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Prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48
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DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
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UCRL-51319^
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-NOTICEThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, maizes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
Contents
Foreword Conversion Factors Glossary I. High Explosives 1. Introduction 2. Manufacture Specifications 3. Names and Formulations 4. Physical P r o p e r t i e s Physical State and Density Molecular Weight and Atomic Composition Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Vapor P r e s s u r e Crystallographic and Optical P r o p e r t i e s References 5. Chemical P r o p e r t i e s Heat of Formation Heat of Detonation Conapatibility Solubility References 6. Thermal P r o p e r t i e s Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Specific Heat Thermal Stability Thermal Stability of L a r g e r Explosive Charges References Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Static Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Initial Modulus Creep Stress-Strain Relationships Failure Envelope Friction Complex Shear . . . , ' Dynamic Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Compressive S t r e s s - S t r a i n and Tensile Strength Hugoniot Data Sound Velocity
-111-
vii viii ix 1-1 1-1 2-1 2-1 3-1 4-1 4-2 4-4 4-6 4-9 4-10 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-4 5-7 5-8 6-1 6-1 6-4 6-6 6-8 6-51 6-52 7-1 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-14 7-15 .7-15 7-17 7-21
7.
8.
9.
References Performance Detonation Velocity Estimation Equations Chapman-Jouguet Detonation P r e s s u r e Cylinder Test Measurements of Explosive Energy Equation of State Detonation Energy References Sensitivity and Initiation Drop Weight Test Susan Test Comp B-3 Cyclotol 75/25 LX-02-1 LX-04-1 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10-0 LX-11-0 LX-14-0 Octol 75/25 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404-03 PBX-9501 TNT
7-23 8-1 8-1 . 8-2 8-5 8-6 .8-8 8-10 8-12 8-14 9-1 9-1 9-3 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 9-14 9-15 9-16 9-17 9-18 9-19 9-20 9-21 9-22 9-26 9-29 9-29 9-30 9-32 10-1 10-1 10-3 11-1 11-2
XTX-8003 Skid Test Gap Test Shock Initiation Critical Energy Initial Shock P r e s s u r e References 10. E l e c t r i c a l P r o p e r t i e s Dielectric Constant References 11. Toxicity References
-iv-
7/74
II.
Mock Explosives 12. Introduction 13. Names and Formulations 14. Physical P r o p e r t i e s References 15. Thermal P r o p e r t i e s Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Thermal Expansion References 16. Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Static Mechamical P r o p e r t i e s Initial Modulus Tension Creep Failure Envelope Friction Dynamic Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Compressive Stress-Strain Hugoniot Data References . . . . . . . . III. Code Designations LLL Code Designations Formulations in Production (LX Code) Research Explosives (RX Code) LASL Code Designations IV. Data Sheets: Collected P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives and Energetic Materials V. Bibliography Chemical Analysis General Reference Works Health and Safety Initiation and Sensitivity Mechanical and Physical P r o p e r t i e s Performance Radiation Effects Thermal P r o p e r t i e s
12-1 12-1 13-1 14-1 14-1 15-1 15-1 15-4 15-4 16-1 16-2 16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5 16-6 16-6 16-7 16-8 17-1 17-1 17- 1 17-3 17-7 18-1 19-1 19-1 19-3 19-7 19-9 19-13 19-15 19-21 19-23
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>
Foreword
This handbook presents information axid data for high explosives of interest to p r o g r a m s of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The loose-leaf format is designed to permit easy revision and updating as new information and data become available. Thus, additions and corrections a r e welcomed by the compiler. High Explosives (HE) a r e divided into two c l a s s e s : initial detonating or p r i m a r y explosives and noninitiating or secondary HEs. The p r i m a r y HEs, such as azides and fulminates, a r e extremely sensitive to ignition by heat, shock, and electrical discharge; ignition goes to high-order detonation even for milligram quantities. Their use is therefore limited to squibs and stairting m a t e r i a l s for low-energy detonators. Since p r i m a r y explosives have little application here, their p r o p e r t i e s have been specifically excluded from this compilation. Hereafter, secondary explosives a r e designated as HEs. Since many of the secondary high explosives (which a r e formulated and manufactured within the AEC complex) a r e mixtures, the properties of the additives and binders used have been included. The data a r e the most up-to-date and accurate available to the knowledge of the compiler. Some data, however, can r e p r e s e n t only a range, an approximation, or comparative values; this is especially t r u e of explosive m i x t u r e s . Such cases a r e noted in the text as they occur. The s o u r c e s of information include textbooks, journal articles, technical r e p o r t s , memoranda, l e t t e r s , and personal communications. Various schemes considered in the past to annotate the tables with the apposite r e f e r e n c e s proved too cumbersome. However, an attempt is naade in this revision and will be continued in subsequent revisions to provide p r e c i s e r e f e r e n c e s to the information and data presented. Data not specifically referenced were obtained from UCRL-14592 ; further information and additional r e f e r e n c e s can be obtained from the compiler. References a r e listed at the end of each section. The compilation consists of sections on high explosives and mock explosives, code designations, data sheets on individual m a t e r i a l s , and a bibliography. A list of abbreviations precedes the section on high explosives. The data a r e given in the units (metric or English) in which they were reported originally. All values and units, however, a r e converted to the International System of Units (S.I.)^; throughout this handbook the SI values a r e given in parentheses following the values in English or m e t r i c units. The imits a r e given in the table below and on other tables and figures where used. Reference to a company or product name in this compilation does not imply approval o r recommendation of the product by the University of California o r the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. P r o p e r t i e s of Chenaical Explosives, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCKL-145S2 (1965). 'Metric P r a c t i c e Guide. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, E 380-70 (1970).
7/74
VI1
CONVERSION FACTORS Units and factors for conversion to SI system. Unit system Symbol U. S^British Angle C-J p r e s s u r e Creep compliance Density Detonation velocity Heat of ^ detonation Heat of . formation Initial modulus Length Pressure
cgs deg PCJ bar
1.745329 X 10-2
10^
Pa
1/psi (= in.2/lbf)
P D
m2/N ^cm^ mm/^tsec cal/g cal/g kcal/mol Mg/m^ km/s J/kg J/kg kJ/mol Pa m
m
1.450377 X 10-4
1
1 4.184 X 10^ 4.184 X 10^ 4.184 6.894757 X 10^ 10-10 2.54 X 10"^ 6.894757 X 10^ 1.01 X 105 1.00 X 10^ 4.233 X 10-4 3.048 X 10-1 4.184 X 10^ [(Tp - 32)/1.8] +273.15 T^ + 273.15 1.729577 4.184 X 102
1.8 1
^det
AH,
^0
psi
o
A
mil P psi atm bar
Pa Pa Pa
m/s m/s
Sliding velocity Specific heat^ Temperature Thermal conductivity^* Thermal expansion Vapor pressure Weight
s
T k
cal/g-C
C
J/kg-K
K K
BTU/hr-ft-F ca]/cm-sec-C
CTE
v.p.
In this column, the abbreviations used a r e those of the International System of Units (SI)2; in this system, degrees Kelvin = K. Thermochemical BTU or calorie.
VLll
7/74
Glossary
AFNOL AWRE b.p. BDNPA BDNPF BEAF BKW BTF
%
C
polymerization product of primarily DINOL and 4,4-dinitropimeloyl chloride Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, U.K. boiling point bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal 1,2-ethanediol bisdifluoronitroacetate Brinkley-Kistiakowski-Wilson (equation of state) benzotrifuroxan calculated bulk sonic velocity calculated longitudinal velocity specific heat cellulose acetate butyrate tris-^-chloroethyl phosphate Chapman-Jouguet coefficient of thermal expansion detonation velocity l,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene decomposition difluorotrinitrobenzene 2,2,8,8-tetranitro-4,6-dioxa-l,9-nonane diol 2,2',4,4',6,6'-diaminohexanitrobiphenyl, dimethylformamide dim'ethylsulfoxide 2,2-dinitropropyl acrylate 4,4-dinitropentanonitrile dipicramide
P CAB CEF CJ CTE D DATB dec. DFTNB DINOL DIPAM DMFA DMSO DNPA DNPN DOP E EDNP EGDN f f . p . FEFO G ^50 HE HMX HNAB HNS HVD
7/74
dioctylphthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate energy ethyl 4, 4-dinitropentanoate ethylene glycol dinitrate ultrasonic modulus coefficient of friction freezing point bis(2-fluoro-2, 2-dinitroethyl) formal complex shear modulus drop weight sensitivity high explosive 1, 3, 5, 7 - t e t r a n i t r o - 1 , 3, 5, 7-tetrazacyclooctane 2, 2', 4, 4', 6, 6'-hexanitroazobenzene 2, 2', 4, 4', 6, 6'- hexanitrostilbene high velocity detonation
IX
JWL K k LASL LLL LVD m. p. MEK MIBK MW N n NC NG NM NOL NONA NQ PCJ PBX PENTEK PETN PR R RDX RTV S.I. STP T Tg TACOT TATB TEF Tetryl THF TMD TNM TNT V
V
J o n e s - W i l k i n s - L e e (equation of s t a t e ) d e g r e e s Kelvin thermal conductivity L o s A l a m o s Scientific L a b o r a t o r y Lawrence Livermore Laboratory low v e l o c i t y d e t o n a t i o n m e l t i n g point m ethyl ethylk etone methylisobutylketone m o l e c u l a r weight newton (pound-force) r e f r a c t i v e index nitrocellulose nitroglycerine nitromethane Naval Ordnance L a b o r a t o r y nonanitroterphenyl nitroguanidine Chapman-Jouguet p r e s s u r e plastic-bonded explosive pentaerythritol pentaerythritol tetranitrate Poisson's ratio molecular refraction 1, 3, 5 - t r i n i t r o - l , 3, 5 - t r i a z a c y c l o h e x a n e r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e vulcanizing S y s t e m e I n t e r n a t i o n a l e ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y s t e m of U n i t s ) s t a n d a r d t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e temperature glass transition temperature t e t r a n i t r o - 1 , 2, 5, 6 - t e t r a z a d i b e n z o c y c l o o c t a t e t r e n e 1, 3, 5 - t r i a m i n o - 2 , 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o b e n z e n e tris-^-chloroethylphosphate 2, 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o p h e n y l m e t h y l n i t r a m i n e tetrahydrofuran theoretical maximum density tetranitromethane 2, 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o t o l u e n e volume velocity vapor p r e s s u r e W i l l i a m s - L a n d e l - F e r r y (shift equation)
X
v.p. WLF
a P AH , , AHr a i3 e V p
linear coefficient of expsinsion cubical coefficient of expansion heat of detonation heat of formation adiabatic coefficient of expansion linear CTE cubical CTE dielectric constant sliding velocity density
7/74
XI
High explosives a r e metastable compounds or mixtures that can r e a c t rapidly to give gaseous products at high t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e . The attendant expansion of these products is the mechanism by which explosives do useful work. As with p r i m a r y explosives, reaction can be initiated by shock and heat. High explosives, however, differ from p r i m a r y explosives in three ways: 1. Small unconfined charges, even though ignited, will not usually detonate high-order. 2. Electrostatic ignition is very difficult (except in explosive dust clouds). 3. Ignition of any sort r e q u i r e s considerably l a r g e r shocks.
12/72
1-1
CM
2. MANUFACTURE
Pure explosives a r e usually synthesized by sulfuric/nitric-acid nitration of o r ganic compounds. The product is separated from the mixed acids by filtration, then worked free of impurities and dried. TNT is one of the few pure explosives that can be fabricated directly by melting and casting into a desired shape. Most other m a t e r i a l s must be diluted either with TNT (thereby castable) or with plastic (thereby pressable) before they can be fabricated into useful shapes. The procedure used for fabricating castable, TNT-containing formulations is as follows: TNT is melted and the desired solid ingredients a r e added with s t i r r i n g . The melt is precrystallized into a slurry, and vacuum is applied just before pouring into a mold. Cracking and variations in density and composition a r e minimized by careful control of the cooling r a t e . Plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) a r e pressed from "molding" powders, which may be produced in several ways. A typical preparation is by the s l u r r y technique: powdered explosive and water a r e agitated in a container equipped with cover, condenser, and s t i r r e r . A lacquer composed of the plastic (together with a plasticizer, if required) dissolved in a suitable solvent is added to the s l u r r y . The solvent is r e moved by distillation, causing the plastic phase to precipitate out onto the explosive as a coating. The plastic-explosive agglomerates into "beads" as the s t i r r i n g and removal of solvent a r e continued. Finally, water is removed from the beads by filtering and drying, leaving the molding powder. Good molding powders have a high bulk density and a r e free-flowing and dustless. PBX molding powder can be pressed into usable shapes by two methods: compression molding with steel dies, or hydrostatic or isostatic pressing. In the l a t t e r method the explosive is placed in rubber sacks and subjected to fluid p r e s s u r e . With either method, consolidation of the molding powder to reasonable densities (97% of theoretical) is obtained at p r e s s u r e s between 12,000 and 20,000 psi (83 and 138 MPa) and molding t e m p e r a t u r e s between 25 and 120C ( 298 and 313 K). An important and n e c e s s a r y feature of molding is the use of vacuum. The molding powder is normally evacuated to a p r e s s u r e of l e s s than 1000 lu Hg (133 Pa) before pressing. Both p r e s s e d and cast explosives a r e usually machined to final shape. Many intricate forms have been cut successfully. As a rule, the machining of explosives is s i m i l a r to the machining of a conventional plastic, except that water is used as a cutting-tool coolant. New explosives a r e machined by remote control until their behavior under machining has been carefully evaluated. Specifications Manufacture and testing a r e controlled by specifications for production explosives. A list of pertinent specifications is given in Table 2 - 1 .
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2-1
2-2
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3.
This section consists of Tables 3-1 through 3-4, which list the names and formulations of various explosives and energetic compounds. Table 3 - 1 . P u r e explosive compounds.
Material' BTF DATB DIPAM Chemical name B e n z o t r i s - [ l , 2, 5] o x a d i a z o l e [4,4,7]-trioxide 1, 3 - D i a m i n o - 2 , 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o benzene 3 , 3 - D i a m i n o - 2 , 2 ' , 4, 4 ' , 6, 6 ' hexanitrobiphenyl 2,2-Dinitropropyl acrylate Ethyl-4, 4-dinitropentanoate Bis(2-fluoro-2, 2-dinitroethyl)formal 1, 3, 5, 7 - T e t r a n i t r o - 1 , 3, 5, 7 tetraazacyclooctane 2, 2 ' , 4 , 4 ' , 6, 6 ' - H e x a n i t r o a z o benzene 2, 2 ' , 4, 4 ' , 6, 6 ' - H e x a n i t r o s t i l b e n e Partially nitrated cellulose Nitrocellulose (lacquer grade), cellulose trinitrate, piroksilin Nitrocellulose, guncotton Nitroglycerin Aminomethaneamidine Penthrite, TEN Cyclotrim ethylene trinitramine. h e x o g e n c y c l o n i t e , Gh Tetranitrodibenzo1, 3a, 4, 6 a tetraazapentalene Cycle t e t r a m e t h y l e n e tetranitramine, octogen Hexanitrodiphenylamine hexite, dipicrylamine Off-white Yellow Straw White Other designations Benzotrifuroxan, hexanitrosobenzene Color Buff Yellow
NC (13,35% N,
minll^ NG NM NQ PETN RDX
Partially nitrated cellulose 1, 2, 3 - P r o p a n e t r i o l t r i n i t r a t e Nitromethane Nitroguanidine Pentaerythritol tetranitrate 1, 3, 5 - T r i n i t r o - l , 3, 5 - t r i a z a cyclohexane, hexahydro1, 3, 5 - t r i n i t r o - s - t r i a z i n e Tetranitro-l,2,5,6-tetraazadibenzocyclooctatetrene 1, 3, 5 - T r i a m i n o - 2 , 4, 6 - t r i n i t r o benzene 2, 4, 6 - T r i n i t r o p h e n y l m e t h y l nitramine Tetranitromethane 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
TACOT
T r o t y l , T, tol
Buff to brown
P r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s m a r k e d with a s t e r i s k s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in d a t a s h e e t s (Section IV). N i t r o c e l l u l o s e is not, s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , a s i n g l e c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d . D i f f e r e n t g r a d e s a r e c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e , the g r a d e d e n o t i n g the d e g r e e of n i t r a t i o n . F o r t h i s handbook we c i t e , w h e r e p o s s i b l e , d a t a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of l a c q u e r - g r a d e n i t r o c e l l u l o s e (12.0% N) and g u n c o t t o n (13.3 5% N, m i n ) . L a c q u e r - g r a d e n i t r o c e l l u l o s e i s not an e x p l o s i v e but an e n e r g y - c o n t r i b u t i n g p l a s t i c b i n d e r in P B X - 9 4 0 4 .
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3-1
Table 3-2.
Explosive Baratol Boracitol
TNT RDX
24 40 36 40 25 30 63 60 75 45
5 20 0.5 75 50 20
25 50 80
P r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s marked with a s t e r i s k s are summarized in data sheets (Section IV). The weight percent values given in the table a r e nominal and subject to some variation. ^Comp B, Grade A is formulated as a 60/40 RDX/TNT mixture, but high-quality castings usually a r e higher in RDX content due to the removal of a T N T - r i c h section at the top of the casting. There a r e several cyclotols and pentolites. The most common cyclotol is RDX/TNT 75/25. The most common pentolite is PETN/TNT 50/50.
3-2
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Table 3 - 3 .
Ingredient HMX Viton A HMX Viton A HMX pDNPA FEFO HMX pDNPA FEFO
wt% 85 15 90 10 93 4.6 2.4 93.3 4.4 2.3 95 5 94.5 4.5 80 20 95.5 4.5 90 9.1 0.5 0.4 90 10 90
LX-09-1
Purple
RX-04-DE
Blue-green spots on white Blue-green spots on white White Violet spots on white White o r m o t t l e d gray
RX-04-PI
*PBX-9007
PBX-9007 T y p e B
White Off-white
*PBX-9205
White
*PBX-9404
P B X - 9 4 0 4 - -03
White o r b l u e
-PBX-9407 * P B X - 9 501
W h i t e o r black*^ White
P r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s marked with a s t e r i s k s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in data sheets (Section IV). Depending on graphite content. 7/74
3-3
Table 3-4.
M i s c e l l a n e o u s e x p l o s i v e s : N a m e s and f o r m t i l a t i o n s . Formulation
Other designations
wt%
91 5.3 2.1 1.6 85 15 63 37 51.7 33.2 15.1 73,5 17.6 6.9 2.0 63.7 34.3 2.0 80 20 72.2 23.4 4.4 80 20
Color White
Nitromethane Tetranitromethane 1 - Nitropr opane PETN Butyl r u b b e r Acetyltributyl citrate Cab-O-Sil PETN Silicone r u b b e r Cab-O-Sil PETN Silicone r u b b e r
*LX-02-l
EL-506 L-3
Buff
*LX-08
Blue
Green Clear
*XTX-8003
Extex
White
P r o p e r t i e s of m a t e r i a l s m a r k e d w i t h a s t e r i s k s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in d a t a s h e e t s (Section IV).
3-4
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Table 3 - 5 . Additives and binders. Material" BDNPA/BDNPF Cab-O-Sil M-5 DOP Estane 5702-Fl Exon 461 Kel-F 800 Kel-F 3700 Polystyrene Sylgard 182 TEF Viton A Chemical name Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal/ bis(2,2-dinitroprDpyl) formal 50/50 w/o Di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate dioctylphthalate polyurethane solution system Other designation Color Straw White Clear Light amber White Off-white Off-white Clear Light straw Clear White
Trifluorochloroethylene/ vinylidine chloride copolymer Poly (trifluorochloroethylene) Poly (trifluorochloroethylene) Silicone resin Tris-|8-chloroethylphosphate Hexafluoropropylene/ vinylidine fluoride 1:2
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3-5
t>
to
CO
4.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
This section contains information relating to selected physical constants and properties of HEs of interest. These p r o p e r t i e s a r e physical state and density (Table 4-1); moleciilar weight MW and atomic composition (Table 4-2); melting point m. p . , boiling point b . p . , and vapor p r e s s u r e v . p . (Table 4-3 and Fig. 4-1); crystallographic ajid optical properties (Table 4-4). Many properties a r e density-dependent. For calculations for mixtures, some useful auxiliary relationships between composition and density a r e as follows:
y mi
p (TMD) = -^
y (v^Pi)
- ^^
(-i/Pi)
I V,
v^ ^ V. 100 m . / p . ^ (mi/Pi) '
V. = W
ipjp.)
W. =
100 ViPi
100 m.
' I^Vi^
S-i
Void V. = 1 - ( P Q / T M D ) , where TMD is theoretical maximum density, m is m a s s , v is volume, W is weight percent, V is volume percent, p is theoretical density, subscript i designates the component, and p is the actual density of the mixture.
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4-1
Nominal density, p (g/cm^ 1.48 2.60-2.61 1.53-1.54 1.87 2.2 1.71 1.72 1.59 1.75-1.76 1.79 (Mg/m^))
Material AFNOL Baratol BDNPA/BDNPF^ Boracitol BTF Cab-O-Sil^ Comp B, G r a d e A Comp B-3 C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 7 5/25 DATB DIPAM^ DNPA DOP EDNP EL-506A EL-506C Estane^ Exon 4 6 1 ^ FEFO H-6 HMX HNAB-I^ HNAB-11^ HNAB-III^ HNS^'^ K e l - F 800^ K e l - F 3700^ LX-01 LX-02 LX-04 LX-07 LX-08 LX-09 LX-10-0
Physical state Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid P u t t y l i k e solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Solid Solid R u b b e r y solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Liquid P u t t y l i k e solid Solid Solid P u t t y l i k e solid Solid Solid
4-2
(Mg/m^))
1.383-1.397 ^ b 1.901 2.3 1.74 1.75 1.77 1.837 1.79 1.47 0-.9861 1.28
1.48 1.48 1.18 1.70 1.607 1.74 ( c a s t ) 1.900 1.795 c a l c . 1.799 o b s . 1.744 c a l c . 1.750 o b s . 1.718 o b s . 1.74 1 .72 2 .02 1 .85 1.23 1.44 1.889 1.892 1.439 1.867 1.896 1 .43-1..44 1 .860- 1,870 1 .860- 1.870 >1.42 1 .837- 1.845 1 .858- -1.868 7/74 1.89
Table 4 - 1 .
Physical state Solid Solid Putty curable to rubbery solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid
(Mg/m^))
Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501^ Pentolite 50/50 PETN Polystyrene 12 RDX^^ Sylgard 182^^ TACOT TATB TEF Tetryl TNM TNT Viton A' XTX-8003
15
1.59 1.13 at 20C (293 K) 1.72 1.83 1.697 1.822 1.795 1.72 1.865 1.81 1.855 1.71 1.77 1.12 1.806 1.05 1.85 1.938 1.425 1.73 1.6.'S0 at 13C (286 K) 1.654
1.55 1.80-1.82 1.66 1.789 1.770 1.68 1.831-1.844 1.60-1.62^ 1.843 1.67 1.76 1.05
1,556
Theoretical maximum density. A TMD value based on boric acid and TNT is 1.52; during the vacuum casting at over 80C (3 53 K), however, some of the boric acid breaks down to B2O2 This has the effect of increasing the TMD by an unpredictable amount. Nominal density in detonator and booster applications. 7/74 4-3
M o l e c u l a r Weight and A t o m i c C o m p o s i t i o n Table 4 - 2 . M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t s and a t o m i c c o m p o s i t i o n s . F o r m a t e r i a l s that a r e p u r e c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d s , m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t s and m o l e c u l a r f o r m u l a s a r e given: for t h o s e that a r e m i x t u r e s , an a r b i t r a r y m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t of 100 i s a s s i g n e d , and an e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h i s weight i s g i v e n . F o r such m i x t u r e s , the weight p e r c e n t a g e of an e l e m e n t i s given by t h e p r o d u c t of t h e a t o m i c weight and i t s s u b s c r i p t in t h e e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a . El e m e n t a l c o m p o s i t i o n Explosive Baratol BDNPA/BDNPF Boracitol BTF Cab-O-Sil C o m p B , G r a d e A^ C o m p B-S*^ C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 7 5 / 2 5 DATB DIPAM DNPA DOP EDNP EL-506A EL-506C Estane 5702F-1 FEFO E x o n 461 H-6 MW 100 100 100 252.1 60.09 100 100 100 100 243.1 4 54.1 204.1 390.57 220.2 100 100 100 320.1 (213.43)^^ 100 2.03 2.05 1.82 1.78 6 12 6 24 7 2.41 3.25 5.137 5 4 1.890 2.64 2.51 3.54 2.58 5 6 8 38 12 4.29 5.94 7,500 6 2 2.590 1.612 2.009 2 1.08 0.87 0.187 4 2.18 2.15 2.46 2.36 5 8 2 2,67 2.67 2.51 2.69 6 12 6 4 6 3.27 2.68 1.7 58 10 F 2 CI 3 F 3 Ca 0.0045 CI 0.0090 Al 0 . 7 4 1 1.23 6 3.79 0 0.53 6 3.97 6 B 0.97
c
0.74
H 0.53
N 0.90
O 2.38
Other B a 0.29
HMX HNAB HNS K e l - F 3700 LX-01-0 LX-02-1 LX-04-1 LX-07-2 LX-08-0 LX-09-0 LX-09-1
296.2 452.21 450.3 (116.48)^^ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
8 4 6
8 8 6
8 12 12 CI 1 F 3
3.39 2.99 2.30 2.43 2.95 2.72 2.721 Si 0.03 F 0.52 F 0.35 Si 0.50 F 0.02 F 0,0144 7/74
Table 4 - 2 .
Explosive LX-10-0 LX-10-1 LX-11-0 LX-13 LX-14 MEN-II NC (12.0% N) NC (13.35% N, m i n ) NG NM NQ Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 Pentolite 50/50 PETN Polystyrene RDX S y l g a r d 182 TACOT TATB TEF Tetryl TNM TNT Viton A XTX-8003 See XTX-8003
MW 100 100 100 100 100 262.6 274.1 227.1 61.0 104.1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 316.2 (104.15)^ 222,1 ( 74.16) 388,2 258.2 285,5 287.0 196.0 227.1 (187.08)j^ 100
C 1.42 1.410 1.61 1.521 2.06 6 6 3 1 1 1,78 1.97 1.39 1.73 1.83 1.40 1.41 1.47 2.33 5 8 3 2 12 6 6 7 1 7 5 1.80
H 2.66 2,663 2,53 2.917 7,06 7 7 5 3 4 2.58 3.22 2.43 3.18 3.14 2.75 2.66 2,86 2,37 8 8 6 6 4 6 12 5 0 5 3,5 3.64 5 4 3 8 6 6
N 2.57 2.579 2.16 2.587 1.33 2.25 2.5 3 1 4 2.36 2.43 2.43 2.45 2.49 2.57 2,54 2.60 1.29 4
O 2.57 2.579 2.16 2.658 3,10 9.5 10 9 2 2 2.69 2.44 2.43 2.61 2.51 2.69 2,54 2,69 3,22 12 6 1 8 6 4 8 8 6
CI 0.09 F 0.26
Si 1
CI 3 P 1
Based on nominal composition of 63% RDX, 36% TNT, and 1% wax. assumed to have the composition CH2, Based on nominal composition of BDX/TNT 60/40. 7/74 4-5
Table 4 - 3 .
Material AFNOL Baratol BDNPA/BDNPF Boracitol BTF Comp B, G r a d e A Comp B-3 C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 75/25 DATB DIPAM DNPA DOP EDNP EL-506A EL-506C FEFO 18 16 4 Ref.
--(423 a t 1 33 P a )
0 1 a t 100C
(13 33 at 373 h )
-- b
79-80 286 304 (352-353) (559) (377)
0 1 at 100C 0 1 at 100C
11.3-12 9
(284-286)
120-124 at 0 3 m m
(3'iJ-3<)7 a t 40 Pa)
2 14 X 10
at 2JC
(2 85 X 10 a t 298 K)
HMX HNAB 20 9 19 19 LX- 01-0 L X - 02 L X 04 L X 07 L X 08 L X -09 L X -10 L X -11 L X -13 L X -14 MEN 11 NC (12 0% N) NC (13.3570 N, m i n ) See XT
'T7KT
(4 X 10"'' a t 373 K) (1 33 X lO" a t 373 K) 9347 ' ' TTKT (1 33 X 10"'' a t 373 k ) (3866 a t 298 K)
(>523) (>523)
129-135 (402-408) with d e c o m p o s i t i o n D e c >280 Dec >250 D e c '250 Dec >270 Dec Dec 135 135 ^553) {>523) (>523) (>543) (408) (408)
Table 4 - 3 .
Material Ref. m.p. (C) Dec.>280 Dec.>250 Dee.>250 Dec.>270 Dec. 135 Dec. 135 13.2
-29 b.p. (K)
(continued)
V P (K)
Ref.
(C)
Ref.
(mm Hg)
(Pa)
LX-09 LX-10 LX-11 LX-13 See XTX-8003 LX-14 MEN II NC (12.0% N) NC (13.35% N, min) NG NM N(3 Octal PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 Pentolite 50/50 PETN
0553) (>523) (^523) (^543) (408) (408) 101-101.5 (374-375) 0.0015 at 20C 37 at 25C (0.2 at 293 K) (49J3 at 298 K)
(286) (244) 246-247 (519-520) with decom;position 79-80 (352-353) Dec.>200 (--473) Dec.>200 (-473) Dec.^250 (-'523) Dec.>200 0473) Dec.>250 Dec.>200 Dec.>240
76
0.1 at 100C
(13.33 at 373 K)
139-142
i3
Polystyrene
RDX
12 13
240 205
(513) (478) (-653) ( 598) (476) (403) (287) (3 54) 3850 '"^10 ' cm ' " "' 1 (K) from 111-130 C (384-403 K)
TACOT TATB
TEF
24 25 26
Tetryl
TNM TNT
14 2 80.9
125.7
(o9'))
(1733 at 298 K) (14 13 at 373 K) 3850 '^lO rm 1 (K) from 200-350 C (473-623 K)
XTX-8003
1 mm Hg = 1.33323 X 10^ Pa No fixed melting point. '^Two types of HNS a r e in production: HNS-I, <10 /j particle size, and HNS-I], 100-300 ji particle size D e c : decomposes.
>
Extrapolation
(3.4)
(3.2)
(3,0) J
(2.8) L
97
(2,6)
(2,4) J
127 161
(2.2) L
203
(2,0)
Temperature 1000/TK
30
49
71
Temperature C
Fig, 4 - 1 ,
Vapor p r e s s u r e of FEFO,^^ PETN,^^ RDX,^^ DATB-I,^^ /3-HMX,^^ TATB,^^ HNS.29 Conversion factor: 1 T o r r = 1.333 X 10^ P a .
4-8
7/74
Crystallographic and Optical Properties Table 4-4. Crystallographic and optical properties.'
Material BDNPA/BDNPF^ BTF29.30 a = 9.92 b = 19.52 c = 6.52
I
Polymorph
Crystal structure
Space group
Molecular refraction H
Orthorhomic Amorphous
Pna2j 1.46
Pc2
a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c
= 15.14 = 23.89 = 5.91 = 6.54 = 11.05 = 8.70 = 10.95 = 7.93 - 14.61 - 7.66 = - 32.49 = 10.15 = 8.26 - 10.06 - 10.63 - 21.87 - 7.59 = 20.93 - 5.57 - 14.67
1.485 at 25C (298 K) a - 1.561-1.565 (3 = 1.562-1.566 T = 1.72-1.74 a - 1.589 3 = 1.594 y = 1.73 a = 1.537 (3 = 1.585 T - 1.666
58 calc. 55.7 obs. 58 calc. 56.1 obs. 58 calc. 55.4 obs. 58 calc. 55.9 obs.
a - 17.58 b - 24.84 c - 3.58 I (ff) (p = 1.778) II (|3) (p = 1.716) 12 a 9.38 b = 9.38 c = 6.71 a = 13.22 b - 13.49 c = 6.83 a - 21.90 b = 21.90 c - 6.63 a = 13.18 b = 11.57 c = 10.71 Unstable
Orthorhombic
Fdd2
PETN36-40
P42j/c Pcnb
1.59-1.60 Pbca n a /3 7 =8 ^ = 1.578 I at 20C = 1.597 ["(283 K) = I.6O2J 43.7 calc. 41.4 obs.
a b c a b c a b c
Tnclinic Monoclinic
PT
P2^/c
1.430 at 25C (298 K) a = 1.45 3 = 2.3 7 = 3.1 a = 1.546 0 = 1.632 7 =1.74 calc. n = 16 a = 1.543 |3 = 1.674 7 = 1.717
^Refractive indexes and molecular refractions a r e at 5893 A and 25C (589.3 nm and 298 K).unless otherwise stated; 10 A = 1 nm.
7/74
4-9
References 1. 2. H. Hornig, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). M. Finger, P r o p e r t i e s of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal and Bis(2,2,-dinitropropyl) formal, Eutectic Mixture, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rep.t. UCID-16088 (1972). Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass., Cab-O-Sil, Rept. Cgen-7 (no date). E. E. Kilmer, J. Spacecr. Rockets 5, 1216-1219 (1968). B. F . Goodrich Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Estane Polyurethane Materials, Service Bulletin 64-14; Estane Polyurethane Solution Systems, Service Bulletin TSR 64-18 (1964). Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, Penn., Exon, Sales Service Bulletin No. 20 (1956). E. J. Graeber, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., personal communication (1972). A. C. Schwartz, Application of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosive Components, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., Rept. SC-RR-710673 (1972). K. G. Shipp, J . Org. Chem. 2, 2620-2623 (1964). Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., Kel-F E l a s t o m e r P r o p e r t i e s and Applications (no date). J. R. Humphrey, L X - 1 0 - 1 : A High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51629 (1974). J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Eds., Polymer Handbook, Interscience, N. Y. (1966). C. S, Choi and E. Prince, Acta Cryst. B28, 2857-2862 (1972). Dow Corning, Hemlock, Mich., Information about Electronic Materials, Bulletin 07-123 (1964). S. Dixon, D. R. Rexford, and J. S. Rugg, Ind. Eng. Chem. 49^, 1687-1690 (1957). J. R. Holden, Acta Cryst.. 22, 545-550 (1966). Food Machinery Corporation, Ohio Apex Division, Nitro, W. Va., P l a s t i c i z e r s , Data Sheet (1955). M. Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). K. G. Shipp, U . S . Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., personal communication (1965). G. P. Sharnin, B. J. Buzykin, and K. Kh. Shakurova, J. Org. Chem. (USSR) Q,, 1039-1041 (1970). W. C. McCrone, Anal. Chem. 23^, 205-206 (1951). T. M. Benziger, X-0242: A High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-4872-MS (1972). F . T. Crimmins, The Vapor P r e s s u r e of Pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN) in the Temperature Range of 50 to 98 Degrees Centigrade, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50704 (1969). 4-10
7/74
3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
24.
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
41. 42.
E. I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, Technical Information on Military Specialties--TACOT (manufacturer's data sheet), E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Inc., Wilmington, Del. (no date). L. C. Smith, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., personal communication (1962). Celanese Corporation, Chemical Division, New York, N. Y., Celluflex CEF, Products Bulletin N-46-2 (1955). F . T. Crimmins, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1969). J, M. Rosen and C. Dickenson, J. Chem. Eng, Data 14, 120-124 (1969). H. H. Cady, A. C. Larson, and D, T. Cromer, Acta Cryst. 20, 336-341 (1966), E. N. Maslen, Acta Cryst. B24, 1170-1172 (1968). H. H. Cady, A. C. Larson, and D. T. Cromer, Acta Cryst, 16, 617-623 (1963). W. C. McCrone, Anal. Chem. 22, 1225-1226 (1950). A, Filhol, Contribution to the Study of the Hexogen Molecule in the Crystalline and the F r e e State, Thesis.Universite de Bordeaux, F r a n c e (1971). (In French). C. S, Choi and H, P. Boutin, Acta Cryst. B26, 1235-2340 (1970). W. Selig, Explosivestoffe 17, 201-202 (1969). J. E. Knoggs, Mineral, Mag, 20, 346-352 (1925), A. D. Booth and F . J. Llewellyn, J. Chem. Soc. (London) 1947, 837-846 (1947). J. Trotter, Acta Cryst. 16^, 698-699 (1963). H. H. Cady, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., personal communication (1972). A. T. Bloomquist, Microscopic Examination of High Explosives and Boosters, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Rept. NDRC-B-3014 (AD-29944) (1957). W. C. McCrone, Anal, Chem. 22, 954-955 (1950). P, M. H a r r i s , P. Reed, and R. E. Gluyas, Structures of Trinitro Aromatic Crystals and Related Substances, U . S . Dept, of Commerce, Rept. 156-104 (1959). H, H. Cady, Microscope 14, 27 (1963). H. H. Cady and A, C, Larson, Acta Cryst, 1, 485-496 (1965). H. H. Cady, Acta Cryst. 23^, 601-609 (1967), W, C, McCrone, Anal. Chem. 21^, 1583-1584 (1949). F , G, J, May, B. W. Thorpe, and W. Connick, J. Cryst. Growth 5, 312 (1969). W. Connick, F . G. J. May, and B. W, Thorpe, Austr, J. Chem, 22, 2685-2688 (1969). D. G. Grabar, F . C. Rauch, and A. J. Fanelli, J. Phys, Chem. 73, 3514-3516 (1969). L. A, Burkhardt and J. H, Bryden, Acta Cryst, 7_, 135-136 (1954).
7/74
4-11
"*
5.
This section gives information on heat of formation AH compatibility, and solubility. Heat of Formation
Heat of formation AH^, r e f e r s to the enthalpy of the reaction a C, , ^ + - * C H. N O, (s)V +2^ H, 2(g) . +2^ N2(g) ^ +24 0 2(g) a 13 c d at 1 atm (101 kPa) and 298C (571 K). The sign convention is such that the AH is negative when the above reaction is exothermic. Tables 5-1 and 5-2 give heats of formation of various explosive m a t e r i a l s and of additives and binders, respectively. Table 5 - 1 . Heats of formation, AH, of explosives.
