Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
NASA TECHNICAL
MEMORANDUM
NASA TM X- 73305
ASTRONAUTIC STRUCTURESMANUAL
VOLUME I
Unclas
_/98 _a_05
August 197 5
NASA
The information in this report has been reviewed for security classifi-
cation. Review of any information concerning Department of Defense or
Atomic Energy Commission programs has been made by the MSFC Security
Classification Officer. This report, in its entirety, has been determined to
This document has also been reviewtd and approved for technical
accuracy.
A. A. McCOOL
Director, Structures and Propulsion Laboratory
August 1975
ASTRONAUTIC STRUCTURES MANUAL 6 ,_ERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
VOLUME I
-7. AUTHOR(S) , 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPC)R r
Teclmical Memorandum
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
14. SPONSORINGAGENCYCODE
Washington, D.C. 20546
15 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
_ IG, ABSTRACT
This document (Volumes I, II, and III) presents a compilation of industry-wide methods in
aerospace strength analysis that can be carried out by hand, that are general enough in scope to
cover most structures encountered, and that are sophisticated enough to give accurate estimates
of the actual strength expected. It provides analysis techniques for the elastic and inelastic stres_
ranges. It serves not only as a catalog of methods not usually available, but also as a reference
source for the background of the methods themselves.
Unclassified -- Unlimited
:L 19. SECURITY CLASSIF,(of thl= ¢epart_ 20. SECURITY CLASSIF, (of thl= page) 21, NO. OF PAGES 22. PRICE
FOREWORD
f-
This manual is issued to the personnel of the Strength Analysis
Branch to provide uniform methods of structural analysis and to pro-
vide a ready reference for data. Generally, the information contained
in this manual is a condensation of material published by universities,
scientific journals, missile and aircraft industries, text book pub-
lishers, and government agencies.
ii
STRESSAND STRAIN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
A1 iii
Section A I
March i, 1965
Page I
The relationship between stress and strain and other material properties,
which are used throughout this manual, are presented in this section. A brief
introduction to the theory of elasticity for elementary applications is also pre-
sented in this section.
Some of the more useful properties of materials are obtained from a stress-
strain diagram. A typical stress-strain curve for aerospace metals is shown in
Figure AI. I. i-I.
The curve in Figure A1.1.1-1 is composed of two regions; the straight line
portion up to the proportional limit where the stress varies linearly with strain,
and the remaining part where the stress is not proportional to strain. In this
manual, stresses below the ultimate tensile stress (Ftu) are considered to be
elastic. However, a correction (or plasticity reduction) factor is sometimes
employed in certain types of analysis for stresses above the proportional limit
stress.
_--Elastic, _ Plastic, ep
ee
| Ftu
eu e Fracture
-4
e (inches/inch)
F
CU Ultimate compressive stress; taken as Ftu un-
less governed by instability.
E
U The strain corresponding to Ftu.
Strain
Strain
Elastic f
Constant
v _ Strain Recovery P_rmanent
_ Time Set
Loading
Loading Unloading
upon the four loading conditions as indicated on the time coordinate. These
loading conditions are as follows:
1. Loading
2. Constant loading
SectionA 1
March 1, 1965
Page 6
3. Unloading
The interval of time when the load is held constant is usually measured in
weeks or months. Whereas the time involved in loading and unloading is rela-
tively short (usually seconds or minutes) such that the corresponding strain-
time curve can be represented by a straight vertical line.
During the second loading condition, where the load is held constant, the
strain-time curve depends on the initial strain for a particular material. The
possible strain-time curves (Figure A1.1.3-1) that could result are discussed
below.
b. In curve 2, the initial strain increases for a short period after the
load becomes constant and then remains constant for the remainder of the period.
This action is indicative of slip which is characterized by a permanent set re-
sulting from the shifting (slip) of adjacent crystalline structures along planes
most favorably oriented with respect to the direction of the principal shearing
stress.
_f The height of the lower shaded area in Figure A 1.1.3-1 is called the elastic
after effect. The upper bound is the maximum possible permanent set and is in-
dicated by the solid horizontal line. The lower bound could be any one of the
family of possible strain-time curves confined within the lower shaded area.
The limiting curve of the lower bound would approach the permanent set curve
due to slip as indicated by the horizontal dashed line. If slip action is negligible,
this limiting curve would be represented by a line that approaches zero asymp-
totically with increasing time.
120
\
\\\\
100
Q)
\',,
2
cD
QJ 8O
/_ hr
O
O
/100 hr
60. _10,000 hr
¢J
;h
40 _
2O
0
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Temperature, °F
140
120
\
\
100
f_
-_ hr
8O
I 100 hr
8
_.10,000 hr
>_ 60
,t0
20
0
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Temperature, °F
140
120
100 I
O
O
a_
80
\
60
2O
0
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Temperature, °F
100
8O
6O
/
O
40
2O
Temperature, °F
50 104 92 58 mm
52 108 96 61 1B
56 116 104 66 _m
58 120 108 68
60 125 I13 70
62 129 ii7 72
64 135 122 74
66 139 127 76
70 i49 136 79
74 157 145 82
76 162 150 83
82 177 162 53 87
85 186 171 54 89
87 189 174 55 90
89 196 180 56 91
The difference between the method of ordinary mechanics and the theory of
elasticity is that rio simplifying assumption is made concerning the strains in the
latter. Because of this, it becomes necessary to take into account the complete
distribution of the strains in the body and to assume a more general statement
of Hooke's law in expressing the relation between stresses and strains. It is
noted that the stresses calculated by both methods are only approximate since
the material in the physical body deviates from the ideal material assumed by
both methods.
Some of the following subsections are written for a three dimensional stress
field but are applicable to problems in two dimension simply by neglecting all
terms containing the third dimension.
The stresses acting on the side of a cubic element can be described by six
components of stress, namely the three normal stresses fll, f22, f33, and the
three shearing stresses fl2 = f21, f13,= f3t, f23 = f32.
In Figure AI. 3. l-i shearing stresses are resolved into two components
parallel to the coordinate axis. Two subscript numbers are used, the first
indicating the direction normal to the plane under consideration and the second
indicating the direction of the component of the stress. Normal stresses have
like subscripts and positive directions are as shown in the figure. An analogous
notation for the x-y coordinate system is:
xa
fll =f
X
f22
f22 = fy
!
f12 = f
S
fs3f"'- xj
I"
f Surface forces
Forces distributed over the surface of the body, such as pressure of one
body on another, or hydrostatic pressure, are called surface forces.
Body forces
Body forces are forces that are distributed over the volume of a body, such
as gravitational forces, magnetic forces, or inertia forces in the case of a body
in motion.
If the components of stress in Figure A1.3. 1-2 are known for any given
point, the stress acting on any inclined plane through this point can be calculated
from the equations of statics. Body forces, such as weight of the element, can
generally be neglected since they are of higher order than surface forces.
X2
C
N
x_
x_
If A denotes the area of the inclined face BCD of the tetrahedron in Figure
AI, 3. t-2, then the areas of the three faces are obtained by projectin_A on the
three coordinate planes. Letting N be the stress normal to the plane BCD, the
three components of stress acting parallel to the coordinate axes, are denoted
by NI, N 2, and N 3. The components of force acting in the direction of the co-
ordinates X|, Xz, X 3 are AN_, AN2, and AN 3 respectively. Another useful
relationship can be written as:
and the areas of the other faces are Ak, Am, An.
The principal stresses for a given set of stress components can be deter-
mined by the solution of the following cubic equation:
(3)
- f132 - f122) fp - (fli f22 f33 + 2f23 f13 f12 - fll f232 - f22 f132 - f33 f122) = 0
The three roots of this equation give the values of the three principal stresses.
The three corresponding sets of direction cosines for the three principal plan_s
can be obtained by substituting each of these stresses (one set for each principal
stress) into Equations 3 and using the relation k 2 + m 2 + n 2 = i.
Section A1
March 1, 1965
Page 21
The shearing stresses associated with the three principal stresses can be
obtained by:
t
fl2 = + _-(fp! _ fp2) , fl3 = + 2-(fpl
! - fp3),
(5)
!
f23 = + _- (fp2 - fp3)
where the superscript notation is used to distinguish between the applied shearing
stresses and the stresses associated with the principal normal stresses fpl,
fp2' and fP3"
The maximum shearing stress acts on the plane bisecting the angle between
the largest and the smallest principal stresses and is equal to half the difference
between these two principal stresses.
Let the components of the specific body force be denoted by X1, X2, X3,
then the equation of equilibrium in a given direction is obtained by summing all
the forces in that direction and proceeding to the limit. The resulting differen-
tial equations of equilibrium for three dimensions are:
Section A1
March i, 1965
Page 22
afl2 8f13
afli +_ + +Xi = 0
8x i 8x2
_+ + +X2= 0 (6)
8x 2 axl 8x 3
These equations must be satisfied at all points throughout the body. The
internal stresses must be in equilibrium with the external forces on the surface
of the body. These conditions of equilibrium at the boundary are obtained by
considering the stresses acting on Figure AI. 3.3-1.
----_ _x1
X3 = f33 n+ft3k+f23 m
in which k, m, n are the direction cosines of the external normal to the surface
of the body at the point under consideration and X1, X2, X 3 are the components
of the surface forces per unit area.
The Equations 6 and 7 in terms of the six components of stress, fll, f22,
f33, f12, f13, f23 are statically indeterminate. Consideration of the elastic deforma-
tions is necessary to complete the description of the stressed body. This is
done by considering the elastic deformations of the body.
The relations between the components of stress and the components of strain
have been established experimentally and are known as Hooke's law. For small
deformations where superposition applies, Hooke's law in three dimensions for
normal strain is written as:
1
el = _ [fll - v (f22 ÷ f33) ]
1
£2 = E- [f22 - v (fll + f33) ] (8)
1
e3 = E- [f33 - v (fil + f22) ]
Section A1
March 1, i965
Page 24
2(I+ v) +_.,v,
• l_ = E fi2 = G
2(t E + v) (9)
Tts = ft3 = G
au
u + _xl dxl
due to the increase (au/axl)dx 1 of the function u with increase of the coordinate
x l, It follows that the unit elongation at poiqt 0 in the x 1 direction is au/ax 1.
In the same manner it can be shown that the unit elongations in the x 2 - and x 3 -
directions are given by av/ax2 and aw/ax 3 respectively.
The distortion of the angle from AOB to A'O' B' can be seen from Figure
AI. 3.4-i to be av/ax 1 + au/ax 2. This is the shearing strain between the planes
x I x 3 and x 2 x 3. The shearing strains between the other two planes are obtained
similarly.
au av aw
el - ax 1 , _2 - ax2 ' _s =_..
(10)
au av au Dw av aw
Ylg- = 2ax-- + ax t "/i3 ax 3 + ax I _23 ax 3 + ax 2
Section Al
March I, 1965
Page 25
X_ _ u +iL_. dx 2
8x2
i I
T- At
1 0
dx 2
+ a_v dxt
v Ox!
0 _ . _ Xl
4- J
_x 1 dxt
Differentiating Q twice with respect to. x2; e2 twice with respect to xt; and
Ti2 once with respect to x t and once with respect x 2. The sum of the derivatives
of (1 and e2 is found to be identical to the derivative of Tt2. Therefore,
Two more relationships of the same kind can be obtained by cyclic interchange
of the subscripts 1, 2, 3.
Differentiate e 1 once with respect to x I and once with respect to xs; _/12
once with respect to x t and once with respect to x3; _/13 once with respect to x l
and once with respect to x2; and _'23 twice with respect to x I. It then follows that
The six differential relations between the components of strain are called
the equations of compatibility and are given below.
(II)
8x{ ax{ ox2ax3 ' axlax 3
a20 a20
( I + p) V 2 f23 + - 0
(i +,) _72fil + _x I = 0 Dx20x 3
_20 020
(1 + v) V 2 f22 + 0x--_ = 0 , (1 + v) V 2 fl3 + 0xlDx3 - 0 (t2)
020 020
(1 + v) V 2 fl2 + -- - 0
(1 + v) V 2 f33 + --Ox2 -- 0 OxlOx 2
where:
V2 _)2 D2 _2
and
For most cases where strains are linear and superposition applies, the
system of Equations 6, 7, and 11 or 12 are sufficient to determine the stress
components without ambiguity. The use of stress functions to aid in the solution
of these equations are discussed below.
It has been shown in the previous sections that the differential equations
of equilibrium (Equations 6) ensure a distribution of stress in a body that pre-
serves the equilibrium of every element in the body. The fact that these are
satisfied does not necessarily mean that the distribution of stresses are correct
since the boundary stresses must also be satisfied. The compatibility equations
(Equations 1t) must also be satisfied to ensure the proper strain distribution
throughout the body. The problem is then to find an expression that satisfies all
Section A1,
March 1, 1965
Page 28
In 1862,G. B. Airy introduced a stress function (_b (xl, x2) ) which is an ex-
pression that satisfies both Equations 6 and II (in two dimension) when the
stresses are described by:
+ 2 + = V4qb = 0 (I4)
p/unit length
V ° = -p L
_ _ ii _ _ _ _
.__._._.p, Xl
V-
Mo=- 2
L-
X2
Solution:
24x 2 (5a+b) = 0
Since Equation 14 can now be satisfied by letting a = - b/5, the only other
condition to satisfy is the boundary conditions.
i. f22 = -P at x 2 = - h/2
2. f22 = 0 at x 2 = h/2
h/2
3. f fl2dx2 = -pL at x1 = L from ZF=0
-h/2
h/2
4. f fltx2dx2 = -pL2/2 at x1 = L from ZM = 0
-h/2
5. fl2 = 0 at x 2 = h/2
From Equation i3
f12 = - OxiOx2
6bx, , 2hx,
2bh 3 2dh
f22 = -P = - 8 2 + 2e (c)
Section A1
-f- March 1, 1965
Page 31
2bh 3 2dh
+ 2e (d)
f22 = 0 - 8 + 2
4e = -p or e = -p/4 (e)
h/2 h/2
= -pL (f)
=2 [ -_ 6 bLx23-2hLx2]_/2
bh 3
or + 2dh -_p
2
h/2
=2 2___a
x_ + _- xl2x3+ 56 cx 31
[ _ 6b h/2
0
ah 5
bL2h 3 ch 3 _ _ pL2/2
4 +_+ 2
Section A 1
March f, 1965
Page 32
3
=-x i ( _ bh 2 # 2d )
or
(h)
(J)
Section A1
March 1, 1965
Page 33
(k)
fll P
= - 2I (X2 X 2 + h2 xz/10 - 2x_/3) (i)
f22 = - -P---(x23/3
2I - h2xy/4 + h3/12) (m)
fi2 = -P--
21 (x22x! - h2xl/4) (n)
where I = h3/12
11
felasticity = ph
4I /L 2 - h_l (o)
fmiechanics Me _ pL 2 h (P)
I 4I
felasticity p
11 - f_i echanics = - ph
60I3 5 (q)
Section A 1
March 1, 1965
Page 34
Several theories have been advanced to aid in the prediction of the critical
load combination on a structural member. Each theory is based on the assump-
tion that a specific combination of stresses or strains constitutes the limiting
condition. The margin of safety of a member is then predicted by comparing
the stress, the strain, or combination of stress and strain with the correspond-
ing factors as determined from tests on the material.
Three of the more useful theories are stated in this subsection. A more
detailed discussion on these and other theories of failure can be found in most
elementary strength analysis text books such as references 2 and 3.
The maximum normal stress theory of failure states that inelastic action at
any point in a material begins only when the maximum principal stress at the
point reaches a value equal to the tensile (or compressive) yield strength of the
material as found in a simple tension (or compression) test. The normal or
shearing stresses that occur on other planes through the point are neglected.
The maximum shearing stress theory is based on the assumption that yield-
ing begins when the maximum shear stress in the material becomes equal to the
maximum shear stress at the yield point in a simple tension specimen. To apply
it, the principal stresses are first determined, then, according to Equation 5,
where i and j are associated with the maximum and minimum principal stresses
respectively.
The maximum energy of distortion theory states that inelastic action at any
point in a body under any combination of stresses begins only when the strain
energy of distortion per unit volume absorbed at the point is equal to the strain
Section A1
March 1, i965
Page 35
/ energy of distortion absorbed per unit volume at any point in a bar stressed to
the elastic limit under a state of uniaxial stress as occurs in a simple tension
(or compression) test. The value of this maximum strain energy of distortion
as determined from the uniaxial test is
l+v F 2
wl - 3E YP
.6E [(fpl
where fpl, fP2' fp3 are the principal stresses and Fyp is the yield point stress.
(For th_ case of a biaxial state of stress, fP3 = 0.)
The choice between the two methods for ductile materials may be made by
considering the particular application. When failure of the component leads to
catastrophic results, the maximum-shearing-stress theory should be used
since the resuits are on the safe side.
Section A J.
March 1, 1965
Page 36
REFERENCES
LOADS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
A2-iii
v
Section A2
April 15, 1973
Page
A2 SPACE VEHICLE LOADS.
The standard coordinate axes which have been used for rockets, missiles,
and launch vehicles are shown in Figure A2.1-1. The longitudinal X axis is
taken as positive in the flight direction. The Y and Z axes are taken in
Figure A2.1-2. In this figure externally applied loads acting at the airplane
center of gravity are defined as positive when directed aft in the X direction,
Externally applied moments about the airplane center of gravity are defined as
positive when acting as shown in Figure A2.1-2 (left-hand rule). At ,any section
under positive shear the rear, left outboard, or upper part tends to move aft,
left, or up; the right outboard, or upper part, tends to move aft, right, or up.
Any section under positive torsion tends to rotate clockwise when viewed from
the rear, left, and upper fibers. Positive axial load produces tension across
any section.
The external loads which may act on a space vehicle are categorized
as follows.
1. Flight Loads
+X (L, d>, p, u)
IN. _, r, w)
+Z
+Y
(M, (_, q. v)
-Z
i ii i,
LONGITUDINAL X L u
LATERAL Y M v
YAW Z W
ROLL ¢ Y to Z
PITCH e ZtoX q
YAW Xto Y r 4
i i !
Figure A2.1-1. Coordinate axes and symbols for a space vehicle. --:
Section A2
April 15, 1973
Page 2. 1
f-
0
_:::u ,-.4
_'_
f I-d
\
bD _I
"_ o
._ _._
o
°_
,,k
NASA--MSFC
Section A2
April 15, 1973
Page 2. 2
5. Recovery Loads.
analyst to obtain the magnitudes of external loads for the space vehicle from
assumed that these loads are furnished to the stress analyst so that only their
w/
MS FC_I_A, A_
Section A2
March 1, 1965
Page 2._ 3
The loads are usually presented in the form of load versus vehicle
station curves, where locations along the longitudinal coordinate are referred
to as vehicle stations. These curves are plotted for various times during the
flight of the vehicle. At each of these times, the longitudinal force, the shear
and the bending moment are plotted as a function of the vehicle station. Typical
curves showing the bending moment and longitudinal force distribution along
a vehicle can be seen in Figure A2.2.0-I.
.2
I
.2 Bending Moment
l
Longitudinal Force(
i L - S -_ __ ! I I
ax P
A2.3. I General
as follows:
Section A2
March 1, 1965
Page 5
1. Liftoff - As the vehicle lifts off the launch pad there is a sudden
application and redistribution of loads on the vehicle. This causes dynamic loads
which may be critical.
4. Engine Cutoff - Engine thrust and longitudinal inertia loads are maxi-
mum just before cutoff. During cutoff, high dynamic loads may result because
of the redistribution of these loads.
Other flight loads, which are caused by pressure and temperature dif-
ferentials, must be considered in the stress analysis. In addition to the
Section A2
March 1, 1965
Page6
1. Holddown Loads - The vehicle is usually held onto the launch pad by
a holddown mechanism during engine ignition. The loads on the vehicle during
this time are referred to as the holddown loads.
Section A2
March l, 1965
Page 7
The statictest loads are the loads on the vehicle during static testing
of the vehicle. These loads are summarized as follows:
3. Wind loads
The dynamic and acoustic loads for static firing tests should also be
investigated since they are higher during static test than in flight, in many cases.
The transportation ,and handling loads arc the loads which occur during
transportation and handling of the space vehicle. In the dcsigm of the vehicle,
these loads are required primarily for the design of ticdown and handling attach-
ments.
The recovery loads are the loads which occur during the recovery of a
particular structural component or stage of the vehicle. These recovery loads
also include the loads which may occur during descent and impact.
SECTIONA
GENERAL
._J
ASTRONAUTICS STRUCTURES MANUAL
GENERAL
SECT I ON A2 L(_DS
STRENGTH
SECTION B3 SPRINGS
SECTION B4 BEAMS
SECTI ON B9 PLATES
STAB IL ITY
SECTION Cl COLUMNS
A-tlJ.
SECTIONSUBJECTINDEX i
(CONTINUED)
SECTION E1 FATIGUE
A -iv
SECTION A3
COMBINED STRESSES
-._J
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
P
3.1.0 Combined Stresses ............................... 1
3.2.0 Stress Ratios, Interaction Curves, and Factor
of
Safety ..................................... 8
3.2.1 A Theoretical Approach to Interaction ....... I0
3.3.0 Interaction for Beam-Columns .................... 12
3.3.1 Interaction for Eccentrically Loaded and
Crooked Columns ........................... 14
3.4.0 General Interaction Relationships ............... 18
3.5.0 Buckling of Rectangular Flat Plates Under Combined
Loading ....................................... 22
3.6.0 Buckling of Circular Cylinders, Elliptical
Cylinders, and Curved Plates Under Combined
Loading ............................ _ .......... 27
3.7.0 Modified Stress-Strain Curves Due to Combined
Loading Effects ................................ 31
A3-iii
Section A 3
---F
i0 July 1961
Page 1
fs is applied shear
stress, fy
0 is the angle of
L
principal axes.
e
Sign Convention:
_ fs
Tensile stress is
positive.
fy 45 °
Compressive stress is
negative.
Shear stress is positive Fig. A 3. I. 0-I
as shown.
Positive e is counter-
clockwise as shown.
Note:
t t'yt
f-"_2 Y
fx
fx
-III-------
fs =._ j- _ " / % fs I
L
v
fs
fx
_em,,.
Ffg. A 3.1.0-4
Fig. A 3.1.0-5
Equal Tension & Pure Shear
Compression
Section A3
July 9, 1964
Page 3
/ 2
fx + fy \// fx
............
fmin - 2 - V\ Y _s (2)
2f s
TAN 28 two angles representing
fx - fy the principal
The solution axes of inl
results ....... (3)
fmax and fmin:
Stress fs
___ + Shear
f
fx
ht fmin
A
(a) T hand
face
---fn
0
+ Normal
Stress
fx + fy
fmin (c)
(b) fmax
Fig. A 3.1.0-6
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
Page 4
4. From the right-hand face of the element prepared in step (I), read
off the values for fx and fs and plot the controlling point "A". The
co-ordlnate distances to this point are measured from the origin. The
sign of fx is positive if tensile, negative if compressive; that of fs
is positive if upward, negative if downward.
5. Draw the circle with center found in step (3) through controlling
point "A" found in step (4). The two points of intersection of the
circle with the normal-stress axis give the magnitudes and sign of the
two principal stresses. If an intercept is found to be positive, the
principal stress is tensile, and conversely.
I. Determine the principal stresses and the planes on which they act
per previous procedure.
4. The normal stresses acting on all faces of the element are equal to
the average of the principal stresses, considered algebraically. The
F
magnitude and sign of these stresses are also given by the distance from
the origin of the co-ordinate system to the center of Mohr's circle.
fmax + fmin = fx + fy
\ f' =
\ 2 2
\
\ fmin
Fig. A 3.1.0-7
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
Page 6
+ fs fx
fx_ _ fs_ g _-
O_fx_ + fn
f._x + fs
_-- fx -_
+ fs
_ fSmax "
" fn 0
+ fn
_y
Point
0 + fn
fx_fS = 0
fy
" fn
+ fs
fSma x " fs
Fig. A 3.1.0-12
Equal Tension and Compression
" fn 0 + f
n
fnmin_ x =
fs
Fig. A 3.1.0-13
Pure Shear
Section A3
July 9, 1964
Page 8
1. Let
locate
the value
point a.
of R1 and R2
0 / 1o1 \
R2 1.0
2. Rx and Rz can increase Fig, A 3.2.0-1
proportionately until failure
occurs at point b.
FoS,
................... (1)
IR+J_2+_21
where
R' designates the sum of all first-power ratios.
Let k=Fs/F; tests of most materials will show this ratio to vary
from 0.50 to 0.75.
Rf = f/F; R s = fs/Fs
+ f2
fmax -- 7 + Ref Eq. (I) Sec. A 3. I. 0
s
Rf _Rf_ 2 2
(kR s ) ................... (I)
I:T-+ +
Rf R2
1 i-f + s .................................
(2)
Conclusion
1
F.S. = ............................. (4)
VR2f +R2s
2 2
For the graphical solution for Factor of Safety, the curve R1 + R2 = 1
of Fig. A 3.4.0-1 may be used.
k -- .5; Rf 2 + Rs 2 = 1
k = .7; .5Rf 2 + Rs 2 = 1
1.6 O
Max. Normal Stress Theory
k = .5; Rf +_f2 + Rs 2 = 2
@ Valid
@ Partly Valid
@ Invalid
@ Partly Valid
0
-,,,,1
.2
I
.4 r.O
I
1.2
L
Fig. A 3.2.1-I
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
Page 12
A 3.3.0 Interaction for Beam-Columns
P = applied load.
2 E1
Pe = L2 (Euler load). (Reference Section C 1.0.0).. (I)
_2E I
Po = buckling load = t ......................... (2)
L2
P
Ra = p-_ (column stress ratio) ......................... (3)
M
u
(beam stress ratio) .......................... (4)
Rb M
o
f =P+k M-c
A I
R a + kR b = i ............................................ (5)
Po Et
Let _ = Pe E (plasticity coefficient) ............... (6)
i
k=
I - P/Pe
1
k=
Conclusion
M=Pe
LIIIIIIII
i_
e I P
P e
Eccentric Column Crooked Column
M o
=-- (base eccentricity, which is that required r
e° Po for Po to induce a moment Mo) ... (2)
e o
P
Ra =_o
M M
Rb = M-_
5. Calculate R e = e/eo.
Pu
F.S.=--
P
Section A 3
i0 July 1961
Page 16
A 3.3.1 Interaction for Eccentrically Loaded and Crooked Columns (Cont'd_
0 0.2
1.0
/
! /
/
I
0.8
=0.0 =Y
Po
0.6 _ = 0.2
o =0.4
Ow
_=0.6
mw
II "q = 0.8
_3 = 1
o_
0.4
0.2
i0.0
R b = M/M °
Fig. A 3.3.1-5
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
Page 17
A3.3.1 Interaction for Eccentrically Loaded and Crooked Columns (Cont'd)
R = e/e
e o
1.0
2
0.8
0.6
O 0
1 8
II
2.0 ,
0.4
0.2
i0.0
'i|l*|lll_
R b = M/M °
I0 July 1961
Page 18
._ co o
V 0 _ o_
0
ml ,_ 0
0 _ _ ,-_ _ 00
o co
_._
o _ = _
[z_oo o_
_J
eq
0
[--i
+
_J
Om +
oq_ ! + i+
.0 !
co o ,._
cN
o
!
o
I
,.-4
II
II II II
II II Jr
o_ 4J .I..I
r-_ c,q _ co
co +
II + Jr II + +
c_ _J
,--4
I I I I !
o o o oo
..4
.<
o
! !
o o "_ "o
"o
"o co co
co _0
o =
co co r_ I= m'_ G 0 o
co "o 0.1 I_ m • m
.,-i I=
._ _ o o ,.c_ _J cJ -,_ ;_ _ o _J.J=
i_1 o r.j _o0oo
.IJ !
I o (2
co co .1_ co c3 _ CO cO
r_ I_ • 4-J
_ =_ ,-_
o 0 _-,_ _ 0
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
_pf
Page 19
1.0
0.9
3+ =I /
0.6 ; :
\\
0_ , - / _
1 5 2
R 1" + R2 = 1 /
0.3 RI + I R2 = I! /_/ _
0.2 I I _//
R1 + R2 = i
0.i
0 "1 I I I
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
R1
Interaction Curves
Fig. A 3.4.0-1
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
Page 21
I I
AN-IO NOTE: Curves not
30 applicable where -
shear nuts are
used. Curves are
Interaction Formula
based on the
R _ 2 \
+R t = 1 results of com-
S \
bined load tests
\ of bolts with
25
\ nuts finger-
tight.
\
\ i
20 \
AN-8
\
O, \
\
, 15
\ \
m
o \ \
\
\ \
• ,AN-6 \
I0 ---_ _
\ \
AN-5 \ \
\ \
5 \ \
_-4 t
\
I
5 I0 15 20 25
Flg. A 3.4.0-2
iIIEIH
tttttttttt
Combined Loading
Fig. A 3.5.0-1
Table A 3.5.0-I
Elastic Longitudinal
Compression A 3.5.0-2
and Bending
Bending and
Shear A 3.4.0-I R2 + R2 = I
b s _/R 2 + R 2
s
(a) (b)
1 (
l.O_ a/b = O. 8 _--,>,. ,a/b - l. o
0 _
o.__ \
Rx= 0
06
_o_ \ R
¢\ 04
\\\\,,\,\i _.o._
\"\\\\
o_ \ ,\,\ \ o_\\ \\\\,
\\\ 0 2
0.2 \ , 0._
o.9\ \ \
\ \ • _ \ \ \\\\
\ \ o ....
1 _ _\\ \
0.2 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(c)
1.0
alb -- 1.20
0.8 f
Y
0.6
__\_\ \_-o
Rb
\,\\_\
\\ \ _o._, _IIIIIIIIIIIII'
\ \ o..,\
\ \ \\\
\ \\ \\\\
0.2
o::\
0
....
I I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Ry
Interaction Curves for Simply Supported Flat Rectangular
Plates Under Combined Biaxial-Compression and Longitudinal Bending Loadings
Fig. A 3.5.0-2
Section A 3
i0 July 1961
Page 24
_ --- L.... _
O.
o.8"-""'m!..
:°
0.6 -_ r",_z).
2o O.
Rb --_
_- _
. _o ,',' RI
0.80 \ .-; \\
0.2
0
_
_,,I\
"-0.90_ \\:I
i ' : "
L
'I 3.
0.8 _
__- "illl
o
8 _ -....,_
_
o
0.6 _'-_
_ : -'_ O'_n<_'_
I_ I --
Rb _ __
-_!_ \ _1 I!1
o.4 _
\o_o\ ' I I!1°
0.2 • II!o Z %.0.90i \ \
\
\
|lit
oo_ -I
1 \ \
) alll
0 "0.2 0.4 0.6 0._ 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0
R R
Y Y
I
1.0
0.8
0.6
R
b
0.4
1.0 1
0.2
0 _nallllln
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Rs
Fig. A 3.5.0-3
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
Page 26
0.5 __
___ 10.8
f
f 0._f 0.6
/ Rs
Rb
0.4
0.2
l"
0
1.0 0.8 0.6 Rc 0.4 0.2 0 _J
0.2
//
0.4
R
c
//
0.6
Rb
0.8
1.0
Fig. A 3.5.0-3
Sect ion A3
February 15, 1976
Page 27
kl
E_
0
2_
I
kl + I +
O
¢x.1
,.-( +
_>
+ cy
+
C_O O
.SZ
_z r-4
_ II
•,_ II
-4© II II II II _ c_
LJ o ,.Q
_ _ +
u_
,x:l + +
I
_J II
T T T . T T
O O 0 o o oi o
c_ 4 4 4 $ 41 4
0
< < <
Z
_ ._ _ ,.,
g_ _o °0'1
_o_ _ _
z
C m
H g_
(1) _)
o o _ o o o o _ _ c _
o_
OLj
Section A 3
i0 July 1961
Page 28
[I3
4-I
eq 03
+
¢q
oq 03
o
o
+
+
r/3
,m
.o
o' o
,-4
,-4 II
= II
0 II ¢o#m ,--4
O
%.s II
¢_ 03
,-4 03
! + e4 03
O
+ II II
ZO z +
_0 03 + .U
M .m ¢_1 03 ¢_1 03
v O_ O_
¢q 03
+ + + + +
_CY +
0 o o
,m
I I
.4 ..4
< <
Z
0
m c _ • = = _ C C C
= 0.,4 > •,4 _1 ¢1 C o-,_ o C i1/ C
i0 •,4
_
:3
.,4 _
.,4 _
03 =
03 0
03
=
_l
[-_
'13
•
03
O >
•,4 03
m C m
= 03 _
•,4 _
•
03 _
C
.,4
"o
D
•,4 _
_0
03 C
03 •
03
_
[-_
C >
•,4 m
-o C
_
_
C O
.,4 .,4
-O m
CD
_ o _,_ o o D _.c o o o _ C o _ _ O
=eft1,
"o
I I I - I I
0
•,4 m-,4 m
.,4 _ >_
_rD-O
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
f Page 29
4-1
=° _
• _ Vl
I_ _1--_
d
4-J o _ _: Ii _ + _ln
V
o
o
°_
I
o
,g
,-.-4 121t_
.,-4
0 _ 4-J
,x:l
N ,._
_ o n_ _
flJ t.J .0_ 0
.,-I
¢.1 .,II ,-4 01
oo
u_l_ _ Vl
o
o _J g II II
e,
O_
Section A 3
I0 July 1961
Page 30
1.0
0.8
RI3 - R 2 = 1
//
0.6
/j/
2
RI• - R 2 = 1
R2
0.4
o2 ....
"|
0
I 11
RI
Interaction Curves
Fig. A 3.6.0-1
Section A3
July 9, 1964
Page 31
reaches the ultimate tensile stress Ftu of the material, but a member
resisting combined loading may fail before the maximum principal
stress reaches Ftu (Reference Section A1). When buckling or other
empirical parameters include combined loading effects, modified
stress-strain curves are not required.
,
fl, f2 and f3, the three principal stresses, are in proportion;
i.e.,
fz = El fl (_)
f3 = K2 fl (2)
K 1 _ K 2
3 3
foct
f2- .._
---'-2
Figure A3.7.0-I
3. In this method, for any principal stress fi' the total strains
and modulus of elasticity are modified to include the effects
of the other principal stresses.
Procedure:
Effect (Cont'd)
I
and calculate an effective modulus of elasticity, E l, by:
EI =
' (f_ll) El (4)
°
Use this value of E'sp and a value of gp = 0. 5, if not accurately
1
known, find e I from
P
1
(6)
[p - E,sp (fl - gp f2 - _p f3 )
E Esi
__ _- EsPi --
pt. i
I modulus
'¢ip
: _ le ¢I P -
F
(a) Engineering stress-strain curve (b) Plastic stress-strain curve
Figure A3.7.0-2
Section A3
July _, 1,564
Page 34
Effect (Cont'd_
5. Once E' has been found, c' can be determined for any value
of fl by! le
fl (7)
Ie N_
6. Determine the total effect strain, el, for each value of fl by:
e p (g)
t t t
E
E 1 / El s it
/
/
f
l
Any Point I
e l Ip
t O
¢'1
Re ferences :
METRIC SYSTEM
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
_F 4
A4. 5. 1 Dimensionless Physical Quantities .......
5
A4.6.2 Rules for Notation ................
/
A4.7.2 Identification of Units .............. 8
A4-iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
A4-iv
Section A4
1 February 1970
Page 1
METRIC SYSTEM
Introduction
metric system and its advantages over the English system. This section
Units of length, mass, and time are basic to both the English
System and to the Metric System. In the English System these are:
length, the foot; mass, the pound; and time, the second. Note that the
A4.2. 1 Advantages of SI
and development work relating to space technology. For instance, the use
"-- f
Section A4
1 February 1970
v _
Page 2
fies the exchange of in-house data among NASA centers and installations
by the ConfErence G_n_rale des Poids et Mesures in 1960 for the following
basic units :
meter m ampere A
kilogram kg degree Kelvin OK
second s candela cd
to the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms constituting the molecule.
have special names and symbols which have been approved by the General
1, b, h centimeter cm
t second s
m gram g
f, v hertz ( = s- 1) Hz
F dyne ( = g. cm/s 2) dyn
E,U,W,A erg (= g. cm2/s 2) erg
p microbar ( = dyn/cm2) _t bar
poise (= dyn. s/cm 2) p
meter m
kilogram kg
second S
ampere A
The system based on these four units was given the name
The mechanical system, which is based on the first three units only, has
1 _ngstr_m A
barn ( = 10-Z4 cruZ) b
V liter (= 1 dm 3) 1
t, T minute min
t, T hour h
t, T day d
t, T year a
p atmos pher e atm
p kilowatt- hour kWh
Q . calorie cal
Q kilocalorie kcal
E, Q electronvolt eV
m ton ( = 1000kg) t
Ma, m (unified) atomic mass unit u
p bar (= 10 6 dyn/cm Z)
(= 10 5 N/m z) bar
is equivalent to the product of the numerical value (or the measure, a pure
F = 27 N v = 3 x 108 s-1
Section A4
1 February 1970
Page 5
r"
A4.6.0 Other SI Symbols
I ampere A
Q coulomb ( = A. s) C
C farad ( = C/V) F
L henry (= Vs/A) H
E joule ( =kg. mZ/s2) J
m kilogram kg
1, b, h meter m
F newton ( =kg. m/s2) N
R ohm (= V/A)
B tesla (= Wb/m2) T
V volt (= W/A) V
P watt (= J/s) W
$ weber (= V. s) Wb
candela, symbol: cd. Special names for units in this field are:
I candela (candle) cd
lumen lm
E lux ( = lm / m2) lx
period), and shall remain unaltered in the plural, e.g.: 7cm, not 7 cms.
Section A4
1 February 1970
Page 6
upright type. However, the symbol for a unit derived from a proper name
(weber); Hz (hertz).
centi (10 -2 ) c
milli (10- 3) m
micro (i0-6) v
nano (10- 9) n
atto (10"18) a
deka (I01) da
hecto (10 z) h
kilo (10 3 ) k
mega (106 ) M
giga (109 ) G
tera (1012) T
f.
When a prefix symbol is placed before a unit symbol, the
Examples: cm 2, mA 2, _s 2
squared, thus, crn2 is never written, and never means, 0.01 (m 2) but
following example s :
MN mN
kV kHz
MV mA
GHz cm
omitted on the assumption that users are familiar with the SI units.
indicated.
as one unit in a row or column, followed by the other unit in another row
present the equivalent units in separate tables and drawings. Figure A4-1
1 February 1970
"--r_ Page 9
6 MM 4.236 IN)
/ -
M' $ 300 MM( ,,.8
IN)
FRAME. UPRIGHT (BRASS) 2 REQD
MM 4.236 IN.)DRILL-(2)
--.. ,SMMC.S
,N..)--,.i
, ..j.--
300 MMC 11.8 IN,) -,
ROD (ALUMINUM') I REQD
non- SI unit.
and preferred styles which are to be used during the transition from non-
SI systems to SI.
The term "mass" (and not weight) shall be used to specify the
Section A4
1 February 1970
Page 10
itational acceleration in m/s2 at the location where the object was weighed
or is assumed to be located.
defined as being exactly 4.448 221 615 260 5 newtons by the NBS; and the
pound thrust, defined as being exactly 4.448 221 615 260 5 newtons, shall
abbreviated Ibm, the pound force shall be abbreviated lbf, and the pound
The dry mass of the S-I (first) stage of the Saturn I launch
1 February 1970
Page il
The thrust of the S-I (first) stage of the Saturn I launch vehicle
ever, the radian, arc degree, arc minute, and arc second may all be used
stitute a right angle. This is not an SI unit, but, since it is based on dec-
measurement applications.
for example, 48 000 kg (107 000 lbm), and 25.4 lbf (113 newtons).
place a space between each group of three digits. Such spaces shall be
used to the right and left of decimal points. Commas are not used:
The preferred unit of time associated with time rates is the v"
second.
A4.10.3 Energy
and all other forms) is the joule (J). The Btu, calorie, and kilocalorie,
although listed in this document for information, are poorly defined and
should be avoided.
-W"
parentheses. Note that temperature differences expressed in Kelvin
degrees (OK) and in Celsius degrees (°Cels) are numerically equal and
that degrees Celsius and degrees Centigrade are identical. See Temper-
oK oC
Temperature of
"Coherent units '_ are units that can be used directly in equations
coherent units over the entire range of numerical values of physical quan-
units.
l February 1970
Page 15
in parentheses.
itate the conversion of most commonly used units of the English system
1 February 1970
Page 17
**{the rm ochemical )
Section A4
1 February 1970
Page 18
pound force (avoirdupois) newton N=kg. m/s z *4. 448 221 615 260 5
1 February 1970
Page 19
3
,_*Btu/pound mass joule/kilogram J/kg 2. 324 444 4 x 10
pound force/sq inch (psi) newton/sq meter N/mZ 6. 894 757 2 x 103
m g_ "
N
N g
N "_.... °
In "
N g I1
I'- S In
N
,s:l
,i,l,l,l,i,l,l,l,i, :ii'li'lililiili'lilllllllllllllilllll,liiillilillllll
bg
0
0
w_
_o
,,,,I,,,,I,,,,I,,, X,,,,I,,,,J,,,,I,,,,
0 I
,,,, ,,li Ji,J ,,,ll,,,,I,,,,I,,,
ii)
0
I l)
, T T T _ ? !
,,,,I,,,,1,,,,1,,,, lillllililililliliiliilililliliiiililiililliliililili
C I
0 il
o o o o o g o g
,i,l,i,l,,l,I
N
, I, Ill iiii
Ill ill ill ill iT7iii '
Ill Ill Ill ill ill ill
0
0 0 _ _
s _1'
!! s
N
s
--
,i,l,i,l,i,l,i,l,i ! ,l,l,l,l,l,l,l,l,i,
ill W
li: i.
h 0
Section A4
1 February 1970
Page 23
To Convert To Multiply by
?
year (tropical) second (mean solar) 3. 155 692 6 x iO
-2
8q foot/second sq meter/second m'/s *9. 290 304 x 10
pound force' second/sq foot newton, second/sq meter N. s/mZ 4. 788 025 8 x 10*
TableA4-19.Volume
abcoulomb coulomb C= A- s * 1. 00 x 10 l
3
Btu (mean) joule J= N. m 1. 055 87 x I0
3
Btu (60°F) joule J= N. m I. 054 68 x 10
1
chain (surveyor or gunter) meter m _:,2.011 68 x I0
1 February 1970
Page 26
-!
coulomb (Int of 1948) coulomb C= A" s 9- 998 35 x I0
dram (U.S. fluid) cumeter m3 *3. 696 691 195 312 5 x l0 "_
-15
0 ¢" rmi meter m _I. 00 x I0
l February 1970
Page 27
v
-!
-s
gram kilogram kg * 1. 00 x 10
kip newton N= kg. m/sb *4. 448 221 615 260 5 x 103
_f.-
1 February 1970
Page 30
pint (U. S. dry) cu meter m_ *5. 505 104 713 575 x lO "4
pound force (lbf, avoirdupois) newton N = kg.m/s z *4. 448 221 615 260 5
quart (U.S. dry) cu meter m3 *1. 101 220 942 715x 10 "a
]
To Convert To Symbol Multiply by
1 February 1970
Page 32
-2
ton (assay) kilogram kg 2. 916 666 6 x I0
year 1900, tropical, Jan, second (ephemeris) s _3. 155 592 597 47 x 107
day 0, hour 12
STRENGTHANALYS I S
SECTION B l
Page
Bl-iii
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page i
B 1.0.0 Joints and Fasteners
rivet and of the bearing stress between rivet and plate. Simplifying
assumptions are made, which are summarized as follows:
(1) The distance from a rivet to a sheared edge shall not be less
than 1 3/4 diameters, or to a planed or rolled edge, I 1/2
diameters.
r-
Bolted joints that are designed on the basis of shear and bearing
are analyzed in the same way as riveted joints. The simplifying assump-
tions listed in Section B i.i.i are valid for short bolts where bending
of the shank is negligible.
The load per rivet or bolt, at which the shear or bearing type of
failure occurs, is separately calculated and the lower of the two
governs the design. The ultimate shear and tension stress, and the
ultimate loads for steel AN bolts and pins are given in Table B 1.1.3.1
and B 1.1.3.2. Interaction curves for combined shear and tension load-
ing on AN bolts are given in Fig. B 1.1.3-1. Shear and tension ultimate
loads for MS internal wrenching bolts are specified in Table B 1.1.3.3.
Section B I
25 September 1961
Page 3
_0
o•
_D =
: : :
=
0 0000 0
• :
e •
:i , . :
: :
i" :i
° •
"
•
: :
: :
: :
= : :
_0
.,-I
el
_ _00.
00
_0 _
0
_0 _ _ _ ° °
•_ 0
.e
_0000 O0
__ O0 Omm Omm::
,.-I
,--I
ggX ggg'!
: .
O 00000 O0
,4 _000 O0
_0_ _ moo _m_::
,.4
d_d d£d':
0 __0 _" 0_ __
0 _1 _0_ _ 0_0 _0_
__0 _
0000_ __ _0_
°.°.° °°0,° °°°0°
0 0__ __
"_ 0 _ _0_ _0_ __
_0_ __ 0__
__ _0_
• ° ° . . 0°°°° °°°°°
__ _0_
_00
_0_0 __
000_
°°°.° °°°°. °°0°.
z
_ N _1_1
'_'_ -*__
0__ __ I
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page 5
BI.I.3 Protruding-Head Rivets and Bolts (Cont'd)
,._
0 _ 0
• ,-I _ ,-q
0 eq -_" _D O00
! I I I I I I I I I I I I
•,_ .,_ t
_J
O co _
,,-.4
o 000000000000
_J _00000000000
[13 0_ _00_
L_ Oa
O ,--4
4J
;J
0_0_0_000 0 00000000
_ U'3 ____ _ _000_0_
u_ _J ___0_ __ _ _0_0_0
o I
_O
4J
4_ _ _0_ __0_00_ _
Q; n_
0 '.D -,-4 _ _____ _ __0_
_J
OO
__ ____ __0_
Oq
__t_O_
L_
U-_.<?
