Genome..?

 

A genome is all of a living thing's genetic material. It is the entire set of hereditary instructions for building, running, and maintaining an organism, and passing life on to the next generation.

Genome Mapping?


Assigning/locating of a specific gene to particular region of a chromosome and determining the location and relative distances between genes on the chromosome.

Markers of Genome mapping?

 

Genetic markers. DNA Markers.

Genetic Markers.?


A gene is a small piece of the genome. It's the genetic equivalent of the atom: As an atom is the fundamental unit of matter, a gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Genes are found on chromosomes and are made of DNA. Different genes determine the different characteristics, or traits, of an organism.

Genetic Markers.
Any trait of an organism that can be identified with confidence and relative ease and can be followed in a mapping population. Genetic markers can be detected with the naked eye.

Types of Genetic Markers.

 

NEPs. PBM.

Naked eye polymorphism.

 

Inheritance can be followed with naked eye . Traits include in this group are plant height, diseases response, photoperiodism, shape and colour of flower etc. Can be generally scored quickly and simply with out laboratory equipment.

Protein based markers.

 

Detected as electrophoretic variants of protiens. Usually variants of enzyme called isozyme is used. Relatively small number of protein polymorphism may exist b/w two parents.

DNA as a Marker..?


  

Mapped features that are not genes are called the DNA markers. There are three types of DNA sequence feature that satisfy this requirement:Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs). Simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

RFLPs..?


RFLPs were the first type of DNA markers to be studied. Restriction fragments are produced when a DNA molecule is treated with a restriction endonuclease.

SSLPs.?


 

SSlPs are arrays of repeat sequence that repeat sequences that display length variations. Different alleles containing different numbers of repeat units. There are two types of SSLPs:Minisatellites. Microsatellites.

Minisatellites, also known as variable number of tandem repeats, in which the repeat units is a few ten of nucleotides in length. Microsatellites or simple tandem repeats whose repeats are much shorter.

SNPs..?


These are individual point mutations in the genome. Alterations in DNA involving a single base pair are called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. It is estimated that ~60,000 SNPs occur within exons; 85% of exons within 5 kb of nearest SNPs.

Types of genome mapping.?

  

Genetic mapping. Physical Mapping. Cytogenetic Mapping.

Genetic Mapping?


Schematic representation of various genetic markers in the specific order in which they are located in chromosomes.

Approaches of Genetic Mapping..



Linkage analysis is the basis of genetic mapping. Linkage is the tendency of genes and other genetic markers to be inherited together because of their location near one another on the same chromosome.

Physical Mapping..

Uses Molecular biology techniques to examine DNA molecules directly in order to construct maps showing the position of sequence features including genes.

Restriction Mapping..

Which Locates the relative position on the DNA molecule of the cut sites for restriction endonuclease.

Cytogenetic Mapping


Depicts the location of various genes in a chromosome relative to specific microscopically visible landmarks in a chromosome. Eg. polytene chromosome of Drosophila.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization..



 

DNA of concerned gene/DNA sequence is used as a Probe. Probes are usually fluorescently labelled . A flourescent microscope absorb light at a particular wave length and then emits light at a longer wave length. Flourescent microscope are then used to detect the light emitted by florescence. Probes binds only to specific sequence of the chromosomes and fluorescence generates a colorful glowing band on the chromosome against colorless dark background.

Applications of Genome mapping

Genome maps help scientists find genes, particularly those involved in human disease. Genome maps are useful in the day-to-day activities of molecular biology laboratories. Maps provide a language of landmarks that help scientists work with DNA in this form.

Genome maps also help scientists find and learn about other important parts of the genome, such as the regulatory regions that help control when genes are turned on and off . Genome maps enable scientists to compare the genomes of different species, yielding insights into the process of evolution.