Functional English

Vaman Deshmukh

Functional English

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BASIC ENGLISH STRUCTURE

This chapter contains the basic information of English structure grammar including parts of speech; helping verbs forms of be have and do; forms of main verbs etc!

Parts of Speech
Parts of "peech are kinds of #ords! The$ are divided into eight categories based on their usage! Noun % noun is the name of a person animal thing or place! E!g! &avi is pursuing '(% in )&'!! *e sa# a group of foreigners in the vehicle! The cro#d #as ver$ big! %l#a$s speak the truth! +ur class consists of ,- students! %PE. has man$ branches in )$derabad and abroad! Tenali &aman #as famous for his #isdom! .leanliness is ne/t to 0odliness! The class is stud$ing grammar! 1ion is called as the king of 2ungle! Pronoun % pro-noun is a #ord used instead of a noun! 0iven belo# are the common pronouns in English! 3 *e 4ou )e '$ +ur 4our )is 'e 5s 4our )im "ther Pronouns This That These Those etc E!g! The$ #ere going at a speed of 11- kmph! )ere is $our book take it a#a$! *hen 3 sa# the child it #as cr$ing! 4ou began the 6uarrel not me! )is sister is m$ colleague! "ome sa$ he is ver$ intelligent! These are m$ best friends! 'an$ of them #ere %mericans! Did $ou ask an$bod$ to come7 "omebod$ has stolen m$ #atch! Ever$one kno#s his position! %n$bod$ can participate in the contest! "he )er )er 3t 3ts 3t The$ Their Them

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A#$ecti%e %n ad-ject-ive gives additional information of noun; it 6ualifies a noun! 3t ans#ers the 6uestion ho# is the sub2ect or the ob2ect! E!g! "he is a slim beautiful smart girl! The scre# is loose tighten it! The "un is red the Earth is blue The cra8$ gu$ #as shouting in the road! *here are m$ ne# shoes7 )e #as absent last #eek! &a2u #on the second pri8e! 'ain road leads to the station! 1ook at that la8$ foolish fello#! The old #oman lives in a small hut! &er' % verb sho#s an action or a condition! E!g! 9rishna #as s#imming in the river! .haitan$a #as not doing the #ork! Fresh batch #ill begin from 'arch 1st! 4ou must practice 1"&* regularl$! *e have an opening in our marketing department! Do not use cell phones in the lab! The results have been declared! )e tried again and again! *e #ill get back to $ou soon! T:shirts don;t look good for a professional! (a2a2 bikes give best mileage! "he came to office rather late toda$! A#%er' %n ad-verb as its name itself sho#s describes a verb; 3t ans#ers the 6uestions like #hen ho# #here an action took place! 3n English an adverb normall$ ends in <l$! E!g! "he #as #alking slo#l$ in the road! Finall$ 3ndia #on the e/citing match! Tr$ again tr$ again if $ou don;t succeed! *e #oke up ver$ earl$! 4ou are trul$ a ver$ smart gal! 3 surel$ e/pect him tomorro#! The patient is breathing rapidl$! "he spoke to me nicel$! Do not #alk so fast! %re $ou going so immediatel$7

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Preposition % pre-position is placed before a noun and it sho#s the relationship bet#een t#o nouns! E!g! The book is on the table! )is cousin lives on (ank "treet! Do not run in the road! The$ #ill reach the venue at > +; clock! 3 can do an$thing for $ou! The train travels from )$derabad to 'umbai! The trainer has been #orking here since ,--1! The bab$ is cr$ing for an hour! The reception #ill be on ?ovember ,,! The$ #ill come to 3ndia in @anuar$ ,-1-! Con$unction % con-junction connects t#o nouns or t#o clauses! E!g! %nd +r 3f (ut "o (ecause etc E!g! @$oti and "#ati are "hrikant;s sisters! Dhoni hit a boundar$ because it #as full toss ball! *ait here till 3 come back! *alk 6uickl$ else $ou #ill miss the train! 3 like him because he is honest! 4ou #ill get the pri8e if $ou #ork hard! 3 #aited till the train arrived! )arr$ failed because he #as idle! *ork hard other#ise $ou #ill fail! "eeta is tall but 9amala is taller! .ats can climb trees ho#ever dogs cannot! 4ou must start at once other#ise $ou #ill be late! Inter$ection %n Inter-jection is a single #ord e/clamation; it takes an e/clamator$ mark ABC at the end and is a complete sentence in itself! E!g! %lasB )o# poor the child isB Pit$B "he is so hungr$B (ravoB 1et;s do it manB )elloB *hat on Earth are $ou doing there7 %lasB )e is deadB )urrahB *e have #on the gameB %hB )ave the$ gone7 )ushB Don;t make noise!

(in#s of Sentences

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"entences are of four t$pes based on the purpose of their use! The$ can be positive or negative! % negative sentence contains an$ one #ord out ofE no not nobod$ no one none nothing never no#here neither: nor etc! 3n the follo#ing e/amples starred AFC sentences are negative ones! ?ormall$ e/clamations are not possible in negative form! State)ents 'eant to give information! The$ have a full stop A!C at the end! E!g! (arack +bama is the president of the 5!"!%! Dinosaurs e/isted a million $ears ago! F&eliance 0"' is not available in %!P! F4ou have to get through 3:.ET for doing '(%! *uestions Meant to ask information. They have a question mark (?) at the end. E!g! *here is m$ laptop7 Do $ou have 1--- &s! change7 F*h$ don;t $ou 2oin a good g$m7 FDon;t $ou kno# the importance of practice7 "r#ers 'eant to tell someone to do something; the$ are order and re6uest! The$ have a full stop A!C at the end! E!g! 0o straight and turn left in third lane! Please get me t#o .Ds from the market! F?ever open unkno#n e:mails on %pril 1st! FPlease don;t tease the poor child! E+cla)ations 'eant to e/press sudden feelings like #onder love happiness 2o$ anger pit$ sorro# etc! The$ have an e/clamator$ mark ABC at the end! E!g! *o#B *hat a great shotB %lasB The poor girl lost ever$thingB *hat a great victor$ 3ndia recordedB )o# gracefull$ the artiste performedB

Helping &er's
He pin! verb as the name itself sho#s helps main verb to make different tenses #ithout changing their meaning! E!g! 1! &ahul came to college on bike! ("imp e #resent Tense) (#ast $ontinuous Tense) ("imp e #resent Tense) ("imp e #resent Tense) ,! &ahul #as coming to college on bike! =! &ahul can come to college on bike! D! &ahul should come to college on bike!

Be, Ha%e, Can an# -o

These are the most important #ords in English! The verbs like be% have and do are used both as he pin! verbs and as main verbs! Their forms are as follo#sE Be (e sho#s a state or a con#ition! 3t tells $ou that something G somebod$ is in e/istence! %s helping verb it is used to make Continuous Tenses!

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For)s of Be
Tense
Present

For)
%m 3s %re *as *ere *ill (e (een (e

.eaning in /our .other tongue

Use# 0ith
3 he she it "ingular ?oun *e $ou the$ Plural ?oun 3 he she it "ingular ?oun #e $ou the$ Plural ?oun %ll %ll %ll

Past Future Perfect "ther

E!g! 3 am an '! "c! in computer science! 3 am #orking in ).1 since @anuar$ this $ear! )e is reall$ a ver$ interesting chap! "he is cleaning the dining table! The$ are all %merican citi8ens! .ell phone #as a ver$ big thing ten $ears ago! The cat #as sleeping in the galler$! 1ittle children #ere read$ for drill! *e #ere traveling to Vi8ag last 'onda$! Tirupati #ill be our ne/t destination! The #hole of 3ndia #ill be speaking English! 3 have been to Pondicher$ a fe# times! )e can be a good English speaker b$ practice! )e should be a good programmer ne/t $ear! Ha%e )ave as helping verb is used to make perfect tenses!

For)s of Ha%e
For) )ave Present )as Past )ad E!g! The$ have gone out since morning! '$ cousin has left the 2ob to go abroad! )e has spoken to me about the matter! 3 had #atched the movie long back! The internet connection has broken do#n! "he has settled in her 2ob in %ustralia! Tense Use# 0ith 3 *e 4ou The$ Plural ?oun )e "he 3t "ingular ?oun %ll

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-o do as helping verb is used to make 1uestions and negati%e sentences, onl$ in simple present and simple past tenses #hen there in no Be or Can form in the sentence!

For)s of -o
For) Use# 0ith Do 3 *e 4ou The$ Plural ?oun Present Does )e "he 3t "ingular ?oun Past Did %ll E!g! 3 kno#! 3 don;t kno#! 4ou kno#! Do $ou kno#7 )e doesn;t kno# an$thing! "he #ent to college! "he did not go to college! Did she go to college7 Can .an !roup has the #ords like can could should #ould ma$ might must have to dare need to etc! "ee Chapter no! 2 Helping &er's for more details! Tense

For)s of .ain &er's 'ain verbs are action verbs! The$ need above mentioned helping verbs to make different
tenses! 'ain verbs themselves have different forms used for different tenses as follo#sE

For)s of .ain &er's

For) "imple Present Tense "imple Past Tense %ll Perfect Tenses %ll .ontinuous Tenses Co#e V1 Vs V, V= Ving Use# 0ith 3 #e $ou the$ Plural ?oun he she it "ingular ?oun %ll nouns and pronouns %ll nouns and pronouns %ll nouns and pronouns E+a)ple 0o 0oes *ent 0one 0oing

So)e E+a)ples all for)s of .ain &er's

&3 0o .ome Eat Do 0et 'ake "peak &s goes comes eats does gets makes &4 #ent came ate did got made &5 gone come eaten done got made &ing going coming eating doing getting making

speaks spoke

spoken speaking

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TENSES
Tense an# Ti)e
Time is infinite! 3n fact there are onl$ t#o times: past and future! *hat #e call present is onl$ a thin line that divides the past and the future; ho#ever #e define the duration of present according to the situation! Tenses are divisions of time made for the convenience of language! There are three ma2or Tenses as follo#sE

(ased on the use tenses can be again be divided into four t$pes! &emember these are not further divisions of present% past and future tenses; instead the$ are %ariants of the threeE

&emember all these tenses are not used in 3ndian "poken English! 1et us understand all these one b$ one!