< U_ 0 _ L_O_ ¢xlO0'--_ _00_ ',_0 C_
0 ""q r_ r_- t_'- O_ O0 Cq <t ',.00_ O_ t"_' O0 ¢xl 0
cO
.= -_' 0000 0 ,'--_ ,--_ <r r_ o o'_ ..._
4J _; _ -_ 00000 000 00 000 0 ,--_ ¢'_ _- r._ u_ 00 o'_
_3
o°°o°°°°o
°°°°ooo oooS o
qP
_J
GO .-I
0-_
_0____0___
(D
.c= b9
CO 0
z <1" _D O0 0 ¢q
,-4
r-q .,-I
0..,
0 _ _ _ O_ _
0
r-_
-,-4 .,.-4 _ _ ._ • _ • _ • • ____
.a _J _ JJ N 0 _0_0 u_O_O0_ _ ___
E_ _ ,--4
CO
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 6
BI.I.3
Protruding-Head Rivets and Bolts (Cont'd)
!AN-10
Interaction Formula
3O r--_._.
x3 2
25
Where :
= 20 x = shear load
\ y =
a =
tens ion load
shear allowable
b = tension allowable
,
_ _-5
\ i
0 5 I0 15 20 25
0
0 OOOOOOO
r-_ 0 OOOOOOO
u_
q_ !
o
OO
o ,-q
I
O O -_ OOOOOOO
u'_ O OOOOOOO
OO "_ ,.D
,-I v
I I
c_
Q;
¢1 __O_
OOOOOOO
0 OOOOOOO
O
r-_ U b'3
q_
-rq u_
-U
0.CI
r_ .,-.4
)-I C_
J_b
CO
.X3
f--I !4 ,-4
r-q O
o] O
O OOOOOOO O
OOOOOOO
_D !
O3
,--4 _ -,-4 °,.-.I _ m
O '_
r--_ O_ {a .,-.4
o
O
¢1 _OO
CO Q; 1.4 0
• ,-I ,--I 0 _
O_ .I-I _" O -_
I
,--I _-_ OO _ _ _J 0.0 _ 0000000
0000000
,.-I 0__0
'-' t_
m _
q.I
,--I 4J
,.D ,-q _ o.x::
t:_O.X:l '_
._
_.._ 0
c_ 000000_
0 0000000
0000000
_ 0 _
.l-I _m m
OO _ O
-,-I u_
o. _
O
_ _ 0
r_
_3 oq
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 8
1.1.3 Protruding-Head Rivets and Bolts (Cont' d)
4-I
>
r=4
0
_o 4-J
0_=
•M ¢'_
m[--_
4.1
°_
4.1
-*g
r-t
[--i
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 9
B 1.1.3 Protruding- Head Rivets and Bolts (Cont' d)
00000 eq o
r_ o
0_ o
_J 00000 __0
__0
> __0
.°.°.
o
00000 _o_o
_o
< _0
! • , , .
0
el
E _00 _o : : : : .
0__ _0.0. •
,--4 _0_ _0..0°0
<
_::: •
| • ? •
,_o
• . • • •
I _0°oO
_0,o, °
_0
_ • ._ ...... .
_0o
OO _.._: • | •
o
0'_ 0 ° • • °
o (_ • • •
; : : •
• : : • " o
O : i : :
: : :
: : , . ,
_J
_J • i
oO
• : :
oJ
GJ : ,• :
.c • e
• -_._ : : : : • : . : :
L_ : : i : :
•°
•
•
,
•
•
•
•
•
• : : : : :
.. _0 _ _ : : • ,
_ _ _ II _ II
: : : : :
m
: : : : :
: : : : :
0 _ __
: . . . • . :
_ooo_oooooSooooS_SS
rl/
(J3
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page I0
BI.I.3 Protruding-Head Rivets and Bolts (Cont'd)
__0
__0
g __0
°...°
0
__0
__0
°°°...°
0
o
o0 O eq ,-_ O u_ r-- O •
00 ..T O'_ e'_ t-.. ¢"_ 00 O *
'.O r-- r-. o0 oS O'_ O., O :
I • ° , , , , , • •
CD ,-4 •
__O" I
_ O
,°°..°°.•
Sa
O
_J
o oO
oO O
-.T ¢q
O'_ e,_
oO O_
,-_ oO
..J" ...J-
r-. O O i
_O I_. r--. oO o% o% o'_ O *
o ,-4 :
4_ ! ,
C
oO -.T O_ _'_ r-. _ r-. 0
Sa _D _---r-- oO oO O_ O_ 0 , , •
_J
o
• • • • ° o • .
,-4::
• • •
: "i
• . : : :
• :
i
> i
.,4
i
O
....... _-4
: : •
•
• :
.= : : : : : • :
oo_o,_.._-r-.o : : : : : : .
I
_o r-. r-.o0 o_ o_o_o : : : :
• . . , , . . . • • • • • : •
CD ,-.-4• • • • • • •
O :'ii!!.
• • i !
!i!iiiiiiiiiii!
i!i iii i:iiii! c
.,4
0
m • . ........ . . . : : "'I
(]3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
.......... . . . : :
0 .=
_D m
_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,_ ,-_ ,-_ ,-_ eq I
E
0
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page i i
BI.I.3 Protrudin$-Head Rivets and Bolts (Cont'd)
0
"0 to
• 0
• JJ ._
_1 oO r-- -_ 01 0 _ _ 00
c-4 c-4 • ,-_ ,Z_ cco CO
u_ ¢-4 0 _-_
o o'I •,_ _ OE-_ 0 "_ 4J _ 0
01 ,-_
i 000 _1
01
4J _4_ ..4 _ _ o O _ u_
0 o_ _ ,.c: 0
c-_ F_
01 t_ ! 4J 0 0 0 c_ 0
',D rq _
01 0 ._--I
I O_ _ 01
I I
0
,M
I _ _ ,-.4
0 _ _
0 r-- "_ 0 0
P-_ 0 co ,-_
¢-q
cO
0 o_
,-q
cO
c'q
! oO _o
¢xl c_j
4..1
I-
• >
_-4
i/3 • co
,---t
ol 0
bO._
0 (D
E--t
4J 0 ._
CO >
0 _J
4J oO 0 0
0_
0 0 (LI '..../ _./
4J
0 0
[o
,-4 0
[--t < CO rz_
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 12
1.0
.9 \
\
0
o
.8
.7
.6 "illllllll
\
0 i00 200 300 400
O
Temperature F
25 September 1961
Page 13
/
Rive t Dia. / /
318 / /
/
L
.,4
_
// /
/
/
/
/
/
/ 7
/ /, /
oO
O_
/
._4 /
/ /
0_
#
3/16/ /
/ /
///'
-r4
/ /
/// / /
///_-> /
/-
i
., _ //j
/
_i, II ,f_ll
S_
lillllih
.02 .04 .06 ,08 .i0 .12 .14 • 16 .18 .20 .22 .24 .26
25 September 1961
Page 14
B 1.1.3 Protruding-Head Rivets and Bolts (Cont'd)
=
.,-4
.,4
.,4 ,-4
O
O
,.-4 U
.,4 .,4
II ,=
.,4
¢J
4.J
.,4
> .,4
,-4
O
4_ am
o= >
.,4
.,4
am
In o =
W4 am
O
am
&J
.,4
= &a
&a ,-4
.r4
O4
o_
.,4
o'I
.,4 _J
.,4 _oo
_o
o=
,-4
,-4
r-4 .,-4
v
_n
_J
i!!iiiiii iii ii : : : :
•
:
.
: :
•
: : : : :
:
i:i
• :
: i
ca
_J
&a
25 September 1961
Page 15
BI.I.3 P_otruding-Head Rivets and Bolts (Cont'd)
_-_ • • • • • • • • • ° •
,-q
>
_0
o
,,.,.., ,.°.°•°° __
{J __ _ ,...
r-_ •°l°,lo•°°•°,o••o.°°Ol°O°••°o•
o
.,'4
v c}
4-1 Cq
Q.I
_ ,,4 _
_ > ,rl
Q; ,--4
,--4 .._
,--4 & .•.•.• ....... • ....... • .... ••°•
<,-4
0
_ u
v c-J
E
& ........ • ......... • .... •.•.•}•
_ O
<
0
-r-I &
(_ l.J
[_ C) C) u_ 0 0 0 cr_ <0 ._" Ch 0 <0 _J- O_ C) <0 0 <0 <0 _ _D <0 <D <0 <0 _ _ 0 0
,--4 II O9 • • ° • ° • • • ......... ° ° ° . ° • • • • • ° • •
: ° , °
.ID
" : : A
: • -o
4J
..q c'l
-d- OO
(D 0 q.} b-_ _ [--4 [-.4
! I I I I _ I I I
u_
O
O.
JoloJe
JJ.
_8
00
'_ .e#
u_
_oo
o ___g_.o
r-4
O
r-4 1.1
O_
o o
_ __o___
oo i _o___ _ _ Ill
rd
u_
>
oD __ _o _ __
oooo _o _ __
o
o
o
,-4 .,-I
o
I ,--I
_ _o _ _ _ _ _ _ _
g_
gg : : : : : :
.,--I
o 0
o_o',o_oo_oo : : : : : :
_ o ¢_ -,T O_ O ¢O O O " " " " " •
• -r,I o_._-oooo : : : : : :
"" "_vi_i : : : : : .
, , , , , , . : : : : : _,
0 _OOOO OO • • • • • •
o,-I _-_ _ u_ 0 ._- ._- . u_ o_
.= 00 o,l u_ 0 _ . . • • . , •
- . . : : • .
_._
,o
: :::::::
[..-t : i : " : : : : "
• • :2_ii" • ,._ o
o.
tg
: I|
_ 1_':"
_o Y Y i_=" :
0 _
0 :_®_
__
IIIIIII
ffl
_ 0000000 o
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 17
28 I I '
Bolt or Pin Dia
i I
i
24
/
/
20
/ /3/_
. /
16
/51_--
/ /
.i.I
12 f
,,,4
/ _31s
"_ 8
.-/// //_5/16'
/,/" / / I
4 /,-_ / _ .--5/32
.....3/16
_ --3132
--1/16
Sheet Thk, in
"_ 0 0
O u_
O0 O I_.
0
0
000
OO_
II O0_
.Q
00 -- ,-._ O O eq
=
=
"_ _ OOOOOO
co 0 Om O0 O
_J _'_ _O_OO_
=
0 __ _O_O_OO_
_O_OO_
> _ "_ _ O _ _ _ O _
O _O_OO_
_O_OO_
__O_
u_ _ °,.-I
0 u_
,--I
.= O _ _OO O _ OOO I
_ _O _O _ OO _
_O_OO_
= O ,--4 .,-.I
_J
o3 O.0 _O _OOOOO _OOO_
_Z _D _ __O_O_
____O_
=
°4
OD O__ _OO_O_
O_ O_O__O_O_
.,-I
_J °,-I
°4 u_
=
_OOO__O_O_OO_
_O_O__O_OO_
___O_O_ >
_4 ,.-I -,--I
_J
_O__O _O_OO_
_O____O_
_O _O __O_ _OO_
_O__O_O_
____O_
.,-I
0
_-_
_ _ O _O_ _O O O _OOO
__ _ _O _O_
O OOOOOO OOO__
,.--I N °,-I 4-1
0
o3 Z
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 19
B 1.1.4 Flush Rivets
The allowable ultimate loads were established from test data using
the average failing load divided by a factor of 1.15. The yield loads
were established from test data wherein the yield load was defined as
the average test load at which the following permanent set across the
joint is developed:
(2) 2.5 percent of the rivet diameter for rivet sizes larger
than 3/16 inch diameter.
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 20
1.1.4 Flush Rivets (Cont 'd )
_0 _ _ _0 _ 0
_ _ _ _0 _ _
_o [,_ ___00_
_J
=
= o
-.1"
8 :CCC2CCCCC
I : O U U _ O
I l •
• _ O% t_ O_ u%-.T O •
u
_ _00%
_ _'_ _,S_0%
o •
:o
0%
o | •
o O _
O .t.1
%0 O_OO_'.:
:_-
.-4 uu : : •
I
o
m o4 _
O _D .u 00u% o'_
_o__ _ : • ¢'4
I ul
..1- c,4 0o0o0 0% ('_ (xl O u_ • •
r_ Cxl ..T _.D r_ ° •
eq e% ..T • 0%
o o u
r_ ,-4 _ -_4 • l
• O0
,.O c',l r.-. 0 • O0
,--i e.I o4 e") ¢_eO¢_ . • • • e
.r4 ¢q
0 --
eq
eq
"':!i"
_o • : : : " •
¢0
1-)
.M
e•
.g
,-4 .,-4 v
J co
i::: i:::::::
' iiiii
co
• : : ' . : :
c : • : : : :
o 0 L,'_ C'-I 0 0 C"_ ,--_ 0 0 _ Ub 0 0
4J •,-I C'q C',I C_ ..J" LP, '4D r-- 00 0", 0 04 <0 0'_ _1
,._ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,_ ,--_ ,-_ .,-_
° . o . • • ° . . , ° • • ._
,n 0 0 "-_ 0 0 0 0 _ 0 0 0 0 0 '.,0
_.J
> ..j
-_4 .c
c0
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 21
B 1.1.4 Flush Rivets (Cont'd)
_0__
C I
O p,_ m
CD 0
0
.
_0
C
> • :
. .
-- o_ --
0o
C • _ • •
0
.C Cq
U o,1
C • 0 L_ ,--I ,-.-I (_10'_ : : '
• I_. -d" 0 oo _0 ¢_
u_ • ¢q c_ _T ._" u'h _D : : :
0 :
0
O : :
0 _0
o,1
• i
.,.4 • cq cO .d- u_ _ID ,.0 r_ oo
,-4 m ,a : :
i !
. •
0
I :
cq cO • :
0 CD _ u_ • i
I c_ u_ ,-_ o4 _ e"_-d-.._--d- m • : • :
ffl r_ • l
,--4 • !
,--4
o.I [-_ oo ._ _0__ i : : " :
, _ >_
cq • • : :
cq : : • • : :
cq
c_ : : :
: :
c_
.,-I
: : :
: : : • . ; : ; : • : :
• ¢ I : • • • : : :
• . : . : : .
.: ....
: : : i i! : : :
: .
: : : : .... .
• : :
....
• • , •
iii!i
.,-4 .... : : . . :
• • . . . : : : : •
• • • ° • • • • • •
• • , . • • • • • •
• : :
• • • • • • • . • : :
..4 . J : :
.,-4 i:''" : • :
c_
8 O O
,1
000000000__
••.o°•°°•••_°
00 O0000 O000 O0
.u _J
..Q
>
-,-i
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page 22
B 1.1.4 Flush Rivets (Cont 'd_
0_ooo_
.4" oo__
_0__
t i I "_ t
.,_r .,,? -._- _u'r_
000 0
,-4 eq eq eq f-_
¢O
¢q
O
eq
_0_0_:
eq _eq ___.
0 0
eq ¢q
4J _CCC:
• 0ooo _ O..T u% eq
¢q _D eq oo eq oo _ m- _D °__0_
0 [-_ 0 [-_ 0 [-_ _ 0 [-_
_4 ¢q ¢.4 P- : __g_
_4 I I °__0
-4" "_-._
,-4
('4 eq
o7
%0
oO_ _D
! 'T_ I
4J
0 0
" " i ._
¢'4 r.-
t_
I : u
r--
:_o_.
r-4
._o_o_o.
o
:_o__:
eq
,-4 I I I I
• __oo_ •
m
IIII
0000 : :
• ,-4
' _ ,O _1
¢q oO "
• _0_ >
_D
J "___.
: _0000 • _
O_ ,4"
,-4
I I
-.? "D -.T
eq _eq
::! _
o mo
¢q ('4 .1.1
I I ,-4
,-4 ('4 %0 i**•
r-4 0 O0 o o_
eq eq 0
_o_:
__. .,4
__"
Ill I
_q
I!11
,-4 _n
000 _O _0_0
: : : :
0
F-4 ,-4
J
O,
_ 000000 00_
• _ _00000000000
_._
U
Section B 1
25 September 1961
f k
Page 23
B 1.1.4 Flush Rivets (Cont'd)
.q-
00 ".D
I _ i
eq _1 i_
a _ i
co
_J
q_ cO -..1"
>
c'q _ eq
0 0
q_ o-1 c'.l
r-q e_
.r4
_D
O CO
O
O
0 0
t'M
O
t_
1' 0 i
O
cq _
0 ,.D O0
_J
[-_00
_J I C'q Oq
.q,-
"O
L¢-5
qJ
,,D
!_ l
¢q ._" _ILq
c-,l
0
_ r_
p-4 ,--4
_q t-¢3
a i I I _ i
t'M
I I
_ --d" oO
..j-oq <0 eq oo _ ¢-_ co
0 b'lO _0 _0_ _0 [_
¢q ¢q 04
I I I !
<I" --_
¢q ¢_ ¢q .._ eq <0 _ ¢q O0 c_
0 _,_0 E.-_ 0 _-_ _ 0 _-_
¢q 04 cq oJ
.,-I 1-1
These strength values may be used for the design of dimpled joints.
Higher values may be used for dimpled joints if based on test results.
The allowable ultimate loads were established from test data using
the average failing load divided by a factor of 1.15. The yield loads
were established from test data, wherein the yield load was defined as
the average test load at which the following permanent set across the
joint is developed:
(2) 4.0 percent of the screw diameter for screw sizes larger than
1/4 inch diameter.
The test specimens used were made up of two equal-gage sheets lap
jointed and machine countersunk with washers to build up thickness to
minimum grip. All joints had 2D nominal edge distance in the direction
of the load and were either of the three-screws-across or the two-
screws-ln-tandem type. For the latter type, the flush heads were placed
on opposite sides of the joint to assure 2D edge distances.
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 25
B 1.1.5
Flush Screws (Cont'd}
cq
00 _OO___ :
°r4
O CO
ii
0,--_
0'_ r'_
• :
: I
: :
O_O_O_
_o__% : :
_ m _ _ _ _ _ _ co co CO
0 _ : •
! : •
o-, ,--_ O Lr_ ,_ c'q cq c'q ,,.C: _D • :
'..D O'_ 00 ,,.00 c_ ,..0 Ch c'q _'q •
Lrh r"-- O c',_ u-'_ ,.D r--- 00 ,--_ ;._ °
,._ CO
L)
_ o,._
:i
I
._ ,r-I
o 0_ _: .._
: _ og_o
o _ _
: : : : : : %___
0 co | ._ "';L:: _
_ u_ m
: : _ _ co co _ _ _ _ _ :
|
_ (D _---.
.r-I ¢'4 tc'_
:::
• ,-_-._ o_ _ _ _ _o.._ _ c) , : :
:_°_°__i..1-,o_,_o " •
• ,-4 .-4 ,-q ,-4 ('q ¢q CO CO CO : . •
E -- ,. • . ,
_m_o_o : :
o_ _ o _ o_ _o c_ _- c_ c_ • : :
_.4
._o o_ e_ _ _ _- oo _ _-_ • • : :
O'3
_D _O _ . :
_4 u : : ..... " : "
•..-4 ° _: • :..::::
. .... • : : .: : :
._
i . •
!ii.!::.. : . : :
:
: • • : : : : : • :
_ . : ' : : : . : • :
• • : : : .' . :
_ _ -_ 4-1 _'_ : : • : . . : •
• O O oh
,__ eq ,-_ O O 6 u_ O O• _ eq m
_ co -.1- u'_ ',O r-- 0o 0", O c-,I ,..o o'_ u'_ ,-_ r--
[--t _ .I--) _ • ,-I O O O O O O O ,-_ ,--_ ,-_ ,-_ ¢q co co
i--! . ° . ° ..........
4J O O O O O O O C) O O O O O O
q--I
J.J
QJ _ _
[-.-t Crl _0 o_
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 26
BI.I.5 Fldsh Screws (Cont' d)
tN
=o
eqQO 0_o00_
0
r_o _0 ,._ u'_ 0 _-_ r_ QO _-_ O0 eq
:i
• •
Q;
u : : •
o__ _% .
m
_J _o
o _,__,_-,_ :. !
I
= ) • • :
• : : : :
C; " : . • .
,= : : : ,-_o0,_o o_
4-1
o
o = • . : : coco._m_r_o0o_
0
ii" :"
q_ : : : ,_r_,_O..q-o_o_,-_r--e_ •
0
4J C_
0 cO J--
: :_o___" •
_J
Ore
: : __=__" :
e • • •
:; :'
t_ • e'
• __0_ : : :
>4
= • :
• ee
G; • :!!_
_J _D
____:i ":
_J
T-4 ee l
• e l
°
: : : : : : : : ; ! : .
P-4 •• . : !i .... : • : ' . :
d
_J
.H
!ii!!!iiiiil
_
0000000
__ 0__
__m
• i_
,)e°e,•elelleO
000000000000 O0
q-I
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 27
The strength values were established from test data obtained from
tests of specimens having values of e/D equal to or greater than 2.0.
Where e/D values less than 2.0 are used, tests to substantiate yield
and ultimate strengths must be made. Ultimate strength values of pro-
truding and flush blind rivets were obtained from the average failing
load of test specimens divided by 1.15. Yield strength values were
obtained from average yield load test data wherein the yield load is
defined as the load at which the following permanent set across the
joint is developed:
(2) 2.5 percent of the rivet diameter for rivet sizes larger than
3/16 inch diameter.
For tables B 1.1.6.2 and B 1.1.6.3 the ultimate rivet shear strength
was based on the comparable rivet shear strength of 2117 solid rivets,
as noted in table B 1.1.6.3. Test data on which the strength values of
these tables were based were obtained using standard degreased clad
2024-T4 specimens.
25 September 1961
Page 28
B'I,I.6 Blind Rivets, (Cont'd_
0_00
> O eq
eO
D O
_0___
0
0_0
0 ,-4 u_
=
0
0_
_.j ,,,I"
OO i!:
:: i
eq N
: . :
_0 _J om_mooom o ." : : :
oJ W _00__ eq •
4_ : : :
, t .....
! 11 :
_o o; O '_-t : :: :
eq ¢,4 u'-, ,t.i _ u-_ _0 • •
J u-_ 0 ,-I 0o ..J- oo o,,i • °
i!!i
::::
Be • ,• _oo_oooo
_ o
W • : : • __ __ _
= 0 : : : :_o__
IJ
1.1 ,,M
,r.l
ld
u'3
"_'i : : _.•
":
•_= : : : • .'ii
0 A'
•,_ _ _ 0 _
_J _ _J .,_ ._ 000 O0 O00000_ _ _
_0000000000000 _
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page 29
B 1.1.6 Blind Rivets (Cont 'd)
.,4
4J O
0
O
O
> "0
=
.,4
_J
U
I.
0
u_
m
0
.,4
,4.1
•,4 _J ,--4
>, 0
I_ 0
o
_v IJ
O
q4 4...I
0
,..c; ,.=
,,_ r..,t3
0_3
o 0
0
_ -,4
_ m 4_1 0 0
nJ o
4.1
o
_ o
_ rj ,'l:J
•,-i _ _ m
_ ._ 4..1
.,.4 _
"tJ ,-'4
ill
4_ 0 m
,.--4 .,4 0
_-I 4-1
ffl
o 0 ,"4
m _
r_
b-t >
0 ,-4,.=:
= O
,.c:
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 30
B 1.1.6 Blind Rivets (Cont'd)
_0_00_0
0_00_
_ _ _ oooo oo • •
• •
_O_,
• ! o _J
• •
: : :
: : : : : :
• . : : : :
u • . : : . :
,_ ,-. _!:::: :
_ : : • : : : :. i" : : :
co > _ >i
•_ _ •
H od co =_I co
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 31
O4 m _ _0_0000
O
_O
O .,-I
Oq
I
O •_I ¢q _' j_
O
_D
O
_0__
I _ ,-4 _0_
_ m
v
r---t
"o
! .
"_ 0
U
D_.J
O_ 4_1 _
m _
1_o c,l ..c: __0_
•_ _ _0_
bO
t¢'5
m "_
{¢)
•lJ -_.4
_ ,-.-4 _ _ [-4
m 0 r-- _ __
0 _
:> ocq o
U'? ,-.-I ._I Cxl _..J ¢q
r_
• ,.-I _
0__
_._ _0_
0 ,.-4
-,-4
: : : : : .
_J
CO
,-.-4 •
!!ii
: : : !
v i : : : " .=
,--4 _ ii! u_
,-_ _
O
._I
_
::!!" o
0_00_000_
___ O_
000000000_
, I-_ ,-,K _ U
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page 32
B 1.1.6 Blind Rivets (Cont'd)
O
%0
O
eq
I
.=
•-4 %0
%O 14 4J
eq
, o_ =
,=
o 4_
_J
: :
W O ,--I u : :
O Neq
4-1 I _.._ I,.4 4J
m O
m _ _ m
..4 u'% o_ ¢q %0 00 O0 • •
4J _o_o : :
_=_
• :
: :
• : : • . . : :
" "
: : "
: i : :
: : :
: :
:
.-4 • : : : : : • :
• • . . . : :
.4
• i iil
• •
• : • i "
: : : • : . : :
• : : : . •
: : : . : : : :
: : • : : : : :
ii::
• : : : : :
-H
.61 o iii.:::_
_
c_ .M
° : :
•
: i
i
"
: : .
: : :
:
:
•
:
_ . : : • : : • .
_.!!:..::
_ : " • • • : :
,-_ 0 ;_
._000000_
_00000000
m _
Section B I
25 September 196.1
Page 33
B 1.1.6 Blind Rivets (Cont'dl
o
Section B I
25 September 1961
Page 34
B 1.1.6 Blind Rivets (Cont'd)
L
4J _O
en c_
CO O
_ o m
o,o : :
O_oh • •
_ : :
_ _- - !
_ .4"
_ 0 _
o _
g _ 4J
-_ _-_-
4=1
o _
CO _
"_ _, ,
_ u3
_J
IJ
_D
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page 35
BI.I.6 Blind Rivets (Cont 'd)
_J
03
03
CO _D eq
0 c_
o_
03 U3 "_-
c
OO 03
c 0 _
0
_J
03 N
03
> ,._ 0 ¢'_,
c
_ 03
=-
_J
<
C _-4 ',0
_D o'3 _ "_
u_
O _J
u_ O'3 ' •_,4
0
C
,_ i o(3
_J
c
O O
t_ L)
v
• _0 _0_
_J
C
03
D_
"O
03 Lr_
OO
03
_J
E
4J
,-q
d
v
03
,-4 0 _ (D
u)
03
03
>
m > 03 >
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page 36
B 1.1.6 Blind Rivets (Cont'd)
_o
,-4
oo "o
> z= (-4
o_
Ou"_ ,--t
u_
_o
oo ,-4 |
oo
I
o"_ p._ c.q o_ i " :
<
,m •
"o o2
,-4 u3 0 ¢'_ u% " : : : . :
• • •
O_ 0"_ -,T 0 ',.0*
r-. oo 0 ¢q C.4 •
oO _= ,'--_,--_ ,,-_ ,
• i
"O oO
eq
r'...
C'q O_ 0 ,,
,,c,r-ooo_ " :
oo
o
¢q
o
.!! •
,-4 : : : : :
,--I
• •• : :Q :#
: : : : :.
ooo oo0
• : : • •
o2 ,.-4 u% eq o_,
: : • : : • _ ,-4 ¢q c'q ¢0 c,'_
.= • . : : : oo :
ooo
,-4 •• • : : :_ ,-I_D
bo O,-'4
0 : : • : 1_
0 .w • • : • .
w • • |
¢q • ,, • O u'_u% O O
: : : : _,-_=_
0 : ..
. : :_.o
a.;
: I !
: : _ _ooo_ : ::i
.= ,_i
IlJ : : : _ooooo
W O0 •
W ,.-4 _. : : : _o_,_n
• • ,--II_, ,--Ii"_ u_ WD
: : " N__
m : ::!
• . _0
u_o r-,,(%1
O0 0 O0 u'% •. •. : .
• • 00
.,4 00
=
O
¢O
u,-i ,-4
¢O :i
• _ Ne4eq
i::
'O O _" : . : " ! :
:
• _ooo_o
_o_<o_o_ :
• : i " :
• o0o_.._.._ : • " " .
o u'3
: : : : : .
.-.I o_oooo : : . • : :
11
_o0000o_o_ : " : . : .
: : : : : : • • : :
:!'" i":
"i'ii''''"
: : : .... . :
v eo • 4 • • • • • • • • •
o: i i i i ....:..
m •
o2 •
...
:
: •
•
•
•
•
•
.
•
•
:
•
•
•
: • : : : : : ....
O O2 _ _ O2
oo,A_... G,-',,_ooo_,.o
o2 •,.-4
C',le4 cq .4- u"_ xo r.,.
00 0'_0 e,l _.-'_
.=: 000000000 ,--4,...-4
,.-..4
4J • • • • • • • • • • • .
0000 O0 O00000
_ _J _J o2 _J
o2
X_
u_
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 37
B 1.1.6 Blind Rivets (Cont'd)
O Ce_
L3
v
_m_m : : : : : •
O : : • . • . :
_o_ . . : : : : . .,-I
,,-I • .
m _ _ • • : • : • •
_0 ffl
: : i : i ! ooooo ..
: . : • • • o_._-_ _ 0
• : : : : :x_ _e4_
¢'_ -- 0
ao ._ : : : oooooum :
CO 0 • • •" _0 00 0 cq ._ _ "
• " *.I_ ,_ ,--I ,--I ,.._ ,--I :
.iJ
. i
. • u'_ 0 0 0 0 0 0
_J
O
• :_ _ .
,.--I • ° ,--I
co ._ : :
: _o u_o mo : : i
O _ ,,-p
!
: : : . • , . •
0
"<I"
CO
, : • : ...... , •
_ m _O {_0 .,-1
tJ .t..1 p-q
_0 u--i 0 • • • • e • • • • • • •
• • • • i i+ • • • • • • 0
_ j cq
0 _ u_
_ "_
. . • • i , - • • | - -
oo i i .I...I
r_ • • • • I • • • • • + •
_J ,---4 I
J
: : • ; : : • : • : : _ m
• . • . . . : . . . . O
+l • : . • . . . . co
r-_ . • . : : : : : : :
v t.M
0
tC_
: : : ' " • . . . oo
0 _ _ qJ _J : : : : : : i : ' :
oooodo_ooSo_
r-q •,..4 .M
t_ ,._
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page 38
B 1.1.6 Blind Rivets (Cont'd)
B 1.1.9 Lockbolts
For all lockbolts but the BL type (blind) under combined loading
of shear and tension installed in material having a thickness large
enough to make the shear cutoff strength critical for the shear load-
ing, the following interaction equations are applicable:
.0 _O
W C
0__
•,4 _ O_
C _o c
0_ c
,-4
C _0000
C_g
0 0 _ I_ m
0
CO _ r_
W
u,-i > "0
0 cn rn .M _J
m
W
:C_gg
k_
"00_0 r
0
O
,-4 0 ,-_ ;>_ ,-_ ",4
m
0_
.c
g 0
N
0 0
_0
I
A_
0
: oooo > o
O0
• %0 _D CO u'% A_
0 I
• ,-4 C I
c_ _M
I
C
0
_J
: • : : :
t_
'i'2"
.r,I
0J c
1..1
o_
0
U
o
3 0
rD
m 0
Section B I
25 September 1961
Page 41
B I.I.i0 Jo-Bolts
25 September 1961
B I.i.i0 Jo-Bolts (Cont'd)
Page 42 _J
[--I
! O0 0 O0 O0 0 O0 0
_ _ __ _0 _
,,.,-4 __0__
0
,-a
0 _0 [--I
! O0000 O00 O00
I I m -.1"
0
0
0
_J
! 00 O0000000 O0
0 "_ u'3 _0__0_ __
r_ 0
p_
4-J o_
2 o
_J<t
4.1
m I 00 O0 O0 O0 O000
"4" _ _0 _0 _ _ _ _
,--I _ O_ _ _ _ _
0
CO
•,.4 &.l
._
"_ 0
[-4 0_0000000000
c_ ! _ 00_0_ _ O_ _
ue_
U 0
r_
0
0 0
CM
,-.-I
_J _0,,.,,0t,,,,,,
[--I
0
•_ 00_ 0 O0 _000_ _
_ __0_ __
_0 O0 O000_ _ _ _
_0 O000000000000
&J
,=
Section B i
25 September 1961
F Page 43
B i.i.i0 Jo-Bolts
_o
00000000000
r..3 o
oq i-_
o_o
,.el 00000000000
! ! _0_0_0_
Ou'_
_.3 o
0 t.q
o9
n:l i 000000000000
0"0
___0_
c,h
.i.J
0-,1" 0_
0 o
o'3 cxl
n:l i 000000000000
___0_00 ,-..I
_ __ _0 _
>
.._0
o9 cxl
N O_
_9 ,--.I
"_ 0-
w 000000_00000
_0____
0 0 __0__
.;.-I
,,.4
•,-I ¢_ i:_. 0
•IJ ._ 0 0
.,-4
B 0000_0000000
___0000
04 0
cM
0°..,.0,.°,°,
.°,°_°°,,°°°°° ,x:
.°0°.,°,°°.°°°
,°.°°.°°°°°°°.
.,,°°°,_°,°°
,°°,°.._°.°°.
.............. :: ,....4
._,.,,,,°,,,,,,, 0
.,,.,.,..,.,., t_
_,°,,.,°,,,,,,.
_o,,,,,,,,,,,,. u]
0,.°,....,.,°. 0
_..°°,.°,...,.
_,....,°....°°, ,-.4
•_ O0 _ _ 000 _ 000_ _
___0__ _
_0000000___ "0
°,,..°.°.,,..°
_00000 O0 O0 O0000 0
t_
Section B 1
25 September 1961
BI.I.IO Jo Bolts (Cont'd) Page 44
E.-,
00000 00000
0 _0
0
! I
o u_
!
0 <
-,4
E.-,
I 00 O0000 O000
___0_
@q
0
I.I
ODeq
= 0
OJ ¢q
r-4
Ill
,= _z
_._ E-_ 4J
r._ I 00000000 _
_c_ _0___
_ _ _ _ O_ _ _
U 0
4_
•,4 o
0
0
.,4
I
< ,-4
Ol
•,4 _
•_ o 0
_ U
<
! 00000000_
_ O_ __
__0__
m u 0
°°°,°°,,.,°o
,°.o°°°.,,o,
,,°.,o°,,,.,
,...o°.°,o,o
°,°o°°,,.,°°
,oo°l,°l,,,**
,...-4
._,,°,,.°°°°°°
°°.,°°.,o°o°
Ill _,,,°,°.,,o,°
,--4 _o,,.,°,,,.°°
_,o°,°°,,o°°,
_,,°,,',°,,°°o
_.°,°°°o,°°°°
•M _ 00_ _ O00 _0 O0
_ __ _0_ _ _
_0000000__
_000000 O00000
111 OJ
r._
Section B 1
25 September 1961
0000000000
L) O
p..
_J
O
_D
4" ¢q
O 4
¢j
00_0000000
..D rj 0
c',4
O
c_
2
t
OOcq
CO g
o4
4-1
m
m _
_0 00000_0000
_ r_
0
•_ O
0
0 ,-.4
0_ O 0
I .,,.4
<
_ 0 0
,.,_ L) ,--4
0000000000
,°°_._°°.°°.
°.,°°...°.°,
°.,.°0,..°.°
.°°°°°°0o.o,
.o°_°.0°°°,°0°
°,°°°0.°._..°
_o°,.°,°.°0°,
._°°°°,.°,°,°°
°.. .........
......... °,°. >
_.°q.0.°,°,,°
_°°,..°°..,°°
[--i _°°,°,.o°...° IJ
o
._00_000_000 0
• ,-4 ___0__
_ 0000000__
.,-.4
o
Section B i
25 September 1961
Page 46
b
Tapered joints of 30 ° or less 90
All others 8O
450
400
350
o_
300 _"
250 ,,ok.,
100
Ptu' 90 ksl
50 ......... J
0 I0 20 30 40 50 60
D/t
25 September 1961
Page 48
B 1.2.3 Weld-Metal Allowable Strength (Cont'd)
o'1 u_ 0
oh
0
_D
I
,-4 0 0
U 0 0 ¢_1 !
,.--4 I _ I I
0 '_ _ _ _ _ _
_'_ 0 _o _ co _ _
0 _ 0 0 O
I
,---4 ",_ _ O_ _ _OO OO
O_
0 I i I I I 0 I c,,I
c/_ I I I I I I I I
¢)
C_ O0
._..I
u'_O0
t_l _ oO
co o0 _=
co O
[-_
0 0
_ Z O_ O_ CY
c_
o0 o0
=
cO 0 O0
_ -_'1" <1"
=
O ,.--4 -_ "<1" '<1"
0 0 0
,.-i ,--I ,-.I
,..-I ,.-.I ,-.I
O ,< < ,< O_
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 49
aRefers to plain carbon steels containing not more than 0.20 percent
carbon and to austenitic steels. The reduction in strength of spot-
welds due to the cumulative effects of time-temperature-stress factors
is not greater than the reduction in strength of the parent metal.
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 52 v
0.012 ................... 60 52 24 16
0.016 ................... 86 78 56 40
0.020 .................... 112 106 80 62
0.025 ................... 148 140 116 88
0.032 ................... 208 188 168 132
0.040 ................... 276 248 240 180
0.050 ................... 374 344 321 234
0.063 .......... , ........ 539 489 442 314
0.071 ................... 662 578 515 358
0.080 ................... 824 680 609 417
0.090 ................... 1,002 798 695 478
0.i00 ................... 1,192 933 750 536
0.112 ................... 1,426 1,064 796 584
0.125 ................... 1,698 1,300 840 629
0.160 ................... 2,490
Nominal thickness of
thinner sheet_ in. Design shear strength i Ib
0.020 ................... 72
.022 ................... 84
.025 ................... i00
.028 ................... 120
.032 ................... 140
.036 ................... 164
.040 ................... 188
•045 ................... 220
.050 ................... 248
.056 ................... 284
.063 ................... 324
.071 ................... 376
.080 ................... 428
.090 ................... 496
.i00 ................... 572
.112 ................... 648
.125 ................... 720
Nominal thickness of
thinner sheet_ in. Edge distance_ E_ in.
0.016 ................... 3/16
0.020 .................... 3/16
0.025 ................... 7/32
0.032 ................... 1/4
0.036 ................... 1/4
0.040 ................... 9/32
0.045 ................... 5/16
0.050 ................... 5/16
0.063 ................... 3/8
0.071 ................... 3/8
0.080 ................... 13/32
0.090 ................... 7/16
0.i00 ................... 7/16
0.125 ................... 9/16
0.160 ................... 5/S
alntermediate gages will conform to the requirement for the
next thinner gage shown.
bFor edge distances less than those specified above, appropriate
reductions in the spot-weld allowable loads shall be made.
25 September 1961
BI.2.6 Spot Welding (Cont'd) Page 55
(_IO_ o=_)
vv _v vv
-'4
19z=v-bb
"o
r-q
CO (_IOE P_IO) _-v-bb _-"_= _,"_
O_
0
.rq
4_ q(gLOt P_ID) tgC-V-bb
.'4
,a
(OOII) I9_-v-bb
o
c_) (ooTt) _-v-bb
o
(_gO_ P_ID) _9E-V-O0
<
I
(_o0_) 6_-v-bb
.'4
(I909) LZ¢-V-bb
=
.'4
(_o_) _[-v-bb
o
.'4
0000 0 000000
_-_ •_ __ _ __
.'4
.'4 u_
< •"4 0
CO
u_
,°•°°....o°.°._
,.°°°°°,°.°.,°_
°o°°°°°.°°°°.°_
,-q • ° ............ |
.... °°•°°°°°°°|
CO .... °•oo.°,°.._
0 ..............
•"4 °,.°,,°o.°,.°°_
•.°°°,_°°..°°°_
•"4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Section B 1
25 September 1961
Page 56
020 in.
= 032 in.
U
= • 90 __ '0.040 in.
u _ '0.050 in.
ww _
_ _._ _ 063 in.
80 080 in.
O9O in.
"_ 125 in.
_= = 70 sheet
u gage
6o
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Spot Spacing (Center to Center), Inches
I00
/ - 032 in.
'°I///,
,o o,o,.
_4a
u
c 050 in.
O
063 in.
!1171 o,o
,,.
U
-/ 1090 in.
gage
m _
[.-(
U 70_/ sheet
60
50
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
I00
0. 012 in.
.4
0. 020 in.
O. 032
9O ___ in.
0. 050 in.
.4
0.
O. 040 in.
063 in.
t&4
80 ___
&J O. 080
0. 090 in.
in.
J
_0. 125 in.
J= = 7O sheet
U
.4
gage
_O
6O
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
I00
[O.02O in.
fILL --
O ;:
I_0.032 in.
.4
80 O. i00 in: ,
--0.090 in.
O. 080 in.
•J O
?0 0.071 in;'
O. 063 in.
\ O. 050 in.
O
6O
_4 Sheet gage
m
l l
5O
0 0.5 I 1.5 2 2.5 3
25 September 1961
f_
Page 59
B 1.3.0 Brazing
The effect of the brazing process upon the strength of the parent
or base metal shall be considered in the structural design. Where
copper furnace brazing or silver brazing is employed the calculated
allowable strength of the base metal which is subjected to the tempera-
tures of the brazing process shall be in accordance with the following:
The allowable shear stress for design shall be 15 ksi, for all
conditions of heat treatment.
Reference:
Page
B2-iii
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page i
Axial load
Oblique load
Transverse load
Fig. B 2.0.0-1
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 2
Notes:
a. Hoop tension at tip of lug is not a critical condition,
as the shear-bearing condition precludes a hoop tension
failure.
Do
The lug should be checked for side loads (due to mis-
alignment, etc.) by conventional beam formulas (Fig.
B 2.1.0-1).
Bushing
W
2
Fig. B 2.1.0-I
(a) Enter Fig. B 2.1.0-3 with e/D and D/t to obtain Kbr
where
where
where
where
P/2 l'-ITtt
p/2
I t2 +(_
P/2
t 3
(a) P/2-_--
J P/2
I P/2
p/2 -_--1
7 (t4/2)
(b)
Fig. B 2.1.0-2
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 5
r = _- - -7 t2 ..................... (5)
Take the smaller of P'bru and P'tu for the inner lug as
(P'u)min and compute (P'u)min/AbrFtux .
t ,,
r = 2 2t 4
Take the smaller of P'bru and P'tu for the inner lug,
based upon the active thickness, as (Pu)min and compute
(P_)min/Abr Ftux, where Abr = 2t4 D. Enter Fig. B 2.1.0-
6 with (P_)min/Abr Ftux and "r " to obtain the reduc-
tion factor "7 " for peaking. Then the moment arm is
b t3
= -_-- + g +7 _ ___4 _ ..................... (9)
(a) Lug
p'
bru
Ultimate F.S. in shear-bearing ...... (lO)
P
p!
tu
Ultimate F.S. in tension - p ............. (ii)
p,
(b) Pin
F
Ultimate F.S. in shear =
_U ............... (13)
fs
F b ............... (14)
Ultimate F.S. in bending = --
_b
27 July 1961
Page 7
4-J
cq
O oO
Curve B is a cutoff to be used for all aluminum alloy plate, bar and
hand forged billet when the short transverse grain direction has the
general direction C in the sketch, and for die forging when the lug
contains the parting plane in a direction approximately normal to the
direction C.
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 9
o9
0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
w/D
Fig. B 2.1.0-4
L = longitudinal
T = long transverse
Curve 1
Curve 2
Curve 3
Curve 4
Curve 5
Curve 6
Aluminum alloy plate, bar, hand forged billet, and die forging
(N). Note: for die forgings, N direction exists only at the
parting plane. 7075-T6 bar (T)
Curve 7
Curve 8
18-8 stainless steel, full hard, Note: for 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4
hard, interpolate between Curves 7 and 8.
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 12
2.0
1.5
1.0
Kbry
.5
0 11 I!
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
e/D
FiB. B 2.1.0-5
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 13
I _4
i
0
IIIN , °
0
p_
i I
(n
IIIIIIl_
::
I I --
if3
0
IllI1 -o- <t
IIlll
,--_I c,4
0 I
0
OOo_ iiiii\i\oi\
°'-° Ill/IX\t S
.4
.,-I
v
oo iii_o,\
\
-4
oo /_x\
U
' _ _
---Lfj_-c_-_
-=\
0
,-.4 0 C_ cO _-- ,_9 u'_ _ o'_ c_I ,-4 0
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 14
Special Applications
1 T
12sec
(Sec. B)
(a) (b)
Fig. B 2.1.0-7
(a) Ultimate bearing stress: For the particular D/t and e/D,
obtain Kbr from Fig. B 2.1.0-3 then
where
27 July 1961
Page 15
where
el + e2 + 2D
factor =
2e 2 + 2D
Fig. B 2.1.0-8
_---mm_ P2 P
P
_ P2
CPI..9,.---V/I/I/I/
Fig. B 2.1.0-9
Table B 2..I.0.1
Total number of
lugs including Pin Shear
both sides
t' + t"
.35 .50 P1 .28
2
t' + t"
.40 .53 P1 .33
2
t' + t"
OO .50 .50 P1 .50
2
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 17
Shape Parameter
In order to determine the ultimate and yield loads for lugs with
transverse loading, the shape of the lug must be taken into account.
This is accomplished by use of a shape parameter given by
A
Shape parameter =av
Abr
where
A 3 least of any
radial section
_w _ radius
all
(a) (b)
Fig. B 2.2.0-1
'] 450
50
Fig. B 2.2.0-2
6
Aav = (3/AI) + (I/A2) + (I/A 3) + (I/A4)
Fig. B 2.2.0-3
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 20
125,000 HT
1.6 I J
[_50,000 HT
Ktry-All alum.
1.4
& steel
alloys_
1.0
Ktr u &
Ktry
0.8
x
0.6
0.4
0.2 I ! _,_I" I I I I
i i i !
, I I A-Approxlmate cantilever
strength. If Ktr u is below this curve
Aav/Abr
Fig. B 2.2.0-4
Curve i:
Curve 2:
Curve 3:
Curve 4 :
17-7 PH (THD)
Curve 5 :
Curve 6:
Curve 7:
Curve 8:
Curve 9:
2024-T6 plate
2024-T4 and 2024-T42 extrusion
Curve i0:
Curve ii:
All curves are for Ktr u except the one noted as Ktry
Note: The curve for 125,000 HT steel in Fig. B 2.2.0-4 agrees
closely with test data. Curves for all other materials have been
obtained by the best available means of correcting for material
properties and may possibly be very conservative to some places.
