Chap5 7

C!.
ar
}c
i :
lai

"-
The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to a torque T, Fig. 5-10a.
Determine the fraction of T that is resisted by the material contained
.ithin the outer core of the shaft, which has an inner radius of c/2
.md outer radius c.

:e>LUTION
stress in the shaft varies linearly, such that T = (p/ c)T max' Eq. 5-3.
-=t:lerefore, the torque dT' on the ring (area) located within the outer
:me, Fig. 5-106, is
dT' = p(TdA) = p(pjc)Tmax(27Tpdp)
the entire outer core area the torque is
c
1 27TTmaxJ p3dp
T c c/2
27TT max .!_ p4 1 c
= C 4 c/2
- that
T' 157T
TITmaxC3 (1)
This torque T' can be expressed in terms of the applied torque T
_- first using the torsion formula to determine the maximum stress in
...:.e shaft. We have
Tc Tc
- 4
T max 1 (7T /2)c
2T
T max 7TC3
- bstituting this into Eq. 1 yields
15
T' =-T
16
Ans.
OTE: Here, approximately 94% of the torque is resisted by the outer
:me, and the remaining 6% (or fr,) of Tis resisted by the inner core of
_e shaft, p = 0 to p = c /2. As a result, the material located at the
rer core of the shaft is highly effective in resisting torque, which
the use of tubular shafts as an efficient means for transmitting
""qUe, and thereby saving material.
5.2 THE TORSION FORMULA 1 8 9
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5-10

190 C HAPTER 5 TORSION
EXAMPLE
42.5 kipin.
(a)
* 18.9ksi
(c)
Fig. 5- 11
The shaft shown in Fig. 5-1la is supported by two bearings and is
subjected to three torques. Determine the shear stress developed at
points A and B, located at section a-a of the shaft, Fig. 5-1lc.
42.5 kipin.
(b)
SOLUTION
Internal Torque. Since the bearing reactions do not offer
resistance to shaft rotation, the applied torques satisfy momenr
equilibrium about the shaft's axis.
The internal torque at section a-a will be determined from the
free-body diagram of the left segment, Fig. 5-1lb. We have
'i,Mx = 0; 42.5 kip in. - 30 kip in. - T = 0 T = 12.5 kip in.
Section Property. The polar moment of inertia for the shaft is
7r
J = - (0.75 in. )
4
= 0.497 in.
4
2
Shear Stress. Since point A is at p = c = 0.75 in. ,
Tc
J
( 12.5 kip in.) ( 0.75 in. )
-=-------"'----------'----'-c:----'-- = 18.9 ksi
( 0.497 in.
4
)
Likewise for point B, at p = 0.15 in., we hllve
Tp ( 12.5 kip in.) (0.15 in.)
T B = - = -'---=----:____:__,--------'--- = 3. 77 ksi
J (0.497in.
4
)
Ans.
Ans.
NOTE: The directions of these stresses on each element at A and B.
Fig. 5-11c, are established from the direction of the resultant internal
torque T, shown in Fig. 5-1lb. Note carefully how the shear stress act
on the planes of each of these elements.
-::e pipe shown in Fig. 5-12a has an inner diameter of 80 mm and an
_.er diameter of 100 mm. If its end is tightened against the support at
.. using a torque wrench at B, determine the shear stress developed in
....:e material at the inner and outer walls along the central portion of
-e pipe when the 80-N forces_are applied to the wrench.
"- ~ 4 .
:::>LUTION
< ~
:ternal Torque. A section is taken at an intermediate location C
_{mg the pipe's axis, Fig. 5-12b. The only unknown at the section is
e internal torque T. We require
'i.My = 0; SON (0.3m) +SON (0.2 m)- T = 0
T = 40Nm
Section Property. The polar moment of inertia for the pipe's
:.ass-sectional area is
1= ~ [(0.05m)
4
-(0.04m)
4
] = 5.796(10-
6
)m
4
Shear Stress. For any point lying on the outside surface of the pipe,
o = c
0
= 0.05 m, we have
Teo 40 N. m(0.05 m) = 0.345 MPa Ans.
70
=]= 5.796(10-
6
)m
4
--\.nd for any point located on the inside surface, p = c; = 0.04 m,
' 0 that
Tc; 40Nm(0.04m) = 0.276MPa Ans.
T; = J = 5.796 ( 10-
6
)m
4
NOTE: To show how these stresses act at representative points D
and E on the cross-section, we will first view the cross section
from the front of segment CA of the pipe, Fig. 5-12a. On this
section, Fig. 5-12c, the resultant internal torque is equal but
opposite to that shown in Fig. 5-12b. The shear stresses at D and
E contribute to this torque and therefore act on the shaded faces
of the elements in the directions shown. As a consequence, notice
how the shear-stress components act on the other three faces.
Furthermore, since the top face of D and the inner face of E are
in stress-free regions taken from the pipe's outer and inner walls, no
shear stress can exist on these faces or on the other corresponding
faces of the elements.
5.2 T HE TORSION FORMULA 1 91
SON
z
kY/y
~
~
.. ,..
(b)
""
X
D
E
(c)
Fig. 5-12
-_.. -_
ft;-
IE
-;

ec:
nc..

12
ilue
ha
the
, or
solid steel shaft AB, shown in Fig. 5- 13, is to be used to transmit
: hp from the motor M to which it is attached. If the shaft rotates
w = 175 rpm and the steel has an allowable shear stress of
= 14.5 ksi, determine the required diameter of the shaft to the
1.
=earest
8
m.
Fig. 5-13
SOLUTION
-:be torque on the shaft is determined from Eq. 5-10, that is, P = Tw.
:=:xpressing P in foot -pounds per second and w in radians/second,
e have
Thus,
o = Tw;
(
550ftlb/s ) = 2750ftlb/s
p = 5 hp 1 hp
w-
175 rev
(
27T rad ) ( 1 min ) = 18.33 rad/ s
1 rev 60s mm
2750ftlb/s = T(18.33rad/s )
T = 150.1 ftlb
Applying Eq. 5-12 yields
J 7T c
4
T
-- ==-
c 2 C Tall ow
c = (____3!_)
1
1
3
= (2 ( 150.1 ft lb) ( 12 in.jft) )1/3
7TTallow 7T(14500lb/in
2
)
c = 0.429 in.
- ince 2c = 0.858 in., select a shaft having a diameter of
7
d = 8 in. = 0.875 in. Ans.
5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 1 9 3
"
---=-=c
- a< each section and
show the torsional ::-- -- - ;=e-e;::. -al Yolume elements
located at A. B. D_
300 m
\
(a)
PS-1
PS-2. Determine the internal torque at each section and
show the torsional stress on differential volume elements
located at A, B, C, and D.
(b)
PS-2
PS-3. The solid and hollow shafts are each subjecte:
the torque T. In each case, sketch the shear s:-c-_
distribution along the two radial lines.
---+
PS-3
PS-4. The motor delivers 10 hp to the shaft. If it
1200 rpm, detemine the torque produced by the
PS-4
s-1. The solid circular shaft is subjected to an internal
;-que ofT= 5 kN m. Determine the shear stress developed
points A and B. Represent each state of stress on a
:ume element.
.__;4

T
FS-1
'Th.e hollow circular shaft is subjected to an internal
:;.ue of T = 10 kN m. Determine the shear stress
eloped at points A and B. Represent each state of stress
,... :1. volume element.
T= lOkNm
60mm
FS-2-
5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION 195
FS-3. The shaft is hollow from A to B and solid
from B to C. Determine the maximum shear stress developed
in the shaft. The shaft has an outer diameter of 80 mm, and
the thickness of the wall of the hollow segment is 10 mm.

J

'
2kNm
FS-3
FS-4. Determine the maximum shear stress developed in
the 40-mm-diameter shaft.
6kN
FS-4
I
196 CHAPTER 5 TORSION
F5-5. Determine the maximum shear stress developed in
the shaft at section a-a.
a
600Nm
~ m m m
0
4omW 1sooNmc
Section a-a
600 Nm
F5-5
F5-6. Determine the shear stress developed at point A on
the surface of the shaft. Represent the state of stress on a
volume element at this point. The shaft has a radius of 40 mm.
F5-7. The solid 50-mm-diameter shaft is used to tra.L..S;:
the torques applied to the gears. Determine the abso!
maximum shear stress in the shaft.
F5-7
F5-8. The gear motor can develop 3 hp when it turn _
150 rev/ min. If the allowable shear stress for the shaft
Tal low = 12 ksi, determine the smallest diameter of the s ~
to the nearest kin. that can be used.
PROBLEMS
'--L The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T.
:::ermine the radius r' of the inner core of the shaft
: resists one-half of the applied torque (T/ 2). Solve
.:: problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula,
- - v finding the resultant of the shear-stress 'flistribution.
. "<i)
The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T .
. :::ermine the radius r' of the inner core of the shaft
;;.::.: resists one-quarter of the applied torque (T/4). Solve
-:: problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula,
y finding the resultant of the shear-stress distribution.
r
T
Probs. 5-112
.3--3. The solid shaft is fixed to the support at C and
-ected to the torsional loadings shown. Determine the
- stress at points A and B and sketch the shear stress on
ume elements located at these points.
c
75mm
Prob.5-3
*5-4. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 40 mm
and an inner diameter of 37 mm. If it is tightly secured to
the wall at A and three torques are applied to it as shown,
determine the absolute maximum shear stress developed
in the pipe.

'---30Nm

SONm
Prob. 5-4
5-5. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 2.50 in.
and an inner diameter of 2.30 in. If it is tightly secured to
the wall at C and three torques are applied to it as shown,
determine the shear stress developed at points A and B .
These points lie on the pipe's outer surface. Sketch the
shear stress on volume elements located at A and B.
B""

(A/N

0 '--- 450 lbft

'-' 350 lbft
600 lbft
Prob. 5-5
198 CHAPTER 5 TORS I ON
5-<i. The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected
to the torques shown, determine the maximum shear stress
developed in regions BC and DE of the shaft. The bearings at
A and Fallow free rotation of the shaft.
5-7. The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is
subjected to the torques shown, determine the maximum
shear stress developed in regions CD and EF of the shaft.
The bearings at A and Fallow free rotation of the shaft.
Probs. 5-6/7
*5-8. The solid 30-mm-diameter shaft is used to transmit
the torques applied to the gears. Determine the absolute
maximum shear stress on the shaft.
300 Nm
Prob.5-8
5-9. The solid shaft is fixed to the support at C
subjected to the torsional loadings shown. Determine -
shear stress at points A and Bon the surface, and sketch -
shear stress on volume elements located at these points.
c

35mm

800 Nm
Prob.5-9
5-10. The coupling is used to connect the two
together. Assuming that the shear stress in the bolL
uniform, determine the number of bolts necessary to m
the maximum shear stress in the shaft equal to the she--
stress in the bolts. Each bolt has a diameter d.
r
1
Prob. 5-10
rt at C .=.::;:

td sketd: --
;e poin
shaf..,
bolts !3
r to mak::
the shec:-
The assembly consists of two sections of galvanized
cipe connected together using a reducing coupling at B.
.aller pipe has an outer diameter of 0.75 in. and an inner
ter of 0.68 in., whereas the larger pipe has an outer
ter of 1 in. and an inner diameter of 0.86 in. If the pipe is
_.-secured to the wall at C, determine the maximum shear
- developed in each section of the pipe when the couple
is applied to the handles of the wrench.

151b
Prob.5-11
The 150-mm-diameter shaft is supported by a
th journal bearing at E and a smooth thrust bearing
F. Determine the maximum shear stress developed in
.:.::..:h segment of the shaft.
5--13. If the tubular shaft is made from material having an
owable shear stress of Tallow = 85 MPa, determine the
-.=.:juired minimum wall thickess of the shaft to the nearest
,...,
1
li meter. shaft has an outer diameter of 150 mm.
30kNm
Probs. 5-12/13
5.3 POWER TRANSMISSION
199
5-14. A steel tube having an outer diameter of 2.5 in. is
used to transmit 9 hp when turning at 27 rev /min. Determine
the inner diameter d of the tube to the nearest k in. if the
allowable shear stress is r allow= 10 ksi.
Prob.5-14
5-15. The solid shaft is made of material that has an
allowable shear stress of r allow = 10 MPa. Determine the
required diameter of the shaft to the nearest millimeter.
*5-16. The solid shaft has a diameter of 40 rum. Determine
the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft and sketch
the shear-stress distribution along a radial line of the shaft
where the shear stress is maximum.
70Nm
Probs. 5-15/16
Determine the maximum torsional rres in the rod a
section located at A due to the rods weight.
5-18. The rod has a diameter of 1 in. and a weight of 15 lb / ft.
Determine the maximum torsional stress in the rod at a
section located at B due to the rod's weight.
Probs. 5-17/18
5- 19. The shatt consists of solid 80-mm-diameter rod
segments AB and CD, and the tubular segment BC which has
an outer' diameter of 100 mm and inner diameter of 80 mm.
If the material has an allowable shear stress ofT allow= 75 MPa,
determine the maximum allowable torque T that can be
applied to the shaft.
*5- 20. The shaft consists of rod segments AB and CD, and
the tubular segment BC. If the torque T = 10 kN m is
applied to the shaft, determine the required minimum
diameter of the rod and the maximum inner diameter of the
tube. The outer diameter of the tube is 120 mm, and the
material has an allowable shear stress ofT all ow= 75 MPa.
Probs. 5-19/20
5-22. If the rod - subjected to a uniform
torque of t
0
= 1.5 k..'\ m
1
m, determine the r<xL
required diameter d if the material has an =:
stress ofT allow= 75 MPa.
5-23. If the 40-mm diameter rod is made from a -
having an allowable shear stress of T aUow = -:
determine the maximum allowable intensity <-
uniform distributed torque.
Probs. 5-21122/23
*5- 24. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of :::_:
and an inner diameter of 2.30 in. If it is tightly secured:
wall at C and a uniformly distributed torque is applie::
as shown, determine the shear stress developed at po -
and B. These points lie on the pipe's outer surface.
the shear stress on volume elements located at A and
5- 25. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 2.50 iL..
an inner diameter of 2.30 in. If it is tightly secured to the
at C and it is subjected to the uniformly distributed 1 -
along its entire length, determine the absolute maxi;;:;...:
shear stress in the pipe. Discuss the validity of this res
Probs. 5-24/25
from a -
lSin; r
[llillil

.-\ cylindrical spring consists of a rubber annulus
to a rigid ring and shaft. If the ring is held fixed and
_ -:e T is applied to the shaft, determine the maximum
::ress in the rubber.
ri
Prob.5-26
The assembly consists of the solid rod AB, tube BC,
.:e lever arm. If the rod and the tube are made of
.al having an allowable shear stress of Tallow = 12 ksi,
=ine the maximum allowable torque T that can be
to the end of the rod and from there the couple
P that can be applied to the lever arm. 1l1e diameter
;od is 2 in., and the outer and inner diameters of the
...:-e 4 in. and 2 in., respectively.
The assembly consists of the solid rod AB, tube
::d the lever arm. If a torque ofT= 20 kipin. is applied
and couple forces of P = 5 kip are applied to the
- :mn, determine the required diameter for the rod, and
and inner diameters of the tube, if the ratio of the
- diameter di, to outer diameter d
00
is required to be
= 0.75. The rod and the tube are made of material
allowable shear stress of Tallow = 12 ksi.
p
T
Probs. 5-27/28
5-29. The steel shafts are connected together using a fillet
weld as shown. Determine the average shear stress in the
weld along section a-a if the torque applied to the shafts is
T = 60 N m. Note: The critical section where the weld fails
is along section a-a.
12 mu', j 1/\1(
a
Prob. 5-29
5-30. The shaft has a diameter of 80 mm. Due to friction at
its surface within the hole, it is subjected to a variable torque
described by the function t = (25xe'') Nm/ m, where xis
in meters. Determine the minimum torque T
0
needed to
overcome friction and cause it to twist. Also, determine the
absolute maximum stress in the shaft.
.,
X
Prob. 5-30
5-31. The solid steel shaft AC has a diameter of 25 mm
and is supported by smooth bearings at D and E.lt is coupled
to a motor at C, which delivers 3 kW of power to the shaft
while it is turning at 50 rev/ s. If gears A and B remove 1 k W
and 2 kW, respectively, determine the maximum shear stress
developed in the shaft within regions AB and BC. The shaft is
free to turn in its support bearings D and E.
Prob.5- 31
':'5-32. The pump operates using the motor that has a
power of 85 W. If the impeller at B is turning at 150 rev / min,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in the
20-mm-diameter transmission shaft at A.
Prob.5-32
5-33. The motor M is connected to the speed reducer C
the tubular shaft and coupling. If the motor supplies _ -
and rotates the shaft at a rate of 600 rpm, determine --
minimum inner and outer diameters di and d
0
of the sha;-
dj d
0
= 0.75. The shaft is made from a material having
allowable shear stress ofT allow= 12 ksi.
5-34. The motor M is connected to the speed reducer C-
the tubular shaft and coupling. The shaft has an outer
inner diameter of 1 in. and 0.75 in. , respectively, and is
from a material having an allowable shear stre
Tallow = 12 ksi, when the motor supplies 20 hp of po _
Determine the smallest allowable angular velocity of the ' -
Probs. 5- 33/34
5---35. The 25-mm-diameter shaft on the motor is made
material having an allowable shear stress ofT all ow= 75 . -
If the motor is operating at its maximum power of -
determine the minimum allowable rotation of the shaft.
*5-36. The drive shaft of the motor is made of a mat -
having an allowable shear stress of Tall ow = 75 MPa. If ..:::
outer diameter of the tubular shaft is 20 mm and the
thickness is 2.5 mm, determine the maximum allm\
power that can be supplied to the motor when the sha..-'-
operating at an angular velocity of 1500 rev / min.
Probs. 5-35/36
_-\ ship has a propeller drive shaft that is turning at
_, min while developing 1800 hp. If it is 8ft long and
:::ameter of 4 in. , determine the maximum shear stress
-'-aft caused by torsion.
The motor A develops a power of 300 W and turns
;;:;ected pulley at 90 rev / min. Determine the required
of the steel shafts on the pulleys at A and B if the
le shear stress is r = 85 MPa.

90
150mm
Prob. 5-38
The solid steel shaft D F has a diameter of 25 mm and
_orted by smooth bearings at D and E.lt is coupled to
r at F, which delivers 12 kW of power to the shaft
- is turning at 50 rev /s. If gears A, B, and C remove
- kW, kW respectively, determine the maximum
mess developed in the shaft within regions CF and
shaft is free to turn in its support bearings D and E.
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress
ped in the shaft in Prob. 5-39.
12kW
Probs. 5-39/40
The A-36 steel tubular shaft is 2 m long and has an
diameter of 50 mm. When it is rotating at 40 radjs, it
rs 25 kW of power from the motor M to the pump P.
=ine the smallest thickness of the tube if the allowable
The A-36 solid steel shaft is 2 m long and has a
. cter of 60 mm. It is required to transmit 60 kW of
fr om the motor M to the pump P. Determine the
::st angular velocity the shaft can have if the allowable
- srress is r all ow = 80 MPa.
Probs. 5-41142
5- 43. The solid shaft has a linear taper from r A at one end
to r
8
at the other. Derive an equation that gives the
maximum shear stress in the shaft at a location x along the
shaft' s axis.
Prob.5-43
*5-44. The rod has a diameter of 0.5 in. and weight of 5lb/ft.
Determine the maximum torsional stress in the rod at a section
located at A due to the rod's weight.
5-45. Solve Prob. 5-44 for the maximum torsional stress at B.
"
Probs. 5-44/45
5-46. A motor delivers 500 hp to the shaft, which is tubular
and has an outer diameter of 2 in. If it is rotating at 200 rad/ s,
determine its largest inner diameter to the nearest k in. if the
allowable shear stress for the material is r allow= 25 ksi .
Prob.5-46
twist, it :S
ling of th::
haves in 2.
ect to rt::
e.
L '
mome-
hould t=
: inre.
!'\vee
twe::-
- -ant.::
5.4 ANGLE OFTWIST 209
:':1e gears attached to the fixed-end steel shaft are subjected to the
'rques shown in Fig. 5-19a. If the shear modulus of elasticity is 80 GPa
d the shaft has a diameter of 14 mm, determine the displacement of the 40 N m
ooth P on gear A. The shaft turns freely within the bearing at B. _ _
150Nm B X
,.-. ! / .Sm
p 0.3m
. TA c= 150Nm
...
A Y (a) *) ' :):..UTION
ternal Torque. By inspection, the torques in segments AC, CD,
d DE are different yet constant throughout each segment.
7
-:-ee-body diagrams of appropriate segments of the shaft along with
-e calculated internal torques are shown in Fig. 5-19b. Using the
_ght-hand rule and the established sign convention that positive
rque is directed away from the sectioned end of the shaft, we have
TAc = +150Nm T CD = -130 N m T DE = -170 N m
results are also shown on the torque diagram, Fig. 5-19c.
gle of Twist. The polar moment of inertia for the shaft is
J = 7T (0.007 m)
4
= 3.771( 10-
9
) m
4
2
.:..;>plying Eq. 5-16 to each segment and adding the results
_gebraically, we have
TL
- = LJG
( +150 N m) (0.4 m)
T(Nm)
Teo = 130 Nm

280Nm
m
(b)
3.771 ( 10-
9
)m
4
[80( 10
9
)N/m
2
]
( - 130 N m) (0.3 m)
+----'-- -::----:--..:___:__---::-----'------::-
3.771 (10-
9
)m
4
[80(10
9
)N/m
2
]
( -170 N m) (0.5 m)
150 0.7 ' ( x (m)
o I ! --
- 130 - 170
+ = -0.2121 rad
3.771 ( 10-
9
) m
4
[80 ( 10
9
) N /m
2
]
Smce the answer is negative, by the right-hand rule the thumb is
-ected toward the end E of the shaft, and therefore gear A will rotate
.c.S shown in Fig. 5- 19d.
The displacement of tooth P on gear A is
sp = <PAr= (0.2121 rad ) ( 100 mm) = 21.2 mm Ans.
TE: Remember that this analysis is valid only if the shear stress
not exceed the proportional limit of the material.
(c)
cf>A = 0.212 rad
.
:r'i!!f
(d)
Fig. 5-19
r
210 C HAP TE R 5 TORS I ON
EXAMPLE
(a)
Fig. 5- 20
(d)
The two solid steel shafts shown in Fig. 5-20a are coupled together using
the meshed gears. Determine the angle of twist of end A of shaft AB
when the torque T = 45 N m is applied. Take G = 80 GPa. Shaft AB is
free to rotate within bearings E and F, whereas shaft DC is fixed at D.
Each shaft has a diameter of 20 mm. Ignore lateral flexing of the shafts.
<Pa = 0.0134 rad
(b)
(c)
SOLUTION
Internal Torque. Free-body diagrams for each shaft are shown in
Fig. 5-20b and 5-20c. Summing moments along the x axis of
shaft AB yields the tangential reaction between the gears of
F = 45 N m/0.15 m = 300 N. Summing moments about the x axi
of shaft DC, this force then creates a torque of (To) x =
300 N ( 0.075 m) = 22.5 N m on shaft DC.
Angle of Twist. To solve the problem, we will first calculate the
rotation of gear C due to the torque of 22.5 N min shaft DC, Fig. 5-20c.
This angle of twist is
TL
0
c ( +22.5 N m) ( 1.5 m)
4Yc= JG = (1T/2)(0.010m)
4
[80(10
9
)N/m
2
] = +0.0
269
rad
Since the gears at the end of the shaft are in mesh, the rotation c of
gear C causes gear B to rotate
8
, Fig. 5-20d, where
qy
8
(0.15 m) = (0.0269 rad) (0.075 m)
s = 0.0134 rad
We will now determine the angle of twist of end A with respect to
end B of shaft AB caused by the 45 N m torque, Fig. 5-20b. We have
TA
8
LA
8
( +45 N m) (2m)
4YA /B = JG = ( 1T /2) ( 0.010 m )4 [80 ( 109) N /m2] = +0.0716 rad
The rotation of end A is therefore determined by adding
8
and
4YA ;
8
, since both angles are in the same direction, Fig. 5-20b. We have
A = qy
8
+ A/B = 0.0134 rad + 0.0716 rad = +0.0850 rad A ns.
terusiL..:.
haft .i

ed at;;

llown i:J
a'tis of
:ears
;:
x ar-
(To).r =
ate tt.::
.5-_
illd
Oil Oco=
peer t
i'e ha\"e
C-:- 16 raC.
o
8
an
re ha,e
. ..v.
2-in. -diameter solid cast-iron post shown in Fig. 5-21a is buried
in. in soil. If a torque is applied to its top using a rigid wrench,
_::rermine the maximum shear stress in the post and the angle of twist
:its top. Assume that the torque is about to turn the post, and the soil
::xerts a uniform resistance of t lb in./in. along its 24-in.
::-:l.t.'ied length. (j = 5.5 ( 10
3
) ksi.

ernal Torque. The internal torque in segment AB of the post is
From the free-body diagram, Fig. 5-21b, we have
:Me 0; TAB = 25 lb ( 12 in.) = 300 lb in.
ae magnitude of the uniform distribution of torque along the buried
:,:-g:ment BC can be determined from equilibrium of the entire post,
5-21c. Here
: _'./_ = 0
25lb (l2in.)- t(24in.) = 0
t = 12.5 lb in./ in.
--:ence, from a free-body diagram of a section of the post located at
-e position x, Fig. 5-21d, we have
=-'( = 0;
T
8
c- 12.5x = 0
Tsc = 12.5x
Shear Stress. The largest shear stress occurs in region AB,
ce the torque is largest there and I is constant for the post. Applying
....:e torsion formula, we have
TA
8
c (300lbin.) (1 in.)
Tmax = -
1
- = ( 7T/
2
) (
1
in.) 4 = 191 psi
An.\:
gle of Twist. The angle of twist at the top can be determined
-elative to the bottom of the post, since it is fixed and yetis about to
::rn. Both segments AB and BC twist, and so in this case we have
TAsLAB 1LBcTscdx
0 = + --
A JG 0 IG
( 300 lb. in. ) 36 in. + r
24
in.12.5x dx
5.4 ANGLE OF TWIST 211
,..

(b)
I

JG }
0
JG

(Ui'
X (it
(j t = 12.5 lbin./in.

