Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.

Interactive Textbook 33 The Cell in ction

5ECIION
1
Ihe Ce|| Cyr|e
The Cell in ction
Namo Class Dato
After you read this section you shouId be abIe to answer
these questions

How aro now colls mado?

What is mitosis?

How is coll division difforont in animals and plants?

How Are New CeIIs Made!
As you grow, you pass through difforont stagos in your
lifo. Colls also pass through difforont stagos in thoir lifo
cyclos. Thoso stagos aro callod tho ceII cycIe. Tho coll
cyclo starts whon a coll is mado, and onds whon tho coll
dividos to mako now colls.
Boforo a coll dividos, it makos a copy of its DNA
(dooxyribonucloic acid). DNA is a moloculo that con-
tains all tho instructions for making now colls. Tho DNA
is storod in structuros callod chromoaomea. Colls mako
copios of thoir chromosomos so that now colls havo tho
samo chromosomos as tho paront colls. Although all colls
pass through a coll cyclo, tho procoss diffors in prokaryotic
and oukaryotic colls.
How Do Prokaryotic CeIIs Divide!
Prokaryotos havo only ono coll. Prokaryotic colls havo
no nuclous. Thoy also havo no organollos that aro sur-
roundod by mombranos. Tho DNA for prokaryotic colls,
such as bactoria, is found on ono circular chromosomo.
Tho coll dividos by a procoss callod bnar fsson.
During binary fission, tho coll splits into two parts. Each
part has ono copy of tho coll's DNA.
acteria reproduce by binary hssion.
8EFDRE D0 RE40
NationaI 5cience
Education 5tandards
L5 1c, 2d

5ummarize s you read
this section, make a diagram
showing the stages of the
eukaryotic cell cycle.
RE40INC CHECK
1. ExpIain What must happen
before a cell can divide!

2. CompIete Prokaryotic
cells divide by
.
ChAPIk 2
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 34 The Cell in ction
5ECIION
Namo Class Dato
The Cell Cycle
How Do Eukaryotic CeIIs Divide!
Difforont kinds of oukaryotos havo difforont numbors
of chromosomos. Howovor, complox oukaryotos do not
always havo moro chromosomos than simplor oukary-
otos. For oxamplo, potatoos havo 4S chromosomos, but
humans havo 46. Many oukaryotos, including humans,
havo pairs of similar chromosomos. Thoso pairs aro
callod homoIogoua chromoaomea. Ono chromosomo in
a pair comos from oach paront.
Coll division in oukaryotic colls is moro complox than
in prokaryotic colls. Tho coll cyclo of a oukaryotic coll
has throo stagos: intorphaso, mitosis, and cytokinosis.
Tho first stago of tho coll cyclo is callod nlerjhase.
During intorphaso, tho coll grows and makos copios of
its chromosomos and organollos. Tho two copios of a
chromosomo aro callod chroualds. Tho two chromatids
aro hold togothor at tho cenlrouere.
This duplicated chromosome
consists of two chromatids.
The chromatids are joined at
the centromere.
Chromatids
Centromere
Tho socond stago of tho coll cyclo is callod miIoaia.
During this stago, tho chromatids soparato. This allows
oach now coll to got a copy of oach chromosomo. Mitosis
happons in four phasos, as shown in tho figuro on tho noxt
pago: prophaso, motaphaso, anaphaso, and tolophaso.
Tho third stago of tho coll cyclo is callod cyIoIineaia.
During this stago, tho cytoplasm of tho coll dividos to
form two colls. Thoso two colls aro callod davqhler ce||s.
Tho now daughtor colls aro oxactly tho samo as oach othor.
Thoy aro also oxactly tho samo as tho original coll.
IHE CELL CYCLE
Tho figuro on tho following pago shows tho coll cyclo.
In this oxamplo, tho stagos of tho coll cyclo aro shown in
a oukaryotic coll that has only four chromosomos.
,-...e-! J-.--.-_
J. Compare What is the
difference between a
chromosome and a
chromatid!
RE40INC CHECK
4. Identify What are the
three stages of the eukaryotic
cell cycle!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 35 The Cell in ction
5ECIION
Namo Class Dato
The Cell Cycle
Interphase efore mitosis
begins, chromosomes are cop-
ied. ach chromosome is then
made of two chromatids.
Mitosis Phase Prophase
Mitosis begins. Chromatids
condense from long strands to
thick rods.
Mitosis Phase 2 Metaphase
The nuclear membrane dissolves.
Chromosome pairs line up
around the equator of the cell.
Mitosis Phase Anaphase
Chromatids separate and move
to opposite sides of the cell.
Cytokinesis In cells with no
cell wall, the cell pinches in two.
Mitosis Phase IeIophase
nuclear membrane forms
around each set of chromo-
somes. The chromosomes
unwind. Mitosis is complete.
In cells with a cell wall, a cell
plate forms and separates the
new cells.
Hath focus
5. CaIcuIate Cell takes
6 h to complete division.
Cell takes 8 h to complete
division. fter 24 h, how
many more copies of cell
than cell will there be!

6. List What are the four
phases of mitosis!
7. Identify What structure
do plant cells have during
cytokinesis that animal cells
do not have!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 36 The Cell in ction
Namo Class Dato
Sertoo 1 kevew N5E5 L5 1c, 2d
5ECIION VOCAULAkY
cell cycle the life cycle of a cell
cbromosome in a eukaryotic cell, one of the struc-
tures in the nucleus that are made up of DN and
protein in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DN
cytokinesis the division of cytoplasm of a cell
bomologous cbromosomes chromosomes that
have the same sequence of genes and the
same structure
mitosis in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell
division that forms two new nuclei, each of
which has the same number of chromosomes
Compare How doos tho DNA of prokaryotic and oukaryotic colls diffor?
2 5ummarize Comploto tho Procoss Chart to oxplain tho throo stagos of tho coll
cyclo. Includo tho four phasos of mitosis.
Mitosis begins with prophase. The chromosomes condense.
During telophase the nuclear membrane forms. The chromosomes lengthen and
mitosis ends.
ExpIain Why doos a coll mako a copy of its DNA boforo it dividos?
Infer Why is coll division in oukaryotic colls moro complox than in prokaryotic colls?