SI.PLE TENSES

Si)ple Present Tense "I V1GVs "I doGdoesI notI V1 doGdoesI "I V1 doGdoesI notI "I V1 USAGE To sho& '. "cientific ( universa truths% ). Habits% *. #rofessions% +. ,atura facts% -. .enera facts% norma course of ife etc E!g! 3! The sun rises in the east 3f $ou put oil into #ater it floats! 4! 3 #ork out in g$m three da$s a #eek! "an2a$ goes for a morning #alk ever$da$! 5! '$ father is a senior @ournalist! "#ati is the personnel 'anager in 3.3.3 (ank! 6! These plants flo#er in earl$ summer! The stars t#inkle brightl$ at no:moon night! 7! 4ou look #orld of beautiful in blue dress! T#o and t#o make four! 'an$ people drink black coffee!

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5gadi comes once in a $ear! "ome people #ork 15 hours a da$! )er e$es remind me of her mother! (irds build nests in trees! "akshi;s skin gets dr$ in #inter! 4esh#antpur e/press leaves at J!15 pm! "ome chaps lack self:confidence; some others are over confident! 4ou #ant a good slap no#! 3 am an 3ndian citi8en b$ birth! 'an$ people do not go for a morning #alk! )e is the best emplo$ee in our staff! $urd-rice and man!o pick e is m$ favourite food! The$ are all soft#are professionals! 4ou are m$ best friend ever trul$! 3 go to #atch cinema in theatres ver$ rarel$! The$ take lemon:tea and muffins sometimes! .hildren look ver$ cute in $ello# clothes! Do $ou #ant to read toda$;s ne#spaper7 Does he #ork out in g$m regularl$7 Do the$ have an$ manners7 *h$ do $ou #ork till late hours on computer7 '$ boss is reall$ a #orkaholic gu$! Si)ple Past Tense "I V, "I did notI V1 USAGE To sho& an action (condition in the past. E!g! 3 #ent to the 5" and .anada man$ times! "he sang a ver$ melodious song at the part$! The operator did a lot of #ork in ten hours! "ome people ran a#a$ from the accident site! "he put salt into tea b$ mistake! 1ong long ago there #as a #ood cutter! )er e$es filled #ith tears! The e/pert thoroughl$ checked the machine! The$ married four $ears back! The t#o #ere not a ver$ good couple! Press reporters gathered round 'ahesh (abu! didI "I V1 didI "I notI V1

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"he #as not interested to see $ou! 3 did not give an$ tip to #aiter! )e did not #ork at 'umbai till no#! 'eeting #as over and all #ent off! "onia got up rather late toda$! 3 ble# out the candle before sleeping! %bout 15- participants #ere present for the programme! )e al#a$s carried a pen K a diar$ #ith him! 'other sang me sleep ever$ night #hen 3 #as a bab$! @$oti purchased a do8en and a half pomegranates! Si)ple Future Tense "I#illIV1 "I#ill notIV1 USAGE To sho& an action ( state in the future. E!g! 3 #ill speak in fluent English ver$ soon! &a2nikant #ill launch his ne/t movie in @une -J! '$ famil$ #ill go to .anada ne/t $ear! 4ou #ill get #ell in a couple of da$s! 3 #ill 2oin the compan$ #ithin =- da$s! These shoes #ill last for more than t#o $ears! The shop #ill remain open on "unda$! "he #ill never respond m$ phone! 'anagement #ill appoint a ne# receptionist soon! The E"PD batch #ill come to an end on 'arch 15! Deccan .hargers #ill surel$ #in 3P1 cup this time! 'angos #ill be cheap this $ear! "I#illIV1 "I#illIV1

C"NTINU"US TENSES

Present Continuous Tense "I amGisGareI Ving "I amGisGareI notI Ving amGisGareI "I Ving amGisGareI "I notI Ving USAGE ') To sho& an action that is !oin! on &hi e speakin!% )) To sho& future p an E!g! 3! % lot of people #ere talking at a time! 4! &aghu is going to %ustralia this #eek! ''T" local trains are running late these da$s!

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.ounsellor is speaking to #alk:in en6uir$! '$ #atch is gaining G losing time! 'obile call rates are coming cheaper! The$ all are #orking on a government pro2ect! .omputers are becoming cheaper and faster! "he is t$ping at a speed of 8- #pm! 3 am #orking in T." at Pune at present! 4our hands are feeling cold! &a2shekhar is learning ne# languages! Past Continuous Tense "I#asG#ereIVing "I#asG#ereInotIVing #asG#ereI"IVing USAGE To sho& an action that &as !oin! on in the past. E!g! 3 #as #orking in (angaluru at that time! &a2shree #as drivin! her ne# Tata 3ndica $esterda$! .ounsellors #ere #orking on "unda$ too! The 'P= pla$er #as not running properl$! 3 #as speaking to m$ Tall$ facult$ $esterda$! 9ids #ere do8ing ever$ no# and then in the program! .haitan$a #as talking on phone the #hole night! "pecial officer #as asking 6uestions to me! Vehicles #ere running slo# due to traffic! Pri$a #as #orking hard to complete the pro2ect! Future Continuous Tense S 8 0ill 'e 8 &ing 8!!! USAGE To sho& an action that &i be !oin! on in the future. E!g! Tendulkar #ill be pla$ing in ,-1- #orld cup! The gardener #ill be #atering the plants! "he #ill be en2o$ing the vacations! 4ou #ill be #orking in an '?. ne/t $ear! #asG#ereI"InotIVing

PERFECT TENSES

Perfect tenses take 9ha%e for): along #ith past participle AV=C! The$ are used to sho# an action that is complete and the effect of the action is on! &emember there are no e6uivalents for English perfect tenses in Te u!u.

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Therefore most of the times onl$ Si)ple Past Tense is used in Te u!u for Si)ple Past, Present Perfect an# Past perfect Tenses in English! 3magine a situation that $our father goes out at J o; clock! %t 1- o; clock somebod$ phones for him! 4ou receive the call and sa$ L'$ father has gone out!M APresent Perfect TenseC $our father comes at 11 o; clock and again the same person phones! Then $our father receives the call and sa$s! L3 had gone out!MAPast Perfect TenseC Present perfect Tense "IhaveGhasIV= "IhaveGhasInotIV= E!g! '$ father has gone out #ould $ou #ait7 Don;t #orr$ 3 have had m$ lunch! 3 have put five litres of petrol in the bike! &ealt$ market has risen again! The Director has called a meeting! The librarian has allo#ed us to use librar$! (e serious $ou have become a father no#! The kids have got cold! The famil$ has purchased a ne# car! *inter has come earlier this $ear! Past perfect tense S 8 ha# 8 &58!!! E!g! *hen 3 reached station the train had left! 3 had made him a call at J!=-! *e had reached ver$ earl$! The doctor had given me these medicines! The staff had gone for #eekend celebrations! 3 had lived in Pune for five $ears in 1JJH! Future perfect Tense S 8 0ill ha%e 8 &5 8!!! E!g! )e #ill have saved ,- lakh &upees b$ ,-1,! The batch #ill have started on 15th this month! )e #ill have got home b$ no#! 'an$ people #ill have purchased =0 phones! haveGhasI"IV= haveGhasI"InotIV=

PERFECT C"NTINU"US TENSES

These tenses are used identicall$ #ith continuous tenses! )o#ever #hen $ou mention the startin! time or the duration of an action perfect continuous tenses are preferred! The constructions are as follo#sE Present Perfect continuous Tense S 8ha%e ; has 'een 8 &ing 8!!! E!g! .hildren have been pla$ing since morning! *e all have been #aiting for the part$ for long!

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)e has been going to college since 'onda$! "he has been surfing ?et since earl$ morning! The$ have been #aiting for intervie#s for hours! )e has been #orking for 15 hours no#:a:da$s! Past Perfect continuous Tense S 8 ha# 'een 8 &ing 8!!! E!g! "#eets:vendor had been #alking all the da$! 3t had been raining continuousl$ all da$! "tudents had been stud$ing for a long time! 4our son had been cutting school for t#o months! Future Perfect continuous Tense S 8 0ill ha%e 'een 8 &ing 8!!! E!g! 3 #ill have been earning in seven figures after ,-1,!

Tenses at a Glance
Tenses
"imple Present "imple Past "imple Future Present .ontinuous Past .ontinuous Future .ontinuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect Present Perfect .ontinuous Past Perfect .ontinuous Future Perfect .ontinuous

Construction State)ent
"I V1GVs "I V, "I #illI V1 "I amGisGareI Ving "I #asG#ereI Ving "I #ill beI Ving "I haveGhasI V= "I hadI V= "I #ill haveI V= "I hasGhaveI beenI Ving "I had beenI Ving "I #ill have beenI Ving

Negati%e State)ent
"I doGdoesI notI V1 "I did notI V1 "I #ill notI V1 "I amGisGareI notI Ving "I #asG#ereI notI Ving "I #ill not beI Ving "I haveGhasI notI V= "I had notI V= "I #ill not haveI V= "I hasGhaveI notI beenI Ving "I had not beenI Ving "I #ill not have beenI Ving

*uestion
doGdoesI "I V1 didI "I V1 #illI "I V1 amGisGareI "I Ving #asG#ereI "I Ving #illI "I beI Ving haveGhasI "I V= hadI "I V= *illI "I haveI V= hasGhaveI "I beenI Ving )adI "I beenI

Negati%e *uestion
doGdoesI notI "I V1 didI "I notI V1 *on;tI "I V1 amGisGareI "I notI Ving #asG#ereI "I notI Ving #illI "I not beI Ving haveGhasI "I notI V= hadI "I notI V= *illI "I have notI V= hasGhaveI "I notI beenI Ving )adI "I not beenI Ving #illI "I not have beenI Ving

Ving #illI "I have beenI Ving

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STATE.ENTS
"tatement is the first and the basic kind of sentence and has a variet$ of uses! 3t is meant to give information! 3t has both positive and negative forms! % statement has a full stop A!C at the end!