\
Section B 2
27 July 1961
Page 23
Interaction Relation
Analysis Procedure
(i) Resolve the applied load into axial and transverse components
and obtain the lug ultimate and yield Factor of Safety from
the interaction equation:
F.So
(3) Investigate pin bending using the procedure for axial load
modified as follows:
P
Take (P'u)mi n =
Reference
SPRINGS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
i f
B3-iii
_f
Section B 3
f
19 May 1961
Page 1
B 3.0.0 SPRINGS
Round-Wire Springs
The relation between the applied load and the shearing stress for
helical springs formed from round wire is
8PD
f = __ ....................................... (1)
s _d 3
where
where
2.1
!
.1.9
o
AJ
U
I 1.
X
0 1
0
\
0
= 1.5
\
0
\
°_
_ 1.
1.1
U _ r ,
= 1.3
0
I
o'1 •
r_ lo
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i0 Ii 12
D
SprJ:n_ index, C l = _[
Fig. B 3.1.l--!
Section B 3
4 19 May 1961
Page 3
B 3.1.1
Helical Compression Springs (Cont'd)
Deflection
8NPD 3
_)- . ........................................ (3)
Gd 4
whe r e
= total deflection
N = number of coils
G = modulus of rigidity
Nf _D 2
_ s ......................................... (4)
Gd
Sprin$ rate
d4G
K =- .......................................... (5)
8ND 3
where
Deflection
J = factor from Fig. B 3.1.1-2 =
Free Length
L = free length of spring
K = spring rate (See Eq. 5)
kPR
........................ (7)
f = -- for point A1
s 51bc2
kPR
f = -- for point A2 ........................ <,8)
s 5 bc 2
2
values for51 and52 for various b/c ratios are found in Table B 3.1.1-1.
1 2
.7
Springs above and to the
right of the curves will
buckle.
.6
.5
_I_
II
\\
.2 \ \
.1
0 ,1,
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 II 12
Free Length _ L
Mean Diameter D
Fig. B 3.1.1-2
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 6
AI
P
(a) (b)
2R 2R
Sprin 8 index, C 1 =- C Spring index, C I =-_-
Fig. B 3.1.I-3
b/c 1.00 1.20 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 I0.00 oo
.208 .219 .231 .239 .246 .258 .267 .282 .291 .299 .307 .312 .333
.208 .235 .269 .291 .309 .336 .355 .378 .392 .402 .414i.421
_2
.1406 .166 .196 .214 .229 .249 .263 .281 .291 .299 .307 .312 .333
Table B 3.1.I-i
The equation for the relation between the load (P) and the
deflection (5) is
2_pR3N
..........................................
(9)
_Gbc 3
where:
Spring with
initial
Load
jfJ
/ i_____Spring without
Initial
/ initial tension
tension
J .
Deflection
Fig. B 3.1.2-1
p P
t
d
A
r3 r4
r2
(a) (b)
Fig. B 3.1.2-2
a. Bending Stress
32PR 4P
fb =--k +-- ................................ (zo)
_d 3 _d 2
fb = _d
32P___RR
. /rl
3 L_ 3 ) ................................. (ii)
b. Torsional Stress
At point A', Fig. B 3.1.2-2(b), where the bend joins the helical
portion of the spring, the stress condition is primarily torsion. The
maximum torsional shear stress due to the moment (PR) is
16PR / 4CI - I
f ........................... (12)
s = _d 3 _ 4C I 4
2r 2
C1 = d
f = ................................ (13)
s _d 3 _4
IIIIII
IIIIII
k \\
k_k i_-
2
0
0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
R_=D _D
c d h
Mc
fb = kn T- .............................. ' ......... (14)
2R
=--h ; "h" is the depth of section perpendicular
C1
to the axis.
2
4C 1 - CI -i inner "
k3 = 4CI(C I - I) edge Round
cross section
2
4C 1 + C1 - 1 outer wire
k4 = 4CI(C I + i) edge
2R
Cl = T
Angular deformation
MS
........................................ (15)
E1
h or d
\ x / /
k \ f
4-- J
Fig. B 3.1.3-1
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 12
.
Set the correction factor, obtained in step 3, on the
appropriate "y" or "k" scale to the right of Fig. B 3.1.4-1
and Fig. B 3.1.4-2.
6. Connect the two point_, from steps 4 and 5, and read the
corrected stress on t le (f') scale.
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 13
f'
300,000 -I
0 OZ-
157' -3
d
0.031 O_ 0 2OODOO]
4.1
U
i ,ZO
. OO_ ,19 "_
I_I00..4
02
0
. "17 04) ]
00! ._e c |
",', 031
007 -_5 _ |
r
009 -13 _ 05_
O. "t2 0 064
4
_-L, _ °_".I
:_ 123
I::
> 121,,
I-.,
6 .,-1 :3 L.]9
r.D r._
1.18 0 01)
_D 6O/)O 1,,.=
116-,I _U
J- 13 °r,4
(3.,
t i55" '9
6
1145-. 4_000
_J ,_ 5o_oo r._
L125. ,I0 7
12,
°'[ ] I.II-, II
CO
8
'9
.10
a 4 0,000.
!
O C
II0. ,12 -,,-I 0
0.. 7
r/) -=,-I
u)
m 2_000
O_ (,_
(t,,t
20po0
4,.I
rJ3
l-
o,.)
.,-4
_000
d
zoo_ooo.
0021 '_-_
D 16£0'
0.0 0
g
"l OO3 t 0000_00_ _U 1.4ei/
• _ 1.410,
0,I =
o L367,
k
_-J 1332,
2OOpOO-
r._
Of" t61_
c,..)
¢J
7_oo-
o,
0
¢..) 00_OO-
_4Z. S
tiN" _1 120- 6opoo.
IJ3@ 701)00-
. ° t25,
I I1_1, # 4.-)
i 115 t_ _ooo-
04- 3": iiio- :;> IK)- _J _000 -
i lOT. I.
05" , 8 rj
I
5QOoo.-
06- S-.
IN: I0_" o
09-:. m-
1077- II =
30_O00-
L072. 12
m 3oooo
I.O?o. i3 (I)
20-
1066. 14
2- 1064' i5 zo.ooo-
I,_7, I#
3- I055" Ill
_9 zopoo-
d
120
I00
P-4
m
m
U 80
&J
-,-4
60
4O
2O
0
• Ol .02 •04 .I0 .20 •40
_ Fig. B 3.1.5-i
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 16
/
/
/
!
/
IS'_ - sse=]S u_3saG mnm3x_]
Fig. B 3.1.5-2
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 17
I II I I I I1"
0
- Fig. B 3.1.5-3
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 18 v
Fig. B 3.1.5-4 _-
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 19
b P
-- o ..... ° ...... ° ........ ° ° ° ° ........... ° ° ° (16)
K
(b) For loads suddenly applied
2P (17)
K
where:
= Total deflection
K = Spring rate
P = Load on spring
S = Height load is dropped.
Problem I.
Given a spring which compresses one inch for each pound of load,
determine the maximum load and deflection resulting from a 4 lb.
weight.
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 20
(a) Case i:
(b) Case 2:
5 = K2__[P
ffi2(4)i = 8 in. from Eq. 17
(c) Case 3:
or
2
5 - 85 - 96 = 0
8 + _82 + 4(96)
= = 14.6 in.
2
Problem 2.
To this .0542 lb. we add the dead coil at the end plus the moving
weight, if any.
or 32.16 ft/sec./sec.
.1227v 2
Therefore 15.6 = or v = 314 in/sec
2(32.16)(12)
Problem 3.
A 30 lb. weight has a velocity of 4 ft. per second. How far will
a spring that has a spring rate of i0 ib/in, be compressed?
KINETIC ENERGY
or
! I08 2 = 89.52
2
62 = 17.90
Problem 4.
In order to travel 15 ft. in 1/2 second the l-lb. load must have
a certain initial velocity. This can be found as follows:
V h
=--q- gt
t 2
wherein: h = height
g = 32.16 ft. per sec 2
t = time
= v2 _.(__._..
04) 2
Spring acceleration 2-_ = 2 "T_l) = 723 ft/sec/sec
723(1)
F = 32.16 = 22.5 Ib. avg.
The average spring pressure is 1/2 the total load. Hence the
spring will compress i ft. with 2(22.5) or 45-Ib. of load. Often, it
is desired to know how high the weight would be propelled. This can
be determined by equating the work performed by the spring to the work
of the falling weight; thus work equals force times distance.
Hence l(h) = 45 (I) = 22.5 ft., the height to which the weight
would be thrown. 2
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 23
we must remember (S) is the height the load is dropped. The total
distance traveled by the weight is (S + _).
Substituting i = 2(1)h
45
h = 22.5 ft.
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 24
f = +P+-
A - +AR
M----(I l__y__Z
R+y .......................... (19)
p -_--
_vTN _- _d_+
_N /V GA _V
_P ds +
M
EAYoR
_M
_p ds
+ _M _N
_P ds +/ k_
N _M
_ ds .............. (20)
P
in which
N = normal force
E = Modulus of Elasticity
G = Modulus of Rigidity
A = Cross-sectional area
R = Radius to centroid
ds = Incremental length
Yo = ZR
Z+I
= - AI _ "--Y--dA
R+y
y = is measured from the centroid
f = K Mc
T ............................................ (21)
Table B 3.2.0-I
B = I_R_3 (m + _)3
3EI
8 - 3El +
C p 8
- 3El +
* ttl = u
R
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 27
0°
i i
0.2
r,,-
i,--
0.1
IJ
Ratio R
Fi_. B 3.2.0-2
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 28
flat springs
round wire
h
4 z
_< 0.6 u2 = 2.5" _i i'_i/_i
h R 2 _//_/
_I = _ RI = R2 = i"
_2 = 2 A
uI = i" UI P
Fig. B 3.2.0-3
Solution -
The solution involves two basic types (type B and A of Table B 3.2.0-1).
Type A solution is used for that portion of the spring denoted by sub-
script (2), and type B solution is used for that portion of the spring
denoted by subscript (I).
u2 2.5
__Ul= _i = I _ = 180 ° KI = .80 .... 2.5
rI I ' i ' r2 i
_i = 90o
_2 = 90o, K2 = .86
Deflection at point A
_A = 2KIPRI3<
3El m + _i
_- 3 + K2PR23
3E_ < m + _2 3
28.4P
E1
Sc:c-t.o.-_ _ 3
15 x,-- ' "q7_
Pas_ 29
2a =O.D. !_'
2b
i i'D'=
I
Fig. B 3.3.0-I
Symbols
f
P = Load in pounds
5 = Deflection in inches
t = Thickness of material in inches
h = Free height minus thickness in inches
a = One-half outside diameter in inches
E = Young's modulus
f -- Stress at inside circumference
k = ratio of O.D. _ a
I.D. b
v = Poisson's ratio
6 (k-l) 2
M= (22)
logek k2
6 ] o , o e o, o o, • i o • oe Io • • I * • e, (23)
CI " _ logek logek - 1 j
i
3
po,o,eoooo,eo Jot,,,, _" _"
(24)
C2 - _ logek
/
Section B .3
15 March, I973
Page 30
(,. ] ...............
: Before using these formulas to calculate a sample problem, there
are some facts which should be considered. In the stress formula it
is possible for the term (h - 5/2) to become negative if (5) is
large. When this occurs, the term inside the brackets should be
changed to read Cl(h - 5/2) - C2t. Such an occurrence means that the
maximum stress is tensile.
O
O
_O
Fig. B 3.3.0-2
Section B 3
19 May 1961
Page 32
Fig. B 3.3.0-3
v
Section B 3
15 April 1970
Page 33
2.3 /
/
2.2
2.1 C2/"
f
/
2.0 1.0
/
1.9 / 0.9
#'
/
C1 /
1.8 0.8
and v
1.7 M j i / /
0.7
#. f /
C2 / /
1.6 /
/ /
/"
0.6
M
/
/
1.5 /
! I cl
/
i
14 ! / /
/ i /
1._ / / /
F /
1.2 l ' /
I.I
/ ///
/ / 1.0
/I l
lO ]// [ 0
1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.83.2 3.6 4.04.4 4.8
O.D.
Ratio of , k
I.D.
Example Problem
Given:
O.D. = 2"
I.D. = 1.25"
Load to deflect .02" = 675 lb.
Solution:
CI " _ 0
logek [l--_gek - i I = 0 El01.0
3.14(0.47) ii 1123 0.47
C2 _ logek -- = 3.14(0.47) 2
(1-v2)M,2
h fM'2(i"v2) + _ C2 r_
" t
CIE_ 2 CI
Section B 3
15 April 1970
Page 35
B 3.3.0 Belleville Sprinss or Washers (Cont'd)
f = 200,000 psi
max
E = 30,000,000 psi
v = .3
= 0.02 in.
M = 0.57
C = 1.123
i
C 2 = I. 220
200,000 t h 2 t .57jkl_.32j
_i _t x + .02 1.220 (04)
h __ ° _-
.120 in.
(1.123)(.02)(30)106 2 1.123
(I_E2)Ma21 _h - _>_h - _ _ t + t3 ]
30(106 ) (. 02)
2 [('121-'01)('121-'02)('04)+('04)3] = 600 lb.
(I-.32 )(.57) (i)
h = .ii0 in.
P = 665 lb.
REFERENCES
Manuals
Handbook
Periodicals
Text Books
-h
-4
-L
SECTION BZl.
BEAMS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
B4-iii
Section B 4
21 April 196]
Page 1
B 4.0.0 BEAMS
Title Y M
dx
Deflection A = y A = 7f_-dxEI
Table B 4.1.1.1
Sign Convention
Y
Y = /M El
dxdx +fKV_ dx
(K) is the ratio of the maximum shearing stress on the cross section
to the average shearing stress. The value of (K) is given by the
equation:
K IAb J b'ydy
0
I
Fig. B 4.1.1-1
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 3
r_
O 4-1
•_ F)
5"
t_
II
l----b 0
_ F-.4 _q _J
V_
! ol
O II 4-
N '
>
C _ © C',l II
I
m _ cq ' _
eq I
N cq
© c"3
>
+ II 0 I
Z
od
-;-I O II cq oq
"_ cch I
o (2)
4-1 I I
II
-
_
I _-4 '_ II II
I
o_
II
•_ i I |
O O O
II II II
;4
o < _, m t_
cn_ tl?
xi\\o _ \'3_' 7
0 _ >_ I
__ i ...... L
t
t
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 4
,_ >
,--,
0
_J
r_7
o co
o _._
°,.-4
•l=J *_
0
"= '_ ,_i' c_
r--1
_ +
! ,z3
.._ _le_ m
O
_J
=
o ° t
Ii + X
I
U
_
I
N
I
v I
0 I __s c-q
to o ...1- cq ,_
co
,-4
•_ 4J M
" 11 M
t'M
*
¢'4
c,_ 0
= ! !
-I- ,-I
v _ _,
3-, + c_ + -I- +
a cO
1_1 q)
.= , +_ S
co c_ P_ _.... J t__ + /;
,--1 II o eq
, _
,,-,4 -,_ :_I,-_ :_ _ _
fu
t_
°" '< ._1 oo
m _ >_ >_ >_ , +
[.-i
o= _ , , + I_l I_ I_l 0 I_ II If
4.J o o o o o :>_ c_
Ii il II li II
m _ c_ c_
t_
.J e_, " _l
_ _ -- _ --
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 5
r----i
Le_
II I I
> cxj
co t_ <
O +J
.I-J _ c_ Xl _ t_
°_ r_
o < .... i
I co
m
o t_ m +
+ r_ co
_ N
O
+ ,'-- M I
m co ,-+ I co N _
E i o
.I,J
o I _ Jr- N _
u o ! I
E I! I I _-1 co
o v _
o"J :>_
,
II _ _._ N
_ X
I o
N c_ _ M
•4-+ ttl > ::E:
m ,-_1 co N 1'-.-. N <_
r.D
o I o (2)
o _ ,.-4 r---i v t_
.l.J II ¢M + + ,...4
.-+1 co _1 + _ N _, +
> ::m: +
(lJ v + L,"5 _ + _
_ V
-r.-I o u co t _ _
4-1 ,.c: E +
cN ¢ Oq u_ o t j ¢N
I I II .1..1
N X L_ co
°
.IJ
I_ cc_ +_co _I ° +I ° _+ __J
,-r,i
.... _.+t..,+l.._ +_ 41
o,0
"E3
o
i_ "_
U4 _
O _ >-
_ m
+
_ U u"5
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 6
_3
-_
o
_°
,--'4I'x:_
_'_1 fl
4J
o
_2
,.-4 _0
o _
_i m m
+
_ N N
°r-.I
.._, ._ ._ ,-.4
,.-I _ I
N _
°g
•,4 , , +
O II II II II
,'¢::j ._
e _ -I_/-.. 'I '
'I -_,,,
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 7
,<
0
I
% ¢I -%.
.1_1 +
O
CO
v
0 +
¢o
,-q o_
.,-4 0
'0 .-, ¢_1
0 II
r_
,2 0
r_
°r4 0A _" _1_ ,
4-1 × _
C'4 _
0 ×
r_ + _ _O _
r.4
.r4
.!..J ,-.a
0
II II II
,.O
O H
"
o 0
.,_ _ 0
4..1 0 0 0
II II
rn
t_
.r'4 I
0
,_ -- m I
l
i i
0 _l
d
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 8
u
o °_
,,iJ
I
+ i
/g II
_ , >
II
.,-4 ::E: ¢q
II +
+
o
N .iJ v cq
=
o It 4a v
u I II
× +
v +
_ r._ II + ,_" o
> II (D
II ¢q
o
g > N
t o_
o v
i .I.J
u 0 o
2 o <
o
r¢3
e,J >
_i_ _ ,_, _ e ='_
_'] ..1 _ +
,t,J +
v
u + I I
II II II II II
[--i m I I
o II II
fl +
o o o 0 0
._ 4.1
x x
Io _
_0
I o1+_-
I+
o
_Ira _
O
---_[ t-- [
>.
+ . .i_
_4
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 9
O
_l _ "_,
× o
_ c- + ,--
I
_ c,4
v
:xI × c,_ II __'_ u
[--I
' :x N c_ F---I
+ ¢'J O
0 cq
II + +
o cD II
II + + + +
'4.4 + ._
0
_ N
c,4 _
O o i i
_ .o,31
u_
o
c.)
II
E
II
O
O II _ N
O
v _ _i_ I i i
_ ° v v _ !
,._ _l_ ul c._
_ _ _1_
@,,1 _ II + v
'_l II .t_ k- --_v-'--_.__ C _ I
I
• .el U ;>
,-.-I u3
4
(D
r--4
_° II _1oo m
II
II I1 II II II I
m _
II II
o:
•,_, _l_ _
o 0 0 0 0
II 4_1
X
X
¢B
o
oO
--Ic_
i
--Ic_
O _ >-
Section 4 B
21 April 1961
Page i0
O.
0
O0
"0
.@
O
•rt I_ +
¢q
U 4.4
=
0
_J 4_
!
I_Im M
II
m m + + II m
,-4
O
1.1 II
W
0 _ N
£%1. _ M
_ X m I ._
_4
!
r-I
+ * , . Ni
°r.l
°M • _ o"1 [._.1
>
m
_°
r_ _-i
II II I
O o_
II
•_ II II
"0
m 'O
I -"
0 _J
i,
=
0
o = O
,-4
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page II
oO
f_
I--I
.IJ
e_
!
O
.M
.d-i r,-_
_l,-e
_ 1<o
Q) ii II
II
I f--I _
0 e_
O
_1_ ! .'4
M M rO
_ , I
.-.-4 O r I _ _D
°_ +
E .,-4 cg
I----I I
O •
O 0
_:1 II %1 + ,_ M + _"
_
E
- > I> .<
¢la
u? y.' °_ | i
_, c'j c-,l t'-xl
f-4 _q r._ o !
11 4J / i,-,] I _ "_
,.-1 , '_._.__// <
_ J cl
oh _-I
.i _, v-_
.Lt °_
I
¢',1 II--t
II I II II
,.o _:,.o
>
o (.3
•,_ :_'1_ II ,.__._j
_ 0 r_ _ II
(I)
4-1 0 o o 0 0 0
u II .I-I .i.I _ o II .I..,I .i.i ,,l,.I
v v v _ v
0 L
0 _J
n-
t_
,-4
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 12
0
,-4
C13
•_ 0
0
_1_
+ _ I
I
r-I II
4-I
m 0
IJ
° _I II
O
v v
I {'q
m
I <
,-4 _ + _-_ I ._
,-, 0
._ _ " + -\
0
'_ U _ II
r_
>
0
4_
U
m
II 0 •_ _ _ +
0 ,.al_
>
I < I
%J + 0 "-_--"
_ + ___, _ , %1_
.4
o_
1.1
o_
II
+ _
<
_I__I_ _ '
U _ II II
,1o _ N +
[--i
I II
•_ 0 _
II 0 0 0 CO cb
I
•_ .IJ
t_ II II II
'
.J
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 13
'_0
<
4J
-rJ
C'-I II
_J
E
G} 0 _ + I
E
o_ c._ _
_ 4-1
E
I
0 &l
v t_
_-_ _I_I_-I
1_ o
r...) •- i II
_ m
m o Q?
i N 4J
• _2
+
¢1 <
1-4 -_ v
(1_ II
_III II _ I--4
[--i I
_ ,,.-x II I
o II
0 0 0
_ Ill .i..1
c_
.r-I
Q_
[--4 0 e'_
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 14
_z
0
• .,4
_l,_ __
_1_ °
o
_ %, II _1 II
_ aJ
m
[ I
0 ,_ 4.1 _
iJ V
O
,,_ II ,._ I
e4e4 _
i--_
_ o
_ II ¢q m _I _ _ II
I
• _
.,4
_ + +
II
°_ e,i N N
v-
_ m! rn! _9 -r4
_ II ! •_ .,4 .Ill
o 14 N N
I ,_ c_
i_ _ I_ _,
I _,l 0,1 _" _" _" _1_
II II ,-i ..1- II II
II
_ _ u"_ .,..i 11-4
_ U 0 rO (O
O O /_ II ,l_ II
0 0
u II
Ill _II H
l.l
.=
=
=
.,4
'°t
i
I
O _ L
_u m '_ I%:
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 15
O3 '-0
I ¢,.)
'i o
c_ [--I
!
,
N I
II X -_
0 Y.l¢_ II _ C'4
-:_ _ ,,
c_
I
,
° " "_
II _
r...)
O N +
.IJ t_
o
u °_ _
r.,.O
N
0£ _.m I o0., _ II
,._ II
•_ _ >_ C-,I II
o × _ +
_) "o I
O0
_J X I
,._ II II c,'-)
j _ •- _ <
-_ °_
I
' [ II_
._ + +
_ v c_
_ 4J v
,-4 r._ _I_ IJ II II II
II
I _ + >
,,-'-, _ I
_o _1
•_ O0 _._
_"_ O0 CD
" v
; o o o o
u II II II ,L)
_d I_ II
C_
m
c_
° r...I
"o
o
_ _ -_ L-- -- - L
>_ _4
u e,4
Section B 4
2] April 1961
Page 16
¢q
%
o ,_1_ !
ot,,l
4.-I I
U
4-1
II
s-% r_
P v
o_
0 o_
_ o
I
4-) I
_, -,-_-_ r.
>,
0 II ,,.1-
> _ ._
_ +
II '_I N
I ,-.4
-_ _ , ,
i IJ
t_
o_.,_ _1 °_ ,o
o
_l
_ _'j II I II
,o
o
[..i
_o -
' _i_
o II
II
<
v o_
'1:1
80
4..I
0
r_
v
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 17
xI
O0 0
q-_
I'
o
(1,1 C}:
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 18
o
r-d I
O0
_Io , _I _
o3 II
X
4.1
=o ._
.rd
II
oJ II t',,I _
_I_
II
0J
=la II
°_
¢"N
+ °
°_ I
0J ¢,_ ,4- 0
o o II
¢,J
I II I
I
_ v ,
od
I o_
_J
-.'t _4
_ II 0 o o
o
I
II o
I
II
NJ_ "
_0
¢'4 I v
¢,)I It II _ II
_!'_ _ _
xl
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 19
II II
_J
_ r6
0
P-_ I
It 4.J <
+
_-, oo N _Ic4
cq
II I ._ cq II
O _
cq _
O cq
•,--t _1 r,_
c; E
UI fl ,._ I I
U II
0
g °_
_1 O I,
4J c-4 > >
U°
E: I t :>_
r_ ,-4
v
L) O _ l::cl •r4 ._
o3 o3 o3
•,-.-" O o3 o3
,-4 4J O_ II 4J O O
V A
O
cq DO II ._J +
II _J _J +
,._cN
E_
0 -- P_ , I I
_I 4 v
_J O 0 0
II 4J
II _J 4J _
×I
o i
O0
°i
"El
0 ¢)
I m j
_l. I
J,,,,I /
0
:),. __L. <
o_
¢q
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 20
P-
0
o']
"0
>-,
0
-e4
_a
¢J
OJ _1_ ×,
I
4-J
_a A m
0 _.I
_I_
rJ I
_ I .,-4
°_
_ .5! • _°_ _m ×
,-1 m _ _1_ _I_ _I_ II II
O _
II _
,._ ,-_ _ II
_4
.c:
_¢
c'j Cxl
._
__.i
_ _ -_ I1
II ×
o I_-_
.._ .,4
l-J
_i_ I--I
c.m
,.-4 r_ _ II II o'_ C-,I _,1
oO
m I_I I II
b_ i
Ii
0 r:_ r...) II
_i;_ _x, _,
4-_ 0 0
O 4J II
rd
-\
cJ < _Cl n_ N
"-" >: Z
i_ m
_C
_ -
_ m
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 21
< 4-
o
rj_
II ",--"
"0 f _
>
JI i
I
v
O _ _
A
o_ + r6
< o
_)
,.c:
@
II I
o o4 _
' O
II
u
v oO II I
o c'N i v
o_ > -J N-d N
I II _._ I
_ t o
cq _
.;-4 ;_ %1. + _1 0 _
O
_ t N
+ u .,_Y_I_ U
?1
I
+
m I _ N
I-4 V I
eq >_
,c + + ,_I_ _< N
_ M
I ,-q
_ M
I _ + _ v
,-4 O o I _.
I < ._
4J 4_
I
4-I
r-4 ,.-1 II II m II II II
.-4 II
-,-41 I
o o o 0 0
_-)I II II 4J ,_I
II ._ 4..i ,_
_ rF
r_
-el
o _
m
'/ o
¢q
u_
II g-
I
¢N
° _I_ O
I O
4J
,-_ II .4"
u_ v
I _ r_
:_ I ,-_ +
! I _= o
_-J 4-;
II II
O _J
4J m
m .. II 4J .P1
°
I
o _1_
+
+
II II
I" ,,--4 ¢q
X m
• _ _ 0"_ _ _-_ °_
_J I _ I
_ o _,
I I
M _ II ' II
,_ I_1 II _ M II II
:= >,
o o
I II
II
v _ _ v
o= i}!
e_ m
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 23
_D eq
co
X
i
_q
+
- _ _-_ cq
o _ _: _ V I
•_ .,-_ A
i 01 U .,_
2 o
i.--4 _
c,,I _ _ II II
I_ II
o . +
_ ×
oO
0 _J
O. m
c_
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 24
(1)
v
V • • • ,, • • • .. • • ° • .. • • ..... ...... o o ° ° ° ° o o. o ° o . . , o o ° o o o ° (2)
fs=K -_
where (K) is the ratio of the maximum shearing stress on the cross
section to the average shearing stress. The maximum shearing stress is
often expressed as:
fs = VO .............................................. (3)
It
Where Q = JydA (First moment about the neutral axis of the area
Area between the neutral axis and the extreme outer
fiber.)
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 25
V = Vf + Vw .................................................. (i)
hi h2
From Fig. B 4.1.3-1, tan 51 =--,
c tan 52 c , and tan 51
hi + h2 h h b
+ tan 52 = c = --.
c From this Vf = P --
c' and since P = V _,
then
b (3)
Vf = V _ .....................................................
a
The load in the web is V E, so by writing a, b, and c, in terms of
h o and h, we have
ho
Vw = V E- .................................................... (4)
(h - ho)
vf = v ---f--- ..............................................
(5)
P TANcK I
P TAN _2
Fig. B 4.1.3-I
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 26
Fig. B 4.1.4-i
v
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 27
-,-- b -_
d d i N.A, -
J . Rt
Fig. B 4.1.4-2
kd (i)
b (kd) (-_) = nAs (d-kd) ..............
Concrete Transformed
area arm steel area arm
From which
kd = nA--'-_Sb
_i + nAs2bd ' i_ ................................ (2)
E steel
where n =
E concrete
The stress in the concrete fc and the stress in the steel fst is
.......................................... (4)
fst = nM(d-kd)
I
where
M
fs = As jd ................................................... (6)
2M
f ,= . ........................................... (7)
c b(kd) (jd)
N
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 29
i
................................ (i)
8Q - _U
_Q - Eli / M_ _M ds
O
L
BUs I /_ _V
................................ (2)
_Q = _-_- = GA JV _ ds
o
L
_U
0a =_ - E1 M _ ds ................................ (3)
a o a
where
(i)
O
(2)
e = E-i--
dx ..........................................
O
Where (8) is the deflection at the unit load and (8) is the rotation
at the unit moment. The Moment (M) is the bending moment at any
section caused by the actual loads. (m) is the bending moment at any
section of the beam caused by a dummy load of unity acting at the point
whose deflection is to be found and in the direction of the desired
deflection. The bending moment (m') is the bending moment at any
section of the beam caused by a dummy couple of unity applied at the
section where the change in slope is desired. It is noted that although
(m') may be thought of as a bending moment, it is evident from the
R=P R=P
(o) (b)
I---M : P L/4 m
/_ M=PXI m= X2
-_M=PX2 / .-4-
--,--X I X2-. _ I-.--x, x2--
(el (d)
Fig. B 4.2.2-1
= ,, E1 dx = , El \ _ > dxl +J E_
O O O
3L
4
V 2 = VI + F ............................................. (2)
LOADS
Fig. B 4.2.3-1
,@
'' "I
Fig. B 4.2.3-2
\
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 33
Station W _-
* Bending Momen_ 2h
(inches Load Shear
V= (WI+W 2 ) _f_x)
-_-- M=(2WI+W2) _6_VI(Ax)
from end) ib/in
i0 0 0
i0 14 120 567
(2.14+18)102/6 =
(14+18)10/2= 160 120"]0 = 767
1200
20 18 280 2534
(2.18+22)I0Z/6 = 976
(18+22)10/2= 200 280.10 = 2800
30 22 48O 6301
(2.22+26)102/6 = 1167
(22+26)i0/2= 240 480.10 = 4800
40 26 720 12_268
(2.26+30)102/6 1367
(26+30)10/2= 280 720.10 = 7200
50 30 i000 20_835
Table B 4.2.3-1
+ Vl (_×)
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 34
Where (KI) and (K2) are functions of loading on span (LI) and span
(L2), respectively.
t__
Lir L21
T
is .......
Fig. B 4.2.4-1
r_ L ID-
8I 1 8I 2
r '-T
wlEbl2(2Ll2-bl2)-al2(2Ll 2 - a12)]
KI =+
411L 1
--a--4 b i
2 (2L 2 2 - a 2 2) ]
w2 [b22 (2L22-b22)-a2
I iT K2 = +
412L 2
+2WiLl 3 +7w2L23
1511 60 12
-'---------- |
I
+7wiLl3 +2w2L23
60I 1 1512
I __
+3L_w I +3L22w 2
i |
I__ _r 811 8I 2
L -I
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 36
v-
+5WiLl3 +5w2L22
3211 3212
-FL _1
_- t -t
.
IILI 12L 2
I_ L -_
/
M I
, 3al 2
+ M2
12
(3b22
\L_2 L2)
10.
E 1 = M x I dx 1
12L2
O
jw
L
6 P
K2 = 12L2 _o M2 x2 dx2
qr Ir
Where M is the banding moment.
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 37
Mc
f =K--
I
in which M__M_ [i + c ]
K = AR Z(R + c)
Mc
I
where
I /_.Z_
Z = - -_- R+y dA
Table B 4.3.1-1
Values of K for Different Sections and Different Radii of Curvature.
R Factor K
Section C Inside Fiber Outside Fiber
.
1.2 3.41 O. 54
1.4 2.40 0.60
1.6 1.96 0.65
1.8 1.75 0.68
R 2.0 1.62 0.71
3.0 1.33 0.79
4.0 1.23 0.84
6.0 I. 14 0.89
8.0 1.10 0.91
i0.0 I. 08 0.93
K the same for circle
and ellipse and inde-
pendent of dimensions.
K independent of
section dimensions
. 1.2 3.01 0.54
1.4 2.18 0.60
1.6 i .87 0.65
1.8 1.69 0.68
2.0 1.58 0.71
7- I 2b ]
3.0 1.33 0.80
b 4.0 1.23 O.84
6.0 1.13 O.88
8.0 I.i0 0.91
I0.0 I. 08 0.93
Section B 4
21 April 1961
Page 40
o 1.2 3.26 O. 44
1.4 2.39 0.50
1.6 1.99 0.54
i
1.8 1.78 0.57
/-r 2.0
3.0
1.66
1.37
0.60
0.70
4.0 1.27 0.75
I b I 6.0 1.16 0.82
8.0 1.12 0.86
i0.0 1.09 0.88
Section B4
July 9, 1964
Page 41
"------ R _
m.
±
Section B 4
February 15, 1976
Page43
/Compression Area
b
"-<D
0
'J Neutral Axis (n.a.)
(a) Locate the neutral axis (line of zero fiber stress) of the cross-
section assuming a linear stress distribution.
(b) Divide the compression area into elements according to Section C 1,
pages 1 1-16.
(c) Calculate FCCn, m according to Figure C 1.3.1-13 for each element.
(d) Calculate the allowable bending-crippling moment by summing
moments about the neutral axis for the compression area and
doubling the result.
where:
M
(ult) M.S. ............................. (z)
(FS)ult M
where:
B4.4. l
Analysis Procedure for Bending Moment Only (Cont'd)
Example 1
t = .04
Given:
Mech. Prop.
3.00 ' no a.
Ftu = 42 ksi
F = 35 ksi
_', _
cy
Analysis
(a) The neutral (centroidal) axis for this case is determined by inspec-
tion.
r = . 12 + .02 = . 14 in.
m
-1.59_
1.48
1 4C_ 1. 34 b2 = 1.34 +.535(.14) = 1.415in.
In, a.
Section B 4
February 15, 1976
Page 46
Example 1 (Cont' d)
bl / 35 1.665
(c) J Fcy
E _ = ff 9.9 x 103 .040 - 2...475, Fcc 1 = 275(35)
¥
= 9.6Z ksi
35 1.415
9.9 x 103 .040 - Z.103, Fcc z = .76 (35)
= Z6.6 ksi
= 2 [(9.62)(1.665)(.04)(1.48) + (26.6)(1.415)(.04)(1.46)/3]
= 3. 36 in-kips (for each channel) See page 278for FCCn, bn, in,
and Yn
M 3360
(ult) M.S. = (FS)ul t M/2 - 1 = 1.4(2000) I = +0. Z0
where:
F
B4.4.2 Analysim Procedure for Combined Bendin_ Moment and Axial
Load
lo
Calculate steps (a) through (d) according to the procedure of Section
B 4.6.1. If the neutral axis falls outside the cross-section, con-
sider the section to be stressed as a column and compare with the
maximum applied fiber stress.
Section B4
In. a.
M
F- ........................................... (4)
Zc n .
a.
F
(ult) MS - 1 .............................. (5)
(FS)ul t fc
where:
p Mc
f =-- ± (maximum applied compressive stress)
c A Ic. g.
Note: If the normal load (P) is tensile, the tension flange should be
analyzed in the conventional manner.
Example 2
Example Z (Cont' d)
Given:
F = 35 ksi
cy
E = 9.9 x 10 3 ksi
_._oo-.
Typ/ I I"1 ._6Ol-
I _[Typ
.o_o
• 16o'.'_ - r '-_-
.7 7c. g.
1
Z. 760
3. 000
_ ___ a
Example 2 (Cont' d)
I °
ELE A y Ay Ay 2 I
i_ 1.26 -_
Z
_ o
.08 _
® .0250 2.89 .072 .209
a,
, ]
_A__y .675 - I. 947 in.
Yc.g. - EA - . 3466
P MYn. a.
0 =_-+ Ic.g -
(a)
P Ic.g. 5000 (2)(.338)
Yn.a. - A M =-2(.3466) 6400 : "'762 in.
Section B4
f-
February I5, 1976
Page 50
Example 2 (Cont' d)
(b)
_ _5 b2
(c)
bl 35 I. 367
t = 9.9 x 103 --=
.08 1.016, Fcc I = .56(35)=19.60 ksi
(d)
Example 2 (Cont'd)
Compression
/Area
ELE A y Ay Ay 2 Io
1•775 _'
® •0250 1.702 • 042 • 072 - 1. 702
• 788 _ 1.815
__.__[_
® .1260 .788 • O99 • 078 . 0Z6 II
,,
II
il
TOT. .468 . 026 II
ii
i
' _--'- Mirror
t._o ______2,'
Image
Zc _ 2(.988) = 1 089 in 3
n.a. 1.815 "
Example Z (Cont' d)
P Mc
fc=A+i
c.g.
5 6.4(1.053)
= 17.2 ksi
Z(. 3466) + Z(. 338)
F 25.0
(ult) MS = -1= -1= +0.04
(FS)ult fc 1.4(17.2.)
where :
REFERENCE
4.3.0 Roark, Raymond J., Formulas for Stress and Strain, Third
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1954.
4.4.0 Roark, 'Raymond J., Formulas for Stress and Strain, Third
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1954.
SECTION B4.5
PLASTIC BENDING
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
B4 5-iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded)
Page
B4 5-iv
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 201
4O
Fb
(ks{)
1.0 .5 2.0
Zqc
k_
_.o
°a
%.
,6
.4
#
°_,_
Section A4
1 February 1970
r Page 35
Introduction
dA f
max
/-
¢2 , fl
e max max
f
max
f f
max max
f
o
Stress
f
f max
max 6
Strain max
(a) True Stress (b) Trapezoidal Stress (c) Stress Strain Curve
Mb c
a Mc
Fb I = Fictitious allowable I stress or the bending modulus
of rupture for a particular cross-section at a prescribed
maximum stress level.
I
Mb t = "_-fmax + (ZQ- I_)c fo = The bending moment of a trapezoidal
stress distribution that is equivalent to
Mb a
I = ( y2 dA (moment of inertia)
Q ._
0 y dA (static moment of cross-section)
Mb c
t
Therefore, from Fb = we obtain:
I
Where,
2Qc
k --
i (4.5.0-2)
3) Unsymmetrical cross-section.
Figure B4.5.0-3
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 5
. For a limiting stress other than yield or ultimate, use the Plastic
Bending Curves (See section B4. 5. 6 for index). Locate the limiting
stress on the stress-strain (or k=l) curve and move directly up to
the appropriate k curve to read F b for the same strain.
, F b from Step 3 and fb, the calculated Mc/l stress, may be used
in determining the bending stress ratio for combined stresses
and the margin of safety for pure bending as follows:
fb
Rb- (4.5.1.1-I)
Fb
1
M.S. - 1 (4. 5. i. I-2)
Rb(S.F. )
Where: S.F. is the appropriate (yield or ult) safety factor
This procedure also applies to any section with bending about one
of its principal axes.
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page6
. Divide the section into two parts, (1) and (Z), on either side of the
principal axis (not the axis of symmetry) similar to that shown in
Figure B4.5. I. Z-l.
, Calculate:
QlCl
k1 - ii (4.5. I. Z-I)
where I1 is the moment of inertia of part (I) only about the principal
axis of the entire cross-section. This would be identical to k of a
section made up of part (I) and its mirror image. Figure B4.5.0-3
may be used where part (i) and its mirror image form one of the
sections shown.
3. Calculate similarly:
Qzcz
k2 = iZ (4.5. I, Z-Z)
1
Assuming part (I) is critical in yield (or crippling, ultimate, etc. )
use the P_astic Bending Curves and locate this stress on the stress-
strain ( or k=l) curve. Move directly up to the appropriate k curve
and read for the same strain.
Fb 1
6. Calculate:
ElcZ (4.5.1.2-3)
E2- c1
8. Calculate Mba by
Fblll Fb212
Mb a = 5_ + E_ (4.5 .l. 2-4)
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Pa 9e 7
M
Rb _ (4. 5. 1.2-5)
Mb a
1
M.S. = - 1 (4.5.1.Z-6)
ab (s. F. )
Where: S.F. is the appropriate (yield or ult) safety factor
I
!
(i)
rincipal Axis
(z)
Y/ I/
;/ __ x
i X X -
X
"C.G.
Y Y
(4.5.1.3-1)
3. Rb= Rbx + Rby
M. S. l 1 (4.5.1.3-z)
Rb (S.F. )
Where:
S.F. is the appropriate (yield or ult) safety factor.
y, y M
\ I
x - - x(Ref. axis)
Figure B4.5.1.4-1
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Pa ge 9
2I
tan 2 0 - xy (4.5. I.4-i)
Iy - Ix
Ix = y dA (Moment of inertia)
Iy = dA (Moment of inertia)
x
(Product of inertia)
Ixy=/Xy dA
o
Obtain M x, and My,, the components of M with respect to the
principal axes.
,
Follow the procedure outlined in Section B4. 5. 1. 2 to determine
So
For pure complex bending, the margin of safety is
I
M. S. (4. 5. 1.4-3)
ab(S. F. )
where:
S.F. is the appropriate (yield or ult) safety factor.
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page I0
__ f __l
ma-_l •
/ ///J Jr J/i
P.A.
-t ,%q °"
Cross -Section Stress Distribution
P= jy tfdy
Mc
then,
Fb = fmax + fo (k - I) _ I
df df
c dM max 0
I dx dx dx (k - 1 )
c max o (k - 1 (b)
-_--(S)- df dx [ 1 + df ] and from (a),
max
df df df
in ax Q o m ax
q = +
dx c df dx
max
1 +x (c/F- l)
Let X = df /dfmax and _ = then,
0 l+x (k-l)
q = df max
dx
(c)
(Ac/Q - 1)]
q = [1 +k (k - 1)]
Since Q = A-y-',
SQ
q- _-y-
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 12
The method outlined below shows how to correct SQ/I and calculate
the margin of safety for simple plastic bending about a principal axis
of a symmetrical section.
1. Determine Mc/I
o
By use of the stress.-strain (or k = 1) curve and the fo curve,
determine the rate of change of fo _vith respect to f at the true
strain E, which would be expressed as
d'f df /d_
O O
)t = df - dr/d, (4.5.1.5-1)
qa = _ I (4.5.1.5-2)
where,
= l+X (c/7- l) (4.5.1. 5-3)
l+X (k-l)
Qa = £ y dA 14.5.1. 5-4)
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 13
R - (4.5.1.5-5)
s F s
, For the margin of safety with pure bending and shear use
1
M.S. = 2- -1 (4. 5. 1. 5-6)
+ Rs
, For the margin of safety with axial load, bending and shear
use
1
M.S. = 1 (4. 5.1. 5-7)
(S. F. )v_R b + Ra )2 + R2s
where,
fa
Ra- Fa
B4. 5. 1.6 Shear Flow for Simple Bending About a Principal Axis--
Unsymmetrical Section with an Axis of Symmetry Perpen-
dicular to the Axis of Bending
• Divide the section into two parts, (1) and (2), on either side of
the principal axis (not the axis of symmetry) similar to that
shown in Figure B4. 5. 1. 2-1.
Calculate:
B Calculate similarly:
Q2c2
(4.5.1.2-2)
k2 - i2
Mc 1 Mc 2
. Calculate -- and
I I
.
By use of the stress-strain (or k = 1) curve a,_d the fo curve,
determine the rate of change of fo with respect to f for the
true strainq which would be expressed as
xl = = 7l (4.5.1.6-i)
e
Calculate similarly:
(4.5.1.6-2)
1 0. Determine the shear flow in part (1) at distance "a" from the
neutral axis by
qa = _a t -T--
SQa) (4.5.1.6-3)
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 15
where,
i +k I c(_ a i )
c 1
(4. 5.1. 6-5)
Qa = _a ydA
11. Determine the shear flow in part (2) at distance "b" from the
neutral axis by
where,
12. For the shear flow at the principal axis, calculate q using both
parts of the cross-section and use the larger. A rigorous
analysis could be made so that shear flow calculations at the
neutral axis would result in the same value regardless of
which side was used in the calculations. This would involve
S1Q a M 1 Fb 1 11
(See B4. 5. i. 2)
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 16
SZQ b M Z Iz
qb = _b IZ where S Z= M1 + MZ S, M2= Fb 2 C2
(See B4.5.1.2)
c1 t
i
f
m
_i _ Principal axis
f b
I
Yb
cz
-i
tz
Figure B4.5.1.6-I
qa qb
13. Calculate f = -- and f = -- to obtain the shear
S
a ,t1 sb t2
ratio s:
f
S
a
1% .=. (4.5.1.6-9)
S a F s
fs b
(4.5.1.6-10:)
Rs b - F
S
14. For the margin of safety with pure bending and shear use
1
M.S. = - 1 (4.5. i. 6-II)
B 4.5.1.6
Shear Flow for Simple Bendin G about a Principal
Axis-- Unsymmetrical Section with an Axis of
Symmetry Perpendicular to the Axis of Bending.
(Cont ' d)
15. For the margin of safety with axial load, bending and shear use
I
M.S. = -1 (4. 5.1. 6-12)
Ra )2 R 2
(S. F. )_(R b
where:
f
a
R a - Fa
l •
Determine the principal axes by inspection or, if necessary,
by Equation (4.5.1.4-I),
,
Obtain S x, and Sy,, the components of S with respect to the
principal axes. The principal axes are denoted by x' and y'
as indicated in Figure B4.5.1.4-1o
f
S
X w
_ (4.5. :.7-l)
Rsx' F s
fs ,
So
For the margin of safety with complex bending and shear use
1
M.S. = -1 (4.1. 5.7-3)
S.F b + Rs
Sect ion B4,5
February 15_ 1976
Page 18
where,
o
For the margin of safety with axial load, complex bending and
shear use
l
M.S. = -1 (4.1. 5.7-5)
S.F. R b 4- Ra )2 4- R s
This may occur in materials such as the AISI 301 strainless steels
in the longitudinal grain direction where the tensidn stress-strain curve
is higher than the compression curve•
f f
t
t-
C
N.A. _] N.A. A. oC
•
P. A.
A
C
f
C
f
C
o
(a) Section (b) Strain (c) True Stress (d)Trapezoi-
dal Stress
F
Tension tu
6U
,
For yield or ultimate limiting stress, use the Bending Modulus
of Rupture Curves to determine F b. The correction for shift-
ing the neutral axis away from the principal axis by A has
been taken into account in the development of the curves.