10 800 lb in
2
12.5[ (24 )
2
/2] lb in
2
----+ _ ____.:______:____.:_ _ _ _
JG IG
(d) (c)
14 400 lb in
2
( 7T/ 2) ( 1 in.)
4
5500( 103) lb/ in2 = 0.00167 rad
Ans.
Fig. 5-21
FS-9. The 60-mm-diameter steel shaft is subjected to the
torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of end A with
respect to C. Take G = 75 GPa.
2kN m
FS-9
FS-10. Determine the angle of twist of wheel B with
respect to wheel A. The shaft has a diameter of 40 mm and
is made of ;;teel for which G = 75 GPa.
2kN
FS-10
FS-11. The hollow 6061-T6 aluminum shaft has an outer
and inner radius of c
0
= 40 mm and c; = 30 mm, respectively.
Determine the angle of twist of end A. The flexible support at
B has a torsional stiffness of k = 90 kN m/rad.
FS-11
FS-12. A series of gears are mounted on the 40-='
diameter steel shaft. Determine the angle of twist of gea:
relative to gear A. Take G = 75 GPa.
600Nm

_
-
200mm 1

FS-U
FS-13. The 80-mm-diameter shaft is made of steel. If
subjected to the uniform distributed torque, determine
angle of twist of end A with respect to B. Take G = 75 G;-
B
A
FS-13
FS-14. The 80-mm-diameter shaft is .made of steel. If
subjected to the triangular distributed load, determine
angle of twist of end A with respect to C. Take G = 75 G-=-
FS-14
on
,
I:
propellers of a ship are connected to an A-36
- -.:;1 that is 60 m long and has an outer diameter of
::.nd inner diameter of 260 mm. If the power output
-when the shaft totates at 20 rad/s, determine the
- in "the shaft and its angle of twist.
The solid shaft of radius cis subjected to a torque T
3. Show that the maximum shear strain developed
-.:ill is 'Ymax = TcjJG. What is the shear strain on an
a ted at point A , c/2 from the center of the shaft?
-e strain distortion of this element.
I " A*
2
-
1---L--
Prob.5-48
A-36 steel axle is made from tubes AB and CD
:!d section BC. It is supported on smooth bearings
.- it to rotate freely. If the gears, fixed to its ends, are
85-N m torques, determine the angle of twist of
to gear D. The tubes have an outer diameter
___, and an inner diameter of 20 mm. The solid section
eter of 40 mm.
Prob.5-49
5- 50. The hydrofoil boat has an A992 steel propeller shaft
that is 100ft long. It is connected to an in-line diesel engine
that delivers a maximum power of 2500 hp and causes the
shaft to rotate at 1700 rpm. If the outer diameter of the shaft
is 8 in. and the wall thickness is in. , determine the maximum
shear stress developed in the shaft. Also, what is the "wind up,"
or angle of twist in the shaft at full power?
Prob.5- 50
5- 51. The 60-mm-diameter shaft is made of 6061-T6
aluminum having an allowable shear stress of
Tallow= 80 MPa. Determine the maximum allowable torque T.
Also, find the corresponding angle of twiS,t of di sk A relative
to disk C.
*5-52. The 60-mm-diameter shaft is made of 6061-T6
aluminum. If the allowable shear stress is 80 MPa, and
the angle of twist of disk A relative to disk Cis limited so that
it does not exceed 0.06 rad, determine the maximum allowable
torque T.
Probs. 5-5l152
1 T
3
214 C HA PTE R 5 TOR SI O N
5-53. The 20-mm-diameter A-36 steel shaft is subjected to
the torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of the end B.
Prob. 5-53
5- 54. The shaft is made of A992 steel with the allowable
shear stress ofT allow = 75 MPa.lf gear B supplies 15 kW of
power, while gears A, C and D withdraw 6 kW, 4 kW and
5 kW, respectively, determine the required minimum
diameter d of the shaft to the nearest millimeter. Also, find
the corresponding angle of twist of gear A relative to gear
D. The shaft is rotating at 600 rpm.
5-55. Gear B supplies 15 kW of power, while gears A, C
and D withdraw 6 kW, 4 kW and 5 kW, respectively. If the
shaft is made of steel with the allowable shear stress of
Tall ow= 75 MPa, and the relative angle of twist between any
two gears cannot exceed 0.05 rad, determine the required
minimum diameter d of the shaft to the nearest millimeter.
The shaft is rotating at 600 rpm.
Probs. 5-54/55
*5-56. The A-36 steel axle is made from tubes AB and c:
and a solid section BC. It is supported on smooth beariL.=-
that allow it to rotate freely. If the gears, fixed to its ends. -
subjected to 85-N m torques, determine the angle of twis;
the end B of the solid section relative to end C. The tur
have an outer diameter of 30 mm and an inner diameter
20 mm. The solid section has a diameter of 40 mm.
Prob. 5- 56
5-57. The turbine develops 150 kW of power, whic;..
transmitted to the gears such that C receives 70% n ~
receives 30%. If the rotation of the 100-mm-diam=
A-36 steel shaft is w = 800 rev / min., determine the absti-
maximum shear stress in the shaft and the angle of twis"
end E of the shaft relative to B. The journal bearing 2.
allows the shaft to turn freely about its axis.
5-58. The turbine develops 150 kW of power, whi
transmitted to the gears such that both C and D receiP
equal amount. If the rotation of the 100-mm-di am::
A-36 steel shaft is w = 500 rev/min., determine the ab
maximum shear stress in the shaft and the rotation of e-
of the shaft relative to E. The journal bearing at E at
the shaft to turn freely about its axis.
Probs. 5- 57/58
rubes AB a:;,_
1e angle of
end C. The
inner diame
'40 mm.
/

power, w
ives 70% - -
00-mm-di
lline the abs
angle of'
nal bearing
Line the
otation of

The shaft is made of A992 steel. It has a diameter
.::. and is supported by bearings at A and D, which
tree rotation. Determine the angle of twist of B with
:1 to D.
The shaft is made of A-36 steel. It has a diameter of
:.;:Jd is supported by bearings at A and D, which allow
ration. Determine the angle of twist of gear C with
_,toE.
Probs. 5- 59/60
The two shafts are made of A992 steel. Each has
=:eter of 1 in., and they are supported by bearings at
and C, which allow free rotation. If the support at
.::.:\:ed, determine the angle of twist of end B when the
_-'>S are applied to the assembly as shown.
The two shafts are made of A992 steel. Each has
eter of 1 in., and they are supported by bearings at
and C, which allow free rotation. If the support at
-:xed, determine the angle of twist of end A when the
are applied to the assembly as shown.
Probs. 5-61162
5-63. If the shaft is made of red brass C83400 copper with
an allowable shear stress ofT all ow = 20 MPa, determine the
maximum allowable torques T
1
and T
2
that can be applied
at A and B. Also, find the corresponding angle of twist of
end A. Set L = 0.75 m.
*5-64. If the shaft is made of red brass C83400 copper and
is subjected to torques T
1
= 20 kN m and T
2
= 50 kN m,
determine the distance L so that the angle of twist at end A
is zero.

,
0
.. y C .. L
80mm B . . . "
lOOmm. T, .
Sec<ioo " Ti!Jl
1
Probs. 5-63/64
5- 65. The 8-mmdiameter A-36 steel bolt is screwed
tightly into a block at A. Determine the couple forces F that
should be applied to the wrench so that the maximum
shear stress in the bolt becomes 18 MPa. Al:K>, compute the
corresponding displacement of each force F needed to
cause this stress. Assume that the wrench is rigid.
Prob.5-65
5-66. The A-36 hollow steel shaft is 2m long and has an
outer diameter of 40 mm. When it is rotating at 80 rad/s,
it transmits 32 kW of power from the engine E to the
generator G. Determine the smallest thickness of the shaft
if the allowable shear stress is Tallow= 140 MPa and the shaft
is restricted not to twist more than 0.05 rad.
5-67. The A-36 solid steel shaft is 3 m long and has a
diameter of 50 mm. It is required to transmit 35 kW of
power from the engine E to the generator G. Determine the
smallest angular velocity the shaft can have if it is restricted
not to twist more than 1.
Probs. 5-66/67
*5-68. If the shaft is subjected to a uniform distributed
torque t
0
, determine the angle of twist at A. The material has a
shear modulus G. The shaft is hollow for exactly half its length.
Prob.5-68
5-69. The A-36 steel bolt is tightened within a hole so
the reactive torque on the shank AB can be expressed by--
equation t = (kx
2
) N mjm, where xis in meters. If a tor_
of T = 50 N m is applied to the bolt head, determine --
constant k and the amount of twist in the 50-mm length
the shank. Assume the shank has a constant radius of 4 m:;:;:
5-70. Solve Prob. 5-69 if the distributed torque
t = (kx
2
1
3
) N mj m.
Probs. 5-69/70
5-71. Consider the general problem of a circular --
made from m segments, each having a radius of c
111
and '-
modulus G,. If there are n torques on the shaft as
write a computer program that can be used to determin::
angle of twist of its end A. Show an application of the pr =-
using the values L
1
= 0.5 m, c
1
= 0.02 m, G
1
= 3C
L
2
= 1.5 m, c
2
= 0.05 m, G
2
= 15 GPa, T
1
= -450 .
d
1
= 0.25 m, T
2
= 600 N m, d
2
= 0.8 m.
Prob.5-71
ed tor.,
= 50 :\-
determir::c
of the prO' .=- _-
G
1
= 3
= -.f50

/.Lm
The 80-mm diameter shaft is made of 6061-T6
urn alloy and subjected to the torsional loading
_Determine the angle of twist at end A.
Prob. 5-72
The contour of the surface of the shaft is defined by
;:quation y = e"X, where a is a constant. If the shaft is
to a torque T at its ends, determine the angle of
_.:;. of end A with respect to end B. The shear modulus is G.
B
X
Prob.5-73
- The rod ABC of radius cis embedded into a medium
the distributed torque reaction varies linearly from
;o at C to t
0
at B. If couple forces P are applied to the
er arm, determine the value of t
0
for equilibrium. Also,
the angle of twist of end A. The rod is made from
- -erial having a shear modulus of G.
Prob. 5-74
5-75. The A992 steel posts are "drilled" at constant
angular speed into the soil using the rotary installer. If the
post has an inner diameter of 200 mm and an outer diameter
of 225 mm, determine the relative angle of twist of end A of
the post with respect to end B when the post reaches the
depth indicated. Due to soil friction, assume the torque
along the post varies linearly as shown, and a concentrated
torque of 80 kN m acts at the bit.
B
15 kNm/m
Prob. 5-75
*5-76. A cylindrical spring consists of a rubber annulus
bonded to a rigid ring and shaft. If the ring is held fixed and
a torque Tis applied to the rigid shaft, determine the angle
of twist of the shaft. The shear modulus ofthe rubber is G.
Hint: As shown in the figure, the the element
at radius r can be determined from rdiJ = dry . Use this
expression, along with T = T / ( 27Tr
2
h) from Pro b. 5-26, to
obtain the result.
>::<:ydr = rd()
-
r
Prob.5-76
EXAMPLE
B
SOONm

(c)
Fig. 5- 23
The solid steel shaft shown in Fig. 5-23a has a diameter of 20 mm. If i
is subjected to the two torques, determine the reactions at the fixe-::
supports A and B.

SOO(N./ '
,

Ts
(a) (b)
SOLUTION
Equilibrium. By inspection of the free-body diagram, Fig. 5- 23b, it _
seen that the problem is statically indeterminate since there is only o
available equation of equilibrium and there are two unknowns. We requi;-=
- T
8
+ 800Nm- 500Nm - TA = 0 I '
Compatibility. Since the ends of the shaft are fixed, the angle
twist of one end of the shaft with respect to the other must be zer
Hence, the compatibility equation becomes
cp A/ 8 = 0
Load-Displacement. This condition can be expressed in terms
the unknown torques by using the load-displacement relationshl:
cp = TL / JG. Here there are three regions of the shaft where t;.. _
internal torque is constant. On the free-body diagrams in Fig. 5- 23c "
have shown the internal torques acting on the left segments of
shaft which are sectioned in each of these regions. This way the in terr..:.
torque is only a function of T
8
. Using the sign convention establish.:-_
in Sec. 5.4, we have
- T
8
( 0.2 m) ( 800 - T
8
) ( 1.5 m) (300 -
0.3 m)
--"----'------'--- + + = 0
JG JG '... JG
so that
T
8
= 645 Nm A
Using Eq.l,
TA = -345 N m A
The negative sign indicates that T A acts in the opposite direction -
that shown in Fig. 5-23b.
rof20
rhe aL:,:.,=
ill
5.5 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TORQUE-LOADED MEMBERS 221
:: shaft shown in Fig. 5-24a is made from a steel tube, which is
:!ed to a brass core. If a torque of T = 250 lb ft is applied at its
_ plot the shear-stress distribution along a radial line of its
ss-sectional area. Take G st = 11.4(10
3
) ksi, Gbr = 5.20(10
3
) ksi.
_ __, TION -
ibrium. A free-body diagram of the shaft is shown in Fig. 5-24b.
=reaction at the wall has been represented by the unknown amount
mque resisted by the steel, T
5
r, and by the brass, Tbr Working in
:s of pounds and inches, equilibrium requires
-Tst- Tbr + (250lbft)(12in./ft) = 0 (1)
patibility. We require the angle of twist of end A to be the same
- th the steel and brass since they are bonded together. Thus,
cP = cPst = cPbr
ad-Displacement. Applying the load-displacement
L:i onship, cfJ = TL / JG,
TsrL
- 1
(0.5 in.)
4
] 11.4(10
3
) kip/in
2
T = 250 lbft
Tb,L
( 7T/2) (0.5 in.)
4
5.20(10
3
) kip/in
2
Tst = 32.88 Tbr (2)
_:,ing Eqs. 1 and 2, we get
Tsr = 2911.5 lb in. = 242.6 lb ft
Tbr = 88.5 lb in. = 7.38 lb ft
:he shear stress in the brass core varies from zero at its
to a maximum at the interface where it contacts the
::el tube. Using the torsion formula,
( 88.5 lb in.) ( 0.5 in.) .
( T ) = = 451 pSI
br max ( 7T/
2
) (0.
5
in.)4
t he steel, the minimum and maximum shear stresses are
( 2911.5 lb in.) ( 0.5 in.) .
( T ) = = 989 pSI
st nun ( 1T / 2 )[ ( 1 in. )
4
- (0.5 in. )
4
]
( 2911.5 lb in. ) ( 1 in. )
( T ) = = 1977 psi
st max (7T/2)[(1in.)
4
- (0.5in.)
4
]
250 lbft
The results are plotted in Fig. 5-24c. Note the discontinuity of shear
-ress at the brass and steel interface. This is to be expected, since the
:::aterials have different moduli of rigidity; i.e. , steel is stiffer than brass
Gsr > Gbr) and thus it carries more shear stress at the interface.
.:Jthough the shear stress is discontinuous here, the shear strain is not.
the shear strain is the same for both the brass and the steel.
(b)
1977 psi
Shear- stress distribution
(c)
Fig. 5-24
PROBLEMS
5-77. The steel shaft has a diameter of 40 mm and is fixed
at its ends A and B. If it is subjected to the couple determine
the maximum shear stress in regions AC and CB of the
shaft. Gst = 75 GPa.
A
3 kN
Prob.5-77
B
")
5-78. The A992 steel shaft has a diameter of 60 mm and is
fixed at its ends A and B. If it is subjected to the torques shown,
determine' the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft.

500Nm7D/'
l.Sm

Prob. 5-78
5- 79. The steel shaft is made from two segments: AC
has a diameter of 0.5 in, and CB has a diameter of 1 in. If
the shaft is fixed at its ends A and B and subjected to a
torque of 500 lb ft, determine the maximum shear stress
in the shaft. Gst = 10.8(10
3
) ksi.
A
Prob. 5-79
*5- 80. The shaft is made of A-36 steel and is fixed
its ends A and D . Determine the torsional reactions a:
these supports.
5-81. The shaft is made of A-36 steel and is fixed a-
end D, while end A is allowed to rotate 0.005 rad when the
torque is applied. Determine the torsional reactions a
these supports.
Probs. 5- 80/81
5- 82. The shaft is made from a solid steel section AB - _
a tubular portion made of steel and having a brass core. I:'
is fixed to a rigid support at A, and a torque ofT = 50 lb
is applied to it at C, determine the angle of twist that o
at C and compute the maximum shear stress and maxim
shear strain in the brass and steel. Take G,t = 11.5 ( 10
3
)
Gbr = 5.6(10
3
) ksi.
Prob.5-82
el and is fu::-_
onal
:I and is
005 rad wt=--: :
>naJ reacti
D
5.5 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TORQUE-LOADED MEMBERS 223
The motor A develops a torque at gear B of 450 lb ft,
.s applied along the axis of the 2-in.-diameter steel
-:J. This torque is to be transmitted to the pinion gears
d F. If these gears are temporarily fixed, determine the
-':!Ill shear stress in segments CB and BD of the shaft.
nat is the angle of twist of each of these segments?
at C and D only exert force reactions on the
:..;J.d do not resist torque. G st = 12 ( 10
3
) ksi.
"
A
Prob.5-83
. The Am1004-T61 magnesium tube is bonded to
_-\-36 steel rod. If the allowable shear stresses for
::il.agnesium and steel are ( T all ow)mg = 45 MPa and
)st = 75 MPa, respectively, determine the maximum
able torque that can be applied at A. Also, find the
angle of twist of end A.
3. The Am1004-T61 magnesium tube is bonded to the
_:-.:) steel rod. If a torque of T = 5 kN m is applied to
_A. determine the maximum shear stress in each material.
=:ch the shear stress distribution.
Probs. 5-84/85
5-86. The two shafts are made of A-36 steel. Each has a
diameter of 25 mm and they are connected using the gears
fixed to their ends. Their other ends are attached to fixed
supports at A and B. They are also supported by journal
bearings at C and D, which allow free rotation of the shafts
along their axes. If a torque of 500 N m is applied to the
gear at E as shown, determine the reactions at A and B.
5-87. Determine the rotation of the gear atE in Pro b. 5-86.
Probs. 5-86/87
*5- 88. A rod is made from two segmep.ts: A B is steel and
BC is brass. It is fixed at its ends and subjected to a torque
ofT= 680 N m. If the steel portion has a diameter of 30 mrn,
determine the required diameter of the brass portion so
the reactions at the walls will be the same. Gst = 75 GPa,
Gbr=39 GPa.
5-89. Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in
the shaft of Pro b. 5-88.
c

) 680Nm
1.60 A
'7:z'\
0.75 v
Probs. 5-88/89
5-90. The composite shaft consists of a mid-section that
includes the l -in. diameter solid shaft and a tube that is
welded to the rigid flanges at A and B. Neglect the thickness
of the flanges and determine the angle of twist of end C of
the shaft relative to end D. The shaft is subjected to a torque
of 800 lb ft. The material is A-36 steel.
Prob.5-90
5-91. The A992 steel shaft is made from two segments.
AC has a diameter of 0.5 in. and CB has a diameter of
1 in. If the shaft is fixed at its ends A and Band subjected
to a uniform distributed torque of 60 lb in./in. along
segment CB, determine the absolute maximum shear
stress in the shaft.
A
0.5 in.

lm.

Prob. 5-91
*5-92. If the shaft is subjected to a uniform distribu
torque oft = 20 kN mjm, determine the maximum
stress developed in the shaft. The shaft is made of 2014--::-
aluminum alloy and is fixed at A and C.

60mm t}J
Section a-a
Prob. 5-92
5-93. The tapered shaft is confined by the fixed suppom
A and B. If a torque Tis applied at its mid-point, detern:=.
the reactions at the supports.
A
Prob.5- 93
5- 94. The shaft of radius c is subjected to a
torque t, measured as torque/length of shaft. Detem::::
the reactions at the fixed supports A and B.
B
Prob.5-94
r is subj ec:=-
>rque.
5.6 SOLID NONCIRCULAR SHAFTS 2 2 7
2e 6061-T6 aluminum shaft shown in Fig. 5-27 has a cross-sectional
.::-ea in the shape of an equilateral triangle. Determine the largest
rque T that can be applied to the end of the shaft if the allowable
-ear stress is Tall ow = 8 ksi and the angle of twist at its end is restricted
cbaJ iow = 0.02 rad. ,_How much torque can be applied to a shaft of
~ u l a r cross section hlade from the same amount of material?
~
_::::>LUTION
3y inspection, the resultant internal torque at any cross section
ong the shaft's axis is also T. Using the formulas for Tmax and cfJ in
- 3ble 5-1, we require
3y comparison, the torque is limited due to the angle of twist.
'"ircular Cross Section. If the same amount of aluminum is to be
.:sed in making the same length of shaft having a circular cross section,
:i:ten the radius of the cross section can be calculated. We have
-i circle = A triangl e;
1
17C
2
= 2 ( 1.5 in.) ( 1.5 sin 60)
c = 0.557 in.
The limitations of stress and angle of twist then require
Tc
3 2
T(0.557in.)
- 3llow = J; 8 ( 10 ) lb /in = -( 17-/2_)_( 0-.5-5-7- in-. )--c4
T = 2170 lb in.
TL.
O aiJow = JG a! '
T( 4ft) ( 12 in.jft)
0.02 rad = ------,-------=------=-
(17/2) (0.557 in. )
4
[3.7(10
6
) lb/in
2
]
T = 233 lb in. Ans.
Again, the angle of twist limits the applied torque.
OTE: Comparing this result ( 233 lb in.) with that given above
' 170 lb in.), it is seen that a shaft of circular cross section can support
7% more torque than the one having a triangular cross section.
Fig. 5-27
":,
"

u
nined
1e center/in
!8/
: cross se
(5 -
1be of leng-...::..:.
opment o+ --
If the mate::-
lul us, then-
(
'--
- -
ttire boun
the avera=
! the
ress on i1:.::
em to ::.::=

5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS 231
Calculate the average shear stress in a thin-walled tube having a
circular cross section of mean radius rm and thickness t, which is
-ubjected to a torque T, Fig. 5-29a. Also, what is the relative angle of
rwist if the tube has a length L?
SOLUTION
y
Average Shear Stress. The mean area for the tube is A rn =

Applying Eq. 5-18 gives
T T
- = - - 2-
Tavg - 2tA m 27Ttrm
Ans.
We can check the validity of this result by applying the torsion
formula. In this case, using Eq. 5-9, we have
ince r,n
7T
1 = - (r
4
- r
4
)
2 0 I
7T
= _ ( ,2 + ,2 ) ( ,2 _ ,2)
2 0 I 0 l
= 7T ( + ( r
0
+ r;) ( f
0
- ri)
2
= r
0
= ri and t = r
0
- ri, 1 = (2rm)t =
Trm
Tavg 1
Tr
111
_ T
27Tr;,,t -
which agrees with the previous result.
Ans.
The average shear-stress distribution acting throughout the tube's
cross section is shown in Fig. 5-29b. Also shown is the shear-stress
distribution acting on a radial line as calculated using the torsion
ormula. Notice how each T avg acts in a direction such that it contributes
to the resultant torque Tat the section. As the tube's thickness decreases,
:he shear stress throughout the tube becomes more uniform.
Angle of Twist. Applying Eq. 5-20, we have
4> = _T;_ fds = T; 2 fds
4A nP t 4 ( 7Tr
111
) Gt
The integral represents the length around the centerline boundary,
;vhich is 27Trm. Substituting, the final result is
TL
4> = ----=---

Show that one obtains this same result using Eq. 5- 15.
Ans.
rm
(a)
Actual shear-stress
distribution
(torsion formula)
'----v----'
7max
'Tavg
Average shear-stress
distribution
(thin-wall approxj mation)
(b)
Fig.S-29
EXAMPLE
The tube is made of C86100 bronze and has a rectangular cross section
as shown in Fig. 5-30a. If it is subjected to the two torques, determine
the average shear stress in the tube at points A and B. Also, what is
the angle of twist of end C? The tube is fixed at E.
3mm
j) E
> 1.5 m
r= _
60mm
5
L c_____J_ mm
c
t;:j
40 mm (a)
60Nm
Fig. 5- 30
SOLUTION
Average Shear Stress. If the tube is sectioned through points A
and B, the resulting free-body diagram is shown in Fig. 5-30b. The
internal torque is 35 N m. As shown in Fig. 5-30d, the mean area is
Am = (0.035 m) (0.057 m) = 0.00200 m
2
Applying Eq. 5-18 for point A, tA = 5 mm, so that
T 35Nm
2tAm 2(0.005 m) (0.00200 m
2
)
1.75 MPa An
And for point B, t
8
= 3 mm, and therefore
T 35Nm
T
8
= -- = = 2.92MPa
2tAm 2(0.003 m) (0.00200 m
2
)
An
These results are shown on elements of material located at points A
and B, Fig. 5-30e. Note carefully how the 35-N m torque in Fig. 5-30b
creates these stresses on the back sides of each element.
~
5.7 T HIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED C ROSS SECTIONS 233
A
'60 Nm
60Nm
(b) (c)
le of Twist. From the free-body diagrams in Fig. 5-30b and 5- 30c,
.::internal torques in regions DE and CD are 35 N m and 60 N m,
_--pectively. Following the sign convention outlined in Sec. 5.4, these
~ u e s are both positive. Thus, Eq. 5-20 becomes
~
TL fds
- - - -
A ~ G t
60N m (O.Sm ) [ (57mm) (35mm) ]
= 4( 0.00200m
2
)
2
( 38 ( 10
9
) Njm
2
)
2
Smm +
2
3mm
3SNm ( l.Sm) [ (57mm) (35mm) ]
+ 4(0.00200 m
2
)
2
( 38 ( 10
9
) N/m
2
)
2
S mm +
2
3 mm
= 6.29 ( 10-
3
) rad = 0.360 Ans.
2.92 MPa
B
Am
1.75 MPa
w
35 mm
(d) (e)
Fig. 5-30 (cont.)
<!
" " " ", "" ;_
-=r, I "' ; c c _ :'<. r c-e- ,. _,. ::-"' - ,._-I;
5-95. The aluminum rod has a square cross section of
10 mm by 10 mm. If it is 8 m long, determine the torque T
that is required to rotate one end relative to the other end
by 90. Gal= 28 GPa, (Ty)al = 240 MPa.

