MATH 209

Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
MATH 209Calculus, III
Volker Runde
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Fall 2011
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Polar coordinates, I
Rectangular versus polar coordinates
x = r cos , y = r sin , x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
.
Important
Some regions in R
2
are easier to describe in terms of polar
coordinates.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Polar coordinates, II
Example
1 {(x, y) : x
2
+ y
2
1} is
{(r , ) : r [0, 1], [0, 2]};
2 {(x, y) : x, y 0, 1 x
2
+ y
2
4} is
_
(r , ) : r [1, 2],
_
0,

2
__
.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Integration in polar coordinates, I
Denition
A set of the form
{(r , ) : r [a, b], [, ]}
is called a polar rectangle.
Theorem (change to polar coordinates in a double integral)
Let
R := {(r , ) : r [a, b], [, ]}
be a polar rectangle, and let f : R R be continuous. Then
__
R
f (x, y) dA =
_

_
b
a
f (r cos , r sin )r dr d.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, I
Example
Find the volume V of the solid bounded by the xy-plane and
the paraboloid z = 1 x
2
y
2
.
In the equation of the paraboloid, set z = 0: get x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
Hence, the solid lies under the paraboloid and above the disc
D := {(x, y) : x
2
+ y
2
1},
so that
V =
__
D
1 x
2
y
2
dA.
Note that
D :=
_
(x, y) : 1 x 1,
_
1 x
2
y
_
1 x
2
_
is of type I.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, II
Example (continued)
Hence:
V =
_
1
1
_

1x
2

1x
2
1 x
2
y
2
dy dx
=
_
1
1
y x
2
y
y
3
3

y=

1x
2
y=

1x
2
dx
= 2
_
1
1
_
1 x
2
x
2
_
1 x
2

1
3
(1 x
2
)
3
2
dx
= 2
_
1
1
_
1 x
2
dx 2
_
1
1
x
2
_
1 x
2
dx
2
_
1
1
1
3
(1 x
2
)
3
2
dx = ???.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, III
Example (continued)
D is also of type II, but this yields no simplication.
Switch to polar coordinates instead.
We obtain:
D = {(r , ) : r [0, 1], [0, 2]}.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, IV
Example (continued)
We obtain:
V =
__
D
1 x
2
y
2
dA
=
_
2
0
_
1
0
(1 r
2
cos
2
r
2
sin
2
)r dr d
=
_
2
0
_
1
0
(1 r
2
)r dr d = 2
_
1
0
r r
3
dr d
= 2
_
r
2
2

r
4
4

r =1
r =0
_
=

2
.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Integration in polar coordinates, II
Theorem
Let h
1
, h
2
: [, ] R be continuous with h
1
h
2
, and let
D := {(r , ) : [, ], h
1
() r h
2
()}.
Then
__
D
f (x, y) dA =
_

_
h
2
()
h
1
()
f (r cos , r sin )r dr d.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, V
Example
Consider the four leaved rose given by r = cos 2, and
determine the area of
D :=
_
(r , ) :
_

4
,

4
_
, r [0, cos 2]
_
.
Note that
A(D) =
__
D
1 dA.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, VI
Example (continued)
We obtain:
A(D) =
__
D
1 dA =
_
4

4
_
cos 2
0
r dr d
=
_
4

4
r
2
2

r =cos 2
r =0
d =
1
2
_
4

4
cos
2
2 d
=
1
4
_
4

4
1 + cos 4 d =
1
4
_
+
1
4
sin 4

4
=

4
_
=

8
.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, VI
Example
Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid
z = x
2
+ y
2
, above the xy-plane, and inside the cylinder
x
2
+ y
2
= 2x.
The cylinder base has the form
01 = x
2
2x + 1 + y
2
= (x 1)
2
+ y
2
.
Hence, the solid lies above the disc
D := {(x, y) : (x 1)
2
+ y
2
1}.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, VII
Example (continued)
Since x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
and x = r cos , we obtain in polar
coordinates
x
2
+ y
2
= 2x r
2
= 2r cos r = 2 cos ,
so that
D =
_
(r , ) :
_

2
,

2
_
, 0 r 2 cos
_
.
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, VIII
Example (continued)
Thus:
V =
__
D
x
2
+ y
2
dA =
_
2

2
_
2 cos
0
r
3
dr d
=
_
2

2
r
4
4

r =2 cos
r =0
d = 4
_
2

2
cos
4
d = 8
_
2
0
cos
4
d
= 8
_
2

2
_
1 + cos 2
2
_
2
d = 2
_
2
0
1 + 2 cos 2 + cos
2
2 d
=
MATH 209
Calculus,
III
Volker Runde
Double
integrals in
polar
coordinates
Examples, IX
Example (continued)
= 2
_
2
0
1 + 2 cos 2 + cos
2
2 d
= 2
_
2
0
1 + 2 cos 2 +
1
2
(1 + cos 4) d
= 2
_
3
2
+ sin 2 +
1
8
sin 4

2
=0
_
= 2
3
2

2
=
3
2
.