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Lakshmikutty1
Created by Jimit Dilip Patel FOURTH YEAR Chemical Engineering Visvesvaraya National Institute Of Technology College Teacher Dr. Sachin Mandavagane Cross-Checked by
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT, http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project section at the website http://scilab.in
1 Funded
Book Description
Title: Stoichiometry And Process Calculations Author: K. V. Narayanan And B. Lakshmikutty Publisher: Prentice Hall Of India, New Delhi Edition: 1 Year: 2006 ISBN: 81-203-2992-9
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the above book. Exa Example (Solved example) Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book) AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular Example of the above book) For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 2 Units and Dimensions 3 Fundamental concepts of stoichiometry 4 Ideal Gases and Gas Mixtures 5 Properties of Real Gases 6 Vapour Pressure 7 Solutions and Phase Behaviour 8 Humidity and Humidity chart 9 Material Balance in Unit Operations 10 Material Balance with Chemical Reaction 11 Energy Balance Thermophysics 12 Energy Balance Thermochemistry 4 11 16 28 40 47 53 68 83 101 126 152
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
3.20 3.21 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13
Exa 4.14 Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7.1
Extent of reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ethylene to ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gas constant R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molar volume of air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ideal gas equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum allowable temperature of tyre . . . . . . . . Pressure calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weight composition and density calculation . . . . . . calculations for natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volume of gas from absorption columnn . . . . . . . . dehumidication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absorption column for H2S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reaction stoichiometry for preparation of ammonia . . Reaction stoichiometry for preparation of producer gas Reaction stoichiometry for preparation of Chlorine from HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reaction stoichiometry for dissociation of Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Van der waals equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Van der waals equation for CO2 gas . . . . . . . . . . Redlich Kwong equation for gaseous ammonia . . . . . Molar Volume calculation for gaseous ammonia . . . . virial equation of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lyderson method for n butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pitzer correlation for n butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . Molar volume by dierent methods . . . . . . . . . . . Van der waals equation and Kays method . . . . . . . Quality of steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calculation of vapour pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clausius Clapeyron equation for acetone . . . . . . . . Antoine equation for n heptane . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cox chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duhring line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . composition calculation of Liquid and vapour at equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Composition and total pressure calculation . . . . . . Mole fraction calculation for particular component in liquid vapour mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
25 26 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 37 38 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 45 47 47 48 49 49 51 53 53 54
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
7.4 7.5.a 7.5.b 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6
Flash vapourization of benzene toluene mixture . . . . Boiling point diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equilibrium Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bubble point temperature and vapour composition . . Dew point temperature pressure and concentration . . Partial pressure of acetaldehyde . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raults law application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dew point temperature and pressure . . . . . . . . . . bubble point and dew point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . component calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . equilibrium temperature and composition . . . . . . . Temperature composition diagram . . . . . . . . . . . Boiling point calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitrogen and ammonia gas mixture . . . . . . . . . . . Benzene vapour air mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaporation of acetone using dry air . . . . . . . . . . Humidity for acetone vapour and nitrogen gas mixture Percent saturation and relative saturation . . . . . . . Analysis of Moist air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heating value calculation for a fuel gas . . . . . . . . . Analysis of nitrogen benzene mixture . . . . . . . . . . Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturation lines for hexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psychometric chart application . . . . . . . . . . . . . Humid heat calculation for a sample of air . . . . . . . wet bulb temperature and dry bulb temperature . . . Humidity calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAturation curve and adiabatic cooling line . . . . . . Adiabatic drier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psychometric chart application . . . . . . . . . . . . . Psychometric chart application and given wet bulb and dry bulb temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combustion of coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drying of wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Euent discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . benzene requirement calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . Fortication of waste acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triple eect evaporator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
55 56 56 58 58 59 59 61 62 63 65 65 67 68 69 69 70 71 71 72 73 74 76 76 77 78 78 79 80 81 82 83 83 84 84 85 86
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22
Crystallization operation . . . . . . . . . . . Evaporation of Na2CO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . Crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leaching operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dryer and oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adiabatic drier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extraction of isopropyl alcohol . . . . . . . . Absorption of acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absorption of SO3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Continuous distillation column . . . . . . . . Distillation operation for methanol solution . Bypass operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recycle operation centrifuge plus lter . . . . Recycle operation granulator and drier . . . . Blowdown operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combustion of propane . . . . . . . . . . . . Combustion of hydrogen free coke . . . . . . Combustion of fuel oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combustion of producer gas . . . . . . . . . . Combustion of coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stoichiometric analysis of combustion of coal Orsat analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burning of pyrites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production of sulphuric acid . . . . . . . . . Burning of limestone mixed with coke . . . . treating limestone with aqueous H2SO4 . . . Production of TSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production of sodium phosphate . . . . . . . Production of pig iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production of nitric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . Material balance in nitric acid production . . Electrolysis of brine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preparation of Formaldehyde . . . . . . . . . Recycle operation reactor and separator . . . Conversion of sugar to glucose and fructose . Purging operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purging operation for production of methanol 7
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86 87 88 89 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 95 96 97 98 99 101 102 103 105 105 106 109 109 111 112 113 115 115 116 117 118 119 121 122 122 123 124
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
Power calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kinetic energy calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work done calculation for a gas conned in a cylinder Power requirement of the pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specic enthalpy of the uid in the tank . . . . . . . . internal energy and enthalpy change calculation . . . . change in internal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reaction of iron with HCl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermic uid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy change when chlorine gas is heated . . . . . Molal heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy change of a gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combustion of solid waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat capacity calculation for Na2SO4 10H2O . . . . . Heat of vaporization calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equilibrium temperature of mixture . . . . . . . . . . Estimation of mean heat of vaporisation . . . . . . . . Heat of vaporization of methyl chloride . . . . . . . . Watson equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kistyakowsky equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quality of steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enthalpy balance for evaporation process . . . . . . . Mean heat capacity of ethanol water solution . . . . . Evaporation of NaOH solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat transfer to air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . change in internal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat liberation in oxidation of iron llings . . . . . . . Saturated steam and saturated water . . . . . . . . . . constant volume and constant pressure process . . . . series of operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . change in internal energy and enthalpy and heat supplied and work done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 11.35 Heat removed in condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 11.36 Throttling process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exa 11.37 water pumping and energy balances . . . . . . . . . . 8
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34
126 126 127 127 128 128 128 129 129 130 130 132 133 133 134 134 135 136 137 137 137 138 138 139 140 141 142 142 143 143 143 144 145 146 147 148 148
Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa Exa
11.38 11.39 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20
Energy balance on rotary drier . . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy balance on the fractionator . . . . . . . . . . . Heat liberated calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat of formation of methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net heating value of coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat of reaction for esterication of ethyl alcohol . . . Vapour phase hydration of ethylene to ethanol . . . . Standard heat of formation of acetylene . . . . . . . . Standard heat of roasting of iron pyrites . . . . . . . . Standard heat of formation of liquid methanol . . . . . Gross heating value and Net heating value calculation Standard heat of reaction calculation . . . . . . . . . . Constant pressure heat of combustion . . . . . . . . . Heat of reaction for ammonia synthesis . . . . . . . . Standard heat of reaction of methanol synthesis . . . . Combustion of CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heat added or removed calculation . . . . . . . . . . . CO2 O2 and N2 passed through a bed of C . . . . . . Partial oxidation of natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum allowable conversion calculation . . . . . . . Theoretical ame temperature calculation . . . . . . . Temperature of products on burning of hydrogen gas .
149 150 152 153 153 154 154 155 155 156 157 157 158 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166
List of Figures
6.1 6.2 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 Cox chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duhring line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boiling point diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equilibrium Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature composition diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saturation lines for hexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAturation curve and adiabatic cooling line . . . . . . . . . 50 51 55 57 66 75 79 131
10
clc () funcprot (0) V1 = 15; // f t 3/ min ft = 0.3048; //m min = 60; // s e c s V = V1 * ft ^3/ min ; disp ( m3/ s ,V , V o l u m e t r i c f l o w r a t e = ) D = 1000; // kg /m3 M = V * D; disp ( kg / s ,M , mass f l o w r a t e = )
clc () funcprot (0) kgf = 9.80665; //N cm = 10^ -2; //m P = kgf / cm ^2; disp ( N/m2 ,P , 1 k g f /cm2 = ) lbf = 32.174; // l b f t // s 2 lb = 0.4535924; // kg ft = 0.3048; //m in = 0.0254; //m P1 = lbf * lb * ft / in ^2; disp ( N/m2 ,P1 , 1 l b f / i n 2 = )
clc () Q1 = 10000; // kJ / h r kJ = 1000; // J hr = 3600; // s Q = Q1 * kJ / hr ; // J / s disp ( J / s ,Q , Q = ) x = 0.1; //m A = 1 //m2 T = 800; //K k = x * Q /( A * T ) ; disp ( W/ (mK) ,k , t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y = ) J = 1/4.1868; // c a l k1 = k * J * hr /1000; disp ( k c a l / ( h mC) ,k1 , t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y = ) 12
clc () F = 300; //N a = 9.81; //m/ s 2 m = F / a ; // kg disp ( kg ,m , mass i n kg = ) lb = 4.535924/10; // kg m1 = m / lb ; disp ( l b ,m1 , mass i n pounds = )
clc () z = 15; //m PE = 2000; // J g = 9.8067; //m/ s 2 m = PE /( z * g ) ; disp ( kg ,m , mass = ) v = 50; //m/ s KE = 1/2* m *( v ^2) /1000; disp ( kJ ,KE , k i n e t i c e n e r g y = )
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Force and pressure for piston cylinder
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
D1 = 4; // i n c h D = D1 * 2.54 * 10^ -2; //m A = 3.1415 * ( D ^2) /4; //m2 F1 = P * A ; //N F2 = m * g ; //N F = F1 + F2 ; disp ( N ,F , T o t a l f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e g a s = ) P1 = F / A ; //N/m2 P2 = P1 /100000; // b a r P3 = P1 /(6.894757 * 10^3) ; // p s i disp ( N/m2 ,P1 , P r e s s u r e i n N/m2 = ) disp ( b a r ,P2 , P r e s s u r e i n b a r = ) disp ( p s i ,P3 , P r e s s u r e i n p s i = ) d = 0.4; //m W = F * d; disp ( J ,W , Work done = ) PE = m * g * d ; disp ( J ,PE , Change i n p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y = )
( ( d s 0 . 4 ) (dG 0 . 2 ) ) //kG l b m o l / ( h f t 2 atm ) , G l b / ( f t 2 h ) , ds , dG , dt f e e t // kG1 kmol / (m2 h atm ) , G1 kg / (m2 h ) , ds1 , dG1 , dt1 m G = 0.2048; //G1 l b / ( f t 2 h ) d = 3.2808; // d1 f t ds = d ; dt = d ; dG = d ; kG = 4.885; // kG1 ( l b m o l / ( h f t 2 atm ) = 4 . 8 8 5 kmol / (m2 h atm ) ) 14
t 2 //Cp Btu / l b mol F , t F // Cp1 kJ / kmol K , t 1 K a = 7.13; b = 0.577 * 10^ -3; c = 0.0248 * 10^ -6; // t = 1 . 8 t 1 4 5 9 . 6 7 Cp = 4.1868; // Cp1 ( Btu / l b mol F = 4 . 1 8 6 8 ( kJ / kmol K) ) // s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e above , we g e t , // Cp1 = 2 8 . 7 6 3 + 4 . 7 6 3 (10 3) t 1 + 0 . 3 3 6 6 (10 6) t 2 a1 = 28.763; b1 = 4.763 * (10^ -3) ; c1 = 0.3366 * (10^ -6) ; disp ( a1 , a1 = ) disp ( b1 , b1 = ) disp ( c1 , c 1 = ) // t h i s a r e t h e c o e f f i c e n t s f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g equation ; // Cp1 = a1 + b1 t 1 + c 1 ( t 1 ) 2
15
Scilab code Exa 3.1 pounds per minute to kmol per hour
1 2 3 4 5
clc () m = 1000 * 0.4536; // kg / min M = 30.24; //gm/ mol m1 = m * 60 / M ; disp ( kmol / h r ,m1 , m o l a r f o l w r a t e = )