T
Prob.5-95
':' 5-96. The shafts have elliptical and circular cross sections
and are to be made from the same amount of a similar
material. Determine the percent of increase in the maximum
shear stress and the angle of twist for the elliptical shaft
compared to the circular shaft when both shafts are
subjected to the same torque and have the same length.
Prob.5-96
5-97. It is intended to manufacture a circular bar to resist
torque; however, the bar is made elliptical in the process of
manufacturing, with one dimension smaller than the other
by a factor k as shown. Determine the factor by which the
maximum shear stress is increased.
Prob.5-97
5-98. The shaft is made of red brass C83400 and has
elliptical cross section. If it is subjected to the torsio
loading shown, determine the maximum shear stress witt::
regions AC and BC, and the angle of twist ljJ of end
relative to end A.
5-99. Solve Prob. 5- 98 for the maximum shear str-"'
within regions AC and BC, and the angle of twist ljJ of en
relative to C.
r )
SONm{ (
<
2m xc-
20Nm
1.5my/
Probs. 5-98/99
30Nm
*5-100. If end B of the shaft, which has an equilat.:--
triangle cross section, is subjected to a torque ofT= 900 I
determine the maximum shear stress developed in
shaft. Also, find the angle of twist of end B. The shai""
made from 6061-T1 aluminum.
5- 101. If the shaft has an equilateral triangle cross se
and is made from an alloy that has an allowable shear
of Tallow= 12 ksi, determine the maximum allowable tor_
T that can be applied to end B. Also, find the correspon
angle of twist of end B.
T
Probs. 5-100/101
; C83400 and has
ted to the torsi,
n shear stress \\i--
,f twist of en._
;Unum shear ~ ~ _
: of twist of er;.:
m
; an equila;:_
of T= 900 r.:: -
1eJoped in
B. The sha;-
5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING CLOSED CROSS SECTIONS 235
The aluminum strut is fixed between the two walls
-i and B. If it has a 2 in. by 2 in. square cross section, and
ubjected to the torque of 80 lb ft at C, determine the
::lions at the fixed supports. Also, what is the angle of
d at C? G
31
= 3.8 ( 10
3
) ksi.
Probs. 5-102
- 103. A torque of 2 kip in. is applied to the tube. If the
thickness is 0.1 in., determine the average shear stress
~ tube.
1.90 in.
Probs. 5-103
5-104. The 6061-T6 aluminum bar has a square cross
::ion of 25 mm by 25 mm. If it is 2 m long, determine the
--.rimum shear stress in the bar and the rotation of one
c relative to the other end.
25mm
Prob.5-104
5-105. If the shaft is subjected to the torque of 3 kNm,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft.
Also, find the angle of twist of end B. The shaft is made
from A-36 steel. Set a= 50 mm.
5-106. If the shaft is made from A-36 steel having an
allowable shear stress of Tall ow = 75 MPa, determine the
minimum dimension a for the cross-section to the
nearest millimeter. Also, find the corresponding angle of
twist at end B.
Probs. 5-105/106
5-107. If the solid shaft is made from red brass C83400
copper having an allowable shear stress of Tauow = 4 ksi,
determine the maximum allowable torque T that can be
applied at B.
*5-108. If the solid shaft is made from red brass C83400
copper and it is subj ected to a torque T = 6 kip ft at B,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in segments
AB and BC.
Probs. 5-107/108
I
5-109. For a given maximum average shear stress, deter-
mine the factor by which the torque carrying capacity is
increased if the half-circular section is reversed from the
dashed-line position to the section shown. The tube is 0.1
in. thick.
Prob.5-109
5- 110. For given maximum average shear stress,
determine the by which the torque-carrying capacity
is increased if the half-circular sections are reversed from
the dashed-line pqsitions to the section shown. The tube is
0.1 in. thick.
Prob.5-110
5- 111. A torque T is applied to two tubes having the
cross sections shown. Compare the shear flow developed in
each tube.
t -
Dl

Prob.5-111
*5-112. Due to a fabrication error the inner circle of '"
tube is eccentric with respect to the outer circle. By wl:.::.
percentage is the torsional strength reduced when ._
eccentricity e is one-fourth of the difference in the radii?
Prob.5-1U
5-113. Determine the constant thickness of the rectangu:_.
tube if average stress is not to exceed 12 ksi when a tor .
of T=20 kip in. is applied to the tube. Neglect
concentrations at the corners. The mean dimensions of
tube are shown.
5- 114. Determine the torque T that can be applied to
rectangular tube if the average shear stress is not to exec
12 ksi. Neglect stress concentrations at the corners. -:;-
mean dimensions of the tube are shown and the tube ha.
thickness of 0.125 in.
Probs. 5- 113/114
inner circle of:;
er circle. By 1\-:-
when -
1ce in the radii:
f the rectan.=
ii \Yhen a rc;--:
:.
mensions a:
e applied:-
is not toe
5.7 THIN-WALLED TUBES HAVING C LOSED CROSS SECTIONS 237
- liS. The steel tube has an elliptical cross section of mean
-,ensions shown and a constant thickness oft= 0.2 in. If the
:wable shear stress is Tall ow = 8 ksi, and the tube is to
st a torque of T = 250 lb ft, determine the necessary
.,.....,,ension b. The mean area for the ellipse is Am= 7rb(0.5b ).
-

Prob.S- 115
3--116. The tube is made of plastic, is 5 mm thick, and has
:r- mean dimensions shown. Determine the average shear
:-ess at points A and B if the tube is subjected to the
'rque ofT= 500 N m. Show the shear stress on volume
e:ments located at these points. Neglect stress concen-
::.tions at the corners.
Prob.S-116
5- 117. The mean dimensions of the cross section of the
leading edge and torsion box of an airplane wing can be
approximated as shown. If the wing is made of 2014-T6
aluminum alloy having an allowable shear stress of
r all ow = 125 MPa and the wall thickness is 10 mm, determine
the maximum allowable torque and the corresponding
angle of twist per meter length of the wing.
5- 118. The mean dimensions of the cross section of the
leading edge and torsion box of an airplane wing can be
approximated as shown. If the wing is subjected to a
torque of 4.5 MN m and the wall thickness is 10 mm,
determine the average shear stress developed in the wing
and the angle of twist per meter length of the wing. The
wing is made of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy.
lOmm
0.25 m
I 0.25 m
lOmm
Probs. 5-117/118
5- 119. The symmetric tube is made from a high-strength
steel, having the mean dimensions shown aJld a thickness of
5 mm. If it is subjected to a torque of T = 40 N m, deter-
mine the average shear stress developed at points A and B.
Indicate the shear stress on volume elements located at
these points.
Prob.S-119
I
60Nm
30Nm

"'f.l
40mm
(a)
Figure 5-33
T max = 3.10 MPa
Shear-stress Actual shear-stress
distribution distribution caused
predicted by by stress concentration
torsion formula
(c)
The stepped shaft shown in Fig. 5- 33a is supported by bearings at
A and B. Determine the maximum stress in the shaft due to the
applied torques. The shoulder fillet at the junction of each shaft has a
radius of r = 6 mm.
T= 30Nm

(b)
SOLUTION
Internal Torque. By inspection, moment equilibrium about the
axis of the shaft is satisfied. Since the maximum shear stress occurs at
the rooted ends of the smaller diameter shafts, the internal torque
( 30 N m) can be found there by applying the method of sections.
Fig. 5-33b.
Maximum Shear Stress. The stress-concentration factor can be
determined by using Fig. 5-32. From the shaft geometry we have
D
d
r
d
2( 40 mm)
=2
2(20 mm)
6mm
--- -= 0.15
2(20 mm)
Thus, the value of K = 1.3 is obtained.
Applying Eq. 5-21, we have
Tmax =
[
30 N m (0.020 m) J
1.3 = 3.10 MPa
(7r / 2)(0.020 m)
4
Ans.
NOTE: From experimental evidence, the actual stress distribution
along a radial line of the cross section at the critical section looks
similar to that shown in Fig. 5-33c. Notice how this compares with the
linear stress distribution found from the torsion formula.
EXAMPLE
30mm
" (MPa)
' 0.286 (10-
3
)
(a)
y (rad)
20MPa
Elastic shear-stress distribution
0.286 (10-
3
) rad
~ - - - N - - - - 1
0.172 (10-
3
) rad
Elastic shear-strain distribution
(b)
Fig. 5- 39
The tubular shaft in Fig. 5- 39a is made of an aluminum alloy that is
assumed to have an elastic-plastic r-y diagram as shown. Determine
the maximum torque that can be applied to the shaft without causing
the material to yield, and the maximum torque or plastic torque that
can be applied to the shaft. Also, what should the minimum shear
strain at the outer wall be in order to develop a fully plastic torque?
SOLUTION
Maximum Elastic Torque. We require the shear stress at the outer
fiber to be 20 MPa. Using the torsion formula, we have
Tyc
6 2
Ty(O.OS m) '
'T - - 20 ( 10 ) N I ill = ----=----'---------,-
y- 1' (7r /2)[(0.05m)
4
- (0.03m)
4
]
Ty = 3.42kNm An
The shear-stress and shear-strain distributions for this case are
shown in Fig. 5-39b. The values at the tube's inner wall have beer.
obtained by proportion.
Plastic Torque. The shear-stress distribution in this case is shown i.r.
Fig. 5-39c. Application of Eq. 5-23 requires T = Ty. We have
1
0.05 m 1 I 0.05 m
TP = 27T [20(10
6
)N/m
2
]p
2
dp = 125.66(10
6
)-p
3
0.03 m 3 0.03 m
= 4.11 kNm An
For this tube TP represents a 20% increase in torque capaci _
compared with the elastic torque T Y
Outer Radius Shear Strain. The tube becomes fully plastic whe:::.
the shear strain at the inner wall becomes 0.286 ( 10 -
3
) rad, as sho"-
in Fig. 5-39c. Since the shear strain remains linear over the cro::
section, the plastic strain at the outer fibers of the tube in Fig. 5-39c
determined by proportion.
'Yo
50mm
0.286 ( 10-
3
) rad
30mm
3 ~ .
'Y
0
= 0.477 ( 10- _)_rad
20MPa
A
0.286 (10-
3
).
Plastic shear-stress distribution Initial plastic shear-strain distribution
(c)
llloy that s
D eten:ni.r;;:
Jut
tor que thE.
num she<" -
: torque?
t the
mmt
ssho
e
rr
.-\ solid circular shaft has a radius of 20 mm and length of 1.5 m. The
aterial has an elastic-plastic T-'}' diagram as shown in Fig. 5-40a.
:Jetermine the torque needed to twist the shaft 4> = 0.6 rad.
T (MPa)
'"
"V
0.0016
--- .... UTION
0.008
(a)
'Y (rad)
-e will first obtain the shear-strain distribution, then establish the
-.ear-stress distribution. Once this is known, the applied torque can
-= determined.
The maximum shear strain occurs at the surface of the shaft, p = c.
::.::;]ce the angle of twist is cp = 0.6 rad for the entire 1.5-m length of
-e shaft, then using Eq. 5-25, for the entire length we have
L !'max ( 1.5 m)
= !' -; 0.6 = - --'----'-
p 0.02 m
!'max = 0.008 rad
The shear-strain distribution is shown in Fig. 5-40b. Note that
elding of the material occurs since !'max > !'r = 0.0016 rad in
-=-g. 5-40a. The radius of the elastic core, py, can be obtained by
-:-oportion. From Fig. 5-40b,
py
0.0016
0.02m
0.008
py = 0.004 m = 4 mm
Based on the shear-strain distribution, the shear-stress distribution,
-.otted over a radial line segment, is shown in Fig. 5-40c. The torque can
- be obtained using Eq. 5-26. Substituting in the numerical data yields
7TTy
T = - ( 4c
3
-
6
7T[75 ( 10
6
) N/m
2
]
=
6
[4(0.02 m)
3
- (0.004 m)
3
]
1.25 kN m Ans.
5.10 RESIDUAL STRESS 2 4 7

Shear-strain distribution
(b)
Ty = 75 MPa
Shear-stress distribution
(c)
Fig. 5-40
248 CHAPTE R 5 TORS I ON
EXAMPLE
c;= 1 in.
r (ksi)
(a)
12 ksi
(b)
Plastic torque applied
(c)
r , = 14.93 ksi
Plastic torque reversed
(d)
2.93 ksi
Residual shear-stress distribution
Fig. 5-41
A tube in Fig. 5-41a has a length of 5 ft and the material has an
elastic- plastic r - y diagram, also shown in Fig. 5-41a. Determine the
plastic torque TP. What is the residual shear-stress distribution if TP i
removed just after the tube becomes fully plastic?
SOLUTION
Plastic Torque. The plastic torque T P will strain the tube such that
all the material yields. Hence the stress distribution will appear a_
shown in Fig. 5-4 lb. Applying Eq. 5- 23, we have
When the tube just becomes fully plastic, yielding has started at th
inner wall, i.e. , at ci = 1 in., 'YY = 0.002 rad, Fig. 5-4la. The angle of
twist that occurs can be determined from Eq. 5-25, which for the
entire tube becomes
L (0.002)(5ft)(12in./ft) _ "
4>P = yy -c = ( . ) - 0.120 rad .J
l 1 lll.
When T P is removed, or in effect reapplied in the opposite
direction, then the "fictitious" linear shear-stress distribution sho'.'.T.
in Fig. 5-41c must be superimposed on the one shown in Fig. 5-41b.
In Fig. 5-4lc the maximum shear stress or the modulus of rupture is
found from the torsion formula
T;co ( 175.9 kip in.) ( 2 in. )
T - - - = 14.93ksi
r- 1 - (7T/2)[(2in.)
4
- ( 1 in. )
4
]
Also, at the inner wall of the tube the shear stress is "
'
(
1 in. )
Ti = ( 14.93 ksi) - .- = 7.47 ksi
2 lll.
An
The resultant residual shear-stress distribution is shown in Fig. 5-4ld.
tbe such .1-.
ill appear
p .. in. A.
d)
Fig. 5--.:.r
f ruptur:::
ksi
Fig. 5-_
PROBLEMS
0. The steel step shaft has an allowable shear stress
- = 8 MPa. If the transition between the cross
()TIS has a radius r = 4 mm, determine the maximum
_ ::!e T that can be .

SOmm
20mm ( 20mm
F "'( 1' F
.. )=s

T '- T
2 T 2
Prob.5- 120
-..JL The step shaft is to be designed to rotate at 720 rpm
- "e transmitting 30 kW of power. Is this possible? The
able shear stress is Tallow = 12 MPa and the radius at
.:: :ransition on the shaft is 7.5 mm.
-ill. The built-up shaft is designed to rotate at 540 rpm. If
radius at the transition on the shaft is r = 7.2 mm,
:.'. the allowable shear stress for the material is
= 55 MPa, determine the maximum power the
can transmit.
Probs. 5-1211122
5.1 0 RESIDUAL STRESS 249
5-123. The transition at the cross sections of the step shaft
has a radius of 2.8 mm. Determine the maximum shear
stress developed in the shaft.
60Nm
Prob.5- 123
*5-124. The steel used for the step shaft has an allowable
shear stress ofT allow = 8 MPa. If the radius at the transition
between the cross sections is r = 2.25 mm, determine the
maximum torque T that can be applied.
30mm 30mm
2
Prob.5-124

250 C HA PTER 5 TORS I ON
5-125. The step shaft is subjected to a torque of 710 lb in.
If the allowable shear stress for the materialisT allow = 12 ksi,
determine the smallest radius at the junction between the
cross sections that can be used to transmit the torque.
0.75 in.
710 lbft
Prob.5- 125
5-126. A solid shaft has a diameter of 40 mm and length
of 1 m. It is made from an elastic-plastic material having
a yield stress of T y = 100 MPa. Determine the maximum
elastic torque T y and the corresponding angle of twist.
What is the angle of twist if the torque is increased to
T= 1.2Ty? G = 80 GPa.
5-127. Determine the torque needed to twist a short
2-mm-diameter steel wire through several revolutions if it is
made from steel assumed to be elastic-plastic and having
a yield stress of Ty = 50 MPa. Assume that the material
becomes fully plastic.
*5-128. A bar having a circular cross section of 3 in.-
diameter is subjected to a torque of 100 in. kip. If the
material is elastic-plastic, with Ty = 16 ksi, determine the
radius of the elastic core.
5-129. The solid shaft is made of an elastic-perfectly plas
material as shown. Determine the torque T needed to for:::
an elastic core in the shaft having a radius of py = 20 =
If the shaft is 3 m long, through what angle does one end
the shaft twist with respect to the other end? When -c._
torque is removed, determine the residual stress distributil!
in the shaft and the permanent angle of twist.
r (MPa)
1W v
0.004
y (rad)
Prob. 5- 129
5-130. The shaft is subjected to a maximum shear st -
of 0.0048 rad. Determine the torque applied to the sha:f:
the material has strain hardening as shown by the s h ~
stress-strain diagram.
r (ksi)
1 2 ~ ~
6
Prob. 5-130
An 80-mm-diameter solid circular shaft is made of
plastic material having a yield shear
= 125MPa. Determine (a) the maximum elastic
Ty; and (b) the plastic
The hollow shaft has the cross section shown and
-.i: of an elastic-perfectly plastic material having a
iiear stress of 'Ty. Determine the ratio of the plastic
TP to the maximum elastic torque T r
---:4

Prob.5- 132
If the step shaft is elastic-plastic as shown, determine
rgest torque T that can be applied to the shaft. Also,
:.he shear-stress distribution over a radial line for each
. Neglect the effect of stress concentration.

Y (rad)
0.005
Prob. 5-133
5-134. The solid shaft is made from an elastic-plastic
material as shown. Determine the torque T needed to form
an elastic core in the shaft having a radius of py = 23 mm. If
the shaft is 2 m long, through what angle does one end of
the shaft twist with respect to the other end? When the
torque is removed, determine the residual stress distribution
in the shaft and the permanent angle of twist.
T (MPa)
1500
40mm

Y (rad)
0.005
Prob.5-134
5-135. A 1.5-in.-diameter shaft is made from an
elastic-plastic material as shown. Determine the radius of
its elastic core if it is subjected to a torque ofT= 200 lb ft.
If the shaft is 10 in. long, determine angle of twist.
"
T
7 (ksi)
30
0.006
Y (rad)
Prob.5-135

*5-136. The tubular shaft is made of a strain-hardening
material having a T-y diagram as shown. Determine the
torque T that must be applied to the shaft so that the
maximum shear strain is 0. 01 rad.

0.75 in.
7 (ksi)

" 10 /

0.005
y (rad)
0.01
Prob.S-136
5- 137. The shaft is made from a strain-hardening material
having a T- y diagram as shown. Determine the torque T
that must be applied to the shaft in order to create an elastic
core in the shaft having a radius of Pc = 0.5 in.
7 (ksi)
15 /
10 /
0.005
y (rad)
0.01
Prob.S-137
5- 138. The tube is made of elastic-perfectly pi
material, which has the T-y diagram shown. Determine
torque T that just causes the inner surface of the shat
yield. Also, find the residual shear-stress distribution in
shaft when the torque is removed.
T (ksi)
10
Prob. 5- 138
5-139. The shear stress-strain diagram for a solid 50--
diameter shaft can be approximated as shown in the fi :--
Determine the torque required to cause a maximum ;-
stress in the shaft of 125 MPa. If the shaft is 3 m long.
is the corresponding angle of twist?
T (MPa)
125 r------ - "'l.
Prob.S-139
1.::
- The 2-m-long tube is made of an elastic-perfectly
.:: material as shown. Determine the applied torque T
bjects the material at the tube's outer edge to a shear
.:: of 'Ymax = 0.006 rad. What would be the permanent
:: of twist of the tube when this torque is removed?
:::. the residual stress distribution in the tube.
T
35 mm
T (MPa)
2100
'Y (rad)
0.003
Prob.S- 140
A steel alloy core is bonded firmly to the copper
rube to form the shaft shown. If the materials have the
diagrams shown, determine the torque resisted by the
:: and the tube.
15 kNm
T (MPa)

71
0.0024 'Y (rad)
Steel Alloy
T (MPa)
.
r:;.- l - 0.002 'Y (rad)
Copper Alloy
Prob.S-141
5- 142. The 2-m-long tube is made from an elastic-plastic
material as shown. Determine the applied torque T, which
subjects the material of the tube's outer edge to a shearing
strain, of 'Ymax = 0.008 rad. What would be the permanent
angle of twist of the tube when the torque is removed?
Sketch the residual stress distribution of the tube.

T (MPa)
2W0
'Y ( rad)
0.003
Prob.S- 142
256 CHAPTE R 5 TORS I ON
5-143. The shaft is made of A992 steel and has an allowable
shear stress ofT allow= 75 MPa. When the shaft is rotating at
300 rpm, the motor supplies 8 kW of power, while gears
A and B withdraw 5 kW and 3 kW, respectively. Determine
the required minimum diameter of the shaft to the nearest
millimeter. Also, find the rotation of gear A relative to C.
*5-144. The shaft is made of A992 steel and has an
allowable shear stress ofT allow = 75 MPa. When the shaft is
rotating at 300 rpm, the motor supplies 8 kW of power, while
gears A and B withdraw 5 kW and 3 kW, respectively. If the
angle of twist of gear A relative to Cis not allowed to exceed
0.03 rad, determine the required minimum diameter of the
shaft to the nearest millimeter.

Probs. 5-143/144
5- 145. The A-36 steel circular tube is subjected to a torque
of 10 kN m. Determine the shear stress at the mean radius
p = 60 mm and compute the angle of twist of the tube if it
is 4 m long and fixed at its far end. Solve the problem using
Eqs. 5-7 and 5-15 and by using Eqs. 5-18 and 5- 20.

. 4m

lOkNm
Prob.5-145
5-146. A portion of an airplane fuselage can be appro -
mated by the cross section shown. If the thickness of ::..
2014-T6-aluminum skin is 10 mm, determine the maxim
wing torque T that can be applied if Tallow = 4 MPa. Also.
a 4-m long section, determine the angle of twist.

0.75m

) 2m
l
Prob.5- 146
5- 147. The material of which each of three shafts is m::.
has a yield stress of Ty and a shear modulus of G. DeteriL..:;:
which shaft geometry will resist the largest torque wi t -
yielding. What percentage of this torque can be carrie -
the other two shafts? Assume that each shaft is made of
same amount of material and that it has the same cr
sectional area A.
OCJ
Prob.5- 147
60
A
'twist.
{)rque ~ T
- .. . Segments AB and BC of the assembly are made
-=. 6061-T6 aluminum and A992 steel, respectively. If
::A: forces P = 3 kip are applied to the lever arm,
.=:-;nine the maximum shear stress developed in each
""::ent. The assembly is fixed at A and C.
~
..
Prob. 5-148
. Segments AB and BC of the assembly are made
'::. 6061-T6 aluminum and A992 steel, respectively.
..=.e all owable shear stress for the aluminum is ( T allow)at =
si and for the steel ( T all ow)s
1
= 10 ksi, determine the
~ u r n allowable couple forces P that can be applied to
.ever arm. The assembly is fixed at A and C.
Prob. 5-149
REVIEW PROBLEMS 257
5-150. The tapered shaft is made from 2014-T6 aluminum
alloy, and has a radius which can be described by the
function r = 0.02(1 + x
312
) m, where xis in meters. Determine
the angle of twist of its end A if it is subjected to a torque of
450 N m.
/X
Prob. 5-150
5-151. The 60-mm-diameter shaft rotates at 300 rev / min.
This motion is caused by the unequal 15elt tensions on the
pulley of 800 Nand 450 N. Determine the power transmitted
and the maximum shear stress developed if! the shaft.
~
t
SOON
Prob. 5-151

262 C HAPTER 6 B ENDING

(a)
wx

w!..
2 (b)
w
wAjjjjjjj: 1111!11w,L
v

wL
2
VK,

2
(c)
Fig. 6-4
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig.
SOLUTION
Support Reactions. The support reactions are shown in Fig. 6-4c.
Shear and Moment Functions. A free-body diagram of the let
segment of the beam is shown in Fig. 6- 4b. The distributed loading o;::
this segment, wx, is represented by its resultant force only after th""
segment is isolated as a free-body diagram. This force acts
the centroid of the area comprising the distributed loading, a distanc"'
of x /2 from the right end. Applying the two equations of e'quilibriUIU
yields
C+IM = 0;
wL
-- wx- v = 0
2
V = x)
-( w
2
L )x + + M = 0

C-
Shear and Moment Diagrams. The shear and moment diagrai.IlS
shown in Fig. 6-4c are obtained by plotting Eqs. 1 and 2. The point o-
zero shear can be found from Eq.l:

L
x=-
2
NOTE: From the moment diagram, this value x the poir..-
on the beam where the maximum moment occurs, since by Eq. 6-=
(see Sec. 6.2) the slope V = dM / dx = 0. From Eq. 2, we have
in Fig. 6-41 ..
Fig. 6-4c.
of the let.
.loading o=
ly after th::
cts throug.;:;
:. a dist ane::

e
ls :.;:_;: -;
,--,- =c
IPc;:
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS 2 6 3
:Jraw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 6- Sa.
wo
w0L w
0

2 ---
/_//--/r/
(t1 2---
- - ______ ' : = m .. .;..;..:.. ....
2 1 -L
w0L r----- 3
3
L -"::,
(b)
:OLUTION
Support Reactions. The distributed load is replaced by its
;-;:!sultant force and the reactions have been determined as shown
6-Sb.
Shear and Moment Functions. A free-body diagram of a beam
segment of length xis shown in Fig. 6-Sc. Note that the intensity of
-e triangular load at the section is found by proportion, that is,
x = w
0
/ L or w = WoX / L. With the load intensity known, the
-=sultant of the distributed loading is determined from the area
der the diagram. Thus,
- ' 2- F = O
y '
- 2, M = 0;
- ( wt )x - V = 0
V = Wo(L2- x2)
2L
(1)
woL
2
_ woL (x) + _!_(WoX)x( _!_x) + M = 0
3 2 2 L 3
M = Wo (-2L
3
+ 3L
2
x - x
3
)
6L
(2)
::.ese results can be checked by applying Eqs. 6-1 and 6-2 of Sec. 6.2,
-- r is,
dV Wo WQX
w = - = -(0 - 2x) = --
dx 2L L
OK
dM w
0
2
Wo
V =- = -(0 + 3L - 3x
2
) = -(L
2
- x
2
) OK
dx 6L 2L
ear and Moment Diagrams. The graphs of Eqs. 1 and 2 are
-Jwn in Fig. 6- Sd.
l( WoX)
woL 2 L x
2 l W = WoX
,t- -- r -1 :

