Hydrated Compound Lab Celine, Janice, Junsung

Unit 2:Mole Concept

Have you ever wondered what those little packets of chemicals are that usually comes with a new pair of shoes? When you unpack a new CD player, television, or a bottle of medicine, the container usually contains one or more packets of desiccant. The packet absorbs moisture in the air so that the equipment will not be damaged. The chemical inside the packet contains a type of salt that has the ability to bind water molecules within their lattice structure. These compounds are known as hydrate crystals. In this lab, you will be dehydrating a chemical hydrate and determine the amount of water that will be evaporated away and the anhydrous salt that will be left over. Pre-lab Problem Cobalt (II) Chloride is a hydrated crystal in its solid form. In the lab, you want to determine the formula of this hydrated compound (ie. How many water molecules attach to a formula unit of CoCl2? CoCl2 X H2O?) In the lab, you find the mass of the test-tube to be 12.443g, and the mass of the compound and the test-tube to be 17.122g. After heating and mixing multiple times to drive off the water, you find the mass of the ionic compound (also known as the anhydrous compound) and the test-tube to be 14.992g. The hydrated compounds is always a 1: X ratio. Pre-lab Data Table 1.1: Data and mass Data Test tube Test tube + Cobalt (II) Chloride (CoCl2) (initial) Test tube + Cobalt (II) Chloride (CoCl2) (after heating) Cobalt (II) Chloride (CoCl2) (initial) Cobalt (II) Chloride (CoCl2) (after heating) Water (H2O) lost Molar mass of CoCl2 Mass 12.443 g 17.122 g 14.992 g 17.122 g - 12.443 g= 4.679 g 14.992 g - 12.443 g= 2.549 g 4.679 g -2.549 g= 2.130 g 58.93 g/mol CoCl2 + 2(35.45 g/mol Cl2)= 58.93 g/mol CoCl2 + 70.90 g/mol Cl2= 129.83 g/mol CoCl2

Molar mass of H2O

2(1.01 g/mol H) + 16.00 g/mol O= 2.02 g/mol H2 + 16.00 g/mol O= 18.02 g/mol H2O 0.020 mol CoCl2 0.118 mol H2O 0.020 mol CoCl2 : 0.118 mol H2O 0.020 mol CoCl2/0.020= 1.000 mol CoCl2 0.118 mol H2O/0.020= 5.9 mol H2O 6.000 mol H2O 1.000 mol CoCl2 : 6.000 mol H2O

2.549 g H2O x 1 mol CoCl2/129.83 g CoCl2 2.130 g H2O x 1 mol H2O/18.02 g H2O Ratio

Write a balanced equation: 1 CoCl2 6 H2O Actual Lab Data Table 1.1: Mass of Materials Materials Cup Cup + Copper (II) Chloride (CuCl2) (initial) Mass 18.3830 g 19.3940 g

Cup + Copper (II) Chloride (after heating first time)

19.1050 g

Copper (II) Chloride (CuCl2) (initial)

19.3940 g - 18.3830 g = 1.0110 g 19.1050 g - 18.3830 g = 0.7220 g 1.0110 g - 0.7220 g = 0.2890 g

Copper (II) Chloride (CuCl2) (after heating)

Water (H2O) lost

What is the mass of the ionic compound without water (also called the anhydrous compound)? How many moles is this? 0.7220 g CuCl2 x 1 mol CuCl2/ 134.45 g CuCl2 = 0.005370 mol CuCl2

What is the mass of the water heated away? How many moles is this? 0.2890 g H2O x 1 mol H2O/ 18.02 g H2O = 0.01604 mol H2O

What is the mole ratio of the ionic compound to the water? 0.005370 mol CuCl2 : 0.01604 mol H2O 0.005370 mol CuCl2/0.005370= 1.000 mol CuCl2 0.01604 mol H2O/0.005370= 2.986 mol H2O 1.000 mol CuCl2 : 2.986 mol H2O What is the formula of the reactant hydrate compound? CuCl2 3H2O What is the name of this compound? Copper (II) Chloride Trihydrate

Part 2: Lab You will be given a hydrated compound by your teacher, however the number of water molecules in the hydrated compound is missing from the label. Your job is to determine the formula of the hydrated compound by determining the number of water molecules that attach to a formula unit. Then state the formula of the hydrated compound and name this compound. Pre-Lab: In your lab notebook: - Write down the date, title, purpose - Outline your procedure - Create a materials list - Make a data that you need to collect as you carry out this lab - Outline the calculations that you will need to do after data collection - Limit the amount of the hydrated compound to 4 grams. Show this to your teacher before beginning. Calculations: - Show all work of how to determine the formula of the hydrated compound. - Research the correct answer online (make sure to include the reference of where you found it. - Determine the % error of your lab for the X GOOGLEDOCS REPORT: Create a googledocs report for your group. Be sure to give it a title that includes: Period__; YourNames;HChmHydrateLab On the googledocs, 1. Insert your data and calculations as a group. (this can be an image of your lab data and calculations done in class) 2.Answer the following discussion questions with your group members.

