Operational Amplifiers

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OpAmp
! Its a differential amplifier with a very high gain, high input impedance and very low impedance at the output.

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Uses
! ! ! ! ! ! Amplifiers Oscillators Filters Instrumentation Circuits Analog Arithmetic Control Circuits

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OpAmp

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Ideal OpAmp
! ! ! ! ! Differential Gain = Infinite Input Impedance Zi = Infinite Input Impedance Zo = 0 Gain- Bandwidth Product GBW = Infinite V+ - V- =0

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Real OpAmp
! ! ! ! Differential Gain = 200,000 Input Impedance Zi = 1M!" Input Impedance Zo = 0 Gain- Bandwidth Product GBW = Decreasing ! V+ - V- = Not always 0

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Input in one terminal

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Input in one terminal

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Input in double terminal

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Input in double terminal

Vo=0

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Differential Inputs

VO = (v1 ! v2 )

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Operation Modes
! Open Loop: Comparator. ! Closed Loop:
! Negative feedback:
! Linear Amplifier ! Integrator ! Differentiator

! Positive feedback:
! Comparator ! Hysteresis ! Oscillator
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Open Loop

VO = (v1 ! v2 ) Av

Ideal Case

Av = !
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Real Open Loop

!"

Positive !"#$% &' () ' Saturation *%$+,% - ./0( 3 "*.$.2" Voltage

425 6778777

!)

Negative !"#$% &' () ' Saturation *%$+,% - ./0( Voltage 0' 1% $.2"

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+1V

Response

-1V +15V

-15V

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OpAmp First Analysis

RF

V-

Vi

Ri

11

OUT +

Vo

V+

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Equivalent Circuit
RF

Vi

Ri

Ro Vo

Ra

Av Va

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If Ra>>0, and Ro=0 (Ideal Case) RF

Vi Ri Vo

Av Va

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Inverter Amplifier
RF Ri

V-

Vi

11

OUT +

Vo

RF Vo = ! Vi Ri
4
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V+

Non-Inverter Amplifier
RF

Ri

V-

11

OUT +

Vo

& Ri + RF Vo = $ $ R i %

# ! V ! i "

V+

Vi

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Summing Inverter Amplifier

V1 V2 V3 R1 R2 R3 2 RF

V-

11

OUT +

Vo

& V1 V2 V3 # ! Vo = ' RF $ + + $R R R ! 2 3 " % 1

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V+

Differential Amplifier
V1 R1 RF

V-

2 R2

11

OUT +

Vo

' RF Vo = V2 % 1 + % R1 &

V+

V2

$ RF " ! V " R 1 1 #
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Differential Amplifier
V1 R1 RF

V-

2 R2

11

OUT +

Vo

R3

R3 ' RF % Vo = 1+ % R2 + R3 & R1

V+

V2

$ RF " "V2 ! R V1 1 #
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Non-Inverter Summing Amplifier

Ri RF

V-

2 R1 R2

11

OUT +

Vo

V2

& RF & V1 V2 # $ ! ( ) Vo = $ + R || R 1 + 1 2 $R R ! $ Ri 2 " % 1 %

V+

V1

# ! ! "

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Voltage Follower
2
11

V-

OUT +
V+

Vo

Vi

Vo = Vi
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Integrator Active Amplifier

C1 Ri

V-

Vi

11

OUT +

Vo

1 vo (t ) = " v ( t ) dt i ! RC
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V+

Differentiator Active Amplifier

Ri C1

V-

Vi

11

OUT +

Vo

dvi (t ) vo (t ) = ! RC dt
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V+