(c)

I
(d)
Fig. 6-5
264 C HA PTER 6 B ENDING
EXAMPLE
:,_ Support Reactions. The distributed load is divided into triangular
f----- 18 ft -----1
(a)
and rectangular component loadings and these loadings are the
replaced by their resultant forces. The reactions have been determine
as shown on the beam's free-body diagram, Fig. 6- 6b.
36 kip36 kip
---------: 4 kip/ft Shear and Moment Functions. A free-body diagram of the lef:
---------: }2 kip/ft segment is shown in Fig. 6-6c. As above, the trapezoidal loading is
I

l----1f--- 18 ft -----1
30 kip 42 kip
(b)
30 kip
(c)
6kip/ft

30 kip 42 kip
v (kip)
30
Fig. 6-6
replaced by rectangular and triangular distributions. Note that th.,
intensity of the triangular load at the section is found by proportio::
The resultant force and the location of each distributed loading ar
also shown. Applying the equilibrium equations, we have
= 0; 30 kip - (2 kiplft)x - _!_(4 kiplft)(-x-)x - V = 0
2 18ft
V = (30- 2x- x
9
2
)kip (1
= 0;
-30 kip(x) + (2 + _!_(4 + M = 0
2 2 18ft 3
M = ( 30x - x
2
- kip ft
c-=
Equation 2 may be checked by noting that dM I dx = V, that is, Eq.
Also, w = dV ldx = -2 - This equation checks, since whe-
x = 0, w = -2 kiplft, and when x = 18ft, w = -6 kiplft, Fig. 6-6a.
Shear and Moment Diagrams. Equations 1 and 2 are plotted -
Fig. 6-6d. Since the point of maximum moment occurs whe-
dM I dx = V = 0 (Eq. 6-2), then, from Eq. 1,
Choosing the positive root,
X = 9.735 ft
Thus, from Eq. 2,
(9.735)
3
Mmax = 30(9.735) - (9.735)
2
- -'-------'-
27
= 163 kip. ft
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS 2 6 5
he shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 6-7a.
15 kN 5 kN/ m
!tUUUU
I C

--- Sm
w
_vTION

5.75 kN
(b)
rt Reactions. The reactions at the supports have been determined
15 kN 5(x
2
- 5)
are shown on the body diagram of the beam, Fig. 6-7 d. _____ -----,
I
I
ar and Moment Functions. Since there is a discontinuity of F=====:!::==:::!:::== I) M
' buted load and also a concentrated load at the beam's center, +
regions of x must be considered in order to describe the shear and 5 m I
5
1 sl V
x2- x 2-
:nent functions for the entire beam. -2--2-
:::::; XI < 5 in, Fig. 6-76:
-''5..0, = 0; 5.75 kN- v = 0
v = 5.75 kN
= 0; - 80kNm- 5.75kNx
1
+ M = 0
M = (5.75x
1
+ 80) kN m
- :::1 < x
2
:5 10 m, Fig. 6-7 c:
(1)
(2)
- '2. Fy = 0; 5.75 kN - 15 kN- 5 kNim(x
2
- 5 m) - V = 0
V = (15.75 - 5x
2
) kN (3)
- -'i.M = 0; -80 kN m - 5.75 kN x
2
+ 15 kN(x
2
- 5 m)
(
x2 - 5 m)
+ 5 kN I m(x
2
- 5 m)
2
+ M = 0
M = ( -2.5xl + 15.75x
2
+ 92.5) kN m (4)
ese results can be checked in part by noting that w = dV I dx
:::1d V = dMidx. Also, when x
1
= 0, Eqs. 1 and 2 give
- = 5.75 kN and M = 80 kN m; when x
2
= 10m, Eqs. 3 and 4
V = -34.25 kN and M = 0. These values check with the
support reactions shown on the free- body diagram, Fig. 6-7 d.
5.75 kN
80 kNm

5.75 kN
V(kN)
x2
(c)
15 kN 5 kN/ m
!nntnn

34.25 kN
5.751-----i
r------+-----,-' x (m)
M(kNm)
80
r--- ----- ---->-x (m)
Shear and Moment Diagrams. Equations 1 through 4 are plotted
:=1 Fig. 6-7 d.
(d)
Fig. 6-7
270 CHAPTE R 6 B ENDING
EXAMPLE
p p
(a)
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 6- lla.
SOLUTION
Support Reactions. The reaction at the fixed support is shown on
the free-body diagram, Fig. 6-llb.
Shear Diagram. The shear at each end of the beam is plotted firsL
Fig. 6-llc. Since there is no distributed loading on the beam, the slop
of the shear diagram is zero as indicated. Note how the force Pat th
center of the beam causes the shear diagram to jump downward aL
amount P, since this force acts downward.
Moment Diagram. The moments at the ends of the beam are
plotted, Fig. 6-lld. Here the moment diagram consists of two
lines, one with a slope of +2P and the other with a slope of +P.
The value of the moment in the center of the beam can be
determined by the method of sections, or from the area under
shear diagram. If we choose the left half of the shear diagram,
Mi x=L = Mix=O + !1M
Mix=L = - 3PL + (2P)(L) = - PL
p p
'
2
tl \ !\ !
3PL \ )
w = 0 (b)
V
slope= 0
)
downward force P
ZP jump P
'-------P
(c)
V = positive constant ;. ,
M slope = positive constant

----------X
- PL
- 3PL
(d)
Fig. 6-11
FJ,:. --
am
:am.
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND M OMENT DI AGRAMS
_ w the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 6-12a.
f----::- L -----j-L -----j
,-
'9 (a)
_JTION
port Reactions. The reactions are shown on the free-body
in Fig. 6-12b.
ar Diagram. The shear at each end is plotted first, Fig. 6-12c.
- -e there is no distributed load on the beam, the shear diagram has
lope and is therefore a horizontal line.
oment Diagram. The moment is zero at each end, Fig. 6-12d.
-;: moment diagram has a constant negative slope of -M
0
/2L since
- is the shear in the beam at each point. Note that the couple
M
0
causes a jump in the moment diagram at the beam's
=:er, but it does not affect the shear diagram at this point.
w = 0
slope= 0

Mo
2L
M
clockwise moment Mo
positive jump Mo

V = negative constant
':::! "'''"" '"""'"'
j t: --.__, X
- M
0
/ 2
(d)
Fig. 6-12
271
272 C HAP TER 6 BENDI NG
EXAMPLE
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J l 1 lwo
r-
tjl I hf I I !I
woU (b)
2 w negative constant
V V slope negative constant

. 4\ (c)
X
M V positive decreasing

_ .. /
2 (d)
Fig. 6-13
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams shown in
Figs. 6- l3a and 6-14a.
SOLUTION
Support Reactions. The reactions at the fixed support are shown on
each free-body diagram, Figs. 6- l3b and 6-14b.
Shear Diagram. The shear at each end point is plotted first_
Figs. 6-13c and 6-14c. The distributed loading on each beam indicates
the slope of the shear diagram and thus produces the shapes shown.
Moment Diagram. The moment at each end point is plotted fir
Figs. 6-l3d and 6-14d. Various values of the shear at each point on the
beam indicate the slope of the moment diagram at the point. Notic""
how this variation produces the curves shown.
NOTE: Observe how the degree of the curves from w to V to .
increases by one due to the integration of dV = w dx and dM = V dr:
For example, in Fig. 6-14, the linear distributed load produces .:.
parabolic shear diagram and cubic moment diagram.

.
6 v w negative decreasing
w
0
L V slope negative decreasing
2
V positive decreasivg
M M slope positive decreasing
(d)
Fig.6-14
=
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT D IAGRAMS 27 3
the shear and moment diagrams for the cantilever beam
:- Fig. 6-lSa.
2 kN ,"
It 1 1.5 kN/m
.
AI

(a)
port Reactions. The support reactions at the fixed support B are
in Fig. 6-lSb.
ear Diagram. The shear at end A is -2 kN. This value is plotted at
= 0, Fig. 6-15c. Notice how the shear diagram is constructed by
owing the slopes defined by the loading w. The shear at x = 4 m is
'" '-'"r, the reaction on the beam. This value can be verified by finding
:;area under the distributed loading, Eq. 6-3.
- Vix=2m + V = -2 kN- (1.5 kN/m)(2 m) = -5 kN
ent Diagram. The moment of zero at x = 0 is plotted in
6--lSd. Notice how the moment diagram is constructed based on
\\ing its slope, which is equal to the shear at each point. The change
: ;;10ment from x = 0 to x = 2 m is determined from the area under
diagram. Hence, the moment at x = 2 m is
Mi x=2m = Mix=o + = 0 + [ -2 kN(2 m)] = -4 kN m
same value can be determined from the method of sections,
-, 6--lSe.
2kN
1. 5 kN/ m Ms = ll)kNm

m-\--+-2 = 5 kN
(b)
IV = 0 IV negative constant
V slope = 0 V slope negative constant
V(kN)
4
I II I : I I "' I I: I X ( 111)
-21 ''"\ ..J...J...J.. ' ..._
-5
V negative constant
M slope negat_ive constant \
V negati\'e increasing
M(k
}f slope negati\'e increasing
01 1 ' 111 j x (m)
.............:Z / / 1 I
(d) - 11
2 kN
Fig. 6-15
274 CHAPTER 6 BENDING
EXAMPLE
A}:4; (b) : _ 2ffij!
Ay = 2 w = O By - 10 kN
Vslope = 0 .
w negative constant
V (kNj V slope negative constant
Vnegative (c)
constant
M slope negative
constant
Vpositive
decreasing
M slope positive
decreasing
slope = 0
- 8
(d)
Fig. 6-16
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the overhang beaiL
in Fig. 6-16a.
(a)
SOLUTION
Support Reactions. The support reactions are shown in Fig. 6-16b
Shear Diagram. The shear of -2 kN at end A of the beam is platte
at x = 0, Fig. 6-16c. The slopes are determined from the loading anc
from this the shear diagram is constructed, as indicated in the figur
In particular, notice the positive jump of 10 kN at x = 4 m due to the
force By, as indicated in the figure.
Moment Diagram. The moment of zero at x = 0 is plotted, Fig. 6-16d
Then following the behavior of the slope found from the shear diagrar.Ii.
the moment diagram is constructed. The moment at x = 4 m is foun.::.
from the area under the shear diagram.
Mi x=4 m = Mi x=O + 11M=O + [ - 2kN(4m)]=-8kNm
We can also obtain this value by using the method of sections. a>
shown in Fig. 6-16e.
V= 2 kN
= 8 kNm
2kN
(e)
,.._
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS 27 5
in Fig. 6- 17a is supported by a thrust bearing at A and a
-...-nal bearing at B. Draw the shear and moment diagrams.
120 lb/ft

f------12 ft -----1
(a)
_._UTION
pport Reactions. The support reactions are shown in Fig. 6-17b.
ar Diagram. As shown in Fig. 6-17 c, the shear at x = 0 is+ 240 lb.
the slope defined by the loading, the shear diagram is
tructed, where at B its value is -480 lb. Since the shear changes
=-'"' the point where V = 0 must be located. To do this we will use the
-:!tbod of sections. The free-body diagram of the left segment of the
, sectioned at an arbitrary position x, is shown in Fig. 6-17 e.
- rice that the intensity of the distributed load at x is w =lOx, which
- -:S been found by proportional triangles, i.e., 120112 = w I x.
Thus, for V = 0,
- 'ZF = o
y '
240 lb - !OOx)x = 0
X = 6.93 ft
oment Diagram. The moment diagram starts at 0 since there is
moment at A; then it is constructed based on the slope as
from the shear diagram. The maximum moment occurs at
= 6.93 ft, where the shear is equal to zero, since dM I dx = V = 0,
6-17d,
-2,M = 0;
Mmax + ![(10)(6.93)] 6.93 - 240(6.93) = 0
M max = 1109 lb ft
::mally, notice how integration, first of the loading w which is linear,
:;"!:"oduces a shear diagram which is parabolic, and then a moment
5.agram which is cubic.
OTE: Having studied these examples, test yourself by covering over
..::.e shear and moment diagrams in Examples 6.1 through 6.4 and see
.=you can construct them using the concepts discussed here.
\
12ft
(b)
Ay = 240 lb w negative
increasing
V (lb) V slope negative
mcreasmg
120 lb/ft
By= 480 lb
Ill l2 x(ft)
V positive
decreasing
M slope positive I \1 - 480
decreasing V negative increasing
M (lbft) j M slope increasing
v = o 1

1109
I X (ft)
6.93 12
(d)
1
-z [10x] x
r::9t::
Ay = 240 lb
(e)
Fig. 6-17
276 CHAPTER 6 B ENDING
P6-1. In each case, the beam is subjected to the
loadings shown. Draw the free-body-diagram of the
beam, and sketch the general shape of the shear and
moment diagrams. The loads and geometry are assumed
to be known.
!
l i ~ ~ ~ 1
(a)
{k----i'
(b)
A
0
(c)
L_
~
A
'
1
=:L
\.
"
(d)
(e)
(f)
~
(g)
~ ...
-==Cf1l I
I
~
(h)
P6-1
n
' .rL

6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS 2 7 7
:0ach case, express the shear and moment functions in
"":15 of x, and then draw the shear and moment diagrams
:be beam.
l.
.,.::;.

1------ -- 6 m - ------J
9 kN
I
t=x--1
F6-1
3m -------
F6-2
F6-3

I
- ---- - - 3m --- - - ---1
F6-4
In each case, draw the shear and moment diagrams for
the beam.
F6-5.
4kN/ m
eA II
m- 3m ----t-
F6-5
F6-6.
F6-6
F6-7.
200 lb/ ft
1 r r r r r r r 1
-= . Jik
lc 3ft+3ft-j
F6-7
F6-8.
20kN
20kN/m !

..
F6-8
278 CHAPTER 6 B ENDI NG
6-1. The load binder is used to support a load. If the force
applied to the handle is 50 lb, determine the tensions T
1
and T
2
in each end of the chain and then draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the arm ABC.
Prob. 6-1
6- 2. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft
The bearings at A and D exert only vertical reaction on the
shaft. The loading is applied to the pulleys at B and C and E.
llOlb
Prob. 6- 2
6-3. The engine crane is used to support the engine, w
has a weight of 1200 lb. Draw the shear and mom_
diagrams of the boom ABC when it is in the horizo-
position shown.
A r-- 5 ft ---1
r o
B
4ft

Prob.6-3
*6-4. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the be -
r r r T
5 di
4 ft--t- 4 ft-1- 4 ft ---1
Prob. 6-4
6-5. Draw the shear and moment diegrams for the be -
lOkN 8kN
!
I - 0c

Prob.6-5
ne
c:::l
6.2 GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT D IAGRAMS 279
Express the internal shear and moment in terms of x
:ilen draw the shear and moment diagrams.
Prob.6- 6
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
und beam which is pin connected at B. (This structure
fully stable. But with the given loading, it is balanced
remain as shown if not disturbed.)
-r, A 'I'
Prob.6-7
,_J... Express the internal shear and moment in terms of x
...ien draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
9001b
Prob.6-8
6-9. Express the internal shear and moment in terms of x
and then draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
overhanging beam.
6kN/m
~ ~ 1 11 1i l"_ r .. ~ ~ ; i
~ m 2 m ~
Prob. 6-9
6- 10. Members ABC and BD of the counter chair are
rigidly connected at B and the smooth collar at Dis allowed
to move freely along the vertical slot. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for member ABC
p = 150 lb
Prob.6-10
6-11. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the pipe.
The end screw is subjected to a horizontal force of 5 kN .
Hint: The reactions at the pin C must be replaced by an
equivalent loading at point B on the axis of the pipe.
5kN
L- 400mm--- -
Prob.6-ll
C - APTER 6 BENDING
reinforced concrete pier is used to support the
:- - g.:rs for a bridge deck. Draw the shear and moment
for the pier when it is subjected to the stringer
02<.:.5 shown. Assume the columns at A and B exert only
reactions on the pier.
60kN
35 kN 35 kN 35 kN
60kN
1 m 1 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1 m 1 m
Prob.6-12
..
6-13. Draw tke shear and moment diagrams for the rod. It
is supported by-a pin at A and a smooth plate at B. The plate
slides within the' groove and so it cannot support a vertical
force, although it c"an support a moment.
15 kN
..
L-4 m ------t-1 2m
Prob. 6-13
6-14. The industrial robot is held in the stationary position
shown. Draw the shear and moment diagrams of the arm ABC
if it is pin connected at A and connected to a hydraulic cylinder
(two-force member) BD. Assume the arm and grip have a
uniform weight of 1.5lb/ in. and support the load of 40 lb at C.
Prob.6-14
6-15. Consider the general problem of the :_..
subjected to n concentrated loads. Write a com;:_
program that can be used to determine the internal :-
and moment at any specified location x along the beam.
plot the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. -
an application of the program using the values P
1
= -
d
1
= 5 ft,P
2
= 800 lb, d
2
= 15ft, L
1
= 10ft, L = 15 f.
':'6-16. Determine the placement distance a of the
support so that the largest absolute value of the mo-
is a minimum. Draw the shear and moment diagraJL..
this condition.

Prob. 6-16
6-17. Express the internal shear and moment in
cantilevered beam as a function of x and then dra

shear and moment diagrams. ..'
Prob.6-17
em of the 1:>=-
iVrite a comv=
the internal S:-
long the beam.._
r the beam. ' "'-
Jalues P
1
= 5
) ft, L = 15 fL
---.l

6.2 GRAPHI CAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT D IAGRAMS 281
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam,
::Ctermine the shear and moment throughout the beam as
ns ofx.
10 kip 8 k'
2 kip/ft
1
P
. 1 1 11 1 J ! !r ipf<
_,--J I '"_J
Prob.6--18
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
2 kip/ ft
l r r r l 30kP=ipf==t
A4. J A;
--5ft 5ft
Prob.6--19
.;;.:mging beam.
3 kip/ ft
===:eerTTO
-.JW\ IDi
;L
6ft -1
Prob.6--20
The 150-lb man sits in the center of the boat, which
_ width and a weight per linear foot of 3lb/ft.
the maximum bending moment exerted on the
_-\ssume that the water exerts a uniform distributed
_-pward on the bottom of the boat.
Prob.6--21
6--22. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
overhang beam.
4kN/ m
. B .. w .... L. .. \ .. "l"';;:, I ,: .... J;

iii
Prob.6-22
6- 23. The footing supports the load transmitted by the
two columns. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
footing if the reaction of soil pressure on the footing is
assumed to be uniform.
Prob. 6--23
*6- 24. Express the shear and moment in terms of x and
then draw the shear and moment diagrams for the simply
supported beam.

f----3m
Prob.6-24
6-25. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam
and determine the shear and moment in the beam as
functions of x, where 4 ft < x < 10ft.
150 lb/ft
'(;" d2 I I I 1 '
00
'b"
1)
4ft 6ft I ----.L_ 4ft
Prob. 6--25
282 CHAPTER 6 BENDIN G
6-26. Consider the general problem of a cantilevered
beam subjected to n concentrated loads and a constant
distributed loading w. Write a computer program that can
be used to determine the internal shear and moment at any
specified location x along the beam, and plot the shear
and moment diagrams for the beam. Show an application
of the program using the values P
1
= 4 kN, d
1
= 2 m,
w = 800N/m,a
1
= 2m, a
2
= 4m,L = 4m.
Prob. 6-26
6-27. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
Prob.6-27
*6-28. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
Prob.6-28
6-29. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the dO'_
overhanging beam.
Prob.6-29
6-30. The beam is bolted or pinned at A and rests on a b=
pad at B that exerts a uniform distributed loading on the
over its 2-ft length. Draw the shear and moment d i a ~
for the beam if it supports a uniform loading of 2 kip/ft.
2 kip/ft
B
Prob. 6-30
6-31. The support at A allows the beam to slide fr.:-
along the vertical guide so that it cannot support a ve
force. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the be -
Prob.6- 31
*6-32. The smooth pin is supported by two leaves A aG:.
and subjected to a compressive load of 0. 4-k:N/ m cause
bar C. Determine the intensity oftfi e distributed load "'
the leaves on the pin and draw the shear and moJL_
diagram for the pin.
~ f m
20 mm 60 mm 20 mm
Prob.6-32
--x-
---'
for the .....
T1
D
m-
estson a
ling on
>ment
:of2 kip "-
r=Js
2 ft -
1 to slide :;-:..::
1pport a
s for the
11
B
1 leaves A E:J _
mcau_-c::
mred load
rr and m
OAk.'\ u;
m
D
tt
a_:Qmm
6.2 G RAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS 283
The shaft is supported by a smooth thrust bearing at
..::d smooth journal bearing at B. Draw the shear and
ent diagrams for the shaft.
A

900N
Prob.6-33
--"ever beam.
2kN
lL5m
Prob.6-34
- Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam
_determine the shear and moment as functions of x .

.. , .. ,,. '"'"'''

Prob.6-35
-36. Thae shaft is supported by a smooth thrust bearing
.,_and a smooth journal bearing at B. Draw the shear and
ent diagrams for the shaft.
600Nm
B
900N
Prob. 6-36
6-37. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam .
50 kN/ m 50 kN/ m
B
Prob.6- 37
6-38. The beam is used to support a uniform load along CD
due to the 6-kN weight of the crate. If the reaction at bearing
support B can be assumed uniformly distributed along its
width, draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
Atl!iioliiillili
Prob. 6-38
6-39. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
double overhanging beam.
400 lb
t
T
[
---=:rr---=1
-=;
Prob.6-39
*6-40. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
simply supported beam.
10 kN 10 kN

Prob.6-40
CHAPTER 6 BENDING
The compound beam is fixed at A, pin connected at
_:)_ E!ll supported by a roller at C. Draw the shear and
;:;:;.oment diagrams for the beam.
.
Prob. 6-41
\
6- 42. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
compound beam.
5 kN/m
lllll U IIJI [1
I A IE c .
~ 2 m - - l m - ~ ~ l m ~
Prob. 6- 42
6-43. The compound beam is fixed at A, pin connected at
B, and supported by a roller at C. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the beam.
2kN
Prob.6-43
*6-44. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the be
w
A
Prob.6-44
6- 45. A short link at B is used to connect beams - - ~
and BC to form the compound beam shown. Draw --
shear and moment diagrams for the beam if the supports
A and B are considered fixed and pinned, respectively.
15 kN
Prob.6- 45
6-46. Determine the placement b of the hooks to minirni:
the largest moment when the concrete member is be--
hoisted. Draw the shear and moment diagrams. T.
member has a square cross section of dimension a on ea
side. The specific weight of concrete is 'Y
Prob. 6-46
6.4 T HE FLEXURE FORMULA 2 9 3
xam has a rectangular cross section and is subjected to the stress
shown in Fig. 6-25a. Determine the internal moment Mat
-:: section caused by the stress distribution (a) using the flexure
""alula, (b) by finding the resultant of the stress distribution using
5ic principles.

- .... JTION
(a). The flexure formula is (]"max = M c I I. From Fig. 6-25a,
= 6 in. and u max = 2 ksi. The neutral axis is defined as line NA,
_:ause the stress is zero along this line. Since the cross section has a
_.:<angular shape, the moment of inertia for the area about NA is
from the formula for a rectangle given on the inside front
er; i.e.,
--.::refore,
"
Me
I ,
1 1
I = -bh
3
= -(6 in.)(l2 in.)
3
= 864 in
4
12 12
M(6 in.)
2 kip/in
2
= 864 in4
M = 288 kip in. = 24 kip ft
Ans.
art (b). The resultant force for each of the two triangular stress
-tributions in Fig. 6-25b is graphically equivalent to the volume
tained within each stress distribution. Thus, each volume is
1
F = 2(6 in.)(2 kip/in
2
)(6 in.) = 36 kip
- .u.ese forces, which form a couple, act in the same direction as the
-esses within each distribution, Fig. 6-25b. Furthermore, they act
the centroid of each volume, i.e., in.) = 4 in. from the
,::utral axis of the beam. Hence the distance between them is 8 in. as
-own. The moment of the couple is therefore
M = 36 kip(8 in.) = 288 kip in. = 24 kip ft Ans.
TE: This result can also be obtained by choosing a horizontal strip
dA = (6 in.) dy and using integration by applying Eq. 6- 11.
2 ksi
N
A
2 ksi
(a)
N
A
F
(b) .
Fig. 6-25.

