum P r e s s , New York, 1969). Hammann, S. D . , "The Use of Explosions in High P r e s s u r e Research," Rev. P u r e Appl. Chem. m, 139-168 (1960). Hammer, W., Explosions and Explosives. Norton Air F o r c e Base, Calif., Rept. AD-839310 (1968). Hayes, T. J . , Elements of Ordnance A Textbook for Use of Cadets of the United States Military Academy (Wiley, New York, 1938), Jacobs, S, J . , "Recent Advauices in Condensed Media Detonations," Am. Rocket Soc. J. 30, 151-158 (1960). Jaffe, B . , A P r i m e r on F e r r o e l e c t r i c i t y and Piezoelectric C e r a m i c s (Clevite Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio, 1960). Johansson, C. H., and P. A. P e r s s o n , Detonics of High Explosives (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1970). Kantz, M. R., Pentaerythritol T e t r a n i t r a t e : A Bibliography. Mound Laboratory, Miamisburg, Ohio, Rept. MLM-1252 (196 5). Khitrin, L. N., Physics of Combustion and Explosion (National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., 1962). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd e d . , Vol. 8, pp. 581-719 (Interscience, New York, 1965). 19-4 12/72

Levich, V. G., Physicochemical Hydrodynamics (Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1962). Lewis, B. T . , and G. Von Elbe, Combustion, F l a m e s , and Explosions of Gases. 2nd ed. (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1961). Arthur D. Little, Inc., Punch Card Recording of Data on Explosives. Final Report 1961, AD-275022, AD-275023, AD-275024, AD-329073, Vols. 1-4 (1961). (Vol. 2 GDI). Mason, C. M., and E. G. Aiken, Methods for Evaluating Explosives and Hazardous Materials. Pittsburgh Mining and Safety R e s e a r c h Center, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Rept. BM-IC-8541 (1972). McGarry, W. F . , and T. W. Stevens, Detonation Rates of the More Important Military Explosives at Several Different T e m p e r a t u r e s (Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., 1956). Marshall, A., Explosives, Vols. 1-3 (Churchill, London, Vols. 1, 2, 1917, Vol. 3, 1932). Muraour, H., Poudres et Explosifs ( P r e s s e s Universitaires de F r a n c e . 1947). (In French.) Office of Naval Research, Symposium on Detonation. No. 1-, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va. (1951, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970-). (Some volumes a r e classified.) Ordnauice Technical Intelligence Agency, Encyclopedia of Explosives. Ordnance Technical Intelligence Agency, D\arham, N. C , Rept. AD-274026 (1960). Orlova, Y. Y., The Chemistry and Technology of High Explosives (Moscow. 1960). Paushkin, Y. M., The Chemistry of Reaction Fuels. T r a n s l . , Foreign Technology Division Air F o r c e Systems Command, W r i g h t - P a t t e r s o n Air F o r c e Base, Ohio (1962). Pokrovskiy, G. L , The Explosion and Its Utilization (Moscow. 1910; Joint Publications R e s e a r c h Service, Washington, D. C., 1960). Porzel, F . B . , A.Unified Theory of Explosions (UTE), U . S . Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-72-209 (AD-758000) (1972), Ribaud, G., Detonation Waves (Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques, P a r i s , France, 1962). (In French.) Rogers, J. T . , Physical and Chemical P r o p e r t i e s of RDX and HMX. Holston Defense Corporation, Kingston, Tenn., Rept. HD-20-P-26 (1962). Rosen, J. M., and C. Dickenson, Vapor P r e s s u r e s and Heats of Sublimation of Some High Melting Organic Explosives. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-69-67 (1969). Tavernier, P . , Powders and Explosives ( P r e s s e s Universitaires de F r a n c e , 1969). (In French.) Urbanski, T . , Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, Vols, 1-3 (McMillan, New York, 1964-1967).

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Urbanski, T . , ed., Nitro Compounds (McMillan, New York, 1964). Walbrecht, E. E . , Dielectric P r o p e r t i e s of Some Common High Explosives, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N . J . , Rept. PA-TM-1170 (1963). Warren, F . A., Rocket Propellants (Reinhold, New York, 1958). Welch, R. E . , Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion (Reinhold. New York, 1960). Zaehringer, A. J . , "Solid Propellant Bibliography," Jet Propulsion 27, 900-927(1957). Zeldovich, Ya. B . , "On the Theory of Combustion of Powder amd Explosives," Zh. Eksper. Teoret. Fiz. 12. 498-524 (1942); t r a n s l . PA-TM-1597, AD-486286.