Explosive Baratol Boracitol BTF C o m p B , G r a d e A Comp B-3 Comp C-4 Cyclotol 75/25 DATB DIPAM DKPA EDNP EL-506A EL-506C FEFO HMX HNAB HNS LX-01-0 I X-02-ld LX-04-1 LX-07-2 LX-08d LX-09-0 LX-09-1 LX-10-0 LX-11-0 LX-13 LX-14 MEM-11 N C (12.0% N) NC (13.35% N, n u n ) NG NM NQ Octol PBX-9007a rBX-9010 PHX-tOll"^ PBX-9205'^ PBX-9404-3^ PBX-9407'^ PBX-9501'' P e n t o l i t e 50/ 50 P E IN RDX TACOT TATB Tetryl TMl TNT XTX-8003 For mixtures, "^One k c a l / m o l ''^One c a l ' g (kcal/moU^ -70.8 -257.5 +144.5 +1.0 +0.84 +3.33 +3.01 -29.23 -20.1 -110 -140 (kJ/mol)'' (-295) (-1,076) (+606) ( + 5.78) (+5.28) (+13.9) (+13.8) (-122) (-84 1) (-460) (-585.8) (-167) (-178) ( - 7 4 2 8) (+75.02) (+241.8) (+58.1) (-115.2) (-205.3) (-90.1) (-51.7) (-185.9) (7.61) (+8 38) (-13.1) (-128.6) (t-6.28) ( - 3 1 0 7) (-"04) (-837) (-380) (-113) (-98.7) (tll.U) (*29.8) (-J2.U) (-17 0) (+24.30) (0 331) (+48.4)
(+9
j)
(cal/g) -708 -2,575 +573 +10.0 +8.4 +33.3 +30.1 -120 -44 3 -539 -635 -554.4 +61 +128 +30 83 -275 -491 -215 -123 -444 +18.2 +20.04 -31 4 -307.3 +15.0 -743 823 730 -400 -442 -227 +2 5,7 +71.3 -78.7 -40.5 +58.1 +0.8 + 116 22 8 -24 3 -407 +66 330 -143 +16 J 66 -78 -444
(kJ/kg)""
(-2,952) (-10,755) (+2,399) (+57.8) (+52.8) (+139) (+138) (-503) (-185) (-2,255) (-2,660) (-1,669) (-1,775) (-2,320) (+253) (+535) (+129) (-1,152) (-2,053) (-901) (-517) (-1,859) (+76.1) (+83.8) (-131) (-1,286) (62 8) (-3,107) (-3,441) (-3,052) (-1,673) (-1,853) (-949) (+119) (+298) (-329) (-170) (+243) (+3.31) (+484) (+95.4) ( - 9 9 3 7) (-1,702) (+277 1) (+1,380) (-597 2) (+66 6) (+277) (-284) (-1,859)
-177.5 +17.93 +57.8 +13.88 -27.5 -49.1 -21.5 -12.3 -44 +1.82 +2.004 -3.14 -30.73 See XTX-8003 n.50 -74 3 -216 -200 -90.8 -27 0 -23.6 +2.37 +7.13 -7.87 -4.05 + 5.81 +0.08 + 11.6 +2 3 -24.3 -128.7 +14.71 + 128 -36.85 +4.67 + 13.0 -15 -44.4
4.184 KJ/kg.
I h e s t a n d a r d e n t h a l p i e s of t o r m a t i o n of t h e n o n e x p l o s i v e c o m p o n e n t s oi t h e m i x t u r e s w e r e e s t i m a t e d f r o m bond e n e r g i e s .
7/74
5-1
Table 5-2.
Material BDNPA/BDNPF^ Cab-O-Sil DOP*^ E s t a n e 5702 F - 1 K e l - F 3700*^ Polystyrene Sylgard 182*^ TEF Viton A
Heats of formation, AH
kcal/mol -46.38 -215194 -268.2 -95 -161 .+18.9 -24.9 -300 -332.7 (kJ/mol)
(kJ/kg)
(-1,941) (-15.051) (-2,874) (-3,975) (-5,783) (+7 57) (-5,858) (-4,397) (-7,439)
Calculation. Estimate.
Heat of Detonation Heat of detonation ^ H , . r e f e r s to the change in enthalpy for the high-order detonation of the explosive. Initial and final states a r e taken at 25C (298 K) and 1 atm (101 kPa) p r e s s u r e . The experimental values listed in Table 5-3 were determined in a detonation calorimeter; they a r e found to vsiry with density, size, and confinement of the charge as well as with c a l o r i m e t e r geometry. Therefore, application of these vailues of detonation energy to other situations r e p r e s e n t s only EUI approximation. The maximum heat of detonation is a calculated value for the enthalpy of the reaction Explosive - Most Stable Products. The order chosen for the most stable products is HgO, COg, C, y and Ng for CHNO explosives. If the explosive contains F and/or CI, then HF suid/or HCl precedes HgO in the o r d e r . The values r e p r e s e n t the upper limit of the chemical energy obtainable from an explosive. In practice, the effective energy developed by a detonating high explosive is always smaller than the assumed thermodynamic maximum energy. The r e a s o n is that the actual shifting equilibrium along the adiabat until freeze-out occurs is not the one assumed h e r e . Also, the actual entropy is higher than for 25C (298 K) and 1 atm (101 kPa) p r e s s u r e . Such codes as RUBY, BKW, suid TIGER a r e believed to give m o r e r e a l i s t i c estimates of the t r u e composition during expansion.
5-2
7/74
(MJAg) (3 10) (1 67) (7 07) (6 44) (6 44) (6 65) (6 57) (5 27) (5 65) (4 44) (5 15) (6 78) (5 90) (6 07) (6 78) (6 lo) (a 94) (7 20) (5 94) (o 94) (5 231
(ktal g) 0 72 0 20 1 69 1 40 1 40 1 40 1 44 1 15 1 27 0 8a 0 J4 1 38 1 12 1 3' 1 48 1 42 1 36 1 a2 1 16 1 11 1 37 1 77 1 46 1 46 1 42 1 28
(kialg)
(VJkg)"*
(kcaog)
(MJ kg)*^
(C(K))
(m
(mm))
(Mg/m'^)
141
(5 90)
141
(5 90)
2D(298)
1/2
(12
7)
186
1 20
(5 02)
I 12
(4 69)
25(2)8)
1/3
(8 47)
1 69
0 98
(4 10)
0 91
(3 81)
25(2)8)
1/3
(8 47)
180
5 77) A 69)
82)
1 28 1 48
(5
36)
1 21 1 37
(5 06 (5 73)
25(298) 25(298)
1/2 1/2
(12 7) (12 7)
1 61 1 89
(6 1 J)
1 25
(5 li)
24(297)
1/3
(8 47)
I X oa"^ '
LX 09 0 LX-09-1 LX 10 0 LX-n-0 i,X 13 I X 14 MEN I, NC (12 0% N) NC (13 35% N, min) NG WI^ NQ Octol P B X 9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404' PBX-9407 P B X 9a01 P e n t o l i t e DO OO'* PETN* RDX^ TACOT' TATB Tetryl' TNM'^ 2 INT
( 8 D
(6 6 )) (6 6)) (6 4 J) (5 77)
XTX
1 38 See 1 58 1 38 1 16 1 16 1 aJ 1 62 1 06 1 57 1 06 1 47 1 oJ 1 46 1 o6 1 60
1 3)
1 16
(4 8b)
25(298)
1/2
(12 7)
-800 >
(6 jli (1 7 )
1 43 1 Oa 1 02 1 02 1 48 1 36 0 88 1 43 13 1 36 1 i6 I 41 1 42 1 46 1 44 1 40 I al 1 48 1 35 1 08 1 45 0 55 1 2 ) 1 6)
(4 (6
8D)
(4 8o)
6J)
(6 ~!ll (4 44) (6 o7) (6 j31 (6 la) (6 40) (6 11) (5 ^i) (6 6J) (6 60) (6 40)
1 06
(4 44)
2a(298)
12
(12 7)
a 82) a 6 ) 5 6))
a 90) 5 J4)
(o 36)
2o(298)
1/3
(8 47)
6 11) 6 03) a 86) 6 32) 6 1 )) 5 64) 4 52) 6 07) 2 30) 5 40) 7 07) 1 09 1 16
(4 (4 36)
8J)
1 Dl
1 23 1 49 1 51 0 98
1 16 1 37 1 42 0 96
1 65 1 73 1 78 1 74
1 65 1 62 1 41 I 20 1 51
'
0 55 1 41 1 88
! 02 1 Oa
(4 27) (4 39)
25(298 25(298
1/2 1/2
1 54 1 55
One cal g
4 184 k l kg
BaCOs 1 1 the f i r s t produi t c a l t ulated "^BQ^S IS the f i r s t p r o d u c t c a l c u l a t e d Contain'^ l i t t l e o r no h y d r o g e n , t h e r e f o r e n ) w a t e r is f o r m e d , and v a l u e s for H j O , ^ ) and BgO, ^ a r e i d e n t i c a l ^^lO., IS he f i r s t p r o d u c t c a l c u l a t e d f A v e r y ' m a l l p e r c e n t a g e of CH^ i m p u r i t y r a i s e s t h e s e v a l u e s m a r k e d l y
7/74
5-3
Compatibility Many m a t e r i a l s have been tested for compatibility with various HEs; those listed or mentioned in this section a r e the most comnaonly used at the LLL facility for explosive testing. In Tables 5-4 and 5-5, which list adhesives and fillers, those m a t e r i a l s rated "A" have been evaluated extensively; those rated " B " have been screened for g r o s s incompatibility only. If these m a t e r i a l s a r e used as they a r e supplied, that i s , in the prepackaged c a t a l y s t / r e s i n system, they a r e satisfactory for use as indicated. It is understood that the adhesives will be used in minimum amounts, mixed according to supplier's instructions, and used only for limited t i m e s , that is, from two to t h r e e months during environmental testing. The r e s u l t s of our compatibility tests a r e valid only for the specific batch/lot of HE and adhesive tested. F o r different HEs and later lots of adhesive, even from the same suppliers, the reactivity and compatibility tests must be repeated. The supplier may change or "improve" the material without notice; this could render the m a t e r i a l incompatible. The compilation is not to be regarded as complete; many other m a t e r i a l s have been evaluated but a r e not commonly used and therefore not included h e r e . Table 5-6 l i s t s adhesive tapes found to be compatible with various HEs; any other tapes should be tested before u s e .
Table 5-4,
Adhesives: Chemical reactivity 3Lnd compatibility with various high explosives. 1, bond strength equal to that of A, compatible; OK for l o n g - t e r m explosive. storage. 2, bond strength l e s s than that of B, compatible; OK for s h o r t - t e r m explosive. storage (less than 30 days). 3, no bond strength. Blank, compatibility has not been checked.
/ / / / / / / /"w//i?/<w/
/ /
/ ^ / ' ^ / 0 ^ // y 0 * / / 0 ^ // / o / o / ^ / . . 5 ^ / > /
/ c i / ' v , /
Adhesive Adiprene L-lOO Adiprene L-167 Adiprene LD-213 Aerobond 2017 Eastman 910 Epoxies'' Laminae 4116 3-M #465 3-M #466 3-M #Y9146
i i s h? u^ s M s h ^ ^ L^ h
A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-2 A-2 A-2 A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l A-2 A-l A-l A-l A-l A-l __a A - l A-2 A-2
ih
/
A-l A-l A-l
A-2
A-l = A - 2
3 A-2 A-2 A-2
A-l'^
A-2 A-2 A-2 A-2 A-2 A-2
A-l =
Do not use Aerobond 2017 with LX-09. The cure of the adhesive is inhibited by the explosive. BIPAX-2902, EPY-150, and Hysol epoxy patch kit are epoxies certified for bonding strain gauges to LX-04, LX-07, LX-09, LX-10. and PBX-9404. Does not meet environmental specifications. 5-4
7/74
Table 5-5. F i l l e r s and coatings: Chemical reactivity and compatibility. bond strength equal to that of A, compatible; OK for long-term explosive. storage. B compatible; OK for s h o r t - t e r m 2, bond strength l e s s than that of explosive. storage (less than 30 davs). 3, no bond strength. Blank, compatibility has not been checked.
/ >
F i l l e r or coating DC 93-109^*'^ DC 93-119^^ DC 93-120*^ DC 93-122^''^ DuPont 4817 conductive silver FDA 2 Red FDA 3 Green GE RTV 632^'^ Silastic Q 93-009*^ Silastic Q 93-029*^ Silastic RTV 140*^ Silastic RTV 732^ Silastic RTV 891^^
/ ^
ihr r
/ '^J
/CO
/ . /
A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2
/ ^
/ ^
^ A-3
A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3
/ ^
A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 B-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2
/ -v
A L' 1 iilil
A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2 B-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-3 A-2 A-2 A-2
Nonflowing RTV silicone rubber used mostly for potting s p a c e r s , detonators, and detonator cables. Do not attempt to use Nuocure 12, Nuocure 28, or Thermolite 12 catalysts with Silastic Q 93-109 or Q 93-029 when the material will be in contact with LX-09 or other formulations containing F E F O or DNPA. These systems contain a platinum catalyst. Do not mix them in a container which has been used to mix the more conventional RTV silicones, e . g . . Silastic Q 93-009 and Q 93-029. The catalyst in these and s i m i l a r RTV s y s t e m s poisons the platinum catalyst and thus inhibits the cure. RTV: r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e vulcanizing.
7/74
5-5
Table 5-6.
A d h e s i v e t a p e s found to be c o m p a t i b l e with v a r i o u s high e x p l o s i v e s . t a p e not l i s t e d should be t e s t e d b e f o r e u s e . Trade name Scotch Brand E l e c t r i c a l Tape Scotch Brand Mylar Scotch Brand E l e c t r i c a l Scotch Brand Masking Scotch Brand Photo Tape S c o t c h B r a n d Double Sided Masking Scotch Brand Tape S c o t c h B r a n d Double Sided Masking S c o t c h B r a n d Double Sided Masking Scotch Brand P l a s t i c Scotch Brand P l a s t i c Scotch Brand P l a s t i c Scotch Brand Cellophane Tape Scotch Brand Cellophane Tape S c o t c h B r a n d M a g i c Mending Scotch Filament Tape S c o t c h B r a n d Double Sided Masking Bear Tape Blue C r o s s T a p e Mystic Tape High V o l t a g e R u b b e r T a p e Permacel Permacel P e r m a c e l Cellophane Tape Teflon T a p e #S15 #S16 #S18 #29 #32 #5803 Number #33 #56 #57 #232 #235 #400 #420 #465 #466 #471 #471 #471 #600 #850 #810 #880 #Y9146 #4/1
Any
Manufacturer 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M B e h r - Manning Hampton Manufacturing Company Mystik Tape, Inc. Okonite Compajiy Permacel Permacel Permacel Saunders Engineering Corporation Technical Tape Corporation Technical Tape Corporation
Color Black Yellow Yellow Tan Black Tan Lead Tan Tan Yellow Red White Clear Clear Clear Pearl Tan Tan Yellow Black Brown Black Red Clear Blue/brown
Yellow Black
5-6
7/74
-0
Table 5-7. Qualitative solubilities of pure explosives. Solubilities a r e expressed as follows, in t e r m s of weight of lubstance dissolved at room temperature per 100 ml of solvent: i - insoluble (less than 0.1 g). sl = slightly soluble (0.1 to 5 g), s = soluble (over 5 g).
Solvent Acetone Benzene Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform DMFA DMSO Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl ether Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Pyridine Water BTF DATB DIPAM DNPA EDNP FEFO HMX
sl
HNAB
HNS'
sl
NC NG
s s sl sl s
NM
NQ
PETN
s sl
1 1 1
RDX
TACOT"
TATB
Tetryl
TNM
TNT
sl sl
sl sl
sl
sl sl s
sl
S S 1
sl
sl
sl
sl
,10 sl
sl
sl
OI I -J
Table 5-8, Qualitative solubilities of additives and binders. Solubilities a r e expressed as follows, in t e r m s of weight of substance dissolved at room temperature per 100 ml of solvent: i = insoluble (less than 0.1 g), sl = slightly soluble (0.1 to 5 g), s = soluble (over 5 g).
Solvent Acetone Benzene Dichloroethane DMFA DMSO Gasoline Glycerine MEK MIBK THF Toluene Water Xylene BDNPA/ BDNPFll Cab-O-Sil
DOP 12
Estane 5702-Fll3
Exon 46ll4
Kel-F^^
Polystyrene^^
Sylgard 182
TEF^^
Viton A
References D. L. Ornellas, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). D. L. Ornellas, J . Phys. Chem. 72, 2390-2394 (1968). H. W. Sexton, Armament Research and Development Establishment, Fort Halstead, United Kingdom, personal communication (1956), D. L. Ornellas, J. C. Carpenter, and S. R. Gunn, Rev. Sci. Inst. 37^. 907-912 (1966). A. Ya. A pin and Yu. A. Lebedev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR 114, 819-821 (1957). D. O'Keefe, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., personal communication (1972). K. G. Shipp, J. Org. Chem. 29, 2620-2623 (1964). T, Urbanski, Chemistry and Technology of Explosives (McMillan, New York, 1964-1967), vols, 1-3, W. Selig, Some Analytical Methods for Explosives and Explosive Simulants, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7873 P t s . 1-4 (1964-1973). V. D. Gupta and B. L. Deopura, Mol. Phys. 1_9, 589-592 (1970). M. Finger, P r o p e r t i e s of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal and Bis(2,2dinitropropyDformal, Eutectic Mixture, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-16088 (1972). Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation, Ohio-Apex Division, Nitro, W. V., P l a s t i c i z e r s (no date), B. F . Goodrich Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Estane Polyurethane Solution Systems, Service Bulletin, TSR 64-18 (1964). Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, Pa., Exon, Sales Service Bulletin No. 20 (1956). Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., K e l - F E l a s t o m e r P r o p e r t i e s and Applications, Service Bulletin (no date). J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Eds., Polymer Handbook (Interscience, N.Y., 1966), Celanese Chemical Corporation, New York, N.Y., Celluflex CEF, Product Bulletin N-46-2 (1955),
5-8
7/74
6.
THERMAL PROPERTIES
This section contains tables and information on t h e r m a l conductivity k, c o efficient of thermal expansion CTE, estimated specific heat Cp, glass transition point Tg, and thermal stability. Thermal Conductivity Measurements of thermal conductivity made on an apparatus s i m i l a r to that used at the National Bureau of Standards a r e included in Table 6 - 1 , Thermal conductivities as a function of temperature a r e given in Fig. 6-1 for 8 explosives; the straight lines r e p r e s e n t the best fit of the data. Table 6 - 1 . Thermal conductivities k. Explosive (BTU/hr-ft-F)^ (lO"^ cal/cm-sec-C) 11.84 6.27 6.22 6.00 9.25 (W/m-K)^
(0,4.95) (0.262) (0.260)
(K)
Comp B-3 Comp C-4 DATB LX-04 LX-07 LX-09 LX-10 LX-11 NC (12,7% N) PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9404 PBX-9501 Polystyrene Sylgard 182 Tetryl (p = 1.53) TNT (p = 1.60)
(291-348) (291-345)
0.25 0.25
(0.251) (0.380) 21.1 70 70 (0.398) 70 (0.432) 70 (0.432) 70 (0.363)(est (0.230) (0.215) (0.432) 70 (0.432) 21,1 70 (0.451) 0 (0.105) (0,116) 50 (0.128) 100 (0.146)(cured) (0.286)
(0.260)
(294) (294)
18-45
(291-318)
One cal/cm-sec-C = 4. 184 X 10"^ W/fn-K; 1 BTU/hr-ft-F = 0.004135 c a l / c m - s e c - C = 1.729577 W/m-K, Where measurements were made in both British and m e t r i c units, only the British units were converted.
7/74
6-1
0.60 _
0.35
0.0014 LX-10-0
0.50
0.30 LX-09-0
_ 0.0012
0.25 0.40
0,0010
U
0,20
1
0,0008
E o
0.30 0.60 r- ^
hCQ
0,0014
D O
I
0.50 -
0,0012
0.0010
0.0008
J_
0 Temperature F (250) (300) Temperature K
100
200
(350)
1 5 Fig. 6 - 1 . Thermal conductivity k as a function of t e m p e r a t u r e for L X - 0 4 - 1 , LX-07-0, LX-09-0,6 LX-10-0,5 LX-14-0,'7 PBX-9011,^ PBX-9404,^ and PBX-9501.^ Conversion factors: 1 B T U ^ r - f t - F = 1.7239577 W/m-K; 1 c a l / c m - s e c - C = 4.184 X 102 W/m-K.
6-2
7/74
The thermal conductivity data shown in Fig. 6-2 as a function of HMX content indicate the rsinge of properties available with HMX/Viton explosives; see also the CTE data shown in Fig. 6-3 as a function of HMX content. T h e r m a l conductivity k i n c r e a s e s with increasing HMX content; CTE d e c r e a s e s .
0,30
0.5190
0.20
_ 0,3460 E
t OQ
0.10
0,1730
50 HMXwt %
Fig. 6-2. Thermal conductivity k vs wt% HMX for HMX/Viton s y s t e m s at 70F (21C, 294 K). Conversion factors: 1 B T U / h r - f t - F = 1.729577 W/m-K; 1 c a l / c m - s e c - C = 4.184 X 102 W / m - K ,
7/74
6-3
Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion data were obtained by the use of bulk m e r c u r y dilatometers or a linear expansion apparatus; the two methods produce comparable r e s u l t s . Figure 6-3 shows CTE as a function of HMX content for HMX/Viton s y s t e m s . Table 6-2 l i s t s the measured linear (a) and cubic (jS) expansion coefficients of explosives and binders along with their glass transition t e m p e r a t u r e s and p r e s s e d densities. The cubic expansion coefficients (j3) can be calculated for isotropic m a t e r i a l s as /3 = 3 a.
160
Above T
g 200 E \ E >o o
^o o
80 o Below T ^N>.
u
100 o
E E o
^O I
50 HMXwt %
100
Jo
Fig. 6-3. Coefficients of t h e r m a l expansion CTE vs wt% HMX for HMX/Viton s y s t e m s . Conversion factor: 1 in./in.-F = 1.8 c m / c m - C = 1.8 m / m - K .
6-4
7/74
Table 6.2.
Explosiveg and binders: Coefficients of t h e r m a l expansion CTE, glass transition t e m p e r a t u r e s Tg, and p r e s s e d densities p.
Linear CTE (a)*
(10" in An - ' F )
-WT
Explosives to to to to 60'C 60C 25"C 63C
(213 333) (273-333)
"TFT
Ti^r
Baratol Boracitol Comp B-3 DATB DOp" Estane ^ 5702-Fl HMX HNAB' HNE^ K e l - F 3700 LX-02 LX-04 LX-07 LX-08 28 5 39 5
26 7 34 8
-40 0 6 27
-20C 85"C
30 to 70 (243 343)
to to to to to to to to to to
-18F 165-F -18-F 165F -20''F 165"F 0"F 165F -10F 165F
(219-245) (245 347) (219 245) (24 5 347) (219-244) (244 347) (219 255) (255 347) (219-249) (261 347)
243) (^243)
Lx-oa
LX-10 LX-U LX-13 LX-u' NC (12 7% N) PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX 9404 PBX-9501 PETN^
27 31 24 26 31 46
1 0 8 2 est est
1 835 1 845
(44 6) (47 0)
(56) (83)
(48 5) (55 8)
See XTX-8003 27 31
<30"F ^30F
28 7 37 3
28 32 30 46
1 2 6 1
-65 30 65 -10 80
to to to to to
35 -29
Polystyrene
76 5-89 9 60-80
20 to 90-C <100C
170-210 510-600
63 6
(324) 50 0 + 0 0 0 7 T
191
65 0 145 2
68 8 77
-450 728
-27C
1 819 1 544
1 8 cm/cm-*C
Specific Heat Specific h e a t s C for the p l a s t i c c o m p o n e n t s of p l a s t i c bonded e x p l o s i v e s w e r e Specific h e a t for the P B X w a s then c a l -
e s t i m a t e d by m e a n s of the K o p p - J o u l e r u l e . ponents.
c u l a t e d by applying the a p p r o p r i a t e weight f r a c t i o n s to t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t of the c o m l i s t e d in T a b l e 6-3 a r e b e l i e v e d to be a c c u r a t e P to 5%. V a l u e s for s p e c i f i c h e a t a t t e m p e r a t u r e s o t h e r than 20C (293 K) for HMXc o n t a i n i n g PBX can b e e s t i m a t e d b y the f o r m u l a C (T) HMX '^p^'^^ " '^p^'^0^ CpTT^THMX ' w h e r e C (T) i s the s p e c i f i c h e a t at a t e m p e r a t u r e o t h e r t h a n 20C (293 K), and C (T) i s t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t at 20C (293 K). for R D X - c o n t a i n i n g P B X . S i m i l a r l y , s u b s t i t u t e RDX v a l u e s into t h e f o r m u l a T h e s p e c i f i c h e a t s of HMX and RDX a s a function of The e s t i m a t e s of s p e c i f i c h e a t C
t e m p e r a t u r e a r e included in Table 6 - 3 . Table 6-3. Specific h e a t s C C (cal/g-C) 0.157 0.201 0.403 0.192 0.299 0.307 0.325 0.333 0.25 (-73C) 0.36 (25C) 0.47 (127C) (1.05)(200 K) (1.51)(298 K) (1.97X400 K) 0.265 0.267 0.271 0.278 0.286 0.295 0.302 0.312 0.40 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 (1.67) (1.21) (1.25) (1.21) (1.17) (1.13) 6-6 7/74 at at at at at at at at 20C 30C 50C 70C 90C 110C 130C 150C (1.109 (1.117 (1.133 (1.163 (1.197 (1.234 (1.264 (1.305 at at at at at at at at 293 303 323 343 363 383 403 423 K) K) K) K) K) K) K) K) at at at at at at at at 30C 50C 70C 83-100C 30C 50C 70C 83-100C experimental (kJ/kg-K)' (0.657 (0.841 (1.686 (0.803 (1.251 (1.284 (1.359 (1.393 at at at at at at at at 303 K) 323 K) 343 K) 3 5 6 - 3 7 3 K) 303 K) 323 K) 343 K) 3 5 6 - 3 7 3 K)
(cal/g-Cr
(kJ/kg-K)"^
C o m p B - 3 13
DOP
11
- 0 . 5 7 a t 50-150C
(2.385 a t 3 2 3 - 4 2 3 K)
FEFO
HMX^^
Table 6-3. C (est.), at 20C (293 K)TT Explosive LX-10 LX-ll^^ LX-13 LX-14 (cal/g- cf 0.28 0.31 0.27 0.27 (kJ/kg-K)"^ (1.17) (1.26) (1.13) (1.13)
NC^^ (13.3 5% N, m i n . )
^1^18
19 NM'
104.4 + (6.381 X lO'^^t) + (3.175 X l O ' ^ t ^ ) (8.131 X 10 ^t^) ,-9.4 + (4.093 X 10 ''t'') J / m o l e - C , t in C
NQ"" Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501^^ PETN^^ Polystyrene 13 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 (1.13) (1.17) (1.13) (1.13) (1.17) (1.13) (1.13) (1.13) (1.09)
= 6 + 0.08 T at 2 0 0 - 4 6 0 K
0.238 + 0.00079T 0.26 at 20C 0.283 at 0C 0.300 a t 50C 0.439 at 100C 0.274 0.278 0.285 0.289 0.290 0.293 at at at at at at 20C 30C 50C 70C 90C 110C
at 50-175C (323-448 K) (1.088 at 293 K) (1.184 at 273 K) (1.255 at 323 K) (1.837 at 373 K) (1.146 (1.163 (1.192 (1.209 (1.213 (1.236 at at at at at at 293 303 323 343 363 383 K) K) K) K) K) K)
P e n t o l i t e 50/50 0.26
RDX
(1.423 a t 298 K)
Tetryl TNT^^
Cp = 15 + 0 . 1 9 T at 2 0 0 - 4 0 3 K 0.2463 + (8.408 X l O ' ^ t ) at 25-68C (298-341 K) 0.4502 + (8.018 X l O ' ^ t ) at 83-117C (356-390 K)
Viton A^^ X T X - 8 0 0 3 16
0,27
0.35
(1.464)
(1.13)
1 c a l / g - C = 4.184 k J / k g - K .
Thermal Stability Thermal changes in materials can be measured in several ways, qualitatively and quantitatively. F o r HEs we generally use differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tests (pyrolysis, CRT, or vacuum stability) that m e a s u r e the amount of gas evolved when an HE is heated for a stated period of time at an elevated t e m p e r a t u r e . Heating r a t e s a r e 10C/min. 1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA). In the usual DTA analysis, identical containers a r e set up (one containing the sample and the other containing a standard reference substance) in identical thermal geometries with temperature s e n s o r s arranged so as to give both the temperature of each container and the difference in t e m p e r a t u r e s between containers. The data a r e displayed as a DTA thermogram in which the t e m p e r a t u r e difference is plotted against the t e m p e r a t u r e of the sample. The standard reference m a t e r i a l chosen is one whose thermal behavior does not change rapidly. Such a plot is almost a straight line if the sample also has no rapidly changing thermal behavior (or if it is very similar to the standard m a t e r i a l ) . Excursions above and below a background line a r e due to endo- or exothermic (heat-absorbing or heatreleasing) changes. The DTA analyses permit interpretation for phase changes, decomposition and kinetic information, melting points, thermal stability. Results a r e shown in Fig. 6-4. Sample sizes a r e of the o r d e r of 20 mg. 2. Pyrolysis. The sample is placed in a pyrolysis chamber which is then flushed with helium. When the a i r has been swept out, the temperature of the chamber is raised at a constant r a t e . Gas evolution is measured as a function of t e m p e r a t u r e by a bridge formed by two thermal conductivity c e l l s . Data a r e included in Fig. 6-4, 25 the right-hand ordinate showing the thermal conductivity response in millivolts (mV). Sample sizes a r e of the order of 10 mg. 3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The objective in a TGA is to determine whether there a r e any weight changes in a saimple, either when it is held at a fixed t e m p e r a t u r e or when its temperature is changed in a programmed linear fashion. The data a r e generally plotted as weight vs t e m p e r a t u r e or time or as weight change vs t e m p e r a t u r e or time. The TGAs a r e useful for only a limited number of physical property investigations, e.g. vaporization phenomena, but they a r e extremely useful for obtaining information on chemical p r o p e r t i e s such as thermal stability and chemical r e a c t i o n s . They a r e also useful for obtaining kinetic data. Sample sizes a r e of the order of 10 mg. The heating r a t e is held at ~10C/min in nitrogen atmosphere, and weight loss is shown as a function of temperature in Fig. 6-5. 4. LLL reactivity test (CRT). The sample is heated at 120C (393 K) for 22 h r . A two-stage chromatography unit is used to m e a s u r e the individual volumes of N, NO, CO, NgO and COg evolved per 0.2 5 g of explosive during this period. The test is used principally to determine the reactivity of explosives with other m a t e r i a l s . When operated as a simple test of explosive stability, the results a r e expressed in t e r m s of the sums of these volumes. Results a r e given in Table 6-4. 6-8 7/74
150
200
250
Temperature " C
Fig. 6-4.
(a) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for baratol.24
7/74
6-9
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(b) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for b o r a c i t o l . ^
6-10
7/74
-J
> E
05 I
50
100
250
300
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
1 +5
Comp B
1 1
1
10
1
1
-
+4 -
+3 -
\ \
- 8
+2 -
\
+1- 6
. ^
^^r|
-1 -
j
1
1 1, 1' 1
1
\
-2
1 1
-3
1
/ /
\ 50
1 1
\
- 3
1 1
-4
-5
y
100
J
150
1
200
1
250
1
300 350
Temperature C
6-4.
(d) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Comp B.24 Melting points of both TNT and RDX a r e lowered. The melting endotherm for RDX is almost lost in the decomposition exotherm which s t a r t s at ~150C (423 K). Comp B is l e s s stable than its components separately.
6-12
7/74
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(e) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for cyclotol.24
7/74
6-13
150
200 Temperature
350
6-4.
(f) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for DATE .24 T^Q endotherm starting at ~220C (493 K) is due to the I - II polymorphic transition. The melting point appears at 285''C (558 K)
6-14
7/74
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(g) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for DNPA monomer.24
7/74
6-15
150
200
Temperature C
6-4.
(h) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for p-DNPA. A mild explosion usually blows the sample thermocouple out of the cell at 250C (523 K). The small endotherm at 60C (333 K) is due to the second-order transition of the polymer. 6-16 7/74
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Temperature " C
Fig. 6-4.
(i) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Estane 5740 X - 2 .
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Temperature "C
Fig. 6-4.
-J
(j) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Exon 461. 24
-J
!5 +1
05 I
> E
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
-3 -
50
150
200
Temperature C
6-4,
(1) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for HMX (94.38% Holston production grade).24 Melting point 275C (548 K).
6-20 7/74
50
100
150
200
Temperature "C
250
300
350
Fig. 6-4.
(m) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for HMX (99.9% pure).24 Purified by extraction and crystallization of production-grade HMX. Dry ^-HMX of good purity does not show a ^ -* a transition. This sample shows a ^ -* a transition starting at 187C (460 K), but no melting point, so the endotherm does not show on the curve.
7/74
6-21
150
200
300
350
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(n) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for a-HMX.24 Melting point 282C (555 K).
6-22
7/74
+5 T - HMX
+4
+3
+2
+1
-1
-3
I
-4-
50
100
150
200
V,
250
300
350
Temperature " C
Fig. 6-4.
(o) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for7-HMX.24 Appears to contain a small amount of/3-HMX.
7/74
6-23
> E
I to
50
100
150
200
350
400
450
500
Fig. 6-4,
-a
-J
5+205 I
250
300
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Temperature C
(r) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Kel-F 3700 (uncured). Z e r o - l i n e drift is due to low thermal conductivity of sample.
<
50
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature
Fig. 6-4.
7/74
6-27
150
200
350
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(t) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for NC.24 A mild explosion always blows the sample thermocouple out of the cell at 195-197C (468-470 K).
6-28
7/
< 0
Temperature
Fig. 6-4.
(u) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for NQ.24
7/74
6-29
50
100
150
200 Temperature C
250
300
350
6-4.
(v) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for NQ (purified).24 xhe melting point of the sample is superimposed on the decontiposition exotherm. The decomposition in the liquid phase is extremely violent. 6-30
7/7
100
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature C
4.
(w) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for octol.24 The endotherms were due to the melting of TNT and to the |3 -* 6 transition of HMX. The pyrolysis curve shows an almost perfect volatilization curve for TNT before the HMX decomposition.
6-31
'< +1
CO N3
Fig. 6-4.
-a
(x) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9007 24
50
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature - C
Fig. 6-4.
(y) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9010.24
7/74
6-33
5 0
03 I
250
300
350
450
500
Temperature C
Fig, 6-4.
(z) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9205 24
+5 PBX - 9404
Explosion
10
+4
+3
+2
+1
<
-2
-3-
A J y y
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(aa) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9404.^^ Stabilized with diphenylamine. Solvent evolution and decomposition a r e integrated in the pyrolysis curve; however, the DTA curve shows that true decomposition begins at ~75C (348 K). The HMX ^ ^ 6 transition is superimposed on the NC/CEF decomposition exotherm. Some samples of PBX-9404 show a small endotherm at 150C (423 K).
6-35
7/74
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
6-36
7/74
<
50
100
150
200
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(cc) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PBX-9407.24
7/74
6-37
150
200
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
24
6-38
7/74
1 +5
Pentolite
1
10 -
+4
+3 "
.0 1 1
+2 ! , +1
1
1
<
1
1
/1
5 >s
1
- 3
-1
-2 -
-3 \ -4
11
/ /
1 ^ *
100
-2
\ "
350
-5
50
1 -f 150
200
1
250
300
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(ee) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for pentolite.24
7/74
6-39
1 +5 \~ PETN
1'
'
10
+4
J H9
+3
8 H
+2
H7
+ 1
11
IP
J
11 11
1
H6
5 ^
-1
H4
-2
11
\ \
H3
-3
H2
-4
-5'
.^-4.
50
4
100
1/ , ^ ^
150 200 250
Temperature C
300
350
6-4.
(ff) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for PETN.24 The small pyrolysis at 132C (405 K) r e p r e s e n t s a small evolution of trapped air from the imperfect c r y s t a l .
6-40
7/74
I
-3
03
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(gg) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for polystyrene. ASTM softening point is ~90-100C (363-383 K).
24
The
Temperature C
6-4.
(hh) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for RDX (pure Wabash grade).24 Gas evolution below the melting point is p r i m a r i l y sublimation.
6-42
7/74
150
200
Temperature " C
Fig. 6-4.
(ii) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for RDX (Holston production grade).24 The sample contained several percent of HMX, which shows up as lowered melting point, broader endotherm, and lower gas-evolution t e m p e r a t u r e .
7/74
6-43
^o
1 TACOT
+5
+4
+3
4 ^
+2
I
r
- 2
+1
1 * _
4 _
-1
1
50
1
100
1
150
1
200
1
250
1
300
1
350
1
400
1
450
1
500
Temperature " C
Fig. 6-4.
-J
1
+5 TATB
1
- 10 1""
+4
+3
+2
+1
/ -
1
f
1
1
zi/\
> E
-1
/I /I
-2 3
-3
/
-4
I
\1
/'
_<;
L..
50
J
100
1_
150
L
200
- J __'-r
250 300
1
350
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(kk) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for TATB.24 The sample appears to be completely stable to at least 250C (523 K).