9 10
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Moles of sodium sulphate clc () Na = 23; //gm/ mol MNa = 100; // kg N = MNa * 1000 / Na ; // gatoms NNa2SO4 = N / 2; disp ( kmol , NNa2SO4 , ( a ) m o l e s o f sodium s u l p h a t e = ) 7 MNa2SO4 = 142.06; 8 m = NNa2SO4 * MNa2SO4 /1000; 9 disp ( kg ,m , ( b ) k i l o g r a m s o f sodium s u l p h a t e = )
1 2 3 4 5 6
clc () MFe = 55.85; MO = 16; MS = 32; MFeS2 = MFe + MS * 2; MFe2O3 = MFe * 2 + MO * 3; MSO3 = MS + MO * 3; m1SO3 = 100; // kg N1 = m1SO3 / ( MSO3 ) ; // kmol NFeS2 = N1 / 2; mFeS2 = NFeS2 * MFeS2 ; disp ( kg , mFeS2 , mass o f p y r i t e s t o o b t a i n 100 kg o f SO3 = ) 13 m2SO3 = 50; // kg 17
14 N2 = m2SO3 / ( MSO3 ) ; // kmol 15 NO2 = N2 * 15/8; 16 mO2 = NO2 * MO * 2; 17 disp ( kg ,mO2 , mass o f Oxygen consumed t o p r o d u c e 50
kg o f SO3 = )
clc () MKClO3 = 122.55 mKClO3 = 100; // kg NKClO3 = mKClO3 / MKClO3 ; NO2 = 3 * NKClO3 / 2; V1 = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol ; V = V1 * NO2 ; disp ( m3 ,V , volume o f o x y g e n p r o d u c e d = )
clc () mH2 = 100; // kg NH2 = mH2 /2.016; NFe = 3 * NH2 / 4; mFe = NFe * 55.85; disp ( kg ,mFe , ( a ) mass o f i r o n r e q u i r e d = ) NH2O = NH2 ; mH2O = NH2O * 18; disp ( kg , mH2O , mass o f steam r e q u i r e d = ) V1 = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol ; V = V1 * NH2 ; disp ( m3 ,V , Volume o f h y d r o g e n = )
18
o f CaCO3 = )
o f m i x t u r e = )
sp . g 131.5)
4 Dwater = 999; // kg /m 3 ; 5 Doil1 = sp . g1 * Dwater ; 6 V1 = 250; //m3 7 m1 = V1 * Doil1 ; 8 API2 = 15; // API 9 sp . g2 = 141.5/(131.5 + API2 ) ; // ( s i n c e , API = 1 4 1 . 5 / 10 11 12 13 14 15
sp . g 131.5) Dwater = 999; // kg /m 3 ; Doil2 = sp . g2 * Dwater ; V2 = 1000; //m3 m2 = V2 * Doil2 ; Dmix = ( m1 + m2 ) /( V1 + V2 ) ; disp ( kg /m3 , Dmix , d e n s i t y o f t h e m i x t u r e = ) 20
clc () m1 = 250; // kg mwater1 = 50; // kg mdrysolid1 = m1 - mwater1 ; wfe1 = mwater1 / m1 ; wr1 = mwater1 / mdrysolid1 ; wtpercentw1 = mwater1 * 100 / m1 ; wtpercentd1 = mwater1 * 100 / mdrysolid1 ; a = 90; //% mwater2 = mwater1 * (1 - a /100) ; m2 = mdrysolid1 + mwater2 ; wfe2 = mwater2 / m2 ; wr2 = mwater2 / mdrysolid1 ; wtpercentw2 = mwater2 * 100 / m2 ; wtpercentd2 = mwater2 * 100 / mdrysolid1 ; disp ( wfe1 , ( a ) w e i g h t f r a c t i o n o f w a t e r a t e n t r a n c e = ) disp ( wfe2 , w e i g h t f r a c t i o n o f w a t e r a t e x i t = ) disp ( wr1 , ( b ) w e i g h t r a t i o o f w a t e r a t e n t r a n c e = ) disp ( wr2 , w e i g h t r a t i o o f w a t e r a t e x i t = ) disp ( wtpercentw1 , ( c ) w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f m o i s t u r e on wet b a s i s a t e n t r a n c e = ) disp ( wtpercentw2 , w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f m o i s t u r e on wet b a s i s at e x i t = ) disp ( wtpercentd1 , ( d ) w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f m o i s t u r e on dry b a s i s at e n t r a n c e = ) disp ( wtpercentd2 , w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f m o i s t u r e on d r y b a s i s at e x i t = )
1 clc () 2 mdrysolid = 100; // kg 3 percentin = 25; 4 mwaterin = mdrysolid * percentin / 100; 5 percentout = 2.5; 6 mwaterout = mdrysolid * percentout / 100; 7 mremoved = mwaterin - mwaterout ; 8 percentremoved = mremoved *100 / mwaterin ; 9 disp ( percentremoved , p e r c e n t a g e o f w a t e r removed =
= )
22
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
mfr = mNaCl / msolu ; mpr = mfr * 100; MNaCl = 58.45; // kg / kmol NNaCl = mNaCl / MNaCl ; MH2O = 18; // kg / kmol NH2O = mwater / MH2O ; Mfr = NNaCl / ( NNaCl + NH2O ) ; Mpr = Mfr * 100; N = NNaCl *1000 / mwater ; disp ( mfr , ( a ) mass f r a c t i o n o f NaCl = ) disp ( mpr , mass p e r c e n t o f NaCl= ) disp ( Mfr , ( b ) mole f r a c t i o n o f NaCl = ) disp ( Mpr , mole p e r c e n t o f NaCl = ) disp (N , kmol NaCl p e r 1 0 0 0 kg o f w a t e r = )
clc () Y = 0.015; // kg w a t e r v a p o u r / kg d r y a i r Mair = 29; // kg / kmol Mwater = 18.016; // kg / kmol Nwater = Y / Mwater ; // kmol Nair = 1 / Mair ; // kmol Mpr = Nwater *100 / ( Nwater + Nair ) ; Mr = Nwater / Nair ; disp ( Mpr , ( a ) mole p e r c e n t o f w a t e r v a p o u r = ) disp ( kmol w a t e r / kmol d r y a i r ,Mr , ( b ) m o l a l a b s o l u t e h u m i d i t y = )
23
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
MK2CO3 = 138.20; // g / mol percent1 = 50; //% mK2CO3 = percent1 * msolu / 100; NK2CO3 = mK2CO3 / MK2CO3 ; mwater = msolu - mK2CO3 ; Nwater = mwater / 18.06; Mpr = NK2CO3 * 100 / ( NK2CO3 + Nwater ) ; sp . gr =1.53; Vsolu = msolu / sp . gr ; //mL Vwater = mwater / 1; //mL Vpr = Vwater * 100/ Vsolu ; Molality = NK2CO3 / ( mwater * 10^ -3) ; Molarity = NK2CO3 / ( Vsolu * 10^ -3) ; Eq . wt = MK2CO3 / 2; No = mK2CO3 / Eq . wt ; N = No / ( Vsolu * 10^ -3) ; disp ( % ,Mpr , ( a ) Mole p r c e n t o f s a l t = ) disp ( % ,Vpr , ( b ) Volume p e r c e n t o f w a t e r = ) disp ( mol / kg , Molality , ( c ) M o l a l i t y = ) disp ( mol /L , Molarity , ( d ) M o l a r i t y = ) disp ( N ,N , ( e ) N o r m a l i t y )
24
12 N = malco / Malco ; 13 Molarity = N /( Vsolu ) ; 14 mwater = msolu - malco ; 15 Molality = N * 1000 / mwater ; 16 disp ( % ,Vpr , ( a ) Volume p e r c e n t
of ethanol in
clc () //CO + CL2 = COCl2 Np = 12; // m o l e s NCl2 = 3; // m o l e s NCO = 8; // m o l e s N1Cl2 = NCl2 + Np ; N1CO = NCO + Np ; pr . ex = ( N1CO - N1Cl2 ) * 100/ N1Cl2 ; pr . co = ( N1Cl2 - NCl2 ) * 100/ N1Cl2 ; T = Np + NCl2 + NCO ; T1 = N1Cl2 + N1CO ; N = T / T1 ; disp ( % , pr . ex , ( a ) p e r c e n t e x c e s s o f CO = ) disp ( % , pr . co , ( b ) p e r c e n t c o n v e r s i o n = ) disp (N , ( c ) M o l e s o f t o t a l p r o d u c t s p e r mole o f t o t a l r e a c t a n t s = )
25
4 Nnh3 = 1; // mole 5 n0 = Nn2 + Nh2 + Nnh3 ; 6 v = 2 - 1 - 3; 7 //YN2 = ( 2 E) / ( 1 0 2 E) 8 // Yh2 = (7 3 E) / ( 1 0 2 E) 9 // Ynh3 = ( 1 + 2 E) / ( 1 0 2 E) 10 disp ( mole f r a c t i o n o f N2 = ( 2 E) / ( 1 0 2 E) ) 11 disp ( mole f r a c t i o n o f H2 = (7 3 E) / ( 1 0 2 E) ) 12 disp ( mole f r a c t i o n o f NH3 = ( 1 + 2 E) / ( 1 0 2 E) )
clc () msolu = 100; // g MK2CO3 = 138.20; // g / mol percent1 = 50; //% mK2CO3 = percent1 * msolu / 100; NK2CO3 = mK2CO3 / MK2CO3 ; mwater = msolu - mK2CO3 ; Nwater = mwater / 18.06; Mpr = NK2CO3 * 100 / ( NK2CO3 + Nwater ) ; sp . gr =1.53; Vsolu = msolu / sp . gr ; //mL Vwater = mwater / 1; //mL Vpr = Vwater * 100/ Vsolu ; Molality = NK2CO3 / ( mwater * 10^ -3) ; Molarity = NK2CO3 / ( Vsolu * 10^ -3) ; Eq . wt = MK2CO3 / 2; No = mK2CO3 / Eq . wt ; N = No / ( Vsolu * 10^ -3) ; disp ( % ,Mpr , ( a ) Mole p r c e n t o f s a l t = ) disp ( % ,Vpr , ( b ) Volume p e r c e n t o f w a t e r = ) disp ( mol / kg , Molality , ( c ) M o l a l i t y = ) disp ( mol /L , Molarity , ( d ) M o l a r i t y = ) disp ( N ,N , ( e ) N o r m a l i t y ) 26
27
clc () P1 = 760; //mmHg T1 = 273.15; //K V1 = 22.4143 * 10^ -3; //m3/ mol R1 = P1 * V1 / T1 ; disp ( m3 mmHg / ( molK ) ,R1 , Gas c o n s t a n t R = ) P2 = 101325; //N/m2 T2 = 273.15; //K V2 = 22.4143 * 10^ -3; //m3/ mol R2 = P2 * V2 / T2 ; // J /molK R3 = R2 / 4.184; // c a l /molK disp ( c a l /molK ,R3 , Gas c o n s t a n t R i n MKS s y s t e m = )
28
STD)
5 P1 = 1.01325; // b a r 6 T1 = 273.15; //K 7 V = P1 * V1 * T /( T1 * P ) ; 8 disp ( m3/ mol ,V , Molar volume = )
clc () P = 10; // b a r T = 300; //K V = 150; //L P1 = 1.01325; // b a r ( \ s u f f i x 1 r e p r e s e n t s a t STD) T1 = 273.15; //K V2 = T1 * P * V /( T * P1 ) ; //m3 V1 = 22.4143; //m3/ mol N = V2 / V1 ; // mol MO2 = 32; m = N * MO2 /1000; disp ( kg ,m , Mass o f o x y g e n i n t h e c y l i n d e r = )
clc () P = 195; // kPa T = 273; //K P1 = 250; // kPa T1 = P1 * T / P ; disp ( K ,T1 , Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e t o which t y r e may be h e a t e d = )
29
clc () V = 250; //L T = 300; //K V1 = 1000; //L P1 = 100; // kPa T1 = 310; //K P = T * P1 * V1 /( T1 * V ) ; disp ( kPa ,P , O r i g i n a l p r e s s u r e i n t h e c y l i n d e r = )
clc () Vper1 = 70; //% ( 1 = HCl ) Vper2 = 20; //% ( 2 = Cl2 ) Vper3 = 10; //% ( 3 = CCl4 ) M1 = 36.45; M2 = 70.90; M3 = 153.8; m1 = Vper1 * M1 ; m2 = Vper2 * M2 ; m3 = Vper3 * M3 ; mper1 = m1 * 100/( m1 + m2 + m3 ) ; mper2 = m2 * 100/( m1 + m2 + m3 ) ; mper3 = m3 * 100/( m1 + m2 + m3 ) ; disp ( mper1 , ( a ) w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f HCl= ) disp ( mper2 , w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f Cl2= ) disp ( mper3 , w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f CCl4= ) m = ( m1 + m2 + m3 ) /( Vper1 + Vper2 + Vper3 ) ; disp ( kg ,m , ( b ) a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t = ) v = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol 30
clc () per1 = 93; //% ( 1 = methane ) per2 = 4.5; //% ( 2 = e t h a n e ) per3 = 100 - ( per1 + per2 ) ; //% ( 3 = N2 ) ; T = 300; //K p = 400; // kPa P3 = p * per3 / 100; v = 10; //m3 V2 = per2 * v / 100; M1 = 16.032; M2 = 30.048; M3 = 28; N1 = per1 ; N2 = per2 ; N3 = per3 ; m1 = M1 * N1 ; m2 = M2 * N2 ; m3 = M3 * N3 ; m = m1 + m2 + m3 ; Vstp = 100 * 22.4143 * 10^ -3; //m3 a t STP D = m /(1000 * Vstp ) ; Pstp = 101.325; // kPa T1 = 273.15; //K V = T * Pstp * Vstp / ( T1 * p ) ; D1 = m /(1000 * V ) ; Mavg = m /100; mper1 = m1 * 100 / ( m1 + m2 + m3 ) ; mper2 = m2 * 100 / ( m1 + m2 + m3 ) ; 31
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
mper3 = m3 * 100 / ( m1 + m2 + m3 ) ; disp ( kPa ,P3 , ( a ) P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f n i t r o g e n = ) disp ( m3 ,V2 , ( b ) pure component volume o f e t h a n e = ) disp ( kg /m3 ,D , ( c ) D e n s i t y a t s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s = ) disp ( kg /m3 ,D1 , ( d ) D e n s i t y a t g i v e n c o n d i t i o n = ) disp ( Mavg , ( e ) A v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t = ) disp ( % , mper1 , ( f ) w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f Methane = ) disp ( % , mper2 , w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f Ethane = ) disp ( % , mper3 , w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f N i t r o g e n = )
clc () per1 = 20; //% ( 1 = ammonia ) Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol Pstp = 101.325; // kPa Tstp = 273.15; //K V1 = 100; //m3 P1 = 120; // kPa T1 = 300; //K P2 = 100; // kPa T2 = 280; //K per2 = 90; //% ( a b s o r b e d ) N = V1 * P1 * Tstp / ( Vstp * Pstp * T1 ) ; // kmol Nair = (1 - per1 / 100) * N ; N1 = per1 * N /100; Nabs = per2 * N1 / 100; N2 = N1 - Nabs ; // l e a v i n g Ntotal = Nair + N2 ; Vstp1 = Ntotal * Vstp ; //m3 V2 = Vstp1 * Pstp * T2 / ( Tstp * P2 ) ; disp ( m3 ,V2 , Volume o f g a s l e a v i n g = ) 32
Scilab code Exa 4.9 dehumidication clc () V = 100; //m3 Ptotal = 100; // kPa Pwater = 4; // kPa Pair = Ptotal - Pwater ; T = 300; //K T1 = 275; //K Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol Tstp = 273.15; //K Pstp = 101.325; // kPa Pwater1 = 1.8; // kPa Pair1 = Ptotal - Pwater1 ; V1 = V * Pair * T1 / ( T * Pair1 ) ; Nwater = V * Pwater * Tstp / ( Vstp * Pstp * T ) ; Nwater1 = V1 * Pwater1 * Tstp / ( Vstp * Pstp * T1 ) ; m = ( Nwater - Nwater1 ) * 18.02; disp ( m3 ,V1 , ( a ) volume o f a i r a f t e r d e h u m i d i f i c a t i o n = ) 18 disp ( kg ,m , ( b ) Mass o f w a t e r v a p o u r removed = )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
clc () V = 100; //m3 P = 600; // kPa T = 310; //K per1 = 20; //% ( H2S e n t e r i n g ) per2 = 2; //% ( H2S l e a v i n g ) Pstp = 101.325; // kPa 33
8 Tstp = 273.15; //K 9 Vstp = 22.414; //m3/ kmol 10 Vstp1 = V * P * Tstp / ( T * Pstp ) 11 N = Vstp1 / Vstp ; 12 N1 = N * per1 / 100; 13 N2 = N - N1 ; // ( 2 = i n e r t s ) 14 Nleaving = N2 / ( 1 - per2 / 100) ; 15 N1leaving = per2 * Nleaving / 100; 16 mabsorbed = ( N1 - N1leaving ) * 34.08; // ( m o l e c u l a r 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
wt . = 3 4 . 0 8 ) mgiven = 100; // kg / h Vactual = mgiven * V / mabsorbed ; Nactual = Nleaving * Vactual / V ; // a c t u a l m o l e s leaving Vstpl = Nactual * Vstp ; // volume l e a v i n g a t STP P2 = 500; // kPa T2 = 290; //K V2 = Vstpl * Pstp * T2 / ( P2 * Tstp ) ; Precovery = ( N1 - N1leaving ) *100 / N1 ; disp ( m3/ h , Vactual , ( a ) Volume o f g a s e n t e r i n g p e r hour ) disp ( m3/ h ,V2 , ( b ) Volume o f g a s l e a v i n g p e r h o u r ) disp ( % , Precovery , ( c ) P e r c e n t a g e r e c o v e r y o f H2S )
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
T1 = 350; //K P2 = 5; // b a r T2 = 290; //K V3 = 3 * V1 * P1 * T2 / ( P2 * T1 ) ; disp ( m3 ,V3 , ( b ) Volume r e q u i r e d a t 50 b a r and 290K = ) m = 1000; // kg ( ammonia ) N = m / 17.03; // kmol N1 = N /2; // ( n i t r o g e n ) N2 = N * 3 / 2; // ( h y d r o g e n ) P3 = 50; // b a r T3 = 600; //K Pstp = 1.01325; // b a r Tstp = 273.15; //K Vstp = 22.414; //m3/ kmol V1stp = N1 * Vstp ; V4 = V1stp * Pstp * T3 / ( P3 * Tstp ) ; // ( n i t r o g e n a t 50 b a r and 600K) V5 = V4 * 2 ; // ( ammonia a t 50 b a r and 600K) V6 = V4 * 3 ; // ( h y d r o g e n a t 50 b a r and 600K) disp ( m3 ,V4 , ( c ) Volume o f n i t r o g e n a t 50 b a r and 600K ) disp ( m3 ,V6 , Volume o f h y d r o g e n a t 50 b a r and 600K ) disp ( m3 ,V5 , Volume o f ammonia a t 50 b a r and 600K )
Scilab code Exa 4.12 Reaction stoichiometry for preparation of producer gas
1 2 3 4 5
clc () N = 100; // kmol p r o d u c e r g a s P1 = 25; //% ( Carbon monoxide ) P2 = 4; //% ( Carbon D i o x i d e ) P3 = 3; //% ( Oxygen ) 35
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
P4 = 68; //% ( N i t r o g e n ) N1 = N * P1 /100; N2 = N * P2 /100; N3 = N * P3 /100; N4 = N * P4 /100; NC = N1 + N2 ; m = NC * 12; Ngas = N / m ; // m o l e s o f g a s f o r 1 kg o f Carbon Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol Vstp1 = Vstp * Ngas ; P = 1; // b a r T = 290; // k Pstp = 1.01325; // b a r Tstp = 273.15; //K V = T * Vstp1 * Pstp / ( Tstp * P ) ; disp ( m3 ,V , ( a ) Volume o f g a s a t 1 b a r and 290 K p e r kg Carbon = ) //CO + 1/2 O2 = CO2 Nrequired = N1 /2 - N3 ; // ( o x y g e n r e q u i r e d ) Nsupplied = Nrequired * 1.2; PO1 = 21; //% ( Oxygen p e r c e n t i n a i r ) Nair = Nsupplied * 100/ PO1 ; V1 = 100; //m 3 ; Vair = V1 * Nair / N ; disp ( m3 , Vair , ( b ) Volume o f a i r r e q u i r e d = ) NCO2 = N2 + N1 ; NO2 = Nsupplied - Nrequired ; NN2 = N4 + ( Vair * (1 - PO1 / 100) ) ; Ntotal = NCO2 + NO2 + NN2 ; PCO2 = NCO2 * 100 / Ntotal ; PO2 = NO2 * 100 / Ntotal ; PN2 = NN2 * 100 / Ntotal ; disp ( % , PCO2 , P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f Carbon D i o x i d e = ) disp ( % ,PO2 , P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f Oxygen = ) disp ( % ,PN2 , P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f N i t r o g e n = )
36
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Reaction stoichiometry for preparation of Chlorine from HCl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
clc () // 4HCl + O2 = 2 Cl2 + 2H2O n = 1; // mol ( B a s i s 1 mol o f HCl ) NO2 = n / 4; NO2supp = 1.5 * NO2 ; Nair = NO2supp * 100 / 21; V = 100; //m3 Vair = V * Nair / n ; disp ( m3 , Vair , ( a ) Volume o f a i r a d m i t t e d = ) P1 = 80; //% ( HCl c o n v e r t e d ) Ncon = n * P1 /100; N2 = Ncon /4; // o x y g e n r e q u i r e d NH2O = Ncon / 2; NCl2 = Ncon / 2; nHCl = n - Ncon ; nO2 = NO2supp - N2 ; Nnitro = Nair - NO2supp ; Ntotal = nHCl + nO2 + NH2O + NCl2 + Nnitro ; V1 = V * Ntotal ; P1 = 1; // b a r T1 = 290; //K P2 = 1.2; // b a r T2 = 400; //K V2 = V1 * P1 * T2 / ( P2 * T1 ) ; disp ( m3 ,V2 , ( b ) Volume o f g a s l e a v i n g = ) VCl2 = NCl2 * V ; Pstp = 1.01325; // b a r Tstp = 273; //K Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol Vstp1 = Tstp * P1 * VCl2 / ( T1 * Pstp ) ; Nstp = Vstp1 / Vstp ; 37
m = Nstp * 70.90; disp ( kg ,m , ( c ) K i l o g r a m s o f C h l o r i n e p r o d u c e d = ) Ntotaldry = nHCl + nO2 + NCl2 + Nnitro ; // d r y b a s i s p1 = nHCl *100/ Ntotaldry ; p2 = nO2 *100/ Ntotaldry ; p3 = NCl2 *100/ Ntotaldry ; p4 = Nnitro *100/ Ntotaldry ; disp ( % ,p1 , ( d ) P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f HCl i n e x i t stream = ) 40 disp ( % ,p2 , P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f Oxygen i n e x i t stream = ) 41 disp ( % ,p3 , Percent composition of Chlorine in e x i t stream = ) 42 disp ( % ,p4 , Percent composition of nitrogen in e x i t stream = )
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Scilab code Exa 4.14 Reaction stoichiometry for dissociation of Carbon Dioxide
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