The simply supported beam in Fig. 6-26a has the cross-sectional area
shown in Fig. 6-26b. Determine the absolute maximum bending stres
in the beam and draw the stress distribution over the cross section at
this location.
M(kNm)
-
"

I
3
6
x (r;:.
- ------=-"'-- ---- 6 m - - -------1
J a)
20mm t
B7t
1
N
20mm
c
150mm
l
1
(b)

I' r-::r
A

B
1
, 11.2 MPa

/ /
/
/
/
M = 22.5 kNm
12.7 MPa
(d)
Fig. 6-26
(c)
SOLUTION
Maximum Internal Moment. The maximum internal moment in the
beam, M = 22.5 kN m, occurs at the center.
Section Property. By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes
through the centroid C at the midheight of the beam, Fig. 6-26b. The
area is subdivided into the three parts shown, and the moment of inertia
of each part is calculated about the neutral axis using the parallel-axis
theorem. (See Eq. A-5 of Appendix A.) Choosing to work in meters.
we have
= 2[
1
1
2
(0.25 m)(0.020 m)
3
+ (0.25 m)(0.020 m)(0.160 m)
2
]
+ [
1
1
2
(0.020 m)(0.300 m)
3
]
= 301.3(10-
6
) m
4
Me 22.5(10
3
) N m(O.l70 m)
0" max = -; 0" max =
6 4
= 12.7 MPa An
I 301.3(10- ) m
A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown iL
Fig. 6-26d. Notice how the stress at points Band Don the cross sectior.
develops a force that contributes a moment about the neutral axis
that has the same direction as M. Specifically, at point B,ys = 150 rnm..
and so as shown in Fig. 6- 26d,
Mys 22.5(10
3
) N m(0.150 m)
O" - --- O"s = = -11.2 MPa
B - I ' 301.3(10-
6
) m
4
IT OS
6
tomem
beam shown in Fig. 6-27a has a cross-sectional area in the shape
channel, Fig. 6-27b. Determine the maximum bending stress that
:-curs in the beam at section a-a.
-:)LUTION
ernal Moment. Here the beam's support reactions do not have
be determined. Iostead, by the method of sections, the segment to
:.e left of secJ ion a-ci'can be used, Fig. 6-27 c. In particular, note that
-e resultant internal axial force N passes through the centroid of the
- section. Also, realize that the resultant internal moment must be
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
2.6kN
-
lm
2m
(a)
'culated about the beam's neutral axis at section a-a.
To find the location of the neutral axis, the cross-sectional area
subdivided into three composite parts as shown in Fig. 6-27b.
-sing Eq. A-2 of Appendix A, we have

Y 5909;;11 " J I
N I c 200mm
-15mm j
15 - '
2:.yA = 2[0.100 m](0.200 m)(0.015 m) + [0.010 m](0.02 m)(0.250 m) (b)
4A 2(0.200 m)(0.015 m) + 0.020 m(0.250 m)
= 0.05909 m = 59.09 mm
.::us dimension is shown in Fig. 6-27c.
_-\pplying the moment equation of equilibrium about the neutral
we have
2.4 kN
--'i, MNA = 0; 2.4 kN(2 m) + 1.0 kN(0.05909 m) - M = 0
M = 4.859 kN m
ion Property. The moment of inertia about the neutral axis
determined using I = 2: (l + Ai2) applied to each of the three
posite parts of the cross-sectional area. Working in meters, we have
= [
1
1
2
(0.250 m)(0.020 m)
3
+ (0.250 m)(0.020 m)(0.05909 m - 0.010 mi]
- 2[ _!_(0.015 m)(0.200 m)
3
+ (0.015 m)(0.200 m)(O.lOO m - 0.05909 m)
2
]
12
= 42.26(1 o-
6
) m
4
aximum Bending Stress. The maximum bending stress occurs at
-cints farthest away from the neutral axis. This is at the bottom of the
-earn, c = 0.200 m - 0.05909 m = 0.1409 m. Thus,
Me 4.859(10
3
) N m(0.
1409
m) = 16.2 MPa
--- 6 4
CT max - I 42.26(10 ) ill
Ans.
.:.ow that at the top of the beam the bending stress is u ' = 6.79 MPa.
TE: The normal force of N = 1 kN and shear force V = 2.4 kN will
contribute additional stress on the cross section. The superposition
:all these effects will be discussed in Chapter 8.
1.0 kN 0.05909 m
r.

(c)
Fig. 6--27
v
296 CHAPTE R 6 B ENDI NG
EXAMPLE
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6-28
The member having a rectangular cross section, Fig. 6-28a , i_
designed to resist a moment of 40 N m. In order to increase its
strength and rigidity, it is proposed that two small ribs be added a:
its bottom, Fig. 6- 28b. Determine the maximum normal stress in the
member for both cases.
SOLUTION
Without Ribs. Clearly the neutral axis is at the center of the cro s
section, Fig. 6-28a, soy = c = 15 mm = 0.015 m. Thus,
I= J_bh
3
= _!_(0.060 m)(0.030 m)
3
= 0.135(10-
6
) m
4
12 12
Therefore the maximum normal stress is
Me (40 N m)(0.015 m)
(J' max = - = = 4.44 MPa
I 0.135(10-
6
) m
4
An
With Ribs. From Fig. 6-28b, segmenting the area into the larg
main rectangle and the bottom two rectangles (ribs), the location y o:
the centroid and the neutral axis is determined as follows:
- :2-yA
y = :2-A
[0.015 m](0.030 m)(0.060 m) + 2[0.0325 m](0.005 m)(O.OlO m)
(0.03 m)(0.060 m) + 2(0.005 m)(O.OlO m)
= 0.01592 m
This value does not represent c. Instead
c = 0.035 m - 0.01592 m = 0.01908 m
Using the parallel-axis theorem, the moment of inertia about the
neutral axis is
I = [
1
1
2
(0.060 m)(0.030 m)
3
+ (0.060 m)(0.030 m)(0.01592 m - 0.015 m)
2
]
+ 2[
1
1
2
(0.010 m)(0.005 m)
3
+ (0.010 m)(0.005 m)(0.03: 5 m - <. :(2. 01592 m)
2
]
= 0.1642(10-
6
) m
4
-
Therefore, the maximum normal stress is
(J' max = M c = 40 N m(0.01908 m) =
4
.
65
MPa
I 0.1642(10-
6
) m
4
An
NOTE: This surprising result indicates that the addition of the ribs to
the cross section will increase the maximum normal stress rather than
decrease it, and for this reason they should be omitted.
e
f the
Ill-
OlO -
,_
,_
PRELIMINARY PROBLEMS
-1. Determine the moment of inertia of the cross
.:zon about the neutral axis.

I
0.2m
N A
P6-2
Determine the location of the centroid, y and the
ent of inertia of the cross section about the neutral axis.
0.1 m
Vl
I
0.3m
' A
0.1 m
_L_
l-o.zm--1
P6-3
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA 297
In each case, show how the bending stress acts on a
differential volume element located at point A and point B.
p
+ A
I' I
B-=rL ::a_
,,,., .:
(a)
M A M
( I I I I)
B -=rL
(b)
P6-4
P6-5. Sketch the bending stress over each
cross section.
(a) (b)
P6-5
F6-9. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of
M = 20 kN m, determine the maximum bending stress in
the beam.
F6- 9
F6-10. If the, beam is subjected to a bending moment of
M = 50 kN m; sketch the bending stress distribution over
the beam's cross
'
F6-10
F6-11. If the beam is subj ected to a bending moment of
the beam.
F6-11
F6-12. If the beam is subjected to a bending momen
M = 10 kN m, determine the bending stress in the bea;;:.
points A and B, and sketch the results on a differe-
element at each of these points.
B
F6-12
F6-13. If the beam is subjected to a bending momen
M = 5 kN m, determine the bending stress develope
point A and sketch the result on a differential
this point.
150mm

F6-13
-t
i'
If the A-36 steel sheet roll is supported as shown
-=allowable bending stress is 165 MPa, determine the
"s: radius r of the spool if the steel sheet has a width of
.::.d a thickness of 1.5_ mm. Also, find the corresponding
-:.u:n momenf\developed in the sheet.
Prob.6-47
Determine the moment M that will produce a
stress of 10 ksi on the cross section.
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive
g stress in the beam if it is subjected to a moment of
= - kip. ft.
in.

Probs. 6-48/49
6.4 T HE FLEXURE FORMULA 299
6-50. A member has the triangular cross section shown.
Determine the largest internal moment M that can be
applied to the cross section without exceeding allowable
tensile and compressive stresses of (crallow)t = 22 ksi and
( cr allow )c = 15 ksi, respectively.
6-51. A member has the triangular cross section shown. If
a moment of M = 800 lb ft is applied to the cross section,
determine the maximum tensile and compressive bending
stresses in the member. Also, sketch a three-dimensional
view of the stress distribution action over the cross section.
Probs. 6-50/51
*6-52. If the beam is subjected to an ,internal moment of
the beam. The beam is made from A992 steel. Sketch the
bending stress distribution on the cross section.

6-53. If the beam is subj ected to an internal moment of
M = 30 kN m, determine the resultant force caused by the
bending stress distribution acting on the top flange A .
Probs. 6-52/53
=- -"-:: R 6 BENDING
-= ;milt-up beam is subjected to an internal
.: = -- kN m, determine the maximum tensile
- ssi..-e stress acting in the beam.
-' Lhe built-up beam is subjected to an internal
= ~ of _\1 = 75 kN m, determine the amount of this
: : ~ moment resisted by plate A.
Probs. 6-54/55
:6-56. The aluminum strut has a cross-sectional area
in the form of a cross. If it is subjected to the
moment M = 8 kN m, determine the bending stress
acting at points A and B, and show the results acting on
volume elements located at these points.
6-57. The aluminum strut has a cross-sectional area in
the form of a cross. If it is subjected to the
moment M = 8 kN m, determine the maximum bending
stress in the beam, and sketch a three-dimensional view of the
stress distribution acting over the entire cross-sectional area.
Probs. 6-56/57
6-58. The aluminum machine part is subjected to a mo
of M = 75 N m. Determine the bending stress creat _
points B and C on the cross section. Sketch the results
volume element located at each of these points.
6-59. The aluminum machine part is subjected to a m
of M = 75 N m. Determine the maximum tensile
compressive bending stresses in the part.
M= 75Nm
Probs. 6-58/59
':' 6-60. The beam is subjected to a moment of 15 --
Determine the resultant force the bending stress pr
on the top flange A and bottom flange B. Also compu:
maximum bending stress developed in the beam.
6-61. The beam is subjected to a moment of 1 !--
Determine the percentage of this moment that is resis =-
the web D of the beam.
M = 15 kipft
Probs. 6-60/61
bjected to
n
Omm
/ lO=
A
r_: :\-m
A box beam is constructed from four pieces of
glued together as shown. If the moment acting on the
section is 10 kN m, determine the stress at points A
3 and show the results acting on volume elements
=d at these points.
M = lOkNm
Prob.6-62
The beam is subjected to a moment of M = 30 lb ft.
!:mine the bending stress acting at point A and B. Also,
_..:; a three-dimensional view of the stress distribution
over the entire cross-sectional area.
M = 30 lbft
Prob.6-63
4. The axle of the freight car is subjected to wheel
g of 20 kip. If it is supported by two journal bearings at
D, determine the maximum bending stress developed
of the axle, where the diameter is 5.5 in.
20 kip 20kip
Prob.6-64
6-65. A shaft is made of a polymer having an elliptical
cross-section. If it resists an internal moment of
M = 50 N m, determine the maximum bending stress
developed in the material (a) using the flexure formula,
where l z = 1r(0.08 m)(0.04 m)
3
, (b) using integration.
Sketch a three-dimensional view of the stress distribution
acting over the cross-sectional area.
6-66. Solve Pro b. 6-65 if the moment M = 50 N m is
applied about the y axis instead of the x axis. Here
ly = 7T (0.04 m)(0.08 m)
3
.
y
M=50Nm
X
Probs. 6-65/66
6-67. The shaft is supported by smoothjgt;rn&J?earings at
A and B that only exert vertical reactions on the shaft. If
d = 90 mm, determine the absolute maximum bending
stress in the beam, and sketch the stress distribution acting
over the cross section.
*6-68. The shaft is supported by_smooth bearings
at A and B that only exert vertical reactions on the shaft.
Determine its smallest diameter d if the allowable bending
stress is a-allow == 180 MPa.
12kN/ m
J..----r-o/ l---.----.-11..,.......---11 ,---,-----,-11
3m . -" l.Sm j
Probs. 6-67/68
30 2 C HAPTER 6 BENDING
6--{)9. Two designs for a beam are to be considered.
Determine which one will support a moment of
J/ = 150 kN m with the least amount of bending stress.
What is that stress?
mm---1 __1
l5mm
1------200 mm---1 __1
1----------i 30 mm
300mm
l
300mm
-30mm J
15mm
1
- H5mm I
1---- --- ---i 30 mm
1
(a) (b)
;; Prob. 6-69
6-70. The simply supported truss is subjected to the
central distributed load. Neglect the effect of the diagonal
lacing and determipe the absolute maximum bending stress
in the truss. The top member is a pipe having an outer
diameter of 1 in. and thickness of fi, in., and the bottom
member is solid rod having a diameter in.
. 100 lb/ft 5.75 ini T

6ft
Prob.6-70
6-71. The boat has a weight of 2300 lb and a center of
gravity at G. If it rests on the trailer at the smooth contact A
and can be considered pinned at B, determine the absolute
maximum bending stress developed in the main strut of the
trailer. Consider the strut to be a box-beam having the
dimensions shown and pinned at C.
1 1.75 in.
1.5 in.
Prob.6-71
*6-72. Determine the absolute maximum bending _
in the 1.5-in.-diameter shaft which is subjected to
concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B sup;
only vertical forces.
6-73. Determine the smallest allowable diameter o:'
shaft which is subjected to the concentrated force -::-
sleeve bearings at A and B support only vertical forces.
the allowable bending stress is u allow= 22 ksi.
400lb
A
Probs. 6-72173
6-74. The pin is used to connect the three links toge -
Due to wear, the load is distributed over the top and boc
of the pin as shown on the free-body diagram. If
diameter of the pin is 0.40 in. , determine the rna -
bending stress on the cross-sectional area at the ce-
section a- a. For the solution it is first necessary to deter.::::
the load intensities w
1
and w
2
.
800 1b

1-1 in.--j a

400lb
Prob. 6-74
6-75. The shaft is supported by a smooth thrust
A and smooth journal bearing at D. If the shaft has the-
section shown, determine the absolute maximum ben-
stress in the shaft.
1.5 m
3kN
Prob.6-75
... ,:.::::-;:a...
Determine the moment M that must be applied to
:earn in order to create a maximum stress of 80 MPa. Also
-"" the stress distribution acting over the cross section.
Prob.6- 76
If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of
= : !Up ft, determine the maximum tensile and
sive stress in the beam. Also, sketch the bending
.:listribution on the cross section.
If the allowable tensile and compressive stress for
-e3ID are (a- allow)
1
= 2 ksi and (a-allow)c = 3 ksi, respectively,
-::illne the maximum allowable internal moment M
=m be applied on the cross section.
If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of
= ~ kip ft, determine the resultant force of the bending
jistribution acting on the top vertical board A .
Probs. 6-77178179
6.4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA 303
*6-80. If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of
M = 100 kN m, determine the bending stress developed at
points A , B and C. Sketch the bending stress distribution on
the cross section.
6-81. If the beam is made of material having
an allowable tensile and compressive stress of
(a-allow)
1
= 125 MPa and (a-allow)c = 150 MPa, respectively,
determine the maximum allowable internal moment M that
can be applied to the beam.
Probs. ~ 0 8 1
6-82. The shaft is supported by a smooth fhrust bearing at
A and smooth journal bearing at C. If d = 3 in., determine
the absolute maximum bending stress in the shaft.
6- 83. The shaft is supported by a smooth thrust bearing
at A and smooth journal bearing at C. If the material has
an allowable bending stress of a-allow = 24 ksi , determine
the required minimum diameter d of the shaft to the
nearest 1/16 in .
3600 lb
Probs. 6-82/83
*6-84. If the intensity of the load w = 15 kN/m, determine
the absolute maximum tensile and compressive stress in
the beam.
6-85. If the material of the beam has an allowable bending
stress of u allow = 150 MPa, determine the maximum
allowable intensity w of the uniform distributed load.
w
f.---- - - 6 m - -----1
Probs. 6-84/85
6-86. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress
in the 2-in.-diameter shaft which is subjected to the
concentrated forces. The journal bearings at A and B only
support vertical forces.
6-87. Determine the smallest allowable diameter of the
shaft which is subjected to the concentrated forces. The
journal bearings at A and B only support vertical forces.
The allowable bending stress is Ual low = 22 ksi.
800lb
Probs. 6-86/87
*6-88. If the beam has a square cross section of 9 in. on
each side, determine the absolute maximum bending stress
in the beam.
1200lb

Prob.6-88
6-89. If the compound beam in Prob. 6-42 has a squ::.
cross section of side length a, determine the minimum vru
of a if the allowable bending stress is u allow = 150 MPa.
6-90. If the beam in Prob. 6-28 has a rectangular cr
section with a width band a height h, determine the absoL
maximum bending stress in the beam.
6-91. Determine the absolute maximum bending stre -
the 80-mm-diameter shaft which is subjected to
concentrated forces. The journal bearings at A and B
support vertical forces.
*6-92. Determine, to the nearest millimeter, the sma!.!
allowable diameter of the shaft which is subjected to
concentrated forces. The journal bearings at A and B -
support vertical forces. The allowable bending stre
U all ow = 150 MPa.
:fr
+- 0.5 m--1-0.4 m -t- 0.6 m
12 kN
20kN
Probs. 6-91192
6-93. The wing spar ABD of a light plane is made
2014-T6 aluminum and has a cross-sectional are
1.27 in.
2
, a depth of 3 in. , and a moment of inertia abo!!
neutral axis of 2.68 in
4
. Determine the absolute rna
bending stress in the spar if the anticipated loading is <
as shown. Assume A, B, and Care pins. Connection is
along the central longitudinal axis of the spar.

ft - - --
Prob.6-93
!Tallo\\' = 150 _
!S a rectang1L2::"
eterrnine the
limeter. the
-
fl_6 ;:n ---
1--
The beam has a rectangular cross section as shown.
-::line the largest load P that can be supported on its
ging ends so that the bending stress does not exceed
= lO MPa.
The beam has the rectangular cross section shown.
= 12 kN, determine the absolute maximum bending
beam. Sketch the stress distribution acting over
ss section. A
"'I)
Probs. 6- 94/95

H
150mm
A log that is 2 ft in diameter is to be cut into a
section for use as a simply supported beam. If
wable bending stress for the wood is uallow = 8 ksi ,
the required width b and height h of the beam
support the largest load possible. What is this load?
log that is 2 ft in diameter is to be cut into a
-.gular section for use as a simply supported beam. If
!owable bending stress for the wood is u allow = 8 ksi,
-:;:line the largest load P that can be supported if the
- of the beam is b = 8 in.
p
Probs. 6-96/97
If the beam in Prob. 6- 18 has a rectangular cross
an with a width of 8 in. and a height of 16 in., determine
solute maximum bending stress in the beam.
6-99. If the beam has a square cross section of 6 in. on
each side, determine the absolute maximum bending stress
in the beam.

---+---6ft _j
B
Prob. 6-99
*6- 100. If d = 450 rum, determine the absolute maximum
bending stress in the overhanging beam.
6-101. If wood used for the beam has an allowable bending
stress of u all ow= 6 MPa, determine the minimum dimension d
of the beam's cross sectional area to the nearest rum.
125 mm
d
Probs. 6-100/101
.
6-102. If the concentrated force P = 2 kN is applied at the free
end of the overhanging beam, determine the absolute maximum
tensile and compressive stress developed in the beam.
6-103. If the overhanging beam is made of wood having
the allowable tensile and compressive stresses of (uallow)r =
4 MPa and (uallow)c = 5 MPa, determine the maximum
concentrated force P that can applied at the free end.
p
,m Br, J ,t!m 2smm
Probs. 6-102/103
EXAMPLE
The rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 6-33a is subjected to :..
bending moment of M = 12 kN m. Determine the normal stre -
developed at each corner of the section, and specify the orientation o:
the neutral axis.
SOLUTION
Internal Moment Components. By inspection it is seen that
and z axes represent the principal axes of inertia since they are ax :
of symmetry for the cross section. As required we have
the z axis as the principal axis for maximum moment of inertia. Th::
moment is resolved into its y and z components, where '
4
M = --(12kNm) = -960kNm
y 5 .
3
Mz = S(l2kNm) = 7.20kNm
Section Properties. The moments of inertia about they and z ax _
are
1
l y = 12(0.4 m)(0.2 m)
3
= 0.2667(10-
3
) m
4
l z =
1
1
2
(0.2 m)(0.4 m)
3
= 1.067(10-
3
) m
4
Bending Stress. Thus,
M
2
y Myz
(]" = --- + --
Iz ly
7.20(10
3
) N m(0.2 m) - 9.60(10
3
) N m( - 0.1 m)
--------,---,------ + = 2.25 MPa
1.067(10-
3
) m
4
0.2667(10-
3
) m
4
7.20(10
3
) N m(0.2 m) -9.60(10
3
) N m(0.1 m)
----=---=---'--------'-- + = -4.95 MPa
1.067(10-
3
) m
4
0.2667(10-
3
) m
4
7.20(10
3
) N m( -0.2 m) -9.60(10
3
) N m(0.1 m)
+ ._ = -2.25 MPa
1.067(10-
3
) m
4
0.2667(10-
3
) m
4
Ar
7.20(10
3
) N m( -0.2 m) -9.60(10
3
) N m( -0.1 m)
----=---=---'--------'- + = 4.95 MPa
1.067(10-
3
) m
4
0.2667(10-
3
) m
4
The resultant normal-stress distribution has been sketched
these values, Fig. 6-33b. Since superposition applies, the distributio-
is linear as shown.
'
\ ',,, M = 12 kNm

_,.--""'--/ /
0.2m
y
z
(a)
Fig. 6-33
entation of Neutral Axis. The location z of the neutral axis
.-1) , Fig. 6-33b, can be established by proportion. Along the edge
-. we require
2.25 MPa
z
4.95 MPa
(0.2 m- z)
0.450 - 2.25z = 4.95z
z = 0.0625 m
,... :he same manner this is also the distance from D to the neutral axis
Sg. 6-33b.
-e can also establish the orientation of the NA using Eq. 6-19,
.:ich is to specify the angle a that the axis makes with the z or
ximum principal axis. According to our sign convention, () must be
-:::.::asured from the +z axis toward the +y axis. By comparison, in
-_;. 6-33c,() =
= -53.1(or() = +306.9).Thus,
lz
tan a = -tan()
ly

m
4
tan a=
3
J tan(-53.1)
) m
a = -79.4 Ans.
This result is shown in Fig. 6-33c. Using the value of z calculated
'OVe, verify, using the geometry of the cross section, that one obtains
.::: same answer.
6.5 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING 311
4.95 MPa
A
-----
2.25 MPa
D
(b)
M = 12 k:-.lm
A
I
ecr -53.1
I r ' I \ z
N
y
(c)
312 C HAPTER 6 BE NDI NG
EXAMPLE
z'
z
N
Fig. 6-34
The Z-section shown in Fig. 6-34a is subjected to the bending momen
of M = 20 kN m. Using the methods of Appendix A (see Example A.-
or A.5), the principal axes y and z are oriented as shown, such that they
represent the minimum and maximum principal moments of inertia
l y = 0.960(10-
3
) m
4
and l z = 7.54(10-
3
) m
4
, respectively. Determine
the normal stress at point P and the orientation of the neutral axis.
SOLUTION
For use of Eq. 6-19, it is important that the z axis represent th;:
principal axis for the maximum moment of inertia. (Note that most o:
the area is located furthest from this axis.)
Internal Moment Components. From Fig. 6-34a,
My = 20 kN m sin 57.1 = 16.79 kN m
Mz = 20kNmcos57.1 = 10.86kNm
Bending Stress. The y and z coordinates of point P must be
determined first. Note that the y
1
, z
1
coordinates of P ar::
( - 0.2 m, 0.35 m). Using the colored triangles from the constructio;::
shown in Fig. 6-34b, we have
yp = - 0.35 sin 32.9 - 0.2 cos 32.9 = - 0.3580 m
Zp = 0.35 cos 32.9 - 0.2 sin 32.9 = 0.1852 m
Applying Eq. 6-17,
MzYP MyZP
CTp= - -- + --
[z l y
(10.86(10
3
) N m)( - 0.3580 m) (16.79(10
3
) N m)(0.1852 m
= - +
7.54(10- 3) m
4
0.960(10-
3
) m
4
= 3.76 MPa An
Orientation of Neutral Axis. The angle e = 57.1 is shown ir.
Fig. 6-34a. Thus, ,
[
7.54(10-
3
) m
4
J
tan a =
3 4
tan 57.1
0.960(10- ) m
Ar
The neutral axis is oriented as shown in Fig. 6-34b.
neutrfu cx:s
Determine the bending stress developed at corners
_ B. What is the orientation of the neutral axis?
z
y
F6-14
PROBLEMS
. The member has a square cross section and is
.:-cted to a resultant internal bending moment of
= 850 N m as shown. Determine the stress at each corner
'-etch the stress distribution produced by M. Set(}= 45.
z
M= 850Nm
Prob.6-104
F6-15. Determine the maximum stress in the beam's cross
section.
z
y
F6-15
6-105. The member has a square and is
subjected to a result ant internal bending moment of
M = 850 N m as shown. Determine the stress at each corner
and sketch the stress distribution produced by M. Set(}= 30.
z
A
M= 850Nm
Prob. 6-105
3 C HAPTER 6 B ENDING
6-1 . Consider the general case of a prismatic beam
~ ~ -ed to bending-moment components My and M
2
, as
:;:o 11. when the x, y, z axes pass through the centroid of the
.:;-o _ ection. If the material is linear-elastic, the normal
: ~ _ in the beam is a linear function of position such that
u = a+ by + cz. Using the equilibrium conditions
0 = jA udA, My= _hzudA, M, = .L -yudA, determine
the constants a, b, and c, and show that the normal
tress can be determined from the equation
u = [ -(M/y + M/yz)Y + (M/z + Mzl yz)z ]/ (1/z - lyz
2
), where
the moments and products of inertia are defined in
Appendix A.
Prob. 6-106
6- 107. If the beam is subjected to the internal moment
of M = 2 kN m, determine the maximum bending stress
developed in the beam and the orientation of the neutral axis.
*6- 108. If the wood used for theT-beam has an allowable
tensi le and compressive stress of (u.
110
w)
1
= 4 MPa and
(uallow)c = 6 MPa, respectively, determine the maximum
allowable internal moment M that can be applied to
the beam.
Probs. 6- 107/108
6-109. The box beam is subjected to the internal mom:..
of M = 4 kN m, which is directed as shown. Determine
maximum bending stress developed in the beam and
orientation of the neutral axis .
6-110. If the wood used for the box beam has an allo'.\_
bending stress of (uanow) = 6 MPa, determine the maxffi:J.;
allowable internal moment M that can be applied to the be,.
y
X
z
Probs. 6-109/110
6- 111. If the beam is subjected to the internal mom
M = 1200 kN m, determine the maximum bending -:-
acting on the beam and the orientation of the neutral:..
*6-112. If the beam is made from a material ha\ -
allowable tensile and compressive stress of (uanow)
1
= 12.:'
and (uallow)c= 150 MPa, respectively, determine the rna:
allowable internal moment M that can be applied to the...,_
;mm
/
150mm
/
.so mm

terna1
rn
the neutrct.

tine the mar:==m
plied to
=

'I

The board is used as a simply supported floor joist.
.:nding moment of M = 800 lb ft is applied 3 from the
determine the stress developed in the board at the
::-A. Compare this stress with that developed by the same
=nt applied along the z axis ( 8 = 0). What is the angle a
axis when 8 = 3? Comment: Normally, floor
_s would be nailed to the top of the beams so that 8"' 0
- - high stress due to mf.salignment would not occur.
,
',. z
X
Prob.6- 113
The T-beam is subj ected to a bending moment of
: 50 kip in. directed as shown. Determine the maximum
.g stress in the beam and the orientation of the neutral
e location y of the centroid, C, must be determined.
150 kipin.
z
1
I.!J&. ;t;;i;il<c'
1