Note Step 8.
.
For a limiting stress (or strain) other than yield or ultimate,
use the Plastic Bending Curves. Locate the limiting stress
on the appropriate (tension or compression) stress-strain
(or k=l) curve and call this fl at _ 1 with its trapezoidal inter-
,
Find Fbl and Fbz for E I and _ Z' using the correct values of
k I and k z which may or may not be equal.
.
Calculate I 1 and I Z, the moments of inertia of the elements
with respect to the neutral axis of the entire cross-section.
7. Calculate by
Mb a
11 Fb Iz
Fbl Z
I
M.S. = -I (4.5.2. I-3)
(S.F.) Rb
where:
e
For cases as in Step 3, M_. mustbe used in determining the
gJa - _
moment ratio for bending and the margin of safety for pure
bending as follows:
M
(4.5. Z. 1-4)
Rb = Mba
I
M.S. = -1 (4.5.2. I-5)
(S.F.)Rb
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 21
o ¢,a
0 _ _ _1
n
u
II
0 _1
r..)
<_I"_ ;_ I , Z
r_
o o ' £
cO _
_ _ ._ + -.D o0 ÷
D.- (3". <I + u
..D
, u _i _
v
+ _m
_ +
ed _
E _
u _
t_
÷
..D
_ _1_ _ +
_ cq + C_
°_ ¢_ ,-4 0
,, _ _i
_o _<I + _ _ _
, _ <I
+ _
i _) o _I_ ÷
O m M
v ,._t
mM N
4,_
X O
_ o_ I Z
_ 0 _ 0
O3
I,L oI ,
O _ 0
No
A
<_
r_
..D t'- O
o rq
i • •
_d
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 22
. Locate the neutral axis which would be some distanceA from the
principal axis toward the tension side by a method similar to that
outlined in Example B4.5.4.1 for symmetrical sections. This will
fmaxc, and f_vc by. use. of. the equilibrium of axial loads due to the
bending stress dlstrlbut_on. This expression is likely to contain
higher powers of Aand the solution for _ can best be obtained by
trial and error using the stress-strain (or k = 1) and fo curves.
Refer to Example B4. 5.4.2 for typical procedure.
Z.
Follow the applicable procedure outlined in Section B4.5.2.1
i
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 23
Refer to Section If4. 5.1. 6 and follow the identical procedure with
the following exceptions:
principala
prescribedaxes point,
and obtain the shear stresses fsx, and fSy,__at
.
Determine and construct the modified plastic bending curves,
F b vs E. Refer to Section B4.5.0 for the theoretical back-
ground; the fo curve must first be plotted and then k curves
constructed by the use of Equation (4.5.0-1).
Example Problems
PlA,
ct -= . 020 in. /in.
0. 020 x I.187c
c = .813c = 0. 0292 in. /in.
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 25
f = 149 ksi
C
f = 107 ksi
O C
Therefore,
492-_,488
(b) f = 97 ksi
cy
c = 0.00575 in./in.
c
fOc = 27 ksi
1
(2 + 6A - 3A 2) ]
- [fc + f°c
ft + 2fo t (I -A 2)
c I c2 _ c ct
c 2 - Cl or = c t = Cc
0. 00575 x 0.976c
ct = i. 024c = 0. 00548 in. /in.
ft = iZl ksi
Therefore,
154_154.93
o.o_ -_ ;
_._.L 1_
.c=O. 1
fOc ----- T
A trial and error equation for shifting the neutral axis from
the principal axis toward the tension side is determined by equat-
ing the load on the tension side to the load on the compression
wide. (See Section B4.5.2.2):
c "2 = Cc 'Fcc + cc
Section 84.5
February 15, 1976
Page 27
c = 1 - c = 0. 590 in.
t c
E C
c t 0. 0046 x 0. 590
0. 00662 in. /in.
ct - c - 0.410 =
c
ft = I13 ksi
fot 38 ksi
Z _Z
Qt = t c t = 0.05 x 0. 590 = 0. 01740 in.
Qt ct 0. 01740 x 0. 590
kt - It 0. 006845 = 1 5
Z
Qc = tc c +2 x 0.450t (Cc _ -_-)
t, = 0.05 x--0.4102+ 2x0.450
%
3
x 0.05 x 0. 385 = 0. 02572 in.
Qc
c c 0. 02572 x 0. 410
k =1.17
C I 0. 008967
C
fb = 132 ksi
t
It Fb Ic
t c 13Zx0. 006845
Mbult - ct + cc 0. 590
B4.5.4.3 Find the Shear Flow at the Neutral Axis of the Example
Problem B4.5.4.2 If the Transverse Shear, (s), Is
Equal to 5 kips. and the Bending Moment Is Equal to the
Ultimate (2.94 in-kips. )
4
= 0. 006845 in. (tension side only)
It
4
Ic = 0. 008967 in. (compression side only)
4
I = I t + I c = O. 015812 in.
c t= 0.590 in.
kt= i. 5 (rectangle)
/_\[d-v:-]
=7 ksi/. 001
\co/ 1
(df
I = 8 ksi/. 001
d-_-_
1
x i =_d-Y-71
= _Ta_ Jl
8
XI- 7 -1.14
l+X 1 -
_a = i+_
1 (kl - i)
_ ct
Ya- 2 - 0.295 in.
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 30
-._J
1 + 1.14 (_ 295
590 1)
_a = I + 1.14 (1.5 - I) = 1.36
/3 SQ
a a
qa- I
5 x O. 01740
qa = I. 36 O. 015812 = 7.48 kips/in.
4
I = O. 015812 in. (Reference Page 82 )
c = 0.410 in.
C
Q = O. 02572 in.
C
k =1.17
C
6
dr) = 4. ksi/. 001
(df
==/I= 5.o ksi/0oi
2
Sect/on B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 3 1
X2 =\dr /2 dr/de z
5.0
)t2- 4.6 - 1.09
/Jb
1 +x z (k z - t)
Q Q
b c
Yb = A - 7
b c
-- O. 0Z572
Yb - O. 086 _ O. 299 in.
t + t. 09 @410299 t)
• = 1.18
/gb = 1 + 1. 09(1. 17 - 1)
5 x O. 02572
qb = i.18 O. 015812 = 9. 6 kips/in.
._ q = 9. 6 kips/in.
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 32
B4. 5.5 Index for Bending Modulus of Rupture Curves for Symmetrical
Sections
Page
17-4 PH Bar and Forging (P.T) .............. 48
17-7 PH Ftu = 180 ksi (P.T) ............... 49
17-7 PH Ftu = 210 ksi (RT) ............... 50
AISI Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, Ftu = 125 ksi (P.T)... lO]
*Alloy Steels include AISI 4130, 4140, 4340, 8630, 8735,8740, and 9840.
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 34
Page
2024-T6 Clad Sheet - Heat Treated and Aged (RT) .... 145
PH 15-7 Mo , . . . . , . , . . ° . , . . . , • . . . . . , 91-93
Page
AISI Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, Ftu = 180 ksi
(RT) ......................... 115-116
126
K-Monel Sheet - Age Hardened (RT) .............
6061 -T6 Sheet - Heat Treated and Aged (RT) .... 174-175
Page
7075- T6 Clad Sheet and Plate (RT) ............. 178-I 79
300
; 75,000_p_;i
27 x 10 _ p 3i
Elongation = 25%
-!
_+
200 U ltimate
(Transversc)i
100
k= 2Qc
I
soo_....
200_
Fb
(ksi]
lO0
5O
1.0
1.5 Z.O
Fig. B4.5.5.1-2
Minimum Bending Modulus o£ Rupture Curves for
Symmetrical Sections l/Z Hard AI$1 301 Stainless
Steel Sheet
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 41
Fb
. (ksi)
,2OO
I00
300
Fb
(ksl)
ZOO
I00
ZQc
k=--
I
_44
3OO
"ltimate Transverse).
;ii
Fb :ii
(ksl)
!ft
ttt
LH
I00
k ZQc
F
E
300
Fb
(ksl)
200
100
t_
_t
120
_r
*;lh';l'ii_
i ....... _
11 ;IIHT_IIII
'" H_!
• 100 ftI:_ttI_If
I_1;,;11i_1
tlt::!II_!:
_!tf_tt|:tt
tl
!!I12:"--
8O ':If:::I!"
iit i!II_ilIii_
:_!!:11!t:t
Fb
(kai) ,If, I
60 iitt_!t!i!!
_!;¢!;tt_:
J_
4O it:,t ftl_:
ii:;ii_i:_i
_t:!!:! t_:
.'tt_
ZO _!!!!i!!!il
:'/!_!i!!:i!J
!:: i
:!!tl;li_Id -A
ittpllrl+_4
l,tf,t,_,J
2"t,
0 t_tHISH;1
1.0 1.5 2;.0
ZQc
T
'.:..:-.-l.i-..'-.-i.
3Z0
....
I , ,
. ....": ....... I !.-! ...... I...:......I _.-----t---_-_+-_--_
_ *-__--_----r .... : .....
•...... , :...... i..J. ............
......, :,..1
... _...i..+,
-F-_-.-_
L.......
t----i_oo_
""
_,_,,e-_,,r_
"
:...t..;-I'-I
'
:': i : i _ !..-:.--.i-' i""i " " m " "" _'" ". .......... ":"1" "; ..... :" "
• 1 : : ...... "" " :" I ":'.1
)-_-r-"-¢--_-t :-+-Jr-:-'-:--'_".-+-_
l ' ' : I ' ' .....
_-: '-I-+-_-: -l--_._"-t- , ' I
" I : : • :" : ,
I--.;-.-_..:-..I- .... | .... ,..... I": 1....... !--.!.. i '! "k ........ :" . "-'-:'-i.--'_-::-l:---_..---I----. :. .1
Z80 _.:..h-r--.;--.j-.q.-i__.-.-.'.__._.:i..:._L...i_.j_ .; 1__ ..i. '[Ultimate :[ _ | : |
' ' ' : ' : I • : / / ' -- _.' ' " ' I
!.....:.-,:._!.:_.l !-.' '--.. !_
" . :j
•,:,-. !.:...: I _._._f-_t_l
' : "
! t_,_ _,_-..,..: ,: I:
;: ). _I _-t--.,-.-,..... +---_-+--t......_--t--:-;-t--.---i--.---I.: i I :1
l--..i...-i-
._;---!..-:
L.!.-.i...I...._...-i--.
:..i ': i.....i..-_..--,:-
-=-.-.
..I-.
;1 i...,--.;-..-t.-:._:.-i---,.-..i
Z40 _._" • '" "'-";' " "-''-:'fl"-:-i-'": '--- : I.--- __.__.-- : i ,i; ::
•:
_._/ I i: !: !
_.i_i_tflgiH_g_fl_i_g_i_i_gmfigi_i_flff_m___
i.:.:L.)...:..::L.q.._dlllfillllllHlilfllggglggiHlfllgr_MgfilBHlgmLW
.";_'_.-! "_!
200 -i i ;: _.;,,_tl!lillmlilllHMIgglgglgmll,,HH.fl.flllgg_lP.!!":."
F. !-_ _"_d"!"'T T-K:]
)i.,. I..,/,ddlIMIllMIHIIIHIHJHIlgiluuRw," "I !--[..--I' i " i :.:_ ) : !
)./_;/i._!iiil!iillilllililii!lllllllit_."._;.__.L.i_..i-.
_ .-_i _ ]i_._:7!i:7_T ::T.-i
I- ....I: ":... I1::1 ' _
'1.- 1..: I : 1.L'• : '
:,_: " , • I -:.L.]
160 ¢ 1_.._4__,._..'"
• ",. ': ,:: ""'l"
.... "" ;', .......
:" I ,: l
I".....................
.... " "-""'; ........ : --1":''"[ ............ I " l" " :, I"l I ' "
I" ":.... -T "_.: I,. . _ I .:---Jr
i" I "-::.....F" . "1'
' "_" . "....
"--' , . -_--L--J
. r ' ; '. i: i' . ._---J
: I
t-:--:
.....-,...........
-'.......
'................
I--'---_
........
_,,-
................
-, ...............'
, • , "_,_. -F.-'--.--'.--'.':-'- ...... 1------!.'-" , .'-T-l"- I : 1
i ..: !" :. .': / • '" " ' • • : : • I • I •
IZO
tI::[
.":"_'. : ,"
:-!"-:",;
,-"i"'---j
_:1_t:I;
.... +-:--+-----!'.-----H
I.....i :I .......
.... "+'-'---F'--.'--F
i-: r-T::_
..... i-_
........
, "" _ :
!
,'--,::-_:::-1--:-:1--iI .. .-i.......i .... i.......
" .-,.-:.-'
" !..:. !-i..i .1
,: L : _ L:' : _ L , .; __-..,_o.o,,o,,,_
"_'.'-"" "--I". ....
. , "_"'_-'-T-- ..... . "";"--'i"'_'_ .t.,I. *' _''" " "-T,"_..."
, : / : /.: I : / • : • . : _',:.-16s, ooopsi , ....
8O
r::!:i,' LI __-tr--:.-r-i.--I-
;-.-!--.v
-r-_:' ;--_7.,,,1o_ ,,_,).--.--z,.--,-
'-'..'_', • , :' " : t ; "d-'---'-I"-'-_'-t-- ..... : -,' - i
• I ::-,"t--'-;I' : - I------
I • ..I,I , •'- . t......... :, ....... I t-,zorl@,atl.on = O'_c ! I|' : '
',;
...............
i :,, t, _ I, :: i
; " ......
,• ......
, , ' • ',
:";
I:Y . 'L, :
_--..r'-.-.
.......
-',
..;....)i
....
i' i
-I,--"+-_I_
. - .)
I . L..;_./
....ii. :...I..:.L.
i .... _.... _-l-.-n
.
_
;..-.:..._-:.: ..... i.... i..--: -- i""- ""I......... !.-..'.:-1 ....... L..'-.J
4O
,: I_,. _ ,...-r-. !.,., :--1 _ j.._.._i.;; F.._
r ;rfl
•-_-- _ " !1
...... i- _.-4--."--L_-.
i----:..._
........v-,..._........
........
i-.--..:..-...-..i
............
[ , h-r-----.-r---.---!
_ I .... "i ..... I " . " "-"" I _ • I
I • ",: .... "1 "1 • l • j J • I : • . . i .::
300
.. .: : .;: .. :';: • : ". . • ; . T : • .:.._: • .. ,. ; ' . . : : ' . ; ._.i_i../_...:.;"
_ ::-:!::':'_::
,:_:::":
_:i:,:_i ' i:i:_....
,: :::: I_..
:_':"_::l
:_i-_-..:--i.-:'._
:1.!:r.i-.:-I
.._ :::.i.::I'_""I:
]':'l-:.i -.I. :.:-
..!"-:4!"'[';"i .....
-_L. :.
...:!_ 1Room Temperature-T : I.: ;:_.1".-TT..'-.[:li::!.. I'... ]' .I.: :.. '/. - ,,'_.." l :-:_- '--_
.i::i_:-_:.i-:--.:.i,_: .:-..-:.....: I:::_:4-!:-:.':_-I::!:--i-I]-':.
:#.':i::-_:::!i:-_:i:::;-i-1-._:: -:-.i::- :-::!::. :-.!--_
_0 :.:::.t--::ti:'#:.4:-:.ii::.-I
:.i::.l_.?::.:;l_:;.i_-:il?_i:;
::I.:-i',:.-:1:!_41
_:1__!.l:._i:
:... :l..-_i.._.:..i...L:.:i.}:.
!_:i:.l..i::]..I 1. ! I i_,:i-P:.l !i:ii:i.i i i l._.:.l._!:i 1:]. i... i,[!:': ]. :I
._i:q:::__.,1::
i:.__-_ .q..-T,.,
T!-iT _.ltu_,_mat_ __!_[:'::,,'::!i_TiF' 1
• :'L":!5" ":'" "''iT" "!..... "7F!"v!'Y-'-I"q[F
,40 .......:,.
--"T--'t::I:I.:" _. • • .: . .. ...... .. ;F:L"?:"7"'!:
.::. .-_.._:_.._..-...
'. -_- :_-712i.._
:.
.... !'r"i'V':':'"":'":':"
.:. i-.. :,:• .- .:":"1":......
:...-_._ • v""1•
:_+,• :...-..
•:: :: :_ : :: " I :,. :' • I : I • : : '
!i ! ii : _ :i -_-- : : _:+-- ++-i-- +-_÷ _:-:- -_:
[ , " " ' ": :: : ":'":::: :::: ": '::: " "'!: ":'i "
.'1: :I:".: : /:'" .'.|':I :.v".: 1_';:":: I:::.!'.:. I:: '.:: '::;:!_:_ ,r -_,-, "^6 • • _ '. i; :.: .
So = _v x tu ps_ ::TZ-T:V_T_"
i_ii_h.....jii.qi_iit.!!il._]:l:ii'l:;]ii_7,?_..-..._li_];ii_iti:!;i._!_:i;!_il
]_,
:_t:._:iifi:t:ii:_:-l:]_-,-i_q.-.-t-:i: .P.i:F.-÷ti..iit-.=..-t.-.,:-ti_:i:ii_
- _.longation = 6% :ti:+[-]_:!"
:iiiT_]:jlZ[il.] ill: iii!:}[]; : ]L::-:I::]]!LI: ::Ii]ZF :!!!KZZ|F I :_ • I!_i
•iiil!::::/l:..4iVzi!ii_i::?ii:ii.li_i
_i_
]_i:J_iiiiii_it_!:.ih=..l;!::il_!i:_hiqii
ili_!]if!t:r_:!_i_i_.._;l..;_
.!_[:";-F_.]_:--_
40 i:::_':_'iT:';;::i _:]!;::_',::ifi:i':t!ii:i:i_Yiii]:-iti:::_i!!:tii]i}iF:.,'ii!liii:i'iii:::i!_:.]i_:! : i-,!:b:.l :.:; i: I::i::! I:::1.:
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i]ti::l ._]ii-!: ...::::.,:::....',...ui:.,:.,:. :..Iq::
_.;::..:;::._.: :!::__ ...._..,.._ .....:. _...,_
:::![ii:':!iii!'_!:l _:iiii[:: ! iili!i ! !:]:_-'!;! :q: ii t I ;_!!-;1::.!'::i'l:::!ii_.t:t!':i!i;:!
!iilt!_i!i
_!iiiiiii!!ii!i,!!ilti_ii!i!i:
i_!i,ilil.,iH..:_.r_:_l_!: •.: "::':.'.:',::l}.::[
•:""l'- :" :'Y."Ei:J""k:.:E_.
.........
I;-;; -. |.;l
;:,; ;;I; ." ;;.,
.-'1.-': .:,...li" ,_'_:_-'_-
I';; i": ..... I:: I',
_.i:.Li:_:i;iL_!: :.::iiU::!
280 ...... i: ....... '" ....... _: i: : _':;':,i !?:::i::._!:ii:ii::.:i
,'.'.!FHli:.It:,.':t:I,: :t:: ;_:: "l.: iii!t!::! '_'" :' -_!:j. "" :_:r, z: _'"t_! :: ";_-' .'i"
•":|':!:1::1;1!'1'11"' i';'l "' :;I
•L".: :_ F:_ i:.:f':!i
.I--,..;. :• ;.11;.:.i.i' i:.,-,..:'; .:1
,.ll
-.,iiili:;i : ," _'.:
,
!
:' • ,.
• l" " '.: "' .
,-; , ';
_-:4_" -";_.,:::!]: ..... . ':' . !. .., . ...!... L.:J.;._'
'. :,':"
.,"_t."TT':,i;,;'
.......
:;i .;i- . ....
i .... i. h .....
:::::::::::::H:H::::::|::::|::::::::, J .,I ....
","r
i
"
iJ_i:.. i:" ;" ';" ::'; -,:.:l_,:
, _ __l,_:;,!_.r
,_1:./:I,,
:: ': I : I:::_.;!
r- .,_.-..-._,:":',:'-'.,'-"r'-:r'",
_-:._i..... :"_:', :::i :!;_._
, ,:,: .., ....
i::!i.!:i,i!:i!_i::l, i:l:i ! i.}i;lii!: ...... :H:t! ::
, ,.':{: ':; 1. ' :. '.| .', ..".1, . .I .,/ ":iJ ":: °t':: ,'_."
........ ,............ "!t:.ii": [i !::.l; ':: !::_i:i:.::i';!{!!Ftu,.. = ZlO, O00 psi I'! ''::H:i
•,-.I-.i- :_F.,.. = 190, 0OO psi • I......
,., . _:r,-;S = Z9 x ,.o ps_ -1- ....... -.':--
; i I;I;. • ;;I ;. .;'.1 ; I ;;;- I; -; • ;I.
80 :.
::.:r.,-,.-:
i_ _H':i:_:;i_
:_!i::_i;!H ..... .._i._÷i]- ::_ ::i:.
,.,_ 4:,i_H-_ :.,. :.i_l.[V._o,,gatio_, = 6% . ..
:_:;::,::.:i:r.;:_,.i!-_
!:l:.i!:i:_ii.-,.:, :il!! ............... ,.,,. , .... ;::.:,..
k.:-'tT:'"':"" i:'" :t?:":1,"
i'::' :_!i:'-_
7F."_:i':i_il!!i!
: ":1,::',,_ .!, ,: tii!li!:.
..,:.., ,.:.h .. ;.:,,
.-a,_:.._l?i i _" i:,"r[:'_]
:] ;l ;'-:, :.:r:_., .,:J.:l: • !;_"; ::1.i : ':l:l::i
4,0
_c
_ -= -'r
Fig. B4, 5.5. l-IZ Minimum Bending Modulus of Rupture Curves for
Symmetrical Sections 17-7 PH Stainless Steel
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 51
350
300
F b
(ksl)
250
2OO
150
k = ZOc
I
400
300
Vb
(ksl)
200
I00
1.0 1.5 2.0
++,
tlt
160 !!i :_
rtHtVt
h'1111 It
140
÷#* tt
ttt _t H_tVf
H_HH:
}ii : HIHIU
Jill?!
it:
lZ0 !t: _t [T_![![[
!iT _:
[71T:![T
!iti!tf_
i!i ;_
_tl t-I "f!ttltr
I00
F b _!!!!!i!
(ksi)
"!+*t*t
80
:!Fi_!i
t:! !t
!ii_Fi
_*-+-,-+-e.,_
:!!!i!!!.
!;ri!TY
60
'+lt!lN
:i!!!,h_
tlt _t**.
-_IUttt:
4O
t :_ t;:',1+,:
I i" tl i-tl_t-
J_t ,
!i1t',t
HIH;.t
Z0 ttttti_
ZQc
k=--
I
240
200
160
120
rb
(k,i)
8O
4O
0
1.0
k=2.0
140
k = 1..7
k=l.5
k= 1.25
lod
k=l.O
8O
Fb
(k.i)
6O
40
20 t
0
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
(inches/inch)
Fig. B4.5.6.1-1 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves 1/4 Hard AISI 301
Stainless Steel Sheet-for Tension or Transverse
Compression and Stress Relieved Material-for
Tension or Compression
Sect ion B4,5
February 15, 1976
Page 56
u_
O f,- _ N O
II II II II II
Q o
N
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 57
120
100
8O
F b
(ksl)
6O
4O
2O
(inches/inch)
Fig. B4.5.6.1-3 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves 1/4 Hard AISI 301
Stainless Steel Sheet - for Longitudinal Compression
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 58
0 _, u_ N O
II II II II II
O .r_
N 0
_ 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
_D _ N 0
Section 84.5
February 15, 1976
Pa 9e 59
240
ZOO
k=2.0
k=l.7
160 k=l.5
F b k= 1.25
(kst)
k=l.0
120
8O
4O
(inches/inch)
O r-- u'_ N O
II II II II II
a_
'.O
"_o
N
g-4
c;
_ U
O
p=4 A _ w
0,=1
._
¢II _
O
._ ,_
! .0 _ 0
0 0 0
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 61
120 k=2.0
k=l.7
100
k=1.5
k=1.25
8O
(kF_) k=l.0
6O
4O
2O
(inches/inch) I
Fig. B4.5.6.1-7 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves I/2 Hard AISI 301
Stainless Steel Sheet-for Longitudinal Compression
\
Section B4.5
February | 5, ] 976
Page 62
II II II II II
00
N
"_ 0
O
r_
o4
0
O _U
r_ .,_
O
N
d 0
_ 0
,,D
d <
,.¢
!
00
O
4
m
&
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N N
v
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 63
240
T:!
EH
Room Temperature iii
+÷+
200 ttt
= 2.'0
=1.7
:t:
Fb _cy = Z7.0
105,000 x106psi psi
= :fl = 1.25
(kst)
Elongation = 18%
1i
=1.0
120
rt
80
4O
(inches/inch)
II II II II II
!
.I.a
0
u_
@
0
er_
0
U
A 0
U e.i
14
_o
¢)
i-q
!
ow.i
o 0 0 0 0 0 Q 0
ao _p o _D m
N N N ,-_
_'_
,11
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 65
240
k=Z.O
2oo
k=l.7
k=l.5
k= 1.25
16o k=l.O
12o
:T
Stress-Strain Curve
80
40 fo
H-IHH-t-H_t_:
(inches/inch)
360
k=2.0
320
k=l.7
280
k=l.5
Z40
F b
(ksi) k= 1,25
200
160
120
8O
4O
(inches/inch) 'u
k=2.0
140
k=l.7
k=l.5
120
k= l. Z5
100
k=l.O
8O
F b
(ksi)
6O
4O
2O
c (inches/inch)
_0
!
'I ..... "1 r'_.......
r .......
, ".....
.......
. -• s
• ' ! , • I , -; : • l, , t ......
I I
.... ;-.+ ..... _...L...I ........ i ..... ._
• i : I .
I.._r. '" ..t'':"';i .......
" :1 , Ii ......
. i
- "'r ...... _ ....... _ ....... t ":-'-_.'---:---!. •
j I I I 0
u, ii _ _ I.......
- _: -' .... _ -'-"F-- ...... _--_.---I- .......
• • I I • I
"_ i . , : .... , .... _......
........... _ "-'-"i ..... ]
' " ! C:_
[ • "" "i." ....
• I
4........ _ ........ ..I-..........
" • : """r......
, i
i , I • I ' •
!i!*
.... : ........... ........... _4.---
'" :"'_
1
:. t ..... i'":. : ...... _0
• ...................
-i-.- _
I
i.!.I
'oc_ _ I
"'_
" _ of" ' " I.......
I
.......
i-,.__--i---;--:
.......
, • "l ......... I, ..:..,.: ......... I
t:_!
'
..... • I
....-1.. 7
I " ' i
!..... _'---t--'--r--.----.
I I
: .... :..: ..... :..I..._ _4
I: !i 4
[.! . : i _ •
' i _! " ;"1 " i _
- _[_. .-_. I....,4....1_,_ I,
, i s
..,..
:' i _ " _
Section B_°5
February 15, 1976
Page 69
240
200 k=2.0
= L7
=1.5
160 = 1.25
=1.0
Fb 1Z0
(ksi)
8O
40
(inche's/inch)
k=2.0
k=l.?
k=l.5
i
k= 1.25
k=l.O
O. 02 O. 04 O. 06 O. 08 O. 10 &. 1Z O. 15
e (inches/inch)
240
200 k:2. O
k=l.7
k:l.5
160 k: 1.25
Fb I_: 1.0
(kst)
120
8O
40
(inches/inch)
I " : " ' " : ' " "I " '" : I ...... ' ....
_+-_-.!-:_- :_ .........!........".......i"_. + k=2.0
320
•.....
!...I..,.l...i..i
•...........t...: i _ .i ..-. _.... ,..-..L...-;.._.LY...:..
.'. +' :'.-. :
_ :.+; , ' : _:+ , ._7-_
-" "-i"" I ....... t"- .... "" "
280 ...,_., .....
i
k=1.7
Z40
i.
:" :
; !
..i.
• .., +......
...,. i,;';
i
; i
i "" "i
J..... i....... "..'. ...............
| • •
i.......
! i.......
i | " I i • •
120 •.-I........ ;..... 1...... ,........ 1........ ]....... •........ / ..... .....1.--.-..]
I • : _t, - _ l _<_
.... ,; _ )_:
))(, • 'i • i i: ".--I
•
•. .: .,. l ..... l" "'" "', ....... '"' :'"'1
I ] I;" -J2o, ooo L,.+i i : ! :._.J : L-_L_i
.... ix" i.>" --,i.....i'":'---'"----' '
' "':"' "" " " I" l'" : " J ..... I ........ ! ........ ::|
_
8O i :"'
:. .: ::" " _,= 2¢"
4-" ,.,
P.lohga+,.,n ()x-- LO' _1,+
IZ..o I'
:>si I[-L ....
! , '/ "" " /;"/: : '!
I
!" ÷ -" --"--' ..... "" "--'--T .... --'r--._
..L.J ....:...... -..-.......... :........
• : • I I ," ' ;
I.- .... •...L.._...J
.....
--:...--4--...+ ............
: I Roonq "['ernl_eratt,
!::.....
I.....; '
le....... _,-, ;.., | ........
re I •
-"
_•
":........
-..
; i _
l"""l':!"l'"; "''J
' '"
-" ...u.__..,.. -" _+
::;: i i: i i
0.02 O. 04 O. 06 O. 08 O. I0 O. IZ
ILl
((Inches/Inch)
150 k=2. O
:....
__.:LL_.
....
i I ....
:"
............
Y" "!....
........
k=l.5
t
I )
IZO
: f
k= I.Z5
.I
I :..... _ ,._o :
: I !
•" " " i' " "
k=l.O
i
I00
...)......
I
:PP" i
Fb I.........
I.........
i..........
(kst) ' { '" St:.q:._s-Strair C,,r'.'e : •
8O ....,....i:....'i.......t....
I
i....-i .......!....:.....
4O
zO
{ (inches/inch)
u_
II II II II
" ":::;::
:::".'_T:"
'-!17]
i:l :i _i:i!
:_:!
: ;::::
_H
i-..": .....i-i[ ....!ff:ri]
i_:_.-:-'_i: .... i
£'"
-,..
::L.
":- ',', ." :I;.'..
.:;;.:. ,_ :_
.r,_
....
I
i:i:_Z_i:i_i_::4
i!
,___.
i i!!:" m ! ::! :"!T! :::½"':-........ ' : :;:;': :.1:;;.:,1
...... 111
: i: '"':; :"
::[i
°:T"
v _
• .. : :: :. 0
:.
.:.
...:.
:!
.:
i i:
li iT_ q!:i-
l l .. i ....
::'.:
.... ;; _..: .. .'.
_'- "--"_'- "--'I"-_' ,... u o
.- - ,,.-
•":
I-_.-t.
I! ,:
...
[:._!: g !.
-:-:.: ?,
: U ,_°_
; ._
I:::
- ., . - . l; i ; ,
t , :-_ ..........
• ': .
-:]IF.
' :l.::
__::
: !_i::_ _ w
_•...
. : f[iF: ._, -
_!h.! . : 4 : .! : : :::." O
_".: ...... T:':" : - • -','-I-.... "-T.'..... ":_::"
':',, _ :i!. ::!. __ _: L__:.__+_
. ..: : . .::..
' !..:L:= • _
.1
:, ',i:" ii
.... , .
.... ..i.lL
7:: :i i
...._..:.:..,; .... ..i:::".i ;:-:1:-;-;: o
• ,. .:,.. *
:... ...:.
i:!i!::i!T!i
: ..... ,. .
,.it. !:1
! i:i
!: :i: _!:.:.i !
...t
:- ::_::
ii.F
,:_-:_:
_z'"
'_::i:
_
.... .
'::....._....
: i
..... _'-
!'_T-
F_ :il., ._!I! . .!-, o d
L! : ..,_ .. ; ..; :._._ ;.. :_:, ....
;:i.. _!i_l:!: 4
.._ .-.p., -.. _ ......
• ,i _T_l:i_:: :1 7i !
:!1.:.: ; i
!!h .iz-.:;L:_
i,::
: !ifi:ii:
': • .!:: :.'.ihL
o;:. y:! i_,: I, : _!:i iHF c_
,..;. : I
;T
O O
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 75
k= I.Z5
160 k=l.0
i
ili
++*
iii
HI
, :!1 1 i_
tts
,+
t,,
Li
!y ,_ t
4O 21!
(inches/inch)
3O0
20O
(ksi)
lOO
O. O1 O. 02
O. 05 O. 06 O. 07 O. 08 O. 09
: (inches/inch) u
Fig. B4.5.6.1-ZZ Minimum Plastic Bending Curves Full Hard AISI 301
Stainless Steel Sheet-for Tension or Transverse
Compression and Stress Relieved Material - for
Tension or Compression
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 77
200
160 k=2.0
k=l.7
k= 1.5
120
k= 1.25
Fb k=l.0
(ksl)
80
40
0
O. OOZ 0.004 0.006 0.008
(inches/inch)
Fig. B4.5.6. I-Z3 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves Full Hard AISI
301 Stainless Steel Sheet for Longitudinal Com-
pression
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
B4.5.6. ! Stainless SteeJs-Minimum Propertiee Page 78
,/3
O_ " • ,
tl II II {I II
uo_
i :" ;:',
_4
4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
00 _"
N ,"q .-_ ,--4
v
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 79
320
!ii_:_iii!_i!ii!i.ii!!l:;d:::'i:il#_.t: ;.i_i._: ::i:. i _ :I::_1._l_::i._: _ i_:i i.liiFTi_i_Tl::_
!!i i!ii!!:iiii]iZii::iii[iiiilF_ Room Temi)eratu'r'e "ii i! ii! i::ii i :;iiii'.[ _-_i'i[i!!:Iii
,-...:.: ..'.-:,.- _iE:!_: '--:' .'::.::; :..: ; .'..1: .:.1 _ ". ::. _:;,: : ::::i: -: ;:::F. ':-;.
::' ::.:_ll .:::: 1 :'): . .............
_:"-....11t=:':"_::"
ii:i:.!.....
I:.....:::.
................. _,'._:-v::"::":::,::v
!i- :'li!: i'i'_." _: "
280
...... . ....
" I:tt ................... ! : ............ , :
' " ' ' ' II:!_ ' "' ' ' ' ' ' ' '" ..............
..I ...... I........... J_ . ":. 1":::'_ ":' I:::" "."h": "'....:'.: :::'. "": : : ": "::': • : .'.1::'.
I :::t.....................................
• • ::'.:.;
:::,'-=,.::
- k: : ............................................
_ I...............
I.........
:.......
_'tu :zoo,ooopsi
ii::_ !;TI_: _T!:_i-Ii_IT
.:-:_i. ......
7:T!T..-II_
240 Ft.
i::)" = 160,000 psi 'i)lllTI!!ml
:TI:
_)i":i
:]itl)l!)]'::'_):iIT::]:
)FT)I;)I:_i!:ZTT:I.-I:F:I_
200
:::::::::::::::::::::
i_i,F.:i-_-_f_-h
_-_::_--_.;_a,,,,i,,_--:--I;_ _:_. o
I
'1
I
1
:
:
,
m
m
In
m
:
l
:
:
'
m
m
:
1
:
nm
m
;
1
:
'
m
I
m
[
1
,
_
'l
:
:
_
:
:
::
:
Z
"
"::
":_::
........ :' ". :" ". ::: ' :::. :" : " ..' ,"I.' ; l_l: ' -" . lull _ml_ ' ::J:::: :::::::
i-L-'! _.:'-_-_I;;:: ::: t" "" 7":I:_" 1": l" "! ..... ; ........... _ ......... II" " I)" "I ....
(ksx)
!_ti!!i!:i;)l_!! _::,_!i !!l!:;:l; :!. :!i ":_:F_::'!_.,_Z.:_ _'!!i t -_ _tress-_tra_ _u
160 Wi!];ii:.:::;::,.!F!:::: i' '
......... ::I.!!': i_b;-- "_:' ;.-" .... .ii:1-22 .... ' ...... I ,-_: - : .
5_.Z _l_, _._:. '.'
::::1:': t .....
77"_ ........ : : :..i:
.:).i
.i ::::.;
.........
_
'
'
"
"
'
:
'
:
:
m
m
mmmll'
m
:
120 _ "T':%_.'_ ....... '---It.l"
• "_ ..... ,7"!!_-...... _'"" "--_'"':'"" _';-_
'""il:i_ ii.:!.i..,7.:ji:y:
iiiihi!_;_!::-i::_i.:......
., . . ...... : : ; •
..... , . . . . ....
.................""i', ......-,-
4O
"'!??I"_
:Fii::_
_)ir. ::_. ,:. ili: .i F ii/TT ! _":_
(inches/inch) tu
Fig. B4.5.6.1-25 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves Extra Hard AISI 301
Stainless Steel Sheet -for Tension or Transverse
Compression and Stress Relieved Material - for
Tension or Compression
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 80
_ _._
_ o
0 4
Sect ion B4,5
February 15, 1976
Page 8 1
160
Fb
(ksi)
IZO
' {Inches/inch)
Fig. B_. 5.6. 1-27 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves Extra Hard AISI 301
Stainless Steel Sheet for Longitudinal Compression
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 82
B4.5.6.1 Stainle s s Steel s - Minimum Prope rtles
0 uq
0 _-- u_ e,] CD
II II II II II
o
0
0
.'_
U_
0
m
0
_'_
A
I2
. _
N
!
i ,6
0 0
_q
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 83
60
5O
4O
k= 1.Z5i
F' b .
(ksi)
3O
2O
10
0
O. 001 0. 002 0. 003 0.004 0.005
(inches/inch)
140
120
•--i ...................
:.-. L..--.._
I
t : i' I
v i ; k=l.7
• -.
i "'':
i ............
'
'|.
n i i . .
100 k=l.5
......
_........
i !
i ' • - .. i i...... i :
i.....i- .....)--:-.-! k= 1.25
..: .; ' i .
%, • _ ;
8O
--..i--.'.-.i-:-_
.......
4---'--i I
Fb k=l.O
.... ! i
(ksi) i I " • • o
"'" i - S-r(:_ -Strain Curve I
60 :, -i'
, j. 'i " "i:":
i ..... .......ii ......._............
L " ' "
4......._---." -1
I
I ....... ..-' ......
I " : •
' .. i ! : •
I •
i. ! : i_..#_
" "" ; .... I .... I ""'-.%.1_1 _" ."
4O
I
....
• +,:k.....
: "_- ,....
'.'_-" '
-±-: .... : i......i..........
' _. i:_b.4-"_-!-!_i
-.................
;-,
" ..... LL.........
_
-L ! "
-._1I
'
, • .. _"q.--I T : , : ....... , .......r-.-l-;.--_
! 2 : i -I_ t i : ) ! ........
! _:_ _,: i:,_
. i i : :,. :7"_; " I . "....... ;'"'_......... !......... t-"'.'--'t"-""-['-:"'-1
20
r. "i "TT!"!" I: .....I '_'--: "1 ": i-: .... f " .! _. !..... l...... i ..-...:.......1
......I---I-_...1........
f+--I-!--F.....j.----4.......
-......t.........
!--L4--:...4....-4--.-i_.i..1
'il_-i:--I"-÷-!-.:.-._.--t ..... :i.--:..-'-. i i.. i. i . : ...I ! i. _t" i :
..._.'_.:")." . ! . I • ; I , ' • : !_T" ...........
' :, _ _ : )-"-----T-""._.'""" ....... r ...... i........ i...... _'-_"! ..... _-"t-+_ ....
.......... •"i " j: .... ]: i: i . _ i • i i.._..... I :.L..l..:.'..i.......l
-, ...... ---.-: ...... -.
...... ..'..... :....... :...... i ! • !. !_ i ... J
O. 10 O. 20 O. 30 0.40
t (inches/inch) Eu
Fig. B4.5.6. 1-31 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves Annealed AISI 321
Stainless Steel Sheet
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 85
Page 87
_°__,,:.! ......
.....
l..::.lii.;.I Z..:: gN I
-4-- .....
!...... i o
--! .,.<
_i. :_--!.---_--.;
:-- t[_. ...... ' ............
0 ff
.el
N
0
.,D
J
_a
_a
_i..._....,.:...,_il
....i;-. !:T .......!T !........ g
-_:--i ,_-_- .......i-i......
d--!!.......
;- ._i.... :: :":" i".'%:"'! ..... r- :" .... h ..... !
i'
l, :' :[ _ ';_i. :i
:1 • ' ""
' i
t_
!
0
• ;
-_"'"'"r ' ": : " ,,,.,._L_I ::;i|_:,! _ 0
; ::. ;. • ,i i: .: ! 7' :: i -:?
M
4
-T77T_':-_'..-T . 1-1 _::i
d_
.,-.I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
eq N N N _ "4
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
B4.5.6. 1 Stainless Steels-Minlmam Propreties Page 88
_i .J ,-: .J
If II II If I!
c_
m
m
e_
I....
0
A l_O
o u
o.._ o
°
_= oo
N
0
4
-F,I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,_ 0 _ N
"f'_l ¢",1
Sect ion B4.5
February ]5, 1976
Page 89
k=Z.O
320
k=l.7
280
240
k=l. Z5
ZOO
Fb k:l.O
(ksi)
160
120
8O
4O
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 90
k=2.0
360
k=l.7
320
k=l.5
280
k= 1.25
240
k=l.O
200
Fb
(k.t)
160
120
80
: I • I
4O
k=2.0
350
k=l.7
k=l.5
300 "I
k = 1.25
250
Fb k=l.O
(ksi)
2OO
150
100
5O
' (inches/inch) u
100
k=2.0
k=l.7
8O
k=l.5
k= 1.25
60 k=l.0
F b
(ksl)
4O
2O
, (inches/inch)
L_
0
C" Lr_ _ 0
• • • •
II II II II II
il!!!!]i
o
"
......
F_
<
,i .t • - I
, - : :
Ifi ..
A _ m
: ": • "" i_ . c_
: I ' '_
...... • .... ! ....... _ ......... • 0
t'..-
iii..i,i.... -....... i
.A
_4
4
i
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -_D _,_
A
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 96
ZOO
k=2. O
160
k=l.7
k=l.5
k= 1.25
k=l.O
4O
(inches/inch)
Pa 9e 97
_4.5.6.1 Stainless Steels-Minimum Properties
'
i.. i .... I:i-I : :........
I. r---........
I.:..:.. : I ] I :
I,b._c,rn l'e:X:l)e :.,.tu :.e ' i. I ..... i' : k=2.0
i
t
200
I- ;
'i ..... ....!i • ........ k=l
•
7
"! ....
i
I.
I , •.....-.'...........Ii....i.-
""
k:_ 1.5
.... o,
160
k= 1.25
Fb
(ksi)
!
120
I
i...... t.........I- k=l.O
i...
W....
I
i
I
1 I
I I
8O
O. 01 O. 02 O. 03 O. 04 O. 054
(inches/inch) Cu
IZO
Room Temu_
100
Ultimate
8O
Fb
(ksl}
60
40
ZO
1.0 Z.O
Z_c
I
v"
Fig. B4.5.5.2-1 Minimum Bending Modulus of Rupture Curves for
Symmetrical Sections_Carbon Steel AISI 1023-1025
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 99
[._i.
:i_i
i[ I_i:-;Tti!:ITt:T
ih_ :_7.:]i
.-i_:_-iT:i:iliii_:i:
i_ii:iii
i"--f-.:.-_:t;::!....;...._o_i_m
':,,_,_.r_,_
__,-H-t_-i ....."i!-.:'"_ ......
:-t
16oI_:[i_ ifi:ll:....!/"l::l!:,:!-i--:r--_!-mi:-:.t---I-:--,--::_
.....:-_- +d: ....I
,_.:_-_:i:-F
::t:"d:i_--i-_..i.-i.l::.-l.._.l_i.:d:.
_:..,?._,.:,51_
_'d: 'i
• : !. : • '
..,
................
' _.......
! ...... i .............. [''I ................. :""I"": ....... I ......... t....
. i
...... ,,
4 f .... -_ • L" .... "... : : " " L I ._' " :" "
.. :! : ]: , !. :. : 1-!: • i ....... :.......... !
)_:._.._!_i..
....
_i_.Z:i__:Z__i..iI..ii!i..:
'....
i" .....
.._/;:I2____..L_
' :
.......
_:::
':! [ '
_.0,i:_
.........._t._.,- __i.._._t ....:!"_ :i ....i
.... ' ii : : "-"":" !....... _'- _ "':i_7- _:--: --_--
`_....:._.__..:_::.:_:._:_:_:._.._:_._*_._
i--.:..-
I.-_..:._!:i
_......
: _it -.:t: t :.1..
.!-1:.._-.,__!..-i
.........
........
i...._.' ..,...t.-..:
,
...........
/:
_h
(ksi) :: ....!-" _.-_-i. _-....i".-':..!
F .......
|-!-,......."-
i .:'-:.
_----_-_-_-.:1_..!..-1-_.-i
__-.i]:...i-_-.I....:.:./..::.:,:...i....:.: .!
o "Z.J."2.Z:jI]_il......
d-_i.....
i:"12]',::
__ddt:i
"17:_k::-I! '_jt:.!Z
:'j:] d
, i 11 ... i I ' ::! i _-_: ......_. ::.::: " : _ -'--t.. -']_ .
o,,:: :IZI,
: ....... . . :... I__:,.........
t ......_.-_-:_-::
......:_:_:-, -.'.
_,_lr
.......
i "'..'I:"
Td
[I I.........
-................. ...:-....
.;:::.1. 1"_';':1 "1:: : : .: • : • : '. ' ' . .':. "
k = _ZQc
I
180 ...... "r- .... _ "'"" ";....... : '"[ " i ' i ......... _ ..... '
: : i " i . _ I .. L ..... : .. : ...! ..._,.r.._.
, : ........ I "" i "''; • "'" ! • I ' l' •
• : : " ' ' • • • ' _ • • . --.._....; .... --4
_-..... --............ _ , • • ' , ,_ .... i..... i
..... _ ....... ! i : ' • i • I _ " Uitimatc_;.-_+----..J
160 _.. '
, ..... .---..---_" " .4-":" ......
