(JJ MacDougall 1986 B), and : beamtenstaat (Benda 1966; Mc Vey 198 )!

"#e$% D$&&e%ences a%e m$no%, and t#e models a%e %ead$ly com'at$ble ($t# one anot#e%! )#at "#ese conce't attem' to '%obe $nto a%e t#e c#a%acte%$st$cs o& t#e $ndones$an 'ol$t$cal %eg$me and t#e st%uctu%e o& 'ol$t$cal 'o(e% at t#e cent%al le*el! +n bot# %es'ects, t#ey $n#e%lt t#e mode%n$st assum't$ons! ,ome o& t#em e-'%essed t#e$% contem't &o% +ndones$a.s aut#o%$ta%$an &eatu%es by l$n/$ng t#e to (#at mode%n$st (ould call t%ad$t$onal o% '%emode%n 'asts, 'a%t$cula%y t#e 'ostcolon$al e%a! "#us, once 'o'ula% (as t#e neo'at%$mon$al model o& +ndones$an 'ol$t$cs! "#e ot#e%s em'#as$0ed t#e o''%ess$*e as'ecto& t#e ,oe#a%to %eg$me and t%$ed to s#o( #o( '$*otal a %ole t#e m$l$ta%y 'lays $n 'ol$t$cs! 1atu%ally, t#e$% &ocus (as 'laced on t#e small c$%cle o& t#e 'ol$t$cal el$te and t#e$% $nte%nal con&l$cts! )#at /a#ln and &e$t# &ound $n t#e&$%st decade o& t#e $nde'endent $ndones$a (as %ene(ed by t#$s g%ou' o& t#e %e*$s$on$st2mode%n$st ($t# l$ttle mod$&$cat$on: t#e m$l$ta%y and bu%eauc%acy as stab$l$0e% *e%sus t#e tec#noc%ats as %e&o%me%! But ($t# t#e 'ol$t$c$ans o& t#e e-t%eme %$g#t and le&t gone, t#e con&l$cts $n t#e ne( o%de% (e%e seen as less $ntense and mo%e #$c%o%c#$al, and bot# 'ol$t$cal &o%ces &o%med a coal$t$on unde% t#e soe#a%to %ule My c%$t$3ue o& t#e de*elo'mental$st models (ould be %edundant and could not $m'%o*e u'on t#ose made e-cellently by (D($g#t /$ng) and %$c#a% %ob$nson (1944,1948, 1986)! "#e$% c%$t$c$sms %$g#tly 'o$nted out t#at suc# 'ol$t$cal system2 cente%ed stud$es (e%e too na%%o(ly &ocused om t#e '%oblem o& 'ol$t$cal 'o(e% and %ule, neglected t#e soc$oeconom$c en*$%onment a&&ect$ng 'ol$t$cal con&l$cts, and d$d not loo/ se%$ously $nto t#e dynam$c c#anges unde%(ay bencat# t#e su%&ace o& aut#o%$ta%$an 'ol$t$cal stab$l$yu and stat$s! )$t# 5$ngs and %obb$nsons c%$t$cal %e*$e( al%eady a*a$ble and #$g#ly ade3uate, and s$nce t#e de*elo'mental$st.s (o%/s a%e not to muc# #el' $n e-'lo%$ng my %esea%c# 3uest$ons, $t seems unnecessa%y #e%e to e*aluate and elabo%ate on t#e 'o$nts t#ey made! +nstead $ concent%ate my %e*$e( o& t#e con*ent$onal a''%oac# on one *e%s$on o& t#e de*elo'mental$stm, namely, t#e econom$sts *$e( o& t#e $ndones$an state, (#$c# needs some add$t$onal c%$t$css to t#ose b%$e&ly made by %ob$nson (1986, 169211) 7s com'a%ed to most %esea%c#e%s o& '%e2s#oe#a%to $ndones$a, (#o (e%e o*e%ly $nte%ested $n #e% 'ol$t$cal a&&a$%s,a la%ge% numbe% o& (este%n and $ndones$an