clc () // CO2 = CO + 1/2 O2 P1 = 1; // b a r T1 = 3500; //K P2 = 1; // b a r T2 = 300; //K V2 = 25; //L V1 = V2 * P2 * T1 / ( P1 * T2 ) ; disp ( L ,V1 , ( a ) F i n a l volume o f g a s i f no d i s s o c i a t i o n occured = ) Pstp = 1.01325; // b a r Tstp = 273; //K Vstp = 22.4143; //m3 N2 = V2 * P2 * Tstp / ( Vstp * Pstp * T2 ) ; // l e t x be t h e f r a c t i o n d i s s o c i a t e d , t h e n a f t e r dissociation , 38
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// CO2 = ( 1 x ) mol , CO = xmol , O2 = ( 0 . 5 x ) mol // t o t a l m o l e s = 1 x + x + o . 5 x = 1 + 0 . 5 x V = 350; //L N1 = V * P1 * Tstp / ( Vstp * Pstp * T1 ) ; // 1 + 0 . 5 x = N1 , t h e r e f o r e x = ( N1 - 1) / 0.5 ; p = x *100; disp ( % ,p , ( b )CO2 c o n v e r t e d = )
39
clc () V = 0.6; //m 3 ; T = 473; //K N = 1 * 10 ^ 3; // mol R = 8.314; // Pa m3/ molK P = N * R * T / ( V * 10^5) ; disp ( b a r ,P , ( a ) P r e s s u r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g i d e a l g a s equation = ) a = 0.4233; //N m4 / mol 2 b = 3.73 * 10^ -5; //m3/ mol P1 = ( R * T /( V / N - b ) -a /( V / N ) ^2) /10^5; disp ( b a r ,P1 , ( a ) P r e s s u r e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g van d e r waals equation = )
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Van der waals equation for CO2 gas
1 clc () 2 P = 10^7; // Pa ;
40
using
i d e a l gas equation = )
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Redlich Kwong equation for gaseous ammonia
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
clc () V = 0.6 * 10^ -3; //m3 T = 473; //K Tc = 405.5; //K Pc = 112.8 * 10 ^ 5 // Pa R = 8.314; a = 0.4278 * ( R ^2) * ( Tc ^ 2.5) / Pc ; b = 0.0867 * R * Tc / Pc ; P1 = ( R * T /( V - b ) - a /(( T ^0.5) * V *( V + b ) ) ) /10^5; disp ( b a r ,P1 , P r e s s u r e d e v e l o p e d by g a s = )
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Molar Volume calculation for gaseous ammonia
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
clc () P = 10^6; // Pa T = 373; //K Tc = 405.5; //K Pc = 112.8 * 10 ^ 5 // Pa R = 8.314; a = 0.4278 * ( R ^2) * ( Tc ^ 2.5) / Pc ; b = 0.0867 * R * Tc / Pc ; // P1 = (RT/ (V b ) a / ( ( T 0 . 5 ) V (V + b ) ) ) / 1 0 5 ; // 1 0 6 = ( ( 8 . 3 1 4 3 7 3 ) / (V 2.59 10 5) ) 8 . 6 8 / ( ( 3 7 3 0 . 5 ) V (V+2.59 10 5) 11 // s o l v i n g t h i s we g e t , 41
9 10 11
clc () B = -2.19 * 10^ -4; //m3/ mol C = -1.73 * 10^ -8; //m6/ mol 2 P = 10; // b a r T = 500; //K // v i r i a l e q u a t i o n i s g i v e n as , Z = PV/RT = 1 + B/V + C/V2 //V = (RT/P) ( 1 + B/V + C/V 2 ) // now by a s s u m i n g d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s f o r V on RHS and c h e c k i n g f o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g V on LHS , we have t o assume s u c h v a l u e o f V on RHS by which we g e t t h e same v a l u e f o r LHS V // by t r i a l and e r r o r we g e t , V = 3.92 * 10^ -3; //m3 disp ( m3 ,V , Molar volume o f m e t h a n o l = )
clc () T = 510; //K P = 26.6; // b a r Tc = 425.2; //K Pc = 38; // b a r Zc = 0.274; R = 8.314; Pr = P / Pc ; Tr = T / Tc ; disp ( Pr , Pr = ) 42
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
disp ( Tr , Tr = ) // From f i g . 5 . 4 and 5 . 5 from t h e t e x t book Z = 0.865; D = 0.15; Z1 = Z + D * ( Zc - 0.27) ; V = R * T * Z1 / ( P * 10^5) ; disp ( m3/ mol ,V , Molar volume o f nb u t a n e = )
clc () T = 510; //K P = 26.6; // b a r Tc = 425.2; //K Pc = 38; // b a r w = 0.193; R = 8.314; Pr = P / Pc ; Tr = T / Tc ; disp ( Pr , Pr = ) disp ( Tr , Tr = ) // From f i g . 5 . 6 and 5 . 7 from t h e t e x t book Z0 = 0.855; Z1 = 0.042; Z = Z0 + w * Z1 ; disp (Z , Z = ) V = R * T * Z / ( P * 10^5) ; disp ( m3/ mol ,V , Molar volume o f nb u t a n e = )
43
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
T = 325; //K xn2 = 0.4; xethane = 0.6; an2 = 0.1365; //N m4 / mol 2 bn2 = 3.86 * 10^ -5; //m3/ mol aethane = 0.557; //N m4 / mol 2 bethane = 6.51 * 10^ -5; //m3/ mol Pcn2 = 3394; // kPa Tcn2 = 126.2; //K Pcethane = 4880; // kPa Tcethane = 305.4; //K R = 8.314; V = R * T / ( P *1000) ; disp ( m3/ mol ,V , ( a ) Molar volume by i d e a l g a s e q u a t i o n = ) a = ( xn2 * ( an2 ^0.5) + xethane * ( aethane ^0.5) ) ^2; b = ( xn2 * bn2 + xethane * bethane ) ; // s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e a b o v e v a l u e s i n van d e r w a a l s e q u a t i o n , and s o l v i n g , we g e t V1 = 3.680 * 10^ -4; //m3/ mol disp ( m3/ mol ,V1 , ( b ) Molar volume by van d e r w a a l s e q u a t i o n = ) Prin2 = P / Pcn2 ; Trin2 = T / Tcn2 ; Priethane = P / Pcethane ; Triethane = T / Tcethane ; // u s i n g c o m p r e s s i b i l t y c h a r t , Zn2 = 1; Zethane = 0.42; Z = xn2 * Zn2 + xethane * Zethane ; V2 = Z * R * T / P ; disp ( m3/ mol ,V2 , ( c ) Molar volume b a s e d on c o m p r e s s i b i l t y f a c t o r = ) Pri1n2 = xn2 * P / Pcn2 ; Tri1n2 = T / Tcn2 ; Pri1ethane = xethane * P / Pcethane ; Tri1ethane = T / Tcethane ; // u s i n g c o m p r e s s i b i l t y c h a r t , 44
37 Zn21 = 1; 38 Zethane1 = 0.76; 39 Z1 = xn2 * Zn21 + xethane * Zethane1 ; 40 V3 = Z1 * R * T / P ; 41 disp ( m3/ mol ,V3 , ( c ) Molar volume b a s e d on d a l t o n s 42 43 44 45 46
law = ) Tc = xn2 * Tcn2 + xethane * Tcethane ; Pc = xn2 * Pcn2 + xethane * Pcethane ; Zc = 0.83; V4 = Zc * R * T / P ; disp ( m3/ mol ,V4 , ( d ) Molar volume by k a y s method = )
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Van der waals equation and Kays method clc () P1 = 40; //% ( n i t r o g e n ) P2 = 60; //% ( e t h a n e ) T = 325; //K V = 4.5 * 10^ -4; //m3/ mol a1 = 0.1365; //Nm4/ mol 2 b1 = 3.86 * 10 ^ -5; //m3/ mol a2 = 0.557; //Nm4/ mol 2 b2 = 6.51 * 10 ^ -5; //m3/ mol Pc1 = 3394; // kPa Tc1 = 126.1; //K Pc2 = 4880; // kPa Tc2 = 305.4; //K R = 8.314; Pideal = R * T / ( V * 1000) ; // kPa disp ( kPa , Pideal , ( a ) P r e s s u r e o f Gas by t h e i d e a l gas equation = ) 17 y1 = P1 /100; 18 y2 = P2 /100; 19 a = ( y1 * ( a1 ^(1/2) ) + y2 * ( a2 ^(1/2) ) ) ^2; 45
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equation = ) Tc = y1 * Tc1 + y2 * Tc2 ; Pc = y1 * Pc1 + y2 * Pc2 ; Vc = R * Tc / Pc ; // Pseudo c r i t i c a l i d e a l volume Vr = V / Vc ; // Pseudo r e d u c e d i d e a l volume Tr = T / Tc ; // Pseudo r e d u c e d t e m p e r a t u r e // From f i g 5 . 3 , we g e t Pr = 1 . 2 Pr = 1.2; Pk = Pr * Pc ; disp ( kPa ,Pk , ( b ) P r e s s u r e o f Gas by t h e Kays method = )
46
0.2813 y = ( SV - Vsaturatedl ) /( Vsaturatedv - Vsaturatedl ) ; P1 = y * 100; P2 = 100 - P1 ; disp ( % ,P1 , P e r c e n t a g e o f Vapour = ) disp ( % ,P2 , P e r c e n t a g e o f L i q u i d = )
47
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T1 = 363; //K T2 = 373; //K P2s = 101.3; // kPa J = 2275 * 18; // kJ / kmol R = 8.314; // kJ / kmolK // l n ( P2s / P1s ) = J ( 1 / T1 1/T2 ) / R P1s = P2s / exp ( J * (1/ T1 - 1/ T2 ) / R ) ; disp ( kPa ,P1s , Vapour p r e s s u r e o f w a t e r a t 363 K = )
clc () P1s = 194.9; // kPa P2s = 8.52; // kPa T1 = 353; //K T2 = 273; //K T3 = 300; //K Pair = 101.3; // kPa // l o g ( P2s / P1s ) = J ( 1 / T1 1/T2 ) / R // l e t J / R = L L = log ( P2s / P1s ) /(1/ T1 - 1/ T2 ) ; P3s = P1s * exp ( L * (1/ T1 - 1/ T3 ) ) ; Ptotal = P3s + Pair ; // a t s a t u r a t i o n v a p o u r p r e s s u r e = partial pressure disp ( kPa , Ptotal , ( a ) F i n a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e m i x t u r e = ) MP = P3s * 100 / Ptotal ; // mole p e r c e n t = m o l e s o f a c e t o n e 100 / t o t a l moles //= P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f a c e t o n e 100 / t o t a l Pressure disp ( % ,MP , ( b ) Mole p e r c e n t o f a c e t o n e i n t h e f i n a l mixture = )
48
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Antoine equation for n heptane clc () A = 13.8587; B = 2911.32; C = 56.56; T1 = 325; //K // P r e s s u r e a t n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n = 1 0 1 . 3 kPa P2 = 101.3; // kPa // A n t o i n e e q u a t i o n lnP = A B / (T C) lnP = A - ( B / ( T - C ) ) ; P1 = exp ( lnP ) ; disp ( kPa ,P1 , ( a ) Vapour p r e s s u r e o f n h e p t a n e a t 325K = ) 12 T2 = B /( A - log ( P2 ) ) + C ; 13 disp ( K ,T2 , ( b ) Normal b o i l i n g p o i n t o f n h e p t a n e = )
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Scilab code Exa 6.5 Cox chart clc () T = [273 293 313 323 333 353 373]; Ps = [0.61 2.33 7.37 12.34 19.90 47.35 101.3]; plot2d ( l l ,T , Ps , rect =[250 ,0.1 ,380 ,195]) ; P = get ( h d l ) ; xtitle ( C o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o x c h a r t , Temperature , K , P r e s s u r e , kPa ) ; 7 T1 = [273 353] 8 Ps1 = [8.52 194.9] 9 plot2d ( l l ,T1 , Ps1 ) ; 49
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vapour p r e s s u r e = ) Pswater2 = 39.33; // kPa T2 = 353; //K Tb2 =3799.887/(16.26205 - log ( Pswater2 ) ) + 46.854; disp ( K ,Tb2 , b o i l i n g p o i n t o f w a t e r a t 3 9 . 3 3 kPa vapour p r e s s u r e = ) Tb = [ Tb1 Tb2 ]; T = [ T1 T2 ]; plot (T , Tb ) ; 51
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xtitle ( Equal p r e s s u r e r e f e r e n c e p l o t f o r s u l p h u r i c a c i d , B o i l i n g p o i n t o f s o l u t i o n ,K , B o i l i n g p o i n t o f water , K ) ; T3 = 333; //K // c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o T3 on x a x i s , on y we g e t Tb3 = 329; //K Pswater3 = exp (16.26205 - 3799.887/( Tb3 - 46.854) ) ; disp ( kPa , Pswater3 , Vapour p r e s s u r e o f s o l u t i o n a t 333K )
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Scilab code Exa 7.1 composition calculation of Liquid and vapour at equilibrium
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clc () Pas = 71.2; // kPa Pbs = 48.9; // kPa P = 65; // kPa //P=(Pas Pbs ) xa+Pbs , xa=mole f r a c t i o n o f nh e p t a n e , l i q . condition , therefore xa = ( P - Pbs ) /( Pas - Pbs ) ; // ya = Pa / P , Vapour c o n d i t i o n ya = Pas * xa / P ; P1 = xa * 100; P2 = ya * 100; disp ( % ,P1 , P e r c e n t a g e o f h e p a t n e i n l i q u i d = ) disp ( % ,P2 , P e r c e n t a g e o f h e p a t n e i n v a p o u r = )
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P1 = 100; // kPa ( Vapour p r e s s u r e o f l i q A ) P2 = 60; // kPa ( Vapour p r e s s u r e o f l i q B ) T = 320; //K // Pa = xa P1 = 100 xa // Pa = xb P2 = 60 xb //P = xa P1 + ( 1 xa ) P2 // = 100 xa + ( 1 xa ) 60 // = 60 + 40 xa // ya = Pa / P // 0 . 5 = 100 xa / ( 60 + 40 xa ) xa = 60 * 0.5 / (100 - 20) ; Per1 = xa * 100; disp ( % , Per1 , ( a ) P e r c e n t a g e o f A i n l i q u i d = ) Ptotal = 60 + 40 * xa ; disp ( kPa , Ptotal , ( b ) T o t a l p r e s s u r e o f t h e v a p o u r = )
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Mole fraction calculation for particular component in liquid vapour mixture
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clc () xa = 0.25; xb = 0.30; xc = 1 - xa - xb ; Ptotal = 200; // kPa Pcs = 50; // kPa ( Vapour p r e s s u r e o f c ) Pc = xc * Pcs ; // ( p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f c ) yc = Pc / Ptotal ; yb = 0.5; ya = 1 - yb - yc ; per1 = ya * 100; disp ( % , per1 , P e r c e n t a g e o f A i n v a p o u r = )
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Figure 7.1: Boiling point diagram Scilab code Exa 7.4 Flash vapourization of benzene toluene mixture
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clc () P = 101.3; // kPa Pbs = 54.21; // kPa Pas = 136.09; // kPa xf = 0.65; xw = ( P - Pbs ) /( Pas - Pbs ) ; yd = xw * Pas / P ; // f = ( x f xw ) / ( yd xw ) f = ( xf - xw ) / ( yd - xw ) ; per1 = f * 100; disp ( % , per1 , mole p e r c e n t o f t h e f e e d t h a t i s vapourised = )
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clc () T = [371.4 378 383 388 393 398.6] Pas = [101.3 125.3 140 160 179.9 205.3] Pbs = [44.4 55.6 64.5 74.8 86.6 101.3] Ptotal = 101.3; // kPa for i = 1:6 x ( i ) = ( Ptotal - Pbs ( i ) ) /( Pas ( i ) - Pbs ( i ) ) ; end for i = 1:6 y ( i ) = x ( i ) * Pas ( i ) / Ptotal ; end plot (x ,T , o ) ; plot (y ,T , x ) ; xtitle ( B o i l i n g p o i n t d i a g r a m , Mole f r a c t i o n x o r y , Temperature K )
clc () T = [371.4 378 383 388 393 398.6] Pas = [101.3 125.3 140 160 179.9 205.3] Pbs = [44.4 55.6 64.5 74.8 86.6 101.3] Ptotal = 101.3; // kPa for i = 1:6 x ( i ) = ( Ptotal - Pbs ( i ) ) /( Pas ( i ) - Pbs ( i ) ) ; end for i = 1:6 y ( i ) = x ( i ) * Pas ( i ) / Ptotal ; end w = x; plot (x , w ) ; 56
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Scilab code Exa 7.6 Bubble point temperature and vapour composition
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clc () Ps = 100; // kPa A1 = 13.8587; // ( 1 = n h e p t a n e ) A2 = 13.8216; // ( 2 = nh e x a n e ) B1 = 2911.32; B2 = 2697.55; C1 = 56.51; C2 = 48.78; // l n P s = A B / ( T C) T1 = B1 / ( - log ( Ps ) + A1 ) + C1 ; T2 = B2 / ( - log ( Ps ) + A2 ) + C2 ; x2 = 0.25;
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Dew point temperature pressure and concentration
1 clc () 2 // l n P a s = 1 4 . 5 4 6 3 2 9 4 0 . 4 6 / ( T 3 5 . 9 3 ) 3 // l n P b s = 1 4 . 2 7 2 4 2 9 4 5 . 4 7 / (T 4 9 . 1 5 ) 4 // xa = (P Pbs ) / ( Pas Pbs ) 5 //Ya = Pas (P Pbs ) / (P ( Pas Pbs ) ) 6 Ya = 0.4; 7 P = 65; // kPa 8 // v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e v a l u e a r e assumed and t r i e d
t i l l LHS = RHS , we g e t
9 T = 334.15; //K 10 Pas = exp (14.5463 - 2940.46/( T - 35.93) ) ; 11 Pbs = exp (14.2724 - 2945.47 / ( T - 49.15) ) ;
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) disp ( xa , C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f the f i r s t drop o f l i q u i d = ) T1 = 327; //K Pas1 = exp (14.5463 - 2940.46/( T1 - 35.93) ) ; Pbs1 = exp (14.2724 - 2945.47 / ( T1 - 49.15) ) ; xa1 = Ya * Pbs1 / ( Pas1 - Ya *( Pas1 - Pbs1 ) ) ; P1 = xa1 * Pas1 / Ya ; disp ( kPa ,P1 , ( b ) The dew p o i n t p r e s s u r e a t 327 K = ) disp ( xa1 , C o n c e n t r a t i o n a t 327K = )
clc () MW = 44.032; Mwater = 18.016; x = 2; //% Pa = 41.4; // kPa Mfr = ( x / MW ) /( x / MW + (100 - x ) / Mwater ) ; // henry s law g i v e s Pa = Ha xa Ha = Pa / Mfr ; Molality = 0.1; Mfr1 = Molality / (1000/ Mwater + Molality ) ; Pa1 = Ha * Mfr1 ; disp ( kPa ,Pa1 , P a r t i a l P r e s s u r e = )
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x1 = 0.6; x2 = 0.25; x3 = 0.15; A1 = 13.8183; A2 = 13.8216; A3 = 13.8587; B1 = 2477.07; B2 = 2697.55; B3 = 2911.32; C1 = 39.94; C2 = 48.78; C3 = 56.51; // As r a o u l t s law i s a p p l i c a b l e , Ki = y i / x i = P i s /P // y i = x i P i s /P // l n P = A B/ (TC) // Assuming , P = 400; // kPa T = 369.75; //K Pas1 = exp ( A1 - B1 / ( T - C1 ) ) ; Pas2 = exp ( A2 - B2 / ( T - C2 ) ) ; Pas3 = exp ( A3 - B3 / ( T - C3 ) ) ; Yi = ( x1 * Pas1 + x2 * Pas2 + x3 * Pas3 ) / P ; disp ( K ,T , ( a ) b u b b l e p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e mixture = ) y1 = x1 * Pas1 / P ; y2 = x2 * Pas2 / P ; y3 = x3 * Pas3 / P ; disp ( % , y1 *100 , ( b ) c o m p o s i t i o n o f n p e n t a n e i n vapour = ) disp ( % , y2 *100 , c o m p o s i t i o n o f nh e x a n e i n v a p o u r = ) disp ( % , y3 *100 , c o m p o s i t i o n o f n h e p t a n e i n v a p o u r = ) T1 = 300; //K Ps1 = exp ( A1 - B1 / ( T1 - C1 ) ) ; Ps2 = exp ( A2 - B2 / ( T1 - C2 ) ) ; Ps3 = exp ( A3 - B3 / ( T1 - C3 ) ) ; P1 = x1 * Ps1 + x2 * Ps2 + x3 * Ps3 ; 60
37
clc () // 1 p e n t a n e , 2 hexane , 3 h e p t a n e y1 = 0.6; y2 = 0.25; y3 = 0.15; A1 = 13.8183; A2 = 13.8216; A3 = 13.8587; B1 = 2477.07; B2 = 2697.55; B3 = 2911.32; C1 = 39.94; C2 = 48.78; C3 = 56.51; P = 400; // kPa T = 300; //K // As r a o u l t s law i s a p p l i c a b l e , Ki = y i / x i = P i s /P // x i = y i P/ P i s // l n P = A B/ (TC) // Assuming , T1 = 385.94; //K Pas1 = exp ( A1 - B1 / ( T1 - C1 ) ) ; Pas2 = exp ( A2 - B2 / ( T1 - C2 ) ) ; Pas3 = exp ( A3 - B3 / ( T1 - C3 ) ) ; disp ( K ,T , ( a ) Dew p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e m i x t u r e = ) Ps1 = exp ( A1 - B1 / ( T - C1 ) ) ; Ps2 = exp ( A2 - B2 / ( T - C2 ) ) ; Ps3 = exp ( A3 - B3 / ( T - C3 ) ) ; P1 = 1/( y1 / Ps1 + y2 / Ps2 + y3 / Ps3 ) ; disp ( kPa ,P1 , ( b ) Dew p o i n t p r e s s u r e = ) 61
clc () // 1 methanol , 2 e t h a n o l , 3 p r o p a n o l x1 = 0.45; x2 = 0.3; x3 = 1 - ( x1 + x2 ) ; P = 101.3; // kPa // by d r a w i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e v s v a p o u r p r e s s u r e g r a p h and i n t e r p o l a t i o n , a s s u m i n g , T = 344.6; //K Ps1 = 137.3; Ps2 = 76.2; Ps3 = 65.4; y1 = x1 * Ps1 / P ; y2 = x2 * Ps2 / P ; y3 = x3 * Ps3 / P ; disp ( K ,T , ( a ) Bubble p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e = ) disp ( % , y1 *100 , C o m p o s i t i o n o f m e t h a n o l i n v a p o u r = ) disp ( % , y2 *100 , C o m p o s i t i o n o f e t h a n o l i n v a p o u r = ) disp ( % , y3 *100 , C o m p o s i t i o n o f p r o p a n o l i n v a p o u r = ) // a g a i n , f o r x i = 1 T1 = 347.5; //K P1 = 153.28; P2 = 85.25; P3 = 73.31; xa = x1 * P / P1 ; xb = x2 * P / P2 ; xc = x3 * P / P3 ; disp ( K ,T1 , ( b ) Dew p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e = ) disp ( % , xa *100 , C o m p o s i t i o n o f m e t h a n o l i n l i q u i d = 62