Positi%e State)ents
3 completed (! Tech! in ,--H from @?T5! 3 can speak English Telugu and )indi ver$ #ell! 3 am #orking in 3nfos$s as an %sst! Programmer! 3 #ant a bit more challenging 2ob no#! "he is one of m$ best students ever! "he goes to her office on 4o:($ke! The$ #ill come here in a #hile! (lue and $ello# are m$ favourite colours! Fresh batches start on ever$ alternative 'onda$! Person is more important than propert$! 0olkonda Fort is a great place to visit! This is the best shop for leather articles! People should be loved things should be used! %PE. is an 3"+ J--1E,--- recogni8ed compan$! Duel "3' phones have become ver$ common no#! '$ secretar$ #ill get back to $ou soon! .omputer is necessar$ ever$#here toda$! 3ndia has a big market in retail 3ndustr$! )$derabad is among the biggest cities in the #orld! P! V! ?arsimha &ao #as a great #riter as #ell! LVM is the ,,nd letter in English alphabets! (od$ language is an important part of communication! )uman brain is far more po#erful than computer! (arking dogs seldom bite! Too man$ cooks spoil the broth! "mile is the cheapest happiness in life! Face is the inde/ of mind! % friend in need is a friend indeed! Earl$ to bed earl$ to rise makes @ack health$ #ealth$ and #ise! 'an is the most intelligent animal on the Earth!

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The #ord #hose pronunciation is is is a helping verb!

Negati%e State)ents
3 don;t kno# #here he #ent! 3 don;t have e/perience in +racle platform! 3 can;t attend the part$ as 3 have office #ork! 3 don;t feel so #ell toda$! 4ou can;t do it #ithout m$ help! 4ou never told me the truth of the matter! 4ou should not use cell phone in lab or in class! )e didn;t eat an$thing since morning! )e didn;t come on time $esterda$! )e is not interested in (P+G .all .entre 2obs! "he #ill not accept the offer at this lo# salar$! "he doesn;t like #atching cricket matches! 3t is not m$ mistake it;s $ours! The$ do not have proper 6ualification! The$ are not interested in business! '$ friend is not so tall and slender! '$ brother is not #orking in that compan$ no#! Touch screen panels are not so useful! "ome chaps never look happ$! "tudents should not bunk classes! Plastic bags are not good for environment! ?obod$ brought lunch:bo/ toda$! Pollution is not good for health! 3: Phone is not so successful in 3ndia! The man is not good in nature! %ll that glitters is not gold! (lack colour is not used in interior decoration! ?obod$ in the #orld is 1--N perfect! ?ormall$ no sentence in English begins #ith because because because is a con2unction!

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*UESTI"NS
Ouestion is the second t$pe of sentence! 3t is used #hen $ou #ant to ask information! 3t has a 6uestion mark A7C at the end!

Ouestions are of t#o t$pesE /erba 0uestions and 1h- questions! &er'al 1uestion begins #ith a helping and its ans#er is yes or no. <h= 1uestion begins #ith a *h: #ord and its ans#er is descriptive! % 6uestion can be positive or ne!ative! % 6uestion must have a helping verb i!e! an$ form of be% have% can or do! 3n simp e present and simp e past tenses #hen there in no helping verb (be% can) in the sentence proper forms of do (do% does% did) are used!

&er'al *uestions
E!g! Do $ou kno#7 G Don;t $ou kno#7 Do the$ come here regularl$7 Do $ou have the necessar$ 6ualification7 Do these t#o colours match7 Do the 2eans come in militar$ colour7 Don;t $ou understand this simple thing7 Don;t $ou have an$ common sense7 Does he eat non:veg food on 'onda$7 Does she #ork in Photoshop or in .orelDra#7 Did $ou meet 'ahesh (abu ever7 Did she phone $ou at that time7 Did $ou receive m$ message7 %m 3 not eligible for the position7 3s he reall$ interested in the pro2ect7 3s it more important than $our career7 %re $ou not telling the truth7 %re $ou coming here straight from the station7 %re $ou still #orking in the same compan$7 *as he present $esterda$7 *ere $ou going to (ig (a8aar7 *ill $ou come to receive me at "ecunderabad station7 *ill the$ have reached there7

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*ill $ou do this7 .an $ou do this7 "hould 3 do this7 .an $ou tell me something about $ourself7 .an 3ndia be a developed nation in the ne/t ,- $ears7 .an $ou tell me some negative 6uestion e/amples7 "hall #e start the session no#7 "hould 3 sign here in this bo/7 "hould 3 clean the room for $ou7

<h= *uestions
<hat E!g! *hat are $our hobbies and interests7 *hat is the price of this book7 *hat is the difference bet#een $ou and me7 *hat did he tell $ou about me7 *hat is the specialt$ of ne# Pulsar DT":"i7 *hat do $ou like to do on "unda$s7 *hat do $ou #ant to purchase here7 *hat is the meaning of this sentence7 *hat #ill $ou do tomorro#7 *hat is $our ultimate goal in life7 *hat is she doing at present7 *hat do $ou think &ahul can do no#7 <hen Aat #hat timeC E!g! *hen #ill $ou come home7 *hen #ill $ou come out of the bathroom7 *hen does she chat #ith $ou normall$7 *hen did $ou leave the compan$7 *hen did $ou meet each other first7 *hen do these children pla$ and en2o$7 *hen did $ou get the ne#s7 *hen should 3 e/pect $our call7 3f appointed #hen can $ou 2oin7 *hen are $ou starting $our no# business7 1h- &ords are :*hat #hen #here #ho #hom #hose #hich #h$ ho# ho# much and ho# man$! +ut of them 1hat and 1hich are the most important ones! 4ou can replace all the other #ords b$ these t#o!

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<here Aat #hich placeC E!g! *here is the leather belt 3 bought $esterda$7 *here shall #e meet tomorro#7 *here did $ou keep m$ specs7 *here should 3 keep m$ bag7 *here have m$ ke$s gone7 *here did $ou meet such interesting chap7 *here #ill $ou go for ne/t #eekend celebration7 *here e/actl$ is )$derabad .entral located7 *here #ill all these poor people go7 *here did $ou bu$ this 'PD pla$er7 <h/ Afor #hatC E!g! *h$ do $ou lie al#a$s7 *h$ does she go in bus #hen she has "coot$7 *h$ did 4ogesh commit suicide7 *h$ do $ou look so gloom$7 *h$ are the people angr$ #ith him7 *h$ did $ou 2oin E"PD course7 *h$ did $ou go there #ithout m$ permission7 *h$ didn;t $ou come $esterda$7 *h$ don;t $ou keep 6uite7 *h$ aren;t $ou interested in reading novels7 <ho A#hich personC ?ormall$ Do forms (2o% 2oes% 2id) are not necessar$ in Who 6uestions in spoken English! E!g! *ho &i ( can ( shou d do this7 *ho is $our role model7 *ho is the present Prime 'inister of 3ndia7 *ho is coming7 G *ho are coming7 *ho brought such rotten fruits7 *ho can go in grave$ard alone7 *ho s#itched the lights on7 *ho designed such a lovel$ #ebsite7 *ho live in this building7 *ho likes $ou ver$ much7 <ho) Ato #hich personC E!g! *hom do $ou #ant to vote this time7

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*hom #ill $ou consult no#7 *hom did $ou ask the address7 *hom should #e meet in the meeting7 *hom do $ou like most7 *hom #ill $ou save from danger first: #ife or mother7 *hom are $ou telling this7 *hom #ill the first pri8e go to7 <hose Aof #hich personC E!g! *hose advice do $ou take in problem7 *hose bag is l$ing here suspiciousl$7 *hose stud$ material do $ou follo#7 *hose help had $ou taken for the pro2ect7 *hose house is there in 9()P7 *hose mobile #as lost at the part$7 *hose voice is the s#eetest one here7 *hose brother studies in 9V7 <hich E!g! *hich languages can $ou speak7 *hich T;#ood %ctor do $ou like most7 *hich compan$ launched mobile service in 3ndia first7 *hich movie are $ou #atching7 *hich ne#spaper do $ou read regularl$7 +n #hich platform #ill Padmavati E/press come7 *hich ice:cream should 3 eat7 *hich hotel shall #e go7 *hich team do $ou pla$ for7 *hich is $our children;s school7 Ho0 A#hatPC E!g! )o# do $ou feel no#7 )o# is $our friend no#7 )o# does $our fiancQ look like7 )o# can $ou t$pe so fast #ithout mistakes7 )o# do $ou #ork for so long time7 )o# did $ou come to kno# about this7 )o# #as the climate in "imla last summer7 )o# did $ou guess that 3 #as coming7 )o# does the machine #ork7

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)o# did $ou learn English so 6uickl$7 Ho0 )uch an# Ho0 )an/ A*hatPC

Ho0 )uch is used to form 6uestions of uncountab e nouns like all li6uids all fine things like sand sugar

food grains land cloth most grocer$ items etc! 3t takes singular noun and singular %er'! Ho0 )an/ is used to form 6uestions of countab e nouns like buses buildings people books cities

feelings etc! 3t takes plural noun and plural %er'! Ho0 )uch E!g! )o# much is $our present .T.7 )o# much salar$ do $ou e/pect7 )o# much land does a man need7 )o# much cloth is re6uired for se#ing a shirt7 )o# much mone$ did $ou lose in the business7 )o# much rent can $ou pa$ for a ,()9 flat7 )o# much does the service cost7 )o# much mone$ #ill the$ ask7 )o# much sugar do $ou take in tea7 )o# much time #ill it take to make Dosa7 )o# much oil should 3 put in pickle7 )o# much hair is there on bald head7 Ho0 )an/ E!g! )o# man$ siblings do $ou have7 )o# man$ clothes #ill $ou #ash toda$7 )o# man$ guests had come last evening7 )o# man$ flights take off from )$derabad ever$da$7 )o# man$ times should 3 e/plain this to $ou7 )o# man$ times did $ou take the e/amination7 )o# man$ bricks a truck can carr$7 )o# man$ T:shirts do $ou have7 )o# man$ theatres ma$ be there in )$derabad7 )o# man$ s$stems the lab has7 )o# man$ $ears passed since the independence7 )o# man$ flats are there in this building7 Ho0 8> A*hatPC 4ou can also form 6uestions b$ using )o#I an$ of on!% &ide% deep% ta % far% ar!e etc #ithout using 3much4! E!g! )o# ta ( o d are $ou7 )o# long should 3 #ait for $ou7 E )eight E Time

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)o# long #ill $ou shop7 )o# long is a Tata bus7 )o# #ide is this road7 )o# #ide is the room7 )o# deep is the #ell7 )o# deep is the #ater in tank bund7 )o# far is Dilsukhnagar from "& ?agar7 )o# far is $our office from here7 )o# tall is the building %dit$a Enclave7 )o# high is the plane fl$ing7 )o# large #as the ship Titanic7 )o# heav$ is this bo/7 )o# often do $ou see each other7

E Time E 1ength E *idth E *idth E Depth E Depth E Distance E Distance E )eight E )eight E "i8e E *eight E Fre6uenc$

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"R-ERS
+rder is the third t$pe of sentence! 3t is used #hen $ou #ant to tell someone to do something! 3t has a full stop A!C at the end!