7/74
6-45
1
+5
Tetryl
1
- 10
+4
] - 9
+3
A
\y
1 1 1
\ / \
1
+2
A - 7
+ 1
-6
1 1
5 ^
-1
~v
w w
1
- 4
-2
-A - 3
-3
11
- 2
-4 -
/ 1
/ \ 1
50
1I / 1
1 -
-5
/
.100 1 i_^ 150
V
1 200 1 250
T
300 350
Temperature C
Fig. 6-4.
(11) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for tetryl.24 Reportedly melts at 130C (403 K) and explodes at 187C (460 K). This sample started to melt at 128C (401 K) but did not undergo rapid decomposition until about 198C (471 K).
6-46
7/74
150
200 Temperature C
250
350
Fig. 6-4.
(mm) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for TNT (purified).24
7/74
6-47
1 +3
Viton A +2
+1
1 1
1
1 1
u ' 1
1 00
1
1
1 1
> E - 3
1
-1 -2
11
< / 1 50 1 100 1 150 J . \
-3
1 ,
- ^ _
350
400 450 500
200
-a
Fig. 6-4.
(nn) DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve (dashed line) for Viton A. 24
D -PETN
1
^ \ \
'
iJ 100
Q.
1 B
1
\
1 \
\ \ \
E o
(/) -^
c o>
t_
75 Estane 50 25 0
\
\ \
^ 1
o
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature C
Fig. 6-5.
7/74
6-49
Explosive Baratol Boracitol BTF B T F (purified) Comp B, Grade A Comp B-3 C o m p C-4 Cyclotol 75/25 DATE DNPA FEFO HMX HNS LX-01 LX-02 LX-04 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10-0 LX-10-1 LX-11 LX-13 LX-14 N C (12.0% N) NQ Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501^-^ P e n t o l i t e 50/50 PETN RDX TACOT TATB Tetryl TNT XTX-8003
6-50
5. Vacuum stability test. The sample is heated for 48 hr at 120C (393 K). A simple manometric system is used to m e a s u r e the total volume of all gases evolved, including water and residual solvents. The r e s u l t s a r e expressed on the basis of 1 g 3 of explosive. For reference purposes, 1 cm of evolved gas per gram of explosive r e p r e s e n t s about 0.2% decomposition (see Table 6-4). Thermal Stability of L a r g e r Explosive Charges For large amounts of explosive, the results from s m a l l - s c a l e thermal-stability tests a r e not strictly applicable. There is a maximum safe t e m p e r a t u r e that should not be exceeded for large charges: it is the point at which thermal energy from slow chemical decomposition is being given off at a r a t e g r e a t e r than it can be dissipated. It is referred to as the self-heating t e m p e r a t u r e and is dependent on the amount of explosive, its environment, and the time it will be held at the elevated t e m p e r a t u r e . For example: 1.. Twenty-five pounds (11.34 kg) of LX-04-1 may be held at 190C (463 K) for no m o r e than 10 min and at 220C (493 K) for no m o r e than 1 min. 2. Calculations indicate that ~13,000 lb (~6 tons) of molten TNT may be unsafe. Information on problems of this nature can be obtained from m e m b e r s of the Organic Materials Division.
7/74
6-51
References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. K. A. Peterman, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1964). A. Popolato, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Albuquerque, N. Mex., personal communication (1974). J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Eds., Polymer Handbook, (Interscience, N. Y., 1960). Dow Corning, Hemlock, Mich., Information About Electronic Materials, Dow Corning Bulletin 07-123 (May 1964). R. L. Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). W. G. Moen, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1964). W. H. Kirkwood, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). M. Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1965). A. C. Schwartz, Application of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosive Components, Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s , Albuquerque, N. Mex., Rept. SC-RR-710673 (1972). H. H. Cady, J. Chem. Eng. Data 17, 369-371 (1972). Food Machinery Corporation, Ohio Apex Division, Nitro, W. V., P l a s t i c i z e r s , Data Sheet (1955). D. L. Ornellas, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). R. Velicky, C. Lenchitz, and W. Beach, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. PA-TR-2504 (January 1949). Enthalpy data were plotted and C was recalculated by D. L. Ornellas, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory (1974). R. Shaw, Stanford Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., personal communication (1973). S. Marantz and G. T. Armstrong, J. Chem. Eng. Data 13, 118-121 (1968). D, G. Miller, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1964). L. J, Decker, J. R. Ward, and E. F r e e d m a n , Thermochim. Acta 8, 177-183 (1974). Army Materiel Command, P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives of Military Interest, U.S. Army Materiel Command, Rept. AMCP-706-177 (1967). H. A. B e r m a n and E. D. West, J. Chem. Eng. Data 14, 107-109 (1969). G. Krien, H. Licht, and J. Zierath, Thermochim. Acta 6, 465-472 (1973). T. W. Benziger, X-0242: A High-Energy Plastic Bonded Explosive, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-4872-MS (1972). H. Cady and W. Rogers, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2696 (July 1962). E, I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Service Bulletin, (no date). R. N. Rogers, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, personal communication (1974). R. N. Rogers, S. K. Yasuda, and J. Zinn, Anal. Chem. 32^, 672-678 (1960). B. Shroyer, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). 6-52
7/74
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
7.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
High explosives a r e viscoelastic m a t e r i a l s . Their mechanical p r o p e r t i e s a r e functions of time, t e m p e r a t u r e , and loading r a t e . In any one m a t e r i a l they v a r y because of differences in raw material from one lot to another, differences in p r e s s i n g conditions, and differences in the machining p r o c e d u r e s used to fabricate the m a t e r i a l s . Therefore, the data in this section a r e not intended to provide exact numerical values but r a t h e r to demonstrate general trends and to make comparisons between different m a t e r i a l s . For m o r e refined calculations to predict the behavior of m a t e r i a l s , each individual lot of HE must be characterized. To c h a r a c t e r i z e m a t e r i a l s over the entire t e m p e r a t u r e range from -65 to 165F (219-347 K), it is n e c e s s a r y to make certain assumptions: 1. The material is homogeneous. 2. The material is isotropic. 3. Linear elastic and viscoelastic theory can be used to characterize explosives. 4. P o i s s o n ' s ratio (PR) is independent of time and t e m p e r a t u r e . (Poisson's ratio for most solid HEs falls in the range from 0.25 to 0.30.) 5. The material is thermorheologically simple (i, e . , the t i m e - t e m p e r a t u r e postulate holds). 6. The "failure envelope" (see Fig. 7-8) provides an adequate criterion of failure. 7. The material does not age. These assumptions have been explored experimentally and found to be reasonable. The first step to be undertaken when looking for data on mechanical p r o p e r t i e s is to examine the t i m e - s c a l e of the specific problem. A schematic plot of s t r e s s vs time (Fig. 7-1) is useful for indicating the kind of data needed.
12/72
7-1
0)
-o
D .^-
C 05 O
X
10 1 Time scale of problems 10
i.
L
10'
Fig. 7 - 1 . The t i m e - s c a l e of the problem indicates the appropriate theory, which in turn indicates the kind of data to be collected. F o r elastic characterization, use initial modulus EQ as in Fig. 7-3 or i/ as in Table 7 - 1 , F o r viscoelastic characterization, use creep curves as in Figs. 7-4 to 7-6. Failure c r i t e r i a apply to both characterizations (Fig. 7-8),
7-2
12/72
Dynamic effects become important in a material when the t i m e - s c a l e of observation approaches the transit time of a wave velocity a c r o s s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c dimension of the sample, This shift from static to dynamic considerations is said to occur when the loading rate ral exceeds approximately 1 sec . Static-dynamic s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationships in compression a r e shown in Fig. 7-2 for LX-04, LX-10, and PBX-9501.
82.74
a.
-55.16
4)
* -
1/1
I.
(/I
.4
-27,58
Fig. 7-2.
Compressive s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves for LX-04, LX-10, and PBX-9501 at various strain rates.1>2 Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6.894757 k P a . Numbers in parentheses a r e loading r a t e s in s " l .
7/74
7-3
o t h e r considerations in the material propeirties a r e the crystallinity of the binder and the effects of adhesives. The crystallinity of the binder is controlled by its carbon content; increased crystallinity i n c r e a s e s the stiffness of the m a t e r i a l and d e c r e a s e s the temperature-sensitivity of the mechanical p r o p e r t i e s . When HE a s semblies a r e joined together with adhesives, the compliance of the adhesive must be considered. Most adhesives used with HEs a r e stronger but m o r e compliant than the explosive. If clean surfaces and recommended assembly procedures a r e used, the bond will usually be stronger than the HE. If the assembly is to be subjected to s t r e s s analysis, the adhesive bond should be modeled as a thermoviscoelastic m a t e r i a l ; however, data a r e not currently available to make this characterization. A s e r i e s of codes for linear thermoviscoelastic analysis has been developed to predict thermal, mechanical, and failure behavior of HEs when subjected to a r b i t r a r y 4 thermal and mechanical boundary conditions. Members of the Nonmetallic Materials Group of W Division can supply copies of the codes and a s s i s t in generating a v i s c o elastic model of the problem to be analyzed. As noted above, different c h a r a c t e r i z a tions of m a t e r i a l a r e required for different kinds of p r o b l e m s . Static Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s In this section, experimental data a r e given for characterization of static m e chanical p r o p e r t i e s : initial modulus E (Fig. 7-3), creep (Figs. 7-4 and 7-5), compression creep (Fig. 7-6), s t r e s s - s t r a i n data (Fig. 7-7), failure envelopes (Fig, 7-8), friction (Table 7-1 and F i g s , 7-9 and 7-10), and complex shear (Fig, 7-11), The failu r e envelopes were obtained under isothermal, monotonically increasing tension loads.
7-4
7/74
Initial Modulus
2.0X 10
l.OX 10'
2.0X10
LX-07-1 P R = 0.275
,P
l.OX 10" -
1
2.OX 10 -
>,
l.OX 10
-60
60
120
180
-60
60
120
180
Temperature F
JJ
(250)
(300),
(350)
Temperature K
Temperature K
Fig. 7-3. Initial longitudinal modulus Eg vs t e m p e r a t u r e for s e v e r a l explosives, P o i s s o n ' s ratio. Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6,894757 kPa,
PR,
7/74
7-5
Creep
60 LX
40
60 40 20 0 120
o X
I
LX-10-0 120F (322 K)
87.0
20
58.0
M-
-Q CN
r o
0^ 60 /
-129.0 o
T /^
\-
87.0 58.0
1
PBX-9404
1
116.0
o X
1
0)
80
1
0)
(U
.D
u c
29.0
u c
/
40
D
Q.
u D c
"Q.
E o
<j
Q.
4) <U
0 435
E o o o.
0)
_. Q.
E
0
i^
u c
"Q.
o a.
(U 0) i_
0 60
40-
-Y^
E o u
k.
D.
4)
\U
20
12 Time hr
18
24
12 Time hr
18
24
Conversion factor:
. 2 1 in. /Ibf
7-6
7/74
2000
E
c
"i
1200
'5 400
60 Time min
120
60
Time min
120
Fig. 7-5. Tension creep data for PBX-9501: left, at 100 psi (689 kPa), 70F (294 K); right, at 50 psi (345 kPa), 120F (322 K). The shaded a r e a indicates the range; the points indicate rupture of the specimen.
6000
4000c
I
c
'D
2000
Fig. 7-6. Compression c r e e p data for PBX-9501 at 100 psi (689 kPa), 120F (322 K). The shading indicates the range.
12/72
7-7
Stress-Strain Relationships
1000
800
5.52
600
EQ=
400
2.76
200
600
1200
1800
Fig. 7-7. S t r e s s - s t r a i n data for PBX-9501. Crosshead velocity 0.005 in./min (7.62 m m / s ) at -35F (236 K). The points indicate rupture of the specimen.
7-8
12/72
Failure Envelope
1600-
11.03
1600 1200
2.76
0 800|
2000 4000 1 \ ' IX-09-0 15.52 -4.14 -2.76 1.38 /l 2000 4000
0 800,
2000 4000
Strain j i i n . / i n . (|j.m/m)
Fig. 7-8.
Conversion factor:
1 psi
7/74
7-9
Friction Coefficients of friction f were determined for several HEs sliding on themselves and on aluminum 6061-T6 as a function of sliding velocity v, at different p r e s s u r e s (loads), t e m p e r a t u r e s , and surface finishes (Table 7-1 and Fig, 7-9), It was found that the W i l l i a m s - L a n d e l - F e r r y (WLF)^ shift equation could be used to c o r r e l a t e the effects of sliding velocity and t e m p e r a t u r e on f; thus, a curve could be calculated for some reduced temperature T (Fig, 7-10),
0.8
PBX-9011 on aluminum
PBX-9011 on PBX-9011
10 ^
10'
10
Sliding velocity i n . / m i n
(10-^
(1)
Fig, 7-9,
Coefficient of friction f as a function of sliding velocity v for several explosives.^ Conversion factor: 1 i n , / m i n = 4.233 X lO"'* m / s . 7-10
7/74
0.4
LX-04-1 on aluminum
LX-04-1 on LX-04-1
12/72
0.62
0.62
0.59
0.59
V = 10^ i n . / m i n (4.23 X 10 " m / s ) 125 (0.86) P ( P si (MPa)) 750 250 500 (1.7) (3.5) (5.2) 0.35 0.28 0.34 0.27 1000 (6.9) 0.32 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.69 0.56
V = 10^ i n . / m i n (4.23 X lO""^ m / s ) P <P s i (Mr a)) 125 (0.86) 250 (1.7) 0.37 0.30 0.31 500 (3.5) 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.71 0.56 0.69 750 (5.2) 1000 (6.9) 0.34
V = 10^ i n . / m i n (4.23 X l o " ' m / s ) P (psi (MF a)) 125 (0.86) 250 (1,7) 0.39 0.35 500 (3.5) 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.285 0.73 0.61 0.72 0.58 7 50 (5.2) 1000 (6.9)
0.31 0.30 0.265 0.25 0.75 0.63 1.1 0.92 0.71 0.57 1.0 0.90 0.98 0.89 0.71 0.59 0.91 0.89
0.29
0.73 0.61
0.51
0.50
0.52
0.89
,-4 m / s . One i n . / m i n = 4.233 X lO'^ In t h i s column, 1 i s a l u m i n u m , s u r f a c e finish 125, and 2 is a l u m i n u m , s u r f a c e finish 32.
7-12
7/74
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.40 10
-6
10
-4
10 'Sliding velocity i n . / m i n
10'
00-^0)
(10"^)
(10"^)
(10"^)
Fig. 7-10,
Coefficients of friction f as a function of sliding velocity v for two explosives calculated for a reduced t e m p e r a t u r e Tj- of 22C (295 K).^ Conversion factor: 1 in,/min = 4.233 X 10"4 m / s . 7-13
7/74
Complex Shear The complex shear modulus G, or r a t h e r two of its components, shear storage
Q
and shear loss, have been determined for LX-04 at various frequencies (0.0004 to 1 Hz over the t e m p e r a t u r e range -15 to 125F (247 to 325 K)), This m a t e r i a l can be considered to be representative of the family of homogeneous, isotropic, linear viscoelastic and thermorheologically simple polymeric m a t e r i a l s of which HEs a r e m e m b e r s . Figure 7-11 shows the observed shear storage and shear loss moduli of LX-04 reduced to a t e m p e r a t u r e T of 22C (295 K) by the WLF empirical equation.
800
5.52
o E a
" 8
F r e q u e n c y Hz
Fig. 7 - 1 1 . Complex s h e a r moduli of LX-04 at frequencies from 0.0004 to 1 Hz m e a s ured and calculated for Tj. of 22C (295 K) over the t e m p e r a t u r e range -15 to 125F (247 to 325 K). Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6.8947 57 kPa, 7-14
7/74
Dynamic Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Compressive Stress Strain and Tensile Strength The Hopkinson split-bar technique was used to determine compressive s t r e s s strain and ultimate tensile strength of a number of explosives and related m a t e r i a l s at strain r a t e s up to 5000 sec . Hugoniot curves for the unreacted m a t e r i a l s were obtained from a girn experiment with aluminum flyer plates. Table 7-2 (from Bef. 2 and 6) gives dynamic ultimate tensile strength compared to static strength. Other dynamic mechanical properties obtained with the Hopkinson split-bar technique a r e shown in Fig. 7-12. The figure also shows the u l t r a s onically determined modulus E , which provides an upper bound for modulus values. Table 7-2. Strain rate (sec'l) 10-4 850 1100 1550 3100 LX-14-0 10 -4 10 10" 10-4
1050 1100 1300 PBX-9404
Material LX-04-1
Type of fracture Slightly Slightly Slightly Brittle Slightly Brittle Brittle Brittle Slightly ductile Brittle Brittle Brittle Slightly ductile Brittle Slightly ductile Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle Brittle ductile ductile ductile ductile
340
1500 (10.34) 1780 (12.27) 1750 (12.07) 2100 (14.48) 4 50 (3.1) (3.7) (4.0) (2.34) (8.96) (9.65) (2.28) (8.27) (9.24)
PBX-9011
1450 (10.00)
10-4 950
1070 1100 1850
330
1200 1340
PETN
7/74
10^
LX-04-1 ' Tanget modulus at c 1 % strain u
10
10
10"
10' LX-07-1
10
Stress at 20 % strain 'Stress at 20%strain 10' 10 10 10 10^ PBX-9404 E u . lO'^ Stress at 20% strain 10^ Tangent modulus at 1 % strain ' Stress a ^20%strgj J3. 10" 10" 10 10
o. >o
00
-a o E c c o -a c o
0) CD
10^ 10 -5 10^
1 10 -^
10"
10"
Strain rate i n , / i n . - s e c ( m / m - s )
7-12,
S t r e s s and tangent moduli of several explosives as a function of strain r a t e . The dashed line r e p r e s e n t s ultimate s t r e s s . The plots for LX-04-1 and PBX-9404 show the ultrasonically determined modulus E , Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6,8947 57 kPa, "
7-16
12/72
Hugoniot Data Narrow-pulse and sustained shock-loading effects obtained with the flyer-plate technique are shown in Fig. 7-13. The transducer data were normalized to a plateimpact velocity of 0.3 mm/^/sec (0.3 km/s).
2.0
Legend: Output pulses 3,1 mm (nom)
\i^
6.2 mm (nom)
\
T
0 2.0
S. O
9.5 mm (nom)
1.6
1,2
0,8
0,4
0.6
0,8
0.4
0,6
0,8
Time (is
Input and output pulses generated experimentally at three depths in v a r i ous m a t e r i a l s by a 0.28-mm-thick (nominal) aluminum d r i v e r plate backed with foam. Conversion factor: 1 bar = 10^ P a .
7/74
7-17
The d a t a (at a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ) h a v e b e e n c o m p i l e d f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e s for t h e c o m p o s i t i o n s l i s t e d in T a b l e 3-1 to 3 - 3 . 9P r = 9E^' where P = pressure, E = energy, V = volume. L e a s t s q u a r e s r e l a t i o n s h i p s for u n r e a c t e d H u g o n i o t s a r e given in T a b l e 7 - 3 . Table 7-3. L e a s t s q u a r e s fits for Hugoniots of u n r e a c t e d H E s . ^0 Explosiv e Baratol (g/cm^(Mg/m^)) 2.611 Us Equation = 2.40 + 1.66 U P Range^ Co<U^<3.66) 3.66 < Ug < 4.0) 10 11 11 4.40 < Ug < 5.04 3.57 $ U^ < 5.02 s 12 12 11 4.24 ^ U s < 7.01) c = 2.93 3.42 ^ Ug ^ 4 . 4 5 4.42 < U^ < 5.07 s 3.387 < U < 4,469) s \ CQ = 2.736 4.67 < U S 5.22 3.159 < Ug :< Cg = 2.660 7/74 12 12 12 0,.947 12, 13 12 12 13 The G r u n e i s e n c o n s t a n t r i s e x p r e s s e d a s
Ref.
Us = 1.5 + 2 . 1 6 U 2.63 Comp B 1.70 1.710 Comp B (cast) C o m p B - 3 1.700 1.70 1.70 1.72 1.723 C o m p B -3 (cast) Cyclotol DATE 1.680 U s = 2.79 + 1.25 U P Us = 2.95 + 1.58 U P = 1.20 + 2,81 U Us P Us = 2.49 + 1.99 U Us = 3.03 + 1.73 U U s = 2.88 + 1.60 U Us = 2,71 + 1.86 U U s =.1.23 + 2.81 U P u^ = 2.710 + 1.860 U_ s P Us = 2,02 + 2.36 U Us = 2.449 + 1.892 U
1.729 1.780
4.492I 1,.76
7-18
Table 7-3.
(continued)
(g/cm
Equation = 2.654 + 1.984 U p = 2.832 + 1.695 U p =0.61+2.77 U s p =1.00+3.21 U s p =1.73+1.61 U s p =2.36+2,43 U = 2.43 + 2.90 U s p =2,00+1,38 U s p = 1.560 + 1.721 U
+ 1.082
Range^ U < 3.7 s 2.832 < U < 4,535) s i CQ = 2.759 j 1.44 < U < 1.995 s 1.00 < Li < 3 . 1 8 | s \ CQ = 1.00 ) 2.65 < U < 3.78 s 2.61 < U < 3 . 2 4 ~ s
Ref. 14 , 12, 13 15 15 12 12 16
HNS
1.38 1.57
U U
U U U U U s U s U s U s U s U U s s s
2.83 < U
p (1.125-PQ) p
12 , 12 11
=3.01+1,72 U = 2.21 + 2,51 U p = 2.225 + 2.644 U p =1.89+1.57 U p =2.494+2.09 U p = 2,310 + 2,767 U p < 4.97 s Ug < 6.1 6.1 4 ..1 1 < U 2 .4 < <U U < 3.7 2.4 P < 3.7 2 .9 < U^ < 6.7 2.9 < U < 6.7 s U g < 3 . 2- ) ^I0 = 2 . 3 1 0 ) 2 .45 < U s ^10 - 2.60 < 6,05 3.24 < U
12 10 10 10 14
1.84
15 17 10 11
2,11 U < 3,18 2 .11 < Ug 3,18 " 2 .9 < U U^ < 4.4 4.4 2,9 s " 4 .52 < < U U 4.52 < 5,25 5,25 < s .40 < Ug < 2,14l 1 . . ^ v . ^ ^ ^ o,.-., 3 = 2 . 4 5s !) '^l . ,86 , . .< . .Ug g _ < . 2.651 . . . 1
C Q= =2 2 .. 4 45 ^(3
12 ,. 15 j5
PETN
1.59
s p U^ = 1.33 + 2 . 1 8 U s p U ^ = 0.64 + 4 , 1 9 Up
1,60 7/74
1 .89 .89< U U s -
Table 7-3.
(continued)
Explosive
(g/cm^(Mg/m^)) 1.72 U,
Ref, 18 19
1.83 + 3 . 4 5 U
Polystyrene RDX
1.05 1.64
U U.
3.87 < U
12 15
U_ = 0,70 + 4 . 1 1 U
= 2,80 s
I
1,60
15 10 11,12 13,16 10
4,21 < U
< 5.45
1.876
CQ
3,23 < U
Tetryl
1.30
20
1.40
20
1.50
= 2.1674+1.6225U
20
1.60
U^ = 2 , 3 6 2 1 + 1 . 5 2 8 5 U
<4.25(
20
1,70
U = 2 . 4 7 6 3 + 1 . 4 1 6 0 U
20
) 0.737 12 12
TNT
= 2,52 + 1.69 U
12
2.345 < U
TNT (cast)
1.62
U^ = 2 , 2 7 4 + 2 . 6 5 2 U U^ = 2 , 9 8 7 + 1 . 3 6 3 U s p
7-20
Table 7 - 3 .
pQ
(continued)
Explosive
(g/cm^(Mg/m^)) 1.614
r 0.737
= 1,37
1.73 1.53
Us = 2 . 3 1 3 + 2 . 7 6 9 U U s = 1,49 + 3.30 U
0.77
19
Sound V e l o c i t y L o n g i t u d i n a l and t r a n s v e r s e s h e a r sound v e l o c i t i e s w e r e m e a s u r e d b y M a r s h of 21 LASL in 1971 for m a t e r i a l s with l a r g e a c o u s t i c a t t e n u a t i o n . The a r r i v a l t i m e s of s i g n a l s t r a v e l i n g t h r o u g h d i f f e r e n t t h i c k n e s s e s of s t a c k e d s a m p l e s w e r e m e a s u r e d and the sound v e l o c i t i e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by a d i f f e r e n t i a l t e c h n i q u e , i . e . , b y m e a s u r i n g the t r a n s i t t i m e s of the s i g n a l s t h r o u g h t h e m e a s u r e d t h i c k n e s s e s of t h e s a m p l e s . The bulk sound v e l o c i t i e s c, w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the e x p r e s s i o n f o r i s o t r o p i c materials:
J'
4
17 91 99
and a r e c o m p i l e d in T a b l e 7 - 4 .
' '
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7-21
Table 7-4, Explosive and preparation Baratol (cast) Comp B-3 (cast) Cyclotol (cast) DATE (pressed) Octol (cast) PBX-9010-02 PBX-9011-04 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 TATB (pressed) Tetryl (pressed) TNT (pressed) TNT (pressed) TNT (molten) P (Mg/m^) 2.538 1.726 1.752 1.78 1.80 1.78 1,77 1.83 1,78 1,87 1.68 1.61 1.632 1.47
Sound velocities, c , , c , and c. c (km/s) 2.95 3.12 3.12 2.99 3.14 2.72 2.89 2.90 3.04 1.98 2.27 2.48 2.58 s (km/s) 1.48 1.71 1,69 1.55 1.66 1.47 1.38 1.57 1.70 1.16 1.24 1.34 1.35 % (km/s) 2.40 2,42 2.43 2.40 2.49 2,13 2.41 2,26 2.32 1.46 1,76 1,94 2.08
2,1
7-22
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References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. K. G. Hoge, Appl. Polym. Symp. 5, 19-40 (1967). D. Breithaupt, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). R. C. Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1970). G. L. Goudreau, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1970). J. D. F e r r y , Viscoelastic P r o p e r t i e s of Polymers (J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1970), 2nd ed. K. G. Hoge, Explosivstoffe 18, 39-41 (1970). K. G. Hoge, Frictional and Viscoelastic P r o p e r t i e s of Highly Filled P o l y m e r s : Plastic-Bonded Explosives, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-70588 Rev. 1 (1968). M. A. Hamstead, Complex Shear Modulus of a Higii Explosive, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50357 (1967). R . J . Wasley and R. H. Valentine, Shock-Pulse Attenuation and Hugoniot Studies of Three Explosives and Three Mock Explosives, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50950 (1970). B. G. Craig, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, personal communication (1974). V. M. Boyle, R. L. Jameson, and M. Sultanoff, "Determination of Shock Hugoniots for Several Condensed Phase Explosives," in P r o c . 4th Symp. (Intern,) on Detonation, U.S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-126 (1965) pp. 241-247. M. Van Thiel, Compendium of Shock Wave Data, Vol. 2, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Livermore, California, Rept. UCRL-50108, Vol. 2 (1967). N. L. Coleburn and T. P. Liddiard, J r . , J. Chem. Phys. 44, 1929-1936 (1966). V. M. Boyle, W. G. Smothers, a n d L , H. Ervin, "The Shock Hugoniot of Unreacted Explosives"; in P r o c . 5th Symp, (Intern.) on Detonation, U.S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-184 (1970) pp. 251-257, J, Roth, "Shock Sensitivity and Shock Hugoniots of High-Density Granular Explosives," in P r o c . 5th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U . S . Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-184 (1970) pp. 219-230, L, G. Green, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1971), J. E. Lindstrom, J. Appl. Phys. 37^, 4873-4880 (1966), J. Wackerle and J. O. Johnson, P r e s s u r e Measurements on the Shock-Induced Decomposition of High-Density PETN, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Rept, LA-5131 (1973). D. Stirpe, J. O. Johnson, and J. Wackerle, J. Appl. Phys, 41^, 3884-3893 (1970). J. E, Lindstrom, J. Appl. Phys. 41_, 337-350 (1970). S. Marsh, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, personal communication (1974). J . B. Ramsey, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, personal communication (1974).
^'23
8. 9.
10. 11.
15.
CM I
8.
PERFORMANCE
This section contains tables of detonation velocities, detonation velocity equations. Chapman-Jouguet detonation p r e s s u r e s , cylinder-test m e a s u r e m e n t s of explosive e n e r gies, equation-of-state p a r a m e t e r s , and detonation e n e r g i e s . Detonation Velocity Table 8 - 1 . Measured detonation velocities D c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the m a t e r i a l s at nominal composition and density p, under ambient conditions in l a r g e charges at LLL, imless otherwise indicated. (See also Table 8-2.) . _
Explosive Baratol Boracitol BTF Comp B, G r a d e A (pressed) Comp B-3 (cast) Comp C-4 Cyclotol 7 5 / 2 5 DATE DIPAM EL-506A EL-506C H-6 (g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) 2.55 1.55 1.859 1.72 1.62 1.59 1.76 1.79 1.76 1.48 1.48 1.72 (mm/MSec (km/s))^ 4.87 4.86 8.485 7.99 7.70 8.04 8.30 7.52 7.40 7.2 7.0 7.5-7.7 (-65 to 77"F (219 to 293 K)) 9.11 7.6-7.7 (in 0.1-0.3 in. diam column) 7,00 6.84 7.37 8.46 8.64 6.56 8.81 8.82 8.847 8.32 8.837 5.49 7.30 7.70 6,32 7.65 8.48 8.09 8.37 8.50 8.17 8.80 7,91 8,83 7.47 8,26 8.70 7.25 7,76 7.85 6.4 (15 to 20=0 (288 to 298 K)) 6.93 7.30 8 7 6 5 3.4 2 1 Ref.
'
HMX HNAB II
1.89 1.77
HNS LX-01 LX-02 LX-04 LX-07-2 LX-08 LX-09 LX-10-0 LX-10-1 LX-11 LX-13 LX-14 MEN-II NC (13.45% iN) NG NM NO Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9ail PBX-9205 PBX-94a4 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 Pentolite 50/50 PETN RDX TACOT TATB Tetryl TNM
1.70 1.24 1.44 1.86 1.87 1.42 1.84 1.86 1.87 1,87 See XTX-8003 1.833 1.02 1.20 1.60 1.13 1.55 1.81 1.64 1.78 1.77 1.67 1.84 1.60 1.34 1.67 1.76 1.77 1.85 1.88 1.71 1.6
1.64 =1.53
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8-1
Estimation One method for estimating the detonation velocity and p r e s s u r e of an organic C-H-N-O explosive from its chemical s t r u c t u r e was devised by Kamlet and Jacobs of
g
Detonation p r e s s u r e s P in kbars and detonation 3 velocities D in km/s of C-H-N-O explosives at initial densities above 1.0 g/cm can be calculated by means of the simple empirical equations
and
where K p A B N M Q = 15.58, = initial density of HE (g/cm ), = 1.01, = 1.30, = moles of gaseous detonation products per g r a m of HE (mol g a s / g HE), = average molecular weight of detonation product gas (g g a s / m o l gas), = chemical energy of the detonation reaction (cal/g).
Values of N, M, and Q can be estimated from the H2O-CO2 decomposition a s sumption. The other input p a r a m e t e r s a r e the elemental composition, the AH^ in kcal/mol, and the loading density of the HE.
Q _ -AfJ
where D is the detonation velocity of the mixture of infinite diameter, V is the volume fraction, and subscript i r e f e r s to each of the i components including void space. Consult Table 8-1 for D of explosives not listed h e r e . Table 8-2. Material C h a r a c t e r i s t i c velocities D^. _ (g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) P o l y m e r s and p l a s t i c i z e r s Adiprene L AFNOL Beeswax BDNPF BDNPF/BDNPA (50/50 wt% eutectic) CEF DNPA EDNP Estane 5740-X2 Exon-400 XR61 Exon-454 (85/15 wt% PVC/PVA) FEFO (as constituent to -35%) Fluoronitroso rubber Halowax 1014 Kel-F wax K e l - F elastomer K e l - F 800/827 K e l - F 800 Neoprene CNA
NC
_ Ref.
(mm/jusec (km/s))
P a r a c r i l BJ (Buna-N nitrile rubber) Polyethylene Polystyrene Saran F-242 Silastic 160 Sylgard 182 Teflon Viton A
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5.69 6.35 5.46 6.50 6.31 5.15 6.10 6.30 5.52 5.47 4.90 7.20 6.09 4.22 5.62 5.38 5.83^ 5.50 5.02 6.70 5.39 5.55 5.28 5.55 5.72 5.10 5.33 5.39
10 11 10 10 11 10 11 10 10 10 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 11 10
10,11
T a b l e 8-2 (continued) P Material (g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) Inorganic additives A i r o r void Al Ba(N03)2 KCIO^ LiClO^ LiF Mg M g / A l a l l o y ( 6 1 . 5 / 3 8 . 5 wt%) NH4CIO4 SiOg ( C a b - O - S i l ) D. (mm/yusec ( k m / s ) ) Ref,
1.5
2,70 3,24 2,52 2.43 2.64 1.74 2.02 1.95 2.2 P u r e e x p l o s i v e s at T M D 6.85 3.80 5,47 6.32 6.07
7.2 6.9
6.25
4.0
10 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
10 11 11 10 11 10 10 10
One s h o t only.
8-4
7/74
Equations To calculate detonation velocities at conditions other than those specified in Table 8-1, the equations in Table 8-3 were developed to take into account composition and density of the explosive, charge diameter, and t e m p e r a t u r e . Table 8-3. Detonation velocity equations. Symbols and units a r e : D = detonation velocity in mm/jusec (km/s), p = density in g/cm^ (kg/mr), R = charge radius in cm (m), W = composition in wt%, V = composition in vol%, T = temperature in C (K). Values or equations in parentheses a r e in SI units.
Explosive Baratol Boracitol BTF Comp B, Grade A Cyclotol DATE LX-01-0 LX-02 LX-04-1 D = 4.96 - (0.454/R) D = 5.15 - (6.25/R) D = 4.265 + 2.27p D = 7.99 - [(75.6 X l O " ' )/R] A D / A T = - 0 . 5 X 10-3 D = 8.298 - [(57.7 X lO' ^ ) / R ] D = 7.52 - [(52.76 X lO' ^)/Rl D = 2.495 + 2 . 8 3 4 p A D / A T = -3.8 X lO"^ D = 7.44 - [(4.31 X 1 0 ' ' )/Rl (7.44 - [(43.1 X 1 0 ' ^ ) / R 1 ) B r a s s confinement; v a r i e s with c o n f i n e m e n t . p = 1.86 -54 to 74C (219-347 K) - 5 4 to 74C (219-347 K) - 3 6 to 23C ( 2 3 7 - 2 9 6 K) 14 15 4C (277 K), infinite d i a m 0.4 < p < 1.63 77% HMX, p = 1.814 p = 1.781 p = 97.5% T M D 13 12 11 Equation (4.96 - [(4.54 X 10 'j/R)) (5.15 - [(62.5 X 1 0 " ^ ) / R J ) (4.265 + (2.27 X l O ' ^ p E ) ) (7.99 - [(0.756 X 10"^)/R]) (8.298 - [(0.577 X 10'^)/R1) (7.52 - [(0.528 X lO'^j/R]) (2.495 + (2.834 X 10-3p)) p = 1.715 77% RDX, p = 1 . 7 55 p = 1.788 Condition 27% T N T , p - 2 . 6 0 , 2.5 < R < 10 R > 5 (0.05) Ref. 12 12 11 12 12 13
D = 1.733 + 3.62p (1.733 + (3.62 X 10"^p)) D = 8.46 - [(24.015 X 10r^)/B] (8.46 - [(0.24 X 10-3)/R]) AD/AT = -1.55 X 10-3 AD/AW = - 38 X 10-3 (w = wt% Viton) AD/AT = -1.55 X 10'^ AD/AW = - 3 5 X 10-3 (w = wt% HMX) A D / A T = -3.56 X lO"^ A D / A T = - 3 . 3 1 X 10"^ See XTX-8003 AD/AT = -3.7 X 1 0 ' ^ , A D / A P = 0.197 X 10" m m / / j s e c - a t m (19.96 k m / s - P a ) D = 1.44 + 4 . 0 1 5 P D = 8.48 - [(64.97 X 10 -3> ')/Rl D D D D = 2.843 + 3 . 1 p = 8.371 - [(10.16 X 10-3)/Rl = 2.41 + 3 . 4 4 p = 4 . 9 9 5 + (36.54 X l O ' S v ) (V (1.44 + (4.015 X lO'^^Jp) (8.48 - [(0.65 X 10"^)/R)) (2.843 + (3.1 X l O ' ^ p ) ) (8.371 - [(0.1016 X 10-3)/R]) (2.41 + (3.44 X l O ' ^ p ) ) vol% RDX) (8.8 - [(0.24 X 10-3)/R]) (2.176 + (3.6 X 10-3p))
D = 8.8 - [(24.12 X 10"^)/R] D = 2.176 + 3 . 6 p A D / A T = - 1 . 1 6 5 X 1,0-3 A D / A T = -0.4 X 10"^ D = 2.14 + 2 . 8 4 p D = 3.19 + 3.7(p - 0.37) D = 7.92 + 3 . 0 5 ( p - 1.65) D = 2.56 + 3 . 4 7 p D = 0.343 + 3 . 9 4 p D = 7.79 - [(16.8 X 10-3)/R] D D
-54 to 74C (219-347 K) (2.14 + (2.84 X l O ' ^ p ) ) p < 0.37 0.37 < p < 1.65 p > 1.65 p> 1.0 p > 1.2 p = 1.876 0 . 9 < p < 1.534 1.534 < p < p = 1.53 -54 to 74C (219-347 K) 1.636 14 16
Pentolite PETN
17 12 18
(1.873 + (3.187 X 10-3p)) = 1.873 + 3 , 1 8 7 p = 6.763 + 3 . 1 8 7 ( p - 1.534) - 25.1(p - 1.534)2 + 115.l(p - 1.534)'^ 10'^)fR])
XTX-8003
D = 7.26 - 3.02 X 10'^tR (7.26 - [(30.2 X D = 3.68 + (44.8 X 1 0 - 3 w ) (W = wt% P E T N ) A D / A T = -2.34 X l O ' S
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8-5
Chapman-Jouguet Detonation P r e s s u r e In idealized detonation theory, a detonation front consists of several regions: (1) The leading surface is a shock front, chemically unreactive, with a discontinuous high p r e s s u r e . (2) Following the shock front is the reaction zone where chemical r e actions take place auid r e l e a s e the bulk of the detonation energy; its thickness is e s t i mated to be of the order of 10 mm for some pure explosives, but may vary by s e v e r a l powers of 10 depending on the HE. (3) The surface at the r e a r of the reaction zone is called the Chapman-Jouguet (C-J) plane. Complete thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed to exist at the C-J plane, and the detonation products a r e said to be at the C-J state. Detonation p r e s s u r e normally r e f e r s to the p r e s s u r e in the C-J state; it is somewhat lower than the p r e s s u r e at the shock front. Experimentally, C-J p r e s s u r e s (Table 8-4) a r e measured by various indirect hydrodynamic methods. These m e a s u r e m e n t s may span a range of 10-20%, and their exact interpretation is uncertain. Calculated C-J p r e s s u r e s (Table 8-4) a r e obtained with the RUBY hydrodynamic-thermodynamic computer code, which combines the Rajnkine-Hugoniot conservation equations, the C-J condition, the density and enthalpy of formation AH of the explosive, the laws of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium, and the Brinkley-Kistiakowsky-Wilson (BKW) equation of state for the gaseous products. The code p a r a m e t e r s a r e normalized with measured detonation velocities and C-J p r e s s u r e s of several explosives.