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clc () xp = 0.25; xnb = 0.4; xnp = 0.35; P = 1447.14; // kPa // a s s u m i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s 3 5 5 . 4 K and 3 6 6 . 5 K , c o r r e s p o n d i n g Ki v a l u e s a r e f o u n d from nomograph and t o t a l Ki v a l u e a r e 0 . 9 2 8 and 1 . 0 7 5 r e s p , t h u s b u b b l e p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e l i e s between , u s i n g i n t e r p o l a t i o n bubble point temperature i s found t o be , Tb = 361; //K disp ( K ,Tb , ( a ) The b u u b l e p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e = ) // At 3 6 1 , Kip = 2.12; Kinb = 0.85; Kinp = 0.37; xp1 = Kip * xp ; xnb1 = Kinb * xnb ; xnp1 = Kinp * xnp ; disp ( xp1 , c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p r o p a n e a t b u b b l e p o i n t = ) disp ( xnb1 , c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f nb u t a n e a t b u b b l e p o i n t = ) disp ( xnp1 , c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f n p e n t a n e a t b u b b l e point = ) // At dew p o i n t Yi / Ki = 1 , a t 3 7 7 . 6K t h i s i s 1 . 1 5 9 8 63
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and a t 3 8 8 . 8K i t i s 0 . 9 6 7 7 , by i n t e r p o l a t i o n dew p o i n t i s f o u n d t o be Td = 387; //K Kip1 = 2.85; Kinb1 = 1.25; Kinp1 = 0.59; yp1 = xp / Kip1 ; ynb1 = xnb / Kinb1 ; ynp1 = xnp / Kinp1 ; disp ( K ,Td , ( b ) The dew p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e = ) disp ( yp1 , c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p r o p a n e a t dew p o i n t = ) disp ( ynb1 , c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f nb u t a n e a t dew p o i n t = ) disp ( ynp1 , c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f n p e n t a n e a t dew p o i n t = ) // summation z i / ( 1 + L/VKi )= 0 . 4 5 , u s i n g t r i a l and e r r o r , we f i n d T = 374.6; //K L = 0.55; V = 0.45; Kip2 = 2.5; Kinb2 = 1.08; Kinp2 = 0.48; t = ( xp /(1+ L /( V * Kip2 ) ) ) +( xnb /(1+ L /( V * Kinb2 ) ) ) + ( xnp /(1+ L /( V * Kinp2 ) ) ) ; yp2 = ( xp /(1+ L /( V * Kip2 ) ) ) / t ; ynb2 = ( xnb /(1+ L /( V * Kinb2 ) ) ) / t ; ynp2 = ( xnp /(1+ L /( V * Kinp2 ) ) ) / t ; xp2 = ( xp - V * yp2 ) / L ; xnb2 = ( xnb - V * ynb2 ) / L ; xnp2 = ( xnp - V * ynp2 ) / L ; disp ( K ,T , ( c ) T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e m i x t u r e = ) disp ( yp2 , v a p o u r p h a s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p r o p a n e = ) disp ( ynb2 , v a p o u r p h a s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f nb u t a n e = ) disp ( ynp2 , v a p o u r p h a s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f n p e n t a n e = ) disp ( xp2 , l i q u i d p h a s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p r o p a n e = ) 64
clc () P = 93.30; // kPa T1 = 353; //K T2 = 373; //K Pwater1 = 47.98; // kPa Pwater2 = 101.3; // kPa Pliq1 = 2.67; // kPa Pliq2 = 5.33; // kPa T = T1 + ( T2 - T1 ) *( P - ( Pwater1 + Pliq1 ) ) /( Pwater2 + Pliq2 - ( Pwater1 + Pliq1 ) ) ; disp ( K ,T , ( a ) The e q u i l i b r i u m t e m p e r a t u r e = ) Pwater = 88.50; y = Pwater * 100 / P ; disp ( % ,y , ( b ) Water v a p o u r i n v a p o u r m i x t u r e = )
i s f i r s t f i n d out , which comes t o be 342K, t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g Ps1 = 7 1 . 1 8 , Ps2 = 3 0 . 1 2 3 T = [342 343 348 353 363 373]; 4 Ps2 = [30.12 31.06 37.99 47.32 70.11 101.3]; 5 Ps1 = [71.18 72.91 85.31 100.5 135.42 179.14]; 65
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P = 101.3; // kPa for i = 1:4 y1 ( i ) = 1 - ( Ps1 ( i ) ) / P ; end for i = 1:6 y2 ( i ) = 1 - ( Ps2 ( i ) ) / P ; end plot2d ( y2 , T ) ; plot2d (1 - y1 ,T , rect = [0 ,320 ,1 ,380]) ; xtitle ( T e m p e r a t u r e c o m p o s i t o n d i a g r a m , x , y ( mole f r a c t i o n o f b e n z e n e ) , T e m p e r a t u r e )
clc () T = 379.2; //K P = 101.3; // kPa Ps = 70; // kPa Molality = 5; Pws = exp (16.26205 - 3799.887/( T - 46.854) ) ; k = P / Pws ; Pws1 = Ps / k ; T1 = 3799.887 / (16.26205 - log ( Pws1 ) ) + 46.854; disp ( K ,T1 , B o i l i n g p o i n t o f t h e s o l u t i o n = )
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clc () T = 280; //K P = 105; // kPa Pas = 13.25; // kPa ( Vpaour p r e s s u r e o f a c e t o n e ) Pa = Pas ; // ( As g a s i s s a t u r a t e d , p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e = vapour p r e s s u r e ) Mfr = Pa / P ; // ( Mole f r a c t i o n ) Mpr = Mfr * 100; disp ( % ,Mpr , ( a ) The mole p e r c e n t o f a c e t o n e i n t h e mixture = ) Ma = 58.048; // ( m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f a c e t o n e ) Mn = 28; // ( m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f n i t r o g e n ) N = 1; // mole Na = Mfr * N ; Nn = N - Na ; ma = Na * Ma ; mn = Nn * Mn ; mtotal = ma + mn ; maper = ma *100 / mtotal ; mnper = mn *100/ mtotal ; disp ( % , maper , ( b ) Weight p e r c e n t o f a c e t o n e = ) 68
20 disp ( % , mnper , Weight p e r c e n t o f n i t r o g e n = ) 21 Vstp = 22.4; //m3/ kmol 22 Pstp = 101.3; // kPa 23 Tstp = 273.15; //K 24 V = Vstp * Pstp * T / ( Tstp * P ) ; 25 C = ma / V ; 26 disp ( kg /m3 ,C , ( c ) C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f v a p o u r = )
clc () P = 101.3; // kPa Per1 = 10; //% Pa = P * Per1 / 100; // ( a b e n z e n e ) Ps = Pa ; // ( s a t u r a t i o n ) // l n P s = 1 3 . 8 8 5 8 2 7 8 8 . 5 1 / ( T 5 2 . 3 6 ) T = 2788.51 / ( 13.8858 - log ( Ps ) ) + 52.36; disp ( K ,T , T e m p e r a t u r e a t which s a t u r a t i o n o c c u r s = )
69
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Humidity for acetone vapour and nitrogen gas mixture
1 clc () 2 Pa = 15; // kPa ( p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f a c e t o n e ) 3 Ptotal = 101.3; // kPa 4 Mfr = Pa / Ptotal ; 5 disp ( Mfr , ( a ) Mole f r a c t i o n o f a c e t o n e = ) 6 Macetone = 58.048; 7 Mnitrogen = 28; 8 mafr = Mfr * Macetone / ( Mfr * Macetone + (1 - Mfr ) *
Mnitrogen ) ;
9 disp ( mafr , ( b ) Weight f r a c t i o n o f a c e t o n e = ) 10 Y = Mfr / ( 1 - Mfr ) ; 11 disp ( m o l e s o f a c e t o n e / m o l e s o f n i t r o g e n ,Y , ( c ) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Molal humidity = ) Y1 = Y * Macetone / Mnitrogen ; disp ( kg a c e t o n e / kg n i t r o g e n ,Y1 , ( d ) A b s o l u t e humidity = ) Pas = 26.36; // kPa ( v a p o u r p r e s s u r e ) Ys = Pas / ( Ptotal - Pas ) ; // s a t u r a t i o n h u m i d i t y disp ( m o l e s o f a c e t o n e / m o l e s o f n i t r o g e n ,Ys , ( e ) S a t u r a t i o n humidity = ) Y1s = Ys * Macetone / Mnitrogen ; disp ( kg a c e t o n e / kg n i t r o g e n ,Y1s , ( f ) A b s o l u t e s a t u r a t i o n humidity = ) V = 100; //m3 Vstp =22.4143; //m3/ kmol Pstp = 101.3; // kPa Tstp = 273.15; //K T = 295; //K N = V * Ptotal * Tstp / ( Vstp * Pstp * T ) ; Nacetone = N * Mfr ; macetone = Nacetone * Macetone ; 70
27
clc () ; Pa = 15; // kPa ( P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e ) Pas = 26.36; // kPa ( Vapour p r e s s u r e ) RS = Pa * 100 / Pas ; Y = 0.1738; Ys = 0.3517; PS = Y * 100 / Ys ; disp ( % ,RS , R e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y = ) disp ( % ,PS , P e r c e n t h u m i d i t y = )
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Analysis of Moist air clc () mwater = 0.0109; // kg V = 1; //m3 T = 300; //K P = 101.3; // kPa Vstp =22.4143; //m3/ kmol Pstp = 101.3; // kPa Tstp = 273.15; //K N = V * P * Tstp / ( Vstp * Pstp * T ) ; Nwater = mwater / 18.016; Nfr = Nwater / N ; Pwater = Nfr * P ; disp ( kPa , Pwater , ( a ) P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f w a t e r vapour = ) 14 Ps = exp (16.26205 - 3799.887/( T - 46.854) ) ; 15 RS = Pwater * 100 / Ps ; 71
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
humidity = ) Y1s = Ps *18 / (( P - Ps ) *29) ; PS1 = Y1 * 100 / Y1s ; disp ( % ,PS1 , ( d ) P e r c e n t s a t u r a t i o n = ) PS = 10; //% Y1S = Y1 * 100/ PS ; // Y1S = Pas / (P Pas ) 18 /29 Pas1 = 29 * P * Y1S / (18 + 29* Y1s ) ; T1 = 3799.887 / (16.26205 - log ( Pas1 ) ) + 46.854; disp ( K ,T1 , ( e ) T e m p e r a t u r e a t which 10% s a t u r a t i o n occurs = )
Scilab code Exa 8.7 Heating value calculation for a fuel gas
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
clc () T = 300; //K P = 100; // kPa S = 25000 // kJ /m3 T1 = 295; //K P1 = 105; // kPa RS = 50; //% Ps = 3.5; // kPa Ps1 = 2.6; // kPa Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol Pstp = 101.3; // kPa Tstp = 273.15; //K V = 1; //m3 N = V * P * Tstp /( Vstp * Pstp * T ) ; Nfuel = N * ( P - Ps ) / P ; Smol = S / Nfuel ; // kJ / kmol N1 = V * P1 * Tstp /( Vstp * Pstp * T1 ) ; Pwater = Ps1 * RS /100; 72
105 kPa = )
clc () T = 300; //K T1 = 335; //K P = 150; // kPa // l n P s = 1 3 . 8 8 5 8 2 7 8 8 . 5 1 / ( T 5 2 . 3 6 ) Ps = exp (13.8858 - 2788.51 / ( T - 52.36) ) ; Ps1 = exp (13.8858 - 2788.51 / ( T1 - 52.36) ) ; Pa = Ps ; // ( Vapour p r e s s u r e a t dew p o i n t i s e q u a l t o the p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f the vapour ) Y = Pa / ( P - Pa ) ; Ys = Ps1 / ( P - Ps1 ) ; PS = Y * 100 / Ys ; disp ( % ,PS , ( a ) P e r c e n t s a t u r a t i o n = ) Ma = 78.048; Mb = 28; Q = Y * Ma / Mb ; disp ( kg b e n z e n e / kg n i t r o g e n ,Q , ( b ) Q u a n t i t y o f benzene per kilgram of n i t r o g e n = ) V = 1; //m3 ( b a s i s ) Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol Pstp = 101.3; // kPa Tstp = 273.15; //K N = V * P * Tstp /( Vstp * Pstp * T1 ) ; y = Y / ( 1 + Y ); Nbenzene = N * y ; C = Nbenzene * Ma ; disp ( kg /m3 ,C , ( c ) K i l o g r a m o f b e n z e n e p e r m3 o f n i t r o g e n = ) 73
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
P1 = 100; // kPa Pbenzene = y * P1 ; T1 = 2788.51 / ( 13.8858 - log ( Pbenzene ) ) + 52.36; disp ( K ,T1 , ( d ) Dew p o i n t = ) Per1 = 60; //% Y2 = Y * (1 - Per1 /100) ; //Y2 = Pa / (P Pa ) P = Pa / Y2 + Pa ; disp ( kPa ,P , ( e ) P r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d = )
clc () T = 300; //K T1 = 285; //K Pwater = 3.56; // kPa Pwater1 = 1.4; // kPa V = 1; //m3 ( B a s i s ) Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol N = V / Vstp ; Pstp = 101.3; // kPa Y = Pwater / ( Pstp - Pwater ) ; Y1 = Pwater1 / ( Pstp - Pwater1 ) ; Nremoved = Y - Y1 ; Ndryair = N * 1 / (1 + Y ) ; mremoved = Ndryair * Nremoved * 18.016; disp ( kg , mremoved , ( a ) amount o f w a t e r removed = ) Nremaining = Ndryair * Y1 ; V1 = ( Ndryair + Nremaining ) * Vstp ; disp ( m3 ,V1 , ( b ) Volume o f g a s a t s t p a f t e r d r y i n g = )
74
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clc () P = 100; // kPa T = [273 280 290 300 310 320 330 340]; for i =1:8 Ps ( i ) = exp (13.8216 - 2697.55/( T ( i ) -48.78) ) ; end disp (( Ps ) ) for j = 1:8 Ys ( j ) = Ps ( j ) * 86.11 / (( P - Ps ( j ) ) *28) ; end disp ( Ys ) plot (T , Ys , rect =[273 ,0 ,333 ,10]) ; xtitle ( 100% s a t u r a t i o n l i n e f o r n i t r o g e n h e x a n e s y s t e m , Temperature , K , Humidity , kg h e x a n e / kg n i t r o g e n );
clc () Td = 328; //K ( d r y b u l b ) P = 101.3; // kPa PS = 10; //% // r e f e r i n g t o t h e p s y c h o m e t r i c c h a r t , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 328 K and 10% s a t u r a t i o n Y1 = 0.012; // kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r disp ( kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r ,Y1 , ( a ) A b s o l u t e humidity = ) //Y1 = Pa 18 / ( P Pa ) 29 Pa = Y1 * P * 29 /( 18 + Y1 * 29 ) ;
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10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21
disp ( kPa ,Pa , ( b ) P a r t i a l P r e s s u r e o f w a t e r v a p o u r = ) // u s i n g p s y c h o m e t r i c c h a r t , s a t u r a t i o n h u m i d i t y a t 328 K i s g i v e n a s Y1s = 0.115; // kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r disp ( kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r ,Y1s , ( c ) The a b s o l u t e h u m i d i t y a t 328K = ) // a t s a t u r a t i o n p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e = v a p o u r p r e s s u r e Pas = Y1s * P * 29 /( 18 + Y1s * 29 ) ; disp ( kPa ,Pas , ( d ) Vapour P r e s s u r e o f w a t e r v a p o u r = ) RS = Pa * 100 / Pas ; disp ( % ,RS , ( e ) P e r c e n t r e l a t i v e s a t u r a t i o n = ) // u s i n g p s y c h o m e t r i c c h a r t , moving h o r i z o n t a l l y k e e p i n g h u m i d i t y c o n s t a n t t o 100% s a t u r a t i o n , we g e t dew p o i n t as , T = 290; //K disp ( K ,T , ( f ) Dew p o i n t = )
Scilab code Exa 8.12 Humid heat calculation for a sample of air
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
clc () Ca = 1.884; // kJ /kgK Cb = 1.005; // kJ /kgK Y1 = 0.012; // Cs = Cb + Y1 Ca Cs = Cb + Y1 * Ca ; disp ( kJ /kgK ,Cs , Humid h e a t o f t h e s a m p l e = ) P = 101.3; // kPa V = 100; //m3 R = 8.314; T = 328; //K T1 = 373; //K N = P * V / ( R * T ); Pa = 1.921; // kPa 77
Scilab code Exa 8.14 wet bulb temperature and dry bulb temperature clc () P = 101.3; // kPa MW = 58; T1 = 280.8; //K Ps = 5; // kPa pr = 2; // kJ /kgK ( P s y c h o m e t r i c r a t i o ) Hvap = 360; // kJ / kg Tw = T1 ; Yw1 = Ps * MW / (( P - Ps ) * 29) ; // Tw = Tg Hvap ( Yw1 Y1 ) / (hG / kY ) , where hG/kY i s t h e p s y c h m e t r i c r a t i o p r 11 Y1 = 0; 12 Tg = Tw + Hvap * ( Yw1 - Y1 ) / pr ; 13 disp ( K ,Tg , The a i r t e m p e r a t u r e = )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
clc () Td = 353.2; //K Tw = 308; //K Hvap = 2418.5; // kJ / kg pr = 0.950; // kJ / kg Ps = 5.62; // kPa P = 101.3; // kPa Yw1 = ( Ps * 18) / (( P - Ps ) * 29) ; Y1 = Yw1 - pr * ( Td - Tw ) / Hvap ; 78
Scilab code Exa 8.16 SAturation curve and adiabatic cooling line
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ps ( i ) = exp (13.8858 - 2788.51/( T ( i ) -52.36) ) ; end for j =1:4 Ys ( j ) = Ps ( j ) * 78.048 / (( P - Ps ( j ) ) *29) ; end disp ( Ps ) disp ( Ys ) plot (T , Ys , rect = [270 ,0 ,323 ,0.9]) ; // Tas = Tg L ( Y1as Y1 ) / Cs // Cs = Cb + Y1 Ca = 1 . 0 0 5 + Y1 1 . 2 , L = 435.4; // kJ /kgK // f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e o f Tg and Y1 t r i e d , we have the f o l l o w i n g s e t of values Tg = [283 290.4 300 310.1 320.8]; Y1 = [0.1701150 0.15 0.125 0.1 0.075]; plot ( Tg , Y1 ) ; xtitle ( S a t u r a t i o n c u r v e and a d i a b a t i c c o o l i n g l i n e , Temperature , K , Y, kg b e n z e n e / kg d r y a i r ) ;
clc () Tin = 380.7; //K Pin = 101.3; // kPa Tdew = 298; //K mremoved = 2.25; // kg V = 100; //m3 // u s i n g h u m i d i t y c h a r t , h u m i d i t y o f a i r a t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e o f 3 8 0 . 7K and dew p o i n t = 298K i s , Y = 0.02; // kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r disp ( kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r ,Y , ( a ) Humidity o f a i r e n t e r i n g the d r i e r = ) Tstp = 273.15; //K Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol N = V * Tstp / ( Vstp * Tin ) ; 80
13 MY = Y * 29 / 18; // m o l a l h u m i d i t y 14 Ndryair = N / ( 1 + MY ) ; 15 mdryair = Ndryair *29; 16 mwaterin = mdryair * Y ; 17 mwaterout = mwaterin + mremoved ; 18 Yout = mwaterout / mdryair ; 19 // p e r c e n t h u m i d i t y i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e c h a r t , 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
and i s PY = 55; //% disp ( kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r , Yout , ( b ) e x i t a i r humidity = ) disp ( % ,PY , P e r c e n t h u m i d i t y = ) // from t h e h u m i d i t y c h a r t Twet = 313.2; //K Td = 322.2; //K disp ( K , Twet , ( c ) e x i t a i r wet b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e = ) disp ( K ,Td , ( c ) e x i t a i r d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e = ) MYout = Yout * 29 / 18; Nout = Ndryair * ( 1 + MYout ) / 1; V1 = Nout * Vstp * Td / Tstp ; disp ( m3 ,V1 , ( d ) Volume o f e x i t a i r = )
clc () P = 101.3; // kPa Td = 303; //K Tw = 288; //K // u s i n g p s y c h o m e t r i c c h a r t , Y1 = 0.0045; // kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r PY = 18; //% Theated = 356.7; //K Cb = 1.005; Ca = 1.884; Cs = Cb + Y1 * Ca ; 81