econom$sts #a*e eme%ged du%$ng t#e ne( o%de% to s#a%e, t#oug# not st%a$g#t&o(a%dly '%o'ound, a ce%ta$n *$e( o& (#at t#e $ndones$an state $s and s#ould be! 7lt#oug# t#e$% o*e%%$d$ng conce%ns #a*e been t#e econom$c 'e%&o%mance o& t#e ne( o%de%, t#e$% a''%oac#es a%e based on ce%ta$n assum't$ons about $ndones$an 'ol$t$cs! "o 'ut $t b%$e&ly, t#e '%oblem t#e see ($t# t#e ne( o%de% $s mo%e o% less tec#n$cal! )#et#e% t#e $ndones$an economy ($ll cont$nue to g%o( o% (#et#e% $t can co'e ($t# t#e cu%%ent stagnat$ons de'ends o t#e de*elo'ment st%ategy t#e go*e%ment ($ll ta/e! "#us, %esound$ng c%$t$csm o& t#e late #as been 'laced on t#e $m'o%t2subst$tut$on $ndust%$al$0at$on st%ategy to (#$c# 'ol$cyma%/e%s a%e comm$tted, ($t# s$multancous culogy &o% t#e e-'o%t o%$ented g%o(t# '$l$c$es o& east as$an ca'$tal$st econom$cs! )#$le t#e econom$sts also concede de&$elencles $n t#e

st%uctu%e o& 'ol$cy2ma/$ng and $m'lementat$on, t#ey ne*e%t#eless bel$e*e t#ese a%e also $ncu%%ed by lac/ o& measu%es d$scou%ag$ng 'e%*e%se state &unct$ona%$es! ,tat$sm $s seen as a matte% 'ol$cy c#o$ce, an alte%nat$*e $n (#$c# t#e 'ol$cyma%/e%s c#oose to allocate to t#e bu%eauc%acy and t#e 'ubl$c secto% mo%e %esou%ces and tas/ so as to 'lay a ma8o% %ole $n n$anag$ng t#e nat$onal economy "#ese *$e( suggest$ons $m'ly t#at t#e soc$ety amounts to not#$ng else t#an a ma%/et ($t# e3ually2endo(ed, anonymous %at$onal consume%s o& commod$t$es ('ol$c$es)! +& t#e commod$t$es ('ol$c$es) a%e o& good 3ual$ty, t#e ma%/et (t#e economy) ($ll &lou%$s# and g%o(, mean(#$le, t#e $ndnes$an state to t#e de*elo'ment econom$sts $s t#e locus o& 'ol$t$cal com'et$t$on bet(een t#e sma%t, ben$gn, and %at$onal tec#noc%ats and t#e s$m'le2m$nded, #a%m&ul, and $%%at$onal bu%eauc%ats! "#us t#e econom$sts ag%eement $s ($t# t#e tec#noc%ats, '%eec$sely as (e%e 5a#$n;s and 9e$t#.s ($t# t#e mode%n$0$ng e/$te o% t#e '%oblem2sol*e%s! 7s &a% as t#e$% o%$entat$os o& t#e econom$c $deology a%e conce%ned, t#e tec#noc%ats a%e ne$t#e% l$be%al non soc$al$st, but nea%e% to (#at 5unt8o%o2Ja/t$(1981) c#a%acte%$0es as 1eo 5eynes$an: (c#a' ))! :ecently, #o(e*e%, some aust%al$an econom$sts (boot# and mcca(ley 1981a) collabo%ated to ta/e a mo%e c%$t$cal 'os$t$on to(a%d t#e ne( o%de% %eg$me.s obst$nate stand aga$nst t#e l$be%al$0at$on o& $ts econom$c system! "#e ed$to%s anne boot# and 'ete% mc ca(ley (1981a) e*en labelled $t mal$gn $nte%*ent$on$st %e'lete ($t# gunna% my%dal.s so&t2state synd%$me ('' 14219)! Des'$te t#e$% close% a''%oac# to my *$e( o& $ndones$a.s '%oblem, t#ey st$ll came s#o%t o& '$n'o$nt$ng t#e *ested $nte%est o& bu%eauc%ats and t#e state as system$c and st%uctu%al obstacles to any %e&o%ms t#e tec#noc%ats may $n$t$ate $n good &a$t#! Most o& t#eo% %ecommendat$ons seem to be e-t%emely so&t and un%eal$st$c! "#e econom$st *$e( o& t#e $ndones$an state $s t#e%e&o%e not $n t#e least %emo*e%d &%om %e*$s$on$st mode%n$st 'e%s'ect$*e o& t#e$% contem'o%a%$es! )#$le not so nal*e as t#e class$cal mode%n$st (#o e3uate t#e state ($t# a 'laton$c ben$gn el$te, t#e econom$st 'e%s'ect$*e ma/es m$-ed assessment as to #o( t#e state actually &unct$ons! Bot#, #o(e*e%, s#%e t#e same &a$t# $n t#e no%at$*e %ole o& t#e state! "o t#at e-tent, de*elomental$stm $s an $deology! But t#$s $deolog $s not based on t#e co%%ect assessment o& t#e 'o(e% st%uctu%e ($t#$n t#e $ndones$an state! +m my *$e(, t#e tec#noc%ats o% mode%n$st, to (#om econom$sts ass$gn t#e lead$ng %ole ($t#$n t#e state, a%e not $n t#e d%$*e%.s seat (&o% &u%t#e% de*elo'met o& t#$s 'o$nt, see c#a'te% ; belo()! )#at #atty benda (196<) commented o& &e$t# '%oblem2sol*e%s seems st$ll accu%ate $n desc%$bl$ng t#e$% ne( o%de% counte%'a%ts : a small $nt%$ns$cally &o%e$gn element $n t#e body soc$al o& $ndones$a, o% a &o%e$gn element ($t#$n t#e soc$al and $deolog$cal (o%ld o& $nd$an$0ed $ndones$a, es'ec$ally o& 8a*a! Historical-Structuralis approach to the indonesia state Mo%e con*$nc$ng a%guments on t#e natu%e and t#e #$sto%$cal e*olut$on o& t#e $ndones$an state a%e made by t#e #$sto%$ans and s$m$la%ly2o%$ented 'ol$t$cal sc$ent$st! =ommand$ng a colossal /no(ledge o& #$sto%$cal s'es$&$cs, t#ey #a*e not &l$%ted

c#ea'ly ($t# t#eo%$es and #y'ot#es$s untested on t#e $ndones$an so$l! "#e #a*e &%e3uently %em$nded com'a%at$*$st o& t#e dange% o& automat$c #$sto%$cal 'a%allel$sm! 7 tendency to too ($ll$ngly !!! t%ans&e% &am$l$a% catego%$es to un&am$l$a% te%%a$n (benda) ! "#$s sounds &am$l$a% to t#e com'a%at$*e 'ol$t$cal sc$ent$st, (#om geo*ann$ sa%to%$ (a%ned o& conce'tual st%etc#$ng, t#at $s, *ague, amo%'#ous conce'tual$0at$ons! +n %e*$e($ng &e$t# (o%/ on t#e decl$ne o& t#e onst$tut$ona demo%acy $n t#e late 19;6, benda asse%ts t#at t#e &ate o& an $nt%$ns$cally all$es 'ol$t$cal &%ame(o%/ must be '%$ma%$ly unde%stood $n te%ms o& $ndones$an #$sto%$cal cont$nu$ty %at#e% t#an $n te%ms contem'o%a%y el$te contest! 