I-
Prob.6-114
The beam has a rectangular cross section. If it is
to a bending moment of M = 3500 N m directed
.:own, determine the maximum bending stress in the
- and the orientation of the neutral axis.
3500Nm
Prob.6-115
*6-116. Forthesection,ly' = 31.7(10-
6
) m
4
, Iz' = 114(10-
6
) m
4
,
l y'z' = 15.1(10-
6
) m
4
. Using the techniques outlined in
Appendix A, the member's cross-sectional area has
principal moments of inertia of l y = 29.0(10-
6
) m
4
and
Iz = 117 ( 1 o-
6
) m
4
, computed about the principal axes of
inertia y and z, respectively. If the section is subj ected to a
moment of M = 2500 N m directed as shown, determine
the stress produced at point A, using Eq. 6-17.
6- 117. Solve Prob. 6-116 using the equation developed in
Prob. 6-106.
y'
z
140mm
-'-------+-- '
Probs. 6-116/117
6-118. If the applied distributed loading of w = 4 kN/ m can
be assumed to pass through the centroid of the beam's cross
sectional area, determine the absolute maximum bending
stress in the joist and the orientation of the neutral axis. The
beam can be considered simpl y-supported. at A and B.
6- 119. Determine the maximum allowab1e intensity w of
the uniform distributed load that can be ?-PPlied to the
beam. Assume w passes through the centroict.of the beam's
cross sectional area and the beam is simply supported at
A and B. The beam is made of material having an allowable
bending stress of u allow= 165 MPa.
Probs. 6-118/119
32- C HAP TE R 6 B ENDING
EXAMPLE
A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a steel stra;::
located on its bottom side. It has the cross-sectional area shown ir.
Fig. 6- 38a. If the beam is subjected to a bending moment o=
M = 2 kN m, determine the normal stress at points B and C. Tak
Ew = 12 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.
A
y
(b)
Fig. 6-38
SOLUTION
Section Properties. Although the choice is arbitrary, here we wi..
transform the section into one made entirely of steel. Since steel ha -
greater stiffness than wood (Est > Ew), the width of the wood is
reduced to an equivalent width for steel. For this to be the ca -
n = Ew/ Est SO that
12 GPa
hst = nbw = OO (150 mm) = 9 mm
2 GPa
The transformed section is shown in Fig. 6-38b.
The location of the centroid (neutral axis), calculated from _
reference axis located at the bottom of the section, is
_ 2-.YA [0.01 m](0.02 m)(0.150 m) + [0.095 m](0.009 m)(0.15 m)
y = -- = - = 0.03638 I:"
2-A 0.02 m(0.150 m) + 0.009 m(0.150 m)
The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is therefore
INA = [
1
1
2
(0.150 m)(0.02 m)
3
+ (0.150 m)(0.02 m)(0.03638 m - 0.01 m)
2
]
+ [
1
1
2
(0.009 m)(0.150 m)
3
+ (0.009 m)(0.150 m)(0.095 m - 0.03638 m)
2
]
= 9.358(10-
6
) m
4
1 a steel stn:.-:
rea shown i=
moment c:
and C. Tak::

here we
:e steel hCE
the wood
be the
Lted fror;:;. _
=
re

16JIS m.-
6.7 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS 321
7.78 MPa
(d)
ormal Stress. Applying the flexure formula, the normal stress at
and Cis
2(10
3
) N m(0.170 m - 0.03
638
m) = 28.6 MPa
CTs = 9.358(10
6
) m'
2(103) N. m(0.03638 m) = 7.78 MPa
ere = 9.358(10
6
) m
4
Ans.
- e normal-stress distribution on the transformed (all steel) section is
-own in Fig. 6-38c.
The normal stress in the wood at B in Fig. 6-38a, is determined
-am Eq. 6-21; that is,
12 GPa
crs = ncr
8
= O G (28.56 MPa) = 1.71 MPa
20 Pa
Ans.
Using these concepts, show that the normal stress in the steel and
..:e wood at the point where they are in contact is erst = 3.50 MPa and
-- = 0.210 MPa, respectively. The normal-stress distribution in the
beam is shown in Fig. 6-38d.
3.50MPa
.\1. = 2 kNm
_x;:
C HAPTER 6 BENDING
EXAMPLE
The reinforced concrete beam has the cross-sectional area shown in
Fig. 6-39a. If it is subjected to a bending moment of M = 60 kip ft,
determine the normal stress in each of the steel reinforcing rods and
the maximum normal stress in the concrete. Take Est = 29(10
3
) ksi
and Econc = 3.6(10
3
) ksi.
SOLUTION
Since the beam is made from concrete, in the following analysis we
will neglect its strength in supporting a tensile stress.
Section Properties. The total area of steel, A st = 2[ 17(0.5 ini] =
1.571 in
2
will be transformed into an equivalent area of concrete,
Fig. 6-39b. Here
29(10
3
) ksi
2
A
1
= nAst =
3
_
6003
) ksi (1.571 in) = 12.65 in
2
We require the centroid to lie on the neutral axis. Thus l)IA = 0, or
hi
12 in. (h
1
)T - 12.65 in
2
(16 in. - h
1
) = 0
h
12
+ 2.11h
1
- 33.7 = 0
Solving for the positive root,
h
1
= 4.85 in.
Using this value for h
1
, the moment of inertia of the transformed
section about the neutral axis is
[
1 3 (4.85in.)
2
]
I= 12(12 in.)(4.85 in.) + 12 in. (4.85 in.)
2
+
12.65 in
2
(16 in. - 4.85 ini = 2029 in
4
Normal Stress. Applying the flexure formula to the transformed
section, the maximum normal stress in the concrete is
[60 kip ft(12 in. / ft)](4.85 in.) .
(a-cone) max = .
4
= 1.72 ks1
2029 Ill
Ans.
The normal stress resisted by the "concrete" strip, which replaced the
steel, is
[60 kip ft(12 in./ft)](16 in. - 4.85 in.) .
0"
1
conc= .
4
=3.96ksl
2029m
The normal stress in each of the two reinforcing rods is therefore
Ans.
(
29(10
3
) ksi) . .
O"st = no-
1
conc =
3
. 3.96ksl = 31.9ksi
3.6(10 ) ks1
The normal-stress distribution is shown graphically in Fig. 6- 39c.
h zinj
: _ : : p ~ ~ ~
(a)
N
r 12 in.-J...--....
Q1 I
\=
'-A' = 12.65 in:
(b)
31.9 ksi
31.9 ksi
(c)
Fig. 6-39
EXAMPLE
"
.-l
The curved bar has a cross-sectional area shown in Fig. 6-4la. If it_
subjected to bending moments of 4 kN m, determine the maximu;::
normal stress developed in the bar.
4kNm 4kNm
~ 0' r--
200mm
n
/
250mm
200mm r
/ 280mm
~ 5 0 m m
fo -
30
A
(a)
Fig. 6-41
SOLUTION
Internal Moment. Each section of the bar is subjected to the sam;:
resultant internal moment of 4 kN m. Since this moment tends t
decrease the bar's radius of curvature, it is negative. Thus
M = -4kNm.
Section Properties. Here we will consider the cross section to b
composed of a rectangle and triangle. The total cross-sectional area is
2-A = (0.05 m)
2
+ ~ 0 . 0 5 m)(0.03 m) = 3.250(10-
3
) m
2
The location of the centroid is determined with reference to the
center of curvature, point 0', Fig. 6-41a.
_ 2-rA
r= --
2-A
[0.225 m](0.05 m)(0.05 m) + [0. 260 m] ~ 0 . 0 5 0 m)(0.030 m)
3.250(10-
3
) m
2
= 0.23308 m
- _-..._..
-" :
. 6-4la. If i
the maxim-
/ 50=
-,-
, . __
_ r_
I . ,
_L.
I to the SE::.:
mt tends _
UiYe. T.::=:
ection 10 -
ional
,
m
m.:c i<'
e can find JA dA / r for each part using Table 6-1. For the rectangle,
- = 0.05 m In = 0.011157 m
1
dA ( 0.250 ill)
A r 0.200 m
-illd for the irtangle,
dA _ (0.05 m)(0.280 m) (ln 0.280 m) _ 0.05 m = 0.0028867 m
-\ - 1-. - (0.280 m - 0.250 m) 0.250 m
a us the location of the neutral axis is determined from

3.250(10-
3
) m2
0.011157 ill+ 0.0028867 ill = 0.23142 ill
1 dA/r
ote that R < r as expected. Also, the calculations were performed
rh sufficient accuracy so that (r- R) = 0.23308 m - 0.23142 m =
::>Cl l66 m is now accurate to three significant figures.
ormal Stress. The maximum normal stress occurs either at A or
.:l. Applying the curved-beam formula to calculate the normal stress
_: B, r
8
= 0.200 m, we have
M(R - ra)
-
3
= A r
8
(r- R)
( -4 kN m)(0.23142 m - 0.200 m)
3.250(10-
3
) m
2
(0.200 m)(0.00166 m)
= -116MPa
-...:point A, rA = 0.280 m and the normal stress is
O'A
M(R - rA)
ArA(r- R)
( -4 kN m)(0.23142 m - 0.280 m)
3.250(10-
3
) m
2
(0.280 m)(0.00166 m)
= 129MPa Ans.
:=:.:- comparison, the maximum normal stress is at A. A two-dimensional
of the stress distribution is shown in Fig. 6-4lb.
6.8 CURVED BEAMS 3 2 9
4kNm

. .

A 129 MPa
(b)
Fig. 6-41 (cont.)
= -- -:: R 6 BENDING
EXAMPLE
(a)
20mm
k ~
340MPa
(b)
Fig. 6-46
The transition in the cross-sectional area of the steel bar is achieYe-
using shoulder fillets as shown in Fig. 6-46a. If the bar is subjected -
a bending moment of 5 kN m, determine the maximum normal str--
developed in the steel. The yield stress is uy = 500 MPa.
SOLUTION
The moment creates the largest stress in the bar at the base of the fill-=
where the cross-sectional area is smallest. The stress-concentrati
factor can be determined by using Fig. 6-43. From the geometry of -;_.
bar, we haver= 16 mm, h = 80 mm, w = 120 mm. Thus,
r 16mm
- = - - = 0.2
h 80mm
w
h
120mm
80mm
= 1.5
These values give K = 1.45. Applying Eq. 6- 26, we have
Me (5(10
3
) N m)(0.04 m)
Umax = K - = (1 45) = 340 MPa
I . [ tz(0.020 m)(0.08 m)
3
]
A
This result indicates that the steel remains elastic since the stres
below the yield stress (500 MPa) .
NOTE: The normal-stress distribution is nonlinear and is shown -
Fig. 6-46b. Realize, however, that by Saint-Venant's principle, Sec. 4. :
these localized stresses smooth out and become linear when oc::
moves (approximately) a distance of 80 mm or more to the right
the transition. In this case, the flexure formula gives umax = 234 MP-'-
Fig. 6-46c. Also note that the choice of a larger-radius fillet w i ~
significantly reduce U max ' since as r increases in Fig. 6-43, K w
decrease.
SkNm
(c)
n
' ,
is achie\-::.;.
;ubjecte
orrnal str::-:.
netry

the

.:: "-'-- -
,......
PROBLEMS
110. The composite beam is made of steel (A) bonded
:-:ass (B) and has the cross section shown. If it is subjected
:. moment of M = 6.5 kN m, determine the maximum
-ding stress in the brass and steel. Also, what is the stress
=ach material at the' :Seam where they are bonded
,=tber? Ebr = 100 GPa, Est= 200 GPa.
'-...!l The composite beam is made of steel (A) bonded to
(B) and has the cross section shown. If the allowable
g stress for the steel is (crauow)st = 180 MPa, and for the
kauow)br = 60 MPa, determine the maximum moment M
:an be applied to the beam. Eb, = 100 GPa, Est= 200 GPa.
mm
X
Probs. 6-120/121
-L:2. Segment A of the composite beam is made from
- T6 aluminum alloy and segment B is A-36 steel. If
= : .9 kip/ft, determine the absolute maximum bending
::s;; developed in the aluminum and steel. Sketch the
!'i> distribution on the cross section.
:3. Seg1nent A of the composite beam is made from
-T6 aluminum alloy and segment B is A-36 steel. The
:1.ble bending stress for the aluminum and steel are
)aJ = 15 ksi and ( cr allow )s
1
= 22 ksi. Determine the maximum
ble intensity w of the uniform distributed load.
w
.kf .. J .l ...l .. l.l ....lJ.1.J:wLlJ,.l ..l ...!
1-------15 ft------1
AD} in.
sO} in.
H
3m.
Probs. 6-122/123
6.9 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS 333
*6-124. Using the techniques outlined in Appendix A,
Example A.5 or A.6, the Z section has principal moments
of inertia of ly = 0.060(10-
3
) m
4
and I , = 0.471(10-
3
) m
4
,
computed about the principal axes of inertia y and z,
respectively. If the section is subjected to an internal
moment of M = 250 N m directed horizontally as shown,
determine the stress produced at point B. Solve the problem
using Eq. 6-17.
y
I
200mm
'
f'
I " I I
250 N m
I z i,
-l I-50 mm
!--300 mm----1
Prob.6-124
6-125. The wooden section of the beam is reinforced with
two steel plates as shown. Determine the maximum internal
moment M that the beam can support if the allowable
stresses for the wood and steel are (cr:ill
0
w) ... = 6 MPa, and
(cranow)s
1
= 150 MPa, respectively. Take Ew = 10 GPa and
Est= 200 GPa.
6-126. The wooden section of the beam iS' reinforced with
two steel plates as shown. If the beam is subjected to an
internal moment of M = 30 kN m. determine the maximum
bending stresses developed in the steel and wood. Sketch the
stress distribution over the cross section. Take Ew = 10 GPa
and Est= 200 GPa.
0
15=
15mm
Probs. 6-125/126
C HAPTER 6 BENDING
U'i. The member has a brass core bonded to a steel
.:asiilg. If a couple moment of 8 kN m is applied at its end,
determine the maximum bending stress in the member.
E;, = 100 GPa, Est = 200 GPa.
8kNm
( '=--------""
-----1
20mm j_ D
100mm r
20mm T

100mm
Prob.6-127
*6--128. The steel channel is used to reinforce the wood
beam. Determine the maximum stress in the steel and in the
wood if the beam is subjected to a moment of M = 850 lb ft.
Est = 29(10
3
) ksi, ' Ew = 1600 ksi.
Prob.6- 128
6--129. A wood beam is reinforced with steel straps at
its top and bottom as shown. Determine the maximum
bending stress developed in the wood and steel if the beam
is subjected to a bending moment of M = 5 kN m. Sketch
the stress distribution acting over the cross section. Take
Ew = 11 GPa, Est= 200 GPa.
M=SkNm
mm
Prob.6-129
6--130. The beam is made from three types of plastic that
identified and have the moduli of elasticity shown in the fig'- _
Determine the maximum bending stress in the PVC.
500 lb 500 lb
1 1 Epvc = 450
t; Escon EE = 160 k_
Bakehte E
8
= 800
l---- 3 ft + 4 ft __j_3 ft ---1
1
. l_
m. B
2in.I
2m.
1:--:--1
3m.
Prob.6--130
6- 131. The concrete beam is reinforced with three 20- -
diameter steel rods. Assume that the concrete can;:;;
support tensile stress. If the allowable compressive str-
for concrete is (o-all ow)con = 12.5 MPa and the
tensile stress for steel is (o-allow),
1
= 220 MPa, determine--
required dimension d so that both the concrete and
achieve their allowable stress simultaneously. This condi ti
is said to be 'balanced'. Also, compute the correspond-_
maximum allowable internal moment M that can be applie_
to the beam. The moduli of elasticity for concrete and
are Econ = 25 GPa and Est = 200 GPa, respectively.
Prob.6--131
of plastic th2.:
shown in the -"_: _
the PVC.
= .!5
iCOn E E = 16(
Lkelite
8
= -
(
--u'2. The wide-flange section is reinforced with two
n boards as shown. If this composite beam is subjected
- internal moment of M = 100 kN m, determine the
urn bending stress developed in the steel and the wood.
Ew = 10 GPa and Est= 200 GPa.
The wide-flange section is reinforced with two
boards as shown. If the steel and wood have an
ble bending (crauow)s
1
= 150 :MPa and
\..,. = 6 MPa, ct'etermine the maximum allowable internal
t M that can be applied to the beam. Take Ew = 10 GPa

lOmm
Probs. 6- 132/133
If the beam is subjectd to an internal moment of
= -l5 kN m, determine the maximum bending stress
in the A-36 steel section A and the 2014-T6
urn alloy section B.
!T/
Prob. 6-134
6-135. The Douglas fir beam is reinforced wizth A-36
straps at its center and sides. Determine the maximum
stress developed in the wood and steel if the beam is
subjected to a bending moment of Mz = 7.50 kip ft. Sketch
the stress distribution acting over the cross section.
y
I
0.5 in. 0.5 in.
I IF' ,' Ill ' ' I I z

Prob. 6-135
*6-136. For the curved beam in Fig. 6-40a, show that
when the radius of curvature approaches infinity, the
curved-beam formula, Eq. 6-24, to the flexure
formula , Eq. 6-13. ;.,.
6-137. The curved member is subjectel to the internal
moment of M =50 kN m. Determine the percentage error
introduced in the computation of maximum bending stress
using the flexure formula for straight members.
6- 138. The curved member is made from material having
an allowable bending stress of cr all ow= 100 MPa. Determine
the maximum allowable internal moment M that can be
applied to the member.
M
lOOmm
r----1

Probs. 6-137/138
6--139. The curved beam is subjected to a bending moment
of M = 40 lb ft. Determine the maximum bending stress in
the beam. Also, sketch a two-dimensional view of the stress
distribution acting on section a-a.
*6-140. The curved beam is made from material having
an allowable bending stress of u allow= 24 ksi . Determine the
maximum moment M that can be applied to the beam.

--+-,.---.. ______ 1 I _l_ 0.5 in.
[

0.5 in.
Probs. 6--139/140
6--141. If P = 3 kN, determine the bending stress developed
at points A, Band C of the cross section at section a-a. Using
these results, sketch the stress distribution on section a-a.
6-142. If the maximum bending stress at section a-a is not
allowed to exceed u allow= 150 MPa, determine the maximum
allowable force P that can be applied to the end E.
D
r- 600mm -
Section a- a
p
Probs. 6--141/142
6--143. The elbow of the pipe has an outer radius of o.-:
and an inner radius of 0.63 in. If the assembly is subjecte.:.
the moments of M = 25 lb in. , determine the
stress developed at section a-a.
M =25lbin.
Prob.6- 143
*6--144. The curved member is symmetric and is subje _
to a moment of M = 600 lb ft. Determine the ben - -
stress in the member at points A and B. Show the L":c""
acting on volume elements located at these points.
0.5 in.

M M
Prob.6--144
The curved bar used on a machine has a rectangular
section. If the bar is subjected to a couple as shown,
-::::;i.ne the maximum tensile and compressive stress
; at section a-a. Sketch the stress distribution on the
"ii in three dimensions.
a .
,
, D }smm
H
50mm
150mm
1
--------i
75mm
Prob.6-145
The fork is used as part of a nosewheel assembly
.:; airplane. If the maximum wheel reaction at the end
= fork is 840 lb, determine the maximum bending stress
= curved portion of the fork at section a-a. There the
'-sectional area is circular, having a diameter of 2 in.
840 lb
Prob.6-146
6-147. If the curved member is subjected to the internal
moment of M = 600 lb ft , determine the bending stress
developed at points A, B and C. Using these results, sketch
the stress distribution on the cross section.
*6-148. If the curved member is made from material
having an allowable bending stress of u allow = 15 ksi ,
determine the maximum allowable internal moment M that
can be applied to the member.
2i n.
c
in.
in.
_\[
Probs. 6-1.t7/l-t8
A
1 in.
6-149. A 100-mm-diameter circular rod into an S
shape. If it is subjected to the applied moments M = 125 N m
at its ends, determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stress developed in the rod.
M=125 Nm
Q
'-J
M=125 Nm
Prob.6-149

6-150. The bar is subjected to a moment of M = 153 N m.
Determine the smallest radius r of the fillets so that an
allowable bending stress of u allow = 120 MPa is not exceeded.
6-151. ThebarissubjectedtoamomentofM = 17.5 Nm.
If r = 6 mm determine the maximum bending stress in the
material.
60mm
40mm
J
Probs. 6-150/151
*6-152. The b'ctr is subjected to a moment of M = 40 N m.
Determine radius r of the fillets so that an
allowable bending of u allow = 124 MPa is not exceeded.
6-153. ThebarissubjectedtoamomentofM = 17.5 Nm.
If r = 5 mm, determine the maximum bending stress in
the material.
80mm
20mm
M
7mm
Probs. 6-152/153
6-154. The simply supported notched bar is subjected to
two forces P. Determine the largest magnitude of P that can
be applied without causing the material to yield.The material
is A-36 steel. Each notch has a radius of r = 0.125 in.
p p
,.------!------.vT ___ !_--::: /..L 0.'-5 i., n.
1
1.25 in. 1.75 in.

20 in.-l-20 in. in.
Probs. 6-154
6-155. The simply supported notched bar is subjectec
the two loads, each having a magnitude of P = l OG
Determine the maximum bending stress developed in
bar, and sketch the bending-stress distribution acting o
the cross section at the center of the bar. Each notch he:..
radius of r = 0.125 in.
p p
I I o.5 in.
....----!--....--- ..,
T /
1.25 in.
20 in.
Prob.6-155
*6-156. Determine the length L of the center portio-
the bar so that the maximum bending stress at A, B, and:
the same. The bar has a thickness of 10 mm.
350N
60mm I 40mm
: [c (m:
200 mm 200 mm -
2 2
Prob. 6-156
6- 157. The stepped bar has a thickness of L
Determine the maximum moment that can be applied :
ends if it is made of a material having an allowable be
stress of u allow = 200 MPa. ...
45mm
Prob.6-157
= - r
=
-=steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in Fig. 6-5la. If it is
of an elastic perfectly plastic material having a tensile and compressive
stress of <Ty = 36 ksi, determine the shape factor for the beam.
:_JTION _
- order to tlie' shape factor, it is first necessary to calculate
:: maximum elastic moment My and the plastic moment MP .
..axi mum Elastic Moment. The normal-stress distribution for the
- ....ximum elastic moment is shown in Fig. 6-5lb. The moment of
::aia about the neutral axis is

1
1
2
(0.5 in.)(9 in.)
3
] + 2[
1
1
2
(8 in.)(0.5 ini + 8 in. (0.5 in.)(4.75 in.)
2
]
__ lying the flexure formula, we have
Me
2
My(5in.)
36 kip/in = - ---,-
211.0 in
My= 1519.5kipin.
"
I ,
- .astic Moment. The plastic moment causes the steel over the
-:are cross section of the beam to yield, so that the normal-stress
5Tribution looks like that shown in Fig. 6-5lc. Due to symmetry of
area and since the tension and compression stress-
.:-ain diagrams are the same, the neutral axis passes through the
::atroid of the cross section. In order to determine the plastic moment,
stress distribution is divided into four composite rectangular
and the force produced by each "block" is equal to the
_]ume of the block. Therefore, we have
C
1
= T
1
= 36kip/ in
2
(0.5in.)(4.5in.) = 81kip
C
2
= T
2
= 36kip/in
2
(0.5in.)(8in.) = 144kip
These fo: ces act through the centroid of the volume for each block.
-alculating the moments of these forces about the neutral axis, we
- tain the plastic moment:
P = 2[(2.25 in.)(81 kip)] + 2[(4.75 in.)(l44 kip)] = 1732.5 kip in.
Shape Factor. Applying Eq. 6-33 gives
M P 1732.5 kip in.
k = - = = 1.14
My 1519.5kipin.
Ans.
:OTE: This value indicates that a wide-flange beam provides a very
=ificient section for resisting an elastic moment. Most of the moment
.s developed in the flanges, i.e., in the top and bottom segments,
hereas the web or vertical segment contributes very little. In this
:>articular case, only 14% additional moment can be supported by the
:>earn beyond that which can be supported elastically.
6.10 INELASTICBENDING 345
(a)
=21l.Oin
4
(b)
36 ksi
36 ksi
(c)
Fig. 6-51
My
....-
"
MP
I
346 C HAPTE R 6 BENDI NG
EXAMPLE
15mm
(a)
AT-beam has the dimensions shown in Fig. 6- 52a. If it is made o ~
elastic perfectly plastic material having a tensile and compressive yiel:.
stress of O"y = 250 MPa, determine the plastic moment that can t-::
resisted by the beam.
(b)
Fig. 6-52
SOLUTION
The "plastic" stress distribution acting over the beam's cross-sectiona..
area is shown in Fig. 6-52b. In this case the cross section is no-
symmetric with respect to a horizontal axis, and consequently, the
neutral axis will not pass through the centroid of the cross section. Tc
determine the location of the neutral axis, d, we require the stre ::
distribution to produce a zero resultant force on the cross section
Assuming that d :o:; 120 mm, we have
1 O" dA = 0; T - C
1
- C
2
= 0
250 MPa (0.015 m)(d) - 250 MPa (0.015 m)(0.120 m - d
- 250 MPa (0.015 m)(O.lOO m) = C
d = 0.110 m < 0.120 m OK
Using this result, the forces acting on each segment a e
T = 250 MN/m
2
(0.015 m)(0.110 mf'= 412.5 kN
C
1
= 250 MN/ m
2
(0.015 m)(O.OlO m) = 37.5 kN
C
2
= 250 MN/ m
2
(0.015 m)(O.lOO m) = 375 kN
Hence the resultant plastic moment about the neutral axis is
(
0.110 m) (0.01 m) ( 0.015 m
MP = 412.5 kN
2
+ 37.5 kN -
2
- + 375 kN 0.01 m +
2
J
MP = 29.4kNm Ans.
. IS made of.:--
apressive )i::-:
ll: that ca& -
15=
120 !Ill;] -

d

ifrl ,.,-, =
"'""-e steel wide-flange beam shown in Fig. 6-53a is subjected to a fully
stic moment of MP. If this moment is removed, determine the
distribution in the beam. The material is elastic perfectly
-ric and has a yield stress of cry = 36 ksi.