8-6
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Table 8-4. Chapman-Jouguet detonation pressures P c j Pj^j ( k b a r (10 ^ GPa))^ Explosive Baratol BTF Comp B, Grade A Comp B - 3 Comp C-4 Cyclotol (77/23) DATB HMX LX-01 LX-04 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10 LX-11 LX-13 LX-14 MEN-II NC (12.0% N) NC (13.35% N) NG NM Octol (77.6/22.4) PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 P e n t o l i t e (50/50) PETN (g/cm^^ (Mg/m^)) 2 .61 .882 .717 .715 .59 .752 .78 .90 .31 .865 .865 .837 .860 .87 See X T X - 8 0 0 3 .833 .017 .58 .58 .60 .135 .821 .60 .783 .767 .69 .840 ,60 .66 .77 .67 ,99 ,767 .61 .88 .71 ,65 .630 ,546 190 170 375 287 340 300 87 338 253 130 342 265 328 5 324 5 298 288 354 300 280 326 280 100 348 181 291 260 144 207 210 370 113 200 210 251 144 377 375 1.56 350 316 259 250 387 177 330 346 373 360 310 295*^ 287 286 257 Measured 140 294 Calculated, RUBY code
P r e s s u r e can be c o r r e c t e d for s m a l l c h a n g e s in %RDX and d e n s i t y by the f o r m u l a P = 295 + 1.57 (%FDX - 64) + 678.5 [(pQ - 1.717)/po].
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8-7
Cylinder Test Measurements of Explosive Energy The cylinder test gives a m e a s u r e of the hydrodynamic performance of an explosive. The test geometry is based on a constant volume of HE. The test s y s t e m consists of an explosive charge 1 in. (25,4 mm) in diameter and 12 in. (0.31 m) long in a tightly fitting copper tube with a wall 0.1022 in. (2.6 mm) thick. The charge is initiated at one end. The radial motion of the cylinder wall is measured at about 8 in, (0,2 m) from the initiated end with a streak c a m e r a technique. Detailed r a d i u s - t i m e data a r e available from the Organic Materials Division, The kinetic energy imparted to the copper wall in a fixed geometry leads to a simple way of expressing the performance of the explosive. Two extreme geometric a r r a n g e m e n t s have been considered for the t r a n s f e r of explosive energy to adjacent metal in this range of m a s s ratio of explosive to metal: (1) detonation n o r m a l or headon to the metal, and (2) detonation tangential or sideways to the metal. The effective explosive energy is frequently different for the two c a s e s , even on a relative basis, because of the effects of the equations of state of the detonation products. The cylinder test provides a m e a s u r e of the relative effective explosive energy for both head-on and tangential detonation. The radial wall velocity at 5-6 m m wall displacement, expressed as volume r a t i o (V = V / V Q = 2) is indicative of explosive energy in head-on geometry. The wall velocity at 19 mm displacement, V/V = 7, is indicative of performance in tangential geometry. Table 8-5 l i s t s the specific wall kinetic energies at 6 mm and 19 m m wall d i s placement; these a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of head-on and tangential detonation, respectively. Terminal wall velocities at breakup a r e about 7-10% higher. Approximately 50% of the detonation energy is transferred to the cylinder wall.
8-8
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Table 8-5,
Cylinder-test measurements of explosive energy,^-"^ Specific kinetic energy Ecyi delivered to the copper cylinder wall in geometries characterized by head-on (6 mm displacement) and tangential (19 mm displacement).
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8-9
Equation of State The Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state has been used to describe accur a t e l y the p r e s s u r e - v o l u m e - e n e r g y behavior of the detonation products of explosives 19,20 in applications of metal acceleration. All values are valid only for l a r g e charges. The equation for p r e s s u r e P is
and that for P s , p r e s s u r e as a function of volume at constant entropy (i. e . , the isentrope), is -R,V -RV , ,,v 1 + Be 2 + cv"^"^^\
Pg = Ae
where A, B, and C a r e linear coefficients (in Mbar (GPa)); R,, R , , and lo a r e nonlinear coefficients; V = V/V (volume of detonation products/volume of undetonated HE); P and 3 P a r e in Mbar (GPa), and E, the detonation energy per unit volume is in (Mbar-cm )/ cm^ ((GPa-m^)/m^). Some explosives have been subjected to a rigorous comparison in which coefficients a r e determined by matching the equation with experimental C-J conditions, c a l o r i m e t r i c data, and expansion behaviorusually cylinder-test data. These explosives a r e listed in Table 8-6 without additional notation. It has proved v e r y useful to estimate coefficients for which only limited data a r e available; for these HEs the e s t i mated p a r a m e t e r s a r e listed as noted. The best estimates a r e for those explosives for which cylinder-test data a r e available. In many instances, PQJ i-s estimated by assuming that 2,7 < r < 2,8, where r is the adiabatic coefficient of expansion. Where data were extremely limited, e s t i m a t e s were made from RUBY code calculations for P Q J , D , and E_; R R, and u were estimated.
8-10
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Tabl e 8-6.
"o
Explosive
BTF
r
A
Equation-of-state p a r a m e t e r s
B C Ri R2 u
Composition (wt%) Benzotrifuroxan RDX/TNT 64/36 RDX/TNT 77/23 Diamino - hexanitr o biphenyl PETN/CHg 85/15 PETN/NC/CHg 63/8/29 TetranitrotetrazacyclooctEine Hexanitr ostilbene T N M / N M / m P 33.3/52/14.7 HMX/Viton 85/15 HMX/Viton 90/10 HMX/DNPA/FEFO 9 3 / 4 . 6 / 2 . 4 HMX/Viton 95/5 HMX/Viton 80/20 See XTX-8003 Nitromethane HMX/TNT 78/22 RDX/KEL F 90/10 HMX/Estane 90/10 HMX/NC/CEF 9 4 / 3 / 3 RDX/EXON 94/6 T N T / P E T N 50/50 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
(g/cm3) (Mg/m^^) 1.859 1.717 1.754 1.550 1.480 1.480 1.891 1.540 1.230 1.865 1.865 1.838 1.860 1.875 1.128 1.821 1.787 1.777 1.840 1.600 1.670 1.770 1.500 1.260 0.880 1.730 1.630 1.540
(Mbar) (100 GPa) 0.360* 0.295 0.320 0.180* 0.205* 0.195* 0.420* 0.175* 0.155 0.340 0.355 0.373 0.375 0.330 0.125 0.342 0.340 0.340 0.370 0.265* 0.250* 0.335 0.220 0.140 0.062 0.285 0.210 0.170
(cm//usee) (10"l k m / s ) 0.848 0.798 0.825 0.670 0.720 0.700 0.911 0.660 0.684 0.847 0.864 0.884 0.882 0.832 0.628 0.848 0.839 0.850 0.880 0.791 0.747 0.830 0.745 0.654 0.517 0.791 0.693 0.735
(Mbar-cm^/cm^) (100 G P a - m 3 / m 3 ) 0.1150 0.0850 0.0920* 0.0620* 0.0700* 0.0620* 0.1050 0.0600* 0.0610* 0.0950 0.1000* 0.1050* 0.1040* 0.0900* 0.0510 0.0960* 0.0900 0.0890* 0.1020 0.0860* 0.0800 0.1010 0.0856* 0.0719* 0.0502* 0.0820 0.0600 0.0660* 2.717 2.706 2.731 2.842 2.752 2.719 2.740 2.885 2.711 2.936 2.921 2.851 2.861 2.930 2.538 2.830 2.700 2.776 2.850 2.513 2.727 2.640 2.788 2.831 2.668 2.798 2.727 3.894
(Mbar (100 GPa)) 8.407 5.242 6.034 4.254 3.738 3.490 7.783 4.469 3.110 8.498 8.710 8.684 8.802 7.791 2.092 7.486 5.814 6.347 8.545 5.73187 4.911 6.170 6.253 5.731 3.486 5.868 3.738 27.140 0.14960 0.07678 0.09924 0.08007 0.03647 0.04524 0.07071 0.08358 0.04761 0.15277 0.13896 0.18711 0.17437 0.10668 0.05689 0.13380 0.06801 0.07998 0.20493 0.146390 0.09061 0.16926 0.23290 0.20160 0.11288 0.10671 0.03747 0.17930 0,01368 0.01082 0.01075 0.01175 0.01138 0,00854 0.00643 0.01010 0.01039 0.01159 0,00891 0.00729 0.00809 0.00885 0.00770 0.01167 0.00234 0.00727 0.00754 0.01200 0.00876 0.00699 0.01152 0.01267 0.00941 0.00774 0.00734 0.01202
4.60 4.20 4.30 4.70 4.20 4.10 4.20 4.80 4.50 4.65 4.60 4,60 4,60 4,50 4,40 4,50 4.10 4.20 4.60 4.60 4.40 4.40 5.25 6.00 7.00 4,40 4,15 7,00
1,20 1,10 1.10 1.30 1.10 1.20 1.00 1.30 1.00 1.30 1,15 1.25 1,20 1,15 1,20 1,20 1,00 1,00 1,35 1,40 1.10 1.20 1.60 1.80 2,00 1,20 0,90 1,60
0.30 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.39 0.35 0,35 0,30 0.25 0.30 0.30 0,30 0,38 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,32 0,30 0,25 0,28 0,28 0,24 0,28 0.35 0,35
XTX-8003
*One Mbar = 100 GPa. Two asterisks indicate tliat cylinder data are not available. Values followed by one asterisk are estimated quantities.
Detonation Energy 21 Detonation energies (as measured by metal acceleration in the cylinder test) of formulations containing mostly HMX can be correlated with the volume fraction of additives by a simple linear relationship E = EHMX i - > where E = detonation energy per unit volume of a formulation at its loaded density, ^HMX ~ detonation energy per unit volume of pure HMX at its theoretical maximum density (TMD) of 1.90 g / c m (Mg/m ). The reference 2 value is (wall velocity) at 19 mm displacement in the cylinder test corrected to TMD, The corrected wall velocity is 1,872 mm//LJsec (km/s), S. = c h a r a c t e r i s t i c energy decrement for each diluent, V. = volume fraction of each additive. The energy decrement for a fixed combination of two or m o r e ingredients is readily computed as y S.V.
(8-1)
where the subscript b denotes the fixed combination. The quantity S, V, for the combination becomes one of the t e r m s in Eq, 8 - 1 , An S.V. t e r m for air or void takes a c count of porosity in the actual explosive. A convenient form of Eq. 8-1 gives relative energy as a percentage of HMX energy, Ej, , , and as a function of the volume percent, V., of additives: T ^ _ lOOE _ ERel% - E j j ^ - 100
l^\%'
<-3^
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c S. can be recognized as a percent energy degradation from pure HMX for each volume percent of the additive. The S. values for a number of additives a r e given in Table 8-7. Neither the applicable range of composition nor the exact linearity of Eq. 8-1 has been tested, but all formulations contained at least 70 wt% HMX.
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Table 8-7. Characteristic energy decrement S. from pure HMX for additives to HMX.
^i Si
Additive^ AFNOL
Air
(^Rel%/Vi) 0.75
1.3
<ERel%/Vi)
0,3 1,3 0,5 1.0
BEAF BDNPA BDNPF CAB CEF *DATB DFTNB *DIPAM BDNPA/BDNPF 50/50 DNPA DNPN EDNP Estane EXON (polyvinyl chloride/ polyvinyl alcohol 85/15
0,75
0,3
0.25
0.5
Nitrosorubber *NONA Polyethylene Sylgard *TACOT *TATB Teflon TNT Viton Void Wax
0.75
0.5 1,3 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 0,5 1.0
1.3 1.3
An a s t e r i s k denotes materials not actually tested; values estimated with RUBY code.
12/72
8-13
References 1. 2. E. E. Kilmer, J. Spacecr. Rockets 5, 1216-1219 (1968). U.S. Material Command, Engineering Design Handbook, Explosives Series, P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives of Military Interest, Army Material Command, Rept. AMCP-706-177 (1967). E. E. Kilmer, Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., personal communication (1966). A. C. Schwartz, Application of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosive Components, Sandia L a b o r a t o r i e s , Albuquerque, N. Max., Rept. SC-RR-710673 (1972). J. R. Humphrey, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1974). A. W. Campbell, M. E. Malin, T. J. Boyd, and J, A. Hull, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 27, 567-574 (1956). T. M. Benziger, X-0242: A High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-4872 (1972). A. N. Dremin, Combust. Explos. Shock Waves 2 (4), 45-51 (1966). M, J. Kamlet and S. J. Jacobs, J . Chem. Phys. 48, 23-35 (1968). J. B. Panowski, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., personal communication (1974). H. C. Hornig, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). A. Popolato, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., personal communication (1957). D. P r i c e and A. R. Clairmont, J r . , "Explosive Behavior of Nitroguanidine," in Symp. (Intern.) on Combustion, 12th, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh (1969). M. Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1971). A. W. Campbell, M. E. Malin, and T. E. Holland, J, Appl. Phys. 27^, 963 (1965). H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, M. Finger, and K. E. Kurrle, "Equation of State of Detonation Products," in P r o c . 5th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U . S . Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-184 (1970), pp. 503-512. E. L. Lee, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1971). M. J. Urizar, E. J a m e s , J r . , a n d L . C. Smith, Phys. Fluids 4, 262-274 (1961). E. L. Lee and M. Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). E. L. Lee, H. C. Hornig, and J. W. Kury, Adiabatic Expansion of High Explosive Detonation Products, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50422 (1968). J. W. Kury, H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, J. L. McDonnel, D. L. Ornellas, M. Finger, F . M. Strange, and M. L. Wilkins, "Metal Acceleration by Chemical < Explosives," in P r o c . 4th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U. S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-126 (1965), pp. 3-13.
21.
8-14
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9.
Several t e s t s have been designed to evaluate the sensitivity of HEs to different kinds of impact under varying conditions. This aspect of the characterization of explosives is treated here in some detail in descriptions of drop-weight impact, Susan, skid, and gap t e s t s . The sensitivity of liquid explosives can be assessed through determination of their low-velocity detonation (LVD) and high-velocity detonation (HVD) characteristics as established by a gap test. Some critical energies for shock initiation are given. Drop-Weight Test The drop-weight machine, or drop hammer, offers one means of evaluating impact sensitivity. In the test, a 2.5- or 5-kg weight is dropped from a p r e s e t height onto a small (~35-mg) sample of explosive. A s e r i e s of drops is made from different heights, sind explosion or nonexplosion is recorded. The criterion for "explosion" is an sirbitrarily set level of sound produced by the explosive on impact. The r e s u l t of the test is summarized as H_Q, the height in cm (m) at which the probability of explosion is 50%. Values in Table 9-1 were determined on a machine patterned after the one designed at the Explosives Division, Atomic Weapons R e s e a r c h Establishments (AWRE) at the time of World War II, Because of the extremely complicated p r o c e s s involved in initiation by impact, these d r o p - h a m m e r data s e r v e only as approximate indications of sensitivity. The H^_ values a r e quite dependent on the anvil surface. Two surfaces a r e usually used: sandpaper (type 12 tooling) and roughened steel (type 12B tooling). In general, values below 25 cm (0.25 m) usually indicate relative sensitivity to impact. Values of 25 to 70 cm (0.25 to 0.70 m) indicate a material of moderate sensitivity that possibly can be handled in accordance with standard p r o c e d u r e s . Values above 70 cm (0.70 m) usually indicate relative insensitivity to impact. The indications of sensitivity given by the d r o p - h a m m e r test a r e always verified by l a r g e - s c a l e testing (see the succeeding t e s t s in this section) for any m a t e r i a l to be handled in large quantities.
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9-1
>177
11 45 29 33
Comp B , G r a d e A Comp B - 3 Cyclotol 7 5/2S DATE DIPAM^ DNPA EL-506A EL-506C FEFO
H-6
>177
95
>177
------40 -55 -----
>177
59 54 28 60 33 80 41 38 32 35 59
Octol PBX-9007 PBX-9010 PBX-9011 PBX-9205 PBX-9404 PBX-9407 PBX-9501^ Pentolite 50/50 PETN RDX TATB Tetryl
TNT
>100
28 80
>177
25 21
9-2
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Susan Test The Susan Sensitivity Test is a projectile impact test with the projectile shown in Fig, 9 - 1 . The weight of explosive in the projectile head is about 1 lb (0,45 kg). The
Fig, 9 - 1 , The Susan projectile. Scaled drawing; the high explosive head is 4 in, long by 2 in, in diameter (0,102 m X 0,051 m).
target is armor-plate steel. The r e s u l t s of the t e s t s a r e expressed in t e r m s of a "sensitivity" curve in which the relative "point-source detonation energy" released by the explosive as a result of the impact is plotted against the velocity of the projectile. The relative point-source detonation energy can be derived from a t r a n s i t - t i m e m e a s urement of the air shock from the point of impact to a p r e s s u r e gauge 10 ft (3,1 m) away. The results determined in this manner a r e somewhat subjective, particularly when the reaction level shows a large but relatively slow increase with time. The p r e ferred way to get at the "point-source detonation energy" at present is to relate it to the o v e r p r e s s u r e measured 10 ft (3,1 m) from the impact. This r e s u l t s in much more reproducible data and is not subject to many of the e r r o r s of the t r a n s i t - t i m e m e a s u r e ments. On the figures in this section the energy scale has been set to range from z e r o for no chemical reaction to approximately 100 for the most violent detonation-like reactions (all explosive consumed) for the most energetic explosives. L e s s violent burning reactions that appear to consume all of the explosive can give values on the scale as low as 40; the energy equivalent of TNT fully reacted as a point source, would r e g i s t e r at 70 on the scale. F o r each explosive considered, comments a r e made on the details of the impact process that seem to bear on the impact safety of an explosive. Remarks about probabilities of large reactions a r e relevant to unconfined charges in the 25-lb (11.3-kg) c l a s s . Smaller unconfined charges show a trend of decreasing r e action level as the charge size gets s m a l l e r .
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9-3
References to the "pinch" stage of the impact r e f e r to the t e r m i n a l stage when the nose cap has been completely split open longitudinally and peeled back to the steel projectile body, which is rapidly being brought to a halt.
9-4
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Comp B-3 Comp B-3 (RDX/TNT 60/40) behaves reasonably well in the standard Susan test (Fig. 9-2). Ignition is observed only after extensive splitting and deformation of the projectile nosecap, more or l e s s at the beginning of the "pinch" staige of impact. This results in a threshold velocity of about 180 ft/sec (55 m / s e c ) . The reaction level is quite dependent on impact velocity; it never r i s e s to its full potential even at an impact velocity of 1500 ft/sec (457 m / s e c ) . Any reaction enhancement is seen quite soon after initial ignition. Comp B-3 shoxild be considered as generally r a t h e r difficult to ignite by mechanical means and as having a low probability for violent reaction once ignited, provided the relative confinement is rather low. It has given substantially l a r g e r reactions in the Mod-IA projectile thsui in the standard Mod I; the important difference between the two projectiles appears to be the exceptionally straight flight of the Mod-IA, which results in higher p r e s s u r e s on the explosive and more effective confinement. Comp B-3 has been observed to detonate in impact geometries where there was good Inertial confinement at the time of ignition, sind where It has been subjected to mechanlcil work by the Impact.
100 80
o>
Q>
60 40
20
a>
0) 0
(488)
Fig, 9-2.
12/72
9-5
Cyclotol 75/25 Cyclotol 75/25 (RDX/TNT 75/25) has both good and bad properties as measured by the Susan test (Fig, 9-3). The threshold velocity for reaction Is probably about 180 ft/sec (55 m/sec), which Is r a t h e r typical of the TNT-bonded cast explosives and higher than most plastic-bonded explosives. On the other hand, reaction levels generally a r e moderately high at relatively low velocity and on occasion a r e considerably higher. Cyclotol 75/25 shoTild be considered as generally r a t h e r difficult to Ignite by mechanlcEil means but capable of a leirge reaction once Ignited. Note should be taken of the very low drop height for Ignition In the 14-deg (0.24-rad) skid test (Table 9-2).
100
(488)
Fig. 9-3. Susan test: Cyclotol 75/25. Conversion factor: 1 ft/sec = 3.048 X 10" 1 m / s .
9-6
12/72
LX-02-1 LX-02-1 (PETN/butyl rubber/acetyltributyl citrate/Cab-O-Sil 73.5/17,6/6,9/2.0) appears more difficult to ignite in the Susan t e s t than XTX-8003, but the exact t h r e s hold value is poorly defined due to the very small reactions observed and the limited number of tests (Fig. 9-4), Even at 505 ft/sec (154 m/s), the reaction level was very low. The very limited data indicate that LX-02-1 has a very small probability of building to a violent reaction from an accidental ignition where there is relatively little or no confinement.
Q J m 0
I vyu
_j)
<u ^
05 < D C (U
80 60 40 20 0
4
-J
1
> -_o
OH
1 ..
. 1
....J
(244)
(488)
Fig. 9-4.
12/72
9-7
LX-04-1 LX-04-1 (HMX/Viton 85/15) is moderately easy to Ignite in the Susan test (Fig, 9-5), requiring an Impact velocity of 140 to 150 f t / s e c (43 to 46 m / s ) . At Impact velocities higher than threshold, the nosecap deforms about an inch before ignition is observed. Reaction levels a r e dependent on impact velocity, rising v e r y slowly to t h r e e or four energy units from thireshold out to about 350 f t / s e c (107 m / s ) and then rising m o r e rapidly as impact velocity i n c r e a s e s to 40 or 50 energy units at 1000 ft/sec (305 m / s ) . Thus, while LX-04-1 is moderately easy to ignite from mechanical impact, it has a low probability of building to a violent reaction or detonation from a minor ignition where t h e r e is little or no confinement. Note that LX-04-1 frequently has been observed to detonate high-order in other impact test geometries where the effective confinement was r a t h e r good and the explosive was well pulverized to give a large surface a r e a at the time of ignition.
Fig. 9-5.
9-8
12/72
LX-07-2 LX-07-2 (HMX/Vlton 90/10) Is Intermediate In sensitivity between PBX-9404 and LX-04-1. The threshold for reaction Is about 125 ft/sec (38 m / s ) , and the reaction level, while dependent upon Impact velocity, becomes large at a r a t h e r low velocity (Fig. 9-6), Small changes In manufacturing variables can affect the extent of reaction In the Susan test. The LX-07-2 Initially tested was a handmade batch that gave appreciably larger reactions than previously tested LX-07-type explosives. Figure 9-6 also shows the results for RX-07-BA, manufactured at the Hblston Army Ammunition Plant, which meets the LX-07-2 specifications and, based on the results of three shots, appears to be more like the previous LX-07-type explosives. Thus, LX-07-2 has a low threshold for reaction but only a moderate r a t e of buildup to violent reaction. It appeirs that accidental mechanical Ignition of LX-07-2 would have a moderate probability of building to violent deflagration or detonation where the relative confinement was r a t h e r low.
100
' LX-07-2
'
80
4)
0) X O)
60
40
)
0
20
400
800 J_ (244)
0 J L (122) (244)
(122)
Fig. 9-6.
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9-9
LX-09-0 LX-09-0 (HMX/pDNPA/FEFO 93/4.6/2,4) displays some very undesirable properties In the Sussui test (Fig. 9-7); It Is very similar to PBX-9404 In many r e s p e c t s . 'Ignition Is seen after about 0.5-ln. (13-mm) deformation of the projectile nosecap, which Is consistent with the very low threshold velocity of 110 ft/sec (34 m / s ) . As with PBX-9404, "pinch"-stage enhancement of the reaction Is observed only at Impact velocities greater than about 200 ft/sec (51 m / s ) . At lower-Impact velocities, r e a c tions build to violent levels with sufficient rapidity that no "pinch" stage enhancement Is observed. The reaction levels observed a r e generally quite high and Independent of Impact velocity. Thus, LX-09-0 exhibits both low-threshold velocity for reaction and rapid buildup to violent reaction. Any accidental mechanical Ignition has a large probability of building to a violent deflagration or detonation.
100 o ,
>s
80
S?
60 40 20-
> >
4) 0
4) C
800
1
\
1600
I
(0)
I
(488)
(244)
Fig. 9-7.
9-10
12/72
LX-10-0 LX-10-0 (HMX/Viton 95/5) displays some very undesirable p r o p e r t i e s in the Susan Test (Fig, 9-8). Ignition is observed after about 0.6-in. (15 mm) of projectile nosecap deformation, which is consistent with the low threshold velocity of about 120 ft/sec (37 m / s ) . The reaction levels observed a r e generally quite high and independent of impact velocity. The reaction buildup is sufficiently rapid that no "pinch" stage enhancement of the reaction is observed, LX-10-0 exhibits both a low threshold for reaction and an extremely rapid buildup to violent reaction. Any accidental mechanical ignition of LX-10-0 has a very large probability of building to violent deflagration or detonation.
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Fig. 9-8,
12/72
9-11
LX-11-0 LX-11-0 (HMX/Viton 80/20) is among the least reactive of the PBXs tested in the Susem test (Fig. 9-9), The threshold for reaction is probably about 170 f t / s e c (52,8 m / s ) , judging from the nosecap deformation of 1,8 to 1,9 in, (46 to 49 mm) at the time ignitions were observed for the higher velocity shots. Most TNT-containing cast explosives require even more deformation for ignition; however, the reaction level is quite dependent on impact velocity and Is generally lower than that observed for LX-04-1, although not as low a s that observed for Comp B - 3 , The r a t h e r liigh value of 44 energy units at 612 ft/sec (187 m / s ) is considered atypical and possibly due to ELxisymmetric Impact, Reaction enhancement is observed at the "pinch" stage of the impact, LX-11-0 should be considered as moderately difficult to ignite by mechanical means and as having very low probability of building to violent reaction from a minor ignition where there is relatively little confinement.
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9-12
12/72
LX-14-0 LX-14-0 (HMX/Estane 95.5/4.5) is moderately easy to ignite in the Susan test, requiring an impact velocity of about 48 m/s.(Fig. 9-10). This is slightly higher than that required for L X - 0 4 - 1 . Nosecap deformation is generally g r e a t e r than 25 mm before ignition is observed. Reaction levels tend to be somewhat large and e r r a t i c once the threshold velocity is exceeded, somewhat like those of LX-07-2. In support of this tendency skid test results on LX-14 a r e intermediate in reaction level between LX-04-1 and LX-07-2. It appears that accidental mechanical ignition of LX-14-0 would have a moderately low probability of building to a violent reaction or detonation where there was little or no confinement.
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488
Fig, 9-10,
7/74
9-13
Octol 75/25 Octol 75/25 (HMX/TNT 75/25) has both good and bad p r o p e r t i e s as measTired by the Susan test (Fig, 9-11). The threshold velocity for reaction is probably about 180 ft/sec (55 m/s), which is r a t h e r typical of the TNT-bonded cast explosives and higher thsin most plastic-bonded explosives. On the other hand, reaction levels become moderately high, generally at relatively low velocity. The variability of r e s u l t s is l e s s than that observed with Cyclotol 75/25, Octol 75/25 should be considered as r a t h e r difficult to ignite accidentally by mechanical means but capable of a large r e action once ignited under certain conditions.
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1 (488)
9-14
7/74
PBX-9010 PBX-9010 (RDX/Kel F 90/10) displays some v e r y undesirable p r o p e r t i e s in the Susan test (Fig. 9-12). Ignition Is observed after about 0.5-in, (13 mm) of projectile nosecap deformation, which would make the threshold velocity for reaction about 110 ft/sec (34 m / s ) . The reaction levels observed a r e high and Independent of impact geometry. The observed energy r e l e a s e Is not as high a s that often seen with the m o r e energetic explosives PBX-9404, LX-09-0, and LX-10-0, but Intrinsic energy content does not completely explain the difference; geometric factors at the time of maximum reaction a r e thought to also contribute to the observed r e s u l t s . The r e a c tion buildup Is svifflclently rapid that no "pinch" stage enhancement of the reaction is observed. PBX-9010 exhibits both a low threshold for reaction and sufficient r e a c t i vity to indicate a very large probability of violent reaction or detonation from any a c cidental mechanicsJ. ignition.
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7/74
9-15
PBX-9011 PBX-9011 (HMX/estane 90/10) is among the least reactive of the PBXs tested in the Susan test (Fig, 9-13), The threshold for reaction is probably about 165 f t / s e c (50 m / s ) , judging from the nosecap deformation of about 1,7-in, (43 mm) at the time of observed ignition for the higher-velocity shots. The reaction level is quite dependent on the impact velocity; it is generally somewhat lower than that observed for LX-04-1 but not as low as for Comp B-3, Reaction enhancement is observed only at the "pinch" stage of the impact, PBX-9011 should be considered as moderately difficult to ignite by mechanical impact and as having v e r y low probability of building to violent reaction from a minor ignition where there is relatively little confinement. PBX-9011 has given only mild reactions in other impact geometries that often give detonations with explosives such as L X - 0 4 - 1 .
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9-16
7/74
PBX-9205 PBX-9205 (RDX/polystyrene/di-2-ethylhexylphthalate 92/6/2) is s i m i l a r to LX-07-2 in some of its properties (Fig. 9-14). The threshold velocity for reaction is probably about 120 ft/sec (37 m/s), judging from the nosecap crush-up at the time of observed ignition with higher-velocity impacts. As with LX-07-2, the response is dependent on impact velocity and is intermediate between that of PBX-9404 and L X - 0 4 - 1 . Thus, PBX-9205 has a low threshold for reaction but only a moderate r a t e of buildup to violent reaction. It appears that accidental mechanical ignition of PBX-9205 would have a moderate probability of building to violent deflagration or detonation.
lOOr
7/74
9-17
PBX-9404-03 PBX-9404 (HMX/NC/tris-i3-chloroethyl phosphate MlZJ?,) displays some very undesirable p r o p e r t i e s in the Susan test (Fig. 9-15). Ignition is seen after only about 0.35-in. (8.9 mm) of deformation of the projectile nosecap, which is consistent with the v e r y low tiireshold velocity of 105 f t / s e c (32 m / s ) . The reaction levels a r e generally quite high for impacts in the range of 105 to 200 f t / s e c (32 to 61 m / s ) . These reactions build to violent levels with sufficient rapidity that no "pinch" stage enhancement of the reaction is observed. At higher impact velocities, the reaction level seems to depend somewhat on impact velocity, but it is always at least moderately high. "Pinch" stage enhancement of the reaction at these higher-impact velocities is very noticeable, PBX-9404 exhibits both a very low threshold velocity for reaction and rapid buildup to violent reaction. Any mechanical ignition of PBX-9404 has a very large probability of building to violent deflagration or detonation.
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9-18
7/74
PBX-9501 PBX-9501 (HMX/estane/DNPAF 95/2.5/2.5) is a high-energy explosive with low impact sensitivity for an explosive of its power (Fig. 9-16). The threshold velocity for reaction is about 200 fl/sec (61 m/s), which is higher than that for most PBXs and about equal to that for many TNT-based explosives. Reactions start after about 2.52 in. (6.4 cm) of projectile deformation, which is consistent with the observed threshold velocity. Once threshold velocity is exceeded, reactions become violent over a r a t h e r narrow velocity range. Small reactions do not automatically grow to large reactions as they do in many other high-energy PBXs. Skid-test ignitions, for example, give v e r y low reactions.
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7/74
9-19
TNT TNT shows no undesirable p r o p e r t i e s by the Susan test (Fig. 9-17). Minor ignitions a r e seen down to about 235 f t / s e c (72 m / s ) impact velocity but only after extensive splitting of the projectile nosecap and abrupt halt of the projectile at the final or "pinch" stage of impact. No violent reactions are observed even at impact velocities above 1200 ft/sec (366 m / s ) . F u r t h e r , the TNT response is independent of whether it is cast or is a high- or medium-density pressing. TNT should be considered very difficult to ignite accidentally by mechanicsd means; any reaction from such an ignition should be regarded as having an extremely low probability of building to violent levels where there is relatively little confinement.
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0 800 1600 Projectile velocity at impact ft/sec I I I I I I I I I (0) (244) (488) Projectile velocity at impact m/s Fig. 9-17. Susan t e s t : TNT. Conversion factor: 1 f t / s e c = 3,048 X 1 0 " ! m / s .
9-20
7/74
XTX-8003
XTX-8003 (PETN/silicone rubber 80/20) is moderately difficult to ignite in the Susan test (Fig, 9-18), requiring an impact velocity of about 160 f t / s e c (49 m / s ) , judging from the 1.4-in, (36 mm) of projectile nosecap deformation at the time of observed ignition. Reaction levels ranged from quite low to moderately low over the velocity range tested. While the number of tests is limited, it appears that XTX-8003 has a very small probability of building to violent reaction from an accidental ignition where there is relatively little or no confinement.
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7/74
9-21
Skid Test Restilts from a sliding impact sensitivity test (skid test) with l a r g e hemispherical 4 5 billets of HE have proved valuable for evaluating the pi ant-handling safety of HEs. ' The test was developed at AWRE in England. In the LLL-Pantex version of this test, the explosive billet, supported on a pendulum device, is allowed to swing down from a p r e s e t height and strike at an angle on a sand-coated steel target plate. Impact angles employed a r e 14 deg (0,24 rad) and 45 deg (0,79 rad) (defined as the angle between the line of billet t r a v e l and the horizontal target surface; the heights vary). The spherical surface of the billet s e r v e s to concentrate the force of the impact in a small a r e a ; the pendulum arrangement gives the impact both a sliding o r skidding component as well as a v e r t i c a l one. The r e s u l t s of the test (Table 9-2) a r e expressed in t e r m s of the type of chemical event produced by the impact as a function of impact angle and vertical drop. Chemical events a r e defined as follows: 0 No reaction; charge r e t a i n s integrity. 1 Burn or scorch m a r k s on HE or target; charge r e t a i n s integrity, 2 Puff of smoke, but no flame or light visible in high-speed photography. Charge may r e t a i n integrity or may be broken into l a r g e pieces. 3 Mild low-order reaction with flame or light; chsirge broken up and scattered, 4 Medium low-order reaction with flame or light; major part of HE consumed, 5 Violent deflagration; virtually all HE consumed. 6 Detonation. The sliding-impact t e s t r e s u l t s a r e significant indications of plant-handling safety because the drop heights and impact angles used in the test a r e quite within the l i m i t s one might find for the accidental drop of an explosive billet. The t e s t is used not only to evaluate the relative sensitivity of different explosives, using the sand-coated target as a reference surface (Table 9-2), but also to evaluate typical plant floor coverings, using PBX-9010 as a reference explosive (Table 9-3 and 9-4),
9-22
7/74
Table 9-2. Standard LLL-Pantex skid t e s t with hemispheres of explosive 11 in. (0.28 m) in diameter sind weighing 23 lb (10.4 kg).a
Impact angle Explosive Comp B-3 (deg) 14 14 14 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 45 45 14 14 14 14 45 45 45 45 14 14 45 45 45 14 45 45 (rad) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) Vertical drop (ft) 3.5 5.0 7.1 28.0 0.62 0.88 1.75 7.1 14.0 28.0 1.75 2.5 14.1 3.5 5.0 7.1 10.0 14.1 0.88 1.25 1.75 2.5 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.1 0.88 1.25 3.5 5.0 7.1 0.88 2.5 3.5 (m) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (8.53) (0.19) (0.27) (0.53) (2.16) (4.27) (8.53) (0.53) (0.76) (4.30) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (3.05) (4.30) (0.27) (0.38) (0.53) (0.76) (0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (0.27) (0.38) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (0.27) (0.76) (1.07) C h e m i c a l event 0 1,0,4 2 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 2 2, 1 0,0 3,0 1, 0 2 3 0, 0, 0, 0 0,0,0 0,0,0 6,4,3 0,0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0,0,0 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0 6,0,0 0,0, 0 6, 0, 0, 0 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0 , 0 6, 6, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0 6,6 0 6, 0, 0, 0 0 0,0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 4 0, 0, 0, 0 6, 6, 6, 0 6,6 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 6, 6, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 6, 6 0, 0, 0 0 3 0,0,0 0,0,0
Cyclotol 7 5/25
LX-04-1
LX-07-1
LX-09-0
LX-10-0
Octol 7 5 / 2 5 PBX-9010
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 45 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 14 14 14 45 45 45 45 45
(0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79)
2.5 3.5 0.88 1.25 1.5 1.75 7.1 10.0 20.0 14.1 20.0 0.88 1.25 1.75 1.25 1.75 2.5 0.88 1.25 1.75 1.75 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.1 1.25 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0
(0.76) (1.07) (0.27) (0.38) (0.46) (0.53) (2.16) (3.05) (6.10) (4.30) (6.10) 0.27) 0.38) (0.53) (0.38) (0.53) 0.76) 0.27) 0.38) 0.53) 0.53) 0.76) 1.07) 1.52) (2.16) (0.38) (1.52) (3.05) (1.52) (3.05)
PBX-9011
PBX-9205
PBX-9404
PBX-9501
14 14 14 45 45
^One in. = 2.540 X lO'^ m ; 1 lb = 4.535924 X 10 ^ kg; 1 ft = 3.048 X lo"^ m ; 1 deg = 1.745329 X 10-2 r a d .