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HEALTH AND SAFETY Armed Services Explosives Safety Board, Explosives Safety Seminars. Minutes (Armed Services Explosives Safety Board, Washington, D. C., 1958-). Cohen, E . , Ed., "Prevention of and Protection against Accidental Explosion of Munitions, Fuels and Other Hazardous Materials," Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 152, 1-913 (1968). Cook, M. A., "Explosives and the Hazards and Testing of Explosives," Ind. Eng. Chem. 56 (2), 31-35 (1964). Deichmajin, W. B . , and H. W. Gerarde, Toxicity of Drugs and Chemicals (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1969), Dodrill, J, P , , C, E. Green, J, F, Hester, and C, R, Wells, An Evaluation of Safety Devices for Laboratories Handling Explosive Compounds, Redstone Arsenal Branch, Rohm and Haas, Huntsville, Ala, (1961), Hallam, J, S,, and K, J. Scribner, Explosion during P r e s s i n g of LX-04-1 at Site 300 on October 17. 1968. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept, UCRL-50567 (1969). Hanna, H. A., and J. R. Poison, Investigation of Static Electrical Phenomena in Lead Azide Handling. Mason and Hanger, Silas Mason Co., Inc. Burlington AEC Plant, Burlington, Iowa, Rept. IAAP-TR-98-A (1967). Mason and Hanger, Silas Mason Co., Inc., Recommended Safe Handling Methods for Plastic Bonded Explosives 9010 and 9404 (1961). McGill, R., Explosives. Propellants. and Pyrotechnic Safety Covering Laboratory. Pilot Plant and Production Operations. U. S. Naval Ordnance L a b . , White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-61-138 (AD-272424) (1962). McNamara, B. P . , H. P. Averill, E. J, Owens, J. F, Callaghan, D, G, Fairchild, H. P. Ciuchta, R. H. Rengstorff, and R. K. Biskup, The Toxicology of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) Solutions in Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Cyclohexanone. and Acetone. Edgewood Arsenal, Md. (1970), Picatinny Arsenal, Manual for Design of Protective Structures Used in Explosive Processing and Storage Facilities. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. AD-834465 (1968). Pryde, A. W., and I. Dunston, "Processing of Dangerous Chemicals," Chem. Ind. (London) 1972 (2). 67-69 (1972), Sax, N. I,, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (Reinhold Publishing Company, 1968), Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee, Explosives Hazard Assessment. U. K. Explosives Research and Development Establishment, Weiltham Abbey, Essex, Rept. SCC-3 (1969).

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Skaar, K. S., Fundamentals of Safety for Processing. Handling, and Storage of HighEnergy Materials. U.S. Naval Ordnance Testing Station, China Lake, Calif., Rept. NOTS-TP-2866 (1962). Sunshine, I. , Ed., Handbook of Analytical Toxicology (The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1969).

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INITIATION AND SENSITIVITY Africano, A., Maximum Rate Theory of Impact Sensitivity (Space Technology Laborat o r i e s , Inc., Los Angeles, 1959). Barbarisi, M. J . , and E. G. Kessler, Initiation of Secondary Explosives by Means of L a s e r Radiation. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J., Rept. PA-TR-3861 (AD-688585) (1969), Bowden, F, P . , discussion leader, "A Discussion of the Initiation and Growth of Explosions in Solids," P r o c . Roy. Soc. (London) A246. 145-297 (1958). Bowden, F . P . , and A. D. Yoffe, Initiation and Growth of Explosions in Liquids and Solids (Cambridge University P r e s s , Cambridge, 1952). Brownlee, K. A., J. L. Hodges, and M. Rosenblatt, "The Up-and-Down Method with Small Samples," J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 43, 262-277 (1953). Campbell, A. W., W. C. Davis, and J. R. Travis, "Shock Initiation of Detonation in Liquid Explosives," Phys. Fluids 4. 498-510 (1961). Campbell, A. W., W. C. Davis, J. B. Ramsey, and J. R. T r a v i s , "Shock Initiation of Solid Explosives," Phys. Fluids 4. 511-521 (1961). Chaiken, R. F . , "Comments on Hypervelocity Wave Phenomena in Condensed Explosives," J. Chem. Phys. 33, 760-761 (1960). Chase, W. E . , and H. K. Moore, e d s . . Exploding W i r e s . Vols. 1- (Plenum P r e s s , New York, 1959-). Clear, A. J . , Standard Laboratory P r o c e d u r e s for Determining Sensitivity. Brisance. and Stability of Explosives. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. PA-TR-3278 (1965). Dixon, W. J . , and F . J. Massey, Introduction to Statistical Analysis. 2nd e d . , (McGrawHill, New York, 1957). Dorough, G. D . , L. G. Green, and D. T. Gray, The Susan Test for Evaluating the Impact Safety of Explosive Materials. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7394 (1965). Enig, J. W,, and F . T. Metcalf, Theoretical Calculations on the Shock Initiation of Liquid TNT. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md.. Rept. NOLTR-62-159 (1962). Evans, M. W., "Detonation Sensitivity and F a i l u r e Diameter in Homogeneous Condensed Materials," J. Chem. Phys. 36, 193-200 (1962), Grant, R. L . , A Combination Statistical Design for Sensitivity Testing, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Rept. BM-IC-8324 (1967). Green, L. G., and G. D. Dorough, " F u r t h e r Studies on the Ignition of Explosives," in P r o c . 4th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U. S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C., Rept. ACR-126 (1965), pp. 477-486.