__ UTION
normal-stress distribution in the beam caused by MP is shown in
- 6-53b. When MP is removed, the material responds elastically.
::-moval of MP requires applying MP in its reverse direction and therefore
to an assumed elastic stress distribution as shown in Fig. 6-53c. The
- of rupture cr,. is computed from the flexure formula. Using
1732.5 kip in. and I = 211.0 in
4
from Example 6.21, we have
Me
CTmax =I;
cr,.-
1732.5 kip in. (5 in.) = 41.1 ksi
21l.Oin
4
expected, cr,. < 2cry.
-uperposition of the stresses gives the residual-stress distribution
--wn in Fig. 6-53d. Note that the point of zero normal stress was
:ermined by proportion; i.e., from Figs. 6-53b and 6-53c, we
:;:ruire that
36 ksi
Plastic moment applied
(profile view)
(b)
41.1 ksi
5 in.
36 ksi
y
y = 4.38 in.
CT, = 41.1 ksi
36 ksi
}
5 in.
-tt
5 in.
CT, = 41.1 ksi
Plastic moment reversed
(profile view)
(c)
Fig. 6-53
6.1 0 INELASTIC BENDING 347
9 in.
1
(a)
5.05 ksi

-,-
4.38 in.
+
4.38 in. ,
_L_
36 ksi
5.05 ksi
Residual stress distribution
(d)
348 CHAPTE R 6 BE NDING
EXAMPLE
3 in.
1
y = 0.3 in.
0-
0.05
Strain distribution
(b)
Fig. 6-54
The beam in Fig. 6- 54a is made of an alloy of titanium that has
stress- strain diagram that can in part be approximated by two
lines. If the material behavior is the same in both tension aL. _
compression, determine the bending moment that can be applied -
the beam that will cause the material at the top and bottom of"-
beam to be subjected to a strain of 0.050 in./in.
cr (ksi)
(a)
SOLUTION I
By inspection of the stress-strain diagram, the material is said
exhibit "elastic-plastic behavior with strain hardening." Since the cr
section is symmetric and the tension-compression CJ-E diagrams r-
the same, the neutral axis must pass through the centroid of the cr
section. The strain distribution, which is always linear, is sho
Fig. 6-54b. In particular, the point where maximum elastic str
(0.010 in./in.) occurs has been determined by proportion, such t
0.05/1.5 in. = 0.010 jy or y = 0.3 in.
The corresponding normal-stress distribution acting over the cr
section is shown in Fig. 6-54c. The moment pr duced by .-..
distribution can be calculated by finding the of the str=-
blocks. To do so we will subdivide this distribution into two triang
blocks and a rectangular block in both the tension and compressi_ -
regions, Fig. 6- 54d. Since the beam is 2 in. wide, the resultants
their locations are determined as follows:
1
T
1
= C1 = 2(1.2in.)(40kip/in
2
)(2in.) = 48kip
2
y
1
= 0.3 in. + 3(1.2 in.) = 1.10 in.
K
- -
= j
rp
T
2
= C
2
= (1.2 in.)(150 kip/in
2
)(2 in.) = 360 kip
1
y
2
= 0.3 in. + 2(1.2 in.) = 0.90 in.
1
T3 = C3 = 2(0.3 in.)(150 kip/in
2
)(2 in.) = 45 kip
2
y
3
= in.) = 0.2 in.
moment ;g,roduced by this normal-stress distribution about the
_:ral axis is therefore
.! = 2[48 kip (1.10 in.) + 360 kip (0.90 in.) + 45 kip (0.2 in.)]
= 772 kip in.
:_JTION II
Ans.
::her than using the above semigraphical technique, it is also possible
iind the moment analytically. To do this we must express the stress
uibution in Fig. 6-54c as a function of position y along the beam.
e that <J = f(E) has been given in Fig. 6-54a. Also, from Fig. 6-54b,
:: normal strain can be determined as a function of position y by
oportional triangles; i.e.,
0.05
E = 0 :S y :S 1.5 in.
1.5
_bstituting this into the <J- functions shown in Fig. 6-54a gives
(J = 500y 0 :S y :S 0.3 in.
<J = 33.33y + 140 0.3 in. :S y :S 1. 5 in .
.
(1)
(2)
From Fig. 6-54e, the moment caused by <J acting on the area strip
_.,. = 2 dy is
dM = y(<J dA) = y<J(2 dy)
Eqs. 1 and 2, the moment for the entire cross section is thus
M = {2 {
03
in. 500ldy + 211.S in(33.3l + 140y )dy]
Jo 0.3m.
= 772 kip in.
Ans.
6.1 0 INELASTIC BENDING 3 4 9
190 ksi
,----- .,...----
y = 0.3 in.
150 ksi
T::L 150 ksi
1.5 in.
190 ksi
Stress distribution
(c)
(d)

(e)

Fig. 6-54 (cont.)
6-158. Determine the shape factor for the wide-flange beam.
Prob.6-158
6-159. The beam is made of an elastic plastic material for
which O"y = 250 MPa. Determine the residual stress in the
beam at its top and bottom after the plastic moment MP is
applied and then released.
Prob. 6-159
*6-160. Determine the shape factor for the cross se-
of the H-beam.
6-161. The H-beam is made of an elastic-plastic rna-_
for which uy = 250 MPa. Determine the residual s t r ~
the top and bottom of the beam after the plastic mo-
MP is applied and then released.
Probs. 6-160/161
6-162. The box beam is made of an elastic per::o
plastic material for which uy = 250 MPa. Determin.=
residual stress in the top and bottom of the beam f t ~
plastic moment M" is applied and then released.
Prob.6-162
. -.....
I..:
~ ~ ..
~ -
~
./
'
~ :::::)
Determine the plastic moment MP that can be
- - : ~ d by a beam having the cross section shown.
.:J ksi.
~
MP
"' I
r--..1 In.
Prob. 6- 163
Determine the shape factor of the beam's cross
Prob.6-164
6.1 0 INELASTIC BENDING 351
6-165. The beam is made of elastic-perfectly plastic
material. Determine the maximum elastic moment and the
plastic moment that can be applied to the cross section.
Take uy = 36 ksi.
1.5 in.
Prob. 6-165
6-166. Determine the shape factor for. the cross section
of the beam. .-

Prob.6-166
352 CHAPTE R 6 BENDI NG
6-167. The beam is made of an elastic-plastic material for
which uy = 200 MPa. If the largest moment in the beam
occurs within the center section a- a, determine the
magnitude of each force P that causes this moment to be
(a) the largest elastic moment and (b) the largest plastic
moment.
p p
1: ! I" ! ;;!
I,
D oomm

lOOmm
Prob. 6-167
*6-168. Determine the shape factor of the cross section.

-=k_
I
3 in.
+--
3 in.
Prob.6-168
6-169. The beam is made of elastic-perfectly p:_
material. Determine the maximum elastic moment an.:
plastic moment that can be applied to the cross se-
Take uy = 36 ksi.

t
I
3 in.
+--
3 in.
Prob. 6-169
- 6-170. The box beam is made from an elastic-p'
material for which uy = 36 ksi. Determine the magm-
of each concentrated force P that will cause the marne-
be (a) the largest elastic moment and (b) the largest
moment.
p p
t;=-- l __ . l
6ft -
6in.
--4
10ini D I2in.
-----jf--
5 in.
Prob. 6-170
;:
iric --
o the cross
,...

.
o-
made from elastic-perfectly plastic
the shape factor for the thick-
,._
Prob.6-171
- Determine the shape factor for the member.
/.
2

h
w

Prob.6-172
6. 1 0 INELASTIC BENDING 353
6-173. The member is made from an elastic-plastic
material. Determine the maximum elastic moment and the
plastic moment that can be applied to the cross section.
Take b = 4 in., h = 6 in., uy = 36 ksi.
Prob.6-173
6- 174. The beam is made of an elastic plastic material for
which u y = 30 ksi. If the largest moment in the beam
occurs at the center section a-a, determine fue intensity of
the distributed load w that causes this moment to be (a) the
largest elastic moment and (b) the largest plastic moment.
[!IIII(Il l l9;
a
1---10ft 10ft -1
Prob.6-174
Dis in.
1-----1
Sin.
6-175. The box beam is made from an elastic-plastic material
for which uy = 25 ksi. Determine the intensity of the
distributed load w
0
that will cause the moment to be (a) the
largest elastic moment and (b) the largest plastic moment.
~ 9 _ t ~ 9 f t ~
8 in.
---4 ~
12ini D I 6in.
---4 r-
6in.
Prob.6- 175
*6-176. The wide-flange member is made from an elastic-
plastic material. Determine the shape factor.
Prob. 6- 176
6-177. The beam is made of a polyester that has the s-
strain curve shown. If the curve can be represented b_
equation u = [20 tan -
1
(15E)] ksi, where tan -
1
(15E)
radians, determine the magnitude of the force P that
applied to the beam without causing the maximum str.....;;:
its fibers at the critical section to exceed Emax = 0.003 i.r..
a- (ksi)
"-------------E (in. fin. )
Prob.6- 177
6- 178. The plexiglass bar has a stress-strain CUI' o
can be approximated by the straight-line segments
Determine the largest moment M that can be applie-
bar before it fails.
a- (MPa)
-0.06 -0.04
0.02 0.04
compression
-80
- 100
Prob.6- 178
""'
li..
The stress-strain diagram for a titanium alloy can
_.oximated by the two straight lines. If a strut made of
-.;l:erial is subjected to bending, determine the moment
by the strut if the maximum stress reaches a value
(b) u
8
.
=u (ksi) B
= 180
- = 140 I ,-
0.01 0.0
4
E (in. / in.)
Prob. 6-179
'"J. A beam is made from polypropylene plastic and
m ess-strain diagram that can be approximated by
-e sho.wn. If the beam is subjected to a maximum
:: and compressive strain of E = 0.02 mm/ mm,
=ine the moment M.
M
- - ------ E (mmjmm)
Prob.6-180
6.10 INELASTIC BENDING 355
6-181. The bar is made of an aluminum alloy having a
stress-strain diagram that can be approximated by the
straight line segments shown. Assuming that this diagram is
the same for both tension and compression, determine the
moment the bar will support if the maximum strain at the
top and bottom fibers of the beam is Emax = 0.03.
u (ksi)
9o l
80 :Ji
0.006 0.02
5 0
_
05
E (in./in.)
Prob.6-181
6-182. The bar is made of an aluminum alloy having a
stress-strain diagram that can be appro'ximated by the
straight line segments shown. Assuming that_this diagram is
the same for both tension and compression,'tletermine the
moment the bar will support if the maximum strain at the
top and bottom fibers of the beam is Emax = 0.05.
0' (ksi)
9o l
80 :JI
0.006 0.02
5
0.0
5
E (in.jin.)
Prob.6-182
6-183. Determine the shape factor for the wide-flange
beam.
*6-184. The beam is made of an elastic plastic material for
which uy = 250 MPa. Determine the residual stress in the
beam at its top and bottom after the plastic moment MP is
applied and then released.
Probs. 6-183/184
6- 185. The compound beam consists of two segments that
are pinned together at B. Draw the shear and moment
diagrams if it supports the distributed loading shown.
w
c
Prob.6-185
6-186. The composite beam consists of a wood cor::
two plates of steel. If the allowable bending stress f -
wood is (uallow)w = 20 MPa, and for the
(uallow)st = 130 MPa, determine the maximum mornerr:
can be applied to the beam. Ew = 11 GPa,
5
, = 200
6-187. Solve Prob. 6-186 if the moment is applied ::_-
the y axis instead of the z axis as shown.
y
z
X
Probs. 6-186/187
*6-188. A shaft is made of a polymer having a par_
upper and lower cross section. If it resists an ir.
moment of M = 125 N m, determine the m
bending stress developed in the material (a) us- _
flexure formula and (b) using integration. Sketch a
dimensional view of the stress distribution acting o' _
cross-sectional area. Hint: The moment of ine::-
determined using Eq. A-3 of Appendix A.
Prob.6-188

. Determine the maximum bending stress in the
of the cable cutter at section a-a. A force of 45 lb is
.=.:. to the handles. The cross-sectional area is shown in
e.
45lb
a
0.50in. H
45lb
Prob. 6-189
The curved beam is subjected to a bending moment
= 85 N mas shown. Determine the stress at points A
i and show the stress on a volume element located at
:x>ints.
M = 85Nm
)
lOOmm
1---j _j_ 20 mm
400mm
15 mm 150mm
___l 20mm
B I
Prob.6-190
-L Determine the shear and moment in the beam as
Dns of x, where 0 x < 6 ft, then draw the shear and
-=nt diagrams for the beam.
2 kip/ft 8 kip
I I l l I I I ft J
y

_,_J .. 4ft _j
6ft
Prob.6-191
REVIEW PROBLEMS 361
*6-192. A wooden beam has a square cross section as
shown. Determine which orientation of the beam provides
the greatest strength at resisting the moment M. What is the
difference in the resulting maximum stress in both cases?
(b)
Prob.6-192
6-193. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft if
it is subjected to the vertical loadings of the belt, gear, and
flywheel. The bearings at A and B exert only vertical reactions
on the shaft.
450N
A
150N
Prob.6-193

6-194. The strut has a square cross section a by a and is
subjected to the bending moment M applied at an angle {) as
shown. Determine the maximum bending stress in terms of
a, M, and 6. What angle {)will give the largest bending stress in
the strut? Specify the orientation of the neutral axis for this case.
z
Prob.6-194
ing it to
1 acts o,-;:-
,al
eshon:r-
enrire
ear
-.:e beam shown in Fig. 7-9a is made from two boards. Determine the
shear stress in the glue necessary to hold the boards
sether along the seam where they are joined.
.... UTION
ernal Shea)) The support reactions and the shear diagram for the
o::am are shown in Fig. 7-9b.lt is seen that the maximum shear in the
-=am is 19.5 kN.
;ection Properties. The centroid and therefore the neutral axis will
-= determined from the reference axis placed at the bottom of the
-.Jss-sectional area, Fig. 7-9a. Working in units of meters, we have
2-yA
2-A
7.2 THE SHEAR FORMULA 3 71
150mm I
1-----1 30mm

N-++---r=.A 150 mm
y
(a)
26 kN
[0.075 m](O.l50 m)(0.030 m) + [0.165 m](0.030 m)(0.150 m)
= = 0.120 m
(0.150 m)(0.030 m) + (0.030 m)(0.150 m)
moment of inertia, about the neutral axis, Fig. 7-9a, is therefore
= [
1
1
2
(0.030 m)(0.150 m? + (0.150 m)(0.030 m)(0.120 m - 0.075 m)
2
]
- [
1
1
2
(0.150 m)(0.030 m)
3
+ (0.030 m)(0.150 m)(0.165 m - 0.120 m)
2
]
= 27.0(10-
6
) m
4
--e top board (flange) is being held onto the bottom board (web) by
-;! glue, which is applied over the thickness t = 0.03 m. Consequently
- defined as the area of the top board, Fig. 7-9a. We have
Q = ,y'A' = [0.180 m - 0.015 m - 0.120 m](0.03 m)(O.l50 m)
= 0.2025(10-
3
) m
3
ear Stress.
::2ds
-
=
VQ
It
Using the above data and applying the shear formula
19.5(10
3
) N(0.2025(10-
3
) m
3
) = 4.88 MPa Ans.
27.0(10-
6
) m\0.030 m)
-:-::.e shear stress acting at the top of the bottom board is shown
:- :=J.g. 7-9c.
OTE: It is the glue's resistance to this longitudinal shear stress that
-2ds the boards from slipping at the right-hand support.
6.5 kN
19.5 kN
8 x (m)
:,E

4
(b)
- 19.5

gl<
t<:',' . .-.,_'_, 4.88 MPa
. .
(c)
Fig. 7-9

372 C HA PTER 7 TRANSVERSE SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Tmax
v
Shear-stress distribution
(c)
Fig. 7-10
Determine the distribution of the shear stress over the cross section
the beam shown in Fig. 7-lOa.
(a) (b)
SOLUTION
The distribution can be determined by finding the shear stress at
arbitrary height y from the neutral axis, Fig. 7-lOb, and then plott;- _
this function. Here, the dark colored area A' will be used for G
Hence
Applying the shear formula, we have
This result indicates that the shear-stress distribution over the cr
section is parabolic. As shown in Fig. 7-lOc, the intensity varies r ~
zero at the top and bottom, y = h/2, to a maxim4;ID value at -
neutral axis, y = 0. Specifically, since the area qf the c'foss sectio=
A = bh, then at y = 0 we have
Tmax =
v
1.5-
A
*The area below y can also be used [A' = b(h/2 + y)], but doing so in,.
a bit more algebraic manipulation.
~
A
Fig. 7-10 (cont.)
-=nis same value for Tmax can be obtained directly from the shear
:mula, T = V Q/ It, by realizing that 'Tmax occurs where Q is largest,
-::e V, I, and t are constant. By inspection, Q will be a maximum
-en the entire area above (or below) the neutral axis is considered;
.:H is, A' = bh/2 andy' = h/4. Thus,
VQ V(h/ 4)(bh/ 2)
'T -- -
max - It - [ -&_bh3 ] b
v
1.5 -
A
_ comparison, Tmax is 50% greater than the average shear stress
-rermined from Eq. 1-7; that is, T avg = V /A .
~ t is important to realize that 'Tmax also acts in the longitudinal
-ection of the beam, Fig. 7-10d. It is this stress that can cause a
ber beam to fail as shown Fig. 7-10e. Here horizontal splitting of
e wood starts to occur through the neutral axis at the beam' s ends,
e there the vertical reactions subject the beam to large shear stress
wood has a low resistance to shear along its grains, which are
.ented in the longitudinal direction.
t is instructive to show that when the shear-stress distribution,
:::q. 1, is integrated over the cross section it yields the resultant
;;.ear V. To do this, a differential strip of area dA = b dy is chosen,
-::-;5 7- 10c, and since T acts uniformly over this strip, we have
7.2 THE SHEAR FORMULA 3 7 3
Typical shear failure of this wooden
beam occurred at the support and
through the approximate center of its
cross section.
1
j
h/
2
6V (h2 )
T dA = -
3
-- y
2
b dy
A -h/2 bh 4
_ !p
= ~ [ h2 y - _!_y3 Jh/2
h 4 3 -h/ 2
(e)
= 6V [ h2 (!!__ + !!__) _ _!_(h
3
+ h
3
)] = V
h
3
4 2 2 3 8 8
37 4 C HA PTER 7 T RANSVERSE S HEA R
EXAMPLE
'
0.02m
0.300 m
U_
. I
A' r \_
T
B B'
0.100 m
N
l
I
I
(c)
Fig. 7-11
20mm
A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in Fig. 7-L
If it is subjected to a shear of V = 80 kN, plot the shear-str
distribution acting over the beam's cross-sectional area.
B'
r
8
= 1.13 MPa
~ m
~
)
\B
= 22.6 MPa
A
l/"'-
(b)
rc = 25.2 MPa
~ 2.6 MPa ,
1.13 MPa
SOLUTION
Since the flange and web are rectangular elements, then like the pre vi _
example, the shear-stress distribution will be parabolic and in this case
will vary in the manner shown in Fig. 7-llb. Due to symmetry, only -
shear stresses at points B
1
, B, and C have to be determined. To sh
how these values are obtained, we must first determine the moment
inertia of the cross-sectional area about the neutral axis. Working
meters, we have
I = [
1
1
2
(0.015 m)(0.200 m)
3
]
+ 2[
1
1
2
(0.300 m)(0.02 m)
3
+ (0.300 m)(0.02 m)(O.llO m)
2
]
= 155.6(10-
6
) m
4
For point B
1
, t
8
1
= 0.300 m, and A
1
is the dark shaded area sho -
in Fig. 7-llc. Thus,
QB' = Y
1
A' = [0.110 m](0.300 m)(0.02 m) = 0.660(10-
3
) m
3
so that
~
VQ
8
80(10
3
) N(0.660(10-
3
) m-2)_
Ts = - - = = 1.13 MPa
Its 155.6(10-
6
) m
4
(0.300 m)
For point B, t
8
= 0.015 m and Q
8
= Q
8
, Fig. 7-llc. Hence
VQ
8
80(10
3
) N(0.660(10-
3
) m
3
)
T = - - = = 22.6MPa
8
It
8
155.6(10-
6
) m\0.015 m)
Note from the discussion of "Limitations on the Use of the She_
Formula" that the calculated values for both Ts and Ts will actually .._
very misleading. Why?
-_

0.02m
- --0.300 m _j_
l
A'
T
0.100 m
0.015 m----1 1-

II\ I A
c
I I
(d)
Fig. 7-11 (cont.)
::-or point C, tc = 0.015 m and A' is the dark shaded area shown in
= --lld. Considering this area to be composed of two rectangles,

. .:s.
Qc = 4.Y'A' = [0.110 m](0.300 m)(0.02 m)
+ [0.05 m](0.015 m)(O.lOO m)
= 0.735(10-
3
) m
3
VQc 80(103) N[0.735(10- 3) m3] = 25.2 MPa
Tc = Tmax = Itc = 155.6(10- 6) m4(0.015 m)
From Fig. 7-llb, note that most of the shear stress occurs in
-= web and is almost uniform throughout its depth, varying from
_:_ 5 MPa to 25.2 MPa. It is for this reason that for design, some codes
_:mi t the use of calculating the average shear stress on the cross
-:tion of the web rather than using the shear formula; that is,
T avg = = 80 ( 103) N
Aw (0.015m) (0.2m) = 26.7MPa
---- will be discussed further in Chapter 11.
7.2 THE SHEAR FORMULA 3 7 5

376 CHA PTER 7 TRANSVER SE SHEAR
P7-1. In each case, calculate the value of Q and t that are
used in the shear formul a for finding the shear stress at A.
Also, show how the shear stress acts on a differential volume
element located at point A.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
--:ft---
(f)
[ -
t: -
If the beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 100 kN,
-;:;:ine the shear stress developed at point A. Represent the
:stress on a volume element at this point.
~
r 200mm
/
20mm
F7-1
Determine the shear stress at points A and B on the
- if it is subjected to a shear force of V = 600 kN.
oo;ent the state of stress on a volume element of these
F7-2
-1. Determine the absolute maximum shear stress
eloped in the beam.
6 kip
F7-3
Q.
I
6 in.
_1_
7.2 T HE SHEAR FORMULA 377
F7-4. If the beam is subjected to a shear force of
V = 20 kN, determine the maximum shear stress developed
in the beam.
F7-4
F7-5. If the beam is made from four plates and subjected
to a shear force of V = 20 kN, determine the maximum
shear stress developed in the beam at poinf A. Represent the
state of stress on a volume element at this p o ~ l t .
~
F7-5
37 8 CHAPTER 7 TRANSVERSE SHEAR
7-1. If the wide-flange beam is subjected to a shear of
V = 20 kN, determine the shear stress on the web at A.
Indicate the shear-stress components on a volume element
located at this point.
V = 20 kN. determine the maximum shear stress in the beam.
7-3. If the wide-fl ange beam is subjected to a shear of
V = 20 ' , determine the shear force resisted by the web
of the beam.
200m/
oomm
-...... 20mm
Probs. 7-112/3
*7-4. If the T-beam is subjected to a vertical shear of
V = 12 kip, determine the maximum shear stress in the
beam. Also, compute the shear-stress jump at the flange-
web junction AB. Sketch the variat ion of the shear-stress
intensity over the entire cross section.
7-5. If the T-beam is subjected to a vertical shear of
V = 12 kip, determine the vertical shear force resisted by
the flange.
I

. . !{ 6in.
.. A /
V=12kip
Probs. 7-4/5
7-6. The wood beam has an allowable shear str
r allow = 7 MPa. Determine the maximum shear force l
can be applied to the cross section.
SOmm SOmm
l
200mm
J
Prob.7-6
7-7. The shaft is supported by a smooth thrust
A and a smooth journal bearing at B. If P= 20 kN, dete-
the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft.
*7- 8. The shaft is supported by a smooth thrust be
at A and a smooth journal bearing at B. If the t.::..
made from a material having an allowable shear str.:-
r allow= 75 MPa, determine the maximum value for P.
c
- lm-+-lm-+-lm
p
p
Probs. 7-7/8
~ ~ _
Determine the largest shear force V that the member
-tain if the allowable shear stress is Tallow = 8 ksi.
If the applied shear force V = 18 kip, determine the
urn shear stress in the member.
Probs. 7-9/10
The overhang beam is subjected to the uniform
- .;>uted load having an intensity of w = 50 kN / m.
_;:nllne the maximum shear stress developed in the beam.
w
50mm
H
D ~ m m
Prob.7-ll
The beam has a rectangular cross section and
de of wood having an allowable shear stress of
= 200 psi. Determine the maximum shear force V that
x developed in the cross section of the beam. Also, plot
:illear-stress variation over the cross section.
Prob.7-U
7.2 T HE SHEAR FORMULA 379
7-13. Determine the maximum shear stress in the strut if
it is subjected to a shear force of V = 20 kN.
7-14. Determine the maximum shear force V that the
strut can support if the allowable shear stress for the
materi al is Tallow =&& MPa.
20mm
Probs. 7- 13/14
:tf:m
)-/
I
60mm
l
---fl2mm
7-15. The strut is subj ected to a vertical shear of V = 130 kN.
Plot the intensity of the shear-stress distribution acting over
the cross-sectional area, and compute the resultant shear
force developed in the vertical segment AB.
~
Prob.7-15
*7-16. The steel rod has a radius of 1.25 in. If it is subj ected
to a shear of V = 5 kip, determine the maximum shear stress.
~
"-*=Skip
Prob. 7-16
380 CHAPTER 7 TRANSVERS E S HEAR
7-17. If the beam is subjected to a shear of V = 15 kN,
determine the web's shear stress at A and B. Indicate the
shear-stress components on a volume element located at
these points. Set w = 125 mm. Show that the neutral axis
is located at y = 0.1747 m from the bottom and
INA= 0.2182(10-
3
) m
4
.
V = 30 kN, determine the maximum shear stress in the
beam. Set w = 200 mm.
7-19. If the wide-fl ange beam is subjected to a shear of
V = 30 kN, determine the shear force resisted by the web of
the beam. Set w = 200 mm.
200mm
'

, v

250 mm B

A
Probs. 7-17/18/19
*7-20. The steel rod is subjected to a shear of 30 kip.
Determine the maximum shear stress in the rod.
Prob.7-20
7-21. If the beam is made from wood having an allow.:..
shear stress Tallow = 400 psi, determine the max:iG..
magnitude of P. Set d = 4 in.
i=-- 2 ft-t--2 ft-+--2 ft
1
1
d
J
l-1
2 in.
Prob.7-21
7-22. Determine the shear stress at point B on the w:c:
the cantilevered strut at section a-a.
7-23. Determine the maximum shear stress actiL.r
section a-a of the cantilevered strut.
2 kN 4 kN
-250 mm --1;- 250 mm 300 mm 1
T c
a
Probs. 7-22/23
20mm
II

In 1
20 mm 1----1
50mm
*7- 24. Determine the maximum shear stress in the T-
at the critical section where the internal shear f -
maximum.
7- 25. Determine the maximum shear stress in the T-
section C. Show the result on a volume element at this pc
10 kN/m

m_J_l.5 m!l.S .
150mm
r---1_l

-1 f--30 mm
Probs. 7-24/25

H Bon rh
-l- 0;_""
mm--1
ll
20 l1lffi

.
. -
50lll.II;

The beam has a square cross section and is made of
d having an allowable shear stress ofT allow= 1.4 ksi. If it
j ected to a shear of V = 1.5 kip, determine the smallest
a of its sides.
Prob. 7-26
. The beam is slit longitudinally along both sides as
-n. If it is subjected to an internal shear of V = 250 kN,
are the maximum shear stress developed in the beam
>re and after the cuts were made.
--lB. The beam is to be cut longitudinally along both
s as shown. If it is made from a material having an
.able shear stress of Tall ow = 75 MPa, determine the
allowable internal shear force V that can be
--ed before and after the cut is made.
200mm
J
25 mm
Probs. 7-27/28
7.2 THE SHEAR FORMULA 38 1
7-29. Write a computer program that can be used to
determine the maximum shear stress in the beam that has
the cross section shown, and is subjected to a specified
constant distributed load w and concentrated force P. Show
an application of the program using the values L = 4 m,
a = 2m, P = 1.5 kN, d
1
= 0, d
2
= 2m, w = 400 N/ m,
t
1
= 15 mm, t
2
= 20 mm, b = 50 mm, and h = 150 mm.
w I P
M
dz--j
1 1 1 1 1 1 !