+rders are t#o t$pesE 3! +rder Aor $ommand) and 4! 5equest! ?ormall$ orders begin #ith main verb ?&3@! +rders have both positive and negative forms!

Positi%e "r#ers &38 >

E!g! Think again! Turn on G Put on G "#itch on the fan! Turn off G Put off G "#itch off G Put out the light! Put out college uniform and put on these trousers! *ash these pants inside out and dr$ in shade! (e#are of pickpockets! .ome on gu$s get into the car! Fill up this form and sign at the end! Tell me #hat $our problem is! .ome for#ard a bit and stand on the line! .lose the #indo# and dra# the bolt! Turn off TV and listen to me! 9eep $our phones on silent mode! 1ook both #a$s before crossing the road!

Negati%e or#ers -onAt8 &38 >

Don;t #orr$ about me! Don;t come here again! Don;t use pen:drives in lab s$stems! Don;t leave the front door open! Don;t bring those mudd$ shoes inside! Don;t take $our boss;s anger on $our #ife! ?ever #ipe $our nose on shirt! ?ever get disappointed! ?ever bribe an$ government emplo$ee! ?ever 6uarrel #ith $our true friend! ?ever cr$ in public place! ?ever trust a stranger in 2ourne$!

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Use of Let
1et me think a #hile! 1et him stud$ English first! Don;t let minors in bar! The shirt is still a bit #et let it dr$ properl$! 1et;s go to ?T& garden this evening! 1et her parents choose her life partner! 1et;s understand simple present tense first! 1et them go to hell; 3 #ill do #hat 3 #ant!

Re1uests
1! Please8 &38 >
Please do this #ork for me! Please for#ard this mail to all $our friends! Please delete all the !t/t files in '$ Documents! Please scratch the coupon to see the recharge number! Please tr$ to understand me! Please don;t go a#a$ from me! Please do not #alk on the grass! Please don;t laugh at the lame! Please do not respond this mail! Don;t get angr$ dude please!

4! Coul# /ou8 &38 > ; <oul# /ou8 &38 >

*ould G could $ou tell me about $our previous 2ob7 *ould G could $ou sho# me $our documents7 .ould $ou pass me the salt and pepper please7 .ould $ou e/cuse us for a #hile7 .ould $ou please bring me an &G* DVD7 *ould $ou kindl$ dra# the curtain7 .ould $ou lend me $our car tomorro#7 .ould $ou staple these papers7 .ould $ou knot the tie for me7 .ould $ou start $our laptop7 .ould $ou mind m$ luggage #hile 3 get the ticket7 .ould $ou hold this bag for a #hile7 .ould $ou tell me #here the post office is7 .ould $ou send me $our close:up photograph7

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Functional English

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EBCLA.ATI"NS
E/clamation is the fourth kind of sentence! 3t is meant to e/press sudden feelings like ove% happiness% joy &onder% pity% fear% an!er% sorro& etc! 3t has an e/clamator$ mark ABC at the end!

E/clamator$ sentence is formed normall$ #ith an$ one #ord out of &hat and ho&! The constructions for an e/clamator$ sentence areE

What+ a/ an+ adj+ noun+ How+ adj / adv+ noun+ E!g! *hat a lovel$ garmentB *hat an e/cellent facult$ "an2eev isB *hat a lovel$ nose she hasB *hat a big victor$ 3ndia recorded in T:,-B *hat a foolish gu$B *hat an impressive personalit$ he possessesB )aB *hat a surprise $ou gave usB 0reatB *hat a clever studentB *o#B *hat a nice beachB *hat a great countr$ 'auritius isB *hat an idea "ir2eeB )o# e/citing the game #asB )o# mudd$ 3ndian politics isB )o# brave 3ndian %rm$ isB )o# cra8il$ $our friend behavedB )o# cruell$ the villain kills the childB )o# cute $our bab$ looksB )o# dirt$ thoughts $ou have in $our mindB )o# 6uickl$ the da$s passedB )o# cold $our hands feelB )o# fat $ou have gro#nB )o# thin $ou have becomeB

E+cla)ations can also 'e for)e# 0ith so/ such a/ such an

'$ boss is so kind manB

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3 am so proud of m$ spouseB 4ou are so la8$ to get up so lateB @agdish is such a fantastic gu$B 4ou kno# m$ father is such a great manB .ooking lemon rice is such a boring 2obB 9asata ice:cream is so delicious in tasteB .hatting on phone is such #astage of timeB +hB &ahul is such an idiot chapB "he is such a charming actressB "hitB The$ are such roguesB 'umbai is such a great cit$ to #ork inB

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NEGATI&E SENTENCES
%s $ou have studied till no# sentences are of four kinds! +ut of them statements% 6rders and questions have both positive and negative forms! 78c amations are normall$ not possible in negative form! % negative sentence contains an$ #ord out of no% not% nothin!% no&here% never% none% no one% no body etc!

A''re%iations of Negati%e For)s of Helping &er's

Helping &er' am not are not can not could not did not do not does not had not has not A''re%iation aren;t aren;t can;t couldn;t didn;t don;t doesn;t hadn;t hasn;t Helping &er' have not is not ma$ not must not shall not should not #as not #ere not #ill not A''re%iation haven;t isn;t ma$n;t mustn;t shan;t shouldn;t #asn;t #eren;t #on;t

Negati%e State)ents
E!g! 3 am not interested in 2obs in %ustralia! 3ndia is not a poor countr$! )e ma$ not accept such offers! (ut he should not miss the opportunit$! 4ou should not be late to office! 3 can not 2oin before =- da$s! 'an$ people cannot spell 9.rammar: properl$! 3 don;t o#e an$ mone$ to $ou! *e do not provide "%P training! 0old rates #ill not come do#n!

Negati%e *uestions
E!g! %re $ou not going to her #edding7 )ave $ou not been to &amo2i Film .it$ $et7 Don;t $ou kno# that he #ent to 59 last month7 Don;t $ou like reading English fiction7 *asn;t he present for $our birthda$ part$7 .an;t $ou keep 6uiet at least a moment7 %ren;t $ou read$ $et7 3t;s alread$ too late! Don;t $ou have &s! 1---G: change7

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Don;t $ou see 3 am #orking7 *h$ didn;t $ou come $esterda$7 *h$ don;t $ou 2oin %PE. for . and .II7 *ho are not coming for the e/cursion7

Negati%e "r#ers
E!g! Do not argue #ith $our boss! Don;t go out in the rain! Don;t use office phone for personal calls! Do not take right turn at Pun2agutta @unction! Don;t bend $our credit Gdebit card! Don;t cross police line! Don;t start P. #ithout 5P"! ?o# don;t sa$ that 3 didn;t see an$thing! Don;t eat so oil$ food; it;s not good for $our health! Don;t tr$ to be too smart! Don;t speak to each other in class! ?ever #atch TV ver$ closel$! ?ever forget these t#o rules! Don;t allo# salespersons in the building!

Use of CN"A
?o arguments please! "he has no interest in 'usic channels! The$ have no kno#ledge of programming languages! 3 have no balance at the moment! ?o parking! G ?o )orn! G ?o overtake! "a$ NO to corruption! Use of nobody, no one, none, nothing, never, nowhere etc ?obod$ came for#ard to help us! 3 can do nothing about this! 4ou never did an$thing for me! ?o one could pass the e/amination! 3 never spoke to him about this! ?one of his children are obedient! "he never spoke #hole:heartedl$ to me! The thief had nothing to sa$! The$ have gone no#here since morning! 3t;s none of $our business!

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Functional English

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HELPING &ERBS
%s $ou have studied earlier ;e% Have and 2o are the basic helping verbs in English! ;e is used to make continuous tenses have is used to make perfect tenses and do is used to make 6uestions and negative sentences! )o#ever there are still some other helping verbs in English! 3n grammar the$ are called as <u8i iaries! 1et;s stud$ these verbs in detail in this chapter!

%u/iliaries areE can% cou d% shou d% &ou d% mi!ht% may% must% have to% dare% need to etc! These verbs sho# abilit$ possibilit$ permission etc! The$ modif$ the meaning of main verbs normall$ #ithout changing the tense! The$ have multiple meanings! The$ take the root form of the main verb ?&3@! The$ are not used as main verbs! )e !oes to office on bike! )e is !oin! to office on bike! )e &as !oin! to office on bike! )e has !one to office on bike! )e can !o to office on bike! )e shou d !o to office on bike! )e may !o to office on bike! )e has to !o to office on bike!

"ee these e/amplesE

Can 8 &3 USAGE To sho# 1! %bilit$ ,! Possibilit$ =! To give Permission D! To ask permission E!g! 1! Dhoni can pla$ for at least 1- $ears more! 'r! &a2shekhar can #ork ver$ #ell on 1inu/ platform! .an $ou see #hat is #ritten on the board7 )o# long can $ou hold $our breath7 3f $ou tr$ $ou can speak in English! Farmers in %ndhra Pradesh can use =isan $redit $ard! ,! 3t;s thundering it can rain no#! "moking can cause cancer! 4ou can;t create a file or folder $6, in #indo#s! .an $ou smell an$thing burning7 =! 4ou can use m$ P. if $ou #ish so! 4ou can call me on m$ 3dea number!