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Green, L. G., R. J. Wasley, and P . E. Kramer, Shock Initiation of LX-04-1 and LX-09-0, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50672 (1969). Green, L. G., R. J. Wasley, and P. E. Kramer, Shock Initiation of LX-07-2 and LX-10-0. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50851 (1970). Green, L. G., and A. M. Weston, Data Analysis of the Reaction Behavior of Explosive Materials Subjected to Susan Test Impacts. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-13480 (1970). Green, L. G., A. M. Weston, and J. H. Van Velkinburg, Mechanical Behavior of Hemispherical Billets of Plastic-Bonded Explosives Vertically Dropped on a Smooth. Rigid. Steel Target Surface, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51022 (1971). Green, L. G., A. M. Weston, and J. H. Van Velkinb\irg, Mechanical and Frictional Behavior of Skid Test Hemispherical Billets, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-5108 5 (1971). Hubbard, H. W., and M. H. Johnson, "Initiation of Detonation," J. Appl. Phys. 30. 765-769 (1959). Jaffe, I., G. Roberson, and J. Toscana, Calibration for the Gap Test with a Pentolite Donor. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-63-19 (1963). Jones, M. M., and H. J. Jackson, "Heat Sensitization of Explosives," Explosivstoffe 7, 177-183 (1959). Liddiard, T. P . , and D. P r i c e , Recalibration of the Standard Card-Gap Test. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-65-43 (1965). Lindstrom, I. E . , "The Planar Shock Initiation of Porous Tetryl,: J. Appl. Phys. 41. 337-350 (1970). Macek, A., "Sensitivity of Explosives," Chem. Rev. 62, 41-63 (1962). Mader, C., A Hydrodynamic Hot Spot Calculation. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2703 (1962). Mason, C. M., R. W. Van Dolah, and M. L. Weiss, Drop Weight Testing of Explosive Liquids, Explosives R e s e a r c h Center, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, P a . , Rept. BM-RI-6799 (1966). Napadensky, H., Experimental Studies of the Effects of Impact Loading on P l a s t i c Bonded Explosive Materials. Armour R e s e a r c h Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 111.. Rept. DASA-1391 (1963). P r i c e , D . , and T. P. Liddiard, J r . , The Small Scale Gap TestCalibration and Comparison with the Large Scale Gap Test. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md,, Rept. NOL-TR-66-87 (AD-487353) (1966).

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Schimmel, M. L . , QUESTQuantitative Understanding of Explosive Stimulus Transfer, Summary ReportTask 1 through 6. McDonnell Aircraft Compsuiy, St. Louis, Mo Rept. MDC-A-1021 (1971). Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee, Mamual of Explosive Safety Certificate Sensitiveness Tests. U. K. Explosives Resesu-ch and Development Establishment, Waltham Abbey, Essex, Rept. WAC-158-06 with suppl., WAE-325-03 with suppl. (1963). Slade, D. C., and J. Dewey, High Order Initiation of Two Military Explosives. Ballistic Research Laboratories. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-1021 (1957). Statistical Research Group, Princeton University, Statistical Analysis for a New P r o cedure in Sensitivity Experiments. Naval Defense Research Committee, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, Rept. OSRD-4040 (1944). Tucker, T. J . , "Spark Initiation Requirements of a Secondary Explosive," Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 152. 643-653 (1968). Walker, F . E . , and R. J. Wasley, "Critical Energy for Shock Initiation of Heterogeneous Explosives," Explosivstoffe 17^ 9-13 (1969). Walker, F . E . , and R. J. Wasley, "Initiation of Nltromethane with Relatively LongDm-atlon, Low-Amplitude Shock Waves." Combust. Flame 15. 233-246 (1970).

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I 05

MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Archibald, P. B., "isostatic Solvent Pressing," Ind, Eng, Chem. 53^, 737-738(1961). Bryden, J, H,, The Density of Crystalline Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX). U, S, Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, Calif., Rept. NOTS-1652, (NAVORD-5398) (1957), Goldsmith, W., and T. A. Reitter, Static and Dynamic P r o p e r t i e s of Two Explosive Materials. U.S. Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, Calif., Rept. NWC-TP4805, (AD-864750) (1970), Hamstad, M. A., Complex Shear Modulus of a High Explosive, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50357 (1967). Hoge, K. G., Friction and Wear of Explosive Materials. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50134 (1966). Hoge, K. G., "The Behavior of Plastic-Bonded Explosives under Dynamic Compressive Loads," in Appl. Polymer Symp. 5^, 19-40 (1967). Hoge, K. G., "Friction and Viscoelastic P r o p e r t i e s of Highly Filled Polymers P l a s t i c Bonded Explosives," 4th Southeastern Conf. on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, New Orleans, Feb. 29-Mar. 1, 1968. Murray, R. C., and W. G. Moen, The Linear Viscoelastic Response of LX-07-1. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50751 (1969), Murray, R, C,, and R, Jaeger, Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Testing of High Explosives. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. (16-mm color sound film (1969)). Scribner, K., A Physical P r o p e r t i e s Mock for LX-04-1. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15495 (1965). Wasley, R . J . , and F. E. Walker, "Dynamic Compressive Rheological Behavior of a Brittle, Strain Rate Sensitive, Polycrystalline, Organic Solid," J. Appl Phys. 40, 2639-2648 (1969). Wasley, R. J., and F. E. Walker, A Method for the Numerical Analysis of P r e s s u r e Transducer Records, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50233 (1967), Wasley, R, J . , K, G. Hoge, and J, C, Cast, "Combined Strain Gauge-Quartz Crystal Instrumented Hopkinson Split Bar," Rev, Sci, Instr, 40, 889-894 (1969), Wilkins, M. L . , and R. Giroux, The Calculation of Stress Waves in Solids. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7 271 (1963),