I a L I
Prob.7-29
t1+I T
tz-- h
_L 1
II T l-b-1
7-30. The beam has a rectangular cross section and is
subjected to a load P that is just large enough to develop a
fully plastic moment MP = PL at the fixed support. If the
material is elastic-pl astic, then at a distance x < L the
moment M = Px creates a region of plastic yielding with an
associated elastic core havi ng a height 2y ' . This situation
has been described by Eq. 6-30 and the moment .\l is
distributed over the cross section as shown in Fig. 6---lSe.
Prove that the maximum shear stress developed in the
beam is given by Tmax = '), where ' i\-' = 2y 'b. the
cross-sectional area of the elastic core.
p
X
jr'"-
Elastic region
Prob.7-30
7-31. The beam in Fig. 6- 48fis subj ected to a fully plastic
moment MP. Prove that the longitudinal and transverse
shear stresses in the beam are zero. Hint: Consider an
element of the beam as shown in Fig. 7-4c.

384 CHAPTER 7 TRANSVERSE SHEAR
EXAMPLE
lOmm
I
?SOmm l_l
~ ~ II
'-.-1
I
'! I
y'B
1:
'i
II
'I it
300mm
I
.
i' Jl
II
-..
li -
II
V =' 850 kN
:1 y
.
[I
il
Iii
'
10 mm--n- 125 mm- 1 1-10 mm
(a)
I'
I 1/r
il c C' 1,'
A N
I
'J
/1 TJc
I!
A'c
I
!I
I
I\
i
II i!
II
'l
q
"
(b)
Fig. 7-15
The beam is constructed from three boards glued together as sho"l'-
in Fig. 7-15a. If it is subjected to a shear of V = 850 kN, determine tt ::
shear flow at B and B' that must be resisted by the glue.
SOLUTION
Section Properties. The neutral axis (centroid) will be locat .:.
from the bottom of the beam, Fig. 7-15a. Working in units of meter-
we have
_ I. )lA 2[0.15 m](0.3 m)(0.01 m) + [0.305 m](0.250 m).(0.01 m
y --- -
- I.A - 2(0.3 m)(0.01 m) + 0.250 m(0.01 m)
A = 0.1956 m
The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is thus
I = 2[
1
1
2
(O.Ql m)(0.3 m)
3
+ (0.01 m)(0.3 m)(0.1956 m - 0.150 m)
2
-
+ [_!__(0.250 m)(0.01 m)
3
+ (0.250 m)(0.01 m)(0.305 m- 0.1956 r::
12
= 87.42(10-
6
) m
4
Since the glue at B and B' in Fig. 7-15a "holds" the top board to t'"_
beam, we have
Q
8
= .Y8A8 = [0.305 m - 0.1956 m](0.250 m)(0.01 m)
= 0.2735(10-
3
) m
3
Shear Flow. For B and B' we have
Since two seams are used to secure the board, the glue per mek
length of beam at the seam must be strong enough to resist one-half
the calculated value of q's. Thus,
A
If the board CC' is added to the beam, Fig. 7-l5b, then y and I have
be recalculated, and the shear flow at C and C' determined fr
q(: = Vy(:A(: j i. Finally, this value is divided by one-half to obtain .
and q(:.
- 0.
7.3 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT- U P M EMBERS 385
:-ox beam is constructed from four boards nailed together as shown
=ig. 7-16a. If each nail can support a shear force of 30 lb, determine
:: illaximum spacings of the nails at B and at C so that the beam will
rt the force of 80 lb .
.
_JTION
-ernal Shear. If the beam is sectioned at an arbitrary point along
'ength, the internal shear required for equilibrium is always
= 80 lb, and so the shear diagram is shown in Fig. 7-16b.
ion Properties. The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional
::a about the neutral axis can be determined by considering a
---in. X 7.5-in square minus a 4.5-in. X 4.5-in. square.
1 1
I=
12
(7.5 in.)(7.5 in.? - 12(4.5 in.)(4.5 in} = 229.5 in
4
:be shear flow at B is determined using Q
8
found from the darker
ded area shown in Fig. 7-16c. It is this "symmetric" portion of the
c.JID that is to be "held" onto the rest of the beam by nails on the left
.--= and by the fibers of the board on the right side.
--
v (lb)
Q
8
= y'A' = [3 in.](7.5 in.)(l.5 in.) = 33.75 in
3
1.5 in.
6 in.
1.5 in.
(a)
-ewise, the shear flow at C can be determined using the "symmetric" ______ _,._ __ __,
ed area shown in Fig. 7-16d. We have
80lb
Qc = y'A' = [3 in. ](4.5 in.)(l.5 in.) = 20.25 in
3
X (ft)
ear Flow.
VQs 80 lb(33.75 in
3
) = 11.76lb/ in.
- --= 4
qB - I 229.5 1ll
VQc 80 lb(20.25 in
3
) = 7.059lb/in.
qc = -I - 229.5 in4
These values represent the shear force per unit length of the beam
- 3.t must be resisted by the nails at B and the fibers at B ', Fig. 7-16c,
-d the nails at C and the fibers at C', Fig. 7-16d, respectively. Since in
_:h case the shear flow is resisted at two surfaces and each nail can
:sist 30 lb, forB the spacing is
30 lb
(11.76/ 2)lb/ in. =
5
.lOin. Uses8 = 5in.
Ans.
-...:td for C,
s - 30 lb
c - (7.059 /2) lb/in. =
8
5
0 in. Use sc = 8.5 in.
Ans.
(b)
B'
N A
(c)
I
c
N A
(d)
Fig. 7-16
386 CHA PTER 7 TRANSVERS E SHEAR
EXAMPLE
0.5 in.
Nails having a total shear strength of 40 lb are used in a beam that ca.;:
be constructed either as in Case I or as in Case II, Fig. 7-17. If the naL..
are spaced at 9 in., determine the largest vertical shear that can b=
supported in each case so that the fasteners will not fail.
Fig. 7-17
SOLUTION
Since the cross section is the same in both cases, the moment of iner.::_
about the neutral axis is
I =
1
1
2
(3 in.)(5 in.? - 2[
1
1
2
(1 in.)( 4 inl J = 20.58 in
4
Case I. For this design a single row of nails holds the top or bott
flange onto the web. For one of these flanges,
Q = y' A' = [2.25 in.](3 in.(0.5 in.)) = 3.375 in
3
so that
VQ
q=-
I
40 lb V(3.375 in
3
)
9 in. 20.58 in
4
v = 27.1lb A
Case II. Here a single row of nails holds one of the side boards or.
the web. Thus,
Q = y'A' = [2.25 in.](1 in.(0.5 in.)) = 1.125 in
3
VQ
q=-
I
40 lb V(l.125 in
3
)
9 in. 20.58 in
4
v = 81.3lb A
abeam;:
f- 17. If til:: ;:
l!ar that ::::-
il.
.-
The two identical boards are bolted together to form
Determine the maximum allowable spacing s of
-<:s to the nearest mm if each bolt has a shear strength
-. The beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 50 kN.
..__;:t.
A
lOOmm
/
lOOmm
/
/ 1
300mm
I/
F7-6
Two identical 20-mm thick plates are bolted to the
bottom flange to form the built-up beam. If the
- is subjected to a shear force of V = 300 kN, determine
owable maximum spacings of the bolts to the nearest
Each bolt has a shear strength of 30 kN.
7.3 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP M EMBERS
387
F7-8. The boards are bolted together to form the built-up
beam. If the beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 20 kN,
determine the allowable maximum spacing of the bolts to
the nearest mm. Each bolt has a shear strength of 8 kN .
F7-8
F7-9. The boards are bolted together to form the built-up
beam. If the beam is subjected to a shear force of V = 15 kip,
determine the allowable maximum spacing of the bolts to
the in. Each bolt has a shear strength of 6 kip.
388 CHAPTER 7 TRANSVERS E SH EAR
*7-32. The beam is constructed from two boards fastened
together at the top and bottom with two rows of nails spaced
every 6 in. If each nail can support a 500-Ib shear force,
determine the maximum shear force V that can be applied
to beam.
7- 33. The beam is construced from two boards fastened
together at the top and bottom with two rows of nails spaced
every 6 in. If an internal shear force of V = 600 lb is applied to
the boards, determine the shear force resisted by each nail.
Probs. 7-32/33
7-34. The boards are glued together to form the built-up beam.
If the wood has an allowable shear stress of Tall ow = 3 MPa,
and the glue seam at B can withstand a maximum shear
stress of 1.5 MPa, determine the maximum allowable
internal shear V that can be developed in the beam.
7-35. The boards are glued together to form the built-up
beam. If the wood has an allowable shear stress of T all ow =
3 MPa, and the gl ue seam at D can withstand a maximum
shear stress of 1.5 MPa, determine the maximum allowable
shear V that can be developed in the beam.
Probs. 7-34/35
*7-36. Three identical boards are bolted together to
the built-up beam. Each bolt has a shear strength of 1..:
and the bolts are spaced at a distance of s = 6 in. If the
has an allowable shear stress ofT allow= 450 psi, determiL.::
maximum allowable internal shear V that can act on the
7-37. Three identical boards are bolted together to
the built-up beam. If the wood has an allowable shear _
of Tall ow = 450 psi, determine the maximum allo
internal shear V that can act on the beam. Also, fin.:
corresponding average shear stress in the in. diru;;;.
bolts which are spaced equally at s = 6 in.
2 in.
I
Probs. 7-36/37
7-38. The beam is subjected to a shear of V = :
Determine the average shear stress developed in eac
if the nails are spaced 75 mm apart on each side of the
Each nail has a diameter of 4 mm.

25mm
Prob. 7-38

ted together to
ar strength of
f s = 6 in. If the
r can act on the
ed together to :
able shear s::
aaximum allo
1eam. Also, fffi: '
the i in. diaz:: ;
n.

1
/'f
/1.
ill .
ear of V =.:.
loped in eacZ. ":"
1 side of
--. A beam is constructed from three boards bolted
as shown. Determine the shear force developed in
- bolt if the bolts are spaced s = 250 mm apart and the
ed shear is V = 35 kN.
R._25 mm
Prob.7-39
-....w. The simply-supported beam is built-up from
boards by nailing them together as shown. The
has an allowable shear stress of Tal low = 1.5 MPa,
_ an allowable bending stress of u all ow = 9 MPa. The
..s are spaced at s = 75 mm, and each has a shear
::agth of 1.5 kN. Determine the maximum allowable
:e P that can be applied to the beam.
-L The simply-supported beam is built-up from three
.rds by nailing them together as shown. If P = 12 kN,
ermine the maximum allowable spacing s of the nails to
cyort that load, if each nail can resist a shear force of 1.5 kN.
1
100mm l

200mm

Probs. 7-40/41
7.3 SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS 389
7-42. The T-beam is constructed as shown. If the nails can
each support a shear force of 950 lb, determine the
maximum shear force V that the beam can support and the
corresponding maximum nail spacing s to the nearest k in.
The allowable shear stress for the wood is Tallow = 450 psi.

2 in.
Prob. P7-42
7-43. The box beam is made from four pieces of plastic
7 that are glued together as shown. If the glue has an
allowable strength of 400 lb/ in
2
, determine the maximum
shear the beam will support.

*7-44. The box beam is made from four pieces of plastic
that are glued together as shown. If V = 2 kip, determine
the shear stress resisted by the seam at each of the
glued joints.
0.25 in.
v
Probs. 7-43/44
7-45. A beam is constructed from four boards which are
nailed together. If the nails are on both sides of the beam
and each can resist a shear of 3 kN, determine the maximum
load P that can be applied to the end of the beam.
150mm

f.-
_.j l-250 mm 30 mm
30mm
Prob. 7-45
7- 46. The beam is subjected to a shear of V = 800 N.
Determine the average shear stress developed in the nails
along the sides A and B if the nails are spaced s = 100 mm
apart. Each nail has a diameter of 2 mm.

30mm
Prob.7-46
7-47. The beam is made from four boards nailed tog::
as shown. If the nails can each support a shear for:
100 lb. , determine their required spacing s ' and s
beam is subjected to a shear of V = 700 lb.
Prob.7- 47
*7-48. The beam is made from three polystyrene
that are glued together as shown. If the glue has a -
strength of 80 kPa, determine the maximum load P
be applied without causing the glue to lose its bond.
30mm
r--1
-r-
40mm
t--
60mm
+-
40mm
_L_
p
20mm
i 1 i
0.8 m 1 m 1 m -+ 0. 8 m-
Prob.7-48
7-49. The timberT-beam is subjected to a load cons
of n concentrated forces, Pw If the allowable shear , ._
each of the nails is known, write a computer prograr:;;
will specify the nail spacing between each load. Sh
application of the program using the values L =
a
1
= 4ft, P
1
= 600 lb, = 8ft, P
2
= 1500 lb, b
1
= 1..:
h
1
= 10 in. , b
2
= 8 in., h
2
= 1 in., and V.

= 200 lb.
pl p2 "p/1
Prob.7-49
points shot:._
!ction, since .:_
is deterl1liii=
flanges) thz.
along seg-
fllways ace p.
1 q is calcu1:.
ronal sense -
ection, in
dOl
force V. ru:..::. :
. If one
r establisb..c;
:ction of - .
-walled m==-
bout an ax:
1 such
borizont.a:
e term.i..rr :o
Ued mec.-
r or pn.u_
"' tha
LL:,
7.4 SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS 3 9 5
..,..._e thin-walled box beam in Fig. 7-21a is subjected to a shear of
kip. Determine the variation of the shear flow throughout the cross
:tion.
'JLUTION
::: = symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the center of the cross
==tion. For thin-walled members we use centerline dimensions for
the moment of inertia.
1
I = 12(2 in.)(7 in.)
3
+ 2 [(5 in.)(l in.)(3.5 in.)
2
] = 179.7 in.
4
Only the shear flow at points B, C, and D has to be determined. For
- B, the area A' = 0, Fig. 7-21b, since it can be thought of as being
:ated entirely at point B. Alternatively, A' can also represent the
ire cross-sectional area, in which case Q
8
= y' A' = 0 since y' = 0.
.:r::cause Q
8
= 0, then
qB = 0
For point C, the area A' is shown dark shaded in Fig. 7-2lc. Here, we
- -ye used the mean dimensions since point C is on the centerline of
segment. We have
Qc = y'A' = (3.5 in.)(5 in.)(l in.)= 17.5 in
3
Since there are two points of attachment,
_ l(VQc) _ 1(10kip(l7.5in
3
)) ) _ ..
qc -- -- --
4
- 0.487 klp/m.
2 I 2 179.7in
The shear flow at D is determined using the three dark-shaded
-::ctangles shown in Fig. 7-2ld. Again, using centerline dimensions
.._, [3.5in.] 3
= = 2 -
2
- (1 in.)(3.5 in.)+ [3.5 in.](5 in.)(l in.) = 29.75 in
3ecause there are two points of attachment,
= _!_(VQD) = _!_(10kip(29. 75 in
3
)) _ . .
qD 2 I 2 179.7 in4 - 0.828 kip/m.
Using these results, and the symmetry of the cross section, the
s:J.ear-flow distribution is plotted in Fig. 7-21e. The distribution is
.mear along the horizontal segments (perpendicular to V) and
_?arabolic along the vertical segments (parallel to V).
N
(a)
)r9
-g-A
(b)

T
N 4in.
...L -'-
T l-- 4 in.
1 in.
(c)
mJr:s, ..
Nl1:Ir
(d)
0.828 kip/ in.
N Dl l l:t=J!A
(e)
Fig. 7-21

be
rmmetry o:'
mction or
pend upo-
tS a priL
cl by usffi::,
omen
7.5 SHEAR CENTER FOR OPEN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS 399
_ o::termine the location of the shear center for the thin-walled channel
:tion having the dimensions shown in Fig. 7-24a.
..., ... UTION
ar-Fiow Rsultants. A vertical downward shear V applied to the
.:tion causes the shear to flow through the flanges and web as shown
- Fig. 7- 24b. This causes force resultants Fj and V in the flanges and
=b as shown in Fig. 7-24c. We will take moments about point A so
-3. only the force F
1
on the lower flange has to be determined.
The cross-sectional area can be divided into three component
..:;:tangles-a web and two flanges. Since each component is assumed
e thin, the moment of inertia of the area about the neutral axis is
1 [ (h)
2
] th
2
(h )
I = U th
3
+ 2 bt 2 = 2 6 + b
:::-om Fig. 7-24d, q at the arbitrary position xis
VQ V(h / 2)[b - x]t
q = = (th
2
/2)[(h/6) + b]
the force Fr is
V(b - x)
h[(h/6) + b]
rb v rb Vb2
Ff = Jo qdx = h[(h/6) + bJ}o (b - x)dx = 2h[(h/6) + b]
:his same result can also be determined by first finding (qmax)
1
,
7-24b, then determining the triangular area = Ff.
-tear Center. Summing moments about point A, Fig. 7-24c, we
-=quire
Vb
2
h
Ve = Ffh = 2h[(h/6) + b]
:bus,
b2
e =--- -
[(h/3) + 2b]
Ans.
As stated previously, e depends only on the geometry of the
:ross section.
r--b-1
't;I
(a)
Shear flow distribution
(b)
F ' P=V
rc_!_ tt e A
Ll = .
-
Ff
(c)
NF

(d)
Fig. 7-24

EXAMPLE
Determine the location of the shear center for the angle havG:..=
equal legs, Fig. 7-25a. Also, find the internal shear force resultant -
each leg.
(a)
0 .
SOLUTION
v
J
(c)
Fig. 7-25
Shear-flow distribution
(b)
When a vertical downward shear V is applied at the section, the she
flow and shear-flow resultants are directed as shown in Figs. 7-.-:-
and 7-25c, respectively. Note that the force F in each leg must
equal, since for equilibrium the sum of their horizbntal compone-
must be equal to zero. Also, the lines of actiotf of both forces inter ~ _
point 0; therefore, this point must be the shear center since the sum
the moments of these forces and V about 0 is zero, Fig. 7-25c.
The magnitude of F can be determined by first finding the s h ~
flow at the arbitrary locations along the top leg, Fig. 7-25d. Here
-t I 1 ( S) 1 ( S)
Q = y A = V2 (b - s) + 2 ts = V2 b - 2 st
te angle ha
tree resulta::.-
,
.
y;:
istribution
'tion. the s:::._
. :-- 25c.
ling the s:::=:..
--. .::d. Her
f}t
7.5 SHEAR CENTER FOR OPEN T HIN-WALLED MEMBERS 401

(d)
(e)
Fig. 7-25 (cont.)
e moment of inertia of the angle, about the neutral axis, must be
__ termined from "first principles," since the legs are inclined with
=spect to the neutral axis. For the area element dA = t ds, Fig. 7-25e,
e have
r r b[ 1 J 2 ( 1 ) / b tb3
= J/
2
dA =2}
0
v2(b-s) tds=t b
2
s-bs
2
+3s
3
0
=3
us, the shear flow is
VQ V [ 1 ( s) J
q = -1- = (tb3 /3) v2 b - 2 st
=
The variation of q is parabolic, and it reaches a maximum value
hens = b as shown in Fig. 7-25b. The force F is therefore
F = (b q ds = , (bs(b - !...) ds
Jo v 2b
3
Jo 2
= .!.s3)1b
vlb
3
2 6 0
- 1
- V
v2
Ans.
''OTE: This result can be easily verified since the sum of the vertical
.omponents of the force F in each leg must equal V and, as stated
?reviously, the sum of the horizontal components equals zero.
402 CHAPTE R 7 T RANSVERS E S HEAR
7-50. A shear force of V = 300 kN is applied to the box
girder. Determine the shear flow at points A and B.
girder. Determine the shear flow at points C and D.
lOmm
Probs. 7-50/51
*7- 52. A shear force of V = 18 kN is applied to the
symmetric box girder. Determine the shear flow at A and B.
girder. Determine the shear flow at C.
Probs. 7-52/53
7-54. The aluminum strut is 10 mm thick and has th _
section shown. If it is subjected to a shear of, V = _:
determine the shear flow at points A and B.
7-55. The aluminum strut is 10 mrn thick and has th _
section shown. If it is subjected to a shear of V = ::
determine the maximum shear flow in the strut.
l O m t ~
40mm
10 mmf "'"---...v
I I rl 40 m m r ~
30mm \ ) 30mm
lOmm lOmm
Probs. 7-54/55
*7- 56. The beam is subjected to a shear force of V = :
Determine the shear flow at points A and B.
7-57. The beam is constructed from four plates
subjected to a shear force of V = 5 kip. Deterrnir.::
maximum shear flow in the cross section.
Probs. 7-56/57
1 thick and has :.-
a shear of, V =
\and B.
1 thick and has --
a shear of V =
in the strut.
30
:-;:------1
mm
tear force of l =
'land B.
om four
5 kip.
:tion.
7.5 SHEAR CENTER FOR OPEN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS 403
The channel is subjected to a shear of V = 75 kN.
e the shear flow developed at point A.
The channel is subjected to a shear of V = 75 kN.
e the maximum shear flow in the channel.

;r
_A r30mm
Probs. 7- 58/59
The built-up beam is formed by welding together
;_::;plates of thickness 5 mm. Determine the location of
ear center 0.
1-11-S mm
200mm
0
lOOmm
t-
--r
I
200mm J

Prob.7-60
The assembly is subjected to a vertical shear of
- kip. Determine the shear flow at points A and B and
=-U!num shear flow in the cross section.
0.5 in.
Prob. 7-61
7-62. Determine the shear-stress variation over the cross
section of the thin-walled tube as a function of elevation y and
show that T max = 2V I A, where A = 2mt. Hint: Choose a
differential area element dA = Rt d(J. Using dQ = ydA,
formulate Q for a circular section from vto (?T - (J) and
show that Q = 2R
2
t cos 8, where cos (J = R
2
- i I R.
Prob.7-62
7-63. Determine the location e of the shear center,
point 0, for the thin-walled member having the cross section
shown. The member segments have the same thickness t.
l---1.80 in. -1
Prob.7-3
n. .,
n.
n.
-.
n.
*7-64. Determine the location e of the shear center,
point 0, for the thin-walled member having the cross section
shown. The member segments have the same thickness t.
1----- - b------..,
r
hl I
L
,....., --.
I
u
Le-1
1
Prob.7-64
404 C HA PTER 7 TRANSV ERS E S HEAR
7-65. The beam supports a vertical shear of V = 7 kip.
Determine the resultant force developed in segment AB of
the beam.
Prob.7-65
7-66. The built-up beam is fabricated from the three thin
plates having a thickness t. Determine the location of the
shear center 0.

J '
"""""
I

2
I
j
.
a
J
1 0
a
2
j
a
J g
Prob. 7-66
7-67. Determine the location e of the shear center, point 0 ,
for the thin-walled member having the cross section shown.
The member segments have the same thickness t.
r---b -4
I
h

Prob. 7-67
*7-68. A thin plate of thickness tis bent to form the-
having the cross section shown. Determine the loca
the shear center 0.

l- e
Prob. 7-68
7-69. A thin plate of thickness tis bent to form th -
having the cross section shown. Determine the loca
the shear center 0 .

e -T-\-------t1
Prob.7-69
7-70. Determine the location e of the shear center.
for the thin-walled member having the cross section 1-.:
Prob.7-70
11!1.

...
The beam is fabricated from four boards nailed
. ::-:-- as shown. Determine the shear force each nail
....:;.e sides C and the top D must resist if the nails are
spaced at s = 3 in. The beam is subjected to a
iV = 4.5 kip.
"t
Prob. 7-71
- The T-beam is subjected to a shear of V = 150 kN .
. ::mine the amount of this force that is supported by the
Prob.7-72
REVIEW PROBLEMS 407
7-73. The member is subject to a shear force of
V = 2 kN. Determine the shear flow at points A, B, and C.
The thickness of each thin-walled segment in 15 mm.
Prob.7-73
7-74. Determine the shear stress at points Band Con the
web of the beam located at section a-a.
7-75. Determine the maximum shear stress acting at
section a-a in the beam.
8000 lb
al !
r
=--
150 lb/ft

aD
sr-r;;-
1-4 ft -1 I I I
1.5 ft 1.5 ft 4 ft --4
2in.
ell tJin.
0.5i,f B I 6 i"
w---rl
4 m. 075 . m.
Probs. 7-74175

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