-I- ..... _ • ...... "1. ............
; T ; _. '! "! i
! ;
,._ i.: '
J'"':"'IRoom
_ '
'rempera(ure
_ ..._.:...'....
t..._,
I • i : :
i....
. . _
L,
jq__;...!.:._!-
! ! • _ --i _A
I
..
....÷-----t-:'-r-_"-.
'.1. • _ _ I
..... .......
..::.._..:..i
r.....
1.......
...I..
F-_.-i-"----;-9
,.._'-._P-:i
140 I"i'i":._':.']"'
I.....
i " '_ ._.L.i_..'.
........
[-_ 'i."-_-."I
..................
'-....... r":'"'l
1 :_' • , _ .. .,
|._._-..-
: i :" •...... I : _
._"_i _
•
i:
.
:
[
!
:
i
,
.-i
i
.... ,
-.'.-_...
i
,
:" .-_".
JC_...__i .u-,-:..-
!
.....
:
-i--_
l .... -- " " : ' I
-_-.- i.....
.
. .. I , _ ! . j,,,r.__ ........ !... i
!'_
.
.....
•
,:,. : .......
.
i. .... , _-!,___I ;..........__
..... ._; ......... -........ |.......
'......
,_o_--._-_._
.......
--__
;......t.
.......
I....'.
_ .-_I_..L]
_-_-I_'-= i'
....
;I
F
I00 .....
;
•
: .'. I
"'" "
•
_-"I-"'-......
.:.
.....
• :
'...... •
: •
: [ . i
:: ....
"_..,
'
"....
........
-<i-
....
.
......
:-:;-F:-
;;;-
:;;:<;--i
:7; :
'
:
.. ,
I
,
,
[
i
..:...
........
-.
..... I....
--4
......
;......
"-
•-._. _.-.:_---*-.--.__,;-!;;_-!
,_'*, .<-L.LL.,__ ......
i
-___.._.._ .... _
80_t-=;_ _!.._;
'.-L.:" """
"
i-;:;<-;_:<::i-
----. :
!.....
_ '_
_. !
!:i-:r-_-.!
.......
_I
1--'--'. .... --I .... I ' "
J.'.._---L ..... .4
: . I" " _.......___ I . I -----t- ..... ?...... :'--': ........ , .... . t .
"'_I : • : I ! l i • i " : : [ • l
,..!._.i: i:..!- -..I. _ i:-I"!i: .... I !: ! ..... I.... i: :, :.i _]. _/
_0,....
_._,.-+--_---_-_--_-_--;
{.-.:-4-..i..".:
.i.:......
:':--I
........
--_-_t-_-:-,i;=S_--_.
.....
_--:-..;:_;;i_
I-:"I :! _'tu: ,_,' , I....
: '!:::I
: i I ' I ". '' _L. "l| ...... L---I F*- - 75 0",n ._si "'._-- ....... -r--_
...... • ...... --,- ...... s....... _....... 9F "_'| 1 "_" " ' ' ' _' " : : " ' ! " "
i . i ..i i l ! : • ' :.... L:' Z9 xli:¢,_s_'. :- I.......
!.........
[
:'':''l'" 'i:: r :' _........ :' ': .......... " " _'_i ' ] " :" '
. .!: • _ , .J . i_.L i-
......
F_.,,,._,'i,_
_z_..',
4....
t---+---,
_0 "-r-r_i-:"T. .- _.--T- .... r...... l ." ' i" " _ . . i...... I...: .[..........
i
..._...!-,._-..I..I..'..!'--:!_!......
;......
l .... !......
F- ....
l" : i _ i : _ _ i
:_-_Li=-i.--!.._ .....
4--=--,-----_-
:--4
..... ":-'t-'_} ' ! '_.-"i-i,,"-.:
--i----e .'T-'N,
' i : ! i : I l ! • : • _ : _ ". i .....: ...I.......
i..J.-:
..... ]......• : ...... . . ._t
• . ., : •.... , ,
.................... ,, , |
• ..
• ._____...;._L---t._- : I ,
,o _a.._l__-I-_..-,-----b-.-_........----_-.-r • . • • • . ..
i-_'.'-[:.
i:l : •
_I-_--I J .
: i :-:- ::1 1
:.........
........
,-.-,.-I :.
...... ..:.....'.-.:.--.r--.i.---,-._--.-i.--._-:
I- r--L- ..... ,_ :'--4"-':'_ ,,::-
, • . , : • ' • : : ! ": I " -L ..... •......
•;-..._....+--_.
....... !.....G.---_--.-.T---.-----. !: t I- 1 • :
o i !.....I i: " "l:l .......
J _......
_'i _ ....! ' ;-.._-;;;-
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Zac
k= _
I
Fb
(kii)
4O
280 F:--4...........
• " T" ! '!....
" II .....
. . _"
....
. !
............
,.......
!" . .i ....I',' ": "'."I" "'!
.....!
...........
,--4.:
: _-:!Room Temperature : .._ ,..i. ; .I. ._ I .... I-':.--.I ...... I - .: ..... i
.... Jr.... I....__...' "/ : / ' : . I . / / : I
" 7_
:;. I.
:. i .... I !.
'---[.......
1-.....
-r:i .......
"1 ' / ......
;--r:-t
:i '".
..... ;:--.-t ......
" ! : :'-! .....
.......
:
240
i.........
"."_-I .......!......
-..:1 .....I""q- ......i....... --r"-i .... i-": ..... 4--....-
i.: ..--_ I .... I } ...... I ..../.. ,..... I..i ......... _..... I........ :.... | i
; "
L ..... +-+."i ;
...... |•.......
• , • I
........ I' .......+....._
1-----.---[.-----_ I : . :
............. I
_......... '
--L.__I ...... ,!
' ! I ! . I I " ' : : : " I ' '
200 I..........
Jl......,, .
• ---T"7"".'""."-I--'"1 . ,,................
;, ..... -T',
. ......
. .{.......
..4.+--" " t_ .....1""'.".......
....... I," ": ...... ,.......
:"Jl-":'"'l". ..... ;............
.I
._ . '.,1
.......
Fb I.
- --. -I • _ : ; : ' ' • .! • '
•+ I + . : ,.. ,.:+ _: .... :.... I ......I: .... iY,ehl"l-._
--:"I ..... l ...... I' ' ' ' ' ' .... _----="-'
,,,,,;,
........
j..._.., ."_ii_IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII_IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII_ .-. :: _: :"
160 i _..J'_iaIIIIIIIIII_IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIImIII_IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiIIi._ '"!i i :: ........ ::i ........'
FTi • I ': _ •, , ...... -"i- ---t"':'"T----
...... "!.. .':'"---!". "";--
,_•• i • I i •i• r: , •'•1 ........ I " ! •_••_ I .........••1 :•••!•_ ':••:-I•:
.........
:........
i- ".....' 'I-=
, ......
[ _.... +"-.......
_'-I:. I+....._-::;' .....--:-* .........
I - !,:--q'.........
120
I , • .I • I '': : +" .......................... _ : : ............. . ,:'" ....
•" -; ........
I......_ "-: ........
i--!-"-t ..........._,,.- 13z,::,oop.,,,----!--
.... I • , ..I. , ..I. : i ..., ...i..: i.'' z+;<toc, psi _...!---.!.....
4O • !
..................
i :
_ ........ : ...........
I I
.-g ....
i
-4--- ............
i / "I " " "0_' -' '
' ' l = " r 1-- E'°nRat"_n-" "8"_:°
"......... !: ' " ?-!....... i;.........
_..............
::.:---i--....-...... '!-........ =!"";--++!i: .............
.......:-1........iT:
t....... I-----.i--..,.;+
!.........
.....
: " : ' : • I ' _ |
•'. :+ .........
.... _......................
t- .....': ......... I '1
L...... :..... I....... I __L
! ...... + .... I " i ........
........ ,...... J. __.: ........ ! ............
•.:
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 z.i0
k = __2qc
l
Fig. B4.5.5. Z-5 I%4inimum Bending Modulus of Rupture Curves for
Symmetrical Sections AISI Alloy Steel, Heat
Treated
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 103
360
320
280
240
F b
(ksi)
200
160
120
80
40
4OO
tttttttttltIt
ft14,ttlllllltlItlttt
t111tllt
IIIitf!ttttt_ Iit_!!
32O
ttiftt_ttltl
t[t tlttttlltllttttttltltttlt!_tf ill!i]
_i t_t_ttttttt
ftttl[tlttflttltttl_ttltfI_iliJllftillt _t!tiii
_i ittttfttttttl
[tt_i
Ittttttltttt_tttttltltt!IiI1_it!1 iltli!
#i_i_t_ ti11t_tt!)iltiitltt111Itt l_ti!lttt_t fltt_
24O !._It_)t_ttfltttt_,....l'[t!ttttlllllltttl!tltI!t!iii!!l!ttl!t!f!_llf
_ !;,!II!!
" :-i_:"-:
......... :...........;..... _.......__:;
_-k-! -_---.___,
--." ' , •......
_--_" i":....
h: _
160
.r :-i ....:....I....7......
l ....... i....... 1.........i .........i .........I....... u.....: ..
8O _tttt lttttlltltlilliIl_li!llfll
t_, _**:,,6,ooo
_, _,,,_
It_tt!tt)ttttt]ttt!tlftt!ll1II!t!
/il!lllttlt!_. =_.o_1o6 psi
0
1.0 1.5 2.0
k=Z.O
70
k=l.70
6O
k=1.5
5O k= 1.25
k=l.O
4O
Fb
(ksi)
3O
20
I0
0
0. 002 0. 004 0. 006 0. 008 0. 010
c (inches/inch)
44+PP k=2. O
_Room Temperature _ it _,
lO0.
H I IHIII IIIII!iN
il!HI!III!I!!III
I !!!!!
k=l.7
k 1.5
f_ t_M_.,TitlIIIP_;_',..'_ iLtjlLt-ttttl
,, iiiiiiiiiiJi _u!!_
l_ ]_;;,tlllll!W_';;iftttlltttti
ttlltft_Jt
Ii !];:ttJlftftt
tittttt !!!! k=I.25
60 II__t-_flt!!!It_iii_itIltt!I!Jl
_!Iiil_l_IIIi!!!li
IIIiill
_'..m,_,,
k=l.0
II
_ .-._"'_"'"_'"""'i'"".
. •....
i.
.......
: , i__-'
.....
!l'..;,Iillli,'.'.:i_.nn.nIli,.ll,-Iiqllll..,,_""t'_
.........
I , _.",,".
......
I, -'IUl.._lllllUllllllllllllll,lllll t " I I I "
: ;dl'IjliilliilliililJllllW"" I I "
40. :,,-.:...pp,,!,,,, : _ I I
,I'AII lit !1;_ "' --'" .........
F •
i =. i
....
I
""
...............
t
.......
I
..........
.,,iuilI.
_'-:mtm ,,_m,,,_tlt-_tm-_m,tlttliiiimiiiirt-
't : I II " :
_ tI !_ _tfiltitltm
_-tttJ_'
_ttttJitH
I--
140 k_2.0
!iiilililhiill
120 k=l.7
k=l.5
!
100
k= 1.25
8O
k=l.0
Fb
(ksl)
60
4O
_0
..... !1 .......
¢ (inches/inch)
.
i--r" ,-r-:' _-_.-
; :. :.....:._ .,,__ ,.; . ,, .. _
_-T, ! •
/. ,......i-,-
• " : " ! • I i I : • i " i i •
'.: I:!
".'"'" ' ; .........
! i
: :"l "
'ii,,,!,,,,,;-""i""7i
i _
.... • : .
;
'.
i.---_.
Fb
(ksl)
........
I_7: :: i,_::.;
:;-_i....::: ........, i.,:_
........... !'!---......
:-i:-!...........
ir_, .,, _-!
it__
t__
• , I " : : : ; ' • '
- . ....
,
i......
'
I •
' i
it:,,
..,,.
:, ...,,
!i ' I,,. ,,
.....
:.,, !, : I-' .........
....,........
_..... I
!..............
,...............
n-"--I , ' i; .:._J
....,
.........
:._,
.......
:.,
'..............
.....I'_
:: :.
i !!
i I,..........
,.....................
'!
i I _.. i -
!.........
: ,...-....l...
! :..-.........1.--...-I-
.......-i........t........................
', • .I..... i-'t- .....!
II--.i.- ! ........ !...... ! ..... I. t i... i ..: ..I ......." "_;
0 li...-... ." •
, .... .......
'
: ... ............
: . : .'
,.......
I
,..................
I
i........
i ,
,
O. OZ O. 04 O. 06 O. 08 O. i0 O. IZ O. 14 O. 16
E (inches/inch) 'u
k=2. O
Room Temperature
140
k=1.7
IZO
k= 1.5
I00
k= l. Z5
F b
(ksl)
80 k=l.O
60
40
20
O. 002 0.004
(inches/inch)
<
u_
_Vl
e_
_z
I
0 0 0
_0 ,_
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page Ill
24O
k=2.0
200
k= 1.70
16o
k=l.5
k=1.25
120
Fb k= 1.0.
(ksl)
8O
4O
I (Inches/inch)
Fig. B4, 5.6.2-7 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves AISI Alloy Steel,
' Heat Treated
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 112
• °
II II
;,:1
"i_
!!i!
I
IM
}iii ,d
iIi: _4
;!I! 4
m
!!!!
0 0 ,0 0 0 0 0
0 ,,.0 ¢,,.I (13 ',_
r,,l
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page I 13
320
ill•i'_;
RooJ_T_
_p_r<,,r
_ ; :....
i "-I_
d_ .... " , d_i :_ i _:_
:' :::'_:.::
_ --_--'_.0
_:_'...._'
_ :I._i T_:T: .....
-ff:-I-:¢ _ '1 I" I _:
"i_.i:_!
-.:I.:
....
i.r__
280 I
::-!-i:!:':'!!'"/'e_"'l .......... !",', -] _ t ?.... " ........ :!lit!it i]i!::ji i _
240
200
Fb
(ksi)
; il I !i i!!i
_.._ k 1 25
i
_' S "c_ain Curve l_--4
160
b
IZO
8O It_ I_
t '.... . : ,..I.:'_ ! ! ! i ....
___Fty
1:! :iii;: ! !_: !:l:: ::, ; :! ;: : 1: IF t = lJ2,
O00psiBZ,
000psi
:i.!_ "I]::: IE = 2-9 x 10 6 psi
ITT1777T
;:: i:T;II71)"
O. 02 O. 04 O. 06 O. 08 O. 10 O. 12 O. 14
E
U
(inches/inch)
k_Z.
...-:_..:-: , ......... i .................. ! .... _ .... ....... • : . •
280
k= 1.70
::.:.:
•
I:
'"
...........
".. " • ". • • ' ; '
: _ D
IP ::.
'
: . --.......
:_.. ,;
• :
ZOO k= 1.25
120
_i'i [::::iif!i
[ !!:I-÷:
....
!" ........ _!i_ii:! .:_:_ !::1: . ./_
.......... :
l!i!!ii!tli!_.ii_.:_":'_?'""_':_'":-...,
:__:,.
_i_if_!;ii.:_!!
_':::
....:..,._
.....
,:,.........
_......
8O
40
F'_!':_t! _:-H----t-/,
.......... _ _
i .iiFtu
JFtv:
: 180,000
163,000 psiPSiI'"':-i:,
''F" i
I:,_:,_A..._pl-r-
......... :" +_-"'= 7" I'----T-"
. :-'"-.7...___.
--T" .. :. "
=,__,o6 ,,._,i .....
_:. :i.i:_-,..-:-:[_.-..._,-,
_..H-..t---t-_.,oo,_,,o_
=,_o,o_.-._--i
i • i': :i: _
..-::K_:::_:t:: .........
:...._[_ : z ......
.......__....":: : "::' ...."......:"/ _..:.J :::: ,, " ""L_ "......
.............
l"i_J
0. 00Z 0. 004 0. 006 0. 008 0. 010 0. 012 0. 014
(inches/inch)
k=Z.O
360
_0 tIII
k=l.7
280 i:=
k=l.5
Z40
k= 1.25
200
_b
k=l,0
(k.{)
160
120
8O
4O
O. 08 O. I0
(Inches/tnch)
Fig. B4.5.6. Z-1Z Minimum Plastic Bending Curves AISI Alloy Steel,
Heat Treated
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page l 17
-'""...,.,
....
.... Fty = 176, 000 psi .=
240
7_- _ _-,_9.0
x 10Gpsi"
:i .... Elongation = 13. 5% _
200 ".i;....
(kF_)
:
:
1
1
}
I
1
1
l
160
:.!....i_::..:...i._
.....
• i_
_
l?F!l_
...............
]
....
120 :: i i':i.i'! "! !"
•,..
.... ..... i:i:i--:'-1 " !" F .......
80
7:17i:-
_ ....-__'- -i-:--
;!-?ii_
_ii.,
:i!i.... :;_ TIT T'!"i :i:11 .... ._r.-
0
0. 002 0. 004 0. O. 008 O. 0l{) O. 013
((inches/inch)
Fig. B4.5.6. Z-13 Minimum Plastic Bending Curves AISI Alloy Steel,
Heat Treated
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976 _-"
Page 118
2_
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 119
_00
160
IZO
Fb
(ksi)
8O
4O
0
1.0 1.5 2.0
ZQc
k =
I
-AIJ-14_
-trTT_ _$_ ttii i
'160
Fb
"_'_ II ....._:i!l_ ll!I
'_ " r_l_llil' l!li l
(ksi) .....
liLI2_ll, i
li i Hliiili!iilIillliIIillllll IllllfIIll ....
, " " '. ; I : ' :
i "., • , • • • I :..: ..
_: i i:!: !! i_i! 6
1.0 1.5 Z. 0
ZQc
k=_
I
1ZO
100
Ultimate:
8O
6O
4O
ZO
1.5 2.0
1.0
2Qc
I
200
160
F b
(ksl)
120
(inches/inch)
240
k=2.0
200
k:l.7
I ..:: .... i ...... '
k:l,5
I ..... I....:.--
160
k: l. Z5
k=l.O
IZO
8O
4O
O. 01 o. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07
Eu
c (inches/inch)
60
k=Z.O
Room Tempe rature
k=l.7
50
k=l.5
k= 1.25
(kFs_)
k=l.O
30
20 ._......
|
I
!
Elongation = 35%
I0 i i!iiiii_ii
0
0. 002 0. 004 0. 006 0. 008
E (inches/inch)
_4.5.6.3
Corrosion Resistant Metals-Minimum Properties
Q 0 0
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 129
130
t't_
tt_
_4
+H
ttt _tt
120 _4 H
t_
trt Itt
H_
H,
tt-!
LH
iL
110
ii
F b
(k,i) H
.H
.+.
Ji
.o
./i
100
.ii
U
II
..+
1 1 1
I : i l " •i |l I
90 ¸ ........i.... .! .......
_......I.........
_........
! ,..;. _.. i
!il]t!t_ _! !,ii!ttfl_[!!!]_], . ]J,tt!j, _ii_tt_h_!Ii!_Jlt
| , , ,
8O
_ th,_¸ ,,_,,_IlJi_ _-,_ii̧
l;tliiti t t_ i!!!_,Ii!
, iiittIll IIitittI!r.itt!
i!! tli _t f .., . i_; _
!_!ii!t
;;' i_l'!i
li II I tt!i!i!!
fiJ
7O
1.0 1.5 2.0
ZQc
k-
I
Z30
ZlO
190
170
150
130
II0
1.5 2.0
1.0
2Qc
k-
240
220
200
Fb
(ksl)
180
160
140
fli!llttlttftttllli_lltli!f!tttt 'il
120
2Qc
k =
I
Room Temperature
Z50
Ftu = 140,001
220
Ultimate
Fb
(ksi)
t,--. | I
' • i . "': ...... [........ I'-'" ....I..........!...........
I " I : , ' ' : , • I ; "
: '' ",' , : I" l "" I : I • "' , •
t_._..... I. ; . ..;......... L...... I ! ":, : ! '
.... _.........
_, ..... _......
__..
_oi/ _1_=_...._" ...................
i! "_
- .........
i
i .....
i ! ,_ •
, .. _J .............
20c
k=_
I
160 k=2.0
Fty • •
"1
! ,i!' i _k=l.7
! ":',. i
140
: : ]
..... !. 2...i k = 1.5
.... !: ...... _ ....... i
_...__.i
; : :k = 1.25
lZO
i.---i
! } :
• : '" ": ' "ik = 1.0
100 "'--T"--
,!
Fb I-i-. .,: ,. ..F..i.
.d ..... , . ,.,
60
4O
ZO
( (inches/'inch)
i i
=I.7 'I
, i I
I " " I k- 1.5 I
- --. --F---i ..... I---
....: i ! .... iI • :"
" l _' l "[
: I
160
[. :..j, ..1
....... k : i. 7-5 I
• i I ........ . .................. I !|
Fb Ila I.m,."--""l ' "1' • ' I [ " I-- ,
(k.i) i- I I.
II
....
l
'
"
"
.l
"
II
.
_!
k
:
1
O'
"
"
:
1Z0 ..... -_-- S_ress-Strain Curve ....
8O
"i " i } .I ......... , • •
I f I :,. i
'
_
i
....
b
......
_
2
....
J
.....
4O ...........
• 4 .....................
t _ r........
i b...........
i " "'_ "--I-'"'"
,.....
ll .........
i!: " ; ' : } I:} ,
i I , ' I I 1 _ ..
.....
I
..........
_
....
li
1
1
1
1
1
I1
1
_
.........
_
....
0.005 O. 01 0. 015 O. 02 O. 025 O. 030 O. 035 O. 04
¢ (inches/inch) 'u
b.'_._l'
_ [H:[ F I,_L_L_.L_ ,_ i: :_ []_ :; :_ ,:_:
I:::: :_i:_
' • II [ II _ * i ** *[" 'I" [ *_ I: ,.
___
....
_. _..............
.............
:.
........
i.......
........
i.......
:.
........
i..... >
l
>
L)
1
'
"--41_
_4--_
_
....
"
"V--;
......
_
.......
_
_
.....
:
l
"ll'_--!"
"1_
_
l
l_
....
_
....
........
i
! _, i . _, : _, !_, / I i_ i • ! I
m
"'! ,,---,_
il
I--_l
_.
.
.
_
'
_
....
........
_-._--..i...
%.
•
--
.......
7
l
-
r
•
.....
:---i
_----_---
_
....
_
.
•
--t
'.
'l : :. " .: .
: • :
I ; -- •
. ,._
"
, : ;. • l • l :,'-,. "_, _i_ . _ • • _ • I
' ' ,_. " I . l I • : : " : • I • I
. :
_--'_
..
F
"
--"
:
l
"
"
"
"
....
_
_
e_P
........
I
....
;
.
"...............
.....
•
,
:
"I
i
_
•
....
_
•
.....
i_'_
•
l
I
.
i
....... I -- _ _ _ ;" • i : " . • : _, _ _" _ "'_ " "l : I :_'':
:: i ......
_':_ ._.l."= l I
0
_Q
&
'".
.....
::I:
....t.... r ............... "...................
i !_71.....-ii I L.........: ....i I"
:,.......
_; _ ........
i
!.....
!....ill .... I ......
.......
I
I
I
I
o
d
0 0 0 o
o
oO N O
N --_ _ _ _-_
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 136
.240
200
160
Fb
(kei)
J
120
8O
4O
O. Ol O. 02 O. 03 O. 04 O. 05 O. 06
t (inches/inch) _u
280
_=2.0
Z40
k=l.7
k=l.5
200
k= 1.25
160
k=l.0
120
8O
4O
Fty = 130,
15.5 000
x106psipsi
0
O. Ol O. 02 O. 03 O. 04
I (inches/inch)
120
II0
150
90.
(kst)
80
70
60
50.
1.0 1.5 2.0
k = __2Qc
I
I .....
tID_ttNttt!tttt Elongation : Iggo _ _1{
• : i ,
Fb
(kst) ,........
:.........
......,..._....,,,_...,.,....:,..
.... .
i
i I
80 ......... I ..... l i ............
_.'"'IT._
/, ........,.,.;. •,,,..i ...... . i
ffflTfttttltfftlttt,t,l,_ ttttt+t h lf-llfhlTitpltttittfliTi_IflIti!+71ti_ ir rt +t_ _tt
ftIHHIitt_t titlt:1i tltItlittll!iltltltttltt!llf_411}i
I i!" +
i_tttlT: Ii-"i'i'_:"i_'+'+'"tt+ti'_i_t+_iiti<, !i 7t i_tltii!
tlilttllt+t_ll+ttti+t+
lftlll:++tll+!li_tll:rlill
tll+tllt+_+++tll
+_
I+I+H++I+II++ll,++II+
+ .l- ' I+I +iI_.¥._,
llil_+: <,
_!l_iil.i
+l++i_+_
+ ! I+' :' _
i , +I-i++
_ +++++_+++
_++i,-+
40
_+i I:
+ ++_++iH+++
++,++++i++++l++++i+
ittlE_i
+!i
+!+
+!++i+
H t[t'HriltlltH_+l
t! t+i ttl+l+tif_f+tf _llli_llt+!tl-+ittI_
!t/ftltt..fii-I +Hl+f I+ it ++f-i+Til[f:
Htlt-ir
ZQc
I
140
IZ0
100
Fb
(ksi)
8O
6O
40,
1.0 1.5 2.0
2Go
km'-'-
I
110
I00
9O
Fb
(kit)
8O
70
6O
5O
40
t
B4.5.5.5 Aluminum-Minimum Properties
120
1o0
8O [ "! . i : :
| . . .
[ : : • . .
• i : :
.... |..-
60"
, . . [
•..1... :...1..
:1
4_
i; :.: _.:
............i : I:_:
; :__:___
: Ii......
i::::i !
1.,.5
k = ZQ....._c
I
II0
I00
9O
Fb
(ksl)
8O
70
6O
5O
k ZQc
=T
Alumlnum-Minlmum Prol_rtle m
IZO
110
100
9O
80.
7O
80
50
1.0 1.5 2.0
ZOc
k=-- l-
90
80
70
60
Fb
(ksi)
5O
4O
30
1.0 1.5 2.0
2Qc
k =
I
150
140
130
IZO
110
9O
•!........ :"" :'"]
8O,
..... i
7o
130
illIl!!II
!!!!!!i!!
t,ttff,tt
,°,_,*°,
ttlttttlt
t_IHHII
t"t_it'
!IN!
N!I}II
!!!!!!!!_
!!!!!!t!_
!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!i
Fb tttlrHlt
(kat)
Room
:]iiii_ii
_!!!!!!!!
Ill!!!!!
;ii_iiiii
:_!!!!!!!
[![!![!!
1,0 1,.5
Z.O
k = 2Qc
1"
140
120
I00
Fb
(ksi)
80
6O
2Qc
k=--
!
;Y
t_
140
120
.... _:'tit'. t::t
Fb ._ t_t; I::I
(ksi)
80
!: J_tl'.!fli_t'_ It:{
Fb
(ksi)
100
8O
6O
140
120
I00
8O
Fb
(ksi)
6O
4O
2O
0
1.0 1.5 2.0
2Oc
k =--
I
160
140
120
(ksi)
I00
8O
60
1.0 1.5 Z. 0
ZQc
k---
I
1.20
110
100
F b
(ksl)
90
8O
7O
6O
Z_c
I
tu
130 ty = 58,
10.3000 psi psi
x106
II0
(ks_)
9O
7O
)erature!
5O
1.0 1.5 Z. 0
ZQc
k=--
I
140
120
100
8O
F b
(ksi)
6O
4O
2O
0
1.0 1.5 2.0
2Oc
k--_
I
100
k=2.0
8O k=l.7
k=l.5
k= 1.25
60
k=l.0
4O
2O
fi , ifllHi
0
IilU WIHHHII
_ | _" I I
(inches/inch)
100
8O
4O
2O ;!.hhi,WIHl
n n nlq"
_
lltlgmlglll
• : ...:l:i.:J::::::'.i:::ii.i:: .::I.: .:
. .: : : . " I .!!:.I :!.., " ., : ..T.: :. :: • r-_-_Tr-[--..--
....... :
8O
-/_,: ::, :::::t:i:: i:_-_l:_
.. ".;
::___--- e -- ] : :'_ _ _ '_ '" !"l]: "" " --'.I ..... _.... ' .'. . - '. ' .'. . . k= I.Z5
Fb
(ksl) tt:-__iiii! i!..i_7:i_:$;:_!_;ii:_i!St_e_s-_':ra_n
Cu_i _: k=l.0
• . [: :..; .... I ..... _,__.i.___ ....
6O
4O
0. 01 0.02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07
(tnche s linch) e
8O k=2. O
k=l.7
7O
k=l.5
6O
k=1.25
5O
k=l.O
4O
3O
2O
10
(inchesinch)
Page 163
un
o t,- u'_ N O
II II II II II
¢,4 4)
o_
¢fl I
N
o uu_m _
.! _
M
4
v
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 164
120 : : I : i
I ; k=2.0
I
I .... i
-:.: -i...:...:
......
.....
' •.....
..... i .... i f!: 'i'" i "1 "'"" ,,:!:i,-.....i........!
: [ •
,]
]
: i : : I k=l.7
io0
. , : :
: : .]
....._i,,;Ifilllilll!l!llllllniUn"_"':I "_ ',' • --
'
e ........ J
k=l.5
I • ,,:
t ' n
,m
I! i
]
8O : I i
, ........
I....
i.....
_...... k= 1.Z5
Fb ": I "
i. i
• ,.......I.....
ii
• , m ,
I 1 :
(ksl) .... • .... "............... I
i • : ...... -" i : : I
; : :. k=l.0
60 : i : : I
"lllll_--" ,, I
• :
f ....
....
''
L..........
i
i .............
"'i" ' "
:
i .......
I
i.... • ,.......
I.....i........
:.... I ....l......i........
:.........
0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. i0 0. 12
E (inches/inch) Eu
7O
k=Z.O
d_h
=1.7
6o {ii_i_H
_
H_ IHil _:':
k=l.5
_0 _ k=1.25
k=l.O
40 !iI_
!Hi
ii!i
_o i!ii
_!ii"_i_!_'_ '_'_ 4 Ir
!i!
_ ir_i: _ !
zo if!!: ,,!!ii : [! !t:
_4_;',
ii{!i
I,_.i!
o :_i!ii_
__!i_
O. 002 0.004 O. 006 0.008 0.010
{inches/inch)
0 0
I| II
o,1 I_
0 _
,..-t
L_ *._ .
•_ .
• _ _
d
4
.Q.,_
Section B4.5
__=
February 15, 1976
Page 168
k=2.0
7O
k=l.7
60
k=l.5
5O k= 1.25
Fb
(ksi)
k=l.O
4O
30
2O
10
O. 010
Fig.
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 169
120
k=2.0
100
k=l.7
k=l.5
8O
k= 1.25
6O =i.0
4O
2O
: • . ," :..
O. OZ O. 04 O. 06 O. 08 O. I0
E (Inches/inch)
80 k-2.0
I
• "i :::'": "-!:'"
! : : _ ..... |
I':::i "
k=l.5
60
50 k=l.O
4O
i'i.
''': ......
i I ...... ' i"" ..... i/I ::......."" ! / ; ..... '
_: i
:...:.:.. " i :" "|!'"!.i.":':':'_
30 , .:.. " ". ...... • ...... • "_ "' . • • ..i
]!/"
:i/-_ i I::,l
:'! •• ". , . / * ;I .
i
:: .
_i--__ ' . '
..........
_ .: : :" ; ' ":: I.: .:.: :
• (inches/inch)
120
V*+++4+
i00 "U!!_
k=l.7
_titt
9O
k=l.5
8O
k= 1.25
7O
F b
k=l.0
(ksi) 6O
50
40
30
20
I0
(tnches/_nch) 'U
120
k=2.0
k=l.7
I00
k=l.5
80
k= 1.28
Fb
(kst)
k=l.0
60
40
e (inches/inch) eu
k=2.0
60
k=l. 7
k= 1.5
50
k= 1.25
40
N k=l.O
Stress-Strain Curve
30
fo Curve
10 Room Temperature
a (inches/inch)
/'.,' i ; i • • .; I ' I
..... "......... [ .............. i
i:.':, i....L.i..:...i,
: , . •
i...! .......i... .
'... i .J.... : ....... i.. :...I ....
i.........
,.:..L._
.......i.......
-_i--i--.-l:
......... .... i ........ !....... i ;''"
!
.... t' I......; k=2.0
8o ......
[.-.-...i...::
..........
:...', T " | .... : i......
., .... i
I
I
i
I . . : i .
• ..;... l... ].
.! ! -.
: i k= 1.7
! i : : I
, :;, ! ..... {
t
i ....
5O
.....ii_ i : i il i
k= 1.25
' 1....... -_!-_"! ......... t
. !.i ....
Fb ../i'i_,
i: ,
(ksi) St res s-Strain Cu¥_'_----_*......'
! ""i" k= 1.0
I i
40 ..... ..........! ......
i lfo Curve : : :
"-- i _!i_; . : " t-_.............
i......i-..-i..._
30] .... : " -' ';............. : ............ i.-.q .... :.......... l ..............
• I ! : ! ! , I ' I ; , I
,
i.
i.i ''' _'
..........
_, ........
.'•
......
, .......
.................
., ' J
"I , ...L ' ....
..........
• .......
t,.......
I
1...i.........
1 i
;' ..... :. ": .............
t . " ........ ' • I ,t , ; ,,
....
l i',..1..,,,
/i .! .i.........1..'
: t......... • IIt_ .... /., :] .. I : .i. :i:l
: . .'
: :, : : ! i!!'_l.!i i!!i '! i! !I ;:iii' i _:_ :ii :i !: _i! i!i !, ;ii : ii! i::
.tl.-.i .. _.._..,....
_............
I.. .... , ....,..., ....' _.i...'._.'
0. 01 0. 0Z 0.03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08
. (Inches/Inch) ' u
100 k=2.0
k=l.7
k=l.5
8O
k= l. Z5
k=l.0
6O
Fb.
(kst)
4O
2O
0
0 0.002 0. 004 0.006 O. 008 O. 010
(inches/inch)
!i,t;
F-UT-7
k=2.0
.... _,.
140
i ' i; k=l.7
........... 71
, i'ii'i; ?i ,I
120 ±_. -i.....
, .,..,
100
7 •
• _:. ii_ii ri.t " '.i!.!2 k= 1.25
(ksi)
8O till!!il_i_i!
'stress-Strain _ii_Curve
_iil_ii_
k= 1.0
lil I ii ii!ii ! ;i:illlI
I [.2-
4F+
' !i1 I till :..ill
t
Tr"
pr.
...... ::2' 2,ii! ::: ..... ;i
0. 03 0. 04 0. 05
(inche s/inch) If
U
I00
k=2.0
k=l.7
8O
k=l.5
k=I.25
k--l.0
6O
Fb
(kst)
4O
2O
, (inches/inch)
140
k=2.0
120 ....
l! i ::1!
÷t+÷
L2:i L_ .H k=l. 7
!TF ,,;
iti:
:2"' 1
!U, ,_ :1[?
k=l. 5
i00 :t" i [:
7i_i k.J
k= 1.25
TY/:,
f¢ .... L_
_ttt t_
80 _L_
Fb ::; :I[2:t
H÷t
(ksi) !_
!rT!! t_ L H
k=l. 0
tt*f I 1LLL L;
HH
E;Xl
'r
_f
:i
.... r2
?tltl
:fi:!l_:LLiL
20: _}I
+4 _4
;rn _
_+_
1!!!
44_-
"tt'}-
0 _?t
0.01
E_
(inches/inch)
k=2.0
I00
k=l. 7
k-l. 5
8O
k-l. 25
k=l. 0
60
Fb
(kst)
4O
2O
fo Curve
.illlllllll
O. 002 0. 004 0.006 O. 008 0.010
, (inches/inch)
Page 181
Fb
(ksi)
0.05
(
(inches/inch) U
k=2.0
k:l.7
k=1.5
I00
k= I.Z5
k=l.O
Fb
(ksi)
! (inches/inch) eu
O I_" _ N O
II II II II II
I o,-i
i _
I
vI
m 0
(M
I
,d
,4
4
O 0 0 0 0 0 0
Section B4.5
Februrary |5, 1976
Page 186
tO0
k=2.0
k=l.7
80 k=l.5
k= 1.25
k=l.O
6O
Fb ;tre
(ksl)
40
2o ti
J,.t IIII
.. ,,.I !!
I.I
....I..R..,lll..dl
"II II" 'I
....
.M il!
.I
-" I |III
I,
m,,
"'" ;
|l"il'"
.... ,....m, NUlil
O. 002 O. 004 O. 006 O. 008 O. 010
. {inchos/inch}
Page 187
W
Room Temperature
100 k= 2.0
k= 1.7
k= 1.5
8O
k= I. 25
k= 1.0
6O
Stre s s- Strain
4O
!if!f!
2O
iiuqi.
.,||I,,IIU,I.I.
!!qqqlJ,::i. :i immnlUU,Hmnul
,lU .11.|11111 |111.11111 |11111111111111
• -_..... ,1I, .:
_.t I,; t i.,.'
i ,!+ _'t ,+.,*e', I : ,! 1
t,t,
*,¢t'
t ,1 _ ............ I ......
!ill ;:i!
.......
;2 ; _ ;i;
t .....
.; [i; ]
t.............
: ;1' _i_ 4 I '11 ;J ;
ii: :!i:
-! _ ." 'J _r_r ,. +_. , .: i ...... iii.
.i? k = I. 7
120
, i_ J ......... t .... i .....
lti:
Itt; ':It
I00 !'1[
2z_ Lal
;i; ;1 :.<:.,
I'_ !,,,::.; ,._....
,:_11! _.
,: i, _: .:!_![
, _ . _
! y',:!il. _ ,,l_j
,:i!l,,.,., t ,,
i:11
iiil '_i k =I. 25
'''II I .... _ .......... ',;It
i_i I i, +_ _
1t; :[i;;
8O l;'_- ii_;_[ i ]l ; ,i _ i _ _ [;lIl/_llllill_[il[;: _$;: li;]
Fb
:;' ,l_i !_; [I; i ; [ i [
(ksi) r.............. _,/, :, : [ i J
t ....;_[ J] _ ;;I[
f..... ' I;
1,,
: ': ;::II:"
J ;; t ,. !i, i
:I
;i:
];: : T
:t
: [ ] ! i
I
] _ 't
r: _N
::1 l [ _ S
::: rr :
::i : ;
:Ii!
i,
4O ':! t':
; J ..... ] ..... J]
;:::iil£4tu =
::!I!
74,000 psi
,
Ill !t
!|!1!_1
i]!l,_iil:::T_._i
iil_
t!ttt!:_l_!!t'!r!! :l!tl
,,t
ii:
,, _ , t ,tl _ , !,d,, Itr i Ii,
2O .... _ "too
Elongat,on ,,,, f .... :1,,I,_,,,_1,I
.112i::i I
0 _[l: ;],]]I,H':[],I ],', Ill! lli',l !l:ff!t!t]i! lJJJll]f':Ifi:i ,]_,t [ii! ll!;1
(inches/inch) (
U
: ...... i
; I
i ,. )
I
" I .... i
n 0 0
_0 rJ)
v
_I_ "_
•_ o
ovm
!
..... ! "" II
I • I
l :
,. • : :
i -,- : :
|
: I :
: :. 1...:.- I :
1 i , • • :
• • I •
!
U_
.........
___.
I
_!....
_ ..... I :
__.._........
........
i.......L !......L........
i ......
_ : L ......
,_'g
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 192
100
kin2.0
k=l.7
8O
k=l.5
k= 1.25
k=l.O
F b
(kei)
40
20
fo Curve
0
0. 002 0. 004 0. 006 0. 008 0. 010
(inches/inch)
k-2.0
k=l.7
• k= 1.5
k= I. Z5
8O
Fb
(ksi)
k- 1.0
6O .._..;.._.L.....
:
4O
2O
(incLes/inch)
_U ¸
k=2.0
40
(inches/inch) {u
$;;tl
iiil !!iii::i:i:!iti_: _!! !t!:::I!;!ili_:_i ;_
:_!i
ii
iiii
t_. *t " ._ ........... t,, ._1, !, t_f 4 , t
r!_t ! :
;: i! i!i
50
ilt: Ult_mate _ ....
_I;_._,_ ,,r
....
,:i:
:i! ! i! I
[!i,'t!il; }iii _ i 'Wl:',ii :: _i!i i.ll ! ;i !_
_I_'I '_',_I:'_' ; i':'l"i _ r' "lI ;"_ I _t !t
_[l:!
_._;
40
..... I...... _ ......... _[,I,.! .... h.,
:!ii
;:St_ :::! .................... 1 t ', il
Fb
t!22!'i;t,,t l iiii
(kst) ;:7,
_! ![ il
:IL:
iI 11!{
'i, _1
30 !
....... . :!i!i
i[::i !! :t} it
..,.. ,,-,-d i: : t_ ;i I t
,t.,
k., l,
--_TT *_'YtM,.
',t!: ;i:: .......
20 itli: iI:_ !t}!liill :: t :::: .::: it::iili* ::tl t:!l
!i,, i!i!tiiil :_ :i
t:;:
.... it,
[i :ii ii
.t,r
Itl: ii?itliii.............
.... ; ......
:ii! .:. tl;l ii:_ ii, fill !.i!i::_ Fry : 22, 000 psi
::: E = 6. 3 x 106 psi
!::T
, ,t ii!:;][!i Elongation = 6_o
10
!iil
, _,q+Si-_!!!:!:
!iil ;ill i, ::! [._ :: i i i
ZQc
k =
I
;: $77i
!!!!i!_
!If iii:
if:
_i; !11
;;!t ,..
!r lii
1i
i_=,; ....
Itli:tt
i!:i! I !1ti
t_t!
H!t
]!I_
:,ill
;_ Iiii
!!H
*l+ ,++,
!!1 ![!':
',hl ;:;i
',i! ttfi if
;ii Iic]
tit Ill',
t_: Itll i[t
Z.O
5O
4O
k=l.7
k=l.5
30
k= 1.25
k=l.O
2O
10
:1. • : : ,. : . : ! ,
..... .::
".:'"'t'-'r-.
......
, :!....J .rI..............
'.'"_ ...................
. :_'.........
:---" ............. [ ...............
:::i
÷.....
:, :[...... , ::I
1 ......... _........ ' ......... _....... _i
:" ] . . .I ] Room 'Fe:inperature I , I . • ".I
6O !: _ ,:1 1: ! , / : !: : _ I _ ..... l : ; : F_.;_l =2. oo
[::_
' '::iFtu = '8' ()001'si
" "I ....r!--! .........i-t;
...... i: ::!
....
i ' 'i: ......
.---,,_......-
1i .... I
t...'
_:-I
-T-I
7!!7- :
40
-, k=l.O
Fb
(ksi)
3O
2o
10
0 o
v,
A U
!
Sect ion B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 207
i
.... /...
t_
_o
AI
h U
t.J
_J
• "4 0
_o
,4D
I
_4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
°1-1
v
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 208
_J
._---pI
4.1
0pI
I_.'.
_-.----T.
--_...._
; !. :....
••22
_ _
°
_"
.......
•
_ ....--.-:--'"-4
i
:
......•......;.....
:'_
i:i: i
:'.
.............
"'""_"
: '.'i
;
•
;
. • ..
,. i....:.:._ .L.._..:.. : .. '.._-."
.'%.
, - :
: . • " !
:......_.............
.....
'.
i
'
.. i
:
.... -.'..
._'
i I
4
...........
li:
• :! ":
i
[
"
. . ,'
: '
.,. ,_ .........
I : '
: ":::
"._ ..................................
.....
: _'': i .. • :
• : 1 •
I .....
:
: "
t ................
:
, '
...: : "
• .,_,
•
:1
...
'" ......
:"1" "'" : ............
. :. I..... :.............
...... :...... I.. .. '..-. ., .b.. :- "":. ..... :1..... .-...... :............. !:'--:.!.........
! .].:.... • "'_.'_'..-'_E_""
l- .! -- .:'---: ..l " . .:. ..... :.- : ...F.:.. ":!:..H....:.. i !':. !...'.! .... :... : ".:....'.. :...;... :.-_i.:. : ..!-.:-- }._l_ .-,-I
I. i ........... ' ":, : • • '.... • : • ' : ";'." -' ""_-'1
1 .-'. I : , ! ] r ' ! ;' I • : " "" , ", • " • r . i . ": , .: ,'" "1 :_ : : , I :: , : - 1 •
_1_- q_ e4 ,--I
o o _ _ ° o o
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 213
Fb
(kai)
4O
2O
Permissible Load
M.S. = -1 (4. 5.7.Z-I)
(Safety Factor) (Applied Load)
and
5 = c Y----
dx (4. 5.7.5-5)
bma x c
By definition,
W = Q A (4.5. 7.5-6)
e
Wi =Y F v 6 (4.5.7.5-7)
W e = Wi , (4.5. 7. 5-8)
or
QA = Z Fv 6 (4.5. 7.5-9)
2 mob
-/ So y
I
dA
C
max
dx, (4. 5.1. 5-10)
But, by definition, I =
y2 dA,
/e. L mob
,',A :_ # max dx (4.5.7.5-Ii)
.So c
_, L "-
_X
.I:/ dz Fv
I
I
I
Figure B4.5.7.5-I
Section B4.5
February 15, 1976
Page 218
q I lb.
!
M_.X
I
l,
• (in./in. ) Cb
P
A I
Procedure:
i 2o -
,
Apply a virtual unit load, Q, at the beam center and construct
the virtua! moment diagram, m.
Mc
Fb = T
4. Enter the plastic bending curves on page Z18 (at k=l. 5 for a
rectangular cross-section) with each value of F b from Step 3
and determine c b for each value of x.
max
Tabulate the results of the previous steps (see Table B4. 5.8.6-i).
,
Construct a plot of m _ bmax vs. x and determine the area
under the curve. This area represents _'g
dx.
(See Figure B4. 5.8. 6-I) J0 m Cbmax
8. Calculate A.
f_ L mob
max
A = J dx
J Ref eq (4.5.7.5-11)
C
0
c = 0. 250 in.
L
by graphical
integration )
dx = 0.165
f m c bmax
0
P = 400 lb.
0 0 0 0 0 0
2O 0 0 0 0 0
28
k
L
24
"--"
m.