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CJJ

PERFORMANCE Adler, J . , and J. W. Enig, The Critical Conditions in Thermal Explosions Theory for Nth Order Reactions. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept, NOL-TR-64-180 (1964), Brinkley, S, R., and E. B. Wilson, Revised Method of Predicting the Detonation Velocities in Solid Explosives. Office of Scientific R e s e a r c h and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, D. C . , Rept. OSRD-905 (1942). Burnham, M. W., Investigation of Flow Kinematics of Detonating Explosive Slabs. Falcon Research Corp., Denver, Colo., Rept. AFATL-TR-67-33 (1967). Burnham, M. W., Research on Detonation Wave Mechanics, Falcon Research Corp., Denver, Colo., Rept. ARL-TR-66-2 (1966). Campbell, A. W., M. E. Malin, T . J . Boyd, J r . , and J. A. Hull, "Precision Measurement of Detonation Velocities in Liquid and Solid Explosives," Rev. Sci. Instr. 27, 567-574 (1956). Catalano, E . , and H. C. Hornig, Time-Resolved Emission Spectra of the Detonation Products of PETN. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL 50328 (1967). Christian, E. A., and H. G. Snay, Analysis of Experimental Data on Detonation Velocities. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept, NAVORD-1508 (1956), Cole, R,, Underwater Explosions. Princeton University P r e s s , Princeton, NJ (1948), Cole burn, N. L . , Chapman-Jouguet P r e s s u r e s of Several P u r e and Mixed Explosives. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-64-58 (1964). Cook, M. A., Detonation Velocities of "Ideal" Explosives with Inert Additives. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Rept. AD-16380 (1953). Cook, M. A., Velocity-Diameter Measurements and Reaction Rates of PETN. RDX, and EDNA. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Rept. AD-44634 (1954). Cook, M. A . , R. I. Keyes, and W. O. Ursenbach, Measurements of Shock and Detonation P r e s s u r e s . University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Rept. AD-258201 (1961). Cook, M. A., R.I. Keyes, and W. O. Ursenbach, "Measurement of Detonation P r e s sure," J. Appl. Phys. 33, 3413-3421 (1962), Cowperthwaite, M., Theoretical Studies of Detonation. Final Report. F e b r u a r y 1966 F e b r u a r y 1971. Stanford R e s e a r c h Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., Rept. AD-730642 (1971). Courant, R., and K. O. F r i e d r i c h s , Supersonic Flow and Shock Waves (Interscience, New York, 1948). Cowan, R. D . , and W. Fickett, "Calculation of the Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of Solid Explosives with the Kistiakowsky-Wilson Equation of State," J. Chem. Phys. 24. 932-939 (1956). Crouch, M. R., and N, E. Hoskin, "Detonation of Explosive Slabs of Finite Dimensions," J, Appl. Phys. 42, 264-267 (1971). 12/72 19-15

Deal, W. E . , "Measurement of Chapman-Jouguet P r e s s u r e for Explosives," J. Chem. Phys. 27, 796-800 (1957). Deal, W. E . , "Measurement of Reflected Shock Hugoniot and Isentrope for Explosive Reaction Products." Phys. Fluids 1. 523-527 (1958). Derzhavets, A. S., "Increased Susceptibility of Explosives to a Detonation Impulse," in Termostoikie Vzryvchatye Veshchestva ikh Deistvie v Glubokikh Skavzhinakh. F . A. Baum, Ed. (1969), pp. 37-52 (Transl. by H. J. Dahlby, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Max., Rept. LA-TR-71-32 (1971)). Dremln, A. N . , and K. K. Shvedov, "Determination of the Chapman-Jouguet P r e s s u r e and the Reaction Duration in a Shock Wave of High Power Explosives," Zh. Prlklad. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz, 3, 139-144 (1964). (TransL P A - T T - 1 5 (AD-688247).) Duff, R. E . , and E. Houston, "Measurement of the Chapman-Jouguet P r e s s u r e and Reaction Zone Length in a Detonating High Explosive," J. Chem. Phys. 23, 1268-1273 (1955). Enig, J. W., and F . J. Petrone, On Equations of State in Shock Initiation P r o b l e m s . U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Informal Rept, (1964). Evans. M.W., and C. M. Ablow, "Theories of Detonation," Chem. Rev. 61, 129-178 (1961). Evans, M. W., C. M. Ablow, B. O. Reese, and A. B. Amster, Shock Sensitivity of Low Density Granular Explosives, Stsmford R e s e a r c h Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., Rept. AD-417863 (1963). Eyring. H., R. E. Powell, G. H. Duffy, and R. B. Parlin, "The Stability of Detonation," Chem. Rev. 45, 69-181 (1949). Fickett, W., Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of Condensed Explosives Calculated with an Equation of State Based on Intermolecular Potentials. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2712 (1962). Fickett. W., and W. W. Wood, "A Detonation-Product Equation of State Obtained from Hydrodynamic Data," Phys. Fluids 1. 528-534(1958). Finger, M., H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, and J. W. Kury, "Metal Acceleration by Composite Explosives," In P r o c . 5th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va., Rept, ACR-184 (1970), pp. 137-151. Garn. W. B . , "Detonation P r e s s u r e of Liquid TNT," J. Chem. Phys. 32, 653-655 (1960). Gipson, R. W., and A. Macek, Transition from Slow Burning to DetonationFlame Fronts and Compression Waves during Growth of Detonation. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept, NAVORD-6759 (1959), Goodman, H. J . , Compiled F r e e - A i r Blast Data on Bare Spherical Pentolite. Ballistic R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-1092 (1960). Goodman, H. J . , and R. E. Shear, P r e s s u r e , Density and Internal Energy of Pentolite Explosion Products. Ballistic Research L a b o r a t o r i e s , Aberdeen Proving Gromid, Md., Rept. BRL-1212 (1963). 19-16 12/72