Scilab code Exa 8.19 Psychometric chart application and given wet bulb and dry bulb temperature
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
clc () Tw = 313; //K Td = 333; //K // U s i n g t h p s y c h o m e t r i c c h a r t , Y = 0.04; // kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r PS = 26.5; //% VS = 1.18; //m3/ kg d r y a i r ( volume o f s a t u r a t e d a i r ) VD = 0.94; //m3/ kg d r y a i r ( volume o f d r y a i r ) VH = VD + PS * ( VS - VD ) /100; HS = 470; // J / kg d r y a i r ( e n t h a l p y o f s a t u r a t e d air ) HD = 60; // J / kg d r y a i r ( e n t h a l p y o f d r y a i r ) H = HD + PS * ( HS - HD ) /100; disp ( kg w a t e r / kg d r y a i r ,Y , ( a ) A b s o l u t e Humidity of the a i r = ) disp ( % ,PS , ( b ) P e r c e n t h u m i d i t y = ) disp ( m3/ kg d r y a i r ,VH , ( c ) Humid volume = ) disp ( kJ / kg d r y a i r ,H , ( d ) E n t h a l p y o f wet a i r = )
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clc () PC1 = 85; //% ( P e r c e n t c a r b o n i n c o a l ) PA1 = 15; //% ( P e r c e n t a s h i n c o a l ) PA2 = 80; //% ( P e r c e n t a s h i n c i n d e r ) PC2 = 20; //% ( P e r c e n t c a r b o n i n c i n d e r ) m = 100; // kg ( w e i g h t o f c o a l ) mash = PA1 * m / 100; w = mash * 100 / PA2 ; // w e i g h t o f c i n d e r mcarbon = w - mash ; Plost = mcarbon * 100 / ( m - mash ) ; disp ( kg ,w , w e i g h t o f c i n d e r f o r m e d = ) disp ( % , Plost , P e r c e n t f u e l l o s t = )
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2 m = 1; // kg ( mass o f c o m p l e t e l y d r y wood ) 3 P1 = 40; //% ( p e r c e n t a g e m o i s t u r e i n wet wood ) 4 P2 = 5; //% ( P e r c e n t a g e m o i s t u r e i n d r y wood ) 5 mwaterin = P1 * m / ( 100 - P1 ) ; 6 mwaterout = P2 * m / ( 100 - P2 ) ; 7 mevaporated = mwaterin - mwaterout ; 8 disp ( kg , mevaporated , mass o f w a t e r e v a p o r a t e d p e r
kg o f d r y wood = )
clc () F1 = 6*1000; //L/ s BOD1 = 3 * 10^ -5; // g /L BOD2 = 5 * 10^ -3; // g /L V = 16 * 10^3; //m3/ day v = V * 10^3 / (24 * 3600) ; //L/ s // L e t BOD o f t h e e f f l u e n t be BODeff , BODeff = ( BOD2 * ( F1 + v ) - BOD1 * F1 ) / ( v ) ; disp ( g /L , BODeff , BOD o f t h e e f f l u e n t o f t h e p l a n t = )
clc () D = 100; // kg o f o v e r h e a d p r o d u c t xfa = 0.956; xdw = 0.074; xdb = 0.741; xda = 0.185; // w a t e r b a l a n c e g i v e s F = D * xdw / (1 - xfa ) ; W = F * xfa - xda * D ; 84
acid , N n i t r i c
a c i d , M mixed a c i d xsh2so4 = 0.95; xsh2o = 0.5; xwh2so4 = 0.3; xwhno3 = 0.36; xwh2o = 0.34; xmh2so4 = 0.4; xmhno3 = 0.45; xmh2o = 0.15; xnhno3 = 0.8; xnh2o = 0.2; M = 1000; // kg // t o t a l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e , W + S + N = 1 0 0 0 ; //H2SO4 b a l a n c e , xwh2so4 W + x s h 2 s o 4 S = xmh2so4 M //HNO3 b a l a n c e , xwhno3 W + xnhno3 N = xmhno3 M //H2O b a l a n c e , xwh2o W +xnh2o N + x s h 2 o S = xmh2o M // s o l v i n g t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , we g e t , W = 70.22; // kg S = 398.88; // kg N = 530.9; // kg disp ( kg ,W , Waste a c i d = ) disp ( kg ,S , C o n c e n t r a t e d H2SO4 = ) disp ( kg ,N , C o n c e n t r a t e d HNO3 = )
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clc () F = 1000; // kg Psolute1 = 20; //% Psolute2 = 80; //% // t a k i n g s o l u t e b a l a n c e L3 = F * Psolute1 / Psolute2 ; // t a k i n g t o t a l m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e V = ( F - L3 ) / 3; // f o r f i r s t e f f e c t , t o t a l b a l a n c e g i v e s , L1 = F - V ; // s o l u t e b a l a n c e g i v e s , Psolute3 = F * Psolute1 / L1 ; // For s e c o n d e f f e c t , t o t a l b a l a n c e g i v e s , L2 = L1 - V ; // s o l u t e b a l n c e g i v e s , Psolute4 = L1 * Psolute3 / L2 ; disp ( % , Psolute3 , s o l u t e e n t e r i n g s e c o n d e f f e c t = ) 18 disp ( kg ,L1 , Weight e n t e r i n g s e c o n d e f f e c t ) 19 disp ( % , Psolute4 , s o l u t e e n t e r i n g t h i r d e f f e c t = ) 20 disp ( kg ,L2 , Weight e n t e r i n g t h i r d e f f e c t )
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6 W3 = P1 * F * (1 - xf ) /100; // (W3 w e i g h t o f w a t e r 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
evaporated ) // l e t W1 and W2 be w e i g h t o f c r y s t a l and w e i g h t o f mother l i q u o r r e m a i n i n g a f t e r c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n resp . , //F = W1 + W2 + W3 // 100 = W1 + W2 + 7 . 5 // s o l u t e b a l a n c e g i v e s , F x f = W1 x1 + W2 x2 // 1 0 0 0 . 2 5 = W11+W2 0 . 0 6 5 4 W2 = ( F - W3 - F * xf ) /(1 - x2 ) ; W1 = F - W3 - W2 ; disp ( kg ,W1 , , , y e i l d o f t h e c r y s t a l s = )
clc () F = 100; // kg xf = 0.15; P1 = 80; //% ( C a r b o n a t e r e c o v e r e d ) M1 = 106; // ( M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f Na2CO3 ) M2 = 286; // ( M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f Na2CO3 . 1 0 H2O) x1 = M1 / M2 ; // ( Weight f r a c t i o n o f Na2CO3 i n crystals ) Mrecovered = P1 * F * xf / 100; Wcrystal = Mrecovered / x1 ; disp ( kg , Wcrystal , ( a ) q u a n t i t y o f c r y s t a l s f o r m e d = ) //Na2CO3 b a l a n c e g i v e s , F x f = W c r y s t a l x1 + W2 x2 //W2 w e i g h t o f mother l i q u o r r e m a i n i n g a f t e r crystallization // l e t M = W2 x2 , t h e r e f o r e M = F * xf - Mrecovered ; x2 = 0.09; W2 = M / x2 ; W3 = F - Wcrystal - W2 ; // w e i g h t o f w a t e r e v a p o r a t e d 87
18
1 . 5 / 2 . 5 ) 158/248 //w1 + 0 . 6 w2 + 0 . 6 w3 = 9 4 . 1 7 7 // e a c h gram c r y s t a l s c a r r y 0 . 0 5 kg s o l u t i o n , //w3 = 0 . 0 5 w1 // i m p u r i t y % = 0 . 1 // i m p u r i t y = w3 / ( 2 . 5 (w+ 4 . 8 2 3 ) ) // s o l v i n g a b o v e e q u a t i o n s , we g e t w = 14.577; // kg w1 = 65.08; // kg w2 = 45.25; // kg w3 = 0.05 * w1 ; disp ( kg ,w , ( a ) amount o f w a t e r added = ) disp ( kg ,w1 , ( b ) amount o f Na2S2O3 . 5 H2O c r y s t a l s added = ) m1 = w1 * Mna2s2o3 / Mna2s2o35h2o + w3 * 1.5 * Mna2s2o3 / (2.5 * Mna2s2o35h2o ) ; 88
29 P = m1 *100/( m * xf ) ; 30 disp ( % ,P , ( c ) P e r c e n t a g e r e c o v e r y
o f Na2S2O3 = )
lignin ) // s i n c e , l i g n i n i s i n s o l u b l e , a l l o f i t w i l l be present in the r e s i d u e Pout1 = 3; //% Pout2 = 50; //% Pout3 = 1; //% Pout4 = 100 - Pout1 - Pout2 - Pout3 ; // l e t W be t h e mass o f r e s i d u e , t h e n we g e t W = Pin4 * m / Pout4 ; Ptannin = W * Pout1 * 100 / ( m * Pin1 ) ; disp ( % , Ptannin , P e r c e n t o f o r i g i n a l t a n n i n unextracted = )
89
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Pwater = 100 - Poil1 - Ppulp1 - Psalts1 ; Phexane2 = 25; //%( 2 u n d e r f l o w ) Psalts2 = 2.5; //% Poil2 = 15; //% Pwater2 = 7.5; //% Ppulp2 = 100 - Phexane2 - Poil2 - Pwater2 - Psalts2 ; Poil3 = 25; //% ( 3 e x t r a c t ) // t a k i n g p u l p ( i n e r t ) b a l a n c e U = Ppulp1 * F / Ppulp2 ; // o i l b a l a n c e g i v e s , F P o i l 1 = U P o i l 2 + R P o i l 3 , from t h e s e , we g e t R = ( F * Poil1 - U * Poil2 ) / Poil3 ; S = U + R - F; disp ( kg ,S , ( a ) The amount o f s o l v e n t u s e d f o r e x t r a c t i o n = ) Precovered = 95; //% mhexane2 = Phexane2 * U / 100; mrecovered = mhexane2 * Precovered / 100; P = mrecovered * 100 / S ; disp ( % ,P , ( b ) P e r c e n t o f h e x a n e u s e d t h a t i s r e c o v e r e d from t h e u n d e r f l o w = ) Poil = Poil3 * R * 100 / ( F * Poil1 ) ; disp ( % , Poil , ( c ) P e r c e n t r e c o v e r y o f o i l = )
3 4 5 6
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// m o i s t u r e f r e e s o l i d b a l a n c e f o r d r i e r , F ( 1 x f ) = S1 ( 1 x1 ) S1 = F * ( 1 - xf ) /(1 - x1 ) ; // t o t a l b a l a n c e f o r d r i e r , F = S1 + V1 V1 = F - S1 ; // For oven , S1 ( 1 x1 ) = S2 ( 1 x2 ) S2 = S1 * ( 1 - x1 ) /(1 - x2 ) ; // Also , S1 = S2 + V2 V2 = S1 - S2 ; disp ( kg ,S1 , ( a ) Weight o f p r o d u c t l e a v i n g t h e d r i e r = ) disp ( kg ,S2 , Weight o f p r o d u c t l e a v i n g t h e oven = ) P1 = V1 *100/ ( F * xf ) ; P2 = V2 *100/ ( F * xf ) ; disp ( % ,P1 , ( b ) P e r c e n t a g e o f o r i g i n a l w a t e r removed in d r i e r = ) disp ( % ,P2 , P e r c e n t a g e o f o r i g i n a l w a t e r removed i n oven = )
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
T = 87.5 + 273.15; //K P = 101.3; // kPa Tstp = 273.15; //K Pstp = 101.3; // kPa Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ mol V = 100; //m3 N = V * P * Tstp / ( Vstp * Pstp * T ) ; Nr2 = Y2 * 29 / 18; // kmol o f w a t e r / kmol o f d r y a i r Ndryair = N * 1 / (1 + Nr2 ) ; mdryair = Ndryair * 29; mevaporated = mdryair * ( Y1 - Y2 ) ; disp ( kg , mevaporated , ( a ) t o t a l m o i s t u r e e v a p o r a t e d p e r 100m3 o f a i r e n t e r i n g = ) 25 Ss1 = mdryair * Ss ; 26 mproduct = Ss1 * ( 1 + X2 ) ; 27 disp ( kg , mproduct , ( b ) mass o f f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t p e r 100m3 o f a i r e n t e r i n g = )
xalcoholF F 92
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
// 0 . 2 8 1 R + 0 . 0 5 2 E = 30 (2) // E t h y l e n e t e t r a c h l o r i d e b a l a n c e , xethyR R + xethyE E = S // 0 . 0 0 9 R + 0 . 9 4 E = S (3) // S o l v i n g e q u a t i o n 1 , 2 and 3 s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , we g e t , S = 45.1; E = 47.04; R = 98.06; disp ( kg ,S , ( a ) Amount o f s o l v e n t u s e d = ) disp ( kg ,E , ( b ) Amount o f e x t r a c t = ) disp ( kg ,R , Amount o f r a f f i n a t e = ) mextracted = E * xalcoholE ; P1 = mextracted * 100 / ( F * xalcoholF ) ; disp ( % ,P1 , ( c ) P e r c e n t o f i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l e x t r a c t e d = )
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
rate of the gas at the i n l e t and t h e e x i t o f t h e a b s o r b e r r e s p . , y1 and y2 mole f r a c t i o n a t e n t r a n c e and e x i t r e s p . , y1 = 0.25; //% y2 = 0.05; //% // a i r b a l a n c e g i v e s , G1 ( 1 y1 ) = G2 ( 1 y2 ) G2 = G1 * ( 1 - y1 ) / (1 - y2 ) ; maleaving = G2 * y2 ; maentering = G1 * y1 ; Pabsorbed = ( maentering - maleaving ) * 100 / ( maentering ) ; disp ( % , Pabsorbed , P e r c e n t a g e o f a c e t o n e a b s o r b e d = )
93
24 25 26
clc () F = 5000; // kg / h P1 = 50; //% ( H2O4 i n ) MH2SO4 = 98.016; P1gas = 65; // ( n i t r o g e n i n g a s e n t e r i n g ) P2gas = 35; // ( SO3 ) MN2 = 28; MSO3 = 80; Mavg = ( MN2 * P1gas + MSO3 * P2gas ) /100; // avg m o l e c u l a r wt . o f e n t e r i n g g a s G = 4500; // kg / h Ng = G / Mavg ; NN2 = Ng * P1gas / 100; NSO3 = Ng - NN2 ; P2 = 75; //% ( H2O4 o u t ) //W be t h e mass o f 75% H2SO4 , x and y be t h e m o l e s o f SO3 and w a t e r v a p o u r l e a v i n g r e s p . , Pwater = 25; // kPa Ptotal = 101.3; // kPa // Pwater / P t o t a l = y / ( NN2 + x + y ) // we g e t , y = 0 . 3 2 7 6 5 x + 2 . 7 4 4 (1) // T o t a l b a l a n c e Feed + G = W + (NN2 28 + x 80 + y 18.016) // we g e t , W + 80 x + 1 8 . 0 1 6 y = 7 7 2 7 . 3 2 (2) // from 1 and 2 , 8 4 . 9 1 7 4 x + W = 7 3 5 2 . 6 8 (3) // SO3 b a l a n c e , So3 e n e t e r i n w i t h 50% H2SO4 + SO3 i n f e e d g a s = SO l e a v i n g w i t h 75%H2SO4 + SO3 l e a v i n g in e x i t gas // 5 0 0 0 0 . 5 8 0 / 9 8 . 0 1 6 + 3 4 . 0 9 8 0 = 80 x + 0 . 7 5 W 80/98.016 (4) // from 3 and 4 , x = 9.74; 94
27 28 29
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r a t e s of the feed , the d i s t i l l a t e and r e s i d u e r e s p . , x f , xd and xw be t h e mole f r a c t i o n o f e t h a n o l i n t h e f e e , d i s t i l l a t e and t h e r e s i d u e r e s p . xf = 0.10; xd = 0.89; xw = 0.003; // t o t a l b a l a n c e g i v e s , F = D + W //D + W = 200 (1) // A l c o h o l b a l a n c e g i v e s , F x f = D xd + W xw // 0 . 8 9 D+ 0 . 0 0 3 W = 20 (2) // s o l v i n g 1 and 2 D = 21.87; // kmol / h W = 178.13; // kmol / h Nawasted = W * xw ; mmakeup = Nawasted * 46*24; disp ( kg , mmakeup , The make up a l c o h o l r e q u i r e d p e r day = )
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
xw be t h e mole f r a c t i o n o f m e t h a n o l i n t h e f e e , d i s t i l l a t e and t h e bottom p r o d u c t r e s p . xf = 0.20; xd = 0.97; xw = 0.02; // u s i n g , F = D + W and F x f + D xd + W xw , we g e t D = 18.95; // kg / h W = 81.05; // kg / h R = 3.5; //R = L / D // f o r d i s t i l l a t e = 1 kg D1 = 1; // kg L = R * D1 ; // Taking b a l a n c e a r o u n d t h e c o n d e n s e r , G = L + D1 ; mcondensed = G * D / F ; disp ( kg ,D , ( a ) Amount o f d i s t i l l a t e = ) disp ( kg ,W , Amount o f Bottom P r o d u c t = ) disp ( kg ,G , ( b ) Amount o f v a p o u r c o n d e n s e d p e r kg o f d i s t i l l a t e = ) disp ( kg , mcondensed , ( c ) Amount o f v a p o u r c o n d e n s e d p e r kg o f f e e d = )
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 32
// h u m i d i t y o f a i r l e a v i n g d e h u m i d i f i e r i s Ys2 and h u m i d i t y o f b y p a s s e d a i r i s Ys1 . t h e s e 2 s t r e a m s combine t o g i v e h u m i d i t y o f 0 . 0 3 kg w a t e r / kg d r y air . // t h e r e f o r e , t a k i n g b a l a n c e we g e t , 1 Ys2 + x Ys1 = ( 1 + x ) Ys x = (1* Ys2 - 1* Ys ) /( Ys - Ys1 ) ; disp ( kg d r y a i r ,x , ( a ) Mass o f d r y a i r b y p a s s e d p e r kg o f d r y a i r s e n t t h r o u g h t h e d e h u m i d i f i e r = ) mcondensed = Ys1 - Ys2 ; mwetair = mdryair + Ys1 ; Nwetair = mdryair /29 + Ys1 /18.016; Vstp = 22.4143; //m3/ kmol Vstp1 = Nwetair * Vstp ; T = 320; //K P = 101.3; // kPa Tstp = 273.15; //K Pstp = 101.325; // kPa V = Vstp1 * Pstp * T / ( P * Tstp ) ; Vgiven = 100; //m3 mcondensed1 = mcondensed * Vgiven / V ; disp ( kg , mcondensed1 , ( b ) mass o f w a t e r v a p o u r c o n d e n s e d i n t h e d e h u m i d i f i e r p e r 100m3 o f a i r sent through i t = ) mfinal = mdryair + x ; mfinalair = mfinal * Vgiven / V ; N = mfinalair / 29; Ysn = Ys * 29/18; // kmol w a t e r / kmol d r y a i r Ntotal = N * ( Ysn + 1) ; Vfinal = Ntotal * Vstp * Pstp * T / ( Tstp * P ) ; disp ( m3 , Vfinal , ( c ) Volume o f f i n a l a i r o b t a i n e d p e r 100 c u b i c m e t r e s f a i r p a s s e d t h r o u g h d e h u m i d i f i e r = )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
clc () F = 100; // kg / h xf = 0.2; xp = 0.93; xr = 0.5/1.5; xx = 0.65; //R r e c y c l e s t r e a m , P P r o d u c t s t r e a m , W w a t e r s e p a r e t e d and removed // component A b a l a n c e , F x f = P xp , t h a t i s , P = F * xf / xp ; // T o t a l b a l a n c e , F = P + W, t h e r e f o r e W = F - P; // x be t h e f l o w r a t e o f s t r e a e n t e r i n g t h e f i l t e r // t o t a l b a l a n c e , x = P + R (1) // component A b a l a n c e , 0 . 6 5 x = 0 . 5 R/ 1 . 5 + 0 . 9 3 P (2) // S o l v i n g 1 and 2 , we g e t , R = ( xx * P - xp * P ) /( xr - xx ) ; disp ( kg / h ,R , Flow r a t e o f t h e r e c y c l e s t r e a m = )
Scilab code Exa 9.21 Recycle operation granulator and drier clc () F = 1000; // kg / h xfwater = 0.7; xpwater = 0.2; xrwater = 0.20; xswater = 0.5; y1 = 0.0025; y2 = 0.05; //R r e c y c l e , S s t r e a m e n t e r i n g g r a n u l a t o r , P Product , G1 a i r e n t e r i n g t h e d r i e r , G2 a i r l e a v i n g the drier , 10 // t a k i n o v e r a l l , m o i s t u r e f r e e b a l a n c e , F x f = P 98
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xp P = F * ( 1 - xfwater ) /(1 - xpwater ) ; // t a k i n g m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e a t p o i n t where r e c y c l e s t r e a j o i n s the feed , // F = R + S // w a t e r b a l a n c e , F x f w a t e r = R x r w a t e r + S x s w a t e r , s o l v i n g t h i s we g e t , R = ( - F * xfwater + F * xswater ) /( xrwater - xswater ) ; S = F + R; mleaving = P + R ; // s o l i d l e a v i n g t h e d r i e r // d r y a i r e n t e r i n g w i l l t h e r e be i n a i r l e a v i n g , therefore //G1 ( 1 y1 ) = G2 ( 1 y2 ) // w a t e r b a l a n c e o v e r t h e d r i e r g i v e s , S x s w a t e r+G1 y1=G2 y2 +(P+R) x p w a t e r // from a b o v e 2 e q u a t i o n s , we g e t G1 = (( mleaving * xpwater - S * xswater ) /( y1 - y2 *(1 - y1 ) /(1 - y2 ) ) ) ; disp ( kg /h ,R , ( a ) Amount o f s o l i d r e c y c l e d = ) mdryair = G1 * (1 - y1 ) ; disp ( kg /h , mdryair , ( b ) c i r c u l a t i o n r a t e o f a i r i n t h e d r i e r on d r y b a s i s = )
clc () xf = 500 * 10^ -6; xp = 50 * 10^ -6; xb = 1600 * 10^ -6; //F Feed w a t e r r a t e , B blow down r a t e , S h i g h p r e s s u r e steam , P p r o c e s s s t r e a m r a t e 6 // t o t a l b a l a n c e , F = P + B 7 // S o l i d b a l a n c e , F x f + P xp = B xb 8 // e l i m i n a t i n g P , we g e t , F x f + ( F B) xp = B xb 99