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D! .an 3 borro# $our bike7 .an 3 sit in reception to fill in the form7 .an students come on "unda$ for e/tra practicals7 Coul# 8 &3 USAGE 1! Past tense of can ,! Polite form to make re6uest =! 5sed instead of can in informal English E!g! 1! 3 could climb tall trees #hen 3 #as a child! "he could read #ithout specs until before t#o $ears! *e could not reach on time! ,! .ould $ou get me a colour print of this document7 .ould $ou help me finish this 2ob:#ork7 .ould $ou sho# me $our 3D card7 .ould $ou kindl$ come tomorro#7 .ould $ou lend me 1- --- bucks please7 =! 4ou could bathe at least once in a #eek! 3ndia could still #in the series! <ill 'e a'le to 8 &3 USAGE Future tense of can. E!g! 3 #ill be able to speak English b$ this course! .omputer #ill be able to thinD in future! The bab$ #ill be able to #alk ver$ soon! 3ndia #ill be able to beat china b$ ,-,-! Shoul# 8 &3 USAGE To sho# a moral responsibilit$ advice to suggest something E!g! 4ou should help old people cross the road! 4ou should practice 1"&* to learn English! 0overnment should help poor people! 3 should take $our leave no#! 4ou should be ashamed of $ourself! "hould #e leave no#7 4ou should al#a$s tell the truth! )& people should take some rest no#! *here should #e meet tomorro#7 "hould #e go to an$ specialist for check:up7 <oul# 8 &3 USAGE 1! To make re6uest ,! Past tense of 3&i 4 =! To sho# past habit D! &eplaces R#ill; in informal English E!g! 1! *ould $ou ApleaseC open the door7

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*ould $ou kindl$ help me #ith dinner7 *ould $ou come for a #alk7 *ould $ou allo# me to speak to the manager7 ,! 3 9no# 3ndia #ill #in! 3 9ne# 3ndia #ould #in! 3 kne# he #ould not get the 2ob! 3 had no doubt that 3ndia #ould #in! *e hadn;t thought that English #ould be so eas$! =! )e #ould stud$ till late night #hen in school! The$ #ould use mobiles onl$ for incoming calls! D! 3 #ould love to #ork in Pune! )e #ould never betra$ us!

.a/ ; )ight 8 &3 USAGE 1! To "ho# possibilit$ ,! to askG give permission =! to sho# desireG #ish E!g! 1! 0eneral 'anager ma$ kno# the reason! *e ma$ be late a bit to the programme! (e read$ guests ma$ come at an$ moment! P. prices ma$ still come do#n! &ice production ma$ be less this $ear! ,! 'a$ 3 come in "ir7 3f $ou don;t mind ma$ 3 use $our laptop7 'a$ 3 2oin from 'arch 1st7 'a$ 3 go out #ith her mom7 'a$ 3 have $our attention please7 &eaders ma$ borro# onl$ one book at a time! .iti8ens belo# 18 ma$ not vote! 4ou ma$ go no#! =! A'a$C 0od save $ouB A'a$C 0od favour $ouB A'a$C god protect $ouB 'a$ $ou prosper G succeedB 'a$ m$ child be safe at homeB May you ive as on! as you &ant% may have no &ant as on! as you ive> .ust 8 &3 USAGE 1! to sho# compulsion ,! to sho# strong Possibilit$ E!g! 1! 4ou must start immediatel$!

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4our goals must be "'%&T to succeed in life! 4oung generation must look after their health! Patient must take the medicine t#ice a da$! Passengers must travel #ith proper ticket! Ever$bod$ must follo# traffic rules! 4ou must not allo# latecomers in the class! ,! 3t must be raining in %ndhra no#! The la8$ gu$ must be sleeping! "he must be at home go soon! Ha%e to 8 &3 USAGE To sho# a plan dut$ scheduled #ork etc! E!g! 4ou have to stud$ ever$da$! "alesman has to complete his target! 3ndia have to progress in the ne/t 1, $ears! Faculties have to reach office before 8o;clock! %nimals have to find their food throughout their life! ?ikita had to do a lot of #ork the ne/t #eek! Nee# to 8 &3, Nee# not 8 &3 USAGE To sho# a necessit$G no necessit$ 4ou need to speak in English as much as possible! 4ou need to #ash $our teeth t#ice a da$! 4ou need to stud$ at home to benefit from this course! *rinkle:free clothes need not be pressed! 4ou need not come to office on "unda$! Plastic painted #alls need not be re:painted ever$ $ear! -are -are not 8 &3 E!g! The thief dared not open his mouth before police! "he dared not speak to her angr$ father! The failed student dared not meet his teacher! 0ood people dare not tell lies! Ho0 #are 8 S 8 &3 E!g! )o# dared $ou think so dirt$7 )o# dare the$ break the la#7 )o# dared $ou even touch m$ bike7 )o# dare $ou enter m$ class #ithout permission7

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Functional English

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PASSI&E &"ICE
4ou must have learnt %ctive voice and Passive voice in $our school and college! 4ou also might have come across a 6uestion like $han!e the voice of the fo o&in!? Poo2a ate a mango! % mango #as eaten b$ Poo2a! (<ctive /oice) (#assive /oice)

.onsider the follo#ing sentences! These are real life e/amples! .an $ou identif$ and change their voice7

%! .omputer books are sold here! (! % fl$ over is being constructed at 'ehdipatnam!
.! Ten people #ere killed in the blast! D! The (haratratna %#ard #as given b$ the President! 4ou must kno# that active voice and passive voice are different forms have different usage and should not be transformed into each other! Passi%e %oice is use# onl/ in the follo0ing situations 1C *hen sub2ect is not important : ,C *hen sub2ect is kno#n to the listening : =C *hen sub2ect is not kno#n : E!g!E %! E!g!E (! E!g!E .! E!g!E D!

DC "ometimes sub2ect also appears in the passive sentences as a less important entit$! : Passi%e %oice Constructions Tense "imple present "imple past "imple future Present continuous Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect Construction for State)ent +I amGisGareI V= +I #asG#ereI V= +I #ill beI V= +I amGisGareI beingI V= +I #asG#ereI beingI V= +I hasGhaveI beenI V= +I had beenI V= E+a)ple (ooks are sold here!

(ooks #ere sold here! (ooks #ill be sold here! (ooks are being sold here! (ooks #ere being sold here! (ooks have been sold here! (ooks had been sold here!

E!g! The match #as cancelled due to rain! Toda$;s match #ill be pla$ed da$ night! These plants need to be #atered regularl$! 3n2ured people #ere shifted to the hospital! The culprit #as punished #ith life: time imprisonment! @ava language #as invented b$ 0osling in 1JJ-;s! The kidnapped child #as brutall$ beaten up! .ucumbers are usuall$ eaten ra#! 15- guests have been invited for the programme! The amount #ill be deposited in a couple of da$s!

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English is spoken all over the #orld! 4our plan is good but it should be materiali8ed! These rules should be follo#ed #ithout fail! +n #hich finger is a ring #orn7 'r! Vas#ani is considered to be a great orator! The lion is called as the 9ing of 2ungle! 'ost rail#a$ lines in ".& have been electrified! )as ever$ relative been informed7 ?othing can be done no#! *hen #as this #ell dug7 The thieves #ere caught red:handed! )as $our bag been stolen7 The mansion #ill be auctioned soon! (o$s should be taught manners right since their childhood! 0irls should be taught cooking right since their childhood!

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USAGE
I)portant Constructions Follo#ing are some of the most useful constructions commonl$ used in spoken English! <ant to8 &3 E!g! 3 #ant to learn fluent English!! The$ #ant Feel liDe 8 &ing (want to, shows liking) E!g! 3 feel like eating ice:cream in hot summer! 3 reall$ felt like sleeping in the lecture! The girl felt like vomiting in &!T!. bus! 3 2ust don;t feel like going 9oti through endless traffic! Do $ou feel like drinking coffee7 Does he feel like #atching cinema7 <oul# liDe to8 &3 (want to, shows liking) E!g! 3 #ould like to speak to $ou face:to:face! *e #ould like to thank all of $ou! )$derabadi people #ould al#a$s like to eat (ir$ani! "he #ould like to marr$ soft#are professional! 3 #ould like to sho# $ou m$ ne# car! Ver$ fe# people #ould like to #ork on "unda$s! 3 #ould not like sugar in coffee! 3 #ould like a #indo# seat! "hirisha #ould like to shop at big (a8aar! *ould $ou like to come for a #alk7 *ould like to tr$ on these 2eans7 *ould $ou like ice in $our 2uice7 *ould an$one like some ice:cream7 *ould $ou like to have some more curd7 Be going to8 &3 (shows uture !lan) E!g! 'r! &edd$ is going to bu$ "umo 0rande! 'r! &ao is going to tile the kitchen! "oni is going to have a bab$ ne/t month! 3 am going to invest in gold! The$ are going to erect P!V! ?arsimha &ao;s statue! The sun #as going to set!