Gruschka, H. D . , and F, Wecken, Gas dynamic Theory of Detonation (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, 1971), Hauver, G. E , , suid P, H. Netherwood, P r e s s u r e Profiles of Detonating Baratol Measured with Sulphur Gauges. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-TN-1452 (AD-276986) (1962). Howe, P . M . , Detonation Structure in Condensed Phase Explosives. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. AD-713541 (1969). Hurwitz, H., Calculation of Detonation P a r a m e t e r s with the RUBY Code, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-63-205 (1965). Hurwitz, H., and M. J. Kamlet, "The Chemistry of Detonations. V. A Simplified Method for Calculation of P r e s s u r e s of C-H-N-O Explosives on K-W Isentrope," Israel J. Technol. 7, 431-430 (1969). Jacobs, S. J . , On the Equation of State of Compressed Liquids and Solids. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-68-214 (1968). Jacobs, S. J . , "Equation of State for Detonation Products at High Density," 12th Symp. (Intern.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. (1969), pp. 501-510. Jacobs, S. J . , T. P. Liddiard, J r . , a n d B . E. Drimmer, "The Shock-to-Detonation Transition in Solid Explosives," 9th Symp. (Intern.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Philadelphia, P a . (1963), pp. 499-516. Jameson, R. L . , and A, L. Hawkins, Detonation P r e s s u r e Measurements in TNT and Octol. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. AD-713547 (1970). Kamlet, M. J . , and S. J. Jacobs, "The Chemistry of Detonations. I. A Simple Method for Calculating Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of C-H-N-O Explosives," J. Chem. Phys. 48, 23-35 (1968). Kamlet, M. J . , and J. E. Ablard, "The Chemistry of Detonations. H, Buffered Equilibria," J. Chem. Phys. 48, 36-42 (1968). Kamlet, M . J . , and C. Dickinson, "The Chemistry of Detonations. III. Evaluation of the Simplified Calculational Method for Chapman-Jouguet Detonation P r e s s u r e s on the Basis of Available Experimental Information," J. Chem. Phys. 48. 43-50, (1968). Kamlet, M. J . , "The Chemistry of Detonation. IV. Evaluation of a Simple Predictional Method for Detonation Velocities of C-H-N-O Explosives," J. Chem. Phys. 48, 3685-3692 (1968). Kamlet, M, J,, see also H, Hurwitz, Kandiner, H, J . , and S. R. Brinkley, "Calculation of Complex Equilibrium Relations," Ind. Eng. Chem. 42, 850-855 (1949). Klrkwood, K. G., and W.W. Wood, "Structure of a Steady-State Plane Detonation Wave with Finite Reaction Rate," J. Chem. Phys. 22^ 1915-1919 (1954).

12 '72

19-17

Kury, J. W., H. C. Hornig, E. L, Lee, J, M, McDonnel, D, L. Ornellas, M, Finger, F, M, Strange, and M. L. Wilkins, "Metal Acceleration by Chemical Explosives," in 4th Symp, (Intern.) on Detonation. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. ACR-126 (1965), pp. 3-13, Lee, E. L , , H, C, Hornig, and J, W. Kury, Adiabatic Expansion of High Explosive Detonation Products, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept, UCRL-50422 (1968), Lee, E, L , , and H, C. Hornig, "Equation of State of Detonation Product Gases," in 12th Symp. (Intern.) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. (1969), pp. 493-499. Leger, E. G., and K. Park, A Zig-Zag Oscilloscope Presentation for Detonation Velocity Measurements in Explosives. Canadian Armament R e s e a r c h and Development Establishment, Rept. CARDE-TM-170-58 (1958). Leopold, H. S., The Growth of Low Density Explosive Mixtures, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-62-89 (1962). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Studies on Binders and Desensitizers (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., 1962). Lutzky, M., The Flow Field behind a Spherical Detonation in TNT Using the LandauerStanyvikovich Equation of State for Detonation Products. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-64-40 (1964). McGarry, W. F . , and T. W. Stevens, Detonation Rates of the More Important Military Explosives at Several Different T e m p e r a t u r e s . Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. PA-TR-2383 (1956). Mader, C. L . , Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of Condensed Explosives Computed Using the Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson Equation of State, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2900 (1963). Mader, C. L . , FORTRAN BKWA Code for Computing the Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex,, Rept, LA-3704 (1967), Mader, C. L . , The Time-Dependent Reaction Zone of Ideal Gases. Nltromethsuie. and Liquid TNT. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-3764 (1967). Melton, C. E . , D. F . Strenzwilk, and P. D. Yedinak, Microscopic Theory of Detonation in Solids. Ballistic R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-TN-1715 (AD-688869) (1969). Minshall, D . , " P r o p e r t i e s of Elastic and Plastic Waves Determined by Pin Contactors and Crystals," J. Appl. Phys. 26, 463-469 (1955), Ornellas, D. L . , "Detonation Calorimeter and Results Obtained with Pentaerjrthritol Tetranitrate (PETN)," Rev. Sci. Instr. 37, 907-912 (1966). Ornellas, D. L . , "The Heat and Products of Detonation of Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine (HMX), 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Nltromethane (NM), and Bis-(2, 2-dlnitro-2-fluoroethyl)-formal (FEFO)," J. Phys. Chem. 72, 2390-2391 (1968).