water = )
100
clc () mair = 500; // kg mCO2 = 55; // kg mCO = 15; // kg //C3H8 + 5O2 = 3CO2 + 4H20 MCO2 = 44; MCO = 28; NCO2 = mCO2 / MCO2 ; NCO = mCO / MCO ; Mair = 29; Nair = mair / Mair ; // c a r b o n b a l a n c e g i v e s , F = ( NCO2 + NCO ) /3; MC3H8 = 44.064; mC3H8 = MC3H8 * F ; disp ( kg , mC3H8 , ( a ) mass o f p r o p a n e b u r n t = ) // one mole o f p r o p a n e r e q u r e s 5 m o l e s o f o x y g e n f o r combustion 18 NO2 = F * 5; 101
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Nairt = NO2 * 100 /21; // t h e o r e t i c a l a i r r e q u i r e d Pexcess = ( Nair - Nairt ) * 100 / Nairt ; disp ( % , Pexcess , ( b ) The p e r c e n t e x c e s s a i r = ) //C3H8 + 7/2 O2 = 3CO + 4H2O NH2O = F * 4; // Taking o x y g e n b a l a n c e , unburned o x y g e n i s calculated , //O2 s u p p l i e d = O2 p r e s e n t i n form o f CO2 , CO and H2O + unburned O2 Nunburnt = Nair * 21 / 100 - NCO2 - NCO /2 - NH2O /2; NN2 = Nair * 79 / 100; Ntotal = NCO2 + NCO + NH2O + NN2 + Nunburnt ; PCO2 = NCO2 * 100 / Ntotal ; PCO = NCO *100/ Ntotal ; PH2O = NH2O *100/ Ntotal ; PN2 = NN2 *100/ Ntotal ; PO2 = Nunburnt *100 / Ntotal ; disp ( % , PCO2 , ( c ) P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f CO2 = ) disp ( % ,PCO , P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f CO = ) disp ( % , PH2O , P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f H2O = ) disp ( % ,PN2 , P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f N2 = ) disp ( % ,PO2 , P e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n o f O2 = )
clc () Nflue = 100; // kmol NCO2 = 14.84; NCO = 1.65; NO2 = 5.16; NN2 = 78.35; PCF = 85; //PERCENT CARBON IN FEED PIF = 15; //PERCENT INERT IN FEED //F amount o f c o k e c h a r g e d , W mass o f c o k e l e f t , W = 0.05F 102
10 NCflue = NCO2 + NCO ; 11 MC = 12; 12 mC = MC * NCflue ; 13 // c a r b o n b a l a n c e g i v e s , F PCF / 100 = W PCF + mC 14 F = mC / ( PCF / 100 - 0.05* PCF / 100) ; 15 // l e t A kmol a i r s u p p l i e d , t a k i n g N2 b a l a n c e , 16 Nair = NN2 * 100/79; 17 NO2supplied = Nair - NN2 ; 18 Ntheoretical = F * PCF / (100 * MC ) ; 19 Pexcess = ( NO2supplied - Ntheoretical ) * 100 / ( 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Ntheoretical ) ; disp ( % , Pexcess , ( a ) P e r c e n t a g e e x c e s s a i r = ) mair = Nair * 29; m = mair / F ; // a i r s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f c o k e c h a r g e d disp ( kg ,m , ( b ) a i r s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f c o k e c h a r g e d = ) P = 100; // kPa T = 500; //K V = Nflue *22.4143*101.325 * T / ( F * P * 273.15) ; disp ( m3 ,V , ( c ) volume o f f l u e g a s p e r kg o f c o k e = ) W = 0.05* F ; mCr = W * PCF /100; // c a r b o n i n r e f u s e mir = F * (1 - PCF /100) ; // i n e r t i n r e f u s e mr = mCr + mir ; C = mCr * 100 / mr ; I = mir *100/ mr ; disp ( % ,C , ( d ) Carbon = ) disp ( % ,I , I n e r t = )
103
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NCO = 2; NO2 = 3; NN2 = 86; NCflue = NCO2 + NCO ; MC = 12; mC = MC * NCflue ; // l e t A kmol a i r s u p p l i e d , t a k i n g N2 b a l a n c e , Nair = NN2 * 100/79; NO2supplied = Nair - NN2 ; // i f CO i n t h e f l u e g a s was t o be c o m p l e t e l y c o n v e r t e d t o CO2 , then , t h e m o l e s o f o x y g e n p r e s e n t i n t h e f l u e g a s would be 3 1 =2kmol Noexcess = NO2 - NCO /2; Pexcess = Noexcess * 100 / ( NO2supplied - Noexcess ); disp ( % , Pexcess , ( a ) P e r c e n t a g e e x c e s s a i r = ) NwaterO = NO2supplied - NCO2 - NCO /2 - NO2 ; NH2 = NwaterO *2; mH2 = NH2 * 2; xCF = 0.7 R = mC / mH2 ; disp (R , ( b ) R a t i o o f c a r b o n t o h y d r o g e n i n t h e f u e l = ) // l e t x be t h e amount o f m o i s t u r e i n t h e f e e d , n i t i s g i v e n t h a t 70% i s c a r b o n , t h e r e f o r e , // 0 . 7 = 3 . 3 2 / ( 1 + 3 . 3 2 + x ) x = R / xCF - 1 - R ; mH = x * 2.016 / 18.016; mHtotal = mH + mH2 ; Rtotal = mC / mHtotal ; disp ( Rtotal , ( c ) R a t i o o f c a r b o n t o t o t a l h y d r o g e n i n the f u e l = ) ntotal = R + 1 + x ; PH2 = 1*100/ ntotal ; PH2O = x * 100 / ntotal ; disp ( % ,PH2 , ( d ) p e r c e n t a g e o f c o m b u s t i b l e h y d r o g e n in the f u e l = ) disp ( % , PH2O , p e r c e n t a g e o f m o i s t u r e i n t h e f u e l = 104
) 35 nH2Ototal = ( PH2O + PH2 * 18.016 / 2.016) /100; 36 disp ( kg , nH2Ototal , ( e ) The mass o f m o i s t u r e i n t h e f l u e g a s p e r kg o f f u e l b u r n e d = )
clc () Nflue = 100; // k m o l e s NCO2 = 9.05; NCO = 1.34; NO2 = 9.98; NN2 = 79.63; PCO2F = 9.2; //% ( Feed ) PCOF = 21.3; //% PH2F = 18; //% PCH4F = 2.5; //% PN2F = 49; //% // Taking c a r b o n b a l a n c e , F = ( NCO2 + NCO ) / ( ( PCO2F + PCOF + PCH4F ) /100) ; // N i t r o g e n b a l a n c e g i v e s , Nair = ( NN2 - F * PN2F /(100) ) * 100 / 79; R = Nair / F ; disp (R , ( a ) m o l a r R a t i o o f a i r t o f u e l = ) Oexcess = NO2 - NCO / 2; Pexcess = Oexcess *100/ ( Nair *21/100 - Oexcess ) ; disp ( % , Pexcess , ( b ) P e r c e n t e x c e s s o f a i r = ) NN2F = F * PN2F / 100; PN2F = NN2F *100/ NN2 ; disp ( % , PN2F , ( c ) P e r c e n t o f n i t r o g e n i n t h e f l u e g a s t h a t came from f u e l = )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
clc () Nflue = 100; // kmole NCO2 = 16.4; NCO = 0.4; NO2 = 2.3; NN2 = 80.9; PCF = 80.5; //% ( Feed ) PO = 5.0; //% PHF = 4.6; //% PN = 1.1; //% Pash = 8.8; //% // Taking Carbon b a l a n c e , W = ( NCO2 + NCO ) *12 / ( PCF / 100) ; mCO2 = NCO2 * 44; mCO = NCO * 32; mO2 = NO2 * 28; mN2 = NN2 * 28.014; mtotal = mCO2 + mCO + mO2 + mN2 ; Mdryflue = mtotal * 100/ W ; disp ( kg , Mdryflue , ( a ) The w e i g h t o f d r y g a s e o u s p r o d u c t s f o r m e d p e r 100 kg o f c o a l f i r e d = ) // t a k i n g n i t r o g e n b a l a n c e , x = ( mN2 - W * PN /100) /28.014; Noxygen = x * 21 / 79; Nrequired = W * ( PCF /12 + PHF /(2*2.016) - PO /32) /100; Pexcess = ( Noxygen - Nrequired ) *100/ Nrequired ; disp ( % , Pexcess , ( b ) P e r c e n t e x c e s s a i r s u p p l i e d f o r combustion = )
106
4 mH = 12; // kg 5 mO = 16; // kg 6 mash =9; // kg 7 mfixC = 39; // kg 8 mH2O = 10; // kg 9 mCvolatile = mC - mfixC ; 10 mHH2O = mH2O *2.016/18.016; // ( mass o f h y d r o g e n i n 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
moisture ) mHvolatile = mH - mHH2O ; mOH2O = mH2O - mHH2O ; mOvolatile = mO - mOH2O ; mtvolatile = mCvolatile + mHvolatile + mOvolatile ; PC = mCvolatile * 100 / mtvolatile ; PH = mHvolatile * 100 / mtvolatile ; PO = mOvolatile * 100 / mtvolatile ; disp ( % ,PC , ( a ) p e r c e n t c a r b o n i n v o l a t i l e m a t t e r = ) disp ( % ,PH , p e r c e n t hydrogen in v o l a t i l e matter = ) disp ( % ,PO , p e r c e n t oxygen i n v o l a t i l e matter = ) PCflue = 10.8; //% Pvflue = 9.0; //% Pashflue = 80.2; //% // t a k i n g a s h b a l a n c e , Wis t h e w e i g h t o f t h e r e f u s e , W = mash *100 / Pashflue ; mvflue = Pvflue * W /100; mCflue = W * PCflue / 100; Ctflue = mCflue + mvflue * PC / 100; // t o t a l c a r b o n in f l u e Htflue = mvflue * PH / 100; Otflue = mvflue * PO / 100; PCflue = Ctflue *100/ W ; PHflue = Htflue *100/ W ; POflue = Otflue *100/ W ; disp ( % , PCflue , ( b ) p e r c e n t Carbon i n r e f u s e = ) disp ( % , PHflue , p e r c e n t Hydrogen i n r e f u s e = ) disp ( % , POflue , p e r c e n t Oxygen i n r e f u s e = ) 107
37 disp ( % , Pashflue , p e r c e n t Ash i n r e f u s e = ) 38 Coalburnt = mcoal - W ; 39 NCburnt = ( mC - Ctflue ) /12; 40 NHburnt = ( mH - Htflue ) /2.016; 41 NOburnt = ( mO - Otflue ) /32; 42 PCO2 = 80; // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n b u r n t 43 NCO2 = PCO2 * NCburnt / 100; 44 NCO = ( 1 - PCO2 /100 ) * NCburnt ; 45 Vair = 1000; //m3 46 Nair = Vair / 22.4143; 47 NN2 = Nair * 79 / 100; 48 NO2 = Nair * 21 / 100; 49 Ocompounds = NCO2 + NCO /2 + NHburnt /2; // Oxygen 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
p r e s e n t i n CO2 ,CO and H2O // Oxygen b a l a n c e g i v e s f r e e o x y g e n as , Ofree = NO2 + mO /32 - Otflue /32 - Ocompounds ; Ntotal = NN2 + Ofree + NCO2 + NCO ; // d r y b a s i s PCO21 = NCO2 *100/ Ntotal ; PCO1 = NCO * 100/ Ntotal ; PO21 = Ofree * 100/ Ntotal ; PN21 = NN2 * 100/ Ntotal ; disp ( % , PCO21 , ( c ) p e r c e n t CO2 i n f l u e = ) disp ( % , PCO1 , p e r c e n t CO i n f l u e = ) disp ( % , PO21 , p e r c e n t O2 i n f l u e = ) disp ( % , PN21 , p e r c e n t N2 i n f l u e = ) NOrequired = mC /12 + mH /(2.016*2) - mO /32; Oexcess = NO2 - NOrequired ; Pexcess = Oexcess * 100 / NOrequired ; disp ( % , Pexcess , ( d ) P e r c e n t e x c e s s a i r s u p p l i e d = ) NH2Oflue = NHburnt ; mH2O = NH2Oflue * 18.016; m = mH2O * 100/ Ntotal ; disp ( g w a t e r v a p o u r / 100 kmol d r y f l u e g a s ,m , ( e ) mass o f w a t e r v a p o u r p e r 100 m o l e s o f d r y f l u e gas = )
108
clc () Pexcess = 20; //% PSO3 = 5; //% ( P e r c e n t o f s u l p h u r b u r n t t o SO3 ) // S + O2 = SO2 N = 1; // kmol s u l p h u r Orequired = N ; // kmol Osupplied = Orequired * ( 1 + Pexcess /100) ; Nsupplied = Osupplied * 79/21; NSO2 = (1 - PSO3 /100) * N ; NSO3 = PSO3 * N /100; Oconsumed = NSO2 + 3/2 * PSO3 /100; Oremaining = Osupplied - Oconsumed ; Ntotal = NSO2 + NSO3 + Oremaining + Nsupplied ; PSO2 = NSO2 * 100 / Ntotal ; PSO3 = NSO3 * 100 / Ntotal ; PO2 = Oremaining * 100 / Ntotal ; PN2 = Nsupplied * 100 / Ntotal ; disp ( % , PSO2 , P e r c e n t SO2 i n b u r n e r g a s = ) disp ( % , PSO3 , P e r c e n t SO3 i n b u r n e r g a s = ) disp ( % ,PO2 , P e r c e n t O2 i n b u r n e r g a s = ) disp ( % ,PN2 , P e r c e n t N2 i n b u r n e r g a s = )
109
7 // 4 FeS2 + 11O2 = 2 Fe2O3 + 8SO2 8 // 4 FeS2 + 15O2 = 2 Fe2O3 + 8SO3 9 NOtotal = NO2b + NSO2b + NSO2b * 3 / 8; 10 NOunaccounted = NOsupplied - NOtotal ; 11 NSO31 = NOunaccounted * 8 /15; 12 NStotal = NSO2b + NSO31 ; 13 mS = NStotal * 32.064; 14 Pburnt = 50; //% ( p e r c e n t a g e o f p y r i t e s b u r n t ) 15 mFeS2 = mS * 100/ Pburnt ; 16 disp ( kg , mFeS2 , ( a ) T o t a l p y r i t e s b u r n t = ) 17 NFeS2 = NStotal / 2; 18 MFeS2 = 119.975; 19 mFeS21 = MFeS2 * NFeS2 ; 20 mgangue = mFeS2 - mFeS21 ; 21 NFe2O3 = NFeS2 * Pburnt / 100; 22 MFe2O3 = 159.694; 23 mFe2O3 = MFe2O3 * NFe2O3 ; 24 PSO3c = 2.5; //% ( p e r c e n t a g e s u l p h u r a s SO3 i n 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
cinder ) mc = 100; // kg ( b a s i s ) NSO3 = PSO3c / 32.064; mSO3 = NSO3 * 80.064; mremaining = mc - mSO3 ; // ( Fe2O3 + g a n g u e ) // x be t h e w e i g h t o f t h e c i n d e r x = ( mFe2O3 + mgangue ) *100/ mremaining ; disp ( kg ,x , ( b ) w e i g h t o f c i n d e r p r o d u c e d = ) Slost = x * NSO3 / 100; PSlost = Slost *100/ NStotal ; disp ( % , PSlost , ( c ) P e r c e n t o f t o t a l S l o s t i n t h e c i n d e r = ) mSO3c = mSO3 * x / 100; NSO3b = NSO31 - Slost ; P = NSO3b * 100 / NStotal ; disp ( % ,P , ( d ) P e r c e n t a g e o f S c h a r g e d t h a t i s p r e s e n t a s SO3 i n t h e b u r n e r g a s = )
110
converter gas
)
3 NSO2 = 4.5; // kmol 4 NO2 = 7.5; // kmol 5 NN2 = 88.0; // kmol 6 NOsupplied = NN2 * 21/ 79; 7 NOconverter = NO2 + NSO2 ; 8 NOconsumed = NOsupplied - NOconverter ; // ( Oxygen 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
consumed f o r SO3 ) NSO3c = NOconsumed / 1.5; NStotal = NSO3c + NSO2 ; Nbgas = 100; // kmol ( b a s i s SO3 f r e e b u r n e r g a s ) NSO21 = 15; //% NO21 = 5; //% NN21 = 80; //% NOburner = NO21 + NSO21 ; NOsupplied1 = NN21 * 21 / 79; NOconsumed1 = NOsupplied1 - NOburner ; // ( Oxygen consumed f o r SO3 ) NSO3b = NOconsumed1 / 1.5; NStotal1 = NSO3b + NSO21 ; mS = 100; // kg ( b a s i s s u l p h u r c h a r g e d ) Pburned = 95; //% mburned = mS * Pburned / 100; Nburned = mburned / 32.064; // l e t x be t h e SO3 f r e e b u r n e r g a s p r o d u c e d , t h e n sulphur balance gives , x = Nburned * Nbgas / NStotal1 ; NSO2b = NSO21 * x / 100; NO2b = NO21 * x / 100; NN2b = NN21 * x / 100; 111
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ntotalb = NSO2b + NO2b + NN2b ; NSO3b1 = NSO3b * x / 100; // l e t y be t h e no . o f c o n v e r t e r g a s p r o d u c e d y = Nburned * Ncgas / NStotal ; NSO2c = NSO2 * y / 100; NO2c = NO2 * y / 100; NN2c = NN2 * y / 100; Ntotalc = NSO2c + NO2c + NN2c ; NSO3c1 = NSO3c * y / 100; Nairsec = ( NN2c - NN2b ) * 100 / 79; P = 100; // kPa T = 300; //K V = Nairsec * 22.414 * 101.3 * T / ( P * 273.15) ; disp ( m3/ h ,V , ( a ) The volume o f s e c o n d a r y a i r a t 100 kPa and 300K = ) NSabsorbed = 95; //% mSO3abs = NSabsorbed * NSO3c1 * 80.064 / 100; // l e t z be t h e amount o f 98% H2SO4 , t h e r e f o r e , 100% H2SO4 p r o d u c e d = z + mSO3abs // t a k i n g SO3 b a l a n c e z = ( mSO3abs - mSO3abs * 80.064 / 98.08) / ( 80.064 / 98.08 - 0.98 * 80.064/98.08) ; disp ( kg ,z , ( b ) 98% H2SO4 r e q u i r e d p e r h o u r = ) w = z + mSO3abs ; disp ( kg ,w , ( c ) 100% H2SO4 p r o d u c e d p e r h o u r = )
5; // kg 1; // kg = 84.5; //% = 11.5; //% = PCaCO3l * mlime / (100.09*100) ; = PMgCO3l * mlime / (84.312*100) ; 112
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
mInertsl = mlime * ( 100 - PCaCO3l - PMgCO3l ) / 100; PCc = 76; //% Pashc = 21; //% Pwaterc = 3; //% NCc = mcoke * PCc /(100*12) ; Nwaterc = mcoke * Pwaterc / ( 100 * 18.016 ) ; mash = Pashc * mcoke / 100; //CaCO3 + C + O2 = CaO + 2CO2 //MgCO3 + C + O2 = MgO + 2CO2 PCaCO3conv = 95; // ( P e r c e n t c a l c i n a t i o n o f CaCO3 ) PMgCO3conv = 90; // ( P e r c e n t c a l c i n a t i o n o f MgCO3) NCaO = PCaCO3conv * NCaCO3l / 100; mCaO = NCaO * 56.08; NMgO = PMgCO3conv * NMgCO3l / 100; mMgO = NMgO * 40.312; mCaCO3 = ( NCaCO3l * (1 - PCaCO3conv /100) *100.09) ; mMgCO3 = ( NMgCO3l * (1 - PMgCO3conv /100) *84.312) ; mtotal = mCaO + mMgO + mCaCO3 + mMgCO3 + mInertsl + mash ; PCaO = mCaO * 100 / mtotal ; disp ( % , PCaO , The w e i g h t p e r c e n t o f CaO i n t h e product l e a v i n g the k i l n = )
113
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
mH2O = 84.10; // kg NCaSO4 = mCaSO4r / MCaSO4 ; NMgSO4 = mMgSO4r / MMgSO4 ; //CaCO3 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + H2O + CO2 //MgSO4 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + H2O + CO2 mCaCO3 = NCaSO4 * 100.08; mMgCO3 = NMgSO4 * 84.312; mtotallime = minertr + mCaCO3 + mMgCO3 ; PCaCO3 = mCaCO3 * 100/ mtotallime ; PMgCO3 = mMgCO3 *100/ mtotallime ; Pinerts = minertr *100/ mtotallime ; disp ( % , PCaCO3 , ( a ) P e r c e n t a g e o f CaCO3 i n l i m e s t o n e = ) disp ( % , PMgCO3 , P e r c e n t a g e o f MgCO3 i n l i m e s t o n e = ) disp ( % , Pinerts , Percentage of i n e r t s in l i m e s t o n e = ) NH2SO4 = NCaSO4 + NMgSO4 ; mH2SO4 = NH2SO4 * 98.08; Pexcess = mH2SO4r * 100 / ( mH2SO4 ) ; disp ( % , Pexcess , ( b ) The p e r c e n t a g e e x c e s s o f a c i d used = ) macidt = mH2SO4 + mH2SO4r ; Pacidic = 12; //% mwaterin = macidt * (100 - Pacidic ) / Pacidic ; mwaterr = ( NCaSO4 + NMgSO4 ) *18.016; mwatert = mwaterin + mwaterr ; mvaporized = mwatert - mH2O ; m = mvaporized * 100/ mtotallime ; // w a t e r v a p o r i z e d p e r 100 kg o f l i m e s t o n e disp ( kg ,m , ( c ) t h e mass o f w a t e r v a p o r i z e d p e r 100 kg o f l i m e s t o n e = ) mCO2pr = ( NCaSO4 + NMgSO4 ) *44; mCO2rel = mCO2pr - mCO2r ; m1 = mCO2rel * 100 / mtotallime ; //CO2 p e r 100 kg o f limestone disp ( kg ,m1 , ( d ) t h e mass o f CO2 p e r 100 kg o f l i m e s t o n e = ) 114
phosphate NTSP = Nphacid ; MTSP = 380.166; mTSP = NTSP * MTSP ; disp ( kg , mTSP , ( a ) Maximum w e i g h t o f TSP o b t a i n e d = ) NCO2 = NTSP ; Pwater = 6.27 // kPa // s i n c e g a s i s s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r vapour , v a p o u r pressure = partial pressure Nwater = NCO2 * Pwater / ( 100 - Pwater ) ; Ntotal = Nwater + NCO2 ; P = 100; // kPa T = 310; //K V = Ntotal * 101.3 * T *22.4143 / ( P * 273.15 ) ; disp ( m3 ,V , ( b ) Volume o f CO2 = )
115
4 mTSP = mTSPd * P / 100; 5 NTSP = mTSP / 163.974; 6 msodaashd = NTSP * 106; 7 mphacidd = NTSP * 97.998; 8 mNaOHd = NTSP * 40.008; 9 Pphacid = 85; //% ( 8 5% s o l u t i o n p h o s p h o r i c a c i d ) 10 PNaOH = 50; //% ( 5 0% s o l u t i o n NaOH) 11 // l e t x be t h e w a t e r i n s o d a ash , 12 // t a k i n g w a t e r b a l a n c e , 13 x = ( mTSPd - mTSP ) - mNaOHd * PNaOH /(100 - PNaOH ) 14 15 16 17 18 19
mphacidd * (100 - Pphacid ) / Pphacid ; msodaash = msodaashd + x ; C = msodaashd *100 / msodaash ; disp ( % ,C , ( a ) C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s o d a a s h s o l u t i o n = ) mphacid = mphacidd * 100 / Pphacid ; R = msodaash / mphacid ; disp (R , ( b ) Weight r a t i o i n which s o d a a s h and c o m m e r c i a l p h o s p h o r i c a c i d a r e mixed = )