7/74
9-23
Table 9-3. Nonstandard skid t e s t s of interest. Target: standard sand-coated steel ( l / 4 - i n . (6.375-mm)) bonded to concrete.^
Explosive Comp B
LX-04-0 - 5 7 F (224 K) eO-F (290 K)
p. event 4
2 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 6,0 6 0 0,0 0,0,0 0,0,0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 6,6,0
(22.7)
(10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (22.7 (135.2 (135.2 (135.2 (12.7 (12.7 (12.7 (12.7 (12.7 (12.7 (10.4 (10.4 (31.3 (31.8 (132) (132.4 (132) (131.6 (131.6 (131.6 (134.3 (132.4 (134.3 (134.3 (135.2 (132.9 (132.0 (134.7 (133.8 (134.3 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4 (10.4
(0.24)
(0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79) (0.79)
(1.52)
(1.07) (0.38) (0.53) (1.07) (1.52) (1.52) (4.30) (2.16) (0.27) (0.38) (0.53) (0.27) (0.76) (1.07) (0.27) (0.76) (1.07) (0.27) (1.07) (0.13) (0.20) (0.27) (0.38) (0.46) (0.53) (0.76) (1.52) (0.08) (0.10) (0.15) (0.10) (0.13) (0.18) (0.19) (0.38) (0.56) (0.76) (0.19) (0.27) (0.38) (0.27) (0.38) (0.53) (0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (0.76) (1.07)
2 3 5 F (385 K)
LX-04-1
LX-09-0
LX-10-0
LX-14-0
PBX-9404
PBX-9501
6 0,0,0 6, 6, 0, 0, 0 0. 0, 0, 0, 0 3, 0, 0, 0, 0 0,0,0 0 0 0 0
h ob ob
One in. = 2.540 X 10'^ m; 1 lb = 4.535924 X lO'^ kg; 1 ft = 3.048 X 10"^ m; 1 deg = 1.745329 X lO"^ rad. Acrid or burnt odor noticed after test.
9-24
7/74
Table 9-4.
L L L - P a n t e x test with 50-lb (22.7-kg) hemipt where otherwise noted, 45 deg(0,79rad) Vertical drop (ft) (m)
Floor Material Corrugated rubber floor covering Against grain With grain Linoleum
(in.)
(mm)
Chemical event
10 10 20
1/8
(3.18)
7,1
1,25 1.75
2.5 3.5 5.0
5/64
(1.98)
7.1
(3.05) (3.05) (6.10) (2.16) (3.05) (4.30) (6.10) (0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (2,16) (0,38) (0,53) (0.76) (1.07) (1.52) (2.16) (4.30) (7.32) (0.53) (0.76) (4.27) (6.10) (6.10) (8,53) (3.05) (4.30) (6.10) (3,05) (4.30) (6.10) (6.10) (1.52) (2.16)
14.1
20 10
14.1
20
14 deg (0.24 rad) impact angle Vinyl ^One in. = 2.540 X lO"^ m; 1 lb = 4.5359 1 deg = 1.745329 X 10-2 ^ad. A poured polyurethane floor covering.
20.0
5.0 7.1
7/74
9-25
Gap Test The gap test gives a m e a s u r e of the shock sensitivity of an explosive. The values a r e obtained by measuring the thickness of inert spacer m a t e r i a l (expressed in " c a r d s " or inches) that will just produce 50% probability of detonation when placed between the test explosive and a standard detonating charge. In general, the l a r g e r the spacer gap the m o r e shock-sensitive is the HE. The numbers, however, depend on test size and geometry as well a s on the particular lot, its method of preparation, and density or percent voids. They a r e , therefore, only approximate indications of relative shock sensitivity. Two tests were developed at LASL for different amounts of golid HE; they a r e identified as the l a r g e - s c a l e and the s m a l l - s c a l e gap t e s t s . " In the s m a l l - s c a l e gap test the acceptors (samples) a r e pellets 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) in diameter and 1-1/2 in. (38.1 mm) long; the s p a c e r s (constituting the gap) a r e b r a s s shims in 0.1 in. (2.54 mm) i n c r e m e n t s . The donors a r e modified SE-1 detonators with PBX-9407 pellets 0.300 in. (7.62 mm) in d i a m e t e r and 0.207 in. (5.26 mm) long. Detonation of the acceptor charge is ascertained by the dent produced in a 6-in. (152 mm) square, 2-in. (102-mm) thick witness plate. The values in Table 9-5 were obtained at LASL and at Pantex. Results from the l a r g e - s c a l e gap test at LASL a r e given in Table 9-6. This test differs from the s m a l l - s c a l e test in the following r e s p e c t s : 1. The acceptors a r e pellets 1-5/8 in. (41.3 mm) in d i a m e t e r and 4 in. (102 mm) long. 2. The donors a r e 1-5/8 in. (41.3 mm) d i a m e t e r by 4 in. (102 mm) long PBX-9205 pellets. 3. The s p a c e r s a r e 1-5/8 in. (41.3 mm) diameter disks of 2020-T4 Dural (aluminum).
9-26
7/74
Table 9-5.
Explosive Baratol Comp B, Grad e A Comp B-3 Cyclotol 75/25 DATB LX-04-1 (pre- S/65) (post- 6/65) LX-07-1 LX-07-2 LX-09-0 LX-10-0 LX-11-0 LX-13 LX-14 NM (modified test)"^ (modified test)'^ Octol 75/2 5 PBX-9007 (0.8% graphilte) PBX-9010-02 PBX-9011-03 PBX-9205 PBX-9404-03 PBX-9407 PBX-9501 Pentolite 50/50 PETN
RDX
Preparation Cast Cast Cast Cast Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed See XTX-8003 Hot-pressed
(g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) 2.565 1.710 1.721 1.753 1.801 1.865 1.865 1.857 1.859 1.835 1.872 1.867 1.833
Expected g;ip range (mils) (mm) Failed at 0 (0.41r0.66) 16-26 (1.1-1.4) 44-54 (0.25-0.41) 10-16 11-17 (0.28-0.43) (1.5-2.0) 60-80 40-60 (1.0-1.5) (1.8-2.3) 70-90 (1.8-2.3) 70-90 (1.9-2.7) 75-105 80-100 (2.0-2.5) (1.1-1.7) 45-65 60-80 7-17 2-8 22-28 45-55 75-95 55-70 25-35 85-105 180-210 90-120 50-70 105-140 30-38 190-220 190-220
2-8
1.3 1.3
1.8 1.3 1.3 1.7 0.3 0.9
Cast Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Cast Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Hot-pressed Uncured Cured
1.810 1.665 1.783 1.783 1.682 1.850 1.600 1.770 1.843 1.676 1.700 1.757 1.735 1.872 1.684 1.624 1.53 1.53
(1.5-2.0) (0.18-0.43) (0.05-0.20) (0.56-0.71) (1.1-1.4) (1.9-2.4) (1.4-1.8) (0.64-0.89) (2.2-2.7) (4.6-5.3) 2.3-3.1) 1.3-1.8) 2.7-3.6) 0.76-0.97) 4.8-5.6) 4.8-5.6) 0.05-0.2) 3.4-4.2) 0.20-0.41) 4.1-4.8) 3.3-4.1)
11.3 1.8
0.6
2.0 0.6
0.8 4.1 2.5 2.7 1.8
TATB Tetryl
TNT
XTX-8003
1.7 1.7
"One mil = 2.540 X lO"^ mm. "in brass sleeve 0.200 in. (5.008 mm) i.d, by 0.147 in. (3.74 mm) thick, "In brass sleeve 0.400 in. (10.2 mm) i.d. by 0.43 in. (10.9 mm) thick.
7/74
9-27
Table 9-6.
L a r g e - s c a l e gap t e s t s e n s i t i v i t i e s . Percent E x p e c t e d gap r a n g e (in.) 1.982 1.801 1.646 1.940 1.786 1.699 1.641 2.783 1.863 1.947 2.654 2.090 2.617 2.107 2.694 2.526 2.483 2.471 2.423 2.410 2.223 2.268 2.455 2.120 2,7 03 2.549 2.732 2.764 2.434 2.725 2.386 2.368 1.460 1.114 1.944 0.870 (mm (5.0.3 (45.7 (41.8 (49.3 (4 5.4 (43.2 (41.7 (70.7 (47.3 (49.5 (67.4 (53.1 (66.5 (53.5 (68.4 (64.2 (63.1 (62.8 (61.6 (61.2 (56.5 (57.6 (62.4 (53.9 (68.7 (64.8 (69.4 (70.2 (61.8 (69.2 (60.0 (60.2 (37.1 (28.3 (49.4 (22.1)
Preparation
(g/cm
(Mg/m*^)) 1.727 1.734 1.756 0.81 .1.705 1.7 57 1.786 1.07 1.815 1.822 0.81 1.786 0.85 1.781
(%) 1.4 2.2 0.8 56.0 7.3 2.9 0.6 43.7 1.4 0.7 55.3 1.5 53.1 1.8 50.3 33.5 24.3 14.3 9.2 5.1 1.4 0.5 66.7 1.7 4.4 0.8 54.2 39.8 3.3 50.9 3.7 55.9 47.4 2.4 1.7 '1.0
HMX Octol ( l a r g e HMX) ( r e g u l a r HMX) PBX-9010-01 PBX-9010-02 PBX-9404-03 (ground, bulk density) (ground) (ground) (ground) (ground) (ground) (slurry) (bimodal)
0.920 1.230 1.400 1.585 1.679 1.755 1.825 1.841 0.60 1.773 1.635 1.702
PBX-9407 Pentolite PETN RDX (raw) Tetryl TNT (granular) (flake) (granluar) T r i tonal (raw)
0.81 1.09 1.750 0.85 1.666 0.73 0.87 1.615 1.626 1.792
T h e v a l u e s in T a b l e 9-7 w e r e obtained at Stanford R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e with a gap t e s t for liquid e x p l o s i v e s . T h e a c c e p t o r s a r e s t e e l t u b e s of 1/2 in. (12.7 m m ) i.d. The s p a c e r s a r e cellulose acetate used X 0.1 in. (2.54 m m ) t h i c k X 4 i n . (101.6 m m ) l o n g . h e r e a s a unit of m e a s u r e m e n t .
d i s k s ( " c a r d s " ) 10 m i l s (0.25 m m ) thick and 1-5/8 in. (41.4 m m ) in d i a m e t e r , in d i a m e t e r and 1/2 i n . (12.7 m m ) long, e a c h w e i g h i n g ~50 g.
on a w i t n e s s p l a t e 1/16 i n . (1.6 m m ) thick for LVD and 3/8 i n . (9.6 m m ) thick for HVD. 7/74
9-28
Table 9-7.
Gap t e s t s e n s i t i v i t i e s of liquid e x p l o s i v e s . LVD gap HVD gap (mm) (381-457) (2790) (90-100) (cards) 77 180 20-44 40
7 HVD v e l o c i t y
None in t h i s g e o m e t r y . Shock I n i t i a t i o n Critical Energy D a t a f r o m a n u m b e r of s o u r c e s show t h a t t h e r e i s a r a t h e r s t r i c t b o u n d a r y b e tween shock i n i t i a t i o n and noninitiation of an e x p l o s i v e a s a function of the e n e r g y flue n c e of the s h o c k w a v e . value. E a c h e x p l o s i v e s t u d i e d h a s a s p e c i f i c c r i t i c a l e n e r g y fluence C r i t i c a l e n e r g y a s a function of p r e s s u r e and t i m e h a s not b e e n e x p l o r e d widely, A critical energy The
but the d a t a to d a t e i n d i c a t e that the c r i t i c a l e n e r g y fluence for i n i t i a t i o n i s p r o b a b l y r e a s o n a b l y c o n s t a n t o v e r the i n i t i a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a n g e s of i n t e r e s t . equation i s E -tP' equation h a s been d e r i v e d from the c o n s e r v a t i o n and Hugoniot r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
2 2 w h e r e E i s the c r i t i c a l e n e r g y in c a l / c m ( J / m ), t i s t h e p u l s e - w i d t h of the i n c i d e n t shock in jus, P i s the shock p r e s s u r e in k b a r (GPa), p i s the d e n s i t y of the e x p l o s i v e 3 3 in g / c m (Mg/m ), and U i s t h e shock v e l o c i t y in cm/^iS (km/s) in the e x p l o s i v e at s p r e s s u r e P . T a b l e 9-8 g i v e s the E v a l u e s for s e v e r a l H E s .
7/74
9-29
Table 9-8.
Critical energies.^
P
c Ref.
8 8 9 8 10 8
(g/cm^ (Mg/m^)) 1.715 1.727 1.555 1.865 1.84 1.13 1.84 1.842 ==1.0 1.0 =1.6 1.93 1.655 1.6 1.645
(cal/cm^ (kJ/m^)) 35(-1500)'' '-29( 1250) <34(<1422) 26(1090) 23(962) 404.7( 17,000) 15(630) 15(644) ~2(~84) 2.7(120) ~4(~167) 226( 9500) 10(420) 100(-i'4200) 34(1420)
8 11 8 8 8
8 12
13 8
*One cal/cm = 4.184 X 10"* J/m^. The a s t e r i s k s indicate that the values were estimated from data other than critical energy determinations and should be considered as tentative.
Initial Shock P r e s s u r e Shock initiation experiments, such a s wedge tests, provide r e c o r d s of initial shock p r e s s u r e - d i s t a n c e histories c h a r a c t e r i s t i c to each HE. The log P-log x equations in Table 9-9 r e p r e s e n t least squares fits in the p r e s s u r e ranges indicated. The P - x " equations in the table r e p r e s e n t least square fits for runs (x) of l e s s than 25 m m . Some of the fits a r e shown graphically in Fig. 9-19.
Table 9-9.
Explosive Baratol PBX-9011-06 PBX-9404
r.
(i.o
1.876 1.53
9-30
7/74
Pressure GPa
Curve No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Explosive Comp B
NQ
p(Mg/m-^) 1.72 1.69 1.83 1.60 1.0 1.60 1.72 1.63 1.53
TT17 17 18 17 16 16 17 16
Ref.
Fig. 9-19. Log-Log plots of distance of run to detonation vs initial shock p r e s s u r e of various explosives.
7/74
9-31
References E. E. Kilmer, J. Spacecr. Rockets 5, 1216-1219 (1968). T. M. Benziger, X-0242, A High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosive, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., Rept. LA-4872-MS (1972). L . G. Green and A. M. Weston, Data Analysis of the Reaction Behavior of Explosive Materials Subjected to Susan Test Impacts, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-13480 (1970). L. G. Green, A. M. Weston, and J. H. van Velkinburg, Mechanical Behavior of Plastic-Bonded Explosives Vertically Dropped on a Smooth, Rigid, Steel Target Surface, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51022 (1971). L . G. Green, A. M. Weston, and J. H. van Velkinburg, Mechanical and Functional Behavior of Skid Test Hemispherical Billets, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51085 (1971). M. J. U r i z a r and L. C. Smith, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., personal communication (1970). R. W. Woolfolk, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., personal communication (1970). F . W. Walker, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, to be published (1974). D. P r i c e , U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., personal communication (1967) L. G. Green, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). L. G. Green, E, J. Nidick, J r . , and F . E. Walker, Critical Shock Initiation of PBX-9404, A New Approach, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL51522 (1974). L. G. Green, E. J. Nidick, J r . , and F . E. Walker, Critical Energy for Shock Initiation of Tetryl and A-5, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID16469 (1974). M. L. Schimmel, QUEST-Quantitative Understanding of Explosive Stimulus Transfer, Summary Report - Tasks 1 thru 6. McDonnell Aircraft Co., St. Louis, Mo,, Rept. MDC-A-1021 (1971). B . G. Craig, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., personal communication (1974). J. Wackerle and J. O. Johnson, P r e s s u r e Measurements on the Shock-Induced Decomposition of High-Density PETN, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., Rept. LA-5131 (1973). D. Stirpe, J. O, Johnson, and J. Wackerle, J. Appl. Phys. 4^., 3884-3893 (1970). J. B. Ramsey and A. Popolato, "Analysis of Shock Wave and Initiation Data for Solid Explosives," in P r o c . 4th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U.S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C , Rept. ACR-126 (1965), pp. 233-238. I. E. Lindstrom, J . Appl. Phys. 37_, 4873-3880 (1966).
9-32
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10.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Like other polymeric m a t e r i a l s , the secondary HEs discussed h e r e a r e good electrical insulators. They a r e not considered to be sensitive to accidental initiation from electric s p a r k s . Dielectric Constant The dielectric constant e, also called relative permittivity, is density-dependent; it IS defined as the ratio of the capacitance of a condenser filled with the sample m a t e rial to the capacitance of the condenser with a vacuum between its plates. The dielectric constants of several explosives a r e given in Table 1 0 - 1 . An empirical, logarithmic relationship has been established for two-component HEs composed of the same materials in different proportions. Figure 10-1 illustrates this mixing rule for TNT/RDX compositions. The relationship is expressed as log k^ = e^ log K^ = 6^ log k^. where k = relative permittivity of the mixture, ^l''^2 ^ I'elative permittivities of components, and 6-,, ^2 = volume ratios of components.
3.4
3.2
3.0 -
-J
H
'Xast TNT
2.8
, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1
0 20 40 60 80
RDX wt %
1 1
100
7/74
10-1
1.0 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1.12 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2.61 _ _ _ _
1.4 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1.5 2
1.53 1 _ 2.84*^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1.6 1.2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1.7 2,5 _ _ _ _ _ _
1.72
1.73
1.75 6
1.76 1,7
1.81 1
1.82 8
1.84 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3.52^ _ _ _
1.86 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1.87 8
1.90 8 _ _ _ _ _ 3.087^ _ _
2.02 9
2.59 1 4.12^
2 _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ 3.00^^ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.38"^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.82'^ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ 3.20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
_ _ _ _
4.671 _ 3.44^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Kel-F LX-04-1 Octol PBX-9404 (pressed) PETN PETN (detonator grade) Polystyrene Sylgard Tetryl TNT TNT (cast)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.95^ 3.5*^ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. B. Hayes, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. M., personal communication (1956). G. F . Cawsey, J. L. F a r r a n d s , and S. Thomas, P r o c . Roy. Soc. (London) 248A, 499-521 (1958). J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, eds., Polynier Handbook, Interscience, N.Y. (1966). Dow Corning, Hemlock, Mich., Information About Electronic Materials, Bulletin 07-123 (May 1964). Firestone Plastics Company, Exon, Sales Service Bulletin No. 20 (1956). K. Ernst, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). M. Fulk, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). M. Bedard, H. Huber, J. L. Myers, and G. F . Wright, Can. J. Chem. 40, 2278-2299 (1962). Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minn,, Kel-F Elastomer P r o p e r t i e s and Applications, Service Bulletin (no date).
7/74
10-3
11.
TOXICITY
Toxic symptoms can result from exposure to some HEs and components by inhalation of the dust or vapor, by ingestion, or by contact with the skin. Most explosives a r e not highly toxic, but c a r e l e s s handling could result in systemic poisoning, usually affecting the bone marrow (blood-cell-producing system) and the liver. The following general precautions (LLL standard operating procedures) should be observed on all HEs: 1. The material should be handled only in a well-ventilated a r e a . 2. Skin contact should be avoided. Explosives can be absorbed through the skin, or they may cause skin rash (the most common symptom among explosives handlers). Daily baths and clean clothing a r e recommended for persons engaged in HE processing. Toxicities, where known, a r e listed in Table 1 1 - 1 . Table 1 1 - 1 . Health hazards of explosives. Explosive BDNPA/BDNPF Cab-O-Sil Comp C-4 DIPAM DOP Estane Exon 461 FEFO HNAB HNS NC NG NM NQ PETN RDX TEF Tetryl TNM TNT
T
Toxicity None
2
Low None^ Slight^ High^ 9 Slight Slight^ None"* Very high 4 Moderate Slight'^ High^ Slight 10 Moderate when ingested 11 High^ 4 Very high 4 Moderate
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11-1
References M. Finger, P r o p e r t i e s of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal and Bis(2,2dinitropropyDformal, Eutectic Mixture, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-16088 (1972). H. G. Hammond, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, personal communication (1974). A. J. Hollander, Mil. Med. 134, 1529-1530 (1969). N. 1. Sax, Dangerous P r o p e r t i e s of Industrial Materials (Reinhold, New York, 1968). M. Radeva and S. Dinoeva, Khig. Zdraveopazvane, 9(5), 510-16 (1966). (Cited in Chem. Abstr. 66, Abstr. 103632 (1967). B . F . Goodrich Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Estane Polyurethane Solution Systems, TSR 64-18 (1964). Firestone P l a s t i c s Co., Pottstown, Pa., Sales Service Bulletin No. 20 (nd). B, J . Mechalas and P . H. Allen, Toxicology Screening of FEFO, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-13372 (1968). A. C. Schwarz, Applications of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosive Components, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., Rept. SC-RR-710673 (1972). A. S. Kaplan, C. F . Berghout, and A. Peczenik, Arch. Environ. Health 10, 877-883 (1965), Celanese Corporation, Chemical Division, New York, N. Y., Celluflex CEF, Products Bulletin N-46-2 (1955).
11-2
7/74
12/72
12-1
CM
13.
Mock
'JOG 10
')0503
^2.32^3.18'^2.96*-'l.60^^0.04 ^0.01
cr:F
LM-04-0 L.X-04: a t o m i c c o m position^ LX-04: mechanical properties static and d y n a m i c Cyanuric acid Melamine Viton A Cyanuric acid Ba(N03)2 Viton A
KM-04-BG
12/72
13-1
14. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Table 14-1. Pt^rsical states Jind densities.^ Physical state Solid Solid Solid Solid TMD, p (g/cm3 (Mg/m3)) 1.89 1.68 1.727 1.914 Nominal density, p (g/cm3 (Mg/m^)) 1,88 1.57 1.70 1.87
Mock HE 90010 has been widely used for many years, both at LLL and at LASL, where it was originally formulated. However, it could be considered a very low-grade propellant, since it contains a fair amount of BaNOo. It burns in air with a sooty flame. Decomposition at 250C (523 K) results in about 117 ml of gas evolved per gram of material. RUBY calculations were made for approximations of volume burn. The identity of the solid products of combustion is not clear; they could be either BaCOg or BaO. If we assume that the more energetic BaCO is a product, the calculated energy equivalent is about one-third that for TNT. Many differential thermal analyses have been made; they all show a characteristic exotherm. Mock HE 90010 is difficult to ignite and will not propagate a detonation, but it is definitely an exothermic material. It is strongly recommended that 90010 no longer be used in experiments involving fissQe materials. 2 RM-04-BG contains relatively much l e s s BaNO,. Its RUBY calculations for volume burn indicate that the greater heat input would be required to decompose it than would be obtained from the final oxidation; nevertheless it does show a small exotherm at 400''C (673 K). Clearly it presents less of a potential hazard than mock 2 90010, but it also should not be used for experiments with fissile m a t e r i a l s .
References 1. R. C. Murray, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, personal communication (1972). 2. E. James, J r . , Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, personal communication (1973).
12/72
14-1
15. THERMAL PROPERTIES This section contains information on the selection of heat transfer properties, thermal conductivities k, coefficients of thermsQ expansion CTE, glass transition points T_, and specific heats C . Table 15-1 shows how to select the appropriate heat-transfer properties to be mocked. This table is based on mocking the temperature under specific conditions. In steady-state problems with insulated or prescribed-temperatiu:e boundsu:y conditions, thermal properties have no significance and any material could be used.
Steady-state problems a
k k k k k k
a,k a,k
= thermal diffusivity.
Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Specific heats were determined by an ice calorimetry technique. in Table 15-2 and Figs. 15-1 and 15-2. Data a r e given
^One cal/cm-sec-C = 4.184 X 10^ W/m-K; 1 BTU/hr-ft-F = 0.004135 cal/cm-sec-C = 1.729577 W/m-K. ^One BTU/lb-'F = 1 cal/g-C = 4.184 kJ/kg-K.
12/72
15-1
-0.0028
1.2
0.65-0.0026 1.1
0.0024 ^j
o I
1.0
E
0)
JZ
r
0.0022 0.0018 '
B u ^ u
0.40-
0.70
-0.0016
-0.60
Fig. 15-1. Thermal conductivity k as a fimction of temperature. Conversion factors: 1 BTU/hr-ft-'F = 1.729577 W/m-K; 1 cal/sec-cm-'C = 4.184 X 102w/m-K.
15-2
12/72
1
0.30 90010
1
1.30
0.26
o D>
y1 1 1
1 1
1.10
0.22
D (J U.
-0.90
0.18
l.SOu
1.10
0.90 0.18
-60
60
120
180
-60
60
120
180
Temperature K
Fig. 15-2.
Conversion factor:
12/72
15-3
Thermal Expansion Early CTE data for cyanuric-acid-type mock HEs were affected by surface chalking and growth; this is now prevented by a parylene coating. CTE data a r e given in Table 15-3. Table 15-3. Coefficients of t h e r m a l expansion CTE a' 3 and g l a s s transition t e m p e r a t u r e s Tg.
L i n e a r C T t (0) Mock HE 90010 90503 LM-04-0 RM-Q4-BG (10' 6 in./in.15 5 23 3 20.8 29.5 21.5 43.9 19.2 37.5 F) (10 '^ c m / c m - C (nm/m-K)) (27.9) (41.9) (37.4) (53.1) (38 7) (79 0) (34.6) (67.5) leniperature (F) - 6 5 to -30 - 1 0 to 165 - 6 5 to -10 10 to 165 - 6 5 to -24 10 to 165 - 6 5 to -20 0 to 165 (K) (21<)-2J9) (250-147) (219-250) (261-347) (219-243) (261-347) (219-244) (255-347) 199 4 m e a s . ^ 19a calc -30 to 70 (243-343) Cubic C T F (3) (lO"'' cm cm-'-C \^m m - K ) ) Temperature ("C (K))
'',
C F (K)) -18 -18 -18 -18 (245) (245) (245) (245)
References 1. 2. 3. 4. R. T. R. M. C. Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1972). Hoheisel, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1969). C. Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1968). Finger, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal commimication (1965).
15-4
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16.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
The (data presented here^ are for each mock HE without comparison with the corresponding live HE. A mechanical mock can best be selected by selecting the appropriate mechanical property to be mocked and then making a comparison with the available data for the HE, Figure 16-1 shows the s t r e s s - s t r a i n relationship in compression for RM-04-BG,
15
-103.43
000 s
10
-1 68.95
525 -1
34.47
15 Strain %
12/72
16-1
Static Mechanical Properties Included here ^re data on initial modulus EQ, tension creep, failure envelope, and coefficient of friction f."^ Initial Modulus
2x10
Q.
O 0 13.80 1 o - 10.35
<2
-60
0 I (250)
60 I (300)
120
180
-60
60
120
180
(300)
(350)
Conversion factor:
16-2
12/72
CN
I
c _a
"5. E o u a
(J
Fig. 16-3. Tension creep data. Conversion factor: 1 in.^/lbf = 1.450377 X lo"* m^/N, 12/72 16-3
Failure Envelope
1600-
11.03
1200 -
_ 8.27
Q.
800-
5.52
400-
2.76
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
S t r a i n j u i n . / i n . (/Jm/m)
Fig, 16-4.
Failure envelopes.
16-4
12/72
Friction
0.5-
10
10"
L
(10"^) (10"*) (10'*) Sliding velocity 4.23 X m / i (10-2) (1)
Fig. 16-5. Coefficient of friction f as a function of sliding velocity v. Conversion factor: 1 inVmln = 4.23 X 10-4 m / s .
12/72
16-5
Dynamic Mechanical Properties Compressive Stress-Strain The Hbpkinson split-bar technique was used to determine the compressive stress4 strain properties of mock HE and Viton. The results are shown in Fig. 16-6.
10
Eu ^10' Eu o
o.
-10 8 Sg
a
I
3
e 10'
'0^ I a>
c S
D C
1
o 10'
.o'l
Fig. 16-6. Stress and tangent moduli for RM-04-BG and Viton as a function of strain rate.^ Also shown is the ultrasonically determined modulus Eu. Conversion factor: 1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.
16-6
12/72
Hugoniot Data The Hugoniots of u n r e a c t e d m o c k H E s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m M a r s h ' s m e a s u r e d 5 sound v e l o c i t i e s ( T a b l e s 7-4 and 1 6 - 1 ) , and a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e 1 6 - 2 . Table 1 6 - 1 . P (Mg/m3) 1.84 1.61 Sound v e l o c i t i e s . c s (km/s) 1.56 1.48 % (km/s) 2.67 2.09
T a b l e 16-- 2 .
Range
The f l y e r - p l a t e d a t a for m o c k H E s a r e shown in F i g . 1 6 - 7 ; c o m p a r e with Figs.7-13 through 7-15. H E s (p. 7 - 1 5 ) . See a l s o the s e c t i o n on D y n a m i c M e c h a n i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of
7/74
16-7
3.2
LX-04-1
E
LM-04-0
RM-04-BG 2.8
o o o o
2,4
0.2
Particle velocity mm//usec ( k m / s )
0.4
Fig. 16-7. Hugoniot data for LM-04-0 and RM-04-BG, compared with L X - 0 4 - 1 . References 1. 2. 3. R. C, Murray, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, personal communication (1970). K. G. Hoge, Applied Polymer Symposia 5, 19-40 (1967). K. G. Hoge, "Friction and Viscoelastic P r o p e r t i e s of Highly Filled P o l y m e r s : Plastic-Bonded Explosives," in Developments in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 4 (Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, 1970), pp. 371-392. K, G. Hoge, Explosivstoffe 18^, 39-41 (1970). S. Marsh, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N, M., personal communication (1974). R, J. Wasley and R. H. Valentine, Shock-Pulse Attenuation and Hugoniot Studies of Three Explosives and Three Mock Explosives, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50950 (1970),
4. 5. 6.
16-8
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12/72
17-1
LX-04 A solid explosive chairacterized by excellent mechanical and compatibility properties, an energy r e l e a s e about 9% l e s s than LX-09, and sensitivity p r o p e r ties much superior to LX-09. LX-07-2A modification of LX-04 with a higher energy r e l e a s e (5% l e s s than LX-09-0) obtained at the expense of some degradation in the mechanical p r o p e r t i e s (less elongation, etc.) and in sensitivity. LX-08 An extrudable, curable explosive developed for u s e in Dautriche timing tests. LX-09 Similar to the LASL explosive PBX-9404, but with significantly i m proved t h e r m a l stability and slighttly poorer physical p r o p e r t i e s . LX-10 In the same energy class as LX-09 and PBX-9404, but utilizing HMX and Viton A like LX-04, and having excellent t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . It also exhibits high creep r e s i s t a n c e but may be somewhat m o r e sensitive than the others. LX-11 Like LX-04 but intentionally degraded in energy by adding an additional 5% binder. LX-13 A variant of the LASL explosive XTX-8003. A m a s t e r log kept in the office of the Organic Materials Division contains the current listing of LX number assignments. The listing includes a detailed description of each LX explosive.
17-2
12/72
Research Explosives (RX Code) A great variety of explosive formulations that never enter "production" are generated as the result of vsirious r e s e a r c h and development p r o g r a m s . These m a t e r i a l s are designated " r e s e a r c h " explosives and identified by a code patterned after the LX code. The code is applied to all m a t e r i a l s that are formulated in large amounts or that a r e handled by large numbers of people outside the Organic Materials Division (either in- or outside the Laboratory). The RX-code consists of the l e t t e r s RX followed by a dash, two digits, another dash, and finally two capital alphabetic c h a r a c t e r s . Thus we might have RX-Ol-AA, RX-13-XD, etc. The two digits, assigned a r b i t r a r i l y in sequence, define a general class of formulation. Thus, RX-01 r e f e r s to nitrometiiane liquid formialations, RX-02 to PETN extrudable formulations, etc. The two final l e t t e r s in the code, also assigned arbitrarily in sequence (AA, AB, etc.) refer to a specific formulation within that generad c l a s s . RX-01 A s e r i e s of liquid materials containing nitromethane, RX-02 A s e r i e s of extrudable m a t e r i a l s containing PETN. RX-03 A s e r i e s of solid, plastic-bonded m a t e r i a l s containing DATB or TATB. RX-04 A s e r i e s of solid, plastic-bonded m a t e r i a l s composed of HMX amd fluorocarbon elastomer. A specific example is RX-04-AB (HMX/Viton A 85/15); the HMX is defined as Holston's Class A. This m a t e r i a l is for r e s e a r c h purposes only, it is very much more sensitive than LX-04 with the identical chemical composition. RX-05 A s e r i e s of solid, plastic-bonded m a t e r i a l s based on HMX amd polystyrene. RX-06A s e r i e s of extrudable materials based on HMX/4, 4-dinitropentanoic acid e s t e r formulations. RX-07 A Series: A s e r i e s of cyclotols (RDX/TNT) containing various additives. B Series: A s e r i e s of LX-07-type explosives. RX-08 A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on formulations of HMX, energetic liquids, and polymers. They are p r i m a r i l y for use in polymerization/pressure-casting experiments, RX-09 A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on formulations of HMX and energetic binders. The binders a r e primarily based on plasticized poly(2, 2-dinitropropylacrylate). These explosives are intended to be high-energy formulations replacing PBX-9404. 12/72 17-3
RX-10A s e r i e s of rigid plastic-bonded explosives containing RDX and a fluorocarbon binder. They a r e p r i m a r i l y designed a s insensitive replacements of PBX-9010, RX-11A s e r i e s of rigid plastic-bonded explosives containing HMX and a light metal perchlorate. RX-12A s e r i e s of inert metal-loaded formulation of HMX/Viton. RX-13 Potentially explosive materials compoxmded to produce color changes from the heat produced upon impact. RX-14 A s e r i e s of HMX/polyethylene formulations. These explosives p o s s e s s a very liigh degree of insensitivity, even though they a r e formulated with relatively low volume percentages of binder. RX-15 PETN- or BTF-based rigid PBXs for booster applications. RX-16 HMX/silicone formulations made in paste or putty form using a spray-on catalyst. RX-17A s e r i e s of HMX-based rigid explosives using various binders and energetic plasticizers. RX-18A s e r i e s of paste explosives containing HMX and a perchlorate. fluid is energetic, for example, EDNP or F E F O . The c a r r i e r
RX-19An extrudable explosive consisting of c l a s s - E HMX and water with a reinforcing agent, such as milled glass fibers, and a wetting agent. RX-20A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on HMX and an energetic binder (NFPATVOPA). These a r e p r i m a r i l y formulations to replace PBX-9404. RX-21A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on HMX, a perchlorate, and energetic binders. RX-22 A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives for exploring advanced energy concepts. RX-23 A s e r i e s of liquid explosives based on hydrazine.
17-4
12/72
RX-24A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives containing HMX, PVC/PVA, and graphite. RX-25A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on HMX, a light metal, a perchlorate, and a binder. RX-26A s e r i e s of high-temperature composite explosives based on TATB. RX-27A s e r i e s of high-temperature explosives based on TACOT. RX-28A s e r i e s of conventional high-temperature plastic-bonded explosives. RX-29A s e r i e s of explosives consisting of separate components which a r e nondetonable until mixed. RX-30A s e r i e s of r e s e a r c h explosives based on gelled nitromethane and various perchlorates. A m a s t e r log kept in the office of the Organic Materials Division (Bldg. 222) lists and describes in detail each RX explosive. No correlation exists between RX and LX code number sequences.
7/74
17-5
t>
t^
LASL CODE DESIGNATIONS The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory has a number code for designating PBX materials that r e a c h the stage of pilot or full-scale production. The code consists of four digits, a dash, and two more digits (for example, 9010-02). The first two digits give the weight percentage of the major explosive ingredient in the formulation. The next two digits represent an a r b i t r a r y s e r i a l number, assigned in sequence as m a t e r i als a r e developed. The digits following the dash r e p r e s e n t a second arbitrsirily assigned serial number to designate different modifications of a given formulation. Thus, PBX9010-02 is a material that contains 90 weight percent of the major explosive ingredient, is the tenth 90% material to be developed, and is the second modification of that psirticular composition. The last two digits a r e often deleted in references to LASL m a t e r i a l s . Thus, production PBX-9404 should, strictly speaking, be designated PBX-9404-03. The -03 designates a product manufactured in Holston equipment from HMX with a particular p a r t i c l e - s i z e distribution. LASL r e s e a r c h explosives c a r r y the designation X followed by a four-digit number.
12/72
17-7
CM
CO I
Unit C (K) kbar (GPa) m/m-K m/m-K m^/N A g //c m 3 mm/jusec (km/s) cm (10"^m) (mm//./sec)^/2 (MJ/kg) mil (mm) F (K) kcal/g (kJ/kg) kcal/mol (kJ/mol) GPa C (K)
a ^
P D
e "50 ^cyl
Gap
AH^
^o m.p.
R
MW
n
Skid sol.