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Pack, D. C., "The Reflection of a Detonation Wave at a Boundary," Phil. Mag. 2, 182-188 (1957). Palmer, R., Initiation of Detonation. I. Simple "Hubbard and Johnson" Model. U. K. Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, Rept. SSPD-USA-56 (1962). Piacesi, D., J r . , Numerical Hydrodynamic Calculations of the Flow of the Detonation Products from a Point-Initiated Explosive Cylinder. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-66-150 (AD-810470) (1967). Price, D., "Dependence of Damage Effects on Detonation P a r a m e t e r s of Organic High Explosives," Chem. Rev. 59, 801-825 (1959). Price, D., and F . J. Petrone, Detonation Initiated by High P r e s s u r e Loading of a Solid Explosive, U.S. Naval Ordnance, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-63-103 (1963), Price, D,, J. F. Wehner, and G. E. Roberson, Transition from Slow Burning to DetonationFurther Studies of the F r e e Volume and the Low Velocity Regime in Cast Pentolite. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-63-18 (1963). Strange, F . M., Equations of State for Six Explosives. Wm. Brobeck and Associates, Berkeley, Calif., Rept. WMBA-4500-95-2-R8 (1964). Taylor, J . , Detonation in Condensed Explosives (Oxford University P r e s s , Oxford, 1952). Taylor, J., "The Dynamics of the Combustion Products behind Plane and Spherical Detonation Fronts in Explosives," P r o c . Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. A A200, 235-247 (1950). Taylor, J., Solid Propellent and Exothermic Compositions (George Newnes, Ltd., London, 1959). Taylor J., and P . F. Gay, British Coal Mining Explosives (George Newnes, Ltd., London, 1958). Urizar, M. J., E. James, and L. C. Smith, "Detonation Velocity of P r e s s e d TNT," Phys. Fluids 4, 262-274 (1961). Villars, D. S., A Method of Successive Approximations for Computing Combustion Equilibria on a High Speed Digital Computer," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 521-525 (1959). Von Neumann, J., and R. D. Richtmyer, " A Method for the Numerical Calculation of Hydrodynamic Shocks," J. Appl. Phys. 2i_, 232-237 (1950). Walsh, J. M., and M. H. Rice, "Dynamic Compression of Liquids from Measurements on Strong Shock Waves," J. Chem. Phys. 26, 815-823 (1957). Wasley, R. J . , auid R. H. Valentine, Shock Pulse Attenuation and Hugoniot Studies of One Explosive and Three Mock Explosives. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Livermore, Rept. UCRL-50950 (1970). White, W. B . , S. M. Johnston, and G. B. Dantzig, "Chemical Equilibrium in Cdmplex Mixtures," J. Chem. Phys. 28, 751-755 (1958).

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19-19

WQkins, M.L., J. French, and R. Giroux, A Computer P r o g r a m for Calculating OneDlmenslonal Hydrodynamic Flow KO Code. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-6919 (1962). Wilkins, M. L., B. Squier, and B. Halperin, The Equation of State of PBX-9404 and LX-04-1, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7797 (1964). Wilson, D. H., Hydrodynamics (Edward Arnold. P u b l . , London, 1959). Wood, W. W., "Existence of Detonations for Small Values of the Rate P a r a m e t e r , " Phys. Fluids 4. 46-60 (1961). Wood, W. W., "Existence of Detonations for Large Values of the Rate P a r a m e t e r . " Phys. Fluids 6. 1081-1090 (1963). Wood, W. W., and J. G. Klrkwood, "Diameter Effect in Condensed ExplosivesThe Relation between Velocity and Radius of Curvature of the Detonation Wave," J. Chem. Phys. 22, 1920-1924 (1954). Zeldovich, I. B . , Theory of Detonation (Academic P r e s s . New York, 1960). Zovko, C, T . , The Mechanism of the Transition from Deflagration to Detonation In High Explosives. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NAVWEPS-7393 (1961).

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RADIATION EFFECTS Bolt, R. O., and G. J. Carroll, E d s . , Radiation Effects on Organic Materials (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1963). Bowden, F . P . , and H. M. Montagu-Pollock, "Slow Decomposition of Explosive Crystals and Their Damage by Fission Fragments," Nature 191, 556-559 (1961). Cerny, J . , M. S. Kirshenbaum, and R. C. Nichols, "Range-Energy Relations for P r o tons and Alpha-Particles in Various Explosives," Nature 198, 371-372 (1963). Clark, D . , and M. J. Daniels, The Proton Irradiation of High Explosives. U. K. Atomic Weapons R e s e a r c h Establishment, Aldermaston, B e r k s . , U. K., Rept. ERN-25-64 (1964). Dobratz, B. M,, Bibliography on Radiation Effects on P r i m a r y and Secondary Explosives and on Propellants. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-16087 (1972). Paitchel, J., J . E , Cockayne, R , S , Alger, R . T , E l s b e r r y , W , B , Thomas, J. M. McSwain, J, P, Noonan, H. M, Shupp, and D, Wasler, Source Book of Radiation Effects on Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Vol, 1, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N . J . , Rept. DNA-2881F-1 (1974). Ribaudo, C., J. Mallay, and H. J. Matsuguma, The Effects of Reactor Irradiation on the Chemical Characteristics of Solid Explosives, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. PA-TR-3893 (1970). Urizar, M. J . , E. D. Loughran, and L. C. Smith, "The Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Organic Explosives," Explosivstoffe 4, 55-64 (1962).

