Telecom Signaling

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Control Signal
Signalling system must be compatible with Transmission and the switching systems of the network. Control signal may be continuous (DC off-hook signal) or Pulse signal ( dialed digit pulses). May or may not be acknowledged. Acknowledgement may be continuous or pulse signal. Continuous signal acknowledgements are called COMPELLED signaling. Control signalling Functions:
Call Request or Seize (forward) Address Signal (forward) Answer (backward) Clear signals(forward and backward)

Control signalling functions can be achieved using either Channel-Associated signalling or Common-channel Signalling.

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Customer Line Signalling

Non-harmonically related frequencies are used to avoid ambiguity.

* and # are used for

additional conversation.

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Types of Signaling
Signaling in Telecommunications Network Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) or Common Channel Signaling (CCS) Signaling System Number (SS7) is a form of Common Channel Signaling.

Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)

In-Band Signaling Signaling is transmitted in the same frequency band as used by voice. Voice path is established when the call setup is complete, using the same path that the call setup signals used.

Common Channel Signaling

Out of Band signaling Employs separate, dedicated path for signaling. Voice trunks are used only when a connection is established, not before. Faster Call Setup. Enable a wide range of services: Caller ID, toll-free calling. Voice Trunks Switch A Switch B

Signaling Link
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CAS vs. CCS

Switch 1 Signaling and Speech Switch 2

Channel Associated Signaling

Signaling

STP Speech

STP

Switch 1

Switch 2

Common Channel Signaling

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FDM carrier systems

Out-band signalling In-band or voice frequency (VF) Signalling

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PCM signalling

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Inter-Register Signalling
Advantage of link by link signalling:

1.

Signals suffer transmission

impairments of a single link

2.

Different signalling systems may be used on different links.

In end-to end signalling, the originating register controls the setting up of a connection until it reaches its final destination

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Inter-Register Signalling
CCITT from signalling system no.2 provides both forward and backward signalling.

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Common channel signalling

Associated signallingdirect CCS

link between two exchanges.

Non-associated signalling---CCS links form a signalling network, and signal

passes through various intermediate

nodes. Quasi-associated signalling---CCS messages routed through only one intermediate node(signal Transfer point).
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SS7
out-of-band signaling architecture Functionalities- supporting
call-establishment Billing routing, and information-exchange functions

Created and controlled by various bodies around the world, but the principal

organization with responsibility for their administration is the International

Telecommunications Union or ITU-T.
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SS7 History
CCITT developed a digital signaling standard called Signaling System 6 SS6 was based on Packet-Switched, proprietary data network. Uses 2.4 Kbps data links to send packets of data to distant switches to request service. SS7 began deployment in 1983, was initially used for inter office network, but now it is deployed in local central offices. Provide a global standard for call setup, routing, control and database access.

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SS7 Principle
Out of band Signaling Higher Signaling data rates (56Kbps & 64 Kbps) Signaling traffic is busty and of short duration, hence operates in connectionless mode using packet switching Variable length signal units with maximum size limitation

Optimum use of bandwidth

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Components of SS7

SSP

STP

SCP

SSP Signaling Switching Points

STP - Signaling Transfer Points

SCP Signaling Control Points
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Components of SS7
SSPs:

Telephone switches equipped with SS7 software Capable of originating, terminating or switch calls
STPs:

Packet switches of SS7 network

Route incoming signaling messages to proper destination
SCPs:

Databases providing information necessary for advanced call-processing

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Typical SS7 Network

SCPs

SSPs

STPs
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SS7 Network Flow

signaling transfer point (STP):
packet-switches of SS7 network
send/receive/route signaling messages

signaling control point (SCP):

services go here e.g., database functions

signaling switching point (SSP):

user endpoints of SS7 network

attach directly to end

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SS7 Network Architecture

STP

STP

STP

STP

STP

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SS7 Link Types

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SS7 Link Types

A link (access) B link (bridge) Connects signaling end point (SCP or SSP) to STP Connects an STP to another STP; typically, a quad of B links interconnect peer (or primary) STPs (STPs from a network connect to STPs of another network) Connects STPs performing identical functions, forming a mated pair (for greater reliability) Connects a secondary (local or regional) STP pair to a primary (inter-network gateway) STP pair in a quad-link configuration; the distinction between B and D links is arbitrary

C link (cross) D link (diagonal)

E link (extended)
F link (fully associated)

Connects an SSP to an alternate STP

Connects two signaling end points (SSPs and SCPs) in the same local network

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SS7 Protocol Suite

OSI Layers
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

OMAP

MAP

TCAP SCCP

ISUP

MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 MTP Level 1

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Message Transfer Part

The function of MTP is to ensure the signaling traffic can be transferred and delivered reliably between the end-users and the network.

MTP is provided at three levels

Signaling data link functions (MTP Level 1) provide an interface to the actual physical channel over which

communication takes place.

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MTP Level 2
Signaling link functions (MTP Level 2) correspond to the second layer in the OSI reference model. Provides a reliable link for the transfer of traffic between two directly

connected signaling points.

Variable Length packet messages (called message signal units MSUs) are defined in MTP Level 2. Implements flow control, error detection and correction.

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MTP Level 3
Signaling network functions (MTP Level 3) provide procedures that transfer messages between signaling nodes. Level 3 have two major functions as Signaling Message Handling and Signaling Network Management. Signaling message handling is used to provide routing, distribution and traffic discrimination. Traffic discrimination is the process by which a signaling point determines whether or not a packet data messages in intended for its use or not.
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CCITT signalling System no.7

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ISUP (Integrated Services User Part)

It defines the procedures used to setup, manage, and release trunk circuits that carry

voice and data calls over the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
Provides services to ISDN applications. Most used to set up and tear down phone calls between switches.

ISUP messages
IAM, initiate a call ANM, a call has been accepted REL, a call disconnect

A connection-oriented protocol
Related to the establishment of connections between users
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TCAP (Transaction capabilities applications part)

TCAP in SS7 refers to the application layer which invokes the services of

SCCP and the MTP in a hierarchical format

One application at a node is thus able to execute an application at another node and use these results.

For connectionless signaling

Thus, TCAP is concerned with management of transactions and procedures between remote applications.

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(Operation Maintenance and Administration Part)

OMAP

OMAP functions
Monitoring Coordination Control functions to ensure that trouble free communications are possible.

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Example: signaling a POTS call

4. STP X forwards IAM SSP B 2. SSP A formulates Initial Address Message (IAM), forwards to STP W 3. STP W forwards IAM to STP X

Y
1. caller goes offhook, dials callee. SSP A decides to route call via SSP B. Assigns idle trunk A-B

X A B
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Example: signaling a POTS call

5. B determines it serves callee, creates address completion message (ACM[A,B,trunk]), rings callee phone, sends ringing sound on trunk to A 6. ACM routed to Z to Y to A

W
7. SSP A receives ACM, connects subscriber line to allocated A-B trunk (caller hears ringing)

Y A

X B
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Example: signaling a POTS call

8. Callee goes off hook, B creates, sends answer message to A (ANM[A,B,trunk])

9. ANM routed to A

W
10. SSP A receives ANM, checks caller is connected in both directions to trunk. Call is connected!

Y A

X B
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Example: signaling a 800 ca11

800 number: logical phone number

Translation to physical phone number needed, e.g., 1-800-CALL_ATT translates to 162-962-1943 3. M performs lookup, sends reply to A

2. STP W forwards request to M

1. Caller dials 800 number, A recognizes 800 number, formulates translation query, send to STP W

Y A A B
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