J" me b
0 max
dx
I _i
I
2O
I
I
E
v I
O
i
x
X
m 16
/
/ \
I \
12
A
/ \
I \
/
/
J
/
¢
\
/ \
/ \
f
10 16
I
x (inches)
Figure B4.5.7.6-1
SECTION B4. 6
Pa ge
References ........................... 42
B4.6-iii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Pa ge
B4.6-iv
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page l
B4.6.0 BEAM-COLUMNS
L B4_.6. I Introduction
eously to axial and bending loads. The bending may arise from transverse
loads, couples applied at any point on the beam, surface shear loads, or
from end moments resulting from eccentricity of the axial load at one end
tion, inelastic effects, and restraint conditions all affect the deform-
If the elements of the section are relatively thin, and the beam-column
on shear-web beams are beyond the scope of this section; they are, how-
It has been shown that beam-columns can have one of three types of
indicated below:
Page 2
Z
I
i \ 1
!
f-.
(c) Combined Bending and Twisting Response
(e) Loading
with in-plane response are well developed for both the elastic and in-
and combined bending and twisting response are limited, especially in the
are based on experimental data, and they require that the strength of
F
load/strength) and incorporated in the interaction equation which ex-
B4.6.2 Notation
d Eccentricity (in.)
f Stress (ibs/in. 2)
Pe = (_2Elmin)/(L')2
Y Deflection (in.)
which, when subjected to combined axial and bending loads acting in one
in Figure la. This response usually occurs when adequate lateral (tor-
sively for both the elastic stress range and the inelastic stress range;
the assumption that failure occurs when the computed value of the com-
bined axial and bending stress in the most highly stressed fiber reaches
creases above the yield moment, yielding penetrates into the cross section
>-
i,i
Z
m
Z
f
o.
a
.J
,,i
>-
Z
0
I-
Z ,,,
Q
.J
,,i "r
>-
_D
Z
w
rr
oO
uJ
>
ro-
3 w
v
< w
,,i rr
e_
uJ
o-
X U-
.J
rr
w
Z
Ii1oo A
Sect ion B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 8
strength are known as inelastic analyses; this extra strength has been
(a) The Mmax/P Ratio - The reserve strength is almost zero for
bending.
(b) The Shape of the Cross Section - For example, the reserve
rectangular section.
(c) The Nature of the Metal - For example, the reserve strength
material.
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Pa ge 9
F ¸
UJ
0O
I
m-
LU
I--
.J DC
I--
CO
I.I.I
nr"
° \ I.l.I
rr
£9
I
I.I_
uJ
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page I0
cause either bending about the major principal axis only or bending
about both principal axes (Fig. ib). The beam-columns are free to deflect
predicted that short members with large bending forces will respond
On the other hand, long slender members with small bending forces buckle
bers may respond about both principal axes simultaneously, and the
strength will then be less than the strength for responding exclusively
used, the determination of the stresses due to bending about the two
flexural actions. Thus, although few test data are available, practical
procedures for the prediction of strength for such cases are based on a
but it has been found (Ref. i) that the limiting stress criterion is even
more conservative for cases of response about both axes than it is for
cases of response about one axis. Austin (Ref. i) extended one form of the
response.
Austin (I) states that there have been no precise theoretical studies
based on the von K_rman theory of the strength of beam-columns which fail
viewpoint, Austin has extended one form of the interaction equation for
to combined axial and bending forces, may respond by combined bending and
a result of the low torslonal stiffness of members with open cross section
which follows it Is assumed that the open section members are not subjected
to dlrectly applled torslonal couples, such as arise when the llne of ac-
tion of transverse loading does not pass through the shear center (Figure
4). The shear center Is defined as the point through which the shear
of study has been devoted to the second case, primarily for 1-section members
(Refs. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,and ii). The second case is discussed in the follow-
ing paragraphs.
have been used. These interaction equations have been shown to agree
by Hill, Hartman, and Clark (Ref. i0) for aluminumbeam-columns; this equation
has been verified by Massonnet (Ref. 2) for steel beamcolumns.
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 14
equation used by Hill, Hartman, and Clark gave safe predictions for the
were free to rotate in the plane of the web, but were elastically restrain-
tapered members under combined bending and axial load. However, Butler
and Anderson (Ref. 13) have performed tests on tapered steel beam-columns,
studies of "solid" tapered members have been made by Gatewood _Ref. 14),
devoted to 1-sectlon members. Hill and Clark (Ref. 9) have shown that the
Massonet has also extended the elastic interaction equation for steel
into the plastic domain. The results of this extension were compared
only, and equal and opposite end moments(Ref. I). Galambos(Ref. 15) presents
ensure efficiency and integrity of the member or structure; and the design
not usually feasible, except for the selection of a shape, such as round,
be made to determine the safest and most economical section. The pre-
liminary selection of the cross section at any station along the member
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 16
Zx _y '
be used. Also, when the type of response is not known, all three con-
ditions
the choice.
(b) Material
inelastic range
(f) Reliability
design for local buckling and crippling should be in accordance with the
methods presented in Section CI. In complying with the references and
recommendationscited above, the designer should keep abreast of current
structural research and development. With this approach, optimummethods
and designs should be achieved.
combined flexure and tensile axial loads has been investigated for many
compressive axial loads. Results are given in Tables 2 and 3 for some
Niles and Newell (Ref. 18) present tabulated results for many of the cases
listed above. Another analytical method which can be used for this
be found in several references (6, 17, 24,end 25). Het_nyi (Ref. 17) is a
equations for this problem. He considers both axial tensile and axial
compressive loads. See Table B.4.6.3 for illustrations of some of these cases.
For the cases of tapered and stepped members, numerical methods have
been shown to give good results with a savings in time and labor. Newmark's
finite difference numerical methods which can be used for the analysis
found in references (4, Ii, 16, 18_ 19, 26, 28, 29, and 30). The ana-
have not been investigated are available in several references (4, ii,
can be, and is_used in many instances. The following simple straight
M
P actual
-- + = I. (2)
Pe Me
Since Mactual is the moment resulting from both the axial and trans-
it has been shown (Refs. I, 2, I0, and 31) that a good approximation of the
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 20
M
x
MactuaI - 1 - P/(Px)e (3)
Here (Px)e is the Euler elastic critical load in the plane of the
applied moment and M x is the maximum moment, not considering the moment
due to the axial load interacting with the deflections. For the con-
p Mx
-- + = 1 (4)
Pe (Mx) e { 1 - P/(Px) e
and the corresponding margin of safety is given by
M.S. = M "
P
1 - P/(Px) e }
] - 1 (5)
__P + Pd = 1. (6)
Pe (Mx) e {1 - P/(Px)e[
Eq. (5).
in Figure 5.
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 21
F
M I M 2
M
__P + eq = 1 (7)
P
e (Mx) e { I - P/(Px)e }
Me q M2
= 0.6 + 0.4 -- for 1.0 > M2 > - 0.5 (8)
MI M1 MI
and
M M2
eq = 0.4 for -0.5 > -- _ -i.0. (9)
MI - MI
Accurate interaction formulas which are simple and general have not
been developed for beam-columns with other than simple supports; for
example, cases where each end can be free, hinged, fixed,or elastically
Euler load.
which respond in-plane and in the inelastic region, has been shown (Refs.
i, 2, 7, 10,and 31) to be
p
P--_ + (Mx) u { 1 - PICPx) e } = i. Cl0)
range. The value of Pu can he found by the tangent modulus method (Refs. 4
bending without the axial load, and (Mx) u is the ultimate moment which
moment, (Mx)u, for the interaction equation above, one of the three
preferable; however, there are certain cases where one of the other meth-
ods may prove superior. For example, the plastic design method (Refs. 3,
ject to t_le same limitations, i.e., simple supports, uniform sections, and
In general, except for the e_se of plnstic design, there are few or
adequate.
always designed so thal it will have only in-plane response in the strong
or stiffness for that direction. For the condition where a biaxial inplane
response does occur, Austin (Ref. I) and Massonnet (Ref. 2) both provide an
excellent discussion.
ing paragraphs.
flexural actions in the elastic range" (Ref. I). Thus, solutions for elastic
Ing moments about both principal axes, Austin has also stated that the
-- + =
-- + + =i. (12)
Pu (Mx) u { I - P/(Px) e } (M_)u{l - P/(Py_ }
flange, tee, or angle is apt to twist as well as bend during the response.
follows:
(a) If the shear center axis and centroidal axis are not co-
tic analysis are in the form of interaction equations and are applicable
only to cases with bending in the strong direction. These equations have
a simple form, are convenient to use, are accurate, and have a wide scope
of application. If a theoretical solution is ueslred, References 4, 6,
done for axial compression and momentsacting to cause only bending about
the major principal axis when the momentof inertia about the major axis
is muchgreater than about the minor axis (e.g., l-sectlon). It has been
include primary bending about both axes. However, there are few data,
subjected to primary bending in the plane of the web the following inter-
p M
__ + x . ' = 1. (13)
Pe fcb Zx {I - P/(Px) e}
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 27
The value of fcb is the nominal extreme fiber stress at lateral buckling
for a membersubjected to a uniform momentcausing bending in the plane
fcb =
2El yh
2ZxL2
J I+--
KGL
_ 2E r (14)
Reference 8.
When the maximum moment is not at or near the center of the span,
ticularly true when end moments are of opposite sign and the maximum end
moment is used for M x. However, the interaction equation cited above can
arily limited to doubly symmetric 1-shaped sections, but can be used for
all shapes provided that the proper effective lengths, equivalent moments,
and appropriate expressions for fcb are adopted. However, these exten-
sions should be applied with discretion, as little work has been done to
support this.
twisting. Butler, Anderson (Ref. 13), and Gatewood (Ref. 14) have investigated
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 28
tapered members, and their results indicate that the previous interaction
ly.
KSL
_2Etlyh _' 2 • (16)
fcb: 2Z_L2 1+ _2E r
+ =I.
Pu fcb Zx {I - P/(Px)e} (17)
Galambos (Ref. 15) should be consulted for further study of the in-
C_
,!
;I
I
X
_C
C
X &J
t_
.3
_C
0 U i
C
II
0 X I
I
I
&J
.C
N O0 C 0
m C M _
&J I ! I I
C II II tl II
_-_ 0
U
X X X
0 I::
0
0
O4
C_
I I
D
Ul
C ! _ ]
i..._
[
"0
C
11o
I
ii i I
---'1r
0
14
._.
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 30
_vj'
uJ
z
Qo
o
<.,) N
u
o
cL
el-
1
I i__ _
o
P-O
0
-i
--_ _L
,J
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 3 1
I¢ r----i
cll
Izl
II
._ cn x +
,,i
oQ
o _1_
U
i,i
_I _
_l r_ _.._-
_leq I
0
I
_ e
.,,,.4
I@I
(N
II 41 I II
U
+ + _
II II
X x _ X
x J Ig
_ c'M
__ _\L.
,,-3
j _2
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 32
II
1.1
I--I
t_
II
x
+
0
tO II
u j.-_,,'
_J 0
c_ l-J I
0 II
,...1
+
I _"'I I _"_ ! oM
,-I
0
+ _
(11
_ ""_
_J I I
_0 0
O u_
0
I I O
o_
,-4:
I I 0 L___I
Q II II
o_
1:
II
II N N
"7
rQ
I-'
\\ \\\%\\\\
/
I
L
&
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 33
o_
0
.,.4
4-)
U
0
q-I
"0 II
N
,i
N
m
O
II
II
o II
J
4-1
4_
O
N II !
o_
I O
0
I "N
_I _ _--\ !
_ m I
_ =1_ +
0
0 O
U
O
N _
_I _ 0
U
I
,--I c'_l
oq v
!
c_
_ "_ _1_ , :_1_ !
if)
I1 II I!
Q I I
II I|
N
r_
rO
F- X X
m
o
0
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 34
_J
C_
0
I
o
°M _0
I
,M
_l._-
.r,i
V
°_ ffl i II II
°_,,_
•", J
II u o
II
II II
4..i
II II o 0
.u
t_
I 0 II
0 _ 0 A
4J 4.1 II II
V o
o _1 _4
o _ II .t--_ (N u
_ o .,ii o o
._I
I _J
II _ m
0 o
•_4 °r,l IT'
II _J
4_
ul
0
4_ m
_J .lii
_J u i
c _ c
,-4 ii II
kl4
r_ _J CD C_
,.Q
¢t
-,-4
I
0
4.J
°'l
0
Sect ion B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 35
I II
O
.1..I
_1 "'- ,-_lm
×I_ • _-I I
O
m
,A +
,--i ._ °_
o + .,-
"O
E
I
.r-I
x
I
E II II
II
(1)
°_ O
II
O II N II
E II N
4-1
0
4-1 0
O •,4 O .,--I
_ 4..1 0
_ m
I II
0
o _1_ m
O ¢'+' _ I
CD _ O
°H % .,-I , 0 _I_N
N _ O
r_ •r- _
m
_ .,.4 _3 .I-I
% °,4 IJ
I
4-1 _
4-1
o
-_
_lm , Ela"
.1_1 I II II I
0
N
_j CD
-r.t
>-
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 36
I
NI_
O m
_4 O
co U
II
+
N
4J
U co
I
'_m II "J- I
_1_ r----m _1_ _'_
_i m o _le, I 0
q o I u
CO
.. I _ ,
o ' l_lt_l ,
o
L) N o 0 CO
I 4.,I
L____I
II
iJ II _l ,-I
o m m ,a "i ,a
La_
I o I I
II II H N
4J
p.- i
.o
x
•-,il(li _
I/
0 >- H ,,
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 37
.0
!i b
q
I
o3
l
i _l_ I
I_I_
_I_
,-q
-i o i I
II
0 _I_] L_l°_ 0
L_ bZ . _J
_I-'_I _: _ i_l_ I
°_._
' I'_ H
0 -r 1 N
12
i
.,e 1
°r'-_
l
_l _ 0
II II 4-1
_0
I
¢q "c
('1 H U !
.IJ
II X
II
c_ O
;2
F--
i
i,
: I
_1
i,r:
t:.J ._
>- _1 __
!'.
_ _ °
i
,--4
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 38
0
0
0 !
II
t-I
+ 4J
4-I
_0 0 I
0 0 0
0 _N
+
! I "PI II I
_I_ V
_1"_
4J
+
4J
v
g O 0
@ 0 m
I_1_ II tJ
m , o _
I
v-4
_1" ,._
_) I= II
0 II _:_ -r-1
I
I= _ I:1 N _ !
I .=
0 oI II
._-I
!° M
_
L)
I I
-,.4 _
o xl'_-_
I_ -_1 II ._I @
° _ _1 (d -PI -_I
,_.-)
:_ :_I_
I I ! !
_I I_ II Q) L__._.J _-I
,d
4
° ._"1 II II II II
..Q
(II
f--
) I °- (1_
0,--_
_-i -el 0
i!/'
-_I
m.= (_
._ ._I
0 rj -_I rj -_I .u
u_
0
_ r
¢) 0
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 39
J
0
_J
=-
0
4-J
0
_J
F--1 ,._ o
0
0
O
ed 0
m +
I
_I_
0
P_
I0
_ .r-_
' _I_ o
0
a_ _'_ I I
_ _ ,
•r-4 _I_ I
aJ L__ O t__l
o _ :3: _Im
_I_ I II !
c_J
_ II II II II fl
Q
_0 0
_ +
o N N " M N
0 _ c_ cd
.Q
_D _-_
0 ._
o _
0 (_
c_ _ _-_
4_
u_"m
0 _J 4.1
m _ 1.-1
m O _
r._ 12u
N •
• .,.-I O
,,D _ N r_ t_-4 N
Sect ion B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 40
,-i
o"_
O0
&J
o
O
","4 o
..4
I--
--.._
'1
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 41
g
i-4
o
w-f O_
0
0
0 _ 0
U _
Z
o
t_ m
IJ 0
U _
X
$
L ,.-_eO
-I
_L
C'I" _
c! ('-_
- I
%
%
-i i
<
0
E .t
(_
I -]
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 42
• =
0 _J 0
o 0
•,.4 N
- L
- I
m !
z g.\
o
,-1
eL. ,
Section B4.6
February 15, 1976
Page 43
_FE_N_S:
3. Beedle, L. S.: Plastic Design of Steel Frame_, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York, 1958.
I0. Hill, H. N., Hartmann, E. C., and Clark, J. W.: Design of Aluminum
Alloy Beam-Columns, Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 121, 1956.
14. Gatewood, B. E.: Buckling Loads for Beamsof Variable Cross Section
Under CombinedLoads, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 22,
1955.
16. Bresler, Boris and Lin, T. Y.: Design of Steel Structures, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1960.
18. Niles, A. S. and Newell, J. S.: Airplane Structures, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., Volume II, third edition, New York, 1949.
19. Roark, R. J.: Formulas for Stress and Strain, Third Edition, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1954.
20. Timoshenko, S.: Strength of Materials Part II, Advanced Theory and
Problems, 3rd ed., D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey,
1956.
24. Lee, S., Wang, T. and Kao, J.: Continuous Beam-Columns on Elastic
Foundation, ProceedinKs , ASCE EM2, April 1961.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
...._ B4.7-iii
Section B4.7
15 April, 1971
Page 1
4.7. i INTRODUCTION
The general expression for the elastic buckling strength of beams can be
expressed by the following equation (Ref. 3).
f .y __ w 1 + GJ(KL 2
cr S (KL) 2 2g + C3k+ (C2g+ C3k) 2+ I
c y
(1)
where:
Page 2
P
p 2
m !
0 Z
Y
-U
| !
P,_e 3
i
k = c + m rj (x 2 _ y2) dA, in.
21
x A
CI, C2, C3, K= constants which depend mainly on conditions of loading and support
for the beam (Tsl)Ie 4.7- I).
In the equation above, it is assumed that the lines of action of the loads
pass through the shear center and the ccntroid, and that the loads attach to the
beam in such a mmmcr that their lines of action remain parallel to their initial
directions as the beam deflects. It is also assumed that the shear center lies
on a principal axis through the centroid.
The coefficients Ci, C2, C3, and K are derived in Reference 3. They
depend mainly on the conditions of loading and support for the beam. The values
of Ci, C2, C3, and K given in Table 4.7-I have been obtained from Reference 3.
Section B4.7
15 April, 1971
Page 4
VALUE OF COEFFICIENTS
05 1.0 1.0
1_--4 FIXED
1.0 1.31
SIMPLE SUPPORT
l FIXED
0.5 1.30
M I0 1.77 6.S
SIMPLE SUPPORT
+ t 0. S 1.78
FIXED
1.0 2.33
SIMPLE SUPPORT
0.5 229
FIXED
1.0 2.56
SIMPLE SUPPORT
0.S 2.23
FIXED
w 1.13 0.45
1.0
SIMP.LE SUP PO.R.T
CANTILEVER BEAMS
WARPING RESTRAINED
!1 1.0 1.28 0 64
AT _,UPPORTED END
WARPING RESTRAINED
12 10 2.05
AT SUPPORTED END
Section B4.7
15 April, 1971
Page 5
For sections that are symmetrical about the horizontal axis or about
a point (channels, zee sections, etc.), the quantity k in equation (1) is equal
to zero. The expression for elastic bucMing strength can then be written
f _ y z w GJ (KL) 2 (2)
or _KL_ 2 2g+ (C2g) + _I 1 + ; EC
a y w
4.7.2. i I-Beams
Given below are solutions for particular cases of load and boundary
conditions for I-beams. For cases not considered below, equation (2) should
be used.
I. Pure Bending
EI GJ
y
(M) = K 1 (4)
o L
cr
where
w
K1 = _ J I + Ec
GJLT_2
15 April, 1971
Page 6
L2GJ
-- 0 0. t i 2 4 6 8 10 12
EC
W
L2Gj
16 20 24 28 32 36 40 100 oo
EC
W
P = K 2 L2 (5)
cr
where
4.0t3
K 2 =
L2GJ
For values of greater than 0.1, values of K2 are given in Table
EC
W
L2Gj
4.7-3. For values of less than 0.1, see Reference 1, page 258,
EC
W
for values of K 2.
Section B4.7
15 April, 1971
Page 7
Table 4.7-3. Values of the Factor K 2 for Cantilever Beams <)[ I-Section
L2Gj
0.1
EC
W
L2GJ
10 12 14 16 24 ,)r) 4O
EC
W
,/EIyGJ
P er = K3 L2 (6)
Values of K 3 obtained from Reference I, page 264, are given in Table 4.7-4(a)
Iplmr
|'lql.r
Fi:m_u' 13 ql 15 It 15 I 15 3 t5 l 15 ti 15._
If lateral support is provided at the middle of the beam, values of K 3 are given
in Table 4.7-4(b).
L2Gj
0.4 4 8 16 32 96 128 2OO 4OO
EC
w
If lateral support is provided at both ends of the beam, values of K 3 are given
in Table 4.7-4(c).
L2Gj
0.4 4 8 16 24 32 64 128 200 320
EC
w
K2 268 88.8 65.5 50.2 43.6 40.2 34. i 30.7 29.4 28.4
EIyGJ
(ql)cr = K4 L2 (7)
Values of IQ obtained from Reference l, page 267, are given in Table 4.7-5(a).
Section B4.7
15 April, 1971
Page 9
Table 4.7-5(a). Values of K 4 for Simply Supported I-Beams with Uniform Load
F"
Load L 2 GJ/EC
Applied w
At 0.4 4 8 16 24 32 48
Upper
Flange 92.9 36.3 30.4 27.5 26.6 26. 1 25.9
Lowe r
Flange 223. 77.4 59.6 48.0 43.6 40.5 37.8
Load
L 2 GJ/EC
Applied w
At 64 80 128 200 280 3(;0 400
Upper
Flange 25.9 25.8 26.0 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7
Lower
Flange 36.4 35. 1 33.3 32. 1 31.3 3 1.0 30.7
If the beam has lateral support at the middle, K 4 is given by Table 4.7-5(b).
Load
L 2 GJ/EC
Applied W
Upper
Flange 587 194 145 112 91.5 73.9 71.6 69.0
Lower
Flange 774 251 185 142 112 85.7 81.7 76.9
Section B4.7
15 April, 1971
Page i0
If the beam has lateral support at both ends of the beam, K 4 is given by
Table 4.7-5(c).
L2Gj
0.4 4 8 i6 32 96 128 200 400
EC
w
f = y GJ(KL) 2
cr S (KL) 2 2g + (C2g) 2 + _ EI (8)
e y
C 1 _2_"_yGJ
f = (9)
cr S KL
c
Eb 2
f = 1.86 C1 (iO)
cr K Lh
or
Eb 2
f cr = Kf Lh (ii)
where
i. 86 C 1
Kf = K
Section B4.7
15 April, 1971
Page 11
Values of Kf are given in Figure 4.7-2 and Table 4.7-6 for several load
cases. For cases not available in "[',able 4.7-6 and Figure 4.7-2, refer to
Table 4.7-1 for values of C 1 and K for use in equation 10.
Equation 8 must be used for loads not applied at the eentroid for any
of the given cases.
3.0 _'--
1
Kf 2.0
t" L _ m
c/L
Pa_e 12
L/2
L/2
I0
11
12
17
Section B4.7
_v 15 April, 1971
page 13
f_
f cr = _S_ EI
(KL) 2 I e + J e2 + C
Iw ( 1+ GJ(KL)2_
,r2ECw j1/ (8)
c y
Section B4.7
15 April, 1971
Page 14
replaced by the expressicn I:Ix/Ix,y in which y- and x- denote principal axes and
the x axis is the axis normal to the plane of bending.
tangent modulus, E t, corresponding to the maximum stress in the beam for the
REFERENCES
RE FERENCES (Concluded) :
f
SHEAR BEAMS
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. W eb-to-Stiffener ............................. 21
B4.8-iii
SectionB4.8
i5 October 1969
Page
B4,:8-iv
t
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
E Youngts modulus
# Poisson's ratio
yL limiting value of T
KL limiting value of K
S
B4.8-v
Section B4.8
15 October i969
p-D
r
C rivet factor
r P
D rivet diameter
r
P rivet spacing
BL
TL - Dd ' nondimensional stiffeners ,_arameter for longitudinal stiifeners
c
FL = C L/Ddc
B4.8-vi
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
FT C T/D de
G modulus of rigidity
B4.8-vii
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 1
design.
the moment resistanee is provided by the flanges, which are eoneentrated near
the extreme fibers, and the shear resistance is provided by the thin web
generally based upon the web response to the applied shear loads. If bueMing
of the web is inhibited within the design ultimate load, the beam is known as a
shear-resistant beam1. If, however, the web is allowed to buckle :ffter some
The type o1" shear bc'anl most suitabl_' for a particul:_r" dcsiRn apl_lication
may depend on many factors. One of the most common factors is based on
economy of weight, tt. Wagner [ 1 ] offers the following criterion, based upon
4V
h
wh ere
V = shear load, lb
and
with the recommendation that when A < 7 the tension-field web is best, and
when A > 11 the shear-resistant web is best. When 7 < A < 11, there is little
choice between the two; factors other than weight will then determine the type
of web to be used.
The criterion above should not be adhered to rigidly, however, because new
data and design techniques have become available that have resulted in reduced
/f-'_.
The analysis of this beam is primarily one of stability. That is, with the
exception of the tension flanges, the web, the compression [lange, and the
stiffeners are all designed from a stability standpoint rather than from a
The stability of the shear web can always be increased by increasing its
thickness, but such a desigm will not always be economical with respect to the
the thickness of the plate as small as possible (just thick enough to fulfill
The weight of such stiffeners will usually be less than the additional weight
3. Elements of the flange must not buckle locally under the longitudinal
stresses.
If the criteria above are not met, the procedures of analysis that follow are not
applicable.
Design analysis techniques for shear resistant beams are given in the
following paragraphs.
SectionB4.8
t5 October i969
Page4
F
s K 7r2E
_b (1. a)
12 ( l-p2 ) for dc
S
or
F
s K 7r2E 2
, (1. b)
Us 12 (l-pz) c
where K is a function of the aspect ratio, d /b, and the edge restraint offered
S e
Fil4urc 1 shows how the value of the critical shear stress cocl ficient, Ks,
increases with decreasing values of the aspect ratio, b/d (d _b), for a number
C C
of different edge conditions. This figure indicates quite clearly why vertical
made to determine the relationship between the size and spacing of intermediate
stiffeners, and the buckling stress of the stiffened web plate. These investigations
have also included the effects of stiffener torsional rigidity, stiffener thickness
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 5
stiffness. The procedure for the desi_ma and analysis of these effects will be
given below.
16
14
12
CRITICAL
\
SHEAR STRESS
COEFFICIENT
K 10
$
PLATE CLAMPED
\
-"v----
PLATE SIMPLY ''f
SUPPORTED ON
ALL FOUR EDGES
4 I I #%
EI
between Ks and the nondimensional parameter 3_ (=D--b) for various aspect ratios
K /3/ curves. These points of discontinuity denote where changes in the buckle
S
Sectioa B4.8
i5 October 1969
Page 6
pattern occur. It can also be seen that when a certain value of _, is reached,
30I 7
I
25
.... ......
ORTHOTROF VALUE
OF.
PANEL SIMPLY
SUPPORTED ON
2O ALL FOUR EDGES-
I/
15
CRITICAL
SHEAR STRESS
COEFFICIENT
Ks 10
V
25 50 75 100 125 175
¥ = EI/(Db)
it should be noted that these relationships are valid only for stiffeners whose
K L = 7.0 + 5.6 (OZe)-2 for both single- and double-sided stiffeners, (3)
where
legs thinner than the web-plate [ 5]. The parameters tu/t and c/t were studied
shown in Figure 3. It was shown that the primary influence on K was the value
s
for various values of tu/t. For values of (tu/t) (t/c) 1/2 less than 0.27 the
25
. ..I I
// / KLEC UAT,O.
(3>
2O
LINEAR GROWTH
K
-VALUE MARKED A
/T
15
I
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.g
Y 0 (tu/t)(t/c)
Theoretical results have been obtained [4, 6-8 ] that provide relationships
between K and the flexural rigidity of the stiffeners for various values of the
s
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 9
Figures 6 and 7 give K /31 relationships for b = d and b - d/2 with the
S
for b = d ,and b = d/2 with the longitudinal edges clamped. The maximum value
u cT/B = t
0.6 AND 0.769 __
lo .r/.. _-I_ _
LONGITUDINAL EDGES
Ks 9 SIMPLY SUPPORTED
8 -_ _ c dc
# THEORETICAL
BUCKLING MODES
P/M
1/0
7 / 3/1
2/I
6 / 4/I
24
a thin-walled circular tube for the stiffeners (CT/B T = 0. 769) the gain in K L
Section B4. S
15 October 1969
Page i0
' 0,769
_ LONGITUDINAL EDGES
KI 20 SIMPLY SUPPORTED
,.Eo,,
,o UC L.O MO0,/0
S
2/I
S ........... 3/i
4/1
24O
longitudinal edges are simply supported. For the case of clamped edges, the
closed-section stiffeners.
The use of deep beams with webs having a high depth-to-thickness ratio,
may make it desirable to employ both vertical and horizontal stiffening. When
St, ction B4.8
15 October 19(;9
Page 11
yi Do, K L = 14JJ2
12 #r _ _ t ' t_
10 _ TH:O:,TIC,L ,UCIk_I/:GMO)E$
2 I 5/'1 ....
3 I .... 1/0 ......
41 --.--
9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Y=
1 !
"T BT = 0.769.
0.40._ ),r = c_, KL= 41,55
0.20_ \
l
.or--?0_\" _\ T.... r _--f_-------- -
/ /o'os.\' \ x ,_+.+_-.7:'lX--_--7
Ks
LI i,
LONG_TUDtNkL EDGESCLkMPEO
20
i ,
THEORETICAL BUCK k ING MOOE|
P 'M P/M
2 t 4'1 -----
3 ! .... $ I ....
10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 I_ 2@0 2_ 2_ 2JO
¥'r
a web is subjected to shear, the most effective position for a single horizontal
can result in more economical designs than are possible when only vertical
achieve a given buckling stress with horizontal and vertical stiffening can be
as little as 50 percent of the weight required when only vertical stiffeners are
used.
rigidity and the vertical stiffeners have a rigidity equal to or greater than EILv ,
then the value of 7LH necessary to produce the limiting value of KLH is given by
and
weight of the web) of up to 25 and 60 percent for _ equal to one and two,
4 and 9:
Page 13
6O
55
FLANGES ANO LONGITUDINAL ALL EDGES
STIPFEIqER PROVIDE CLAkIPEO_IaC_'/CLAMPE O
SUPPORT. TRANSVERSE _
5O
45
Ks 40
STIPFENER PROVIDES I
3O
25
5;.; _ iUPPORTED
I51MPLY SUPPORTED LO_IGITUDINAL STIPFENER
20
2 1 0
CX: dc/b
more closely spaced), the increase in K resulting from the use of torsionally
strong stiffeners becomes more significant; until, when (_ = 1.7, the buckling
only flexural rigidity. Thus, it will be readily seen that is is necessary to know
the relationships between K and the stilfener propertics for the cases enumerated
s
above. Figures 11, 12, and 13 give typi(':_[ relationships between K_ and YT for
other values of the aspect ratio can be obtained from Reference 4. The points
= soo ] °
lOO._.-----_
30 ,,-v i
3o
20
10
2C
K
I b--d
10
f_ 3I;c"
/
/
2/I P/M
........ 3,"2 THEORETICAL
5/I
4/il BUCKLING
MODES
y.r = EID b
= 500
30 °U
100
2o
-'--d
c
I-------,H
fi I/ -E
rdc
c,f2
¸¸2
3/1 THEORETICAL
4:1
2/'1 } BUCKL_NC
P,'M
0 1 iS/'1 i MODES
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1,10
'y.r= EI'Db
/'7..---1
ff
3O :if'////
20_/// YL-5
K 1/ o
1 : b=d
/ dc/2
ilt dc/2
4/I /
5/1 /
m_:.km_
i_li
o
2o 40 60 80 100 120 I
140
Y.r = El 'Db
FIGURE 13.
K S ' YT RELATIONSHIPS; SIMPLY SUPPOI_TED I,ONGITUDINAL
marked A on the curves of Figures 11, 12, and 13 are values of TT which would
point for an efficient design. If greater values of _/T are chosen, only a small
increase in the value of Ks would occur. Thus, the extra increase in TT would
from bending are high. Two positions of the stiffener will be considered here:
(1) The stiffener located at the longitudinal center line of the web, that is, at
the neutral axis (Fig. 14a) and (2) the stiffener located in the compressive
region at a distance from the edge of the plate (Fig. 14b). In case 1, the
fb STIFFENER fb fb STIFFENER fb
_ _: \ % . \ t_,
dcl 2 dc
(o) (b)
Adding this longitudinal stiffener results in another structural part and more
structural arrangement that will save structural weight under certain conditions
I
= O. 92t3d (7)
_'B c
is
With this value of I O , the critical bending stress FB
cr
For values of F B for stiffener moment of inertia less than Io, see
er
Reference 10.
the eenterline of the web amounts to only 50 percent of the unstfffened plate in
the inelastic range. Stiffeners at the centerline are therefore not very effective
SectionB4.8
15()ctobcr 1969
Pagei8
is given by
FB
(_ -> 0.4), (9)
cr-
_?B 1017r2E
12(1-hz) (_c) 2
if 3: -> Yo
EI
Where y =
T/BDd c
EI
= O
To Dd = (12.6 +506) ot2 - 3.4 c_3 (o_ 1.6) and
C
A
6 = , a = b/d
rldct c
of the plate with the results obtained for a plate stiffened in the compression
region shows that the reinforcement in the latter case is much more effective.
of the plate. This information is plotted in Figures 15 and 16. The largest
K = 129 and is larger than in the case of a stiffener located at the distance dc/4
129 m _m=
120
_TJ
°/..7
8O
ii//y tb
' _,,_
--_---- m
r _',l t
4ole dc
!
El
10
I
20 30 4O
Dd
C
120
12_ _---;I_
.....
AT/
=5
4011- "-i ]
0
gj i
I
10 20 30
dc
40 5O
El
Dcl c
R2+R _1 (10)
s cL
R 2+R <1 (11)
s cT
where
fS fe
R = RB = R -
s Fs ' FB ' c FC
cr cr er
If the interaction equations above are not satisfied, an iteration of the design
must be performed.
The beam flanges are designed for tensile and compressive norma[ forces.
The ultimate allowable stress for the tension flange is equal to Ftu of the
connections, the efficiency factor is the ratio of the net area to the gross area
of the cap.
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 2 1
I. Web-to-Stiffener
attachment of the stiffeners to the web, the data in Table B4.8-I are recommended.
0. 025 AD 3 1.00
0. 032 AD 4 1.25
0. 040 AD 4 1.10
0. 051 AD4 1. O0
0. 072 AD 5 1.10
0. 081 AD 5 1.00
0. 091 AD 5 0.90
0. 102 DD 6 1.10
0. 125 DD 6 1. 00
0. 156 DD 6 0.90
0. 188 DD 8 1.00
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 22
II. Stiffeners-to-Flange
stiffeners to the flange. It is recommended that one rivet the next size larger
than that used in the attachment of the stiffeners to the web or two rivets the
III. Web-to-Flange
The rivet size and spacing should lie designed so that the rivet allowable
(bearing or shear) divided by q x p, the applied web shear flow times the rivet
spacing, gives the proper margin of safety. For a good design and to avoid
undue stress concentration, the rivet factor, Cr, should not be less than 0.6.
value of t and compute f = q/t. The problem is to find the moment of inertia
s
the desired Fs ' and Fs /_s if required. Ks is then found from equation (1)
cr cr
77 c,'m be obtained from Section C2.0. Then the margin of safety for the web is
S
F
S
er
M.S. - -1. (14)
f
S
design to save the expense of stiffeners. Actually, the web in most cases is as
light as, or lighter than, a web with separate stiffeners. There is a general
II. Web with round lightening holes having 45 degree formed flanges at
various spacing
SectionB4.8
15October i969
Page24
III. Web with round lightening holes having formed beaded flanges and
The webs with holes, II and III, also provide built-in access space for the many
Reference 11.
Section B4. S
15 (_tober 1969
Page 25
If web buckling occurs :ffter some application ¢ff load, tile shear load beyond
buckling is resisted in part by pure tension-field action of the web, and in part
by shear-resistant action of the web (Fig. 17). This action of the web is
T h tl-]l
In this theory, after initial web buckling, the total shear load is resisted by
that the analysis is conservative for the beams within the range of beams
tested. The experimental verification for the analysis was restricted to 2024S-T
alloys is not documented, and the designer must exercise considerable caution
The methods of analysis and design given herein are believed to furnish
normal design practices and proportions are used. The most important points
are:
tu/t> 0.6.
II. The upright spacing should be in the range
When h/t < 115, the portal frames effect and the effect of unsymmetrical
b spacing of uprights
qr
rivet shear load, web-to-flange and web splices
restraint coefficients
R d, R h
h height of stiffener
U
V
q: T (Is)
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 29
f = q/t (16)
S
c =k ss 12(1-p z) b Hh + 1/2(Rd
(17. a)
and
(17. b)
The value of kss is obtained from Figure 18. The values R h and Rd, the
restraint coefficients, are given in Figure 19. Figure 20 provides F for the
S
er
case _7 ¢ 1. When R h is very small, the value of the critical shear stress
calculated from the equation above may be less than the value computed
10
/
/
/
/
i f
J r-
!
k$$
i
d
f$] ¢
r±
m._r------_ _mm._-------- qlr-----_ I
r b vI
dc 'b
The loading ratio, fs/Fs , is used to determine the tension field factor, k.
cr
It may be calculated by
f > F , (18)
k-: tanh(0.5 logl0 fs/Fscr) S S
cr
Secti_,n B4.8
15 ()ctol)er 1!)6_)
l)age 31
Rk, R d 0.8
/
°, // t -
t! -
WEB
FLANGE
THICKNESS
THICKNESS
/i / t
Rh -
- STIFFENER
RESTRAINT
THICKNESS
COEFF. ALONG STIFFENER
tu
T ' t
4O
3O
2024-T3
F$cf
20
lO
l
lO 20 30 40 GO 60
F scr" q
or it may read from Figure 21. For values of f - F , the web is in the
S
er
unbuckled state.
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 33
1 N
;I <
.I
<
©
R
m
2
u M
9 bl
2 N
41 ©
r..)
<
qr_
2:
r_
i Z
f-
r_
o
o
• -. ¢D 0 0 0
The angle of the diagonal tension is then obtained from Figure 22, which
shows the variation of tan o_ as a function of k and tb/A . For double stiffeners,
ue
A
U
A = ,,. (19)
ue 1 + _e/p) 2
to a maximum value,
/
k = O. 78 - (t - O. 012) 1/2 , (20)
max
to avoid excessive wrinkling and permanent set at limit load, thereby inviting
fatigue failure.
The average web shearing stress, fs' may be appreciably smaller than
and cePDT, the angle that the buckles would assume if the web could reach the
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 35
-- z
0
Z
c) ill
•-'-" i.-
..I
.< Z
Z
o
es_
<_ _
O-
<
Z
0
q_
<
Z
<
=7J
, jj,i
C'I-
;.q
iI 7,/j / r_
i I/1/,ss /
J,.
.<
/
/
o_. 0 • • 0
O
II uol
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 36
0.12
0.08
cl
0.04
0
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
tan O[
1.2
c3
0.8
"_ 1/4
cob = 0.7 b t
c 2, c3 .(I c + It) h e .
Ic = MOMENT OF INERTIA OF
COMPRESSION FLANGE
0.d
It = MOMENT OF INERTIA OF
TENSION FLANGE
J
0 1 2 3 4
cob
15 October 1969
Page 37
S
]0
25
*p,W
45 48
35
30
25
20
I0
O.2 O.4 0.6 0J 1.8
k
)5
I
I
r
3O
- I e_h. DEG
J 4$
48
35
30
2S
2O
2O
state of pure diagonal tension without rupturing. The values of F have been
Sall
established by tests and may be called "basic allowable. " For different
I. Bolts, just snug, heavy washers under bolt heads, or web plates
II. Bolts, just snug, bolt heads bearing directly on sheet; reduce basic
allowables 10 percent.
The allowable stresses given are valid if the allowable bearing stresses on the
sheet or rivets are not exceeded. They are not valid for countersunk rivets.
Stiffener loads result from the web diagonal tension and the transverse load
S
CI"
P = ktbf tanoL + Nb 1- (22)
u s I fsF (td tb+ Au) 1 '
by the stiffener and the effective web. The effective width of the web working
b
e
- 0.5(l-k) . (23)
b
f
Sectiol_ B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 39
....... j
20 _
,!
I0
[ ] T
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
4O
3O
F'eli, kli 20
I0
0
0 0.2 0.4
P
tl
f = (24)
u A + 0.5(l-k) tb
ue
The maximum compressive stress in the stiffener occurs near the neutral axis
of the beam. The ratio of the maximum stiffener stress to the average stiffener
failing stress is a function of the web and stiffener properties. To guard against
excessive bowing and column stress, the following must be adhered to:
II. The average stress over the column cross section, feent = fu Aue/Au'
must not exceed the allowable stress for a column with the slenderness
ratio hu/2O.
h
U
L = b < 1.5h (25)
e '41 + ka(3-2 b/hu)
Page 41
//j p/r -
Lq
//I, f Z
_q
GO
'1I
Z
_q
E_
O _q
L_
,<
_q
>
<
/ 0
E_
;.q
E_
D_
V i ©
/ ©
/ W
£Xl
M
/ A , II I I" o
9
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 42
less than the allowable stress taken from the column curve for solid sections
the attached leg of the stiffener is deformed by being forced to adapt itself to the
/__\t 1/s
O \ L/
equation above.
criteria:
(fs- Fs )hI/3e
t = 0"23E (J-_bh2) , (28)
cr
Secth_n B4. S
15 ()ctob(,r 19(;!)
Page 43
it'--"
Y)
6O
1.0 10
9
0.9 .tO
8
0.8
S 7
4O
0.7
6
0.6 -- $
30
0.5 -_: 4
- 3
0.4 - 20
t u
k F o. ks,
.- 1.5 Fo, kS, -- 2 t
0.3
DOUBLE SINGLE
UPRIGHTS U PRIGH TS
10 -_
-- 1.5
8 - l0
0.2 9
7
-:: I.o
--- 8 0.9
6
--. 0.8
- 7
0.7
-- - 6
- 0.6
5 - 0.5
0.1 - 0.4
3 ---
10 7r
0,9 9
6fJ
08
07
If
0.6
0.5
_0
04
f: k*.l
O' o I'
w
.
20 t
DOUBLE SINGLE 2
0.3 UPRIGHTS UPRIGHTS
O2
1.0
10 0.9
9 0.11
0.7
8
0.6
7
6 0.5
0 1
0.4
where
(f S -F )het = total web shear load above buckling which can be carried
S
cr
before the stiffener cripples
where f and F are the maximum upright compressive stress and the
U O
In ax
alone, and f and F are the actual and allowable compressive stress,
co ce
An effective area of web plus upright may be used in computing f ee" The
The effect of the external load should also be investigated with respect to
f +f <F (30)
u ce co
and
f +f <-F (31)
cent ce c
the flange-parallel component of the web diagonal tension, and (3) secondary
diagonal tension.
s If
_ c 1- cr (32)
fprim If --_s ( 1- _- )
where
and
The total axial load because of the flange-parallel component of the web
P is positive for compressive axial load. The axial flange stress is then
a
Paxial
(34)
faxial = A +A +0.5(l-k)th
c t
where A _md A are the area of the compression and tension flange.
c t
(35)
sec see
f
where
Pb
u
M = C3 (over s tiffene r }
sec 12
and
Pb
U
M = C3 (midway between stiffeners)
sec 24
The allowable stress for the compression flange can be found by the methods
of Section C 1.0. The allowable tension stress for a tension flange is given by
V
q = h--
V (I +0.414k) , (36)
develop sufficient longitudinal shear strength to make the two stiffeners act as
2F Q
q = cy (37)
b L
S e
and
N'
= 0.22t Ftu (single stiffener) (39)
The interaction of shear and tension in the connectors is given in Reference 11.
P =f A (.i0)
U U tie
which gives the load in the stiffener. The connection must transfer this load
The previous discussion has been concerned with the "interior" Oays of a
beam. The vertical stiffeners in these areas are subject, primarily, only to
axial compression loads, as presented. The outer, or "end bay, " is a special
case. Since the diagonal tension effect results in an inward pull on the end
SectionB4.8
15 October 1969
Page49
from bending.
_) = kq cot _ (42)
for members normal to the neutral axis (stiffeners). The longer the unsupported
length of the edge member subjected to w, the greater will be the bending
There are, in general, three ways of dealing with the edge member subjected
II. Increase the thickness of the end bay panel either to make it nonbuckling
additional parts. )
Allowable Shear Flow: Figure 28 gives the ultimate allowable shear flow,
q, for 7075S-T6 Alclad sheet as a function of the sheet thickness, t, and the
stiffener spacing, b. The dashed line on the left is the approximate boundary
and permanent set when the web works at full strength. Stiffener spacings
The dashed line at the right establishes b' the absolute maximum stiffener
m_iX'
aspect ratio b/h = 0.5. Varying b/h has only a small effect on the curves, :is
can be seen from the curve for 0. 050 she(-t, where additional curves for
b/h = 0.2 and b/h = 1.0 are plotted. The relationship for other sheet gages is
area ratio plotted as a function of b/h and x/q/h, the square root ,)f ttm
structural index. This index is a measure of the loading intensity on the beam.
6OO0
._00
4OOO
3OO0
'I f
2,$00
20GO
I,$00
quit
lb.
tn.
I000
BOO
70_
6OO
f
_0
. 1 i
Io 12 h 16 la 20 22 24 26 28
b. ,_.
i
i I C/3
LC_
L'--
N
c_c_
_Z
Z_
!
_- !
zr_
r_m
Z_
M b-
C)
o
°1-
v-
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 53
area might be larger than that given in Figure 29 since a zero margin of safety
cannot always be obtained. The curves are for 7075S-T single-angle stiffeners.
f
Curves for double stiffeners or 2024S-T material, similar to Figure 29, can be
1. The desi_m shear flow, q, and the depth of beam, h, are usually known.
q and b are known. This figure can also be used to check the stiffener
4. Estimate the required value Au/bt with the aid of Figure 29.
e Choose a stiffener with the proper area. Unless the beam is very deep,
of failure.
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 55
REFERENCES
1. Wagner, H., "Flat Sheet Metal Girders with Very Thin Metal Web, "
f
Aeronautical Quarterly, February 1965, p. 92.