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
o f f l u x added and z be t h e w e i g h t o f s l a g produced PFepg = 95; //% ( Fe% i n p r o d u c t ) PCpg = 4; //% PSipg = 1; //% PFech = 85; //% ( Fe% i n f e e d ) mcoke = 1000; // kg PCcoke = 90; //% PSicoke = 10; //% PSislag = 60; //% 116
12 PSiflux = 5; //% 13 PCaCO3fx = 90; //% 14 PMgCO3fx = 5; //% 15 PCMslag = 40; //% 16 // i r o n b a l a n c e g i v e s , 17 x = PFepg * m *159.694 / ( PFech * 111.694) ; 18 // s i l i c o n b a l a n c e g i v e s , 19 // x ( 1 0 0 PFech ) 2 8 . 0 8 6 / ( 1 0 0 6 0 . 0 8 6 )+mcoke P s i c o k e
20 21 22 23 24
2 8 . 0 8 6 / ( 1 0 0 6 0 . 0 8 6 )+y P S i f l u x 2 8 . 0 8 6 / ( 1 0 0 6 0 . 0 8 6 ) = 10 + z P s i s l a g 2 8 . 0 8 6 / ( 10060.086 ) // t a k i n g (CaO + MgO) b a l a n c e // y ( ( PCaCO3fx ) 5 6 . 8 8 / ( 1 0 0 1 0 0 . 8 8 ) +(PMgCO3fx 4 0 . 3 1 2 / ( 1 0 0 8 4 . 3 1 2 ) )=z PCMslag / 1 0 0 // s o l v i n g a b o v e 2 e q u a t i o n s , we g e t y = 403.31; disp ( kg ,y , t h e amount o f f l u x r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e 1 0 0 0 kg o f p i g i r o n = )
117
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// T o t a l o x y g e n u s e d up , O = NNOreac 5/4 + x 3/2 // t o t a l o x y g e n s u p p l i e d , N O t o t a l= (O) + NO2s // N i t r o g e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h O2 s u p p l i e d NN2 = N O t o t a l 79/21 ( 2 ) // c o m p a r i n g 1 and 2 , x = 2.1835; // 12 m o l e s NO r e q u i r e s 12 m o l e s ammonia , 1 mole N2 r e q u i r e s 2 mole ammonia Nammonia = x *2 + NNOreac ; Oreq = Nammonia * 5 / 4; Osupp = NNOreac * 5/4 + x *3/2 + NO2s ; Pexcess = ( Osupp - Oreq ) *100/ Oreq ; disp ( % , Pexcess , ( a ) P e r c e n t a g e e x c e s s o x y g e n = ) fr = x * 2 / Nammonia ; disp ( fr , F r a c t i o n o f ammonia t a k i n g p a r t i n s i d e r e a c t i o n = )
cake ) mhno3cake = mhno3 * Phno3 / 100; Ph2so4 = 35; //% Pwater = 1.5; //% mtotal = ( mna2so4 + mhno3cake ) *100/(100 - Ph2so4 Pwater ) ; mwater = Pwater * mtotal / 100; mh2so4c = Ph2so4 * mtotal / 100; 118
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Pna2so4 = mna2so4 *100/ mtotal ; Phno3c = mhno3cake * 100 / mtotal ; disp ( kg , mna2so4 , ( a ) Mass o f Na2SO4 i n t h e c a k e = ) disp ( kg , mhno3 , Mass o f HNO3 i n t h e c a k e = ) disp ( kg , mwater , Mass o f w a t e r i n t h e c a k e = ) disp ( kg , mh2so4c , Mass o f H2SO4 i n t h e c a k e = ) disp ( % , Pna2so4 , P e r c e n t a g e o f Na2SO4 i n t h e c a k e = ) disp ( % , Phno3c , P e r c e n t a g e o f HNO3 i n t h e c a k e = ) disp ( % , Pwater , P e r c e n t a g e o f w a t e r i n t h e c a k e = ) disp ( % , Ph2so4 , P e r c e n t a g e o f H2SO4 i n t h e c a k e = ) mh2so4req = mh2so4 + mh2so4c ; P = 95; //% ( 9 5% d i l u t e s u l p h u r i c a c i d ) w = mh2so4req * 100 / P ; disp ( mh2so4 ) disp ( kg ,w , ( b ) Weight o f 95% s u l p h u r i c a c i d r e q u i r e d = ) mnitric = mhno3 - mhno3cake ; disp ( kg , mnitric , ( c ) w e i g h t o f n i t r i c a c i d p r o d u c t obtained = ) mwaterd = w *(1 - P /100) - mwater ; disp ( kg , mwaterd , ( d ) t h e w a t e r v a p o u r t h a t i s d i s t i l l e d from t h e n i t r e c a k e = )
119
P e l e c t / 1 0 0 kg ( 1 ) 7 // amount o f w a t e r r e a c t e d = x P e l e c t 1 8 . 0 1 6 / ( 100 5 8 . 4 5 ) kg ( 2 ) 8 // G a s e s p r o d u c e d , Cl2 = x P e l e c t / ( 1 0 0 5 8 . 4 5 2 ) kmol = x P e l e c t 71/ ( 1 0 0 5 8 . 4 5 2 ) kg ( 3 ) 9 //H2 = x P e l e c t / ( 1 0 0 5 8 . 4 5 2 ) kmol = x P e l e c t 2 . 0 1 6 / ( 1 0 0 5 8 . 4 5 2 ) kg ( 4 ) 10 Nwater = 0.03; // mol w a t e r v a p o u r / mol o f g a s 11 // w a t e r v a p o u r p r e s e n t = Nwater 2 ( Cl2 + H2 ) kmol = Nwater 2 ( Cl2 + H2 ) 1 8 . 0 1 6 kg ( 5 ) 12 //NaoH = x P e l e c t 4 0 . 0 0 8 / ( 1 0 0 5 8 . 4 5 ) kg ( 6 ) 13 // w a t e r = w a t e r i n b r i n e w a t e r r e a c t e d w a t e r present in gas ( 7 ) 14 //= (m P e l e c t / 1 0 0 ) w a t e r r e a c t e d ( 2 ) w a t e r present in the gas ( 5 ) 15 // T o t a l w e i g h t o f s o l u t i o n = NaCl ( 1 ) + NaOH ( 6 ) + Water ( 7 ) 16 // s i n c e NaOH i s 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l w e i g h t , we have NaOH = 0 . 1 t o t a l w e i g h t , from t h e s e we g e t , 17 x = 0.1 * 50 / (0.1* 0.3165 + 0.3422 ) ; 18 NaOH = x * Pelect * 40.008/ (100 * 58.45 ) ; 19 NaCl = x * Pelect / 100; 20 water = 34.5032; // kg 21 Pevap = 50; //NaOh p e r c e n t a g e i n s o l u t i o n l e a v i n g evaporator 22 // t a k i n g NaOH b a l a n c e 23 mevap = NaOH * 100 / Pevap ; 24 disp ( kg , mevap , ( a ) amount o f 50% NaOH s o l u t i o n produced = ) 25 Cl2 = x * Pelect *71/ (100 * 58.45 * 2 ) ; // kg 26 H2 = x * Pelect *2.016/ (100 * 58.45 * 2 ) ; // kg 120
disp ( kg ,Cl2 , ( b ) C h l o r i n e p r o d u c e d = ) disp ( kg ,H2 , Hydrogen p r o d u c e d = ) Pleav = 1.5; //% NaCl l e a v i n g t h e e v a p o r a t o r NaClleav = mevap * Pleav / 100; mcrystal = NaCl - NaClleav ; disp ( kg /h , mcrystal , ( c ) Amount o f NaCl c r y s t a l l i z e d = ) 33 mwaterleav = mevap - NaOH - NaClleav ; 34 Mwaterevap = water - mwaterleav ; 35 disp ( kg , Mwaterevap , ( d ) Weight o f w a t e r e v a p o r a t e d = )
27 28 29 30 31 32
clc () m = 100; // mol ( b a s i s r e a c t o r e e x i t g a s ) //CH3OH + O2 = HCOOH + H2O //CH3OH + O2 / 2 = HCHO + H2O Nn2 = 64.49; // mol No2 = 13.88; // mol Nh2o = 5.31; // mol Nch3oh = 11.02; // mol Nhcho = 4.08; // mol Nhcooh = 1.22; // mol // x be t h e m o l e s o f m e t h a n o l r e a c t e d , t a k i n g C b a l a n c e , we g e t , x = Nch3oh + Nhcho + Nhcooh ; Pconv = Nhcho * 100 / x ; disp ( % , Pconv , ( a ) P e r c e n t c o n v e r s i o n o f formaldehyde = ) Nair = Nn2 * 100 / 79; R = Nair / x ; disp (R , ( b ) R a t i o o f a i r t o m e t h a n o l i n t h e f e e d = )
121
fresh feed
)
3 Pconv = 95; //% 4 NApro = NA * (100 - Pconv ) /100; 5 //A = 2B + C 6 NB = NA * Pconv * 2 / 100; 7 NC = NA * Pconv /100; 8 PAent = 0.5; //% 9 NAent = NApro * 100 / PAent ; 10 PBrec = 1; //% 11 NBent = NB * 100 / (100 - PBrec ) ; 12 m = ( NAent - NApro + NA ) ; 13 conv = (( NAent - NApro + NA ) - NAent ) *100/( NAent -
NApro + NA ) ;
14 disp ( % , conv , ( a ) s i n g l e p a s s c o n v e r i o n = ) 15 Nrecycled = ( NAent - NApro ) + ( NBent - NB ) ; 16 R = Nrecycled / NA ; 17 disp (R , ( b ) r e c y c l e r a t i o = )
s o l u t i o n as f r e s h
l e t x be t h e w e i g h t be t h e w e i g h t f r a c t o n r e c y c l e stream , f o r of Glucose + f r u c t o s e =
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// z be t h e w e i g h t f r a c t i o n o f s u c r o s e i n t h e combined s t r e a m e n t e r i n g t h e r e a c t o r Psfeed = 25; //% p e r c e n t s u c r o s e i n f r e s h f e e d // s u c r o s e b a l a n c e g i v e s , 25 + R x = (100+R) z (A) // G l u c o s e + f r u c t o s e b a l a n c e , R y = ( 1 0 0 + R ) 0.04 (B) Sucrosecon = 71.7; //% s u c r o s e consumed // s u c r o s e b a l a n c e a r o u n d t h e r e a c t o r , ( 1 0 0 +R) z =0 . 71 7 ( 10 0+R) z +(100+R) x (C) // From (C) , x = 0 . 2 8 3 z (D) // Amount c o n v e r t e d t o G l u c o s e + f r u c t o s e = 0 . 7 1 7 ( 100 + R ) z // = 0 . 7 1 7 ( 100 + R ) z 3 6 0 . 1 9 2 / 3 4 2 . 1 7 6 kg // G l u c o s e and f r u c t o s e b a l a n c e a r o u n d t h e r e a c t o r , // (100+R) 0 . 0 4 + 0 . 7 1 7 ( 1 0 0 +R) z 3 6 0 . 1 9 2 / 3 4 2 . 1 7 6 = (100+R) y (E) // S o l v i n g (E) , y = 0 . 0 4 + 0 . 7 5 4 8 z (F) // S o l v i n g , (A) , (B) , (C) and ( F ) x = 0.06; y = 0.2; z = 0.212; R = 25; disp ( kg ,R , ( a ) R e c y c l e f l o w = ) disp ( % ,y *100 , ( b ) Combined c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f G l u c o s e and F r u c t o s e i n t h e r e c y c l e s t r e a m = )
123
5 Pconv = 60; //% 6 P1inert = 2; //% 7 NA1 = N * ( 1 - P1inert /100 ) ; 8 NA2 = NA1 * ( 1 - Pconv / 100 ) ; 9 NB2 = NA1 - NA2 ; 10 N1inert = N * P1inert / 100; 11 N2inert = N1inert ; 12 // L e t R be t h e m o l e s r e c y c l e d and P be t h e m o l e s
purged
13 //W = R + P 14 W = NA2 + N2inert ; // 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
(A) PWinert = N2inert * 100/ ( NA2 + N2inert ) ; // component A b a l a n c e , A f r e s h f e e d = A p u r g e s t r e a m + A r e c y c l e stream //F 0 . 9 = P 0 . 9 5 1 5 + 0 . 5 8 8 (B) // i n e r t b a l a n c e a t t h e p o i n t where f r e s h f e e d i s mixed w i t h t h e r e c y c l e , //F 0 . 0 0 5 + R 0 . 0 4 8 5 = 1 0 . 0 2 (C) // S o l v i n g (A) , ( B) and (C) F = 0.6552; // mol P = 0.0671; // mol R = 0.3448; // mol disp ( mol ,R , ( a ) m o l e s o f r e c y c l e s t r e a m = ) disp ( mol ,P , ( b ) m o l e s o f p u r g e s t r e a m = ) NAconv = NA1 - NA2 ; NAf = F * (1 - Pinert / 100) ; Conv = NAconv *100/ NAf ; disp ( % , Conv , ( c ) O v e r a l l c o n v e r s i o n = )
124
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
N = 100; // m o l e s ( B a s i s F r e s h f e e d ) Pconv = 20; //% xco = 0.33; xh2 = 0.665; xch4 = 0.005; //R r e c y c l e s t r e a m , P p u r g e s t r e a m // x mole f r a c t i o n o f CO i n r e c y c l e s t r e a m , xch4r = 0.03; //CO = x , H2 = 1 x c h 4 r CO = 0.97 x ; // methane b a l a n c e o v e r t h e e n t i r e system , P = xch4 * N / xch4r ; // t a k i n g c a r o n b a l a n c e , 3 3 . 5 = M + P ( 0 . 0 3 + x ) // Hydrogen b a l a n c e , 6 6 . 5 + 2 0 . 5 = 2M + P ( 2 0 . 0 3 + 0.97 x) // s u b s t i t u t i n g P , M + 1 6 . 6 7 x = 3 3 . 0 and 2M 1 6 . 6 7 x = 50.33 M = (33.0 + 50.33) /3; x = (( xco + xch4 ) * N - M ) / P - xch4r ; // m e t h a n o l b a l a n c e , ( x c o N+Rx ) Poncv / 1 0 0 = M R = ( M *100 / Pconv - ( xco * N ) ) / x ; disp ( mol ,R , ( a ) m o l e s o f r e c y c l e s t r e a m = ) disp ( mol ,P , ( b ) m o l e s o f p u r g e s t r e a m = ) H2 = 1 - xch4r - x ; disp ( % , xch4r *100 , ( c )CH4 i n p u r g e s t r e a m = ) disp ( % ,x *100 , CO i n p u r g e s t r e a m = ) disp ( % , H2 *100 , h y d r o g e n i n p u r g e s t r e a m = ) disp ( mol ,M , ( d ) Methanol p r o d u c e d = )
125
clc () m = 75; // kg g = 9.81 //m2/ s d = 10; //m t = 2.5*60; // s f = m*g; w = f * d; P = w / t; disp ( Nm ,w , The work done = ) disp ( W ,P , Power r e q u i r e d = )
Scilab code Exa 11.3 Work done calculation for a gas conned in a cylinder
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
clc () d = 100 /1000; //m m = 50; // kg P = 1.01325*10^5; // Pa A = %pi * ( d ^2) /4; Fatm = P * A ; Fwt = m * g ; Ftotal = Fatm + Fwt ; P = Ftotal / A ; disp ( b a r ,P /10^5 , ( a ) P r e s s u r e o f t h e g a s = ) z = 500/1000; //m w = Ftotal * z ; disp ( J ,w , ( b ) Work done by t h e g a s = )
clc () Sgr = 0.879; F = 5; //m3/ h D = Sgr * 1000; m = F * D /3600; // kg / s P = 3500; // kPa W = P * m * 1000/ D ; disp ( W ,W , Power r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h e pump = ) 127
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Specic enthalpy of the uid in the tank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
clc () d = 3; //m m = 12500; // kg P = 7000; // kPa U = 5.3*10^6; // kJ Vtank = 4* %pi *(( d /2) ^3) / 3; Vliq = Vtank / 2; H = U + P * Vliq ; disp ( kJ / kg ,H /m , S p e c i f i c e n t h a l p y o f t h e f l u i d i n the tank = )
Scilab code Exa 11.6 internal energy and enthalpy change calculation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
clc () P = 101.3; // kPa SVl = 1.04 * 10^ -3; //m3/ kmol SVg = 1.675; //m3/ kmol Q = 1030; // kJ W = P * 10^3 * ( SVg - SVl ) /1000; U = Q - W; H = U + P * 10^3 * ( SVg - SVl ) /1000; disp ( kJ / kmol ,U , Change i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y = ) disp ( kJ / kmol ,H , Change i n e n t h a l p y = )
128
heat t r a n s f e r r e d i s negative ,
5 Q = -3000; // kJ /h 6 U = Q *1000/3600 - W ; 7 disp ( J / s ,U , Change i n
i n t e r n a l energy = )
clc () // Fe ( s ) + 2HCl ( aq ) = FeCl2 ( aq ) + H2 ( g ) MFe = 55.847; m = 1; // kg Nfe = m * 10^3/ MFe ; Nh2 = Nfe ; // ( s i n c e 1 mole o f Fe p r o d u c e s 1 mole o f H2 ) T = 300; //K R = 8.314; // t h e c h a n g e i n volume i s e q u a l t o t h e volume o c c u p i e d by h y d r o g e n p r o d u c e d PV = Nh2 * R * T ; W = PV ; disp ( kJ ,W , Work done = )
clc () //Cp = 1 . 4 3 6 + 2 . 1 8 1 0 3 T ; m = 1000/3600; // kg / s T1 = 380; //K T2 = 550; //K x = integrate ( 1 . 4 3 6 + 2 . 1 8 1 0 3 T , T ,T1 , T2 ) ; 129
2; T1 = 300; //K T2 = 1000; //K m = 1; // kg N = m /44; // kmol x = integrate ( 2 6 . 5 4 + 4 2 . 4 5 4 1 0 3 T 1 4 . 2 9 8 10 6 T2 , T ,T1 , T2 ) ; Q = N*x; disp ( kJ ,Q , ( a ) Heat r e q u i r e d = ) // f o r t e m p e r a t u r e i n t d e g r e e c e l s i u s //Cp = 2 6 . 5 4 + 4 2 . 4 5 4 1 0 3 ( t + 2 7 3 . 1 5 ) 1 4 . 2 9 8 10 6 ( t + 2 7 3 . 1 5 ) 2 //Cp = 3 7 . 0 6 8 + 3 4 . 6 4 3 10 3 t 1 4 . 2 9 8 10 6 t 2 ( kJ / kmolC ) //Cp = 8 . 8 5 4 + 8 . 2 7 4 1 0 3 t 3.415 10 6 t 2 ( K c a l / kmolC ) // For d e g r e e F e h r e n e i t s c a l e , r e p l a c e t by ( t 1 3 2 ) / 1 8 , we g e t //Cp = 8 . 7 0 5 8 + 4 . 6 6 4 2 10 3 t 1 1 . 0 5 4 0 10 6 t 1 2 ( Btu / lbmolF )
Scilab code Exa 11.11 Enthalpy change when chlorine gas is heated
1 clc ()
130
131
2 T = [273 373 473 573 673 773 873 973 1073 1173
1273];
3 Cp = [33.6 35.1 36 36.6 37 37.3 37.5 37.6 37.7 37.8 4 5 6 7 8 9
37.9]; plot2d (T , Cp , rect =[273 ,33 ,1273 ,38]) xtitle ( T v s Cp , T e m p e r a t u r e K , Heat C a p a c i t y , kJ / kmolK ) // a t c o n s t a n t P r e s s u r e , H = i n t e g r a t i o n ( Cp , T , T1 , T2 ) // Area u n d e r t h e c u r v e form t h e g r a p h , i s o b t a i n e d a s Area = 3 6 8 2 8 H = 36828; // kJ / kmol disp ( kJ / kmol ,H , E n t h a l p y c h a n g e = )
T2 T1 = 500; //K T2 = 1000; //K x = integrate ( 2 6 . 5 8 6 + 7 . 5 8 2 10 3 T 1 . 1 2 10 6 T2 , T ,T1 , T2 ) ; Cpm = 1 * x / ( T2 - T1 ) ; disp ( kJ / kmolK ,Cpm , ( a ) Mean m o l a l h e a t c a p a c i t y = ) V = 500; //m 3 ; N = V / 22.4143; Q = N * Cpm * ( T2 - T1 ) ; disp ( kJ / h ,Q , ( b ) Heat t o be s u p p l i e d = ) T3 = 1500; //K Q1 = Cpm * ( T3 - T1 ) ; y = integrate ( 2 6 . 5 8 6 + 7 . 5 8 2 10 3 T 1 . 1 2 10 6 T2 , T ,T1 , T3 ) ; Q2 = y ; disp ( Q2 ) 132
17 18
clc () T1 = 1500; //K Tr = 273; //K T2 = 400; //K Cpm1 = 50; // kJ / kmol Cpm2 = 35; // kJ / mol H = Cpm1 * ( T1 - Tr ) - Cpm2 * ( T2 - Tr ) ; disp ( kJ / kmol ,H , E n t h a l p y c h a n g e = )
y i b i T + y i c i T 2 ) xco2 = 0.09; xco = 0.02; xo2 = 0.07; xn2 = 0.82; T1 = 600; //K T2 = 375; //K sumai = xco * 26.586 + xco2 * 26.540 + xo2 * 25.74 + xn2 *27.03; sumbi = xco * 7.582*10^ -3 + xco2 *2.454*10^ -3+ xo2 *12.987*10^ -3 + xn2 *5.815*10^ -3; 133
15
sumci = -( xco * 1.12*10^ -6 + xco2 *14.298*10^ -6+ xo2 *3.864*10^ -6+ xn2 *0.289*10^ -6) ; 16 H = integrate ( sumai+sumbi T+s u m c i T2 , T ,T1 , T2 ) ; 17 disp ( kJ / kmol ,H , E n t h a l p y c h a n g e = )
Scilab code Exa 11.15 Heat capacity calculation for Na2SO4 10H2O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
clc () Hna = 26.04; // J / gatomK Hs = 22.6; // J / gatomK Ho = 16.8; // J / gatomK Hh = 9.6; // J / gatomK Hna2so410h2o = 2* Hna + Hs + 14* Ho + 20* Hh ; Hexp = 592.2; // J /molK Deviation = ( Hexp - Hna2so410h2o ) *100/ Hexp ; disp ( % , Deviation , D e v i a t i o n i n h e a t c a p a c i t y = )
p o i n t o f w a t e r a t 75 kPa i s 375K , t h e v a p o u r a t 573K i s s u p e r h e a t e d ; H1 = 3075; // kJ / kg Cliq = 4.2; // kJ /kgK Cvap = 1.97; // kJ / kg /K m = 1; // kg // l e t assume c o n v e r t i n g l i q . w a t e r i n t o s u p e r h e a t e d stream occurs in 3 steps , 134
12
13 14
15
16 17 18 19
// s t e p 1 w a t e r i s h e a t e d from 273K t o 365 K a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e , enthalpy change i s the heat r e q u i r e d to change the temperature , Hc1 = m * Cliq * ( Tvap - Tbasis ) ; // s t e p 2 t h e l i q i s v a p u r i z e d a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e and c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e , e n t h a l p y c h a n g e i s e q u a l t o t h e h e a t o f v a p o u r i s a t i o n , s a y Hc2 // s t e p 3 t h e s a t u r a t e d v a p o u r a t 365K i s h e a t e d t o 573K a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e , t h e e n t h a l p y c h a n g e i s the heat r e q u i r e d to r a i s e the temperature Hc3 = m * Cvap *( T1 - Tvap ) ; // t o t a l e n t h a l p y = 3 0 7 5 = Hc1 + Hc2 + Hc3 , t h e r e f o r e Hc2 = H1 - Hc1 - Hc3 ; disp ( kJ / kg ,Hc2 , Heat o f v a p o u r i s a t i o n = )