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(M (M

05

THERMAL PROPERTIES Andreev, K. K., Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Explosives, 1st ed. (Moscow, 1960) (Transl. into German in Explosivstoffe (1960-1962); 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1966), Transl., Foreign Technology Div., W r i g h t - P a t t e r s o n AFB, Ohio, T r a n s l . AD-693600 (1969)). Aubertein, P . , "Stability of Explosives," Mem. Poudr. 4J^, 111-125 (1959); in F r e n c h (Transl. by F . E, Wallwork, U. K. Atomic Weapons R e s e a r c h Establishment, Aldermaston, Berks. U.K., T r a n s l . AWRE-TRANS-24 (1961)). B a r r e t t , E . J . , H.W. Hoyer, a n d A . V . Santoro, "Differential Thermal Analysis of Rapid High P r e s s u r e Decompositions," Anal. Lett. 1_, 285-289 (1968). Buxton, R. J . , and T. M. Massio, Compatibility of Explosives with Structural Materials of Interest. Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., Rept. SC-TM-70-3 55 (1970). Cady, H. H., and W. H. Rogers, Enthalpy, Density and Thermal Coefficient of Cubical Expansion of TNT, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2696 (1962). Clink, G. L . , Corrosion Effects of the Interaction of 6061 Aluminum with Aqueous Mixtures and Solutions of Selected HE's, Mason and Hanger Silas Mason Company, Inc., Pantex R a n t , Amarillo, Texas. Rept. MHSMP-71-58 (1971). Cook, M. A., and M. T. Abegg, "Isothermal Decomposition of Explosives," Ind. Eng. Chem. 48, 1090-1095 (1956). F r a z e r , J. W., and K. Ernst, Chemical Reactivity Testing of Explosives, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7438 (1963). Hansson, J . , Ed., Symposium on Chemical P r o b l e m s Connected with Stability of Explosives, 1st. Swedish Detonic R e s e a r c h Foundation, Stockholm (1967); 2nd (1970); 3rd (1973). Lee, E. L . , R. H. Sanborn, and H. D. Stromberg, "Thermal Decomposition of High Explosives at Static P r e s s u r e s 10-50 Kilobars," in P r o c . 5th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va., Rept. ACR-184 (1970), pp. 331-337. Maycock, J. N . , Applications of Thermal AnalysisExplosives and Solid Propellant Ingredients (Martin-Marie1;ta Corp,/Mettler Instrument C o r p . , Baltimore, Md.. 1969), Maycock, J . N . , "Application of Thermal Analysis Methods to the Study of Unstable and Metastable Materials," Thermochim. Acta 4, 309-320 (1972). Maycock, J. M., and V. R. Pai Verneker, "Characterization of T h e r m a l and Photosublimation of Organic Explosives by T h e r m o b a r o g r a v i m e t r i c Techniques," Thermochim, Acta 1, 191-198 (1970). Murray, R, C., and T. E. Cooper, A Method of Measuring Thermal Diffusivitv of High Explosive Materials, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50827 (1970).

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Rogers, R. N . , "The Simple Microscale Differential Thermal Analysis of Explosives," Microchem. J. 5, 91-99 (1961). Rogers, R. N . , S. K. Yasada, and J. Zinn, "Pyrolysis as an Analytical Tool," Anal. Chem. 32, 672-678 (1960), Schuldt, H, S,, and L, C. Myers, Time-to-Explosion Thermal Initiation Test for Explosives. Mason and HamgerSilas Mason Company, Inc,, Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas (1964). Simmons, H, T . , S r . , The Vacuum Thermal Stability Test for Explosives, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-70-142 (1970). Zinn, J . , and C. L. Mader, "Thermal Initiation of Explosives," J. Appl. Phys. 31, 323-328 (1960).

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Distribution
LLL Internal Distribution Roger E. Batzel R. W. Anderson C. G, Andre P. B. Archibald W. F. Arnold/E. R. McClure R. H. Barlett G, R. Baxter C. F. Bender W. P. Bennett C. W. Berndt E, R. Bissell R. M. Boat G. R, Bokanich W. G. Boyle R. D. Breithaupt G. A, Broadman/C. R. Henry W. L, Burden R. I. Bystroff R. B. Carr J. C. Cast E. Catalano H. Cheung W. E. Clements J. P. Cramer D, F, Cruff V, E. Culler J. D. Deligans H. X, DiGrazia G, L, Dittman B, M. Dobratz R. G. Dong F. S. Eby A. L. Edwards R, E. Elson R. B, Engle K, Ernst J. T. Ewing D. B. Fields M. Finger P . G. Fleming 12/72 K. V. Fordyce H. C. Forsberg J. W. F r a z e r J, L. Freiling S. J. French K, E. Froeschner M. M. Fulk R. Fyfe B. L. Garner L. S. Germain E. Goldberg H. A. Golopol G. L, Goudreau W. C. Grayson L. G. Green R. P. Guarienti M. W. Guinan W. A. Gummer W. H. Gust M. R. Gustavson J. S. Hallam H. G. Hammon R, L, Heckman F . H, Helm G. H, Higgins R. Henry K. G. Hoge B, E. Holder A. C. Holt A. C. Honodel B. L, Hord H. C. Hornig J. R. Humphrey W. S. Inouye W. M. Isbell E, James F. W. Jessen F. P, Johansen C. V. Johnson III M. Kamegai V. N. Karpenko/C. 20-1