Assign questions to each group member. Following the answer , put your authors and editors names in parentheses. (eg Question 1: Full sentence format is used.. (author: Susan Day, Editor: Johnny Chan and Morgan Freeman) Purpose: Author: Celine Editors: Junsung, Janice To determine the formula of a hydrated compound with CuCl2, via determining the number of water molecules per formula unit of this compound. Materials: Author: Celine, Junsung Janice -Cup -Copper (II) Chloride -Bunsen burner -Measuring scale -Spoon Procedure: Author: Junsung and Celine Editors: Janice 1. Mass the cup and record 2. Add CuCl2 hydrate 3. Mass the cup with CuCl2 and record 4. Use the Bunsen burner to heat up the hydrate until colorless 5. Remove the cup from the burner 6. Mass the cup and record 7. Heat up the hydrate again 8. Remove the cup a second time 9. Mass the cup and record 10. Clean up all materials

Observation(s):

Before:

After:

Discussion Questions: Make sure to address the following questions in your discussion section: Would the error cause your ratio to increase or decrease? 1. What was the actual ratio you obtained (with all significant digits)? What was your rounded ratio to whole numbers? Is your actual ratio higher or lower than the rounded ratio? Research what the actual ratio should be (CuCl2 2H2O). Is your answer too high or too low? What is the percent error? Author: Celine Editors: Junsung and Janice The ratio obtained was 0.00537 mol CuCl2 : 0.0160 mol H2O. When rounded to whole numbers it was 1.00 mol CuCl2 : 3.00 mol H2O. This was higher than the initial ratio. The actual ratio is 1.00 mol CuCl2 : 2.00 mol H2O, which is lower than the rounded ratio. Percent error= theoretical- actual/theoretical x 100%--> (()-(1/3) ) / () x 100= 33.33%.

Theoretical ratio: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.24544.html 2. How would your ratio change if you did not dehydrate the compound fully? Author: Celine Editors: Junsung and Janice If the compound had not been fully dehydrated, then the mass of the leftover H2O would be counted as the mass of the solid. This, in turn, would make the ratio seem as if there were less H2O per mole of CuCl2. 3. Suppose some of the compound fell out of the test tube before heating but after massing. How would that change your ratio? Author: Celine Editors: Junsung and Janice If some of the compound fell out of the test tube after massing, then the ratio would be as if there were more moles of H2O per mole of CuCl2. 4. How would your ratio change if the test tube was wet when the hydrated compound was added to it at the beginning of the experiment? Author: Junsung Editors: Celine and Janice If the test tube was wet in the beginning of the experiment, the ratio between H2O and CuCl2 would be higher. 5. How would your ratio relate to another groups who used the same compound, if you used 2.0 grams and they used 2.5grams? Author: Junsung Editors: Celine and Janice Our ratio compared to the other group would be similar because the ratio between CuCl2 and H2O is always 1 mol CuCl2 : 2 mol H2O. 6. Suggest what might happen if you left the anhydrous compound to sit overnight before weighing it for your data? Author: Junsung Editors: Celine and Janice If we left the anhydrous compound overnight before weighing it, then overnight it would already lose the water because of evaporation. Comment Celine: Anhydrous means that there is no water, so there wont be water to evaporate overnight Edit: If we left the anhydrous compound overnight, the mass of the compound should not change because it doesnt contain any water. However, depending on the humidity, water may possibly end up in the beaker. Thus changing the mass of the compound. Comment Janice: Right, i agree with Celine, a compound is said to be anhydrous if it contains no water.

7. If you could improve this lab, what you do differently and why? Discuss at least three feasible improvements and why with reference to the other discussion questions and errors. (Note: relate this to #1 and the answers for the other questions).

Author: Janice Editors: Celine and Junsung If we could improve this lab, we would heat the anhydrous for a shorter time in order since the compound we used burnt right away for us, without turning colorless, which is not the ideal result. We would also minimize the errors on measurements by ensuring that the test tubes are dry and that the compound does not fall off after massing and before heating. Finally, we would try the experiment few more times in order to get the best possible result. Comment Celine: Hey Janice, you still need to write two other improvements for the lab. How about trying the experiment more than once to make sure the data is correct? Janice: I know, I was thinking about not using those compound which was left overnight, but then it isnt relevant to the water content of the compound itself since it doesnt contain any water. Plus, we tried twice but the anhydrous still turned black right away. how are we supposed to explain this? Celine: I think we had the fire too high for too long both times, so the compound burnt. So what you already wrote should be fine. Reflection: Conclusion Statement: Write a one to two sentence statement to conclude what you did in your lab, what was your actual and how did it compare to your theoretical. Authors: Junsung and Celine Editor: Janice In conclusion, the found formula was CuCl2 3H2O, but theoretically the compound should have been CuCl2 2H2O.