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)o# long are $ou going to be in bed7 .hiran2eevi is not going to act in cinema an$more! Use# To (would, shows !ast habit) E!g! 3 used to #ork out in g$m for three hours! 3 used to like mathematics at school! The$ used to chat in college till evening! &avi used to #ork in 1ondon at that time! &aghu used to stud$ for hours in his room! 'an$ celebrities used to visit the hotel! -o /ou thinD 8 state)ent (to ask o!inion) Do $ou think 3ndia #ill #in the ne/t #orld cup7 Do $ou think $ou #ill get promotion this time7 *hat do $ou think is the reason of $our success7 *here do $ou think Prabhakaran might have gone7 *h$ do $ou think china progressed more than 3ndia7 Does he think he #ill get through the e/amination7 If clauses (conditional situations) ') If @ present tense% present tense: to sho# universal result )) If @ simp e present tense% simp e future tense: to sho# future possible result *) If @ past perfect tense @ &ou d ( cou d etc: to sho# past impossible result 3f $ou stud$ $ou #ill pass! 3f $ou do this #ork 3 #ill give $ou 1--- &s! 3f the rain continues #e #ill not be able to go out! Please let me kno# if $ou come across an$ problem! 3 am e/tremel$ sorr$ if 3 have offended $ou! 3f the pro2ect goes late #e #ill have to pa$ the penalt$! 3f 3 stop #orking 3 #ould die earl$! 3f $ou don;t like her #h$ do $ou speak to her7 3f $ou move along a bit 3 could sit here! 3f he respects me 3 #ill respect him! An/ sentence 8 <h 0or# 8 state)ent 3 don;t recall #here 3 kept the ke$s $esterda$! The trainer #ill e/plain $ou ho# to use this course#are! 3 2ust don;t understand ho# that cra8$ gal got such handsome husband! .ould $ou e/plain me ho# to use this tool7 *ho are $ou to teach me #hat should 3 do7 Do $ou kno# #hat she is doing at this moment7

Functional English

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Do $ou understand #hat $ou are doing7 S8 nee# to8 &3 (shows necessity) "oft#are people need to #ork harder! 4ou need to get $our hair cut timel$! The pro2ect needs to be started as earl$ as possible! 4ou need to read the book thoroughl$! 4ou don;t need to raise $our voice! %n '(% needs to have good communication skills! +ne needs to think before speaking! &8 an#8 & ("wo verbs) 3 #ill go and meet him this #eek! *et a cloth and #ipe out these stains! The +rator cleared his throat and began to speak! "hall #e stop here and have meal7 0o and get me a cold drink 6uickl$! The thieves got on the bike and 8oomed off! 3n 3ndia the academic $ear starts in @une and ends in %pril! 3 #ill 2ust go and get some s#eets! *ork for five da$s and en2o$ for t#o da$s! -irect an# In#irect o'$ect (two objects in a sentence) The host presented a bou6uet to the guest! '$ #ife has knit me this s#eater! "he prepared me steaming tea! 3 o#e $ou 5- --- &s! G 3 o#e 5- --- &s! to $ou! *e greeted our '! D! #ith a garland! 3t;s 2ust $ou #ho can teach English to $ourself! The$ served food to the devotees! Present $our mother #ith a sari from $our first salar$! Please bring me some dr$ fruits #hile coming home! *uestion Tag (#sed to en orce the state$ent) %ositive sentence + negative "ag +& Negative sentence + !ositive "ag +& Pavan got a ver$ handsome salar$ didn;t he7 %nu does a lot of #ork ever$da$ doesn;t she7 "oni #ent to college in the morning didn;t she7 3ndians #ork ver$ honestl$ don;t the$7 +ur '! D! doesn;t like indiscipline does he7

Functional English

Page =J of 58

The candidate has a great e/pertise in Tall$ hasn;t she7 )e #as an able administrator #asn;t he7 4our cousin is in the 5" no#:a:da$s isn;t he7 The march =rd is 'onda$ isn;t it7 )e reall$ surprised us all didn;t he7 'r! Dasharath is an e/pert facult$ for )K? isn;t he7 The$ are not able to speak fluent English are the$7 The ne# E"PD batch #ill start on the ne/t 'onda$ #on;t it7 1et;s have grand celebration for $our ne# venture shall #e7 There 8 'e (shows state/ condition / situation) 3s there an$ book shop nearb$7 S4eah there is one under Pun2agutta fl$over! There is no need to #orr$ about it! 1ong long ago there #as a #ood cutter! There is a free atmosphere at m$ office! 3s there a direct flight from 1ondon to )$derabad7 There are four ma2or political parties in %!P There are a lot of harmful effects of T!V! It 8 'e ('hows condition/ situation) 3t is 6uite eas$ to learn English in 3ndia! 3t #as plain foolishness to consult a stock market e/pert! 3t;s boring to do the same task again and again! 3t;s not fair to blame marketing team for ever$thing! 3t is dangerous to go alone to %T' at midnight! 3s it possible to prove this7 3t is no use 2ust to feel sorr$ $ou need to do something! 3t #ill be difficult to reach (angalore in eight hours! It 8taDe 8 person 8 a#$ 8 to 8 &3 ('hows (e)uire$ent) 3t takes some time to understand each other! 3t took him eight $ears to complete degree! 3t #ill take $ears to build a brand like %PE.! 3t takes t#ent$ minutes for me to go to %meerpet! 3t #on;t take much time to do#nload this file! )o# long #ill it take to complete the pro2ect7 3t took five hours to clear the traffic! ?ormall$ it takes a $ear for a P& visa in .anada! *lso see+

Functional English

Page D- of 58

The house took t#o $ears to be read$! .haitali #ill take hours to prepare a single cup of tea! It is ti)e to 8& (shows urgency) *ell friends it;s time to leave no#! .ome on gu$s its time for the class to start! (e serious its time to think! "top nonsense is it time to laugh7 3t;s time AthatC $ou 2oined g$m! 3t;s high time $ou take 5P". E/amination! 3ts time #e stop a #hile and have tea and snacks! 3t is time for luncheon! 3t is time for practicals! 3t #as time for making merr$! Past tense 8 0hen 8 past tense 3 #as 2ust sitting do#n for lunch #hen the bell rang! 3 #as 2ust phoning $ou #hen $our phone came! "he #as 2ust crossing the road #hen the bus came! The cinema had 2ust started #hen the pro2ector broke do#n! *e #ere 2ust about to leave #hen the$ arrived! S 8 'e 'oun# to 8&3 () %ll living being are bound to die! 4ou are bound to feel #eak after an illness! *e all are bound to help human kind! The$ #ere bound to marr$ sooner or later! 4ou are bound to fail again if $ou don;t prepare properl$! Be, Ha%e an# -o as )ain %er's %s $ou sa# earlier be have and do are ver$ important verbs in English! The$ are used both as helping verbs and as main verbs! 3n this section the$ are discussed as main verbs! "ee the table on pages 7 an# E for usage! Be (Aorms? am% is areB &as% &ereB &i beB beenB be) 'hows state/ condition / situation *e are human beings not machines! '$ sister is about $our age! Delhi is the capital of 3ndia! 'an is helpless in the #orld! 1oman is the second mistake of !odC CMan is the statue of mistakes. Padd$ crop is 6uite good this $ear! 4ou t#o are a pair of idiots!

Functional English

Page D1 of 58

The #orld;s population is si/ billion! The road #as full of potholes and stones! The E"PD course #ill be a grand success! This is $our problem not mine! "he is a charming $oung girl! 3s this bo#l silver7 S ?o it;s platinum! These flo#ers are not real the$ are plastic! *ill five hundred &s! be enough for $our e/penditure7 *hat is Telugu #ord for 3tab e47 3s this table teak7 S4eah it is! *hat is this s#elling on $our arm7 .!'! is the chief of the government in state! These mangoes are ra# not ripe! *h$ some people are al#a$s sad7 "uch occasions are ver$ rare! )is resume #as not so attractive! Ha%e (Aorms? have% hasB had)? !ossess, take, get, eat, drink, consu$e etc % car has four #heels a bike has t#o! % mobile number has ten digits! *e have a five da$ #eek! 'an$ $oung people have high blood pressure! 3 have no mone$ at the moment! Do $ou have the courage to go alone there7 Does $our bike have five gears7 Does an$bod$ have %irTel phone here7 4ou should have the courage to sa$ Rno;! The government has no funds at present! 3 have 2ust had tea! "he had a bab$ on Februar$ 1-! *e had a lot of fun during the 2ourne$! '$ uncle had a surger$ last month! )e is having bath! )e had an impressive personalit$! +ur cat has ver$ beautiful e$es! )e has a ver$ lo# voice! 9al has ver$ s#eet nature! *e have ver$ troublesome neighbours!

Functional English

Page D, of 58

"he has oil$ skin; he has dr$! 3 have confidence the plan #ill be successful! The manager had no time till "aturda$! )ave faith in 0od ever$thing #ill be fine! )ave fun G )ave chilling out G )ave en2o$ment! )ave some more biscuits please! -o (Aorms? do% doesB did) Do the ne#! )o# do $ou do7 S 3 am AdoingC fine! @ust do it dudeB *ell #hen #ill $ou do the #ork7 Don;t #orr$ 3 #ill do ever$thing! 4ou need to do all the front:office #ork! *hatever $ou do do it #ith confidence! Do $our #ork properl$! %ll faculties did a lot of #ork! 3T professional do at least D- hours #ork a #eek!

Ti)e, -a/ an# -ate

The #ords #hich sho# time da$ date month $ear come at the end of the sentence! The preposition at is used for ti)e! The preposition on is used for #a/ and #ate! The preposition in is used for 0eeD, )onth and /ear! E!g! at 8 o;clock E!g! on 'onda$ on ?ovember ,,nd E!g! in @anuar$ in ,--,

"o ask "i$e+ *hat is the time Ano#C7 G *hat time is it Ano#C7 G Time please! G Do $ou have the time7 "o tell ti$e+ 3ts 1- o; clock! 3t;s ,- past five! 3t;s 6uarter to si/! 3t;s 6uarter past eleven! 3t;s half past four! 3t;s five AminutesC to ten The part$ #ill be held at 8 pm! 3 came home at 1-!=- pm $esterda$! The$ spoke to the .' at 5 o;clock! "he #ill reach there b$ 11!D5 am! )e starts for office at 8!=- ever$da$! A1-E--C A5E,-C A5ED5C A11E15C ADE=-C AJE55C

E!g! Padmavati E/press #ill arrive at J!=-am!

Functional English

Page D= of 58

)e #ill arrive here this evening G this after noon G tonight! "he started for 'umbai last evening G last night G $esterda$! To#a/ Fester#a/ To)orro0 General this morning this afternoon this evening to night $esterda$ morning $esterda$ afternoon last evening last night tomorro# morning tomorro# afternoon tomorro# evening tomorro# night 3n the morning in the afternoon in the evening at night

"ther earl$ morning late morning late night midnight The da$ before $esterda$ the da$ after tomorro# This "unda$ last "unda$ ne/t Frida$ ne/t #eek last month this $ear *hat is the da$7 G *hat is the date toda$7 3t;s 'onda$ toda$! G 3t;s Feb! ,=rd toda$! 3t;s "unda$ on 'arch 1st! The #edding #ill be on Tuesda$ 'a$ 11th ,--J!