Section B4.8
15 October 1969
Page 56
o
Rockey, K. C., and Cook, I. T., "Shear Buckling of Clamped and Simply
pp. 95-114.
11. Bruhn, E. F., Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, Tri-state
12. Kuhn, P., Peterson, J. P., and Levin, L. R., "A Summary of Diagonal
Tension, " Parts I and II, NACA TN266 1 and TN2662, 1952.
13. Levin, L. R., "Strength Analysis of Stiffened Thick Beam Webs with
May 1953.
BIBLIOGRA PHY
:
Stein, M., and Fralich, R. W., "Critical Shear Stress of Infinitely Long,
April 1949.
FRAMES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
B5-iii
v
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 1
B 5.0.0 FRAMES
\,
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 2
MBA: --f--
where
Any Loading
MBA
_A El B [
MAB
AA
If 9A, eB and _AB are all equal to zero, then both ends of the
member are completely fixed against rotation or translation and the
member is called a fixed-end beam. The last terms of Eqs. (I) and (2)
are therefore equal to the so-called "fixed end moments". Denoting
fixed end moments as FEM and setting CA, _B and _AB equal to zero.
FEMBA _
2[
L
2(_°) A (_o) B 1 °°" .... ,°°°,°° .........
Fixed end moments for various type of loading are given in Table B 5.1.1-1
INF
KNF = stiffness factor for member NF = -- . ............. (5)
LNF
%m
DFbm- . .......................................... (7)
E K
b
where the summation is meant to include all members meeting at joint b.
I. P 2. P
M^ - -F..
_
PL
L
t
i
l_
2
PL
L a
Pab 2
3_
I L
b
pa2b
.I
aB = _ F" MA "7 MB - e2
o o
w Ib/In. w lb/in.
ltf_! ttttttltttt It flll_,
a ,m|
L I_ L
"V L •
2
wL 2 wL 2 11wL 2 = _ 5wL 2
MA " I-_-- MB = " i-_-- MA" 192 MB _
6. __ w Ib/In.
A+_..,'mmilt, iiiih,.. B
A _ B-
2
MB . . wa_._._ (4aL.3a2)
12L 2
_B
a
! |
2
wL 2 wL 2
MA . wa (10L2_10aL+3a 2)
MA " T MB " " 3-"0- 60--U
wa 3
MB - - -- (5L-3a)
60L 2
B 10.
a -i- b __
r L -
wL 2 wL 2
MA "-_- ( - I), M B- - -_- (3 -I', MA " 3"-_ MB " " 3"-_
Section B5
July 9, 1964
Page6
12.
L L L ,
Ii.A _.-- a _P a
P A_ ,_B
B
/-- e - /
t- L -,
15PL
MA = Pa(1 - _) MB = - MA MA = 48 MB = - MA
L
IllIIII" llt11111:
B ....
flIItifIIIl i_
A_'.._
,,__..
I I.__.
_ __._ A_ L _'
e
MA w (L3_a2L+4a3)
= wa6---L
2 (3L-2a) MB = - MA MA = 12--"L MB =-M A
A B A;, ,,
,_-- L ;= L¸ v _
i
I
wL 2 3wL 2
MA 30 MA = 3T MB " 160
3
_v_
MB- ZOLZ (5L-4a)
A_ :IItIItItttitt7ttl_'_,,
L. L
wL 2 wL 2
MA = 13.52 MB = - 15.8"----_
MA = l___ x(L_x)2f(x)d x
L2 o
L
MB _ -i [ x2(L_x)f (x)dx
L 2 ,)
O
_J
Sect ion B5
12 September 1961
Page 7
Fig. B 5.1.i-2
Henc e,
I
.......................................... (9)
Mmb = _Mbm
The sign convention adopted for this work deviates from the usual
convention used in elemen_ beam analysis as found in Sec. B 4.1.1 of
this manual. The positive sense for moments has been adopted from the
convention used in slope-deflection equations; namely, moments acting
clockwise on the ends of a member are positive. (See Fig. B 5.1.1-3)
o Compute the fixed-end moments for each loaded span and record
with proper signs as shown in example problem one.
.
Move to a new joint and repeat the process for the balance and
carry-over of moments for as many cycles as desired to meet the
accuracy required by the problem. The unbalanced moment for
each cycle will be the algebraic sum of the moments at the
joint recorded below the last horizontal line.
PROBLEM #I. Compute the end moments and draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for this frame.
'D_Z-T
-
1=2 I
P1 = 5 kip 25' P2 = i0 kip
w = 2 klp/ft
i_ 15-,-
40' _!
_ 25'-_- 35
I I
AB BA BC DC CB CE CD EC
DF
× .08
.44
.I
.56 × .i
.33
.129
.41
.08
26
I04 -104 +18 0 -25 +50 0 -5O
+38 +48 -8 -i0 -7
+19 -4 +24 -5
+2 +2 -8 -I0 -6
+I -4 -3 -5
+2 +2
Fig. B 5.1.2-1
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page i0
5 kip i0 kip
2 kip/ft
I i II
----20'---_
+27.48 kip
-22.52 kip
- SHEAR DIAGRAM -
-6 klp-ft
[+189 kip-ft
+13
kip-ft
i
|
-60 kip-ft
-62 kip-ft
-124 kip-ft
- FINAL MDMERT DIAGRAM -
Fig. B 5.1.2-2
Section B5
15 February 1970
Page II
I2h
K _
for cases i through 18
IL
1
IIS 2
K _ m
for cases 19 through 28
12S 1
Section B5
,,12 September 1961
Page 12
i • VERT. CONCENTRATED VA = Qb VE = Q - VA
L
LOAD
30ab
H =
2Lh(2K + 3)
,1 !g c ! D
F FOR SPECIAL CASE: a =b=
L
2
h '9_-"-- L "-"_
i
I V A = V E =Q 2 l
! _-I I Ii-_
!
H = 3QL I
8h(2K + 3)
4 H
L =" '
VA VE
2. VERT. CONCENTRATED VA =QbL I I + @(b - a) VE = Q _ VA
LOAD L2(6K + i) -I
Q H = 3qab
2Lh(K ! 2)
V
I '_--'- L _
__Qab | l (b,- a)
I MA L [ 2(K + 2) 2L(6K + I)
i
h
i qab 1 + (b -
ME = L 2(K + 2) 2L(6K + 1)_ l
A
E FOR SPECIAL CASE:
L
a = b = -
VA = V E =R
2 .L,
VA VE
2 = qL
MA = ME 8(K + 2)
HE QaibK(a + h) ]
C' I/ D = 2h h2(2K + 3) + I
Q B j
' I a =h
FOR SPECIAL CASE: b = O,
hI 13_
a_ J -i
V . 9-b-
L
L E .__
HE HE = HA = Q
2
V V
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 13
_ 3(_a2K
4. HORIZ. CONCENTRATED
V = Lh(6K + i) HA = Q HE
LOAD
HE = Qab h h + b + K (b a) I
2h 2 L b h(K + 2)
+ h
= Qa
2h L b(hh(K+ +b +2) bE)
MA
f
/
Qa [ -b(h + b + bE)
ME 2h [ h(K + 2)
+ h
(6K + i)
]
FOR SPECIAL CASE: b = O. a = h
E;
3qhK
V = e(6K + i)
HA = HE = 2_ _-I "I
MA = ME : Qh(3K
2(6K +
+ I)
I) _ _
= wc
w r d4"
12dL-12d2-c 2
H = ]Xl
_ + x2
+ _\ 3wc
= 24Lh(2K + 3)
BC_'_'_1 )
ii
where:
F =__[ d 3 " bT
X2 wc
24L 24_-- "bc2 + 3_+ 2c2 - 48d2 + 24di
L
FOR SPECIAL CASE: a = O, c = b = L, d =-
2
VA VF wL
VA VF :T
a b
d=L
2 2 wL 2
H=
4h(2K + 3)
Ip u
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 14
V F = wc - VA
3(X 1 + X 2) X1 + X2 X1 X2
_--- b ----_I
H = 2h(K + 2) MA = 2(K + 2) 2(6K + i)
h _------L -.-_
X1 + X2 XI - X2
MF = 2(K + 2) + 2(6K + I)
L
FOR SPECIAL CASE:
a = O, c = b = L, d = 2
wL
VA ffiV F = _-
2
wL wL 2
H = 4h(K + 2) MA = MF = 12(K + 2) n_ ,r
3 [x3+x4
H ffi
_ 3wc+ 3) [ de -
2K + _'_= 4LN(2K c182 d2 ]
i WHERE:
we c 51c 3 c2b . d2
h X3 = " _ + _- + _ + 6L
.,- I1
I X4 wc d3 c2 51c 3 c2b 2d 2 + dL
ffi 2L L + _ + 810L 6L
L
FOR SPECIAL CASE:
t wL
a=o, c=b=L, d =_
V s --
a 2b 6
d _L .==c_
3 3 wL 2
H =
8h(2K + 3)
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 15
8. VERT. TRIANGULAR
X3 - X4
RUNNING LOAD VA =wcd + X 3 and X 4 are
2L L(6K + i) given in case 7
wc 3(X3 + X4)
V F = _- - VA H = 2h(K + 2)
X 3 + X4 X3 - X4
MA = 2(K + 2) 2(6K + I)
X3 + X4 X3 - X4
MF = 2(K + 2) 4 2(6K + I)
L
FOR SPECIAL CASE: I
a=o, c=b=L, d = 3
VA = 6--
wL
I ] IO(6K
i 1 + i)
MA_ _ MF
VA VF V F = _-- I + 20(6K + I)
a 2b wL 2
d =L H =
3 3 8h(K + 2)
MA--Z-=12v K+ 5 2
wL 2 [ --+6K+ iI i
9. HORIZ. UNIFORM
RUNNING LOAD v =w%_" c27
2L H4 = w(a - c) - HF
KIw_a2-c2)(2h2-a2.c2) I
w<a 2 - c 2) +
D _---iL ---- HF = 4h
8hB(2K + 3)
wh 2
__[ Ii j h V = --
2L
HA = wh - HF
V V
HF = 4E I + 2(2K K 1
+ 3)
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 16
HA = w(a - c) - HF
_---L -----
D E
• 2 2, X= X_(K - I)
%-12
nF - 4h - 2-h _ _ _
WHERE:
2 K +------26K + i + X5
6K + f
wh 2 F 18K + 5
wh(2K + 37
HF = 8(K + 2) MF - 24 | 6K + i K+2
MA = 2-4-- 6K + 1 + +------2
K
w 213°K+7
ii H
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 17
VL KX7
X7 = w 13(4d5+b5) _ 15h(3d4+b 4) +
120h2(d-b)
a h 20h2(2d3+b 3) _ 15bd2(2h_d)2
HA = w(a 2 c) _ HF HF _ 2-_
- VL + h(2K I0
+ 3)
D --L I
WHERE:
I I
b
f=- i W
-30h2c (a2-c 2) + 20h2(a3-c 3)
Xlo = 120h2(a.c)
+ 15c(a4-c 4) - 12(a5-c 5)
h
FOR SPECIAL CASE: b=c=o, a=d=h:
wh 2
V = --
3L
_ HF
wh
V 1 ' HA =,_- - HF
w(a - c)
HA = 2 " HF
--- L
°I,II u
"F =
w( a2 +
"
ac - 2c 2)
i mh'
X8
" _
. x9(K-l)
_
WHERE:
MA "_"
Ew ac
0a2+
2c2x8
1
2(6K + I)
+ x9
_- [K +I 2 + 6K 3K
+ i]+X s
xsl
_'- K+ 1 2 6K+3K i 1
ii=....i.
wh(3K + 4)
HF = 40(K + 2) HF wh 2 [ '2(6K+I)
=6-'_ 27K+7 K+2
MA wh2
" _O- I 27K
2(6K +
+ 7
I) + 3K +
K + 7 1
2
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 19
w(a c)
HA = 2 . HF
E
where:
4 ]
r
V V - 20ch(a3-c3)]
x,:l
MA = 2(6K + I)
x:2
+--2-- I K +1 2 + 6K 3K
+ I ]+X:I
I 3K+I](w(2a2-'ac-c2)
6 - XII ] _ X22
MF = 2(6K + i) 2
K+2 6K+l
P
3Kwh 2
HA " w__h_h
.
V = 4L(6K + I) 2
MF wh2
" _- I 21K
6K ++ 6i K +1 2'] Jl
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 20
H = 3(b - L/2)M
nh(2K + 3)
V=-L _-_M
h I1
I i
3M i
H = 2h(2K + 3)'
l t
V V
H = 3(b - a)M
2Lh(K + 2)
ME = VL - M - MA
V V
V _._
L<I+ 6_) CM I
{
3M i
H -
2h(K + 2)
(sK- I)M
IdA " 2(K + 2)(6K + I)
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 21
B5.1.4 Particular Solution of Bents and Semicircular Arches (Cont'd)
3M
H____ A _L E H =
2h(2K + 3)
lv q) q)
y--L -M
[ 4a 2+2ab+b2+K (26a2-5b2)
MA = 2h2(K+2)(6K+I)
b + 6aK2(2a-b)]
_ ! 12
BM:
ME =VL-M-M A
b
r I FOR SPECIAL CASE: a=o ; b=h
!A _
__._,- E
_,_
H 6KM I
V =
MA_-J L(6K + i)
V
3M
H=
2h(K + 2)
= M(5K- i)
MA 2(K + 2)(6K + I)
Section B5
15 February 1970
Page 22
Re
VD =L
_ Re rb d _a+c) ]
= h Li + 2a2(K + i) J
]
D L L - 2a 2 J
qc2d
MD 2a2(K + I)
!H
,A=Q -H D
d _h+c) ]
2h2(K + i)
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 23
HD = Qc b + d (h+d)(-b[3K+4] - 2L)
4 va_ q_- b --_r Lh' 6h2(K+I) [ I]
+ 2(2L+b)(h+e) + 3acl
1
e _MD
HA _ I_ HD
MA qcd + , I) [ (h+d)(3K+4)
= 6h2(K - 2(h+c) I
V V
MD = _cd . (h + 2c + d)
6h2(K + i)
' B wa 2
Vc = 2-i-
1_ ii_j _S 2 I2
H = wa2
8-_- 14b
l- + 1 +-----f
i ]
LB 12 wa
H __
24Lh(K + i) b(10 + 9K) + 2L + a ]
S2
wa2{3K + 2)
MA = 24(K + I)
2
VA VC._ H wa
M =
___ "dMc c 24(K + i)
L_D-
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page24
B 5.1.4 Particular Solution of Bents and Semicircular Arches (Cont'd)
I1 12
_A = wh
wh 4b
i Hc
_c "_- _-+_ K+I
HA _I_ . _
vf L----_v
26. HORIZ. UNIFORM 3wh 2
RUNNING LOAD
8L
_A " wh -M C
k_
wh
[ b(3K + 4) + a]
_ 8L(K + I)
wh2(SK+ 2) wh 2
_A " 24(K + I) MC = 24(K + I)
V V
L L!
vr
Section B5
12 September 1961
Page 25
H = 3M(a - bK)
2he(K + I)
/
KM
MA = 2(K + I)
_- b M
MC = 2(K + I)
b_ S.
c
jMc
L -T
V V
29. S INUSOIDAL
_k C_R
NORMAL PRESSURE V -
4
CR
I 4
b(Ib/in.)
30. S INUSOIDAL
NORMAL PRESSURE
C_R
V -
4
b(Zb/in.)
13_8 2 _2- 32 ] = 31974CR
H=_L
M_ CR2 [_3i0_.]_
- = .05478CR 2
4 8 2
F
/
M 0 = CR 2 |.81974 sin 0
b=C sin0 rv
cosO
- .s4018 + -7-- _ - o) }
(7
31 • UN IFORM NORMAL
PRESSURE
I
M m 0 at all points since pin points
permit a uniform hoop tension.
T, where :
T m V = bR
in. )
H_O
It
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 27
f-
define the sequence to be followed.
Procedure
(i) Set out the neutral axis of the ring between the end points T
and O. (In a complete ring T and O coincide.)
(2) Divide the neutral axis into a _umber of segments which are
conveniently but not necessarily of equal length As. Ten to
twenty segments will usually give sufficient accuracy. Mark
the Joints and central points of the segments. In symmetrical
rings a complete segment should lie each side of the axis of
symmetry.
(4) For a built-in ring, calculate a and b from equation (I) below
which defines the elastic center C and the axes X' and Y' (See
Figures B5.2.0-I and -2.)
(5) For a built-in ring obtain the co-ordinates x', y', and the angles
_' at the segment centers. For a pinned ring obtaiL_ x, y, and
directly. In syLi_etrica] rings only half the ring need be con-
sidered.
Section B5
July 9,1968
Page 28
fo -- 3
9 / '
Neutral_
y Note : e=O
i
Neutral 7 6
9 ' 4 X
2 j
0 T
6 5 4
7 6
Neutral Axis
9 4
_S 3
"%\1 71/'
O T
July 9, 1968
Page 30
(6) Note that _, 8, and _' are measured as shown in Figure B5.2.0-I.
The angle must originate at the end coming from O, and be measured
counterclockwise to the end going to T.
For the slope of the tangent to the neutral axis of the element,
use the slope at the midspan of the element.
General Notes
I. Limits of Application
The method may be applied to any ring or curved beam in which the
deflections are linear functions of the loads and in which the
elementary formula connecting curvature and bending moment holds.
II. Calculations
(2) The calculations are shown in tabular form using finite segments.
Graphical integration may also be used and in exceptional cases an
analytical method may be applied.
(3) The referenced table is set out for an arbitrary built-in ring, but
is also applicable when the supports T and 0 "give" elastically
(See General Note III, 6.) In all other cases the size of the table
is reduced but the form is essentially the same. A considerable
reduction in the numerical work is possible when the ring is
symmetrical (See notes IV and VI.)
(5) Numerical Accuracy. Although the data in columns 1-6 and 24-26
will not exceed three-figure accuracy it is necessary to retain
four or five figures in the remaining columns in order that the
final results shall be correct to three figures.
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 31
#- Equations required and the stage at which they are used are as
follows:
Z x o As
E1
(i) a .
F
YO &s
b=
E1
A_Ks _ As
2Ex'y' E1 >; sin 2_h' _,(
tan 20 =
.,) As 2, r_, As As
y,(x 'rz - y' _-- >; cos GA'
As
-EMoY _ + _3N o cos _' _
As _ LSo sin _" As
_,
X = -
Z'Y_ As .-, _, As As
Section B5
July 9,1968
Page 32
As As As
EM ox _-__
_I + ZN o sin _- es o cos _--
GA'
y
As As As
Zx2 _ + _ sin2 _ E-A + _ c°se _ G--A'
As
ZM --
o E1
M = -
c As
It. E-"_
M : M c- Xy + Yx + M °
N = N + Xcos _ + Y sin
0
coefficients, kTm , kTn, krs; kom, kon, koS. Thus kTm is the
movement normal to _$
As i As 1 As 1
As I As 1 As I
Section B5
July 9,1968
"r Page33
! !
(I) CY is the line of symmetry and columns 4-12 are not required
as X, Y1and _ are calculated directly.
(5) Note that only half the ring need be considered in the table,
i.e., elements 7-12 and support 0 . For symmetrical loading
M and N are symmetrical and S antisymmetrical. For anti-
symmetrical loading M and N are antisymmetrical and S symmet-
rical. The summations are, of course, only to be taken over
half the ring.
(I) Columns 4, 12, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 38, and 39 are
not required.
A : cross-sectional area
A' = effective area of cross section for shear stiffness
C : elastic center : centroid of elastic weights As/E1
E = Young's modulus
G = shear modulus
I = moment of inertia of cross section
k : elastic constants of supports T and O (see note 111,6)
July 9,1968
Page 36
[e__]
gV sVJ ' _Z uT
!
o
L_
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 37
/f
"0
X
v
!
0
i
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 38
o=
v
I
0
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 39
,aO
÷ cO
¢q '.0 I
p_
on
4- oO
t_ ¢,3
Z ¢,q ._.
tr3
-a-on
¢.4 "4-
4,, --..1"
o
p_
,.-.4
O_
on
o
oO
on
!
o ,--4
p-.
o4 on soo X H_
_u._s X 0 X
¢0 Z_
<
E-4 co
u_ X X
oO >*
>4
on
bO -,-4
0
I
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 40
Given :
P = I00 Ib Ra = 47 in. 6
Q : I00 Ib E I0 x I0 psi
M = I000 in.-Ib C = 3.85 x 106 psi
R = 50 in. A = 11 x l
o
A' = 5/6 A (See Ref. 7)
Problem:
>
>
/
0
o |
O_
Imaginary Rigid
Bracket
Section A-A
Figure B5.2. 1-2 Typical Frame Cross Section
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 42
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
.=
AS AS AS r_
Segment X i _q ¢q
!
or EI EA GA'
0
o
Points
9 i0 iI 12 13 14 15 16 17
W ! !
Y
_9
! 0
g_ _9 0
O
o
18 19 2O 21 22 23 24 25 26
M o No So
% 0 % o
u) o o
10-6 10-_ 10 -6 10 -6 10 ±_ 10 -6
Page 45
B5.2.1 Sample Problem (Cont'd)
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
U3 < U3 <
U_ L0
,3
Lt_ t-4 03 03
_.1 -,q O -r4 0 x >*
09 O 03 U
O O O O O O 0
z Z O3
See Note 111(5)
24x I 24×13×i 24x 14xl 25x 16x2 125xt7x2 26x16x3: 26x17x3 Xxt4 Yxt3
36 37 38 39 40 41 42
O .= O M N
o o
X >.
See Note HI (5) M c + '24 25+ 37 26 + 36
X× 16 Xx 17 Y× 16 Yx17 -34 +35 + 38 - 39
: : i
• " i : .....
• | '''
:i ...... i........ i........
...'. . •
i": ':
.... | ....... , .....
•,i....i ........
.._..! ;_-;i[ .....
; : :
S I i
"1 "" i r l
[
:.:fill ' :.'>.iii .'I i.,,:-,;-:i,; :t ,, ,:'. :,"
: , • , ", ':'.. I ]
: i
!..,:1. .... : i ...._
:!'" _:"_ .... i .................
,1.. i .... i • ;
!
,i..... ; i" ':: ..] ..,.....,.........:::::::::::::::::::
"', .'I: " "• ' :""
I "." .:..'::" :'.':: ....
.... ":'l "". .... :': ":;: ::1.::::
• , , : : ,,. ,
l , : ": ;',,::':::I
:L• - ....
i'i'i]lt5 2• I S;irnldC i)roi,l('rn ICont'd) .:: :::.::i..iLF:r :.....:1', .... ::i: "} :l . } • }:... . • : . .. 'i
. " .. ....... . .... : .-_-.*'"
."%'.'"---.*:-.'-."'--.: . ............. ............... . : . .
:.." ! " ." "i.':'i '" ' : "i'" i. ": :'.J. .:'.L ' ..' ': " : " i" . ""._1 : "':" • " ! '" '
I-IL...L-;:.I i :_::i:...:I_.:.
!...L:.L.::!....:.:.;
....:::::::::::::::::::::::::-:.:;..]..
i:.:.::....i:.-l:i..i:::.ii.-!:.:.;l:i:.:.:..!
....:...:.. i:.. i .....
l:i :...;!i i.:ii_l:::;...!...:..;..: : .. ! ....._.::.;..,:....._..:.. .:::..,::.;.:.. ....!..;.:..!::..;.:, .: ....... ....
.... • |.'" : . •• • .'.l• Jt • " : ": • " .... , |' " ; ; : • : • • : : • :•
i ........... .... •
: " : I I ......... i ....... I ....... :l l , '':" t ": "" .: " .' ........ : • ,':. : "" ..
• " . ._ ..i... i...:..:;_
'::: Pi" I • ' ;" ; ": I_L : t" • "1 ' ! " I ; "t :'" " F ": 'i
::.... I.::i" :1" :!" 'i::':i" _ " !k: '; :."l: ..... !' I :'1 .... , "" ':'1 ...... _' "" r :" 'T" ' ! "" ';' :
_i!i_.] ;; ! .... i.-._:.: ....... !\ ....I......::1::......:II...:! ;:;i .... ! ..... _£.:....i:_;....._......... i. ;
'.-,,':T, ..... " "' "! " • l ' _ "' I I ' _' ";:
..... • ,: ...... ! . : . ;
, . :
I _ I , :
' ' : li • : .. • -_,• :" ' ' /; I..... :
",
......:..... :, " : I I
• ........... : _ : • • ,
................
,:....... . ...... _ I
ITS::-
:i: Ii:: i ::\ i: ii: ', i : i::: i
,':_;i: i : : :_'. ';" :_ "" ' i:.:' r • I ; : • .I .':'" I .:: : i " ] I
........
.."--:...!
.................|,,..I...:--::
; • .....
..:.:...,
''
......... 1I........
...... i'-::' ......
:l "........
"1__
'' :%'::':"
. " _ ..
I ........ "I
..
.......
• ! :
:
,,1
....
!
.:
.:.I
•'"":r .... I .....
.'::
• i .........
' _ •l_ _1'" ......
'' • I
....,ll....,., t..l.. 1,.,.....i,.,....
...... ,_,;...._, .,L._
• _ :':":"
........ "::
.., '!1"1,
...,,. " ,.r.' ' 1" " • : III
'" I,d .......
'
' ;:
"t.,,, " "
'
'.
'
'.
iL'._2:.I-..:... I ...... ;..... :'-": ....... ..I.......... ;. .-:1 ...... :;.: ..."1 -..---..- -.;.';: ..........
::::::; " i '. i. i ! ; :';i: _'- -'_ :i:Y :
i{:::!._;i .. : .:! " i: !: ::! : • ., _i:!il ' " i .:;[;:-
•":-E::._-ta": ........ :;.... :.-.: .:--:-'.-:-.: ....... k-i ---! .... ;'t--.=1.,-;; i'i;:: ...... !........ :!'-;H'i'i,"
........ _ ............. ,...: ..:.;
:::;':: ..... • • : '::: : '. : i ..1',] ; I!! :.1_;: +_ _ii,!__ . • ..:_::::'.::;;:;;
_i_ii_!:::l
i: :: " :.:j !:: " :::.i.... I: :ItL I!i : "!!i_i;:. :l: !;-:;1::. :-.!....:..,!...."-'l_;:;!;-i.::!.. • :;::_i:_i_!i
•,":---_;=._.- .... -=...;:..- ............ L .......... ".... _..',_=-...=_ ...... ,....... :,....... I ..... "'", .... ",............ •...... I :";":'I'.-.':'::';':";"E;
::. ':: :: . ' • I ' ! " " " ;- " I _ I " "|: ": "| " " ' ' : '1 " , I, : i "| : ; " _ _ :'" i :i I : I
The values for Mo, No, and S o are calculated and shown in the tables
on pages 52 and 53. The necessary formulas for computing the shear flows
are shown below. In these equations, counterclockwise shear flow is con-
sidered positive.
P -M
In order to perform the calculations for Mo, No, and So, the shear
force acting on each segment must be known. This shear force is obtained
by multiplying the average shear flow acting on the segment by the length
over which it acts.
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Pa_e 51
the typical segment in Figure B5.2.1-7, this average shear flow is:
l ÷ tt tit)
qavg. = _ {qa 4qa + q_
where:
tt
q_!
f!
q_
The formulas used for computing the values in the tables on pages 52
and 53 are listed under the cables. The index (n) refers to the column
number and its range is indicated where necessary. The formulas for So,
No, and M o are applicable for all values of n, therefore, the index was
omitted.
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 52
e_
t!
+ +
h
fl H I$
e_ el e_ II
>
II
e_
II
II II fl II
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 53
0
i@4 _ _ _ u_ _ _D _D _ ¢q Q0 x-_ OO Cq OO _ c_D ¢q'O r _- P- ¢q_ _--
o I
r"
O I
Z _ ......................................... t._
I
IIIIII
I II
.=
iilllll
II
4_'_'_'_'4'_'_'d'_'C'_'_'_'d'_4
i'_ _ _ _ ,I _, _ _ _ _ , "'_'_' z
II
c_
°, ., °. °, °. °, °. 0. .. ° .I °1 °i .i .i .i °1 01 °1 ol °1 .i °
I I I I I I
O
c_
> !
O
q
_
Vl I II II II
--;I
Section B5
July 9, 1968
Page 54
B5.0.O - FRAMES
References
• Roarke, R. J., Formulas for Stress and Strain, p 1120, Third Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1954.
r
SECTION B6
RINGS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
..._. B6-iii
.,.r..z
Section B 6
July 9, 1964
Page l
B 6.0.0 Rin_s
p ".
--._..
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 2
dm dm
S = ds rd_ ................................ (i)
N+dN S+dS I X
(N+dN)
7-
P_Rd_ N_-
N
de
(a)
(b) 2
Fig. B 6.1.0-1
Section B 6 .
July 9, 1964
Page 3
dS
N = - d-_ - P_R .......................................... (2)
Load
q q
P 2 2
(a) (h)
Fig. B 6.1.0-2
Because of symmetry Y = 0
S f S sin _5 P sin
= _R 3 _ Rd95 R cos _ = _R = _R
O
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 4
_ PR
¢_ (I _ cos ¢ sin
¢)2
o P
P
T Mp¢ = -_ R sin ¢
Fig. B 6.1.0-3
Z =+i
R_Y - +I
R sln¢
0
Fig. B 6.1.0-4
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 5
_R 3
E1 5xx = / (-R cos _ )2 Rd_ 2
o
Deflections due
R3 to unit loads
E1 5yy = / (-R sin ¢)2 Rd¢ 2 shown in
o
Fig. B 6.1.0-4
3PR 3
/ < I _
cos__ _ _ -2sin P _ PR (-R c°s_ ) Rd_
o
o/ o
PR_ _2
sin_ + i
_ cos_
._ psinp_
(+I)2
_ Rd_ - 3P"2
_ xo 3P
X;
4_
xx
Redundant obtained by equating
5 deflections.
zo 3PR
Z - =
2_
gz
By superposition
M = Mp + Mq + XM x + ZM z
S" dM
R_ = [ - sin_
2 + (_-_) cos _ ] P
2--_-
N = - dS
d-_ = [ (_" _) sin_ + 3 cos
2 ] 2nP
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 6
Sign Convention
Transverse forces which act upward to the left of the cut are
positive.
+S
+M
Index
.
o I0.
p IP
13.
_.d M'
18. 20.
P_ =Pmax c o s P_ =Pmax cos (2_
ax
p
_a x
k r _f '-
f
il . I
N
f
/
/
/
\ ./
I "o
\ i
cu
\ 'b
o
\
>-... }
/
C
jf
J
/r
i,
r
I
jl f "o
/
/
/,
0
9
I_ _- Lf'__
q o o• o. 9 9 ?. o,.
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page i0
/
/ J
/
/ ...... ! g¢_
/
j/ J • rr 5
r
I / .o
/ _,. ----+p-- 0
/ /
/
8
J O
0
\ /
\\ _b e4
/ Q
• F + 8
N
\
i
IN
".\ b
\
\
% 0
\
Q
0
\
\ . J
" ,/ /j/I
%% ....
+
/X " ! o
°
"/ _ -
0
0
__ __ _,]
S
//
/ / / / .... _-- ............. i __
d / ..... _ - ..........
/
/
/ \ / 0
t 0
/ \kk//
i /-
t ...... O
0
\ f
o/ t ,t
!< "_ _'_ I ___ °0
v
Z
E
O
io
/
/
/
eo
I
O4 o.
I f I' I' I"
v O (D O4 (D C_
N. o. o. O o q - - i_
I I I I I
Section B 6
,f
n
4\
yl
J
J
f I,
b_ _ / LI f
J
P
I f r Z
f J
f f -i
( f
Xx ..
_<
f
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 12
f i /
J j o
f j 0
J I
I'
f 0
\ f
J o
\ / i
I
fl 0
t i o
i"
0
o
J _;oz ¢q
_ oz 0
o
_0
oJ
\
L %
o- J
Y-.
-.
\.o
)o
i j °
11
\ -
\
\
-...
7
J
k i
) J
J
A j-
_J
z _J
-j cO
1 /
O/t
f/
J ( /
\
i • I
/r
i i
t f
,i
f
v _ _ N - o I"
J
i'
,/
b
/
I_..
h
/
I
a.
k b
f
J \
i r \
i
i
/
f
f J
i i
J
s v
i f
i
\ i 4
Fs w
\
\
\
\
k
) _>
l
J
jf \
J
J
J
/
f i
J
J
f
_J
/
f
-_. q O.
o
o. O. q Q 0 0 0 0
I" I' I" I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 14
Q. f jr !--
/ o
--_ o .,_" / 7-.... ,o
/ // ,I
/, ON
i / ,/ o
n ii Ii • _
5:oz i b
i 0
'N,_" \ b
• ",_,,, _ k'M
/ j,- i __
/ / z o
,i /" ," b
----7- ....
I i" / / / -
,- / ._ o
i , /
t / j'/ --
t 0
I// / ..,, "
" <'
0
( / i
f
\_ i -_ o
°
\ o
0
i; "\ \
' "\ _ b
, .,_ _
/_ , _.
_oz_ _. _ _ -. o 7 e_ _ _. to.
v vv • I' I" I i
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 15
i
I
I
\ f
.... O
\ J
J O
f
,F
oJ
O
O
O
\ ro
O
a.
o
O
O
oJ
J
@
J
O
a. jf
J \ oJ
ro
J
J ) 0J
J
f /
f
/ O
I! J ¢q
J
O
f J O
J GO
J
\ J o
O
/ O
x
( O
\ O
oJ
\
O
"\\ 8
O
S
o
r
jJ \
_f
J
7
J
f _/ o
O
f /
--%. 0 --. 04 rO
I I' l"
<)=
0 CO Od
o. O o. o -
I I I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 16
B 6.1.1 In-Plane Load Cases (Cont'd)
_J
f 0
J 0
J
od
I¢)
_J
J
f
J
/ l¢)
I
/ --. _o ,
o,I
/ E,
oJ
o. o-
0 Z t L
v X oJ
II iJ ||
=E 0 Z
L
\ od
\ 0
0
\ j
oO
O.
_p
i\
0
0
J
J
_f
I. I
f
S
i r
/
f / 0
J / 0
J
f
/ 0
/
f oD
@
0
f _P
_Z _r
0
0
I " o,I
0 c_ to
I I ! I I
0
V. N 0
I" I I" I" T
v
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 17
_-'- -_._ , to O
L
f-
O
O
J
) o
I J O
a,. _'_1_. I
f
I j J _
f
,f
f
0
O
0
O
0
O
N
) o
L.._.._ _
_....-
O
n
0
f _ O
o
O
J
f
J
lJ
) o
f J 8
f- _ _ s _
Q
O
(10
t _
i
)
f
I
J
i r 0J
I
f
ff l_
N -- O
Q Q ?.
O _ O O
m
-- O O
Q o 9. 9.
Section B 6
July 9, 1964
Page 18
/ J
W / i
i f
/
/ i
f
/
f
(.I
v
_;v
o
v
z
2" ,I
(! ,
i| I| II fA
0.
\
I'\,"" _p.-,
O4
- _ / l ..2 t
f /
/ /
J
f
]
1/
,i
/ /
t I
/
\ %
/"
,/
ir i i /
I i
f
f
/
/
J
I
I ( I
• i/,, _
>'..._
\
/
\ /"
/
/ i /
i
I /
f /
/ i
i
/
( /
t
f
\ ix __ t
• A
\ /
¢t, ,¢ I" I I
¢0 0 -vf
- - o. O. o o -. I
I I I I I
Section B 6
July 9, 1964
Page 19
I
]
I I.--
b,
--- - +---- _ _....,. I
i
I - ---
I ro
I
i [ b
[- , I
-1- -K ?:>
b
'- .,,, i --4 --
I
_ . ÷___
_I _ _
oJ
1
.... -_!__
-1 '
.... +
i --*-
, \
I
t-- --I _ , /
1
I
\,
_'[_.
/
, _ i /
.... __ ____,
- 44 I
l
I
1 r
I \
I Q C
I I
0 0
0 0 0 0 --
o. o. o. _. o. o.
I I i I !
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 20
\. i f" O
_L O
o
i'M
rO
0 Z _-- ........ "7
O
Ivv \ I" t li
I II II %.
iOZ - I i
GO
'\/I ¢J
I "_ %
/i \\ k, N
o
_= ................ _ \ o
(Xl
i'M
\ I
_-.. /
p _
,,s
J o
.,._ _ _ _t.., 7 o
_ ............. 7
/ 0
0
/
_o
1\/"
I/'_, 0
o
X" \
/ t _
F L ........ _-"
/ ....... 7-"
/ / 0
o
/ -
_/ / /
o. _. _ _. N. o N. _,- _. q
I" I' ' T
_ 0
Oa --. -- 0 _ 0 0 --..
• I" I" I I" I"
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 21
k_ i
I r O
0
-\
/ 0
0
0
0
O
11 "+"
/
/ 11/ /
_N
fl /
(
\
_'o LO N cO _1" 0 _ _ oa _ 0
O4
q o o o o o o -- --
• o• o• 9° ot' oI" 9" q=
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 22
./ I
t I
J
/
,,j /
/
/
\
\
\
\
\
\ N
\ / Q
\ e" /
/ / ,
\/
/
t
I
fl"
/ / /
o. / /
z
II /
/ / !
f !
Z
!
% \ I
v
II / %
(3 o
\
IE \
n
v
II
=E
"o
(M
0 Z--
Section B 6
]5 September 1961
Page 23
B 6.1.1
In-Plane Load C,'_ses ____
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 24
B 6.1.1 In-Plane Load Cases (Cont'd) _J
,, ,, , \, • /
" /°o
IF. o;z
\ /" //
\ /" _- oo
"_ . _ pJ / I
f
/
a
\ / . 1
J
N
>-
,- J
%
- )oo
%
\ .i / _ o_
\
Z
i •
I'
v_9 _. o"
Q o o
i
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 25
°J,I I
jr
J
)
a. 11 J
m-
f
I
'°
_I _
f_
J
i
a.
)
J
f
f
f
_I J
f
I
fJ
/ I
J "o
f
J
I"--
I
J
I
f
_v
11
_. , _ ' .
I I" I'
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 26
ro oJ I _ ¢_ r0
• q o 0 0 q q q
\ /
/
\ 0
O_ X 0 Z 0
__
II II II
_'_OZ \ 0
0
"-L / 0
//
0
_I 0
I
I
vP
D
0
0
0
l 0
o. 0
\ 0
\
\ \
I°
0
0
/
"\ I
_D
0
f 0
J
/ 0
/J J/ ./ 0
J
0
I 0
/ T 9
J
¢.f I f _
/- /
/ °0
/ J ,./ N
v
_zj /'o " I I l
o N. --.
I" I" I I'
0 0 _ oo _ _D 0
_ 0 0 0 0 -- --
l" I" I I /
SecEkun ]_ D
15 Suptembec ]-_JU I
Page 27
o
0
(.D
\_ k If _- to)
0
0
0
0
to n !_ -"
<1 _ _ "_ ..... 0
0
0
3. "_A/"J ......... : 0
00
_'--r',_ \\ _ -- 0
0
cxl
I1. ._t ----- 0
/ Y 0
t 0
cJ
0
0
0
0
_'_ , ......... _
0
_1 _ 0
/-
,I 0
0
/
X
$
J
jl
<l/f
"4
0
(0
o. _ o 9 _.
V 0 0
o Q 8 o0
•
8 o
0
I" I I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 28
o
0
0
0
0
CO
oJ
0
0
OJ
0
0
0
0
oJ
OJ
0
0
0
0
0
co
0
0
0
0
0
0
oJ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2_
o _ _ _ o _
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 29
11
J
Itl
J Q
0
F O,J
I r'O
/i"
0
f
- /I
0,,]
I 0
\
0
OJ
1.1(_ J
N
O,J
I /
0
f
I. r N
I J
L r J
\. J
I
,q"
)
J 0,,]
\ jJ
j ' 0
J I
J
f
_J I
f I
f /
J /
( J
\ ..p-- _ -''
%
N
"\
= _ _
o. Q
¢D _. ¢M O
0 O O 0 0 0 0
o. q o I" o I ?.
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 30
• - O o O O 0
v
0
0
0
0
0
(1)
0
0
cO
0
0
0
0
oJ
Z
" q
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 31
1 1
_o
J
ft_
!
f
I
f
J
f
I'--
J
°o
I jo
I
r_
I
...i o
0,I
J
_k _ J .......
J
a.r. ,Y I
I "8
jJ
_f .s
f
0o
jl
II II
J W
J
_p
\ .ff
.#
h
f
oo
,-...,..
I r
I
f
I
I
J
i 'r J
I
I
J
J J
f
,i Q_ J
I J
0
° I
0 N
,o 9 o
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 32
ro
QZ
j _..- m m-
\ _I f _'-"
\
mr
I! N N
OZ
_Z
r _L
/ ...-- 11 I
/ /
/ 11 J
I
J
/ /
f-
- f
J
Y J
J
\ I
J
O,4
o_:1 i
v N _1" _ _. 0
I _ l" I" ' ,-r_ uu
0
I" ! ! I"
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 33
B 6.1.1
_r In-Plane Load Cases (Cont'd)
on U
<i _ °c>
0
o•
o"
o o "
o
I"
o
I"
o
I"
o
r
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 34
I,
\
\
\ \
l
\ \
\ \ j
\ \ \
\
l \ , \
\
I
\
r'
\
x
i
/
Z2_
I! Ig I!
•
_ V _ L
/ 24
//
J !
/,vJ
J 1
!
/ /
, :/ /
/
-i
/
l
( /
Ii ,"\
i /
J "4
\
/ \ \ N.
/
\ 1 \\
[o/
/
l" \ i
0 "7
I" I" I I'
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 35
B 6.1.1
_n-Plane Load Cases (Cont'd_
f
I
f
;I f
f
f
f
t_
ff
/
/
/
O
\ ,,i
b
GO
,OJ
O0 ||
\
\
%
J
\ J
L I
f
J
f Jl :b
GO
/
J
I
I
14
I
f
J
f /
f /
f /
\ f
J
.J
_o
¢q
<
\
\ J
J
\ j-
I _,-_i_11 1 PO _
-%. 0 "_. OJ _. u'_
I l" I" i I"
0 q q o o _ _. _ I"
_ I"
o-
!
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 36
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ 0
"_ IQ=
• o \
_ _ 0 \
II II II \
\
\
\
\ 0
\
\, 0
\
\ 0
\
I \
\
\
\ ]
Q
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
N 0
I |" I" $ I'
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 37
I \ i
ro
,_;I_ _;lW
!
0J
k rO
@
b_ o
f
f
I
I
jl
I
I
j
f
..ow
f
\ f"
@
O
I
0J
@
\ 8
\
L
b
Q
O
t
f
!
/
f_ @
O
@
O
o
i
&
-- \
@
O
f Lo
\ j
@
O
f
[ .-_ °
J / @
f O
L J
i N
I f"
!
, ? N
-- {q
Q o. q 5 O
o o o o
I
I I !
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 38
\
\
) I
9 -%
/
=
J
J \ /
II n II /
J ,x, 0
J
/ \
0
0
J
J
/ 0
J
J
/
j- # N
J
/ i f
I j __D
/ CM
J
/ jl/
/ J
fd
/
J
/ f / 0
0
b.i-- -e.
/; J
_0
! / 0
/ /
( / _b
/
\,, /
0
0
\ ,\ f
\ /
f
\ 0
0
X
i
/ \
/
\
! \
I \
0
0
\
\ 0
0
\ z
\ 0
0
\
\ 0
0
\
%
\
0 N
/,
I I I I I
0 Z .. IL
N 0 N
r i r
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 39
\
\\ J
Od
rO
J
f
N I o
_y
O0
OJ
>
l'=Z ,<j
J ____
o
-----_7 OJ
jl J
F
f
f
o
D
i f_
< \ J
/
CO
J
I
J
> Od
11FJ_ o
I
\
_F
--I
I /
J
f
I"-- f
j_
<- ...I--
fl
,4-
_L
o
o
¢x;
v o o N o
oi' ,o. ¥ i"
P
,q- f,O ¢_ -- 0
0 0
.
0
.
0
.
0 r.j
|.
o
0' 9 0
I"
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 40
/
/
_ z .
\ .i/ °_
II II II
I
/
/
/
f
f \ o_
N
/
/
/
f
J
J
/ /
"_ _1N /
/ /
/ /
/
/ / /
/ N
/ /
/
!
/
/ %
v"
\
/
f
I \
J
\
\
\ \
/ \
o_
\
\ \ \
\
\
Z
_. N. o O_
I' O I" m
!
I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 41
B 6.1.1 In-Plane Load Cases (Cont 'd
I
\ [
i o
0
ro
\
) 0
0
oJ
ro
0
0
0
J
J
h rid
0
f
f
f
/ 0
co
\ J J cxl
J
F 7
( J
J
LO
oJ
0
w
eJ
f
0
0
oJ
oJ
h, 0
0
0
/
II II
<_
..i r--
f
f
f
J
i r f 0
f-
J
J 8
J
J
( s
0
\ J
0
0
/
\
\, 0
\ 0
0
00
0
0
f 10
_J
J
0
I j ) 0
f f'<l J
f
0
0
oJ
ro oJ
5.. o o
q q ,- 9 9
¢J GO
_ oo 0
0
0
0
0
0
O.
• I" I" I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 42
v"
In-Plane Load Cases (Cont'dJ
0
0
0
0
0
o
1,0
G
o
oJ
0
o
o,I
0
o
@
o
0,I
Q
o
o
II,
o
CO
0
o
¢I)
i
,0
o
0
o
oJ
i 0
o
o
0
o
0
o
0
o
,,¢
0
o
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 43
15 September 1961
Page 44
0
0
I¢)
0
N
(.)I
_b
8
N
0
0
_b
_b
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
_b
cJ
Z
N. 0
I I I
0 tD
0 0 o. 0 ! I
I I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 45
X X X 0 o
0
-I _ × rO
0
c_
UI . n . . _:
0
i 0
0
rO
GO
.... _.- ._ c_
_._; ... o
0
j
_leJ
J
J
/ oJ
i 0
0
I ed
f c_
/ 0
/
8
/ C_l
0
0
GO
CO
X 0
0
\
c_
_, o
0
IZ)
°
0
o
0
OJ
Q N 0 eu _ _. m o
I" I I" .-F
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 46
f
I
f
J
_k.,,
J_
H x
,.,<_ \
0
\
II II 0
\
) N
/
J
f
J
J
o. J
f /
J t
r
/ / 0
0
(n L/ ./ o
0 f
X
J
f
dl
\ /
- 0
0
X
/ \\
v
,% \
0
0
\ e
0
) °
I
J
jjF
j_ 0
_J _ o
f
J
f 0
J
J
ql) J
/
(D
O e4 _ _O
v (4)
O _ OJ
o 9. o
I' 9
o q q o _ I
_
I"
_
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 47
aD
0
I"
15 September 1961
Page 48
v
B 6.1.1 In-Plane Load Cases (Cont'd_
II II
I) /i ,,,
/ -
o
I_I_ _.._ _
I
/ "'-
I"
- o .... o o o o, oI" o
l' o 7
Section B
15 September 1901
Page 49
k _/j
0
,\ f./ 0
<, ro
0
0
- ( ro
(._1
°X
I_.