7s &a% as t#e natu%e o& t#e $ndones$an state $s conce%ned, Benda! >$msel& la$d some g%ound(o%/ by s#o($ng #o( t#e e#$cal 'ol$cy o& t#e late colon$al %eg$me &a$led to b%$ng decent%al$0at$on $nto t#e colon$al soc$ety! +nstead $% %e$n*$go%ated a beamtenstaat, $n (#$c/, t#e ma$ntenance o& 'eace and o%de% be$ng t#e summa bonum o& (#a!!! could be called a n$g#t(atc#man state, colon$al 'ol$cy $s abo*e all an $nst%ument &o% t#e $m'lementat$on, not o& com'et$ng soc$al demands but o& #te sound adm$n$st%at$on 'e% se! >e cont$nued to l$/en t#e 'ost$nde%'endence e%a to $mmed$ately be&o%e (o%ld (a% 99, sta%t$ng t#at t#e *$%tual %e'et$t$on o& t#e decent%al$0at$on and %ecent%al$0at$on d%ama t#$%ty yea%s late%, $n t#e conte-t o& an $nde'end $ndones$a, (ould seem to lend 'a%ado-$al (e$g#t to t#e e%st(#$le dutc# de&ende% o& t#e adm$n$st%at$*e 3uo ! But benda.s deat# den$ed #$m t#e o''o%tun$ty to obse%*e and con&$%m t#at decent%al$0at$on (as mo%e e'$'#enomenal t#an t#e uny$eld$ng cent%al$0at$on tendency $n mode%n $ndones$an #$sto%y! 7n e-ec't$onally o%$g$nal account o& t#e $ndones$an state and cont%$but$on to t#e debate (as made by t#e %ad$cal 'ol$t$cal sc$ent$st bened$ct ande%son (198?)! :e8ect$ng t#e /a#an$an #$sto%$cal and t#e de*elo'mental$st and &unct$onal$st com'a%at$*e me#ods al$/e, #e bases t#e e*olut$on o& t#e ne( o%de% state $n a #$sto%$cal cont$nu$ty o& t#e old state &%om t#e colon$al old 'e%$od on! )#e%e #e d$&&e%s &%om most #$sto%$ans $s $n #$s em'#as$s on t#e sel&2 '%ese%*$ng and sel&2 agg%and$0$ng soc$oeconom$c &oundat$on o& t#e state! "o ande%son, t#e state $s an $nst$tt$on! +t #as $ts o(n #$sto%y and conc%ete $nte%est t#at a%e not %educ$ble to $t.s membe% 'ass$ng 'e%sonal amb$t$ons (ande%son)! 7nde%son, $n t#e &$%st se%$ous a''l$cat$on o& t#e conce't o& t#e state to $ndones$an 'ol$t$cs, sees $n t#e ne( o%de% t#e %esu%ecct$o o& t#e state and $ts $%lum'# *$s a *$s soc$ety and nat$on! "#$s *$e( %ad$cally d$st$ng$s#es #$m &%om #$s contem'o%a%y $ndones$an$st, (#o c#a%acte%$0e t#e ne( o%de% me%ely as an eme%gence o& an aut#o%$ta%$an %eg$me , t#at $s, as a c#ange $n t#e %ules $& t#e 'ol$t$cal game and $n t#e go*e%n$ng &act$on ($t#$n t#e *aguely de&$ned el$te! >e also de'a%ts &%om suc# #$sto%$cal and cultu%al com'a%at$c$sts as McVey (198 ) and =%ouc#(1949)! 9o% by %esu%%ect$on #e does not mean t#e one o& stat$sm as an $deology o% t%ad$t$on, but an o*e%l$aul o& $nst$tut$onal &%ame(o%/s ($t# dete%m$ned and *$tal econom$c @ soc$o'ol$t$cal and secu%$ty st%ateg$es! "#e ne( o%de% state %elentlessly de'ol$t$cal$0ed (#at t#e leade%s#$' l$/es to call &loat$ng masses, e&&ect$*ely de'%$*d