Since, for, fro)

Since is used to sho# time from a certain point! For is used to sho# a duration of time! Fro) is used #ith CtoA to sho# time and distance! Fro) is used to sho# distance! E!g! 3 have been training in E"PD since ,---! The$ are living in )$derabad since the$ married! "he is not feeling #ell for five da$s! 1! 9! %dvani is active in politics for over D- $ears! 4ou need to sta$ here from 8 am to D pm! )e travelled from )$derabad to Delhi on bic$cle! &a2nikant the great Tamil actor hails from 'aharashtra!

So)e I)portant <or#s

Get (listen, take, give, receive, wake, reach, enter, be etc ) *hen did $ou get this ne#s7

Functional English

Page DD of 58

3 have to get the children read$ for school! "he got a telephone call from her mother this morning! 4our tea is getting cold! 4ou #ill get #ell soon! 3 can;t get lid off this bottle! '$ pupp$ has got a cold and fever! %ren;t $ou getting tired of driving7 5suall$ 3 get up at five o; clock! Don;t #orr$; #e #ill get home b$ > pm! Go (be, beco$e, run, work etc) Philosophers ask #here the humanit$ is going! "omeho# the car started going! *hat #ent #rong #here7 The s#elling #ill go do#n in a couple of da$s! The political procession #ent off peacefull$! *hat is going on7 Eat these guavas before the$ go rotten! 3 think he has gone mad! *e can;t go on sitting hand on hand! *here the hell has m$ cell gone7 -o (be, $ake, run, tolerate etc) )o# do $ou do7 G )o# are $ou doing7 G )o# are $ou7 3 am doing fine! These clothes #ill do! This #atch #ill not do! 3ndiscipline strictl$ #on;t do here! 3 can;t do #ith his arrogance an$ more! .an;t $ou do this sentence into English7 Point ($eaning, issue, edge etc) 3 see no point in continuing this! There is no point in #aiting for him! There is no point in arguing about it! *hat is the point in arguing about it7 This is the main point of our discussion! The #orld is on the point of destruction! Run (go, o!erate, run, work etc)

Functional English

Page D5 of 58

1eave the engine running for a #hile! The rail#a$ track runs along the river! Trains used to run on coal before! Do $ou kno# ho# to run this machine7 )is nose is running! 3 have run out of mone$! The #ater is running over turn the tap off! Set (give, $ake, do, o!en, start, establish etc) Elders should set a good e/ample for the $oungsters! The date for the meeting hasn;t been set $et! The sun sets in the #est! 3 set m$ #atch on TV time! (indra has set a big record in +l$mpics! Four partners have set up the organi8ation!

I.P"RTANT EBPRESSI"NS
Follo0ing pages are for self stu#/!

Follo#ing are some of the common e/pressions used in formal English! These should be practised and mastered b$ the student! "tudents need not consult the trainer for this chapter!

C"UL- I >!! .ould 3 kno# $our name please7 .ould 3 have $our card7 .ould 3 kno# #here $ou are #orking7 .ould 3 introduce 'r! %rvind to $ou7 .ould 3 ask $ou something personal7 <"UL- F"U LI(E T" >!! *ould $ou like to meet 'r! %rvind7 *ould $ou like to have some coffee7 *ould $ou like to 2oin us for dinner7 *ould $ou like to speak to the group7 *ould $ou like to become a member here7 I <"UL- LI(E T" >! 3 #ould like to introduce m$self! 3 #ould like to ask $ou some 6uestions! 3 #ould like to meet 'r! %gar#al! 3 #ould like to have $our card! 3 #ould like to visit $our office once! IT IS NICE >!! 3t is nice meeting $ou! 3t is nice having $ou #ith us! 3t is nice talking to $ou! 3t is nice seeing $ou again! 3t is nice meeting such a talented person like $ou! HA&E F"U BEEN T" >! )ave $ou been to Delhi7 )ave $ou been abroad7 )ave $ou been to the 5"7 )ave $ou been to the beach here7 )ave $ou been to %gra7

FES, IA&E BEEN T" >!! 4es 3;ve been to Delhi! 4es 3;ve been abroad! 4es 3;ve been to the 5"! 4es 3;ve been to the beach here! N", 3;VE N"T BEEN T" >!! ?o 3Rve not been to Delhi! ?o 3;ve not been abroad! ?o 3;ve not been to the 5"! ?o 3;ve not been to the beach here! HA&E F"U .ET >> )ave $ou met 'r! &edd$7 )e is our 'anager! )ave $ou met 's "heeba7 "he is the correspondent! )ave $ou met 'r! Dhabolkar7 )e is the President! )ave met 'r! %shok7 )e is our &egional 'anager! )ave $ou met 'rs! @oshi7 "he is the "ecretar$! LET .E INTR"-UCE >>>! 1et me introduce 'r! @oshi to $ou! 1et me introduce 'iss 'ar$ to $ou! 1et me introduce 'r! 'ehta to $ou! 1et me introduce 's "heela to $ou! 1et me introduce 'r! Di/it to $ou! LET .E TA(E LEA&E "F F"U>> 1et me take leave of $ou! "ee $ou then! 1et me take leave of $ou! Till then; good b$e! 1et me take leave of $ou! 3t #as pleasure talking to $ou! 1et me take leave of $ou! 0lad to have met $ou! <HAT TI.E >>!! *hat time do $ou have $our breakfast7 *hat time does he return7 *hat time do $ou leave for #ork7 *hat time does the train arrive7 *hat time does the meeting start7 H"< L"NG -"ES IT TA(E >>! )o# long does it take for $ou to do this #ork7 )o# long does it take to learn English7 )o# long does it take to paint this7

)o# long does it take to get there7 )o# long does it take to get there b$ bus7 H"< "FTEN >> )o# often do $ou go to $our native to#n7 )o# often do $ou go on tours7 )o# often does he call $ou up7 )o# often do $ou send $our bike for servicing7 )o# often does she come here7 <HERE -" F"U >> *here do $ou park $our vehicle7 *here do $ou bu$ vegetables7 *here do $ou service $our bike7 *here do $ou make $our clothes7 *here do $ou board the train7 H"< -" F"U >!! )o# do $ou solve this problem7 )o# do $ou go to #ork7 )o# do $ou manage him7 )o# do $ou get along #ith him7 )o# do $ou convince her7 I <"UL- RATHER >! 3 #ould rather settle do#n in m$ village! 3 #ould rather have some coffee please! 3 #ould rather have a soft drink please! 3 #ould rather take up the 5" offer! 3 #ould rather #ait and meet him than come again! I L"&E >! 3 love this place! 3 love reading books! 3 love pla$ing in the rain! 3 love listening to old melodies! 3 love speaking English! ARE F"U INTERESTE->! %re $ou interested in this 2ob7 %re $ou interested in meeting him7 %re $ou interested in politics7 %re $ou interested in 2oining the arm$7

%re $ou interested in bu$ing the plot7 I G" T" >!! 3 go to temple on Frida$s! 3 go to m$ native to#n occasionall$! 3 go to his house rarel$! 3 go to Tirupath$ once a month! 3 go to the head office once in a #a$! <HATAS SPECIAL >!! *hat;s special about $our home to#n7 *hat;s special about $our nature of #ork7 *hat;s special about the programme7 *hat;s special about the meeting toda$7 *hat;s special about toda$;s speaker7 C"UL- F"U TELL .E >! .ould $ou tell me #here the post office is7 .ould $ou tell me #hat time the function starts7 .ould $ou tell me #hat time the train arrives7 .ould $ou tell me on #hich platform is the Dadar e/press7 .ould $ou tell me from #hich platform the Dadar leaves7 AT <HAT TI.E >> %t #hat time is the meeting7 %t #hat time is the intervie#7 %t #hat time is the programme7 %t #hat time is the ne/t bus7 %t #hat time is the last bus to 0andhi ?agar7 IT IS G""- >! 3t is good $ou told the truth! 3t is good $ou have 2oined ?D%! 3t is good $ou sent him the telegram! 3t is good #e did not pa$ him in cash! 3t is good $ou said Rno; to their offer! <HAT F"U HA&E T" -" IS T" >> *hat $ou have to do is to practice! *hat $ou have to do is to keep 6uiet and listen! *hat $ou have to do is to read a lot! *hat $ou have to do is to #ait collect the che6ue and come! *hat $ou have to do is to meet the 0' personall$!

ALL F"U HA&E T" -" IS T" >!! %ll $ou have to do is to meet him in person! %ll $ou have to do is to give $our name and address! %ll $ou have to do is to 2ust sign the documents! %ll $ou have to do is to send a che6ue and clear the dues! %ll $ou have to do is to hand over this letter and come! -" F"U HA&E >> Do $ou have an$ mone$ to spare7 Do $ou have an$ books to read7 Do $ou have an$thing to sa$7 Do $ou have an$ doubts7 Do $ou have an$ problem7 HA&E F"U G"T >! )ave $ou got an$ change7 )ave $ou got office tomorro#7 )ave $ou got time to do this7 )ave $ou got an$ spare tickets7 )ave $ou got a one rupee coin7 -"NAT F"U HA&E >!! Don;t $ou have office toda$7 Don;t $ou have $our certificates #ith $ou7 Don;t $ou have a license7 Don;t $ou have a TV at home7 Don;t $ou have a vehicle7 I HA&E >! 3 have office tomorro#! 3 have no change! 3 have a lot of time to spare! 3 have some one:rupee coins! 3 have t#o vehicles! I -"NAT HA&E >! 3 don;t have an$ ob2ection! 3 don;t have an$ change! 3 don;t have time to do that! 3 don;t have an$ vehicles! 3 don;t have an$thing to sa$! THERE IS N"THING <R"NG IN >!!