Cp k
ft (m)
v.p,
12/72
18-1
CM
DESIGNATION :
SUPPLIER:
BDNPA/BDNPF
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : Color : straw A t . comp. : M W : 100 TMD : Nominal : 1.383-1.397 at m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 25C(298K) b.p. ("C (K) ) : - 1 5 0 at 0.01 m m H g (-428 a t 1.33 Pa) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point {C (K) ) : f . p . ("C (K) : < - 5 2 6 8 ) 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AH^ (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -46.38 k c a l / 1 0 0 g (-194.1 k J / 0 . 1 kg) Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i-insol.) : s benzene, toluene i water Elongation (/^ : Density fe/cm ) : liquid Crystal cJota :
7/74
18-3
BDNPA/BDNPF
18-4
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
BTF
Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 8. 0.24-0.40 0.05 (purified)
A t . comp.: 252.1
D (mm/^isec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.485 TMD: 1.901 Nominal: 1.87 ,-1 P j - j (kbar (10 GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 294 (MJ/kg)):
Density ( g / c m ):
(p=
1.882
( p = 1.859
H5Q(cm(10-2
R: Susan test: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (kcal/g (MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A H, ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) : ^2 ( i ) 1.69 (7.07) 1.41 (5.90) +144.5 (+605) 2 (g)
AH.
1.69 (7.07) 1.41 (5.90) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. ( f t (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s a c e t o n e , benzene, DMFA, DMSO, ethanol, ethyl a c e t a t e , ethyl e t h e r , pyridine i carbon tetrachloride, 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: water
(P =
11.
TOXICITY
7/74
18-5
BTF
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
I n i t i a l modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
18-6
7/74
MATERIAL: A M O R P H O U S S I L I C O N O X I D E ( G e l l i n g agent)
Cob-O-Sil
M-5
2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION
O Si O
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : s o l i d ( f l u f f y p o w d e r ) Color : MW: white Si02 TMD : 2.3 Nominal : m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point ("C (K) ) : f.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -215.94 (-903.5) 2.2 R: n: 1.46 Shore hardness : 60.09 A t . comp. : Crystal data : amorphous
Density (g/cm^) :
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i-insol.) :
Elongation (/c) :
7/74
18-7
Cab-O-Sil M-5
18-8
7/74
COHfip
Cp(cal/g-'>C(kJ/kg-K)):
Thermol stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 8. 0.25 9 for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 0.051
0.05-0.16
Density (g/cm"^):
(MJ/kg)):
(p=
1.717
H^Q(cm(10"^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 {Jl) 1.54 (6.44) +1.0 (+5.78) ^^2 (g) 1.40 (5.86) -
Susan test:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
(p=
1.710
11.
TOXICITY
^___.^^^_^^__-_.^^^^_
7/74
18-9
Comp B
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
COMP B, GRADE A
Initial modulus
Creep
Failure envelope
NOTES
+5 +4 + 3[
42
10 Comp B '
9
J y^^^^
>
E 4 3 2 1 0
8 7 6 5
18-10
7/74
DESIGNATION:
Cyclotol
7 5 / 2 5
Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 0,25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 0.014-0.04 0.25-0.94
8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/iusec ( k m / s ) ) : P(-j (kbar (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 316 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.754 ) 8.30 ( p= (p= 1.76 1.752 ) )
Density (g/cm"^):
m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 79-80 (352-353) b.p. ( ' > C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 0.1 at 100C (13.33 at 373 K )
HjQ(cm(10"2
R: 5.
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) 0.88 (0.27) 28.0 (8.53) 4 0
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
(p = 1.753) (p = 1.756)
11.
TOXICITY
7/74 18-11
Cyclotol 7 5 / 2 5
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
CYCLOTOL 7 5 / 2 5
Initial modulus
Creep
Failure envelope
NOTES
<
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Cyclotol
'
^J
1 1 1
f\\
1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
()
) curves.
18-12
7/74
DATB
Cp(cal/g-''C(kj/kg-K)): NHj NOj 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid CgH^N^Og TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 286 (559) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)): 1.837 1.79 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 259 250
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: <0.03 <0.03
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
E^y|((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: (Pc2) a = 7.30 b = 5.20 c = 11.63 19 mm: 9. SENSITIVITY m)):
(MJ/kg)):
(p=
H^Q(cm(10"^
12 tool >177
R:
Susan test:
5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^ (i) 1.26 (5.27) 0.98 (4.10) -29.23 (-122) ^^2 (g) 1.15 (4.81) 0.91 (3.81) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s D M F A , DMSO i acetone, benzene, c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e , t e t r a c h l o r i d e , ethanol, w a t e r 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 6.00 X 10"* c a l / s e c - m - C (0.251 W / m - K ) a = 32-46 / u m / m - K at 253 K a = 52-66 lum/m-K at 358 K carbon
(p = 1.801) (p = 1.786)
CTE:
11.
TOXICITY
7/74
18-13
DATB
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
1.3-DIAMINO-2. 4, 6-TRINITROBENZENE
Initial modulus
Creep
NOTES
Failure envelope
50
150
250
350
Temperature C
) curves.
18-14
7/74
D I P A M |
H-N^
NO,
0,N^
^NH, Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):
UjN^
^ NOj
Vf OjN
^NOj Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:
4.
Cj2HgNjjOj2
Density (g/cn?):
TMD:
H2Q(cm(10'^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES H20(^) 1.35 (5.65) - 2 0 . 1 (-84.1) HjO (^^ 1.27 (5.31)
Susan test:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - insol.):
(p=
11.
TOXICITY
Moderate.
12/72
/5
18-^
DIPAM
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
3.3-DIAMINO-2,2',4.4',6.6'-HEXANITROBIPHENYL
Initial modulus
Creep
Failure envelope
NOTES
18-1
lU
12/72
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
2,2-DINITROPROPYL
ACRYLATE
D N P A
STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
"\
H/
C = C C O C C
II
NO, H
1 21
I I
C H
Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
o
1
H
H
NOJ
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: A t . comp.: MW: 204.1 Density ( g / c m ^ ) : TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( < ' C ( K ) ) : b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)): 1.47 P ^ j ( k b a r ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= ) solid CgHgN20g 8. 0,25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.04-0.06
H^Q(cm(10"^
R: 5.
Susan test:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
CTE:
11.
TOXICITY
7/74
18 -17
DNPA
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
2.2-DINITROPROPYL ACRYLATE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
DNPA monomer 1
10 9
10 9 8 7 6
-8
7 6 5 4 / / / / / / / 200 300 3 2 1 JO
- --v
5 4 3 2
\^_^\
100
, J\
200 300 Temperature C ) curves.
Temperature C
18-18
7/74
MATERIAL: D I - 2 - E T H Y L H E X Y L (Plasticizer)
PHTHALATE
DESIGNATION :
DOP
SUPPLIER : 2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION O II II C 0 C O 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : Color : MW: clear C24H3g04 TMD : 0.9861 Nominal : m.p. ( < ' C ( K ) ) : b.p. ("C (K) ) : 222-230 (495-503) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : <0.06 at 150C (<8.0 at 423 K ) Brittle point ("C (K) ) : f . p . ("C ( K ) ) : - 5 5 (218) 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H ^ (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -268.2 (-1 122) R : n: 1.485 at 25''C (298 K ) Shore hardness * 390.57 A t . comp. : liquid Crystal data : 0 H 1^ 1 C C H2 CH 1 -^ 1 C (CH2)4 C CH3 (CH,), H H
f^
% ^
Density (g/cm"') :
Elongation (4 :
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES
k:
CTE : 74 M m / m at 10-40C (283-313 K )
NOTES
7/74
18-19
r-
EXPLOSIVE: l . n i M 2.
4 , 4 - l ) I M i l U ) l ' i : N r \ N O A 11.
EDNP
STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
NO, H
1
H
1
I I
1
C
1 !
C-OC H
II
1
C H H
Cp(cal/g-''C(kj/kg-K)):
HC C
NOj H
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: l i q u i d Color: yellow C^Hj2N20g TMD: Nominal: 1.28 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: _ (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) : ( P= ) A t . comp.: MW: 220.2 Density ( g / c m ): 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:
m.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : -6 (268) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : i;.^ at 0.05 m m (356 at 6.7 Pa) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):
HjQ(cm(10"^
R:
Susan test:
5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2^(Jl) 1.23 (5.15) -140 (-586) ^ 2 (g) 0.94 (3.93) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : b acetone, c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , D M F A , DMSO. ethanol, e t h y l acetate, ethyl ether, p y r i d m e 1 water 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:
(p=
11.
TOXICITY
12/72
i.1 18-a
EDNP
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
ETHYL 4.4-DINITROPENTANOATE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
18-M
12/72
MATERIAL: P O L Y U R E T H A N E S O L U T I O N S Y S T E M (Binder)
DESIGNATION:
SUPPLIER: B . F . Goodrich
Estano 5702-F1
2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION
0-(CH2)4
~ 0 1 1 - O - C -
0 1 1 (CH2)4- C - O -
O (CHj)^ - 0 n n=5-lC
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : r u b b e r y s o l i d Color : l i g h t a m b e r A t . comp. : ( C 5 _ i 3 , H , 5 0 o N o _ ^ 3 , O j , 5 3 ) ^ MW: 100 TMD : Nominal : 1.18 R: n : Shore hardness : A 70 Density fe/cm^) : Crystal data :
f.p. r C ( K ) ) :
5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : - 9 5 (-397) 7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ):
Elongation (^ : MEK,
- 3 1 (242)
(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
NOTES
^/^^
18-23
Estane 5702-F1
+3
Estane 5740X-2 t-2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 50
_ _ _ ^
^.-v.,^
>
E
r\ ) curves.
18-24
7/74
MATERIAL:
TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE/
DESIGNATION :
Exon 461
X U X
u u u
c c -
\
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : s o l i d Color : w h i t e A t . comp. : ( C 4 H 2 C l 3 F 3 ) ^ MW:(213.43)n Density (g/cm ) : m.p. ( ^ ( K ) ) : b.p. CCiK)): v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : f.p. (C(K)): 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H ^ (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) :
Crystal data :
Elongation (/() :
(p=
1.7)
Slight.
(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
NOTES
7/74
18-25
Exon 461
1 r
Exon 461
>
E
) curves.
18-26
7/74
FEFO
NO, H FC C NOj H
II II
O C O H
1 1
C H
1 ^ II
C F NO2
NO
C^(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): E s t . : 0.36 at 25C (1.507 at 298 K ) Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: straw C5HgN40^QF2 TMD: 1.607 liquid
0.04-0.10
8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/iusec ( k m / s ) ) : P^j(kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: (MJ/kg)): (p= ) ( p= (p= ) )
Density ( g / c m ):
Nominal: m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 11.3-12.9 (284-286) b . p . ( " C ( K ) ) : 120-124 at 10.3 m m (393-397 at 40 Pa) v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 2.14 X l O ' ^ at 25C (2.85 X 10-2 at 298 K )
H (cm(10"^ ^"
Susan test: R: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^ 2 { ) 1.45 (6.07) 1.28 (5.36) -178 (-743) ^ 2 (g) 1.39 (5.82) 1.21 (5.06)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. ( f t (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, c h l o r o f o r m , D M F A , DMSO, e t h a n o l , e t h y l acetate, e t h y l e t h e r , p y r i d i n e i carbon tetrachloride, 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: water
(p=
11.
TOXICITY
High.
7/74
18 -27
FEFO
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
BIS(2-FLUORO-2,2-DINITROETHYL)FORMAL
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
>
E
50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature " C
) curves.
18-28
7/74
H M X
O-N^
"^C^ ^2
^NO, E x p . : 0.265 at 20C (1.109 at 293 K) Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: < 0 . 0 1 1 g for 48 hr: 0.07
4,
8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) : P j - j (kbar (10"^ GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 387 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.894 ) 9.11 ( p= (p= 1.89 1.90 ) )
Density ( g / c m ): m.p.(C(K)):
285-287(558-560)
b.p.(C(K)):
v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):
E^y|((mm/Msec)V2 6 mm: Crystal data: I: monoclin, I I : orthorh. I l l : monoclin. (P2^/c) (Fdd2) (PCj^P2/c) a = 6.54 b = 11,05 c = 8.70 a = 15.14 b = 23.89 c = 5.91 a = 10.95 b = 7.93 c = 14.61 I V : hexag. (P6^22) a = 7.66 19 mm: 9. 1.40 1.745
HjQ(cm(10"^
R: I : 58 c a l c , 56.1 o b s . ; I I : 58 c a l c . , 55.7 obs. ; I I I : 58 c a l c , 55.4 o b s . ; I V : 58 c a l c . , 55.9 o b s . n: See T a b l e 4 - 4 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2^ (il) 1.62 (6.78) 1.48 (6.19) +17.93 (+75) ^ 2 (g) 1.48 (6.19) 1.37 (5.73)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s DMSO s i acetone, D M F A , p y r i d i n e i c a r b o n disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, c h l o r o f o r m , ethyl ether, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: a = 22.0 X l o " ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 t o 165F a = 50.4 ; u m / m - K at 219-347 K jS = 162.5 Axm/m-K at 243-343 K
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: I : 3,087 H: 4.671 I I I : 3.867 1 1 . TOXICITY Slight. (p = 1.90) (p = 1.87) (o = 1.82)
7/74
18-29
HMX
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
l,3,5,7-TETRANITRO-l,3,5.7-TETRAZACYCLOOCTANE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4 +3 +2 ^ +1 HMX (94.38%)
10 9 8 7
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0
-1
a-
HMX
II
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0
1 1
y-
HMX
1 '
1
1
10 9 8 7 6
1 1
5 0
-I -2 -3 -4
6 /fL 5
1
1
1 1 '
4 2 3
^1~
11 li
-2 -3 -4
..A
-1 -2 -3 -4
J
1
1
5 =1
4 3 2 1 0
I'l
\
0 100
1 ..J v.:0 200 300 50 150 250 350 Temperature " C Temperature C
i /\ (
)
1 y.
100
200
300
Temperature *C
Temperature
-c
) curves.
18-30
7/74
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)):
HNAB
02N<^
V = N < ^
NO2 U^N^ '
V02
Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: orange 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Aisec ( k m / s ) ) : I I : 7 . 6 - 7 . 7 ( p = (p= 1.77 ) ) solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:
T M D : C a l c . : 1:1,795; 11: 1.744; I I I : - , O b s . : I : 1 . 7 9 9 ; I l : 1.750; P ( , j ( k b a r ( 1 0 " ^ GPa)): 111:1.718 m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : 215-216 (488-489) Meas.: b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : .7 v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 1 X 10 at 100C Calc: (1,33 X 1 0 ' ^ at 373 K) E^y,((mm/Msec)2/2 6 mm: (MJ/kg)):
(p=
19 mm: 9.
HjQ(cm(10"^
Susan test: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES " j O (^ ) 1.47 (6.15) +57.8 (+241.8) HjO (g^ 1.42 (5.94)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
(p=
11.
TOXICITY
Slight.
7/74
18-31
HNAB
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature "C DTA (-) and p y r o l y s i s ( ) curves.
18-32
7/74
HNS
NO, ^ ^ C = NOjQ^N C
NO,
^ NO,
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: 0.01 1 a for 48 hr: 8.
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: yellow C^^HgNgO^g TMD: 1.74 solid
D (mm//Lisec ( k m / s ) ) : 7.00
Density ( g / c m ):
Nominal: 1.72 m.p. ( C (K)): 316 (589); I: 313 (586); II: 318 (591) b.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)): I: logj^Q P ^ ^ = 14.084 - (9347/T (K)) II: 1 X 10-9 at lOO^C (1.33 X l O ' ^ at 373 K) orthorhombic
(p =
E^y,((mm/Acec)^/2 6 mm:
{p-
Crystal data:
H^Q(cm(10"^
R: Susan test: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^() 1.42 (5,94) +13.88 (+58,1) ^ 2 (g) 1.36 (5,69) Skid test: Impoct angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. ( f t (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , I - i n s o l . ) : s DMFA si acetone 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: CTE: = 92 A^m/m-K
:
(P=
11.
TOXICITY
Slight.
7/74
18-33
HNS
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
2,2',4,4',6,6'-HEXANITROSTILBENE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
1 1 1
7 6 5
+5 +4 +3
r-
HNS
4 < +2 +1 0 -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1
.l._.
:^
~~ ~^\
V
^'^^s.
2 1 0
50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature C
) curves.
18-34
7/74
MATERIAL: (Binder)
POLY(TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE
DESIGNATION :
Kel-F 800
3M
1
\
f \
.. . C 1 C 1
?\
1
\\
Physical state : Color : MW: Density (g/cm^) : A t . comp. :
'
solid
'
/n
m.p. (>C(K)): b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : f.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/moi) ) :
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s i . s o l . , i-insol.) : s acetone, b u t y l acetate, e t h y l a c e t a t e , MIBK, THF i toluene, w a t e r 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES MEK,
Elongation (/c) :
350
k:
CTE:
I I . TOXICITY
T CF (K) ) :
C P (cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):
NOTES
7/74
18-35
to
CO
MATERIAL: (Binder)
POLY(TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE
DESIGNATION :
SUPPLIER: 3 M
Kl-F 3 7 0 0
2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION / . C l \
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : s o l i d Color : MW: off-white (116.48)n TMD : Nominal : m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 1.85 R: n : Shore hardness : A 45 A t . comp. : ( C g C l F g ) ^ Density (g/cm'') : Crystal data :
b.p. r C ( K ) ) :
v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : -64 (209) f . p . (C (K) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : - 1 6 1 (-674)
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
Elongation (/c) :
500-800
(cal/g-<'C(kJ/kg-K)):
NOTES
7/74
18-37
Kel-F 3 7 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
'
' 1 j'
1 1
'
-f
1+
-t
>
E
-1 -2 -3
11 . 50
^ 1
J..
V 1 1
^1
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature C
) curves.
18-38
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
l.\-01
LX-01
NM TNM l-Nitropropane
51,7 33.2 15.1 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K): Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: clear C j 52H3_^3N^^gg03_3g TMD: Nominal: 1,23 A t . comp.: 100 liquid
8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 6.84 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: 156 Calc: 177 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) ( p= (p= 1.24 1.31 ) )
Density ( g / c m ):
H^Q(cm(10"^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^ (Jl) 1.72 (7.20) -27.5 (-115.2) ^jO (^^ 1.52 (6.36)
Susan test:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , I - insol.):
(p=
CTE:
11.
TOXICITY
12 72
:U
LX-01
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
LX-01
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
^0 18-J
12/72
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
LX-02-1
L X - 0 2
STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wtTu PETN Butyl rubber Acetyltributyl citrate Cab-O-Sil 73.5 17.6 6.9 2.0
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES puttylike solid 8. 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.3-0,6
C2_7^H4_ggNQ_g302 ggSig^^g
Density ( g / c m ):
(MJ/kg)):
(p=
H^Q(cm(10"^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 {Jl ) 1,42 (5,94) - 4 9 . 1 (-205.3) ^^2 (g) 1,16 (4,85)
Susan test: V e r y d i f f i c u l t to i g n i t e ; s m a l l p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d i n g t o a v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n .
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , I - i n s o l . ) :
(p=
11.
TOXICITY
12/72
-S'
LX-02
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
LX-02-1
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
>/2.
1812/72
EXPLOSIVE:
LX-04-1
L X - 0 4
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
Wt^o
HMX Viton A
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: Density (g/cm"^): TMD: Nominal: 1.889 1.860-1.870 P j , j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: 350 Calc: 330 (MJ/kg)): ( p = 1.865 ) (p= 1.865 ) yellow C^_55H2_5gN2_3o02 3 O F Q 52 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES ( p= 1.86 ) D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) : 8.46 A t . comp.: solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.01-0.04
H^Q(cm(10"^
R: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 (i) 1.42 (5.94) 1.31 (5.49) ^ 2 (g) 1.31 (5.49) 1.25 (5.23)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) 14.1 (4.30) 5,0 (1.52) 2 3 )
A Hf ( k c a l / m o l ( k J / m o l ) ) : - 2 1 . 5 (-90.1) Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , I - I n s o l . ) :
Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: P r e - 1 9 6 5 : 6 0 - 8 0 (1.5-2.0) P o s t - 1 9 6 5 : 4 0 - 6 0 (1.0-1.5) 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e : 3.44
( p = 1.865
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 9,25 X l o " * c a l / s e c - c m - C ; 0,22 B T U / h r - f t - ' F ^.^g. (0.380 W / m - K ) a = 28.5 X l O ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 to - 1 8 ' ' F (51.3 MHi/m-K at 219-245 K) a = 39.5 X l O " ^ i n . / i n . - ' ' F at - 1 8 t o 165F ( 7 1 . l A i m / m - K at 245-347 K ) 1 3 = 228.2 M m / m - K at 243-343 K )
(p = 1.86)
11.
TOXICITY
7/74
18-43
LX-04
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 1 10.35 _
D
LX-04-1
1 PR = 0 . 3 0
" ~ ~ ~ -\
1 o
UJ
a.
\
6.89
v^^^
1 300
1
350
87.0
1
322 K
1
2000 4000 Strain n m/m 6000
o
X
58.0
T
S 29.0
O-
( ^
294 K
\24
Failure envelope
NOTES
50
150
250
350
18-44
7/74
EXPLOSIVE:
LX-07
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T ("F ( K ) ) : - 1 8 (245) 9 Cp(oal/g-C(kJAg-K)): E s t . : 0.28 (1.172)
LX-07
Thermal stability (cm^ of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K>: 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state; solid Color: orange 0.25 9 for 22: hr: 1 for 48 hr: 0.01-0.04
At. comp,:
MW: 100 Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
C^,^s^,e2^2A3^2A3^0.35
TMD: 1.892
Nominal: 1.860-1.870 m,p, ( ' C ( K ) ) : dec. >250 (>523) b.p. ( ( < ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) :
(p=
1.865
( p = 1.857
(LX-07-1) |
1.575 ( L X - 0 7 - 1 )
H2Q(cm(10"^
R: Susan test: Threshold velocity ~ 125 f t / s e c (~38 m / s ) : has moderate buildup to violent reaction. ( L X - 0 7 - 2 ) . "2 ( i ) 1.49 (6.23) - 1 2 . 3 (-51.7) ^2 (g) 1.37 (5.73) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event *14 (0.24) 2.5 (0.76) 6 1
5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
*45 (0.79) 7.1 (2.16) 5 *LX-07-l Gap test (mils (mm)): ( p = 1.857 70-90 (1.8-2.3) (LX-07-1)
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 0.23 B T U / h r - f t - F (0.398 W / m - K ) CTE: a = 26.7 X 10"^ i n . / i n . - ' F at - 6 5 to -18''F (48 m / m - K at 219-245 K) a = 34.8 X 10"^ ln./ln.-"'F at - 1 8 to l e s - F (63 m / m - K at 245-347 K) 0 = 182.9 m / m - K at 243-343 K 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:
1 n.
TOXICITY
4f5
12/72 18-tf
LX-07
|7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES I 10.35 f
111
LX-07-2
1 1
PR = 0 . 2 7 5
-....^.^^^^^
6.89
o 3.45
\
-^^
_ *" 1
35C1 o
0 200
1,
250 300 Temperature K Initial modulus
fl
\
8.27
N.
\
1 5.52 1
\
)
2
Z ^ 2.76
E
\
O
1
58.0 322 K^.-
1 ^^^^J,^ r
-
f 1
y
1^^^fc^ 1
~o
X
1
8 C o eep corn) 29.0
1
\^
o 0
6000
294K
6 12 Time-hr Creep
i7K
18 24
Failure envek>pe
NOTES
.i^
12/72
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
LX-08-0
L X - 0 8
Cp(cal/g-'>C(kj/kg-K)):
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K^: 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: p u t t y l i k e s o l i d Color: MW: blue C^ggH^ggN^gjO^g^Si^j^^^ 3 Density ( g / c m ): TMD: Nominal: 1.439 >1.42 P^j(kbar(10"^GPa)): Meas,: Calc: (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 6.56 ( P= >1.42 ) 100 A t . comp.: 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:
HjQ(cm(10"^
R: 5.
Susan test:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - Insol.):
(p=
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: a = 104.5 X l O " ^ i n . / i n . - F (188 m / m - K ) (3 = 565 m / m - K 11. TOXICITY 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:
CTE:
12/72
-s
LX-08
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
LX-08-0
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
18-
12/72
EXPLOSIVE
LX-09-0
L X - 0 9 - 0
2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt7o LX-09-0 HMX pDNPA FEFO 9J 4.6 2,4 LX-09-1 93,3 4,4 2,3
3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 8. 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.03-0.07
At. comp.: C^^^^B^^^^n^^^^0^.i^V^^^2 MW: 100 L X - 0 9 - 1 Density ( g / c m ' ^ ) TMD: 1.867 Nominal: 1.837-1,845
D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) :
(p=
1.837
(p=
1.836 )
HjQ(cm(10"^
R: 5.
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) Gap test (mils (mm)): 75-105 ( 1 . 9 - 2 . 7 ) 1.25 (0.38) 5.0 (1.52) 6 6 )
Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , I - i n s o l . ) : ( p = 1.835
11.
TOXICITY
12/72 18-aB
4-9
LX-09-0
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
LX-09-0
13.801c2 O ' o
LU
'>
\ PR = 0.30
\
1
250 1 300
1
350
1
o 290
X
322 K
' -
^ 145 o a. E o
2000
4000
Strain /um/m 1 24
Failure envelope
NOTES
18-
iSb
12/72
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
LX-10-0
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) LX-10-1 94.5 4.5 T (F (K)): g - 1 8 (245)
LX-10
HMX Viton A
4.
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K ) ) : LX-10-0 LX-10-1 0.25 g for 22 hr: 0.02 0.04-0.06 1 g for 48 hr: 8.
b l u e - g r e e n spots on w h i t e C^.42H2.66^2.57^2.57^0.17 LX-10-0 TMD: Nominal: 1,896 1,858-1,868 LX-10-1 1.895 1.870 P j - j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 375 360 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.862 ) (p= 1.860 ) DETONATION PROPERTIES 8.82 ( p= 1.86 )
D (mm/^isec ( k m / s ) ) :
Density ( g / c m ):
SENSITIVITY
R: 5.
H j Q ( c m ( 1 0 ' ^ m)): 12 tool 12B tool LX-10-0 5 kg: 35 L X - 1 0 - 0 2.5 k g : 40 L X - 1 0 - 1 2.5 k g : 35 Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 120 f t / s e c (~37 m / s ) ; has h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y of r a p i d buildup to violent reaction.
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) 0.88 (0.27) 3.5 (1.07) (p= 0 6 1.872 )
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
6. THERAAAL PROPERTIES k: 0.25 B T U / h r - f t - F (0.432 W / m - K ) a = 24.8 X l O ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 to O'F (44.6 / u m / m - K at 219-255 K) a = 26.2 X l O ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at 0 to 165F (47.0 A i m / m - K at 255-347 K ) 11. TOXICITY 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e :
CTE:
18- 51
7/74
LX-10
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
LX-10-0
-,^
o X
1 58.0 322 K
1
_
1000
2000
3000
Strainjum/m
^
29.0
^
_
294 K 567 K
-I 1 1 1
1
u
D
_/^^^
(
"5E 0
12 Timehr Creep
18
24
Failure envelope
NOTES
18-52
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
LX-11-0
LX-11
Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/k9-K)): 0.28 (1.172) o Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K): Est.:
0.01-0.04
solid
A t . comp.: 100
Density ( g / c m ):
TMD: Nominal:
1.87-1,876
(p=
1.876
H^Q(cm(10"^
R: 5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A Hj^^ ( k c a l / g ( M J / k g ) ) : Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) : ^2 ( i ) 1.38 (5,77) 1,23 (5.15) "20(g) 1,28 (5,36) 1.16 (4.85)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
-30.73 (-128.6)
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , I -insol . ) :
(p=
1,867
CTE: a = (est.) 31 X l o ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at -65 t o - 1 0 F (56 m / m - K at 219-249 K) a = (est.) 46 X l o " ^ i n . / i n . - F at 10-165*'F (83 m / m - K at 261-347 K)
11.
TOXICITY
12/72
18-1
LX-11
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
LX-11-0
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
-m
12/72
EXPLOSIVE:
LX-14
LX-14
(F(K)):
o Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K)): 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.02
0.025
Color: v i o l e t spots on w h i t e A t . comp.: MW: 100 S.521^2.917^2.58702.658 TMD: Nominal: 1.849 1.833 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: E^y,((mm/Aec)2/2 6 mm: Crystal data: 19 mm: 9. SENSITIVITY 12 tool 12B tool 51 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) 370 (p= 1.833 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.837 ( p= 1.833 )
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
(1,432 (5.954) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
+1.50 (+6.28)
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
(p=
1.833
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: a = 27 X 1 0 " ^ i n . / i n . - F <30F (48.5 A i m / m - K < 2 3 9 K ) a = 31 X 10-6 i n . / i n . - F > 30F (55.8 A<m/m-K>239 K ) 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e :
11.
TOXICITY
7/74
18-55
LX-14
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
5.52
4.141-
200
250
300
350
2.76
1.38
4000
Creep I NOTES
Failure envelope
18-56
7/74
DESIGNATION:
NC
(12%
Cp(cal/g-C(kj/kg-K)):
3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: white CgH^Ng^^Ogg
o
1.0-1.2
solid lgfor48hr: 5.0 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm//usee ( k m / s ) ) : TMD: Nominal: 1.58 P ( . j ( k b a r ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 200 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.58 ) ( p= )
Density ( g / c m ):
HjQ(cm(10"^
R: Susan test: [s. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES H2O (^ ) 1.16 (4.85) -216 (-904) HjO (^^ 1.02 (4.27) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, ethanol i c a r b o n tetrachloride, c h l o r o f o r m , ethyl ether, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 5.5 X 1 0 " ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.230 W / m - K ) a = 80-120 A^ni/m-K 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: Gap test (mils (mm)): (p= )
CTE:
11.
TOXICITY
None,
7/74
18-57
NC (12% N)
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
NITROCELLULOSE (12% N)
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5
+ 4 ' Explosion +3 +2 +1 0 NC
,- ! 1
1
1
10 9 8 7 6 _ 5>E 4 3 2 1 0 300
' ""^-^^
-1 1
-2
-3 -4
11
\
-5 0
-,-,--'-'' ,
100 200 Temperature " C
) curves.
18-58
7/74
min)
DESIGNATION:
NC (13.35%
N)
Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):
3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: white CgE^Ng^^O^Q TMD: Nominal: 1.58 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 210 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.58 ) 8. A t . comp.: MW: 274.1 Density ( g / c m ): solid 1 5 for 48 hr: DETONATION PROPERTIES ( p= 1.20 )
D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 7.30
H5Q(cm(10"^
R:
Susan test:
|5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 (Jl) 1.16 (4.85) - 2 0 0 (-837) ^2 (g) 1,02 (4.27) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, ethanol i c a r b o n tetrachloride, chloroform, ethyl ether, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: Gap test (mils (mm)): (See T a b l e 9-6) (p= )
CTE:
11.
TOXICITY
None.
12/72
18-59
NC (13.35% N)
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 Explosion-^ NC
;|i
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
\
0 ^-^_::^-t -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0
1 \ 1
3 \ 2 1 0 300
/ ^^^^
100 200 Temperature C
) curves.
18-60
7/74
EXPLOSIVE:
1,2.3-PROPANETRIOL
TRINITRATE
N 6 |
1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
H,
H,
r
C OjN O
1
C O
|2
C O NOj NOj
Cp(cal/g-C(kJAg-K)):
Thermal stability (cm^ of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K): 14. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: clear CgHgNgOg TMD: NomitKil: 1.59 P^j(kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 253 251 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.60 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/psec ( k m / s ) ) : 7.70 (P= 1.60 ) 227.1 A t . comp.: liquid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 a for 48 hr:
Density (g/cm"^):
H2Q(cm(10"2
R:
Susan test:
{ 5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AH^j(kcol/g(MJ/k9)): 1 Calc: Exp: A Hj (kcal/mol ( k j / m o l ) ) : "2 ( i ) 1.59 (6.65) - 9 0 . 8 (-380) ^ 2 (g) 1.48 (6.19) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s t ' s l . s o l . , i - l n l . ) : sacetone, benzene, c h l o r o f o r m , ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, n i t r i c acid, sulfuric acid, pyridine s i c a r b o n disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, w a t e r 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:
(p=
11.
TOXICITY
V e r y high.
(.1
12/72 IB-^*"
N6
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL TRINITRATE
Initial modulus
Creep
NOTES
Failure envelope
^218-
12/72
EXPLOSIVE:
NITROMETHANE
N M
1 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULMION
H H
1
NO
C H
Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): l^st.: 0.41 at 30C (1.715 at 303 K) 3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K):
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: MW: clear C^HgN^02 TMD: Nominal: 1.13 at 293 K P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 130 144 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.14 ) (p= 1.135 ) 61.0 A t . comp.: liquid 1 g for 48 hr: 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 6.32 ( p= 1.13 )
Density ( g / c m ):
^ t 284-288 K
Crystal data:
H5Q(cm(10"^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 ( i ) 1.62 (6.78) 1.23 (5.15) -27 (-113) ^ 2 (g) 1.36 (5.69) 1.06 (4.44)
Susan test:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility (s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : sDMFA, DMSO, ethanol, e t h y l e t h e r , water Gap test (mils (mm)): ( m o d i f i e d ) 7-17 (0.18-0.43) 2-8 (0.05-0.20) 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: See a l s o T a b l e 9 - 6 . 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e : (P= )
11.
TOXICITY 1
NM
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
NITROMETHANE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
, ^
12/72
N Q
(F(K)):
NO, H N
1 ^C
II
NH
1 N
Cp(cal/g-<'C(kJ/kg-K)):
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 8. 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.02-0.05
Density ( g / c m ):
(MJ/kg)):
(p=
HjQ(cm(10'^
R: n: 5.
25.2 ( c a l c ) , 22.2 (obs.) 16 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 ( i ) 1.06 (4.44) -23.6 (-98.7) ^ 2 (g) 0.88 (3.68)
Susan test:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s s u l f u r i c a c i d ; s i ethanol, n i t r i c a c i d ; i acetone, benzene, c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e , c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , e t h y l acetate, ethvl ether, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k:
(p=
CTE:
11.
TOXICITY
Slight.
7/74
18-65
NQ
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
NITROGUANIDINE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 ^ 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 50 150 NQ
_9
10
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1
NQ (purified)
10 9 8 7
-7 ^ ^
6
-*^c:::l_xl w^--5
/ v
250 350 Temperature C 2
_>
5 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
1 1
k
;
6 5 4 3 2
>
E
4 3 1 0
"-1 1
<
'
'
1 0
50
150
250
350
Temperature C
) curves.
18-66
7/74
Octol
3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0,25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: MW: C^^^gH^^gN^ggOggg TMD: Nominal: 1.83 1.80-1.82 P ^ j (kbar (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 342 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.813 ) (p= 1.821 ) 100 solid l,gfor48hr: 0.18 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Aisec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.48 ( p= 1.81 )
A t . comp.:
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
HjQ(cm(10"^
R: [5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 { ) 1.57 (6.57) +2.57 (+11.9) "20(g) 1.43 (5.98)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 3.5 (1.07) 6
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
(p = 1.810) (p = 1.822)
11.
TOXICITY
7/74
18-67
Octol
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OCTOL
Initial modulus
Creep
Failure envelope
NOTES
+5 +4 +3
Explosion' ' 1
Octol
-2\ +u
0 -1 > - ^ -2 1 -3 -4 0
/ i! / !l
r
200 300
10 9 8 -7 -6 5>E 4 3 2 1 n
100
Tennperature --C
) curves.
18-68
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: P B X - 9 0 0 7 1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% RDX Polystyrene Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate Rosin 90 9.1 0.5 0.4
P B X - 9 0 0 7
3 Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: solid 1 g for 48 hr: 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES 8,09 ( p= 1.64 (p= 1.60 ) ) white or mottled gray C j g^Hg 22N2_4302_44 0.03-0.07
Density (g/cm"^):
Nominal: 1.66 m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : dec. >200 (>473) b.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):
(MJ/kg)):
(p=
H5Q(cm(10"^
R: Susan test: Is. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 ( i ) 1.56 (6.53) +7.13 (+29.8) "20(g) 1.39 (5.82) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event |
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
(p=
1.665
e:
11. TOXICITY
7/74
18-69
PBX-9007
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PBX-9007
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
>
E
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature C
) curves.
18-70
7/74
EXPLOSIVE:
PBX-9010
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (''F(K)): _
PBX-9010
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: white Cj_3gH2_^3N2_4302^43ClQ_QgFQ_26 TMD: 1.822 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 328 5 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.788 ) (p= 1.783 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/^isec ( k m / s ) ) : 8.37 ( p= 1.78 ) solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.02-0.04
0.2-0.3
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
HjQ(cm(10"^
R: [5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2{i) 1,47 (6.15) -7.87 (-32.9) "20^^) 1.36 (5.69)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 1.25 (0,38) 6
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - insol.):
(p = 1.783) (p = 1.781)
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 5.14 X 1 0 ' ^ c a l / c m - s e c - C (0.215 W / m - K ) CTE: a = 66 lum/m-K 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:
11.