t#e m$ddle classes and musl$m ad#e%ents o& 'ol$t$cal o%gan$0at$on, del$be%ately tamed t#e 'ol$t$cal 'a%t$es, and sec%etly con&$ned :t#e c#$nese comme%c$al bou%geo$sle to t#e$% t%ad$$t$onal 'os$t$on o& 'ol$tcal e-clus$on and econom$c '%$*$lege! )#$le t#e ne( o%de% state $s com'osed o& '%$yay$ old2t$me%s and 'ol$t$callu $nstalled c$*$l se%*ants be&o%e 196; as (ell as t#e no( dom$nant m$l$ta%y, $t d$es not #a*e a clea% class $ndent$&$cat$on! "#$s t#es$s o& an autonomous state se'a%ates ande%son &%om t#e ma%-$st t#eo%$t$sts o& t#e state! "#e c$nse3uences o& all t#e 'ol$l$c/$ng (as t#e most 'o(e%&ul state $n $ndones$a s$nce dutc# colon$al t$mes! 7n $m'o%tant booste% to t#$s '%ocess (as t#e ass$stance o& (este%n ca'$tal$st 'o(et $n t#e bu$ld u' o& &$nanc$ally sel&2su&&$ent state! 7nnually '%o*$ded &o%e$gn a$d (annual 7AA+ &$-) su%ged &o%e$gn $n*estment &%eed t#e state o& 'otent$al '%essu%es &%om ta- 'aye%s! "#$s ga*e t#e state t#e ca'ac$ty to co2o't t#e $nd$geneous bus$ness class by &unnell$ng (t#e Money) out $nto soc$ety $n t#e &o%m o& cont%act, g%ants2$n2a$d, loans, and so on! 7nde%son.s *$e( t#e state belongs to an e-t%eme stat$st 'e%s'ect$*e! Most t#eo%$t$sts o& t#e state may (onde% $& state dom$nance to suc# an e-tent could be 'oss$ble $n %eal$ty! But anyone &am$l$a% ($t# +ndones$an 'ol$t$cs and #$sto%y (ould #a*e l$ttle doubt o& t#e 'laus$b$$l$ty o& ande%son.s account! >e $s *e%y 'e%suas$*e at least $n #$g#l$g#t$ng t#e #$sto%$cal conte-ts and se3uences by (#$c# a sel&2$nte%ested state consol$dates $tsel& and $ns asce%ta$n$ng t#e econom$c, soc$al, and 'ol$t$cal &acto% t#at enabled t#e state to ca'tu%e $ts momentum! >e als$ sco%es o%$g$n$nal$ty $n #$s conce'tual &%ame(o%/ by %$go%ously and t#%$&t$ly em'loy$ng conce'ts e*ol*ed $s com'a%at$ce 'ol$t$cs 7nde%son accu%ate a''%o-$mat$on o& t#e ne( o%de% state led e*en t#e ot#e%($se #a%s# c%$t$c %$c#a%d %ob$nson (1986) tobe obscute $n #$s attac/ ande%son state 3ua state t#es$s! 7lt#oug# ande%son $nte%'%etat$on $s %eal$st$c and 'e%suas$*e! + doubt t#at 'ol$t$cal cue%c$on and &$scal #ealt#$ness a%e su&&$c$ent cond$t$on &o% t#e long and unc#allanged dom$nat$on o& t#e state unde% soe#a%to! )e can ad*ance &%om 7nde%son to a &u%t#e% 3uet$on : (#at a%e t#e '%econd$t$ons t#at $nsue% t#e state t#ose t(o cond$t$ons B $n t#e &$nal analys$s!, t#e%e s#ould be no 'oss$b$l$ty o& a totally autoomous state! =#anges $n ecology and demog%a'#y, soc$al class s%uctu%e, 'ol$t$cal con&$gu%at$on, and $nte%nat$onal 'ol$t$cal and econom$c