Steven Lombardo 11390992 Psychology Writing Assignment #1 Harvard has released a great new tool for students.

Their well-crafted website helps explain the many examples of plagiarism and how to properly avoid it. The six different types of plagiarism covered by the Harvard Guide could be overwhelming to understand, yet a clean layout with numerous examples of both acceptable and incorrectly cited examples will be useful to students around the world. Using the examples given plagiarism is easily identifiable, and with proper sources and citing, completely avoidable. When reporting on a subject I should always identify the author and source I am using. By doing this could incorporate his words as well as my thoughts together to form a unique outlook on the topic. Using proper footnotes, quotations, MLA and APA in-text citations I can avoid plagiarism. http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&pageid=icb.page342057

Over a decade of war in two counties has taken its toll on our troops bodies and minds. Large explosive forces put immense pressure on the brain which damages it in ways we are still trying to understand. Using PsychINFO I first began with the most common mental injury that many combat troops get. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is something that many combat troops receive after experiencing the horrors of war and combat. Some troops still receive additional injuries in being the ones who were themselves hit by explosions which then further effects the brain. There are many sources to develop PTSD, however I am focusing on combat related events. Civilians as well can receive PTSD so I had to narrow it down by searching for combat related side effects. Then I added the additional effect of Traumatic Brain Injury, or TBI to the search and found an article linking both PTSD and TBI together. Cooper Douglas B.; Kennedy, Jan E.; Cullen, Maren A.; Critchfield, Edan; Amador,

Ricardo R.; (2011) have done studies to address the links between Traumatic Brain Injury and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Currently the relation between TBI and PTSD is still uncertain. Cooper et al. (2011)and his team have tested over two hundred soldiers, marines and airmen in his test to find a link [1]. While not all PTSD is combat related, TBI is a result from direct contact with the enemy whether by improvised explosive devices or rocket propelled grenades. The massive explosions cause severe head trauma. Soldiers coming home with TBI may not receive a PTSD diagnosis due to possible false symptoms, such as double vision which is linked to both PTSD and TBI [2]. Cooper et al. (2011) and his team with the proper diagnosis can help the growing number of returning combat veterans who are suffering from either PTSD or TBI, or possibly both. Coopers et al (2011) study has also tried to differentiate the differences between High Combat Stress and Low Combat Stress. To measure the difference he uses the PCL-C [3], or Posttraumatic Checklist-Civilian which is a self-rated scale used to screen for PTSD. Using over 17 different items. Participants are then scored and those who place in a higher category are considered to have High Combat Stress, those with low scores are placed in Low Combat Stress. With these two groups there is a tighter control group to test the effects of TBI on. The results showed that men in the High Combat stress had a "3-8-fold increase in post-concussive symptoms" They also showed numerous symptoms of PTSD. Soldiers in the Low Combat Stress group according to Coopers et al. (2011) study had few post-concussive symptoms, and the severity of the symptoms we rated as mild. The results of this study suggest that PTSD and TBI have a relationship especially with those who have been rated with High Combat Stress. However caution should be applied when diagnosing either as the symptoms are shared with another type of brain trauma which is Post-concussion syndrome. Cooper et al (2011) team have said they are worried about "pyramiding, in which signs and symptoms are used to support multiple diagnosis."

Supporting article is Military TBI During the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars Warden, D.(2006). I was drawn to the article because it is also trying to find the similarities between combat mental related injuries, such as combat stress TBI and PCS or post-concussive symptom. The article was used as a source because of some of their testing between the two types of combat stress (low and high). After reading the source in my main article I was drawn to this one because it explained the testing done in greater detail.

References [1] Cooper, D. B., Kennedy, J. E., Cullen, M. A., Critchfield, E., Amador, R. R., & Bowles, A. O. (2011). Association between combat stress and post-concussive symptom reporting in OEF/OIF service members with mild traumatic brain injuries. Brain Injury, 25(1), 1-7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2010.531692 [2] Lees-Haley PR, English LT, Glenn WJ.(1991) A Fake Bad Scale on the MMPI-2 for personal injury claimants. Psychological Reports 1991;68:2003-210. [3] Blanchard E, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley T, Forneris CA. (1996) Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist. Behavioral Research and Therapy 1996;34:669-673 [4] Warden, D. (2006) Military TBI During the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars: The journal of head trauma rehabilitation [0885-9701] yr:2006 vol:21 iss:5 pg:398cite 21(5), 398-402. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200609000-00004

http://search.proquest.com/psycinfo/docview/837457889/1406B4A39BF55D08BB2/3?accountid=14902 http://search.proquest.com/psycinfo/docview/621467032/1406B8332A94C8E4084/10?accountid=1490 2

In addition, you should write a brief description of the process you used to find one of the articles from the reference list of the first article. Be sure to include where to find a hard copy at WSU.

Part 2 should be 1.5 pages total upon inclusion of all aspects of this assignment.

Finally, provide complete reference information for both articles, in proper APA editorial style (separate 3rd page). A tutorial PowerPoint presentation about APA reference and citation formats (adapted from the Office of Teaching Resources in Psychology) and an APA Referencing Handout are provided in Angel to help you. You may also consult the library and the WSU Writing Center. Finally, the Purdue Online Writing Center (OWL) is an excellent online resource on APA editorial style. It can be found at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/.

REMEMBER: Your write-up should consist of complete, understandable sentences with proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Clearly label your work following the example given above. Carefully proofread your paper before submitting it to avoid losing points.