10

25

L L L I n t e r n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n (continued) R. N. K e e l e r J. E. K e l l e r H. K. K r u g e r J. W. Kury A. Kusubov J. K. L a n d a u e r E . L. L e e J. K, L e p p e r W. A. Lokke J. W. Lyle A. Maimoni L. L . M a r i n o R. L . M c C l e s k e y C. A. McDonald J. L. McDonnel L. M. McGrew W. R, McKinley G, L, Moody J. L. M o r s e R. L . Morton P . H. Moulthrop J. H, Moyer R. K, Mull ins R. C. M u r r a y R. C. M y e r s W, B, M y e r s W. E . Nelson P , C. Newcomb E. J. Nidick D. C. Oakley R. S. P a i g e H. G. P a l m e r J. M. P a r k e r R. K. P e a r s o n L. E. P e c k H, N, P e r l T. P e r l m a n / G , B. Sabine K, A. P e t e r m a n H. E . Pfeifer R. L, R e m i l l a r d G. W. Repp
JO-2

H. L . Reynolds F. Rienecker K. H, Ristad J. B, Rob is on J. W, Routh S. Sack K. J. S c r i b n e r D, L. Seaton R. W. Seldon W. Selig L. L . Shaw B. L . S h r o y e r D. R. Speck G. G. Staehle D. J. Steinberg J. S. Steller E. A. S t i s s e r R. G. Stone J. R. Stroud C. A. T a t r o C. L . T e e v a n J. F . Tinney A. F , T o d a r o O. A. T v e i t m o e P . A. Urtiew R. E . V a r o s h O. T. Vik K. W, Volkman R. L . Wagner R. L, Waldron F . E . Walker D. H, W a r n e r R. J. W a s l e y R. C. W e i n g a r t H. W e i s s M. L . Wilkins J. R. Wilson F . R. Wondolowsky C. D. Wood R. J . Woodworth D. L . Woods D. L . W o o s t e r 12/72

LLL Internal Distribution (continued) C. L. Wraith M. Zaslaw.-^ky TID File Kxternal Distribution J, Choromokos. Jr. Defense Nuclear Agency Washington. U. C. E. L. Brawley Defense Nuclear Agency Albuquerque, New Mexico P. E. Koentap G, P r a s s i n o s Defense Nuclear Agency Livermore. California J. Bearden S. Wright Holston Army Ammunition Plant Kingsport. Tennessee J. Aragon M. Brooks A. W. Campbell W, Deal E. Eyster W. Meyers A. Popolato R. H. Rogers L. C. Smith R. Spaulding J. Travis W. C. Davis B. Craig P. G. Salgado B. Hayes T. Benziger M. Urizer W. Fickett C. L. Mader J. F . Barnes Library Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico R. Holmberg J. Poison C. Poole J. Kurrlee J. Tash Mason & Hanger - Silas Mason Co., Inc. Burlington, Iowa

J. C. Drummond J. Adams I. Akst R. Bailey A. Duncan R. Dunham J, Higgins L. Myers G. Osborn M. Ott E. Poynor J. Rigdon A. Wilson Mason & Hanger - Silas Mason Co.. Inc. Amarillo. Texas R. Brinkman D. Colman L. Haws P . J. Kiefer Monsanto Research Corporation Miamisburg, Ohio D. Anderson H. Barnett W. Benedict B. Grumley J. C. King E. Kjelgaard J. Marron C. H. Mauldin C. McCampbell T. Tucker J. Weber Library Sandia Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico G. Anderson C. R. Barncord C. Schoenfelder B. Worden D. Gregson L. Guiterrez R. Meinken Library Sandia Laboratories Livermore, California D. M. Z i m m e r V. Calbi Air Force Systems Command Eglin Air Force Base Florida H. F r a z i e r Ammunition P r o c u r e m e n t and Supply Agency Joliet, Illinois

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External Distribution (continued) S. Taylor R. Eichelberger R. Karpp P. Howe Ballistic Research Laboratories Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland A. M. Weston William M, Brobeck and Associates Berkeley, California G. Dorough R. Thorkelsen Department of Defense, Research & Engineering Washington, D. C. R. Roberts Office of Naval Research Washington, D. C.
J . Hershkowitz H. Matsaguma L . Saffian R. Walker N. Slagg H. F a i r P i catinny Arsenal

J. Bell U, S, Atomic Energy Commission Berkeley. California C. H. Smith Bendix Corporation Kansas City, Missouri H. Kite Union Carbide Corporation Oak Ridge, Tennessee Manager U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Albuquerque. New Mexico L G. Gwillim Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Aldermaston, Reading England C. A. Beck Explosives R e s e a r c h and Development Establishment Waltham Abbey, E s s e x England N. Griffiths Royal Armament R e s e a r c h & Development Establishment Fort Halstead, Kent England J. A. Bell Defense R e s e a r c h & Development Staff British Embassy Washington, D. C. D, B. Janisch Atomic Coordinating Office British Embassy Washington, D. C. Teclinical Information Center Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Dover, New Jersey


J. Ablard H. Heller M., Kamlet C. Misener Li b r a r y U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory Sil ver Spring, Maryland

H. D. N. R. B. U.

Gryting Lind Rumpp Sewall Stott S. Naval Ordnance Test Station China Lake, California

A. Amster B. D r i m m e r R. Beauregard Naval Ordnance Systems Command Washington, D. C. J. Osborne Air Force Weapons Laboratory Kirtland AFB, New Mexico VJE/md/lc
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NOTICb "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Inergy Commission, nor any ot their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees, makes any warranty express or implied or assumes any legal liability or responsibility lor the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any inlorniation, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not intringe privatelyowned rights'"

W GPO 790-202

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