TOXICITY
7/74
18-71
PBX-9010
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PBX-9010
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
'
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 '< 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
C
' PBX-9010 j
10 J9 8
1 / 1
L
7 6
^^^ ^^ \ 1 '
50 150
iL^
\ ''''--^
250 350
5 >s 4 3 2 1 n
18-7-2
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
PI^X-9011
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T ("F ( K ) ) : 9 - 3 5 (236)
PBX-9011
STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
wt' 0
HMX Estane
90 10
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K): 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.024
off-white Cj_^3H3_^gN2_4502_gi o 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Aisec ( k m / s ) ) : TMD: 1.795 P(_j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 324 5 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.777 ) 8,50 ( p= (p= 1.77 1.767 ) )
Density ( g / c m ):
HjQ(cm(10"^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2{) 1.53 (6.40) -4.05 (-17) " j O (^^ 1.36 (5.69)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0,24) 45 (0.79) Gap test (mils (mm)): 55-70 (1.4-1,8) 20.0 (6.10) 20.0 (6.10) (p= 2 0 1,783 )
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - insol.):
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10.0 X l O ' ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C ; 0.25 B T U / h r - f t - F (-JE. (0.432 W / m - K ) a = 28.7 X l O ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 to - 4 0 ' ' F (51,7 m / m - K at 219-233 K) a ^ 37.3 X l o " ^ i n , / i n . - F a t - 3 0 to IGS^F (67,1 m / m - K at 243-347 K) 11, TOXICITY 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:
1i
12'72 18--
PBX-9011
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PBX-9011
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
-U
12/72
EXPLOSIVE: 2,
PBX-9205
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) Tg(F(K)): C
PBX-9205
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid C^^^^H^^^^N^^^^O^^^^ TMD: Nominal: 1,72 1.68 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 288 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.69 ) 0,25 g for 22 hr: 1 Q for 48 hr: 0,025
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
HjQ(cm(10"^
R: 5,
AH^^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event A Hj (kcal/rtiol ficj/mol)): +5.81 (+24.30) Gap test (mils (mm)): (p= S m a l l - s c a l e : 25-35 (0.64-0.89) 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e : 1.682 ) 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) 1.25 (0.38) 2,5 (0.76) 2 4
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
11.
TOXICITY
7/74 18-75
PBX-9205
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PBX-9205
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
-\ 1 r
Failure envelope
5 0
-1 -2 -3
1 -
I ^ 1
I
.-^
\'-1
50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature "C ) curves.
18-76
7/74
EXPLOSIVE:
PBX-9404-03
DESIGNATION:
6, THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) wt% T ( F ( K ) ) : - 2 9 (239) g C(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)): P Est.: 0.27 (1.13)
PBX-9404
2 , STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
HMX NC Tris-|3-chloroethylphosphate
94 3 3
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 , PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 0.36-0.40
3.2-4.9
white o r blue C^_4oH2^^5N2 57O2 ggClQ^OgP^O^ TMD: Nominal: 1.865 1.831-1.844 P ^ j (kbar (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 375 354 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.843 ) (p= 1.840 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/Aec ( k m / s ) ) : 8,80 ( p= 1.84 )
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
H2Q(cm(10"^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^ () 1.56 (6.53) 1.38 (5.77) 40.08 (40.331) " j O (^^ 1.42 (5.94) 1.28 (5.36)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop h t , ( f t (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 85-105 (2.2-2.7) L a r g e - s c a l e : 2.268 (57.6) (p - 1.850) (p = 1.841) 1.25 (0.38) 3.5 (1.07) 6 6
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10.1 X 1 0 " * c a l / s e c - c m - C ; 0.25 B T U / h r - f t - F ^j^^ (0.432 W / m - K ) a = 28.1 X 10~^ i n . / i n . - ^ F at - 6 5 t o - 3 0 F (50,6 lum/m-K at 219-239 K ) a = 32.2 X 10~^ i n . / i n . - ' F a t - 1 0 t o l e S ^ F (58,0 , u m / m - K at 250-347 K) 11, TOXICITY 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: c: 3.52 (p = 1,84)
18-77
7/74
PBX-9404
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PBX-9404-03
i
10.35
o
\
6.89
^ o
LU
\ \
5 52
V
1 300
^
. _ "
1 35C) 4.14
^ ^
/
S.
1 2.76
0)
.
116 OcN^ -^ E EO
^^^"^222^:.
1.38
58 0 ^
A / " ^
/
1000 2000
8T^ a. ^
<" V
u ^
0
274 K
L9A7I^
Strain j u m / m
6 Time hr Creep
12
Failure envelope
NOTES
+5 -^4 +3 +2 +1
L.
Explosion PBX-9404
A
\ / 1
1
10 9 8 7 6
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 \
r-
10 9 8 7
PBX-9404-03
r
\ _ ^
/
"
6 5 4 3 2 1 \
5 . 1oi--^^i 1
-2r (
5 4 3 2
0
-1 -2 -3 -4
"3i
-4t -5 - - i ^ 0 100
200
1 ^' 0 300
-5 1
0 100 200 300 Temperature C ) curves.
io
18-78
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
PBX-9407
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)):
y
PBX-9407
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.06
7,91
( p= (p=
1.60 1.60
) )
Density ( g / c m ):
TMD: Nominal:
1.81 1.60-1.62
(p=
HjQ(cm(10"^
12 tool 33
12B tool 30
R:
Susan test:
5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2() 1.60 (6.69) +11.6 (+48.4) " 2 (g) 1.46 (6.11) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: Large-scale: 90-120 (2.3-3.1) 2,120 (53.9) (p = 1.770) (p = 1.773)
11,
TOXICITY
7/74
1 8 - 79
PBX-9407
\7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PBX-9407
Inlflal modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 ^ 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -s 0
"T"'
PBX - 9407
10 9 8 7 6
i /I
X
^~^,
1
5 >E 4
\
/ 100 200
\ \
V. ^ 1 0 300
18-80
7/74
EXPLOSIVE:
PBX-9501
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F(K)): C
PBX-9501
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION wt% HMX Estane BDNPA BDNPF 95 2,5 1.25 1.25
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: white 8. A t . comp.: MW: 100 C^ 4 ^ H 2 ^ 8 6 ^ 2 . 6 0 2 , 6 9 D (mm/Aisec ( k m / s ) ) j TMD: Nominal: 1.855 1.843 P ( - j ( k b a r ( 1 0 ' ' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: -358 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.843 ) (p= ) 8,83 ( p= 1.84 ) DETONATION PROPERTIES solid 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 a for 48 hr: 0.8 0.07
Density ( g / c m ):
m.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : dec. >240 {>513) b.p. ( ' ' C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):
Hjp(cm(10"^
Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y - 2 0 0 ft/sec (~61 m/s); once t h i s v e l o c i t y i s exceeded, reactions become violent over a n a r r o w r a n g e . S m a l l r e a c t i o n s do not a u t o m a t i c a l l y g r o w t o l a r g e ones.
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event 14 (0.24) 45 (0.79) Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: 50-70 ( 1 . 3 - 1 . 8 ) (p = 1.843) 10 (3,05) 10 (3.05) 3 0
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10.8 c a l / c m - s e c - C (0.451 W / m - K ) CTE: a = 30,6 X l O " ^ i n , / i n , - F at - 8 0 t o leO-F (55.1 lum/m-K at 211-344 K ) 11. TOXICITY 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:
18-81
7/74
PBX-9501
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PBX-9501
5.52
4000 600
3.
1200
800
Strain;u m / m 2000
12 Time hr
18
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 ) C
-:.-r^>
) curves.
18-82
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
P E N T O L I T E 50/50
DESIGNATION:
Peiitolite
5 0 / 5 0
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: C2_33H2 3^N^^293,22 TMD: Nominal: 1,71 1.67 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 " ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 280 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.696 ) (p= 1.66 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES 7.47 ( P= 1.67 ) solid 0,25 g for 22 hr: 1 ,g for 48 hr:
D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) :
Density (g/cm"^):
19 mm: 1.260 9. SENSITIVITY m)): 12 tool -35 Susan test: 12B tool
H2Q(cm(10"^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2{) 1.53 (6,40) 1.23 (5,15) -24.3 (-99.4) "20^^) 1.40 (5,86) 1,16 (4.85)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
6 , THERMAL PROPERTIES k:
Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 105-140 ( 2 . 7 - 3 . 6 ) (hot pressed) 3 2 - 3 8 ( 0 . 7 6 - 0 . 9 7 (cast) L a r g e - s c a l e : 2.549 (64.8) 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:
CTE:
n.
TOXICITY
7/74
18-83
Pentolite 5 0 / 5 0
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
P E N T O L I T E 50/50
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4
+3
Pentoli te n II / ^ _ ^\\ \\
1 1
10 9
+2 + 10 -1 -2 -3"
-4i _5i
8 / ^ 7 6
'
5
4 3
1 1
/ 100 200
A
300
2 1 0
18-84
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: P E N T A E R Y T H R I T O L
TETRANITRATE
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T (F (K)): none
PETN
|
1 2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
O NO,
H C
1
1
I
H I
0,NO
1 H
CCCONO,
1 1
1 H
H C
O NOj
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: Physical state: Color: white C^ii^^O^^ TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : 1,77 1.76 P _ . ( k b a r (10"^ G P a ) ) : ^'^ p = 1,77 p = 1,67 Meas.: 340 300 Calc: 326 280 (MJ/kg)): p = 0,99 87 100 (p= 1.765 ) 8. A t . comp.: MW: 316.2 Density ( g / c m ): solid 1 g for 48 hr: DETONATION PROPERTIES 8.26 ( p= 1.76 0,10-0.14
D (mm/^sec ( k m / s ) ) :
139-142(412-415)
b.p.(<'C(K)):
E^y,((mm/psec)V2 ^gl0Pmm= Crystal data: I: t e t r a g o n a l ( P 4 2 ^ / c ) a = 9,38 b = 9,38 c = 6.71 R: Susan test: 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2 (i) 1.65 (6.90) 1,49 (6,23) -128.7 (-593) ^ 2 (g) 1.51 (6.32) 1.37 (5.73) I I : o r t h o r h o m b i c (Pcnb) a = 13,22 b = 13,49 c = 6.83 ^^'^^^ [6352/T(K)] 6 mm: 19 mm: 9. 1,255 1,575
HjQ(cm(10"^
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, D M F A , DMSO, e t h y l acetate, p y r i d i n e sibenzene, ethyl ether i carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, c h l o r o f o r m , ethanol, water 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: a = 46.1 X 1 0 ' ^ i n . / i n . - F (83,0 m / m - K ) a = 7 6 . 5 - 8 9 . 9 ^m/m-K jS = 249.2 lum/m-K at 244-363 K
Gap test (mils (mm)): S m a l l - s c a l e : 190-220 (4.8-5.6) Large-scale: 2.732(69.4) (p = 1.757) (p=0.81)
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: 2.447 (p = 1.4) 2,577 (p = 1.5) 2,727 (p = 1,6) TOXICITY
CTE:
11.
at 243-343 K High.
7/74
18-85
PETN
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PENTAERYTHRITOL
TETRANITRATE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1\ \ PETN
10 9 8 7
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
"^
J.
100 200 300
18-86
7/74
MATERIAL:
POLYSTYRENE (Binder)
DESIGNATION: SUPPLIER:
Polystyrene
2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATION
f r A
1 1
V" u ;
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : s o l i d Color : MW: clear (CgHg)^ TMD: Nominal : m.p. (C ( K ) ) : 240 (513) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : f.p. C'C(K)): 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : +18.19 (+79.1) 1.12 1.05 R: n: 1.59-1.60 (104.15) A t . comp. : Crystal data : rhombohedral, a = 21.90 b = 21.90 c = 6.63 amorphous Density fei/cm) :
Shore hardness :
Elongation (/c) :
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k : 2.51 X 1 0 " ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.105 Vi/m-K) at 273 K CTE : 0- = 60-80 A i m / m - K < T /3 = 170-210 / j m / m - K < T = 510-600 A i m / m - K > T
NOTES
7/74
18-87
Polystyrene
+3 +2 +1
Polystyrene
5 0
-1 -2 -3
50
""'"^^^-^__
7^.:
/
500
'
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Temperature "C
18-88
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
RDX
1
N
'
Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)): 1
ONN
1
NNO,
Exp.:
0.274 (1.146)
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid CgHgNgOg TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( " C ( K ) ) : 205 (478) b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : log P cm = 10.87 - [ 3 8 5 0 / T (K)] f r o m 111 t o j g p o ^ ^3g^ ^^ ^Q3 j ^ j 1.806 P ^ j (kbar ( 1 0 ' ' G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 338 348 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.767 ) 8. 0,25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 0,02-0.025
0.12-0.9
D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) :
E^y,((mm/f^ec)2/2 6 mm:
Crystal data: I : o r t h o r h o m b i c (Pbca) a = 13.18 b = 11.57 c = 10.71 R: 43.7 ( c a l c ) , 41.4 (obs.) n =8 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2{Jl) 1.62 (6.78) 1.51 (6,32) "20(g) 1.48 (6.19) 1,42 (5,94) 11: unstable
19 mm: 9.
HjQ(cm(10"^
Susan test:
5.
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
+14.71 (+61.55)
Solubility ( s - s o l . , si - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, D M F A , DMSO Gap test (mils (mm)): siethanol, pyridine i benzene, c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e , c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , S m a l l - s c a l e : 190-220 ( 4 . 8 - 5 . 6 ) c h l o r o f o r m , e t h y l acetate, e t h y l e t h e r , w a t e r L a r g e - s c a l e : 2.434 (61.8) 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: a = 63.6 ^m/m-K at 244 K 11. TOXICITY 10. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e:
(p = 1.735) (p = 1.750)
Slight.
7/74
18-89
RDX
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2
10 9 8 7 ^6
"
^ _ _' 1 ^^1
100 / / 200 300
^4
100
200
300
-3 -4 -5 0
Jo
Temperature C ) curves.
18-90
7/74
MATERIAL:
S I L I C O N RESIN ( B m d e r )
DESIGNATION :
Sylgord
182
Si
V '"' J
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : Color : MW: liquid light straw (CH.OSi) A b n (74.16)^ TMD: Nominal : A t . comp. : Density (g/cm ) :
Crystal data :
m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : b.p. ("C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : <-70C (<203 K ) ( c u r e d ) f.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -24.9 (-104.18)
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ): 800-1200 (55-83) Elongation (/c) : 80-140
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k : CTE : 3.5 X 1 0 " ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.146 Vi/m-K) ( c u r e d ) 180 M i n . / i n . - F at - 6 5 to +65F (324 | u m / m - K at 219-347 K )
I I . TOXICITY T ('F (K) ) : C P NOTES Replaces Q - 9 3 - 0 2 2 . (cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K) ) : 0.34 at 25C (1.423 at 298 K )
7/74
18-91
TACOT
r Tv^^No,
^ : ^ ^
N NO2
Cp(cal/g-<'C(kJ/kg-K)):
2NV>
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 Q for 48 hr: 8.
red-orange 0^2^4^803 TMD: Nominal: 1.85 1.61 P(^j(kbar (10"^ GPa)): Meas,: Calc: 181 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.61 ) DETONATION PROPERTIES 7.25 ( p= 1,85 ) D (mm/AKec ( k m / s ) ) :
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
H5Q(cm(10"^
R:
Susan test:
5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 {)
"2 (g)
1,35 (5.64) 0.96 (4.02) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , sl - s l , s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s i D M F A , DMSO. n i t r i c a c i d , p y r i d i n e ichloroform, ethanol, water Gap test (mils (mm)): (p= )
11,
TOXICITY
12/72 18-93
TACOT
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
TETRANITRO-1,2,5,6-TETRAZADIBENZOCYCLOOCTATETRENE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+6 7 t-5 +4 5 +3 +2 3 +1 2 0 -1 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature C
\
TACOT 6
+-
) curves.
18-94
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
TATB
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K ) ) : 0,25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:
4,
bright yellow CgHgNgOg 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/iusec ( k m / s ) ) : TMD: 1.938 P j - j (kbar (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 291 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) (p= 1.88 ) 7,76 ( p= 1.88 )
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
HjQ(cm(10"^
R:
Susan test:
5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES " j O (i) 1.20 (5.02) - 3 6 . 8 5 (-154.2) "20(g) 1.08 (4.52) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , sl - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s l D M F A , DMSO, H2SO4 i acetone, benzene, c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e , c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , ethanol, ethyl acetate, e t h y l e t h e r , w a t e r 6 , THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE:
(p=
1.872
11,
TOXICITY
7/74
18-95
TATB
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
l,3,5-TRIAMINO-2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 TATB
--_JL50
__j
150
18-96
7/74
MATERIAL:
TRIS-(3-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHATE (Plasticizer)
DESIGNATION :
TEF
0 =
p _ ( o - C H 2
-^"2^1)3
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : l i q u i d Color : MW: clear 285.5 TMD: Nominal : m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : b.p. (C (K)) : 203 (476) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : -60 (213 K ) f . p . (C (K) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -300 (-1255) R: n : Shore hardness : 1.425 A t . comp. : C g H ^ g C l g O ^ P Density (g/cm"^) : Crystal data :
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s l - s l . s o l . , i-insol.) : s a l c o h o l s , benzene, c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e , c h l o r o f o r m , e s t e r s , e t h e r s , ketones, t o l u e n e , xylene i aliphatic hydrocarbons 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE : 3 = 840 M m / m - K
Elongation (/^ :
Low.
(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
NOTES
7/74
18-97
v ^
T e t r y i
Cp(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K)):
N02 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES solid C^H^NgOg TMD: Nominal: m.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 130 (403) 1.73 1.71
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: 0.036
8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm//usec ( k m / s ) ) : P^j(kbar (10"' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 260 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) 7.85 ( p= (p= 1.71 1,71 ) )
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
b.p. ( C ( K ) ) :
v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)):
H5Q(cm(10"^
R:
Susan test:
5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2 () 1.51 (6.32) 1.14 (4.77) +1.67 (+19,1) ^ 2 (g) 1.45 (6.07) 1.09 (4.56) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , sl - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l , ) : s acetone, benzene, e t h y l acetate, n i t r i c a c i d sl c h l o r o f o r m , ethanol, ethyl ether i c a r b o n disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, water 6 , THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 6.83 X 10"* c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.286 W / m - K ) 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: 2.728 (p = 1.4) 2.905 (p = 1.5) TOXICITY 3.097 (p = 1.6) 3.304 (p = 1.7) Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: Large-scale: 135-165 ( 3 . 4 - 4 . 2 ) 2,386(60.6) (p = 1.684) ( p = 1.666)
CTE:
11.
High.
7/74
18-99
Tetryi
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Failure envelope
10 9 8 7 6
^5
u
12
^3
1'
18-100
7/74
EXPLOSIVE:
TLTRANITROMETHANE
T N M
2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
NO
1 2
OpN C
NO,
Cp(cal/g-''C(kJ/kg-K)):
^
o TherrTKil stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 " C (393 K): 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr:
NOj
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: clear C i^^Og TMD: Nominal: 1.650 at 286 K liquid
8. DETONATION PROPERTIES D (mm/jjsec ( k m / s ) ) : P ^ j ( k b a r (10"^ G P a ) ) : Meas.: Calc: 144 (MJ/kg)): (p= ) 6.4 ( P= 1.6 ( p - 1.65 ) )
Density ( g / c m ^ ) :
m.p. (C ( K ) ) : 14.2 (287) b . p . ( " C ( K ) ) : 125.7 (399) v . p . (mm Hg (Pa)): 13 at 25''C (1733 at 298 K)
H^Q(cm(10"^
R: 5.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ^2^ ( i ) 0.55 (2,30) +13.0 (+54.4) ^2 (g) 0,55 (2,30)
Susan test:
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility (s - s o l . , sl - s l . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s benzene, ethanol, e t h y l ether sl w a t e r 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: e: Gap test (mils (mm)): (See T a b l e 9-6.) (p= )
CTE:
11.
TOXICITY
Very high.
12/72
18--m
TNM
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
TETRANITROMETHANE
Initial modulus
Creep NOTES
Fa ilure envelope
16212/73
EXPLOSIVE:
2.4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T CF(K)):
TNT
|
1 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
NO2 1 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: A t . comp.: MW: 227.1 3 Density ( g / c m ): TMD: 1.654 1.5-1,6 (cast) 1-63-1.64 (pressed) solid C.HgNgOg
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K ) ) : 0,25 g for 22 hr: lgfor48hr: 8. 0,00-0.012
~ 0.005
D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) : 6,93 P ^ j ( k b a r ( 1 0 " ' GPo)): Meas,: Calc: 190 207 (MJ/kg)):
b.p. ( C ( K ) ) :
log P
v . p . (mm Hg ( P a ) ) : 0.106 at 100C (14.13 at 373 K ) 10 cm = 9.11 - [ 3 8 5 0 / T (K)] f r o m 200 t o 350C (473.623 R )
( p = 1,630
19 mm: 9.
H5Q(cm(10"^
R: n: 5.
44.3 ( c a l c ) , 49.6 (obs.) 16 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES " j O in 1.41 (5.90) 1.09 (4.56) - 1 5 (-64.4) Susan test: T h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y ~ 2 3 5 f t / s e c (~72 m / s ) ; v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o i g n i t e a c c i d e n t a l l y , and has v e r y l o w p r o b a b i l i t y of b u i l d u p t o v i o l e n t r e a c t i o n .
"20(g)
1.29 (5.40) 1.02 (4.27) Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop h t . (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , sl - s l , s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) : s acetone, benzene, c h l o r o f o r m , D M F A , e t h y l acetate, n i t r i c a c i d , s u l f u r i c a c i d , p y r i d i n e s l c a r b o n disulfide, carbon t e t r a c h l o r i d e , ethanol, ethyl ether; i w a t e r 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES k: 6.22 X l O " ^ c a l / s e c - c m - C (0.260 W / m - K ) a = 50.0 + 0.007T / u m / m - K at below m . p .
Gap test (mils (mm)): Small-scale: Large-scale: 8-16 ( 0 . 2 0 - 0 . 4 1 ) 1.944 (49.4) (p = 1.624) (p = 1.626)
CTE:
11.
Moderate.
7/74
18-103
TNT
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
2,4,6- TRINITROTOLUENE
Initial modulus
Creep
Failure envelope
NOTES
+5 -^4 +3 -^2 +1
TNT (purified)
i\
10 9 8 7 6 5 > E 4 3 2 0
-1 -2 -3 -4 1- -5 50
7U
/I
/ 1
/
150 250
' 1
350
18-104
7/74
MATERIAL:
HEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE/ (Binder)
DESIGNATION :
VitOn
V I N Y L I D I N E F L U O R I D E 1:2
c c
I
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state : Color : MW: white (C5H3 ^^Fg^^)^ TMD : Nominal : m.p. i'C(K)): b.p. ( C ( K ) ) : v . p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Brittle point (C (K) ) : f.p. ( C ( K ) ) : 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AHf (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -332.7 (-1392) 1.815 R: n : Shore hardness : A 4 0 - 6 0 (71 c u r e d ) (187.08)jj A t . comp. : rubbery solid Crystal data :
Density fe/cm^) :
Elongation (/^ :
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES k: CTE : a = 65.0 X l O " ^ m./m.-'F at <6''F (117 / u m / m - K a t < 2 2 5 K ) = 145.2 X 1 0 " ^ i a / i n . - F at -6 to 165F (254.8 A i m / m - K at 252-347 K ) jS = - 4 5 0 lum/m-K at <-253 K = 728 / n m / m - K at 253-343 K
(cal/g-C(kJ/kg-K) ) :
NOTES
7/74
18-105
Viton A
50
500
Temperature " C
18-106
7/74
EXPLOSIVE: 2.
XlX-8003
DESIGNATION:
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued) T^(OF(K)): _
XTX-8003
Cp(cal/g-C(kj/kg-K)):
o Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 C (393 K^: 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state: Color: MW: white C j ^ Q H g g ^ N j Q j O g g j S i p 27 TMD: Nominal: 1.556 =1.53 P^j(kbar (10"' GPa)): Meas.: Calc: 170 210 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1.554 ) (p= 1.546 ) 8. DETONATION PROPERTIES 7.30 ( p= =1.53 ) 100 putty c u r a b l e to r u b b e r y s o l i d 0.25 g for 22 hr: 1 g for 48 hr: >0.02 at 100C (373)
A t . comp.:
D (mm/Msec ( k m / s ) ) :
H5g(cm(10"^
R:
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AHj^^(kcal/g(MJ/kg)): Calc: Exp: A Hj ( k c a l / m o l ( k j / m o l ) ) : 2{e) 1.86 (7.80) 1.16 (4.85) -44.4 (-185.9) ^ 2 (g) 1.67 (7.00) 1.05 (4.39)
Skid test: Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Solubility ( s - s o l . , s i - s i . s o l . , i - i n s o l . ) :
(p=
1.53
CTE: a = 68.8 X l o ' ^ i n . / i n . - F at - 2 2 to ISS^F (123.8 m / m - K at 243-343 K) a = 77 X l O " ^ i n . / i n . - F at 75 t o 150''F (139 m / m - K at 297-339 K) P - 413.7 n v m - K at 219-296 K)
11.
TOXICITY
12/72
-m
XTX-8003
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
XTX-8003
Initial modulus
Creep
Failure envelope
NOTES
IS-K
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V. Bibliography
CHEMIGAL ANALYSIS Anderson, D. M . , F. B. Kistner, and M, J. Schwarz, The M a s s Spectra of Volatile Constituents in Military E x p l o s i v e s , Cold Regions R e s e a r c h and Engineering L a b . , Hanover, N, H . , Final Rept. AD-699325 (1969). Ghasan, D. E . , and G. Norwitz, Qualitative A n a l y s i s of P r i m e r s . T r a c e r s . Igniters, Incendiaries. B o o s t e r s , and Delay Compositions on a Micro Scale by U s e of Infrared Spectroscopy. Department of the Army, Frankford Arsenal, P a . , Rept. T - 7 1 - 6 - 1 (AD-729337) (1971). G r o s s m a n , G. L . , and W. Selig, A Rapid D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Tris(chloroethylphthalate) in P B X - 9 4 0 4 E x p l o s i v e . L a w r e n c e L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15444 (1969). Doali, J . O. and A. A. J u h a s z , High Speed Liquid C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c S e p a r a t i o n s of T h e r m a l l y L a b i l e High E n e r g y C o m p o u n d s . P a r t I. A p p l i c a t i o n of High Speed Liquid C h r o m a t o g r a p h y to t h e Q u a l i t a t i v e A n a l y s i s of C o m p o u n d s of P r o p e l l a n t and E x p l o s i v e s I n t e r e s t , B a l l i s t i c R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , A b e r d e e n , R e p t . B R L - 1 6 4 4 (1973). Hoffsommer, J. C . , and J. M. Rosen, U l t r a m i c r o a n a l y s i s of E x p l o s i v e s in Seawater. U . S . Naval Ordnance L a b . , White Oak, Md., N O L - T R - 7 1 - 1 5 1 , (1971). Jenkins, R . , and H. J. Gallop, "The Identification of E x p l o s i v e s in T r a c e Quantities on Objects near an Explosion," Explosivstoffe 18, 139-141 (1970). Kegler, W . , and D. Grune, Determining the Synthetic Content of E x p l o s i v e Synthetic Mixtures, Institut F r a n c o - A l l e m a n d de R e c h e r c h e s , St. L o u i s , Fraince, Rept, I S L - N - 8 / 6 7 (1967), (In German.) Norwitz, G., Spectrophotometric D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Sulfate in P r o p e l l a n t s and N i t r o c e l l u l o s e . U . S . Dept of the A r m y , Frankford A r s e n a l , Philadelphia, P a . , Rept. F A - T R - T - 7 0 - 1 0 - 1 (1970). P r i s t e r a , F . and W . E . F r e d e r i c k s , C o m p i l a t i o n of I n f r a r e d S p e c t r a of I n g r e d i e n t s of P r o p e l l a n t s and E x p l o s i v e s , P i c a t i n n y A r s e n a l , D o v e r , N . J . , R e p t . (AD-859846) (1969). Schubert, H . , F. Volk, and H. R o s z i n s k i . "Analytical Study of RDX-HMX Mixtures," Explosivstoffe 14. 265-273 (1966). Selig, W . , Some Analytical Methods for E x p l o s i v e s and E x p l o s i v e Simulants, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. U C R L - 7 8 7 3 (1964); Pt. 2 (1965); Pt.3 (1969); Pt. 4 (1973). Selig, W . , The A n a l y s i s of F E F O in P l a s t i c - B o n d e d E x p l o s i v e s . L a w r e n c e L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-5118 (1966). PA-TM-1887 AD-730444 Md., Philadelphia,
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Selig, W., Fluorine Analysis of Plastic-Bonded Explosives and P l a s t i c s , F r e s e n i u s Z . Anal. Chem. 234. 261-269 (1968). Selig, W., The Semimicro Determination of Fluorine in Plastic-Bonded Explosives. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15074 (1967). Selig, W., The Analysis of Cyclomethylenetetranitramine (HMX) amd Ammonium Perchlorate in Plastic-Bonded Explosives. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15173 (1967). Selig, W., The Infrared Determination of Poly(2,2,-dinitropropyl Acrylate) in LX-09, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15202 (1967). Selig, W., The Analysis of 1. 3. 5. 7 - T e t r a n i t r o - l . 3. 5. 7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX) and Potassium Perchlorate in Plastic-Bonded Explosives. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15208 (1967). Selig, W., The Analysis of the Explosive LX-09-0. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15330 (1968). Selig, W., The Analysis of Bis(2. 2-dinitro-2-fluoroethyl) F o r m a l (FEFO) in LX-09-0. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15452 (1969). Selig, W., "Microdetermination of Chloride and Azide by Sequential Titration,' Mikrochim. Acta 1971, 46-53(1971). Snell, F . D., and L. S. Ehre, Eds., Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis (Interscience, New York, 1971), Vol. 12, pp. 405-471. Wright, I., "The Rapid Micro Combustion Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in High Explosives," Explosivstoffe 16, 176-178 (1968).
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GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS Agard Combustion and Combustion Panel, The Chemistry of Propellants (Pergamon P r e s s , London, 1959). Alder, B , , S. Fernbach, and M. Rotenberg, Methods in Computational Physics. Vol. 3 of Ftindamental Methods in Hydrodynamics. Academic P r e s s , New York, 1964). Altshuler, L. V., "Use of Shock Waves in H i g h - P r e s s u r e Physics." Sov. Phys.-Uspekhi 8^ 52-91 (1965). Andreev, K. K., and A. F . Belyaev, Theory of Explosive Substances, T r a n s l . AD-643597 (1966). Army Materiel Command, Principles of Explosives Behavior, U . S . Army Materiel Command, Rept. AMCP-706-180 (1972). Army Materiel Command, P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives of Military Interest. U. S. Army Materiel Command, Rept. AMCP-706-177 (1967). (Supersedes W. R. Tomlinson, J r . , Picatinny Arsenal Rept. PA-TR-1740 (1958)). Ascani, D. C., "Literature of Explosives," in Advances in Chemistry S e r . . No. 78, pp. 565-580 (1968). Avanesov, D. S., Manual of Physical and Chemical Testing of Explosives, Gosndarstvennoe Izdatel. Oboron. Promyshl. (Transl. by H. G. Condor, U. K. Atomic Energy Authority, Rept. AWRE-TRANS-30 (1962)). Beach, N. E . , M. C. St. Cyr, and V. K. Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives with Polymers I. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept, PA-TR-2595 (AD-207076, PB-168175, 1959). Beach, N. E . , M. C. St. Cyr, and V. K. Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives with Polymers II. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., P l a s t e c Rept. 33 (AD-672061) (1968). Beach, N. E . , M. C. St. Cyr, and V. K. Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives with Polymers III. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., P l a s t e c Rept. 40 (AD-721004) (1971). Bebie, J . , Manual of Explosives. Militsiry Pyrotechnics, and Chemical Warfare Agents. (MacMillan, New York, 1943). Berger, J . , and J. Viard, Physics of Solid Explosives (Dunod, P a r i s , 1962). (In French.) Bowden, F . P . , and A. D. Yoffe, F a s t Reactions in Solids (Butterworths, London, 1858). Bradley, J. N., Flame and Combustion Phenomena (Methuen. London, 1969). Bradley, J. N . , Shock Waves in Chemistry and Physics (Wiley. London, 1962), Bradley, R. S., High P r e s s u r e Physics and Chemistry. Vols. 1 and 2 (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1963). Coates, A. D . , E. Freedman, and L. P . Kuhn, C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Certain Military Explosives. Bsillistic R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-1507 (1970), Cook, M. A., The Science of High Explosives (Reinhold. New York, 1958). 7/74 19-3
Cook, S. G., J. M. Rosen, and C. N. Bernstein, Manual for Ammunition Quality Evaluation Surveillance Laboratories (U. S. Naval Powder Factory, Indian Head, Md., 1964). Combustion Institute, Symposium on Combustion, Vols. 1- (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1929-). Davis, T. L . , The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives (Wiley, New York, 1953). Department of the Army, Military Explosives. Dept. of the Army, Rept. TM-9-1910 (1955). (Identical to Dept. of Air F o r c e Rept. T O - l l - A - 1 - 3 4 ) . Dunston, I., "Chemistry in the Technology of Explosives and Propellants," Chem. in Britain 7. 62-79 (1971). DuPont De Nemours, E. I., and Company, B l a s t e r s Handbook. 15th ed., (E. I. DuPont De Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., 1967). Elban, W. L . , Development of Inert Simulants for Castable Plastic Bonded Explosives. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-71-192 (1971). Ellern, H., Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics (Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1968). Ellern, H., Modern Pyrotechnics (Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1961). Evans, B. L . , A. D. Yoffe, and P . Gray, "Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Azides," Chem. Rev. 59, 515-568 (1959). Fedoroff, B. T . , Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items. Vols. 1- (Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., I960-). Fordham, S., High Explosives and Propellants (Pergamon P r e s s , New York, 1966). Frank-Kamenetskii, D. A., Diffusion and Heat Exchange in Chemical Kinetics (Plenum P r e s s , New York, 1969). Hammann, S. D . , "The Use of Explosions in High P r e s s u r e Research," Rev. P u r e Appl. Chem. m, 139-168 (1960). Hammer, W., Explosions and Explosives. Norton Air F o r c e Base, Calif., Rept. AD-839310 (1968). Hayes, T. J . , Elements of Ordnance A Textbook for Use of Cadets of the United States Military Academy (Wiley, New York, 1938), Jacobs, S, J . , "Recent Advauices in Condensed Media Detonations," Am. Rocket Soc. J. 30, 151-158 (1960). Jaffe, B . , A P r i m e r on F e r r o e l e c t r i c i t y and Piezoelectric C e r a m i c s (Clevite Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio, 1960). Johansson, C. H., and P. A. P e r s s o n , Detonics of High Explosives (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1970). Kantz, M. R., Pentaerythritol T e t r a n i t r a t e : A Bibliography. Mound Laboratory, Miamisburg, Ohio, Rept. MLM-1252 (196 5). Khitrin, L. N., Physics of Combustion and Explosion (National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., 1962). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd e d . , Vol. 8, pp. 581-719 (Interscience, New York, 1965). 19-4 12/72
Levich, V. G., Physicochemical Hydrodynamics (Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1962). Lewis, B. T . , and G. Von Elbe, Combustion, F l a m e s , and Explosions of Gases. 2nd ed. (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1961). Arthur D. Little, Inc., Punch Card Recording of Data on Explosives. Final Report 1961, AD-275022, AD-275023, AD-275024, AD-329073, Vols. 1-4 (1961). (Vol. 2 GDI). Mason, C. M., and E. G. Aiken, Methods for Evaluating Explosives and Hazardous Materials. Pittsburgh Mining and Safety R e s e a r c h Center, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Rept. BM-IC-8541 (1972). McGarry, W. F . , and T. W. Stevens, Detonation Rates of the More Important Military Explosives at Several Different T e m p e r a t u r e s (Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., 1956). Marshall, A., Explosives, Vols. 1-3 (Churchill, London, Vols. 1, 2, 1917, Vol. 3, 1932). Muraour, H., Poudres et Explosifs ( P r e s s e s Universitaires de F r a n c e . 1947). (In French.) Office of Naval Research, Symposium on Detonation. No. 1-, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va. (1951, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970-). (Some volumes a r e classified.) Ordnauice Technical Intelligence Agency, Encyclopedia of Explosives. Ordnance Technical Intelligence Agency, D\arham, N. C , Rept. AD-274026 (1960). Orlova, Y. Y., The Chemistry and Technology of High Explosives (Moscow. 1960). Paushkin, Y. M., The Chemistry of Reaction Fuels. T r a n s l . , Foreign Technology Division Air F o r c e Systems Command, W r i g h t - P a t t e r s o n Air F o r c e Base, Ohio (1962). Pokrovskiy, G. L , The Explosion and Its Utilization (Moscow. 1910; Joint Publications R e s e a r c h Service, Washington, D. C., 1960). Porzel, F . B . , A.Unified Theory of Explosions (UTE), U . S . Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-72-209 (AD-758000) (1972), Ribaud, G., Detonation Waves (Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques, P a r i s , France, 1962). (In French.) Rogers, J. T . , Physical and Chemical P r o p e r t i e s of RDX and HMX. Holston Defense Corporation, Kingston, Tenn., Rept. HD-20-P-26 (1962). Rosen, J. M., and C. Dickenson, Vapor P r e s s u r e s and Heats of Sublimation of Some High Melting Organic Explosives. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-69-67 (1969). Tavernier, P . , Powders and Explosives ( P r e s s e s Universitaires de F r a n c e , 1969). (In French.) Urbanski, T . , Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, Vols, 1-3 (McMillan, New York, 1964-1967).
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Urbanski, T . , ed., Nitro Compounds (McMillan, New York, 1964). Walbrecht, E. E . , Dielectric P r o p e r t i e s of Some Common High Explosives, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N . J . , Rept. PA-TM-1170 (1963). Warren, F . A., Rocket Propellants (Reinhold, New York, 1958). Welch, R. E . , Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion (Reinhold. New York, 1960). Zaehringer, A. J . , "Solid Propellant Bibliography," Jet Propulsion 27, 900-927(1957). Zeldovich, Ya. B . , "On the Theory of Combustion of Powder amd Explosives," Zh. Eksper. Teoret. Fiz. 12. 498-524 (1942); t r a n s l . PA-TM-1597, AD-486286.