There is nothing #rong in $our meeting him in person! There is nothing #rong in e/plaining $our position! There is nothing #rong in asking them for help! There is nothing #rong in speaking frankl$ on this matter! There is nothing #rong in reporting the matter to the police! I A. G"ING T" >!! 3 am going to start a business! 3 am going to attend the meeting! 3 am going to ask them for clarification! 3 am going to sell m$ bike! 3 am going to take up the 2ob! I A. N"T G"ING T" >> 3 am not going to cancel the programme! 3 am not going to #ait for their return! 3 am not going to spare them! 3 am not going to reveal it to an$bod$! 3 am not going to pa$ the mone$ back! 3 am not going to accept their conditions! ARE F"U G"ING T" >! %re $ou going to contact them in person7 %re $ou going to appl$ for the 2ob7 %re $ou going to contest the election7 %re $ou going to marr$ her7 %re $ou going to consult $our parents about this7 <HAT ARE F"U G"ING T" >! *hat are $ou going to do further7 *hat are $ou going to do about the matter7 *hat are $ou going to do about the mone$7 *hat are $ou going to do about $our studies7 *hat are $ou going to do about $our admission7 H"< ARE F"U G"ING T" >!! )o# are $ou going to manage7 )o# are $ou going to convince her7 )o# are $ou going to tackle the problem7 )o# are $ou going to repa$ the loan7 )o# are $ou going to send it7 IT <AS N"T S" EASF AS >!!

3t #as not so eas$ as 3 thought! 3t #as not so eas$ as $ou said! 3t #as not so eas$ as $ou told me! 3t #as not so eas$ as 3 imagined! 3t #as not so eas$ as 3 e/pected! ITAS HIGH TI.E >!! 3t;s high time $ou got married! 3t;s high time $ou settled do#n! 3t;s high time started the production! 3t;s high time $ou took up some 2ob! 3t;s high time $ou put $our child in some school! HA&E F"U E&ER >! )ave $ou ever been to Delhi7 )ave $ou ever seen a movie shooting7 )ave $ou ever heard of man biting a dog7 )ave $ou ever traveled b$ air7 )ave $our ever tasted this7 IN SPITE "F >! 3n spite of m$ advice he resigned his 2ob! 3n spite of heav$ rains #e are facing #ater scarcit$! 3n spite of his best efforts he failed! 3n spite of the disturbance the speaker continued #ith his speech! 3n spite of a good harvest there is food shortage! IN SPITE "F BEING >> 3n spite of being rich he is not happ$! 3n spite of being a stranger he #as able to guide us! 3n spite of being alone she is not afraid! 3n spite of being 2obless he spends a lot of mone$! 3n spite of being bus$ he has given us an appointment! IN SPITE "F >!! 3n spite of getting up earl$ 3 #as late for #ork! 3n spite of e/plaining to m$ boss 3 did not get permission! 3n spite of doing ph$sical e/ercise for > months 3 have not been able to reduce m$ #eight! 3n spite of driving carefull$ he met #ith an accident! 3n spite of drinking a lot he remained sober! I HEAR >!! 3 hear that $ou are getting married!

3 hear that there are no buses tomorro#! 3 hear she is going abroad! 3 hear that the$ are issuing ne# 3D cards! 3 hear he has 2oined the college! I -"UBT >! 3 doubt if she #ill come! 3 doubt if he is in to#n! 3 doubt if #e #ill get good rains this $ear! 3 doubt if he #ill pass! 3 doubt if he #ill get that 2ob! I AGREE ?THAT@ >! 3 agree AthatC 3 am not that intelligent! 3 agree AthatC he is a genius! 3 agree AthatC 3 have made a mistake! 3 agree AthatC 3 didn;t notice $ou! 3 agree AthatC $our vie#s are right! I <"N-ER >! 3 #onder #here he is no#! 3 #onder ho# he got the 2ob! 3 #onder ho# he became so rich! 3 #onder #h$ he married her! 3 #onder ho# he got admission to the 'edical .ollege! I -"NAT -ENF ?THAT@ >! 3 don;t den$ AthatC 3 lead a bad life! 3 don;t den$ AthatC 3 made a mistake! 3 don;t den$ AthatC 3 o#e $ou mone$! 3 don;t den$ AthatC 3 kept the door open! 3 don;t den$ AthatC 3 didn;t invite them! I -"NAT RE.E.BER >! 3 don;t remember #here 3 kept the file! 3 don;t remember #here 3 met him! 3 don;t remember #hen 3 met him last! 3 don;t remember #ho came here $esterda$! 3 don;t remember #h$ 3 called $ou in! IT IS N" USE > 3t is no use cr$ing no#! 3t is no use going there!

3t is no use #arning him no#! 3t is no use advising him! 3t is no use arguing #ith him! I A. N"T SURE >! 3 am not sure the shop #ould be open! 3 am not sure he #ould have so much mone$! 3 am not sure the$ #ould help $ou! 3 am not sure she #ould come toda$! 3 am not sure that he came here $esterda$! I -"NAT THIN( >!! 3 don;t think he #ill come! 3 don;t think she #ill get her visa! 3 don;t think there #ould be a #ar! 3 don;t think he is a doctor! 3 don;t think he is clever! I -"NAT .IN- >! 3 don;t mind $our going there! 3 don;t mind his getting married out of his caste! 3 don;t mind if $ou leave no#! 3 don;t mind $our sta$ing here late! 3 don;t mind $our asking 6uestions! I -"NAT CARE >! 3 don;t care #hat happens to him! 3 don;t care #hether the$ lose or #in! 3 don;t care ho# he is or #here he is! 3 don;t care #hether $ou do it or not! 3 don;t care #hether she is emplo$ed or not! <HAT I <ANT T" (N"< IS >!! *hat 3 #ant to kno# is #here the mone$ has gone! *hat 3 #ant to kno# is #ho did this! *hat 3 #ant to kno# is #hat happened to the s#eets kept here! *hat 3 #ant to kno# is #hat $ou #ere doing here in m$ room! *hat 3 #ant to kno# is #hether $ou are coming or not! <HAT I <ANT T" TELL F"U IS >!! *hat 3 #ant to tell $ou is $ou must be careful #ith him! *hat 3 #ant to tell $ou is $ou must meet him in person! *hat 3 #ant to tell $ou is there is no meeting tomorro#!

*hat 3 #ant to tell $ou is the che6ue has bounced! *hat 3 #ant to tell $ou is "heela is not #ith him no#! <HAT F"U HA&E T" -" IS T" >! *hat $ou have to do is to practice! *hat $ou have to do is to keep 6uiet and listen! *hat $ou have to do is to read a lot! *hat $ou have to do is to #ait collect the che6ue and come! *hat $ou have to do is to get his signature! ALL F"U HA&E T" -" IS T" >>! %ll $ou have to do is to speak to him! %ll $ou have to do is to give $our name and address! %ll $ou have to do is to smile and sa$ RTheek hai;! %ll $ou have to do is to 2ust sign the document! %ll $ou have to do is to keep 6uiet! THAT IS <HAT I <ANTE- F"U T" >!! That is #hat 3 #anted $ou to do! That is #hat 3 #anted $ou to speak! That is #hat 3 #anted $ou to give! That is #hat 3 #anted $ou to #rite! That is #hat 3 #anted $ou to see! <HAT I <ANT F"U T" (N"< IS >!! *hat 3 #ant $ou to kno# is #e are here to help! *hat 3 #ant $ou to kno# is #e are in the same boat! *hat 3 #ant $ou to kno# is he is still alive! *hat 3 #ant $ou to kno# is he is $our distant cousin! *hat 3 #ant $ou to kno# is $ou are #rong! AS( HI. ; HER ; THE. <HETHER >!! %sk him #hether he is coming! %sk him #hether the$ are interested! %sk him #hether the$ kno# an$thing about the matter! %sk her #hether the$ have sent the che6ue! %sk him #hether she has left! I GUST <ANTE- (N"< >! 3 2ust #anted to kno# if $ou are there! 3 2ust #anted to kno# if she has left! 3 2ust #anted to kno# if $ou are a#are of it! 3 2ust #anted to kno# if $ou have posted it!

3 2ust #anted to kno# if $ou are available! LETAS FIN- "UT <HETHER >! 1et;s find out #hether the$ have sent the che6ue! 1et;s find out #hether she is reall$ bus$! 1et;s find out #hether the$ have disclosed the matter! 1et;s find out #hether the results are announced! 1et;s find out #hether she kno#s about it! <HAT .ATTERS N"< IS >!! *hat matters no# is the mone$ that is spent! *hat matters no# is the standard of education! *hat matters no# is our prestige! *hat matters no# is our polic$ our st$le! *hat matters no# is our name not the business! N" .ATTER >! ?o matter #ho sa$ 3 am not available! ?o matter #ho there are no concessions! ?o matter #hat bring them up! ?o matter #hat keep $our mouth shut! ?o matter #ho rules are rules! I FIN- IT -IFFICULT T" >!! 3 find difficult to breathe! 3 find difficult to speak on stage! 3 find difficult to understand his language! 3 find difficult to #alk all the #a$ from the station! 3 find difficult to open the bo/! I -"NAT FIN- IT -IFFICULT T" >!! 3 don;t find it difficult to understand $our #riting! 3 don;t find it difficult to #ork #ith him! 3 don;t find it difficult to speak English no#! 3 don;t find it difficult to move #ith him! 3 don;t find it difficult to get up earl$ in the morning! -" F"U FIN- IT -IFFICULT T" >!! Do $ou find it difficult to understand m$ language7 Do $ou find it difficult to sit here for , hours7 Do $ou find it difficult to come b$ bus7 Do $ou find it difficult to convince her7 Do $ou find it difficult to #ork in the branch office7

Do $ou find it difficult to read m$ hand#riting7 FIN- "UT > Find out #hether the$ are there! Find out #hether the manager has come! Find out #hether the bank is open! Find out #hether the$ are issuing the cards toda$! Find out #hether he kno#s about the matter! H"< -" F"U FIN- > )o# do $ou find $our ne# house7 )o# do $ou find $our ne# 2ob7 )o# do $ou find life here in 9olkata7 )o# do $ou find the course $ou have 2oined7 )o# do $ou find $our ne# boss7