0
ro
0
0
&
J1____
j-
J
/
N J
/" o
J 0
_<< / o
/ s
J N
/
--- -- 0
:EO Z .J 0
,_, E v f _0
k J -- 0
•_ * I _-' 0
_s _0
0
0
(/
0
\
0
oJ
\ °
0
(2I _ .
0
/I _o
J
Z j-
)
j
f
J
J
/ J
J
o- / J
f
' r I I"
XZ.,
o4 -- O
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 50
f
I
J
0
\ I
s _
0
J
0
F" 0
¢ oJ
iv')
0
0
0
Iv)
oJ
0
0
rq
0
0
o
0
0
¢J
0
0
co
0
0
\ 8
) 0
0
co
/
0
0
tO
J
0
I
0
@
0
LO
_0
o _• to
o o.
,N
_. O
o--,. N
o.
Iv)
9 _;
,. 0
I"
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 51
o. 13. 13. / \ ro
:E (_ Z o
"4 _ "I 0
" I' " / '\ "9" OJ
/I t I L/ _°x o"
0
J
. 13.. (_
" ¢d_
_ N
/ \
!
f
/
f_ /
/
/
/ /
/ / f m
/ /
/
/
f b
/
/ ! /
/
I
I -
I
j"
\
\ t
/ \
i ®
\ I \
\ I \
\
\
\ \ 0
0
\
\ \
\ 0
15 September 1961
Page 52
f
\ f
/
i /
o-I_
N
n (\ 0
0
0
II II ro
\
cO
04
a.
/ _0
04
0 J
U
x /"
J
f
D- o4
l! / 04
o. / /
/ /
0
0
0
/ 04
0
J
0
\ f 0
0
/
0
B-- / 0
/ 0
0
04
\
'N
\
\ 0
0
0
/
"X 0
0
f
J
fJ
J 0
lJ 0
f /
/
I 04
J
/
_D 0 04 (.0 _0
Q • . {_.
? o 0 0
I" I'
&
I¢) 04 0 oJ
0 0 Q 0 o 0 Q
I i I" I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 53
\ /
. I_ N
o,I
II II II
_EOz | \ B
I \ 0
\ I
I
I
C_l
I
I _I gl X
_c \, I
x •
.... ! j--I ...... __ /
/
n-
/
j-
j/
,q
f,,¢
__ m_ f" ____ __ 8
\
\ 8
\
I ,..,,
0 ,,i
(_.
I' I I" 9 o!
_' _ I I"
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 54
I
J
ro
0
0
N
rO
0
0
\
0
O
N
J
/ N
J
O-Wa"
J
J
j"
-)
I
/ _ - ,r_
D.
II
<::1
II
(_
U
n.
/ f
f
_v
/ 0
0
N
%
\
\,
0
0
/ 0
0
\
0
f
0
\ 0
0
\ 0
0
/ 0
/
J
f
"_ 0
J
0
<lJ I ¢,,
/
/ j o
._ i 0
v
/
! J
LO oa
o Q o o,I
0
re)
0
_I"
0
lo
0
I I" I' a' I'
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 55
0
0
o
0
It')
Q
0
Q
0
N
o
0
0
0
0
0
N
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
o
0
o
0
0
0
0 0
I I -p
It
0 0
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 56
Orn
I" I" I" I' I" I" I" I' r "r
ZZ,,--
\ ¢
] \
\1
mo
-e. \ \
Nffl \ I ° _'_
0 % f
0 _o
\
_L :J,
/
7,,
mo
#
0 / J
I
oJ
O0 m
÷ " !/'
0
"" Inn m
X Ii I \ /
! 0
0
,, :; Z
/ ' _ _
O
(M j r'x _o
OJ
X
j/
\ 0
0
n O. _; / .. 'v 0
_ Z / O
I 0
_
II II
Z
II
j
X
/ 0
8
/
/ 0
/ i/
/
o
0
!
.) _x21- I
:t J/ t •
I ._- _ N
0
0
!
I 0
i! 0
0
_0
[ ,
.... j
/ !
\/
/
J
, ! / f
.J
I i
I ?-, !
[
i.- !
Or II
o -. _. ,0. '_. _o
I t I I r
0 tO 0 I_ 0 0 Lo 0
_'M "-r _ 0 0 _ _ oa
t" _ I r
Section B 6
July 9, 1964
Page 56. 1
f
Deflection curves for the three basic load cases due to shear and
normal forces are displayed on the foI!owing pages. A shape factor
F
(/_) that is to be used with the curves for shear deflection of vario,_s
cross-sections is tabulated below.
Area of Web
Entire Area
=2.00
AQ= 27rr t
13q
Entire Area
\
N\
\
\
\
\ _ i "/
_m
(_
m< I
-!
__/ \
/ , \
,z
/
/
/ /
/ /
J
f
/ I
f
I °
J
! _.J
• 0
_ J t i h
r
o _ o o o o
i I i i
Section B 6
Page 56. 3
i J oo
r
I
J
f
f
/
/-
r_
\
\
<
0 ,,1
-%
\
,?.
J
) o"
/
/
J oo
J
z f
J
f
J J
f o
I
fi
I
i" i" / i_ i'
_oction B 6
Pa_e 56. 4
o o o o _ o o o o
Section B 6
March I, 1965
Page 57
Sign Convention
+T +V
Fig. B 6.1.2-1
Section B6
March 1, 1965
Page 58
Index
PA
0
For all cross sections
0
For all cro_s sections
3" r MA V ..
Fo
.cross sections
Fig. B 6. 1.Z-g
v _
Section B6
March 1, 1965
Page 58.1
B 6. 1.2 Out-of-Plane Load Cases (Conttd)
"
B 6. I.Z Out-of-Plane I_,_,iidCas,.s (Contld)
l'uK{_ 5x. 2
B6.l.g Out-of-Plane
Load Cases (Cont'd)
Section
March i,
B6
i965
Page 58.3
o
B 6. 1.2 Out-of-Plane Load Cases (Contld) M r_'h 1, _t+';5
, m
o i -
\
\,
H
B 6.1.2 Out-oi-Plane Load Case8 (Cont°d) Secclon B6
March I+ 1965
Page 58.5
. ° ° .
_v
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 59
P
B 6.2.0 Analysis of Frame-Reinforced Cylindrical Shells
Notation
2.25
A
Lr 2
i I/_o - in 3
n2 l_Lr_ 2
Kn
3 Lc
Notation (Cont'd)
r %E/_-_-- in
Lr characteristic length (see Glossary) = -_- V G--I-- ~
/I
B 6.2.0 Analysis of Frame-Reinforced Cylindrical Shells (Cont'd)
Notations (Cont'd)
Basic Assumptions
(6) The shell frames, but not the loaded frame, are "smeared
out" in the direction of the shell axis, giving an
equivalent moment of inertia per inch, "i", for
circumferential bending loads.
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 62
B6.2.0 Analysis of Frame-Reinforced Cylindrical Shells Cont'd_
Glossary of Terminology
H to_
v
Fig. B 6.2.0-1
/
u /
f q
W
15 September 1961
Page 63
1/4
....................... (1)
Lc=
I o
7 .................................. (3)
2 iL c
(a) In the case that the shell properties, i, t, and t', vary
over the surface of the shell to a moderate degree, the
following formulas and definitions are appropriate:
Eo Io
= ................................ (6)
2Ef i Lc
The stiffness factors, Gt, Esk, te, and Efi, must be averaged in
the neighborhood of the loaded frame. The factors Gt and Eski shall
be averaged over a length of shell extending approximately one-half of
a characteristic length from the loaded frame in both directions.
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 64
B 6.2.0 Analysis of Frame,Reinforced Cylindrical Shells (Cont'd)
Where
W = 1 - Lc for x < Lc
= o for x > Lc
The summations in Eqs. (8) and (9) are to be extended over all
frames except the loaded frame. The method of calculation gives
greater importance to frames closest to the loaded frame and less
importance to those farther away. For the case of a single, particular
heavy, neighboring frame, or for other neighboring discontinuities such
as rigid bulkheads, a free end, or a plane of symmetry, the correction
factors to be discussed is applicable. If those corrections are
applied, the heavy frame or other discontinuity must be ignored in
applying Eqs. (7), (8) and (9). In particular, if the loaded frame
is near the end of the shell, the shell must be continued beyond the
end, fictitiously, in the summations of Eqs. (7), (8), and (9), as
though the shell were symmetric about the loaded frame and extended
for a length greater than Lc on both sides of the loaded frame.
The value of Lr/L c used in the graphs are 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0.
To account for values of this parameter between 0.2 and 1.0, graphical
interpolation should be used. Otherwise, the following formula may be
Lr h* 2 Lr 2
7 * = 7 + Lc / i + 2 (ii)
• 2 / ,, 2
where (Lr/Lc)" is the value of the parameter for the shell, and
(Lr/Lc)* is the value of the parameter closest to (Lr/Lc)", for which
graphs are available.
7 * = 7 1 + 2LcK 2 1 + 2 7 K2/
where
K2 -
Lc
/
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 66
Modification for nearby heavy frames and for other similar nearby
discontinuities.
Fig. B 6.2.0-3 shows f(2) plotted for nearby heavy frames and for
nearby rigid bulkheads. Fig. B 6.2.0-4 shows f(2) plotted for a
finite length of shell terminated in various ways on one side of the
loaded frame. The validity of the correction is considered doubtful
for f(2) < 0.25, due to the importance of higher order stress systems.
Figures B 6.2.0-3 and B 6.2.0-4 are for Lr/L c = 0.4, but their varia-
tion with Lr/L c is negligible for conventional shell-frame structures
and adequate in other applications for Lr/L c < 0.75. The corrections
for nearby planes of symmetry and antisymmetry can be used to solve
problems where two similar frames are simultaneously loaded. To
illustrate the method the two following examples are given:
Example 1
16
7_ = = 0.40
2(.1) 200
_ 50 = 0.25
Lc 200
Example i (Cont'd)
Example 2
I 2
i = - - .0833
Io 24
Io 2
7 = 2iLc = 2(.0833)(250) = 0.048 by Eq. (3)
f
- 48 - 0. 192
Lc 250
Eccentricity between skin line and neutral axis of the loaded frame.
I I
7£=0.1
7s= o.5
7_= 1.o
7_ = 2.0
0
0 0.2
Lc
4.0
I I I i I I 1 I I I I I
,,..---- _ ---__
x Loaded Frame
Free End at x =
Plane of
Symmetry At
Plane of Anti-Symmetry at
x =
Built-ln At x =
_/L c
Fig. B 6.2.0-4 Finite length of shell on one side of loaded frame f(2)
vs _/L c for various boundary conditions at x =£ , Lr/L c - 0.4.
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 70
Eqs. (14) thru (21) are given in this section, by which the effects
of a concentrated load or moment on a shell-supported frame may be
computed by using the tabulatedcoefficients. The method of computing
is indicated in a previous section. These enable the shear flow
and axial load at all points in the shell and the internal loads and
displacements of the loaded frame to be computed.
As a consequence of items (i) and (2), shear flow and axial load
intensity in the shell, as calculated from the tables, can be added
directly to the results of an "engineers bending theory" calculation.
The shear flow and axial load distributions given in the tables are
assumed to be symmetrical with respect to the loaded frame. In a
shell that is unsymmetric about the loaded frame, the shear flows and
axial loads are not symmetric ahout the loaded frame. It is not
possible to derive a simple correction for this effect, but the exact
solutions indicated in reference 2 are applicable.
Po To Mo
..................... (14)
q = Cqp _+r Cqt r + Cqm r--_--
+ __2__o o (15)
p m Cpp r CP t r Cpm 7 r
M
___2_o ........................ (17)
S = Csp Po + Cst To + Csm r
M
F -- Cfp Po + Ctt To + Cfm _._.9__ ........................ (18)
r
2
V = Cvp Po -_ + Cvt To _r3 + Cvm Mo 7 r (19)
El o El o El o
i •
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 72
Sign Convention
M
o
To
eo Neutral axis
M
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 73
f- B 6.2.1 Calculations by Use of Tables (Cont'd_
• i r-¸
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 74
0 _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00 _ _ _
_00000000000000000000000000
|IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
II
x o!
_00000000000000000000000000
,,.,,.°.t°,...e°...,_,..°,oQ
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0_ _ _ _ O_ 0 _ 0
0 _ _ _ _0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0_ _
c'% __0_____0000__
_000000000000000000000000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
_ __ _ 0 _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _
_ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _0 _ _ _ _
,-4 _000___000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
II ....,..o,..,°.....,.......,,
iiiiiiilliiiiiiiii
__0____0____
on _0_____1__0000__
0 _00000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
,,._,,,..,.......°,.°.,.....
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
_______0__
_0______0000000_
0 _00000000000000000000000000
°i 0000000000000000000000000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII1111
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 75
oo
0 o__o_z__o::o_:o_
o_o _0 _ _ _ _ o_ _ _ _ _ _
0
__ _ _ ooo0oo oo oO o o o
o IIIIIIIIIIIIII
nI
o o_ _ _ _ _ o_ _ _o_ _ _ _ _
_ oooo_ooog_ _ o
IIIIIIIIIIIII
f
O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o _ _ _ _o
O4
! O_ __ _ o o 0 o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oo
_ _oo0ooo0oooooooo00oooo
IIIIIIIIIII
0
0
Oq 0 _0_ _ _ _o_ _ __o_ o
_° I _ 000 0000 00_ 000 0
II .I __0 0000 O0000000000000 O0
_j
,-1 IIIIIIIII
IIIIII
o. _ 0000000000000000000000
Illll
ID
_.) 04 o_°_°_°_______o_
_oo o_ _ o_
0 0_ oO oo OO oo 0 ooo oo O0 ooo 00oo
_ _ 0oo oo oo o oo 0 oo oooo o o oo 00o
IIII
o
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 76
_____0___0__
0______0____
0 _ __ _ 0__ __ O_ 0__ _
0 ____ ___0 O00_ _
o.°l°.°.,°°,°°..°.°.°°._,°°.
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
o
0
II
___0_0_0__0___
! 0 ___0__0_0_ _0_
oq __0_0_ ___00000__
_0___000000000000000000
.....°..,..°.° ....... .....,°
NN_IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
III
0
0
o_ __0_0___0__0__
0 ____0__0__0_
___0__00000000000_0_0
II ___00000000000000000000
.o.,........_,°...,....o....
NNNIIIIIIIIIIIIII I I
III
_ _ _0_ _ _ _ _ _0_ __ 0_ _ _ _ _
Lrh _____0_0__0_00
0 ___0_0000_0000000000_0
__0000000000000000000000
_°,..°°..°.°,..°°_°°°._°,..
_NNIIIIII II III I I I
iii
0__00_____0__0
____0_0__000__
0 ___0__0_000_0000_0
__00000000000000000000000
....°.°°,...o..°,°...°°°.°..
_111 I II I I I I I I
III
_0____0___0_
_ _ _ 0_0 __ O0
__00000000000000000000000
_NIII I II I I I I I I
III
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 77
0
o
.4
0 _0_o___oo_o__o
o o_ _o_ __o_ _ _ _ _ _ o_ _ _ _ o
f--
___ _ o oooo o o o oo o _ o o o o o
,-4 oe°le,lo.I°o.,°o.°°.oo,°°°
o IIIIIIIIIIIII
II
o o__oo_o___o__
___o______
o
0_
°oei,°,eJ°o.oot°o,°,°...°°
_ Illlllllltllllll
o
I
_o
0
o
1.4
u'h
o
c_
o
¢'4
0
0
_'_
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 78
,,,,,......
0
0
c"q '-'_ '-I 000000000 0000000000000000
I I I I I I I ! I I ! I I I I
_________0_
O_
o.i _ 0_ O_
_0000000000000000000000000
_ _ _ __ _ 00_ _ _ _
,.-4 -o.......e.°....°0.o..i°...i
IIIIIIIIiiiIiiii
II
_0_0___0_____
XO ___0__0__0___
t_
_00000000000000000000000000
o.-*.oo.°°.........o.0..°.. .
IIIIIIIIIIiIiiii
_0_________
0
_0__0__0_____
__ O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0000_ _ _ _
_00 O0000 O0 O0 O000000 O0 O000000
"'..-..--°........o.........
IIIIIIIIIIIiiiiii
_ 0 _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ 0 _ _0_ _'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _
0 _____0__0__
_ _ -T _ 00 _ _ _ _ _ c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0000000 _ _
I _000000000000000000000000000
_.--,--,.....°...,.,,,,...,,
IIIIIIIIIiiiiiiii
_0
oOi ___0_0_0__0____
0 __0___0__0__
,-4 _ _ _ 00 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
II _.°_°°°._°.°°.°°..°.°..°.._.
IIIIIIIIIIiiiiiiii
_0_0_0____0__0
t_ _0_0_00_0___000__
0 _00_ _0000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
,,_.°.,°°°,,°.°.°,°,°°,,°,_°
IIIIIIIIIIiiiiiii
__0_0__0___0__
L) _0____ ___000000_
0
_00000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
IIiIIIIIIIIIiiiiii
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 79
I0111111111111!
I!
X
o
Lr_
0
m
O4
_ m m _ _ _ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o _ _- o o o o o
IIIIIIIIII
<
E_
0
0_0
0 _o _ _ o o_ _o ooo oo o o oo o _ _ _ oo
o __o ooo oo oo ooo oo o o oo o o o _ oo
IIIIIII
o __ ___ ___ o _ _o
oo_ _oo _o ___ _ _ _o
0 _ _ o __ooooooooo ooo ooo oo
0 _ _ oo o oooooo oo ooo oo ooo ooooo
IIIIII
o
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 80
o
0
°°.°°_o°.°°.°.°°°°°°°°°°°°°°
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
II
X
0
Lr_
_ ________0_
0
O_ _______00___
_ _ _ _ _ L_ _ _ _J o_ _ _ 0000000000000000
°°.°°°o°°°°°°°.°..°..°°. ....
IIiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
I 0
T--I Oq
_J ____00000000000000000
• . ° ° . . .... ° .... . . ° . . . ° ......
N_IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
_D Ii
0
_ _ _ 0 _ _ _ 0 0 _ _ 0 _ _ ,_ _ _ _I _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_ _ _ _
_0___ _000000000000__
___0000_00000000000000
• ..... °°..° .............. °.°
III
____1'_____0_
w_
0 _ _ t_ _ _ _ L_ _ ¢J 0 cl _ _ _ 00000000000000
_ _ _1 _ _ _ _ 000000000000000000000
°° .... °, ....................
Iii
C_
0 _0,_0_00_0_00000000000000
__0000000000000000000000
°°...°°.°.°0 .... . ..... °°°°°.
iii
________0_0_
Oq _00________
0 _0___00_0_000000000000
__0000000000000000000000
°.°°.°°°.°°°.°°°. ...........
iii
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 81
0 _00____0___
0
0 _ 000 000000 0000 O0
c_ ,_lt°°o,°°,°t.o°llo°°°_.°0
IIIIIIIIIIII
0
0
O'
II
0
u_
0
oq
00
I 0
0
0
.._'0
III
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 82
0 _0_0_0__0__0___
0
__000000000000000000000000
.t,..o,..o..e...o........o..
iiiiiiiiiiiiiii
__0___ ___0__
0 _0000000000000000000000000
0 _°°_l°°°.°._°..°.°..°.°.°°.°
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0
II _0__0_0__0_000__
X 0
__0_____00__
_00000000000000000000000000
...........0........._......
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
_ __L_O_ ______
0 _______0__0_
_00000000000000000000000000
..i......°°......o....°.°°..
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
! 0
_00000000000000000000000000
..... ..°..°..°..°°._.......°
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0
0
,-1 0
o _____0___0__
_000000000000000000000000000
°.......°.o..°...._.°..o_°.°
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
_ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ L_ 0 _ _
____t_O__ 00__
0 _00___00000000000000
"I 0000000000000000000000000000
.. .... .°°.°°.°.o..°...o.°o°.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
____0__0_0___
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00 _ _ e_ _ _ _
0 _00__00000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
°.°0.°...°..°°o°°.°.°....°._
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
E ______0____
0 _00_00000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0
O.
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 83
IOIIIIlJiOIllll
o_ _ _0 _o _o_o__ _ __ _ o
o
'0
_ __ _ _ _oo oo ooo oo ooo o ooo
lllifltillOlfl
0
I!
)4
o
u%
/
0
0%
o
,-4
I
,--4
0
04
<
E_
°io
o __o o_ _ _ __ _ _oo o o oo oo
o _ _oo o oooo ooooooooo o o oooo
IIIIIIII
o'I
0
r
0_0_0__00000000000000
0 0 __00000000000000000000000
IIIIII
f
o
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 84
0
o
o
o
0,--_
II
0
c_ _Ot_O__O_ ___0___
_____0000000000000
....0° ..... °..°.°°..°...°..+
IIIiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
.--I 0
! ¢',1
,--I __ __0___0___
ol _____000000000000000
°...°...°°°..°.+...+ ..... °0°
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
o
o
o _J
.--4 0___i__000____
II _ 0 _ _ _ t_ _ _ _1 _ _ 00000000000000000
......° .... ,..°°..... ..... ..
_1101111111111
ii
L_
0
0,1
0 O__O__t___O__O
___000000000000000000000
.°°...°°.,..+,o..°°...,.°...
III
o
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Pa_e 85
0 m ____ _ _ 0 O0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 0
0000 O0 O000
t°Io...,o.o,..I,e.....e.,o O00000000000000000
iIIiiIiII|i
II
0
u_
.,-4
I o
,--I c.4
oq
o
r-_ o
,-1 0
.o
____oooo___0oo
II
iiiiiiiiiiiiii
o
.1
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 86
0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0_ _ _
0 O_
_ _
__
_ _00
_ __
_ _0 _
_
_
_ _
_
_ 0000_
_ _0 _
_
_
_
_ _
_
_
_
_
_ O0
0 O00 O00 O000 O0 O000 O00 O000 O0
°.o.e...o°l°..o.0°...oo..°
IIIIIIIIIIIIIiii
0 __0_00___0_0__0_
0 _____0__0_
0_____00000___00
00000000000000000000000000
i°oo°.o°.°l°°o°°°°°°o°°°°.
C IIIIIIIIIIiiiiii
II
0 ___0_0_0____
u',, O_
0___0___0__0_
____000000__000
00000000000000000000000000
°.°..°°..°..°o.°..°.°°.°°°
IIIIIIIIIIIiiii
____0____0_
o __0___0___
00___00000000000000000
_
°i 00000000000000000000000000
......°..°°...........°°..
IIIIIIIIIIiiiii
oq
I 0
_ N__O_____
___0__0___
0_
_
00___000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
0.o...°........° .... °.....
IIIIIIIIiiiiiii
0
0
c_
,-1 0
II ,-4
E-' 0000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
.°°...°......°.......°..°.
IIIIIIIiiiiiii
.1
0 _____ ____
u_ _ ___ _00000__ _ O0
0 O000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
°....°...........o.°..°...
IIIIIIIIIIiiii
_ 00_______0_
____000000000__000
0 O0 00000000000000000000000000
0 0000000000000000000000000
• ...°...oo.. .... .o........
IIIIIIIIIiiiii
_0_0_0______
_ ___00000000000000000
oq 0000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
..°......oo.......°..°....
IIIIIIIIIIIiii
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 87
0
0
0 _0_ _ _ _ _ _ _0 _ _ _0 __0 _
0 __ _0_____00__
_000 00000000000000000000000
0 e-4 °.,,o°,.,.,..°..b,.,..,.,e..
IIIIII IIIIII
II
0
Lr_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _0 _ 0
0 __0_____0000__
_000000000000000000000000000
IIIII IIIIII
,-'4
I
,-'4
___000_____00
0
C'.l _O00000CDO0000000000000000000
,4.,. ..... ..........°.......
IIIII IIIIII
_q
_q
_q ___0_______
<
0 r04_O00_O__O00000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
0 ...b....°..........°........
0-4 IIII IIIIII
_______0_0_
_0____]__000000_
O4 _00000000000000000000000000
0 O0 O0 O0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 O0 0 0
(n ._..°°..°...°°°..°..°.°°..°°
Ill iIiIII
0
0 _0 _0_0 _0 _0 _0 _0 _0,_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 88
0
0
0__0___0_0__0_
0_0_0_0__0____
0 0____0_____ 0
0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O0 0 0 0 0 O0 O0
oo..°.l.°°Q.°o°°°.°o°.,°°e°
IIIIIIIIIIIIII
II
X 0_ _______0_
0 0__ _0__0____
u_ 0____00____0 0
___00000000000000000000
• .... ...°°.. .... °.°°.,°0°..
IIIIIIIIIIIII
0 0_______0__
e_ 0__0_0__0____
0_0___00_____0 0
__000000000000000000000
°.°.0°.,°°°.°0°°°°.°,°°.°°0
IIIIIIIIIIII
,--I 0 O_ _____0___0_
! 0__0_0____00_ __
0___0000___ __00 0
__0000000000000000000000
°°°°.°°,0°° ......... ,,°°0°°
IIIIIIIIIII
0
0
,-..1 0 0_0___0___0_0_
O_ _ _ O_ 0 _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _000 _ __
II 0__00000000000_000000 0
__0000000000o000000000000
L °.°°.°0.°...,°.° ..... .°°°°,
,--1 IIIIIIIII
u_ 0_________
o.I 00_0000000000000000000000 0
_000000000000000000000000
• .... °° .... ,°.°° ....... °.°.
IIIIII
0___0____ __
o.i 0________00
0__0000000000000000000000 0
_000000000000000000000000
0°°°°.°°.°°°.°0°..°°,._°°°.
IIIII
4-
0_0_0_ _0___ __
0 0_0__00_0__ _ 0_00
0_000000000000000000000000
_ 0000000000000000000000000
• .°.°° ..... ,0°.°°.°°°°,,..,
IIII
0_0
I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 89
II
x
0
0
,5
_'_ 0
• ,-_
II
O_ _ _ _ 0 ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00000000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0 _ _ _ _._ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0
_____®o_____
_ _0_ _0 _ _0_0
0_0_ _ __ O0 00000
_ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0
0
0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 000_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0
c_ 00 O00000 O00000 O0 O000000000
llOllOllllilitli
0
0
.-4 00000000000000000000000000
...,.°.o....°.....°..°...-.
llllOltIIllilil
It
___0__0__0__0_
c
0____000000__000
00000000000000000000000000
o..°....0°°...°..°.°o...°.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIii
_ _ O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
0 _0_0_0_0__00__
00____000000000_00000
00000000000000000000000000
.....°......°.°........°..
IIIIIIIIIIIiiii
_________0
I o _____0_ ____
00___000000000000000000
_J 00000000000000000000000000
°...°..°°.°.i°.°.°..°.°...
IIIIIIIIIIIIii
0
0
,-1 _ _____0_0_00
C _0_0___00____
II ,'- 00__000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
U .....°......°..°..°°...°°.
IIIIIIIIIIiiii
_0____0__0_0_0_
lip ____00000___0
C 0000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
°.°.°.°°.°°°..°°°°....°...
IIIIIIIIIiiii
_____0____
0 ____00000000__000
0000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
°....°°...........°°......
IIIIIIIIIIIii
4J
___0__0____
___00000000000000000
0 0000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000
..°.°..°_.°°..°.°°....°...
IIIIIIIIiiiii
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 91
0 _0____0____
0 __0____ _0__
_0000000000000000000000000
.**..0_,,°.,.°.-°..°.,°00..,.
IIIIIIi IIIIII
_________0_
0 _0_0_____00__
0 _0000000000000000000000000
0 ,--I ''',,*.*.*,...,.,0°°,°°,.....
IIIIII IIIIII
U
0
u_
_0_________
0
_ 0__0__0_____
__ 0____ _0000__
_000000000000000000000000000
°'°°*°'°°'°°,-°°°.°.°,°°°l°.
IIIII IIIIII
cO
_0_0__0_0____0_
! 0
c_
_000000000000000000000000000
0q °,,° .... .0°..°..,,...,°,.,..
IIiii IIIIII
0
0 ___0_0_ 0 __0__ __
.-.1"0
0000000000000000000000000000
II • ,,.,...°. ......... ....0..°,
IIii IIIIII
_0_0_0____0__0
_0_0_00____000__
CD _00__0000000000000000000
0000_000000 _DO000000000000000
*°°.,.0.,,.°..0 .... °..°.,..°
IIII IIIIII
_____0___0_0__
N_____NNO]_O00__
0 _000000000_0000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
,*°..**,°°°°,°°°°°.°,°.._,..
III IIIiii
r_ 0q
0 _o_s__S____ooooo._
_ oooo oo ooo oo oooooo
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
,,°°_,**°°,°.,.°°°°...**°.°.
III IIIIII
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 92
I0
0
0
0
II
X
!0 0 _ _ _m _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 0
Lf_ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 0
__ _ _ _ 000 O0 O00 O00 O0 O00 O00
,,,.,°.,,,.°..°,..,,o,....,
IIIIIIIIIIIII
0_________
0 0____00___0__
0 _ _ 0 _0 _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O0
___00000000000000000000
0,°°,°,°°°°°..°..°,o..,.,,.
IIIIIIIIIII
0 _ O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O_ _
I 0 0 _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _0_ _ _ _ O_ _ _ _
oq O_O___O0_c_ __ __000
__000000000000000000000
A 4.e°°°,.° ......... °. .... °.,
iiiiiiiiii
0
r_ 0
,-1 0__0_____0__
• 0
< ,--4 0___00____000000
[-4 II __00000000_0000000000000
o°°.o.°o,.°°...°.,....,°°,.
IIiiiiii
,-I
Lf_ 0_____0__0_0_
0 0___ _ __ ____
0_0_00_00000000000000000
__00000000000000000000000
°,°,°..°..°...,°...,..,.o,,
IIIIIII
0_______0__
0 00_00_0______0
0__0__000000000000000000
_ 000 O00 O0000 O0000000000 O0
......_o.°..°°.°.°o.°..°°°o
iiiiii
Cxl 0__0_____ __ .
0 0_0_0______000
0_0_00000000000000000000
_ _ O0 O00000 O00 O0000 O0000000
,,,°°°..°°.°°,°°.°°,o.°,°°°
iiiii
/
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 93
0 _0__0______0_
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
II
0
o'3
0
¢q
0
__0000___00000000000
.t..Q.o.*.b....,t....o......
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
0
0
-.I"0
• ,-4
__000____0000000000
II .,t.,o....t..........,,o....
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIl
0
u%
0
ItIItIIIIIIIIIIII
j 0 ___000__0__0__
_ _0 _ _ __ _ _ 0 O000000000
,....,..t.....o.............
IIIIIIIIIIIItIIIIl
O"
u)
0
o
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 94
___o__ __ _ _ _
o
u_
________o_
_0_0 _ _0_ _ _ ___
0 _ ___000000_ _000
o 000000 O00 O00000000 O0000000
0_
IIIIIIIiIIIIIII
,-4
O4
I o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _o ooo o oo o _ _ _ _o o oo
,-4 o o oo 0 oo o oo o oo ooo ooo oo o o oo o o
cq t.e.ool..m,o,oeo°ooeo,eeoo
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
_0
_a
o ____ _ _ __ _ _o _
o _ __ 0_ _0 _ ____
oo 00 _ _ _ _ _ _0000000 O00000000 O0
• r-I ¸ 00000000 O0000 O00 O00 O000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIII
_o_o__oo____o
u_ I o o__oooooooooooooooooooo 0
_-_ 0 0oo0o0o0oooo0ooooooooooooo
...o..°.°,.e°.o°....,.,,..
IIIIIIIIIIIII
___ _ _ __o __ _ _
_J ___ _ _o oo ooo _ _ _ _ _ _oo o
ooooo oo o ooo ooo oo ooooo ooooo 0
0 o ooo0o oo o oooooooooo ooo o oooo
IIIIIIIIIIII
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Pa_e 95
O _0______ _0__
O __000000000000000000000000
°.°°° .... °°°°o°°°oo°°°°o°o°°
Illllll IIIIll
0
0
II
X
_O__O_O_ __O_OO O__ _
0
U_ __O_____ OO__
_OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOO
.°0°_° ............ 0.°0.°.°.o
IIIIII iiiiii
O
o_ __100_____ OO__ _
_OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOO
0°°0. ...... .°° .... °°°°°0°°.°
IIIIII iiiiii
O
I
,--4 _,_000000000 _ 0000000000000000
° • ........ . ................ .o
c'q IIIIII IIIIII
_D O
O
O
,-.i
,.4 O
II ,-_
_OOOOOOOOC_OOOOOOOOC OO OOOOOOO
o°°00°°°°0. .... °° .... 0°..0°.
.4 iii1| iiiiiii
-1
O _ _ e,i 0 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 0 ,_ _ C 0 _D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c) 0 0 ,_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
°o. ........ °0°..- ........ 0°o°
iiii iiiiiii
e_
0 _OO__OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
°,_°o°0oo°°°..°0°°°o.°°°°°o0
IIII iiiiiii
______O___ _
oq
O _OO_OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
OO O O O OO O OO OO OOO O O O O O O OO O O O O O
III iiiiiii
O
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 96
0
0
__ _ _ _ _ _ 0 0000 O0 _ _ _ _ O00
***,.,**,,.,..,.....,,.....
II|lll|lll|llll
0
0 0_ _ _ O_ _0_ 0_ _ _ __ _ 0
_ _ _ _ _ _ 0 O0000 O000000000
,°.l**...°.,..°°.....,°..,.
IIIIIIIIIIIIII
0
II
0
0 _ _ 0 _00_ 00 _0 _ _ 0_ _ 0
0 0___0____0__
ooo
°" ooo
,°**°..,..**°°o,.°.°,,.o..,
llllllllllll
I 0
cq
I:Q 0
oo
II o
u_ 0_0________
0 0_0___00_____
0__00____000000000
_ _ _ _00 O0000 O000000000 O0 O00
°....**..°°...***.,°°,°,°.,
IIIIIIII
0____0_0_0___
0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 0
0_ _ 00_ _ _ _ _ _ O0 O0 O000000 O0
_ _ _ O0000000 O0 O000 O00 O0 O0 O0
****.°...,°°°0..,...°..°..°
IIIIIII
4-.
u,_
rj 0_________
c'4
0 0 _ 0 _ 0 _ _ _ 000 0000 000000
_ _ O0000 O0 O0000 O0 O00000000
°,°.**°,..o.,.°°,°,...**...
iiiiii
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
PaRe 97
___0___0__0__
g _____0_0__0_0_
__0000____000__
0000000000000000000000000000
,.o,.IoIe..,,....°...,..,..,
IIII1|111111111
o
t_
_ 0000000 O0 O00 O0 O00 O0000 O00
IIIIIIIIIIIiiii
__ _o_ ____ _ _ __
0
o')
_ _ O0 0 O0 0 O0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GO O0 O0 0 0
,°,,°,°ool°m.,,,,l,..,,°,ool
IIIIIIIIIiiiiii
...l-
e.,.i ___00_____ __
,5 C)
_ _ _ 0 O CD 0 _ _ _ _ _ O 0 00 O0 0
°llil.o.eo.......°..°.0°....
IIIIIIiiiiiiiii
!0
iO
0
o
E-I
II
0
,-1
t_
0 _O_O__g_ __0_0__
__000____0000000000
IIIIIIiiiiiiiiii
0 _0 _0 __ _ _ _0 _0 _ _ _ _
__00____0000000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
4-1
__ _0 ___ __ _00__
/ 0,1 __ 00_ __ ___0__0 _0
o _0__ 00_ _ __ _0 __ _
__00_ _ _ _ _ _00000000000
• " " " " I" I" I" I' I" I" I" I" I" I" I" I" I" I" I" I" I" " " " " " "
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 98
0
0
0
0
,,.°,°oo°,..,o**..°,,oa,,.,
o IIIIIIIIIIIIII
ii
X_
0 o_G_o_o_ ® . _ _
u_
___00000000000000000000
,°°.°.°.°°,°°..°°,°._°..°°°
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiii
00_0_00_0____0__
0 00__0_____0_0_
0__0_000_____000
__000000000000000000000
°°.o0o°.°.°°.0°......°.°.°_
IIIIIIIIIIIIiiiii
0_______0__
I 0 0____,___0__
0 __o_000____00000
__0000000000000000000000
& o.°....°.°.o°......°_°..°..
IIIIIIIIIiiiiiiiii
r._ D
0____0__0_0_0__
•'_ 0 0_0_0_00_____
• r-I 0__0000_000000000000000
__00000000000000000000000
II °.°.°..°0.o.°°.°..°°eo.o°..
II1|111111111111111
0______0_0__
u_ 0________00
0 00_o100000000000000000000000
_000000000000000000000000
°°.°....°°°°°°.°°..°.°.°°.°
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIiiiiiii
0__00_0__0__0_0__
00_0_0___ ___0_00
oq 0_00_000000000000000000000
0 _000000000000000000000000
.°°°°o°.°°°.°°.°°.°._o_°o°°
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiiiiiii
0__0__ __0__0_
0____0_0__0_0_00
C 0_0_0000000000000000000000
_0000000000000000000000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I
0
0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0000000000
Npction ]_ 6
15 Spptember 1961
Pa_e 99
0
0
eq I
•
I
.
I
•
I
°
I
.......
I I I I I I I
,
I
°
I
.
I
,
I
.....
I I I I I
, .... , • ,
0
C_ _ _ _ _ _ tq -T _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O O O O O O O O O O O O O
o,.,, .... .°,.,,,° ....... %,..
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
II
TTIIIIIIII'II'IIII,
_ __ _000000000000000000
................ , ........ ,,.
_1111111111111111
II
_0
Cq 00".-1" I'-- u'h r'_ r'f) _-_ _'4 I'-- _0 I'-- r'l _D _ _0 O0 oJ OJ -1" I_- Lth I u_ O0 cq ch
eq c_i TM-
,-41
_q
_ _ 0
.....................
_ _D _ OJ m l --I tD 00 I_ I"D 000 C.._ 000000000
, ..... o!
i I i
_q
0
00
_:_ c_ ,-_ Oh I"-. ,_ O cq t',,l I',-O" _th ,_ _ C)h O C, O O O O C) O O O O O O O O
_-_ r:q ,_D C-I O0 u7 cq _ C) C (- -b C) C:, O O _'D 2, O O O O O O O O O O O
• • • • • • • .....................
II
I I I
q_
C_I _ 1_-4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I
0 0 _ _ _ _ _ c,_ ol 0 _ _ 00 _ 0 _ 0 _ 0 _ 0 _ 000000
__ 00000000000000000000000
.,.,,,,,o.o,°°,.,,o,..°.,.,,
_111 I II I I I I I I
III
__00000000000000000000000
,,,,,,°.°,,°,,°°.°°,.°°,o,,°
_111 I II I I I I I I
III
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page i00
!0
0 0__0__0____0
,...°...,,,.,.o....,,..°.,
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
_0________
0
0
.,.,,,.,....,..,..,,..°...
0 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlII|l
II
X
0
L_ 0_0__0__0____0_000
__0____0000000000
...°.°...°..o°._....°°.°°.
N_NNNIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII I
IIIIII
I 0 0__0_____0_ _
oq
& ___,__0000000000000
.°°.°....°...o.0..,.°....°
IIIIII
o
,-1 Oq __0___0__0__
__0_0__0_0__ _
,-4
It ___-_00_00000000000000
....°°...o.°.....°.......°
IIIIII
L_
0
v
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 101
0
0
cq
0
0
r-4
X
0
00
!
C
¢-d
¢,q
0
0
c'q
0
<
II
cq
0
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 102
0_0 ___0___ __ _
___ _ _00000000000000000
IIIJIIIIiiii|
X
0
un
O_
c'q
I
0__ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ 0
0 0_ _ O_ __ _ _ 000
__0000000000000000000000
IIIIIIIIIIIiiiiiii
,-1
<
0______0_0__0
0 0_0_____0___
0 0 0__00___000000000
_ _00000 O00000000000 O00000
IIIIIIIIIIIIiiiiiii
I!
0___0____0__0
O_ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _00
00_ _0 _ _ _0000000000 O0000 O0
0 _0000 O0000 O0000 O00 O0000 O0
IIIIIIIIIIIIIiiiiiiiii
O_ __ _0 _0 _ __ __0 _0 _0
0___0_____0_00
oq O_ _0 _ _00000000000000 O000
0 _ _00000000000000000000 O000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIiiiiiiiii
I
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 103
0
o
0
o
,--4
II
i o
04
_D
Im
0
o
4o
• ,-i
II
u% o
o __o___oo0oooooooo0o
___oooooooooo0ooooooooo0
_ _ _ I I I I I I I
III
_ o_ _ _o _ O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o o_
t_
o _o_0_0__o_oooo0ooooooooo
_ o _ _ o oo oo o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o oo
_1111 I I I I I I
III
0
"8
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 104
____0____0
o 0_____0__0__0
o ________000
°,°°,°o°°o°°.o°..°.ooo°o..
c_ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIl
0__0__00____0_
o __0__0___0__
o 0_0____0_0__0
_______000000
o °°°°.°°°°.°°.0.°°°.°°..°._
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
II
o ______ _0_0_
u_ _____0____
0________0_000
_00____000000000
°0°°°°0°°°°°.°.°°°°.°°o°°_
I__111111111111111111111
IIII
,--4
eq 0
I Cq
_4
0
0
v
0
II ,-_
0 _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ ,_ _ _ _ _T 00 _ _ _ _ _ _ 0
cJ _ _ 0 _ 0 L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00000000000000
°.°.°..°°0°° .... °°°°°o°°°0
IIIIII
c_
0
0 ___'_ _ _ __0__0
____ 00_0_0000000000
.°°.°°°°°°°.°...°°°.°°°°°°
__lll II I II I I I
IIIIII
Oq
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 105
0
0
eq
0
0
,0
II
X
0
L_
c'q
I 0
0
0
.0
,--I
II ___ 0__ _ __ 0_0_
_ ___00_0_0__00_
°°...°....0..°°..°°...°°.°.°
qJ
_0__ _ I I I I IIII I
,-1
Ii
cq
0
L_
c'q
0
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 106
o
II
0
Lf_
0____0_00____0
0_ _ __ _0_ _ _0 _ _ _0 _ 0_
0 0____0_____00
_ _ _ _ _000000 O0000000000000
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
I
0_0__00_____0
0__ _ _0 _ _ _ _ __ _ _0 _ _ _ _
0 0_0_0_0_____000
o4 ___00000000000000000000
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
,.-1
<
0 0___0______0
0 0_00________
0 0 0 _ _ _0'0 _00 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 000000
_ _ _ _00 O00 O000 O00 O0 O000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
II
0_____0___0_0_0
0______0___ 0
Lr_ 0 _ _0 _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ O0 O00 O000
0 __0000000000000000000000
IIIIIIIIIiiiiiiiiii
0____0____0_0
00_0__0_0____00
0__0___000000000000
0 _,_0000000 O00000 O00 O00 O000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIit111
0___0__0____0
0____0____0000
0_0_00 _ _ _ _ _ O00000000000 O0
__00000000000000000000000
....o0°o°.0.0°.°.°,..,...._
IIIIIIIIIiiiiiiiiiiii
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 107
oo
_0 __ _ _ __ _ 0__ _ _0
o
/pk O
,-4 oooe0eI._.o.°o0°i°°.I..QI.°
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
O
II
O
u%
_0_0_0____0_0__
0 _000__00__0_0_0__
e_
_ _ _ _ O0 0 O0 000 0
........°_.o..°..°.°°..°o.°°
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
I 0
______00____
____0000000000000000
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
I:Cl
o
0
0
.0
,-4 ,_
II
(J
.I
u_
0
_0_0_0______0
_llllllO
Ill
_ _0 _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _0 _ _ _
eq ____0__00__0_0_
0 _ _0 _ _ 0 _ _ _ _ _ O_ _ 0 0 0 0 0 O0 0 0 0
O_ _ _ _ 0 0 O0 0 0 O0 O0 O0 0 0 0 0 O0 0 O0
z
_N_IIIIII I I I I
III
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 108
O
O
___O_O_OO_O___
_ _O___ ___O_
O O_O___O_____O
O _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O O OO O
°°°.°°°..°°°°°°°.°..°°.°°.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiiiii
Oi
II
XOu_
O
oq
u_
oq O
! ____ ___O_ _t_
OO_O_OOO____O_O_O_OO
_ __O____OOOOOOOOOO
.°°°0.....°o.°.°°°0..°°°..
I_NN_NIIIIII|IIIIIII
IIIII
O
O
O• Or-4 ___O___O_O__
II __O___OOOOOOOOOOOO
..°°°)°°.°°.°°.°°....=°°.°
_J IIIIIII
O O _n_ __ __O_ O_ _
O _ _ _ _1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O O
__O_O__OOOOOOOOOOOOOO
...............°..°.......
IIIIIII
O OO_
_O___O__OO___
O_O__O___ _
O____O__O_OO__O
__ __OOO_OOOOOOOOOOOO
°.°_......°.°°°°°.°°°..°°°
__NIIIIII I I I I I
IIIIII
E
t4-
_ O _ O _ O _ O _ O t_ O _ O _ O _ O O O O O O O O O O
v
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page 109
,7--
0
0
/ 0
0
_=4
II
0
u_
@_1 IIIIIIll
II
,,O
I 0
,-i
_1 IIIIIIII
II
0
0
_l: II
/ 0
II
U
F 0
0
Section B 6
15 September 1961
Page ii0
References
,
MacNeal, Richard H., and John A. Bailie, Analysis of Frame-
Reinforced Cylindrical Shells, Part III - Applications.
NASA TN D-402, 1960.
I
\