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HEALTH AND SAFETY Armed Services Explosives Safety Board, Explosives Safety Seminars. Minutes (Armed Services Explosives Safety Board, Washington, D. C., 1958-). Cohen, E . , Ed., "Prevention of and Protection against Accidental Explosion of Munitions, Fuels and Other Hazardous Materials," Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 152, 1-913 (1968). Cook, M. A., "Explosives and the Hazards and Testing of Explosives," Ind. Eng. Chem. 56 (2), 31-35 (1964). Deichmajin, W. B . , and H. W. Gerarde, Toxicity of Drugs and Chemicals (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1969), Dodrill, J, P , , C, E. Green, J, F, Hester, and C, R, Wells, An Evaluation of Safety Devices for Laboratories Handling Explosive Compounds, Redstone Arsenal Branch, Rohm and Haas, Huntsville, Ala, (1961), Hallam, J, S,, and K, J. Scribner, Explosion during P r e s s i n g of LX-04-1 at Site 300 on October 17. 1968. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept, UCRL-50567 (1969). Hanna, H. A., and J. R. Poison, Investigation of Static Electrical Phenomena in Lead Azide Handling. Mason and Hanger, Silas Mason Co., Inc. Burlington AEC Plant, Burlington, Iowa, Rept. IAAP-TR-98-A (1967). Mason and Hanger, Silas Mason Co., Inc., Recommended Safe Handling Methods for Plastic Bonded Explosives 9010 and 9404 (1961). McGill, R., Explosives. Propellants. and Pyrotechnic Safety Covering Laboratory. Pilot Plant and Production Operations. U. S. Naval Ordnance L a b . , White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-61-138 (AD-272424) (1962). McNamara, B. P . , H. P. Averill, E. J, Owens, J. F, Callaghan, D, G, Fairchild, H. P. Ciuchta, R. H. Rengstorff, and R. K. Biskup, The Toxicology of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) Solutions in Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Cyclohexanone. and Acetone. Edgewood Arsenal, Md. (1970), Picatinny Arsenal, Manual for Design of Protective Structures Used in Explosive Processing and Storage Facilities. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. AD-834465 (1968). Pryde, A. W., and I. Dunston, "Processing of Dangerous Chemicals," Chem. Ind. (London) 1972 (2). 67-69 (1972), Sax, N. I,, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (Reinhold Publishing Company, 1968), Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee, Explosives Hazard Assessment. U. K. Explosives Research and Development Establishment, Weiltham Abbey, Essex, Rept. SCC-3 (1969).
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Skaar, K. S., Fundamentals of Safety for Processing. Handling, and Storage of HighEnergy Materials. U.S. Naval Ordnance Testing Station, China Lake, Calif., Rept. NOTS-TP-2866 (1962). Sunshine, I. , Ed., Handbook of Analytical Toxicology (The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1969).
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INITIATION AND SENSITIVITY Africano, A., Maximum Rate Theory of Impact Sensitivity (Space Technology Laborat o r i e s , Inc., Los Angeles, 1959). Barbarisi, M. J . , and E. G. Kessler, Initiation of Secondary Explosives by Means of L a s e r Radiation. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J., Rept. PA-TR-3861 (AD-688585) (1969), Bowden, F, P . , discussion leader, "A Discussion of the Initiation and Growth of Explosions in Solids," P r o c . Roy. Soc. (London) A246. 145-297 (1958). Bowden, F . P . , and A. D. Yoffe, Initiation and Growth of Explosions in Liquids and Solids (Cambridge University P r e s s , Cambridge, 1952). Brownlee, K. A., J. L. Hodges, and M. Rosenblatt, "The Up-and-Down Method with Small Samples," J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 43, 262-277 (1953). Campbell, A. W., W. C. Davis, and J. R. Travis, "Shock Initiation of Detonation in Liquid Explosives," Phys. Fluids 4. 498-510 (1961). Campbell, A. W., W. C. Davis, J. B. Ramsey, and J. R. T r a v i s , "Shock Initiation of Solid Explosives," Phys. Fluids 4. 511-521 (1961). Chaiken, R. F . , "Comments on Hypervelocity Wave Phenomena in Condensed Explosives," J. Chem. Phys. 33, 760-761 (1960). Chase, W. E . , and H. K. Moore, e d s . . Exploding W i r e s . Vols. 1- (Plenum P r e s s , New York, 1959-). Clear, A. J . , Standard Laboratory P r o c e d u r e s for Determining Sensitivity. Brisance. and Stability of Explosives. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. PA-TR-3278 (1965). Dixon, W. J . , and F . J. Massey, Introduction to Statistical Analysis. 2nd e d . , (McGrawHill, New York, 1957). Dorough, G. D . , L. G. Green, and D. T. Gray, The Susan Test for Evaluating the Impact Safety of Explosive Materials. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7394 (1965). Enig, J. W,, and F . T. Metcalf, Theoretical Calculations on the Shock Initiation of Liquid TNT. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md.. Rept. NOLTR-62-159 (1962). Evans, M. W., "Detonation Sensitivity and F a i l u r e Diameter in Homogeneous Condensed Materials," J. Chem. Phys. 36, 193-200 (1962), Grant, R. L . , A Combination Statistical Design for Sensitivity Testing, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Rept. BM-IC-8324 (1967). Green, L. G., and G. D. Dorough, " F u r t h e r Studies on the Ignition of Explosives," in P r o c . 4th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, U. S. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C., Rept. ACR-126 (1965), pp. 477-486.
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Green, L. G., R. J. Wasley, and P . E. Kramer, Shock Initiation of LX-04-1 and LX-09-0, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50672 (1969). Green, L. G., R. J. Wasley, and P. E. Kramer, Shock Initiation of LX-07-2 and LX-10-0. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50851 (1970). Green, L. G., and A. M. Weston, Data Analysis of the Reaction Behavior of Explosive Materials Subjected to Susan Test Impacts. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-13480 (1970). Green, L. G., A. M. Weston, and J. H. Van Velkinburg, Mechanical Behavior of Hemispherical Billets of Plastic-Bonded Explosives Vertically Dropped on a Smooth. Rigid. Steel Target Surface, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-51022 (1971). Green, L. G., A. M. Weston, and J. H. Van Velkinb\irg, Mechanical and Frictional Behavior of Skid Test Hemispherical Billets, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-5108 5 (1971). Hubbard, H. W., and M. H. Johnson, "Initiation of Detonation," J. Appl. Phys. 30. 765-769 (1959). Jaffe, I., G. Roberson, and J. Toscana, Calibration for the Gap Test with a Pentolite Donor. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-63-19 (1963). Jones, M. M., and H. J. Jackson, "Heat Sensitization of Explosives," Explosivstoffe 7, 177-183 (1959). Liddiard, T. P . , and D. P r i c e , Recalibration of the Standard Card-Gap Test. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-65-43 (1965). Lindstrom, I. E . , "The Planar Shock Initiation of Porous Tetryl,: J. Appl. Phys. 41. 337-350 (1970). Macek, A., "Sensitivity of Explosives," Chem. Rev. 62, 41-63 (1962). Mader, C., A Hydrodynamic Hot Spot Calculation. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2703 (1962). Mason, C. M., R. W. Van Dolah, and M. L. Weiss, Drop Weight Testing of Explosive Liquids, Explosives R e s e a r c h Center, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, P a . , Rept. BM-RI-6799 (1966). Napadensky, H., Experimental Studies of the Effects of Impact Loading on P l a s t i c Bonded Explosive Materials. Armour R e s e a r c h Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 111.. Rept. DASA-1391 (1963). P r i c e , D . , and T. P. Liddiard, J r . , The Small Scale Gap TestCalibration and Comparison with the Large Scale Gap Test. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md,, Rept. NOL-TR-66-87 (AD-487353) (1966).
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Schimmel, M. L . , QUESTQuantitative Understanding of Explosive Stimulus Transfer, Summary ReportTask 1 through 6. McDonnell Aircraft Compsuiy, St. Louis, Mo Rept. MDC-A-1021 (1971). Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee, Mamual of Explosive Safety Certificate Sensitiveness Tests. U. K. Explosives Resesu-ch and Development Establishment, Waltham Abbey, Essex, Rept. WAC-158-06 with suppl., WAE-325-03 with suppl. (1963). Slade, D. C., and J. Dewey, High Order Initiation of Two Military Explosives. Ballistic Research Laboratories. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-1021 (1957). Statistical Research Group, Princeton University, Statistical Analysis for a New P r o cedure in Sensitivity Experiments. Naval Defense Research Committee, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, Rept. OSRD-4040 (1944). Tucker, T. J . , "Spark Initiation Requirements of a Secondary Explosive," Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 152. 643-653 (1968). Walker, F . E . , and R. J. Wasley, "Critical Energy for Shock Initiation of Heterogeneous Explosives," Explosivstoffe 17^ 9-13 (1969). Walker, F . E . , and R. J. Wasley, "Initiation of Nltromethane with Relatively LongDm-atlon, Low-Amplitude Shock Waves." Combust. Flame 15. 233-246 (1970).
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I 05
Archibald, P. B., "isostatic Solvent Pressing," Ind, Eng, Chem. 53^, 737-738(1961). Bryden, J, H,, The Density of Crystalline Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX). U, S, Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, Calif., Rept. NOTS-1652, (NAVORD-5398) (1957), Goldsmith, W., and T. A. Reitter, Static and Dynamic P r o p e r t i e s of Two Explosive Materials. U.S. Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, Calif., Rept. NWC-TP4805, (AD-864750) (1970), Hamstad, M. A., Complex Shear Modulus of a High Explosive, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50357 (1967). Hoge, K. G., Friction and Wear of Explosive Materials. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50134 (1966). Hoge, K. G., "The Behavior of Plastic-Bonded Explosives under Dynamic Compressive Loads," in Appl. Polymer Symp. 5^, 19-40 (1967). Hoge, K. G., "Friction and Viscoelastic P r o p e r t i e s of Highly Filled Polymers P l a s t i c Bonded Explosives," 4th Southeastern Conf. on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, New Orleans, Feb. 29-Mar. 1, 1968. Murray, R. C., and W. G. Moen, The Linear Viscoelastic Response of LX-07-1. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50751 (1969), Murray, R, C,, and R, Jaeger, Mechanical P r o p e r t i e s Testing of High Explosives. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. (16-mm color sound film (1969)). Scribner, K., A Physical P r o p e r t i e s Mock for LX-04-1. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-15495 (1965). Wasley, R . J . , and F. E. Walker, "Dynamic Compressive Rheological Behavior of a Brittle, Strain Rate Sensitive, Polycrystalline, Organic Solid," J. Appl Phys. 40, 2639-2648 (1969). Wasley, R. J., and F. E. Walker, A Method for the Numerical Analysis of P r e s s u r e Transducer Records, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50233 (1967), Wasley, R, J . , K, G. Hoge, and J, C, Cast, "Combined Strain Gauge-Quartz Crystal Instrumented Hopkinson Split Bar," Rev, Sci, Instr, 40, 889-894 (1969), Wilkins, M. L . , and R. Giroux, The Calculation of Stress Waves in Solids. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7 271 (1963),
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CJJ
PERFORMANCE Adler, J . , and J. W. Enig, The Critical Conditions in Thermal Explosions Theory for Nth Order Reactions. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept, NOL-TR-64-180 (1964), Brinkley, S, R., and E. B. Wilson, Revised Method of Predicting the Detonation Velocities in Solid Explosives. Office of Scientific R e s e a r c h and Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, D. C . , Rept. OSRD-905 (1942). Burnham, M. W., Investigation of Flow Kinematics of Detonating Explosive Slabs. Falcon Research Corp., Denver, Colo., Rept. AFATL-TR-67-33 (1967). Burnham, M. W., Research on Detonation Wave Mechanics, Falcon Research Corp., Denver, Colo., Rept. ARL-TR-66-2 (1966). Campbell, A. W., M. E. Malin, T . J . Boyd, J r . , and J. A. Hull, "Precision Measurement of Detonation Velocities in Liquid and Solid Explosives," Rev. Sci. Instr. 27, 567-574 (1956). Catalano, E . , and H. C. Hornig, Time-Resolved Emission Spectra of the Detonation Products of PETN. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL 50328 (1967). Christian, E. A., and H. G. Snay, Analysis of Experimental Data on Detonation Velocities. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept, NAVORD-1508 (1956), Cole, R,, Underwater Explosions. Princeton University P r e s s , Princeton, NJ (1948), Cole burn, N. L . , Chapman-Jouguet P r e s s u r e s of Several P u r e and Mixed Explosives. U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-64-58 (1964). Cook, M. A., Detonation Velocities of "Ideal" Explosives with Inert Additives. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Rept. AD-16380 (1953). Cook, M. A., Velocity-Diameter Measurements and Reaction Rates of PETN. RDX, and EDNA. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Rept. AD-44634 (1954). Cook, M. A . , R. I. Keyes, and W. O. Ursenbach, Measurements of Shock and Detonation P r e s s u r e s . University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Rept. AD-258201 (1961). Cook, M. A., R.I. Keyes, and W. O. Ursenbach, "Measurement of Detonation P r e s sure," J. Appl. Phys. 33, 3413-3421 (1962), Cowperthwaite, M., Theoretical Studies of Detonation. Final Report. F e b r u a r y 1966 F e b r u a r y 1971. Stanford R e s e a r c h Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., Rept. AD-730642 (1971). Courant, R., and K. O. F r i e d r i c h s , Supersonic Flow and Shock Waves (Interscience, New York, 1948). Cowan, R. D . , and W. Fickett, "Calculation of the Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of Solid Explosives with the Kistiakowsky-Wilson Equation of State," J. Chem. Phys. 24. 932-939 (1956). Crouch, M. R., and N, E. Hoskin, "Detonation of Explosive Slabs of Finite Dimensions," J, Appl. Phys. 42, 264-267 (1971). 12/72 19-15
Deal, W. E . , "Measurement of Chapman-Jouguet P r e s s u r e for Explosives," J. Chem. Phys. 27, 796-800 (1957). Deal, W. E . , "Measurement of Reflected Shock Hugoniot and Isentrope for Explosive Reaction Products." Phys. Fluids 1. 523-527 (1958). Derzhavets, A. S., "Increased Susceptibility of Explosives to a Detonation Impulse," in Termostoikie Vzryvchatye Veshchestva ikh Deistvie v Glubokikh Skavzhinakh. F . A. Baum, Ed. (1969), pp. 37-52 (Transl. by H. J. Dahlby, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Max., Rept. LA-TR-71-32 (1971)). Dremln, A. N . , and K. K. Shvedov, "Determination of the Chapman-Jouguet P r e s s u r e and the Reaction Duration in a Shock Wave of High Power Explosives," Zh. Prlklad. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz, 3, 139-144 (1964). (TransL P A - T T - 1 5 (AD-688247).) Duff, R. E . , and E. Houston, "Measurement of the Chapman-Jouguet P r e s s u r e and Reaction Zone Length in a Detonating High Explosive," J. Chem. Phys. 23, 1268-1273 (1955). Enig, J. W., and F . J. Petrone, On Equations of State in Shock Initiation P r o b l e m s . U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Informal Rept, (1964). Evans. M.W., and C. M. Ablow, "Theories of Detonation," Chem. Rev. 61, 129-178 (1961). Evans, M. W., C. M. Ablow, B. O. Reese, and A. B. Amster, Shock Sensitivity of Low Density Granular Explosives, Stsmford R e s e a r c h Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., Rept. AD-417863 (1963). Eyring. H., R. E. Powell, G. H. Duffy, and R. B. Parlin, "The Stability of Detonation," Chem. Rev. 45, 69-181 (1949). Fickett, W., Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of Condensed Explosives Calculated with an Equation of State Based on Intermolecular Potentials. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2712 (1962). Fickett. W., and W. W. Wood, "A Detonation-Product Equation of State Obtained from Hydrodynamic Data," Phys. Fluids 1. 528-534(1958). Finger, M., H. C. Hornig, E. L. Lee, and J. W. Kury, "Metal Acceleration by Composite Explosives," In P r o c . 5th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va., Rept, ACR-184 (1970), pp. 137-151. Garn. W. B . , "Detonation P r e s s u r e of Liquid TNT," J. Chem. Phys. 32, 653-655 (1960). Gipson, R. W., and A. Macek, Transition from Slow Burning to DetonationFlame Fronts and Compression Waves during Growth of Detonation. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept, NAVORD-6759 (1959), Goodman, H. J . , Compiled F r e e - A i r Blast Data on Bare Spherical Pentolite. Ballistic R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-1092 (1960). Goodman, H. J . , and R. E. Shear, P r e s s u r e , Density and Internal Energy of Pentolite Explosion Products. Ballistic Research L a b o r a t o r i e s , Aberdeen Proving Gromid, Md., Rept. BRL-1212 (1963). 19-16 12/72
Gruschka, H. D . , and F, Wecken, Gas dynamic Theory of Detonation (Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, 1971), Hauver, G. E , , suid P, H. Netherwood, P r e s s u r e Profiles of Detonating Baratol Measured with Sulphur Gauges. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-TN-1452 (AD-276986) (1962). Howe, P . M . , Detonation Structure in Condensed Phase Explosives. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. AD-713541 (1969). Hurwitz, H., Calculation of Detonation P a r a m e t e r s with the RUBY Code, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-63-205 (1965). Hurwitz, H., and M. J. Kamlet, "The Chemistry of Detonations. V. A Simplified Method for Calculation of P r e s s u r e s of C-H-N-O Explosives on K-W Isentrope," Israel J. Technol. 7, 431-430 (1969). Jacobs, S. J . , On the Equation of State of Compressed Liquids and Solids. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-68-214 (1968). Jacobs, S. J . , "Equation of State for Detonation Products at High Density," 12th Symp. (Intern.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. (1969), pp. 501-510. Jacobs, S. J . , T. P. Liddiard, J r . , a n d B . E. Drimmer, "The Shock-to-Detonation Transition in Solid Explosives," 9th Symp. (Intern.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Philadelphia, P a . (1963), pp. 499-516. Jameson, R. L . , and A, L. Hawkins, Detonation P r e s s u r e Measurements in TNT and Octol. Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. AD-713547 (1970). Kamlet, M. J . , and S. J. Jacobs, "The Chemistry of Detonations. I. A Simple Method for Calculating Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of C-H-N-O Explosives," J. Chem. Phys. 48, 23-35 (1968). Kamlet, M. J . , and J. E. Ablard, "The Chemistry of Detonations. H, Buffered Equilibria," J. Chem. Phys. 48, 36-42 (1968). Kamlet, M . J . , and C. Dickinson, "The Chemistry of Detonations. III. Evaluation of the Simplified Calculational Method for Chapman-Jouguet Detonation P r e s s u r e s on the Basis of Available Experimental Information," J. Chem. Phys. 48. 43-50, (1968). Kamlet, M. J . , "The Chemistry of Detonation. IV. Evaluation of a Simple Predictional Method for Detonation Velocities of C-H-N-O Explosives," J. Chem. Phys. 48, 3685-3692 (1968). Kamlet, M, J,, see also H, Hurwitz, Kandiner, H, J . , and S. R. Brinkley, "Calculation of Complex Equilibrium Relations," Ind. Eng. Chem. 42, 850-855 (1949). Klrkwood, K. G., and W.W. Wood, "Structure of a Steady-State Plane Detonation Wave with Finite Reaction Rate," J. Chem. Phys. 22^ 1915-1919 (1954).
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Kury, J. W., H. C. Hornig, E. L, Lee, J, M, McDonnel, D, L. Ornellas, M, Finger, F, M, Strange, and M. L. Wilkins, "Metal Acceleration by Chemical Explosives," in 4th Symp, (Intern.) on Detonation. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. ACR-126 (1965), pp. 3-13, Lee, E. L , , H, C, Hornig, and J, W. Kury, Adiabatic Expansion of High Explosive Detonation Products, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept, UCRL-50422 (1968), Lee, E, L , , and H, C. Hornig, "Equation of State of Detonation Product Gases," in 12th Symp. (Intern.) on Combustion. The Combustion Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. (1969), pp. 493-499. Leger, E. G., and K. Park, A Zig-Zag Oscilloscope Presentation for Detonation Velocity Measurements in Explosives. Canadian Armament R e s e a r c h and Development Establishment, Rept. CARDE-TM-170-58 (1958). Leopold, H. S., The Growth of Low Density Explosive Mixtures, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-62-89 (1962). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Studies on Binders and Desensitizers (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., 1962). Lutzky, M., The Flow Field behind a Spherical Detonation in TNT Using the LandauerStanyvikovich Equation of State for Detonation Products. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-64-40 (1964). McGarry, W. F . , and T. W. Stevens, Detonation Rates of the More Important Military Explosives at Several Different T e m p e r a t u r e s . Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. PA-TR-2383 (1956). Mader, C. L . , Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of Condensed Explosives Computed Using the Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson Equation of State, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2900 (1963). Mader, C. L . , FORTRAN BKWA Code for Computing the Detonation P r o p e r t i e s of Explosives. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex,, Rept, LA-3704 (1967), Mader, C. L . , The Time-Dependent Reaction Zone of Ideal Gases. Nltromethsuie. and Liquid TNT. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-3764 (1967). Melton, C. E . , D. F . Strenzwilk, and P. D. Yedinak, Microscopic Theory of Detonation in Solids. Ballistic R e s e a r c h Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Rept. BRL-TN-1715 (AD-688869) (1969). Minshall, D . , " P r o p e r t i e s of Elastic and Plastic Waves Determined by Pin Contactors and Crystals," J. Appl. Phys. 26, 463-469 (1955), Ornellas, D. L . , "Detonation Calorimeter and Results Obtained with Pentaerjrthritol Tetranitrate (PETN)," Rev. Sci. Instr. 37, 907-912 (1966). Ornellas, D. L . , "The Heat and Products of Detonation of Cyclotetramethylene Tetranitramine (HMX), 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Nltromethane (NM), and Bis-(2, 2-dlnitro-2-fluoroethyl)-formal (FEFO)," J. Phys. Chem. 72, 2390-2391 (1968).
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Pack, D. C., "The Reflection of a Detonation Wave at a Boundary," Phil. Mag. 2, 182-188 (1957). Palmer, R., Initiation of Detonation. I. Simple "Hubbard and Johnson" Model. U. K. Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, Rept. SSPD-USA-56 (1962). Piacesi, D., J r . , Numerical Hydrodynamic Calculations of the Flow of the Detonation Products from a Point-Initiated Explosive Cylinder. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-66-150 (AD-810470) (1967). Price, D., "Dependence of Damage Effects on Detonation P a r a m e t e r s of Organic High Explosives," Chem. Rev. 59, 801-825 (1959). Price, D., and F . J. Petrone, Detonation Initiated by High P r e s s u r e Loading of a Solid Explosive, U.S. Naval Ordnance, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-63-103 (1963), Price, D,, J. F. Wehner, and G. E. Roberson, Transition from Slow Burning to DetonationFurther Studies of the F r e e Volume and the Low Velocity Regime in Cast Pentolite. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-63-18 (1963). Strange, F . M., Equations of State for Six Explosives. Wm. Brobeck and Associates, Berkeley, Calif., Rept. WMBA-4500-95-2-R8 (1964). Taylor, J . , Detonation in Condensed Explosives (Oxford University P r e s s , Oxford, 1952). Taylor, J., "The Dynamics of the Combustion Products behind Plane and Spherical Detonation Fronts in Explosives," P r o c . Roy. Soc. (London) Ser. A A200, 235-247 (1950). Taylor, J., Solid Propellent and Exothermic Compositions (George Newnes, Ltd., London, 1959). Taylor J., and P . F. Gay, British Coal Mining Explosives (George Newnes, Ltd., London, 1958). Urizar, M. J., E. James, and L. C. Smith, "Detonation Velocity of P r e s s e d TNT," Phys. Fluids 4, 262-274 (1961). Villars, D. S., A Method of Successive Approximations for Computing Combustion Equilibria on a High Speed Digital Computer," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 521-525 (1959). Von Neumann, J., and R. D. Richtmyer, " A Method for the Numerical Calculation of Hydrodynamic Shocks," J. Appl. Phys. 2i_, 232-237 (1950). Walsh, J. M., and M. H. Rice, "Dynamic Compression of Liquids from Measurements on Strong Shock Waves," J. Chem. Phys. 26, 815-823 (1957). Wasley, R. J . , auid R. H. Valentine, Shock Pulse Attenuation and Hugoniot Studies of One Explosive and Three Mock Explosives. Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Livermore, Rept. UCRL-50950 (1970). White, W. B . , S. M. Johnston, and G. B. Dantzig, "Chemical Equilibrium in Cdmplex Mixtures," J. Chem. Phys. 28, 751-755 (1958).
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19-19
WQkins, M.L., J. French, and R. Giroux, A Computer P r o g r a m for Calculating OneDlmenslonal Hydrodynamic Flow KO Code. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-6919 (1962). Wilkins, M. L., B. Squier, and B. Halperin, The Equation of State of PBX-9404 and LX-04-1, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7797 (1964). Wilson, D. H., Hydrodynamics (Edward Arnold. P u b l . , London, 1959). Wood, W. W., "Existence of Detonations for Small Values of the Rate P a r a m e t e r , " Phys. Fluids 4. 46-60 (1961). Wood, W. W., "Existence of Detonations for Large Values of the Rate P a r a m e t e r . " Phys. Fluids 6. 1081-1090 (1963). Wood, W. W., and J. G. Klrkwood, "Diameter Effect in Condensed ExplosivesThe Relation between Velocity and Radius of Curvature of the Detonation Wave," J. Chem. Phys. 22, 1920-1924 (1954). Zeldovich, I. B . , Theory of Detonation (Academic P r e s s . New York, 1960). Zovko, C, T . , The Mechanism of the Transition from Deflagration to Detonation In High Explosives. U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NAVWEPS-7393 (1961).
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RADIATION EFFECTS Bolt, R. O., and G. J. Carroll, E d s . , Radiation Effects on Organic Materials (Academic P r e s s , New York, 1963). Bowden, F . P . , and H. M. Montagu-Pollock, "Slow Decomposition of Explosive Crystals and Their Damage by Fission Fragments," Nature 191, 556-559 (1961). Cerny, J . , M. S. Kirshenbaum, and R. C. Nichols, "Range-Energy Relations for P r o tons and Alpha-Particles in Various Explosives," Nature 198, 371-372 (1963). Clark, D . , and M. J. Daniels, The Proton Irradiation of High Explosives. U. K. Atomic Weapons R e s e a r c h Establishment, Aldermaston, B e r k s . , U. K., Rept. ERN-25-64 (1964). Dobratz, B. M,, Bibliography on Radiation Effects on P r i m a r y and Secondary Explosives and on Propellants. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCID-16087 (1972). Paitchel, J., J . E , Cockayne, R , S , Alger, R . T , E l s b e r r y , W , B , Thomas, J. M. McSwain, J, P, Noonan, H. M, Shupp, and D, Wasler, Source Book of Radiation Effects on Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Vol, 1, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N . J . , Rept. DNA-2881F-1 (1974). Ribaudo, C., J. Mallay, and H. J. Matsuguma, The Effects of Reactor Irradiation on the Chemical Characteristics of Solid Explosives, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J., Rept. PA-TR-3893 (1970). Urizar, M. J . , E. D. Loughran, and L. C. Smith, "The Effects of Nuclear Radiation on Organic Explosives," Explosivstoffe 4, 55-64 (1962).
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(M (M
05
THERMAL PROPERTIES Andreev, K. K., Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Explosives, 1st ed. (Moscow, 1960) (Transl. into German in Explosivstoffe (1960-1962); 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1966), Transl., Foreign Technology Div., W r i g h t - P a t t e r s o n AFB, Ohio, T r a n s l . AD-693600 (1969)). Aubertein, P . , "Stability of Explosives," Mem. Poudr. 4J^, 111-125 (1959); in F r e n c h (Transl. by F . E, Wallwork, U. K. Atomic Weapons R e s e a r c h Establishment, Aldermaston, Berks. U.K., T r a n s l . AWRE-TRANS-24 (1961)). B a r r e t t , E . J . , H.W. Hoyer, a n d A . V . Santoro, "Differential Thermal Analysis of Rapid High P r e s s u r e Decompositions," Anal. Lett. 1_, 285-289 (1968). Buxton, R. J . , and T. M. Massio, Compatibility of Explosives with Structural Materials of Interest. Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex., Rept. SC-TM-70-3 55 (1970). Cady, H. H., and W. H. Rogers, Enthalpy, Density and Thermal Coefficient of Cubical Expansion of TNT, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, N. Mex., Rept. LA-2696 (1962). Clink, G. L . , Corrosion Effects of the Interaction of 6061 Aluminum with Aqueous Mixtures and Solutions of Selected HE's, Mason and Hanger Silas Mason Company, Inc., Pantex R a n t , Amarillo, Texas. Rept. MHSMP-71-58 (1971). Cook, M. A., and M. T. Abegg, "Isothermal Decomposition of Explosives," Ind. Eng. Chem. 48, 1090-1095 (1956). F r a z e r , J. W., and K. Ernst, Chemical Reactivity Testing of Explosives, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-7438 (1963). Hansson, J . , Ed., Symposium on Chemical P r o b l e m s Connected with Stability of Explosives, 1st. Swedish Detonic R e s e a r c h Foundation, Stockholm (1967); 2nd (1970); 3rd (1973). Lee, E. L . , R. H. Sanborn, and H. D. Stromberg, "Thermal Decomposition of High Explosives at Static P r e s s u r e s 10-50 Kilobars," in P r o c . 5th Symp. (Intern.) on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Va., Rept. ACR-184 (1970), pp. 331-337. Maycock, J. N . , Applications of Thermal AnalysisExplosives and Solid Propellant Ingredients (Martin-Marie1;ta Corp,/Mettler Instrument C o r p . , Baltimore, Md.. 1969), Maycock, J . N . , "Application of Thermal Analysis Methods to the Study of Unstable and Metastable Materials," Thermochim. Acta 4, 309-320 (1972). Maycock, J. M., and V. R. Pai Verneker, "Characterization of T h e r m a l and Photosublimation of Organic Explosives by T h e r m o b a r o g r a v i m e t r i c Techniques," Thermochim, Acta 1, 191-198 (1970). Murray, R, C., and T. E. Cooper, A Method of Measuring Thermal Diffusivitv of High Explosive Materials, Lawrence L i v e r m o r e Laboratory, Rept. UCRL-50827 (1970).
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Rogers, R. N . , "The Simple Microscale Differential Thermal Analysis of Explosives," Microchem. J. 5, 91-99 (1961). Rogers, R. N . , S. K. Yasada, and J. Zinn, "Pyrolysis as an Analytical Tool," Anal. Chem. 32, 672-678 (1960), Schuldt, H, S,, and L, C. Myers, Time-to-Explosion Thermal Initiation Test for Explosives. Mason and HamgerSilas Mason Company, Inc,, Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas (1964). Simmons, H, T . , S r . , The Vacuum Thermal Stability Test for Explosives, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md., Rept. NOL-TR-70-142 (1970). Zinn, J . , and C. L. Mader, "Thermal Initiation of Explosives," J. Appl. Phys. 31, 323-328 (1960).
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Distribution
LLL Internal Distribution Roger E. Batzel R. W. Anderson C. G, Andre P. B. Archibald W. F. Arnold/E. R. McClure R. H. Barlett G, R. Baxter C. F. Bender W. P. Bennett C. W. Berndt E, R. Bissell R. M. Boat G. R, Bokanich W. G. Boyle R. D. Breithaupt G. A, Broadman/C. R. Henry W. L, Burden R. I. Bystroff R. B. Carr J. C. Cast E. Catalano H. Cheung W. E. Clements J. P. Cramer D, F, Cruff V, E. Culler J. D. Deligans H. X, DiGrazia G, L, Dittman B, M. Dobratz R. G. Dong F. S. Eby A. L. Edwards R, E. Elson R. B, Engle K, Ernst J. T. Ewing D. B. Fields M. Finger P . G. Fleming 12/72 K. V. Fordyce H. C. Forsberg J. W. F r a z e r J, L. Freiling S. J. French K, E. Froeschner M. M. Fulk R. Fyfe B. L. Garner L. S. Germain E. Goldberg H. A. Golopol G. L, Goudreau W. C. Grayson L. G. Green R. P. Guarienti M. W. Guinan W. A. Gummer W. H. Gust M. R. Gustavson J. S. Hallam H. G. Hammon R, L, Heckman F . H, Helm G. H, Higgins R. Henry K. G. Hoge B, E. Holder A. C. Holt A. C. Honodel B. L, Hord H. C. Hornig J. R. Humphrey W. S. Inouye W. M. Isbell E, James F. W. Jessen F. P, Johansen C. V. Johnson III M. Kamegai V. N. Karpenko/C. 20-1
10
25
L L L I n t e r n a l D i s t r i b u t i o n (continued) R. N. K e e l e r J. E. K e l l e r H. K. K r u g e r J. W. Kury A. Kusubov J. K. L a n d a u e r E . L. L e e J. K, L e p p e r W. A. Lokke J. W. Lyle A. Maimoni L. L . M a r i n o R. L . M c C l e s k e y C. A. McDonald J. L. McDonnel L. M. McGrew W. R, McKinley G, L, Moody J. L. M o r s e R. L . Morton P . H. Moulthrop J. H, Moyer R. K, Mull ins R. C. M u r r a y R. C. M y e r s W, B, M y e r s W. E . Nelson P , C. Newcomb E. J. Nidick D. C. Oakley R. S. P a i g e H. G. P a l m e r J. M. P a r k e r R. K. P e a r s o n L. E. P e c k H, N, P e r l T. P e r l m a n / G , B. Sabine K, A. P e t e r m a n H. E . Pfeifer R. L, R e m i l l a r d G. W. Repp
JO-2
H. L . Reynolds F. Rienecker K. H, Ristad J. B, Rob is on J. W, Routh S. Sack K. J. S c r i b n e r D, L. Seaton R. W. Seldon W. Selig L. L . Shaw B. L . S h r o y e r D. R. Speck G. G. Staehle D. J. Steinberg J. S. Steller E. A. S t i s s e r R. G. Stone J. R. Stroud C. A. T a t r o C. L . T e e v a n J. F . Tinney A. F , T o d a r o O. A. T v e i t m o e P . A. Urtiew R. E . V a r o s h O. T. Vik K. W, Volkman R. L . Wagner R. L, Waldron F . E . Walker D. H, W a r n e r R. J. W a s l e y R. C. W e i n g a r t H. W e i s s M. L . Wilkins J. R. Wilson F . R. Wondolowsky C. D. Wood R. J . Woodworth D. L . Woods D. L . W o o s t e r 12/72
LLL Internal Distribution (continued) C. L. Wraith M. Zaslaw.-^ky TID File Kxternal Distribution J, Choromokos. Jr. Defense Nuclear Agency Washington. U. C. E. L. Brawley Defense Nuclear Agency Albuquerque, New Mexico P. E. Koentap G, P r a s s i n o s Defense Nuclear Agency Livermore. California J. Bearden S. Wright Holston Army Ammunition Plant Kingsport. Tennessee J. Aragon M. Brooks A. W. Campbell W, Deal E. Eyster W. Meyers A. Popolato R. H. Rogers L. C. Smith R. Spaulding J. Travis W. C. Davis B. Craig P. G. Salgado B. Hayes T. Benziger M. Urizer W. Fickett C. L. Mader J. F . Barnes Library Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico R. Holmberg J. Poison C. Poole J. Kurrlee J. Tash Mason & Hanger - Silas Mason Co., Inc. Burlington, Iowa
J. C. Drummond J. Adams I. Akst R. Bailey A. Duncan R. Dunham J, Higgins L. Myers G. Osborn M. Ott E. Poynor J. Rigdon A. Wilson Mason & Hanger - Silas Mason Co.. Inc. Amarillo. Texas R. Brinkman D. Colman L. Haws P . J. Kiefer Monsanto Research Corporation Miamisburg, Ohio D. Anderson H. Barnett W. Benedict B. Grumley J. C. King E. Kjelgaard J. Marron C. H. Mauldin C. McCampbell T. Tucker J. Weber Library Sandia Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico G. Anderson C. R. Barncord C. Schoenfelder B. Worden D. Gregson L. Guiterrez R. Meinken Library Sandia Laboratories Livermore, California D. M. Z i m m e r V. Calbi Air Force Systems Command Eglin Air Force Base Florida H. F r a z i e r Ammunition P r o c u r e m e n t and Supply Agency Joliet, Illinois
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External Distribution (continued) S. Taylor R. Eichelberger R. Karpp P. Howe Ballistic Research Laboratories Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland A. M. Weston William M, Brobeck and Associates Berkeley, California G. Dorough R. Thorkelsen Department of Defense, Research & Engineering Washington, D. C. R. Roberts Office of Naval Research Washington, D. C.
J . Hershkowitz H. Matsaguma L . Saffian R. Walker N. Slagg H. F a i r P i catinny Arsenal
J. Bell U, S, Atomic Energy Commission Berkeley. California C. H. Smith Bendix Corporation Kansas City, Missouri H. Kite Union Carbide Corporation Oak Ridge, Tennessee Manager U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Albuquerque. New Mexico L G. Gwillim Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Aldermaston, Reading England C. A. Beck Explosives R e s e a r c h and Development Establishment Waltham Abbey, E s s e x England N. Griffiths Royal Armament R e s e a r c h & Development Establishment Fort Halstead, Kent England J. A. Bell Defense R e s e a r c h & Development Staff British Embassy Washington, D. C. D, B. Janisch Atomic Coordinating Office British Embassy Washington, D. C. Teclinical Information Center Oak Ridge, Tennessee
H. D. N. R. B. U.
Gryting Lind Rumpp Sewall Stott S. Naval Ordnance Test Station China Lake, California
A. Amster B. D r i m m e r R. Beauregard Naval Ordnance Systems Command Washington, D. C. J. Osborne Air Force Weapons Laboratory Kirtland AFB, New Mexico VJE/md/lc
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NOTICb "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government Neither the United States nor the United States Atomic Inergy Commission, nor any ot their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors or their employees, makes any warranty express or implied or assumes any legal liability or responsibility lor the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any inlorniation, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not intringe privatelyowned rights'"
W GPO 790-202
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