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414243444546-

:
Collado, G (1992). Effects of brainstorming criteria-cued, and
dissociation instruction on creative thinking with words. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 52(12), p.4201-A.
Cotton, Kathleen (1991). Teaching Thinking Skills,
http://www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/6/cu11.html.
Jones, H.E Melville, & B.T. Haynes, (1999). Teaching thinking
skills: Mapping the arguments for curriculum choices revisited;
Paper presented at the AARE-NZARE Conference, Melbourne, and
December, http://www.aare.edu.au/99pap/mel99174.htm
Johnson, Ken (2000). Thinking, Learning, Teaching Geography.
University Science News Vol 16, Geocal, No.21, May.
http://science.uniserve.edu.au/newsletter/vol16/johnson.html
Maxwell, Michael G. ( 2004). Learning and thinking: what
science tells us about teaching,
http://studentsfriend.com/onhist/learning.html.
Ruggiero, V.R (1988). Teaching Thinking Across the Curriculum,
New York: Harper & Row.
Rusbult, Craig (2002) Thinking Skills: Creative and Critical
http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/think/methods.htm
Swartz, Robert J (2002) . Infusing the Teaching of Thinking,
http://www.nctt.net/lessonsarticles.html#LESSONS
Tishman, Shari. Jay, Eileen and Perkins, D. N. (1992). Teaching
Thinking Dispositions: From Transmission to Enculturation. Harvard
University, 219 Longfellow Hall, Appian Way, Cambridge,
MA02138,
http://learnweb.harvard.edu/alps/thinking/docs/article2.html

Teaching Thinking Through Geography Instruction and its Effects

on Fourth Grade Elementary School (Female) Pupils' Achievement
and there Development Thinking
Prepared by: Dr. Asmaa Al-Ahdal.
Assistant Professor in Curriculum and Methods of Teaching Social Subjects.
Jeddah Girls' College of Education.

30

Abstract
This study aimed at developing fourth elementary female pupils' thinking
and there achievement in Geography, in Jeddah. For this purpose, the
researcher prepared a teacher's manual which enables the teacher to teach some
thinking skills; namely communication, reasoning, relating, describing,
comparing, categorizing, fluency and flexibility, within the unit of earth surface
features in forth grade elementary stage. She used the Quasi-experimental
design. The sample of the study consisting of 57 girl pupils was divided into two
groups: The experimental group (31 pupils) and the control group (26 pupils).
The Study instrument included the teacher' manual, a questionnaire for
Geography teachers to determine the thinking skills appropriate for fourth
grade elementary school pupils, on achievement test in Geography thinking test.
The obtained data was statistically analyses using (SPSS); namely T-test and Eta
squaredetc.
The study result showed statistically significant differences between the
mean scores of the pupils in both groups, in favor of the experimental group.
Results also showed that learning thinking across the curriculum (the
independent variable) had a great effect on pupils' thinking and achievement in
Geography (the dependent variables).Then the study result indicated the
effectiveness of learning thinking across the curriculum.
Based on the study results, the researcher suggested the following
recommendations:
1) There should be an interest in teaching thinking skills across Geography
subject in all school grades in general and in elementary school grades in
particular. 2) Training geography teachers in this area so that they could teach
different thinking skills across the curriculum. 3) Conducting other thinkingbased studies in Saudi Arabian schools. 4) School text books should include
thinking based activities.

31