Scilab code Exa 11.17 Heat requirement clc () T1 = 250; //K T = 273.15; //K T2 = 400; //K Cice = 2.037; // kJ /kgK T3 = 373.15; //K Cliq = 75.726; // kJ / kmolK //Cp = 3 0 . 4 7 5 + 9 . 6 5 2 1 0 3 T + 1 . 1 8 9 1 0 6 T2 Hfusion = 6012; // kJ / kmol Hvap = 40608; // kJ / kmol // 1 Heat f o r r a i s i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f i c e , H1 H1 = Cice * ( T - T1 ) ; // 2 L a t e n t h e a t o f f u s i o n o f i c e , Hf Hf = Hfusion / 18.016; // kJ // 3 S e n s i b l e h e a t o f r a i s i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f water , H2 16 H2 = Cliq * ( T3 - T ) /18.016; 17 // 4 L a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n o f water , Hv 135
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
18 Hv = Hvap / 18.016; 19 // 5 S e n s i b l e h e a t o f
9 10 11 12
13 14 15
clc () //Cp = 0 . 1 6 + 4 . 7 8 (10 3) T ( o r g a n i c l i q u i d ) //Cp = 0 . 7 9 3 5 + 1 . 2 9 8 (10 4) T ( CCL4 ) Tb = 349.9; //K Hv = 195; // kJ / kg Cp = 0.4693; // kJ /kgK // L e t T be t h e f i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e // i n t e g r a t i o n (T 6 5 0 ) ( 0 . 1 6 + 4 . 7 8 (10 3) T) d t = i n t e g r a t i o n ( 2 9 5 T) ( 0 . 7 9 3 5 + 1 . 2 9 8 (10 4) T) d t // t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n y i e l d s , 2 . 4 5 4 9 ( 1 0 3 ) T2 + 0 . 9 5 3 5 T 1 3 5 3 . 5 1 = 0 , from t h i s we g e t T = 573.3; //K // s i n c e t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e i s a b o v e b o i l i n g p o i n t o f CCl4 , // h e a t b a l a n c e i s , i n t e g r a t i o n (T 6 5 0 ) ( 0 . 1 6 + 4 . 7 8 (10 3) T) d t = i n t e g r a t i o n ( 2 9 5 3 4 9 . 9 ) ( 0 . 7 9 3 5 + 1 . 2 9 8 (10 4) T) d t + Hv + i n t e g r a t i o n ( 3 4 9 . 9 T) 0 . 4 6 9 3 dT // s o l v i n g a b o v e e q u a t i o n , we g e t , T1 = 540.1; //K disp ( K ,T1 , e q u i l i b r i u m t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e m i x t u r e = )
136
clc () T1 = 363; //K T2 = 373; //K P1s = 70.11; // kPa P2s = 101.3; // kPa R = 8.314; // kJ / kmolK // l n ( P2s / P1s ) = Hv / R ( 1 / T1 1/T2 ) ; Hv = ( log ( P2s / P1s ) * R ) /(1/ T1 - 1/ T2 ) ; Hv1 = Hv / (18) ; disp ( kJ / kg ,Hv1 , Mean h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n = )
clc () Hv1 = 2256; // kJ / kg T1 = 373; //K T2 = 473; //K Tc = 647; //K 137
6 Tr1 = T1 / Tc ; 7 Tr2 = T2 / Tc ; 8 // Hv2 / Hv1 = ((1 Tr2 ) /(1 Tr1 ) ) 0 . 3 8 9 Hv2 = Hv1 *(((1 - Tr2 ) /(1 - Tr1 ) ) ^0.38) ; 10 disp ( kJ / kg ,Hv2 , L a t e n t h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n
of
w a t e r a t 473K = )
clc () //Cp = a + b T T1 = 293.15; //K Cp1 = 131.05; // J /molK T2 = 323; //K Cp2 = 138.04; // J /molK // a + 293 b = 1 3 1 . 0 5 // a + 323 b = 1 3 8 . 0 4 b = ( Cp1 - Cp2 ) /( T1 - T2 ) ; a = Cp1 - b * T1 ; //Cp = 6 2 . 7 8 1 + 0 . 2 3 3 T // Hvb / Tb = 3 6 . 6 3 + 8 . 3 1 lnTb Tb = 273.15 + 80.1; //K Hvb = (36.63 + 8.31* log ( Tb ) ) * Tb ; m = 100; // kg H = m *(10^3) * ( integrate ( 6 2 . 7 8 1 + 0 . 2 3 3 T , T ,T1 , Tb ) ) /78.048 + m *(10^3) * Hvb /78.048; 17 disp ( J ,H , Heat r e q u i r e d = )
138
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
T2 = 373.15; //K T = 358.15; //K H1 = 2592.6; // kJ / kg H2 = 2687.5; // kJ / kg //H by i n t e r p o l a t i o n , H = H1 + (( H2 - H1 ) /( T2 - T1 ) ) *( T - T1 ) ; Hl = 697.061; // kJ / kg Hg = 2762; // kJ / kg //H = x Hl + ( 1 x ) Hg x = ( H - Hg ) /( Hl - Hg ) ; Pmois = x *100; Psteam = ( 1 - x ) *100; disp ( % , Pmois , P e r c e n t a g e o f m o i s t u r e = ) disp ( % , Psteam , P e r c e n t a g e o f d r y s a t u r a t e d steam = )
clc () P = 3500; // kPa T = 673.15; //K SV = 0.08453; //m3/ kg Vcondensed = 1/2; m = 100; // kg V = m * SV / ( m /2) ; //m ( Vl+Vg ) Vcondensed = m SV // But Vl i s n e g l i g i b l e , Vg = m * SV / ( m * Vcondensed ) ; // u s i n g steam t a b l e T1 = 459.5; //K P1 = 1158; // kPa // i n t e r n a l e n e r g y o f s u p e r h e a t e d steam from steam table 15 I = 2928.4; // kJ / kg 16 U1 = m * I ; 139
17 18 19 20 21
Ul = 790; // kJ / kg Ug = 2585.9; // kJ / kg U2 = m * Vcondensed * Ul + m *(1 - Vcondensed ) * Ug ; Q = U2 - U1 ; disp ( kJ ,Q , The amount o f h e a t removed f r o m t he system = )
product P = Pfeed * m / Ppro ; //W be t h e w e i g h t o f w a t e r e v a p o r i z e d W = m - P; // s t e p 1 c o o l i n g 1 0 0 0 kg / h o f 10% s o l u t i o n from 305K t o 298K T1 = 305; //K T2 = 298; //K Cliq = 3.67; // kJ /kgK H1 = m * Cliq * ( T2 - T1 ) ; // s t e p 2 s e p a r a t i o n i n t o p u r e c o m p o n e n ts Hsolution = -42.85; // kJ / mol H2 = - Pfeed * m *1000 * Hsolution / (40*100) ; // s t e p 3 W kg w a t e r i s c o n v e r t e d t o w a t e r v a p o u r Hvap = 2442.5; // kJ / kg H3 = W * Hvap ; // s t e p 4 w a t e r v a p o u r a t 298K i s h e a t e d t o 3 7 3 . 1 5K Cvap = 1.884; // kJ /kgK T3 = 373.15; //K H4 = W * Cvap * ( T3 - T2 ) ; // s t e p 5 f o r m a t i o n o f 200 kg o f 50% NaOH s o l u t i o n a t 140
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
298K Hsolu = -25.89; // kJ / mol H5 = Pfeed * m *1000 * Hsolu / (40*100) ; // s t e p 6 H e a t i n g t h e s o l u t i o n from 298K t o 380K Csolu = 3.34; // kJ / kg T4 = 380; //K H6 = P * Csolu * ( T4 - T2 ) ; Htotal = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 + H5 + H6 ; disp ( kJ , Htotal , The e n t h a l p y c h a n g e a c c o m p a n y i n g the complete p r o c e s s = )
Scilab code Exa 11.26 Mean heat capacity of ethanol water solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
clc () Nwater = 0.8; // m o l e s Nethanol = 0.2; // m o l e s T = 323; //K Cwater = 4.18*10^3; // J /kgK Cethanol = 2.58*10^3; // J /kgK Hmixing1 = -758; // J / mol ( a t 298K ) Hmixing2 = -415; // J / mol ( a t 323K ) T1 = 298; //K T2 = 523; //K // s t e p 1 0 . 8 mol o f w a t e r i s c o o l e d from 323 K t o 298K H1 = Nwater * 18 * Cwater * ( T1 - T ) / 1000; // s t e p 2 0 . 2 mol e t h a n o l c o o l e d from 323K t o 298K H2 = Nethanol * 46 * Cethanol * ( T1 - T ) /1000; // s t e p 3 0 . 8 mol w a t e r and 0 . 2 mol e t h a n o l a r e mixed t o g e t h e r , H3 = Hmixing1 ; // s t e p 4 s o l u t i o n i s h e a t e d t o 323K, H4 = Cpm (T T1 ) // Hmixing2 = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 H4 = Hmixing2 - H1 - H2 - H3 ; 141
o f a 20
percent s o l u t i o n = )
f e e d s o l u t i o n 10%
NaOH, 305 K ) H2 = 560.57; // kJ / kg ( e n t h a l p y o f t h i c k l i q u o r 50% NaOH, 380 K ) Hsteam = 2676; // kJ / kg ( 1 atm , 3 7 3 . 1 5K ) // by d o i n g m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e s , P = 200; // kg / h mvap = 800; // kg / h // E n t h a l p y b a l a n c e g i v e s , F H1 + Q = mvap Hsteam + P H2 Q = ( mvap * Hsteam + P * H2 ) -F * H1 ; disp ( kJ / h ,Q , Heat t o be s u p p l i e d = )
t h e volume d o e s n o t c h a n g e d u r i n g h e a t i n g , Under c o n s t a n t volume , t h e change in the i n t e r n a l energy i s equal to the heat supplied 5 Q = U2 - U1 ; 6 disp ( kJ ,Q , Heat t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e a i r = ) 142
hp = 7 4 5 . 7W)
3 Q = -3400; // kJ /h ( Heat t r a n s f e r r e d
to the
surrounding )
4 U = Q *1000/3600 - W ; 5 disp ( J / s ,U , R i s e i n t h e I n t e r n a l
energy of the
system = )
clc () // 2 Fe + 3/2O2 = Fe2O3 Hliberated = 831.08; // kJ Q = - Hliberated *1000; disp ( J ,Q , Q = ) //P(V) = ( n )RT //W = P(V) = ( n )RT n = -1.5; R = 8.314; T = 298; //K W = (n) * R * T; disp ( J ,W , W = ) U = Q - W; disp ( J ,U , U = )
Scilab code Exa 11.31 Saturated steam and saturated water 143
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17
clc () Vgas = 0.09; //m3 Vliq = 0.01; //m3 SVliq = 1.061*10^ -3; //m3/ kg SVvap = 0.8857; //m3/ kg mvap = Vgas / SVvap ; mliq = Vliq / SVliq ; Ul = 504.5; // kJ / kg Ug = 2529.5; // kJ / kg U1 = Ul * mliq + Ug * mvap ; SVtotal = ( Vgas + Vliq ) /( mvap + mliq ) ; // u s i n g steam t a b l e , t h e s e v a l u e o f s p e c i f i c volume c o r r e s p o n d s t o p r e s s u r e o f 1 4 8 . 6 b a r and i n t e r n a l e n e r g y o f 2 4 6 4 . 6 kJ / kg U = 2464; // kJ / kg Utotal = U * ( mvap + mliq ) ; // U t o t a l U1 = Q W, but W = o , hence , Q = Utotal - U1 ; disp ( kJ ,Q , Heat t o be added = )
Scilab code Exa 11.32 constant volume and constant pressure process
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
clc () m = 10; // kg ( a i r ) N = m / 29; // kmol P1 = 100; // kPa T1 = 300; //K R = 8.314; V1 = N * R * T1 / P1 ; V2 = V1 ; T2 = 600; //K Cv = 20.785; // kJ / kmolK Cp = 29.099; // kJ / kmolK U = N * Cv * ( T2 - T1 ) ; Q = U; 144
14 W = Q - U ; 15 H = U + N * R * ( T2 - T1 ) ; 16 disp ( kJ ,U , ( a ) Change i n i n t e r n a l 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
energy at
c o n s t a n t volume = ) disp ( kJ ,Q , h e a t s u p p l i e d a t c o n s t a n t volume = ) disp ( kJ ,W , Work done a t c o n s t a n t volume = ) disp ( kJ ,H , Change i n E n t h a l p y a t c o n s t a n t volume = ) P2 = P1 ; H2 = N * Cp * ( T2 - T1 ) ; Q2 = H2 ; U2 = H2 - N * R * ( T2 - T1 ) ; W2 = Q2 - U2 ; disp ( kJ ,U2 , ( b ) Change i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y a t constant Pressure = ) disp ( kJ ,Q2 , h e a t s u p p l i e d a t c o n s t a n t P r e s s u r e = ) disp ( kJ ,W2 , Work done a t c o n s t a n t P r e s s u r e = ) disp ( kJ ,H2 , Change i n E n t h a l p y a t c o n s t a n t Pressure = )
Scilab code Exa 11.33 series of operations clc () Cp = 29.3; // kJ / kmol R = 8.314; Cv = Cp - R ; T1 = 300; //K P1 = 1; // b a r P2 = 2; // b a r // s t e p 1 Volume r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t , t h e r e f o r e t h e work done i s z e r o and h e a t s u p p l i e d i s Cv , A l s o T2/T1 = P2/P1 9 T2 = P2 * T1 / P1 ; 10 Q1 = Cv * ( T2 - T1 ) ; 145
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
W1 = 0; disp ( kJ ,W1 , Work done a t c o n s t a n t volume = ) disp ( kJ ,Q1 , Heat s u p p l i e d a t c o n s t a n t volume = ) // s t e p 2 P r o c e s s i s a b d i a b a t i c Q2 = 0; r = 1.4; T3 = T2 * (( P1 / P2 ) ^(( r - 1) / r ) ) ; W2 = Cv * ( T2 - T3 ) ; disp ( T3 ) disp ( kJ ,W2 , Work done i n a d i a b a t i c p r o c e s s = ) disp ( kJ ,Q2 , Heat s u p p l i e d i n a d i a b a t i c p r o c e s s = ) // s t e p 3 p r o c e s s i s i s o b a r i c Q3 = Cp * ( T1 - T3 ) ; U3 = Cv * ( T1 - T3 ) ; W3 = Q3 - U3 ; disp ( kJ ,W3 , Work done a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e = ) disp ( kJ ,Q3 , Heat s u p p l i e d a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e = )
Scilab code Exa 11.34 change in internal energy and enthalpy and heat supplied and work done
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
clc () P1 = 5; // b a r P2 = 4; // b a r T1 = 600; //K V = 0.1; //m3 T2 = 400; //K T = 298; //K Cp = 30; // J /molK // s t e p 1 i s o t h e r m a l c o n d i t i o n U1 = 0; H1 = 0; P = 1; // b a r 146
i n t e r n a l energy in i s o t h e r m a l c o n d i t i o n = ) disp ( kJ / kmol ,H1 , Change i n t h e e n t h a l p y e n e r g y i n i s o t h e r m a l c o n d i t i o n = ) disp ( kJ / kmol ,W1 , Work done i n i s o t h e r m a l c o n d i t i o n = ) disp ( kJ / kmol ,Q1 , Heat s u p p l i e d i n i s o t h e r m a l c o n d i t i o n = ) N = P * (1.01325 * 10^5) * V / ( R * T ) ; Cv = Cp - R ; U2 = Cv * ( T2 - T ) * N ; H2 = Cp * ( T2 - T ) * N ; W2 = 0; Q2 = U2 + W2 ; disp ( kJ / kmol ,U2 , ( b ) Change i n t h e i n t e r n a l e n e r g y a t c o n s t a n t volume c o n d i t i o n = ) disp ( kJ / kmol ,H2 , Change i n t h e e n t h a l p y e n e r g y a t c o n s t a n t volume c o n d i t i o n = ) disp ( kJ / kmol ,W2 , Work done a t c o n s t a n t volume c o n d i t i o n = ) disp ( kJ / kmol ,Q2 , Heat s u p p l i e d a t c o n s t a n t volume c o n d i t i o n = )
clc () m = 1; // kg u2 = 0.5; //m/ s u1 = 60; //m/ s H = -3000; // kJ / kg //KE = ( u 2 ) /2 KE = (( u2 ^ 2) - ( u1 ^2) ) /2000; 147
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
g = 9.81; //m/ s 2 Z1 = 7.5; //m Z2 = 2; //m //PE = g ( Z ) PE = g * ( Z2 - Z1 ) /1000; W = 800; // kJ / kg Q = H + PE + KE + W ; disp ( kJ / kg ,Q , Heat removed from t h e f l u i d = )
clc () PE = 0; W = 0; Q = 0; // (H) + ( u 2 ) /2 = 0 // a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e a l t i o n u1 v1 = u2 v2 // ( u 2 ) /2 i s n e g l i g i b l e , c h a n g e i n e n t h a l p y i s 0 T1 = 623; //K P1 = 6000; // kPa H1 = 3045.8; // kJ / kg ( E n t h a l p y o f t h e steam u s i n g steam t a b l e ) 11 P2 = 1000; // kPa 12 T2 = 570; //K ( v a l u e o f t e m p e r a t u r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e e n t h a l p y and p r e s s u r e u s i n g t h e steam t a b l e ) 13 disp ( K ,T2 , T e m p e r a t u r e o f s u p e r h e a t e d steam = )
148
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
PE = g * z ; KE = 0; T2 = 288; //K f = 1.5*10^ -2; //m3/ min D = 1000; // kg /m3 m = f * D; Qsupp = 500; // kJ / min Qlost = 400; // kJ / min Qnet = ( Qsupp - Qlost ) * D / m ; W = 2*745.7; //W Ws = -W * 0.6 / ( m /60) ; H = Qnet - Ws - PE - KE ; Cp = 4200; T1 = H / Cp ; T = T1 + T2 ; disp ( K ,T , The t e m p e r a t u r e o f e x i t w a t e r = )
stream Pmoisture1 = 4; //% Pmoisture2 = 0.2; //% S = m *(1 - P /1000) ; X1 = Pmoisture1 /(100 - Pmoisture1 ) ; X2 = Pmoisture2 /(100 - Pmoisture2 ) ; // l e t G be t h e w e i g h t o f d r y a i r i n t h e a i r s t r e a m Y1 = 0.01; // kg w a t e r / kg d r y s o l i d Cp = 1.507; Cw = 4.2; T1 = 298; //K T = 273; //K T2 = 333; //K 149
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Tg1 = 363; //K Tg2 = 305; //K Hs1 = ( Cp + X1 * Cw ) * ( T1 - T ) ; Hs2 = ( Cp + X2 * Cw ) * ( T2 - T ) ; //Hg = Cs ( Tg To ) + Y L // Cs = 1 . 0 0 5 + 1 . 8 8 4 Y L = 2502.3; // kJ / kg d r y a i r Hg1 = (1.005 + 1.884 * Y1 ) *( Tg1 - T ) + Y1 * L ; Q = -40000; // kJ /h // C a l c u l a t i n g f o r T2 , Hg2 = 3 2 . 1 6 + 2 5 6 2 . 5 9 Y // c h a n g e i n e n t h a l p y = Q //H1 = S Hs1 + G HG1 = 3 7 8 1 4 . 2 2 + 1 1 7 . 1 7G //H2 = 1 0 0 7 2 8 . 1 4 + G ( 3 2 . 1 6 + 2 5 6 1 . 5 9 Y) // c h a n g e i n e n t h a l p y = Q // 6 2 9 1 3 . 9 2 + G ( 8 5 . 0 1 + 2 5 6 1 . 5 9 Y) + 4 0 0 0 0 = 0 // 1 0 2 9 1 3 . 9 2 + G ( 8 5 . 0 1 + 2 5 6 1 . 5 9 Y) = 0 (1) // m o i s t u r e b a l a n c e , S X1 + G Y1 = S X2 + G Y2 //G (Y 0 . 0 1 ) = 3 9 . 6 2 (2) // s o l v i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , Gdry = 3443; // kg / h G = Gdry *(1 + Y1 ) ; disp ( kg /h ,G , A i r r e q u i r e m e n t = )
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
F = 1000; xf = 0.10; xd = 0.9; xw = 0.01; // s u b s t i t u t i n g i n a b o v e e q u a t i o n s , D = F * ( xf - xw ) / ( xd - xw ) ; W = F - D; R = 8; L = R * D; // m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e a r o u n d t h e c o n d e n s e r ,G v a p o u r reaching the condenser G = L + D; Td = 332; //K T2 = 300; //K Tw = 370; //K Tf = 340; //K Lacetone1 = 620; // kJ / kg Lwater1 = 2500; // kJ / kg Ld = xd * Lacetone1 + (1 - xd ) * Lwater1 ; Cpacetone = 2.2; // kJ /kgK Cpwater = 4.2; // kJ /kgK Cp = xd * Cpacetone + (1 - xd ) * Cpwater ; H = Ld + Cp * ( Td - T2 ) ; Cpc = 4.2; // kJ / kg Tc = 30; //K ( c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e a l l o w a b l e f o r c o o l i n g water ) m = G * H / ( Cpc * Tc ) ; disp ( kg /h ,m , ( a ) The c i r c u l a t i o n r a t e o f c o o l i n g water = ) Qc = G * H ; Hd = 0; Hw = ( xw * Cpacetone + (1 - xw ) * Cpwater ) *( Tw - T2 ) ; Hf = ( xf * Cpacetone + (1 - xf ) * Cpwater ) *( Tf - T2 ) ; Qb = D * Hd + W * Hw + Qc - F * Hf ; Hcondensation = 2730; // kJ / kg msteam = Qb / Hcondensation ; disp ( kg /h , msteam , ( b ) Amount o f steam s u p p l i e d = )
151
Hr1 =
12 13 14 15
2 8 2 . 9 1 kJ / mol //H2 ( g ) + 1/2 O2 ( g ) = H2O Hr2 = 2 4 1 . 8 3 kJ / mol Hr1 = - 282.91; // kJ / mol Hr2 = - 241.83; // kJ / mol Nco1 = 20; Nh21 = 30; Nn21 = 50; Htotal = Nco1 * Hr1 + Nh21 * Hr2 ; disp ( kJ ,- Htotal , t h e amount o f h e a t l i b e r a t e d on t h e c o m p l e t e c o m b u s t i o n o f 100 mol o f t h e g a s mixture = ) Ncoreac = Nco1 * 0.9; Nh2reac = Nh21 * 0.8; Htotal1 = Ncoreac * Hr1 + Nh2reac * Hr2 ; disp ( kJ ,- Htotal1 , t h e amount o f h e a t l i b e r a t e d i f 152
o f combustion data using f o l l o w i n g equation , the h e a t o f r e a c t i o n i s t h e sum o f t h e h e a t o f combustion of a l l the r e a c t a n t s in the d e s i r e d r e a c t i o n minus t h e sum o f t h e h e a t o f c o m b u s t i o n o f a l l t h e p r o d u c t s o f t h e d e s i r e d r e a c t i o n . Here t h e r e a c t a n t s a r e one mole o f Carbon and two m o l e s hydrogen , and t h e p r o d u c t i s one mole o f methane , t h e r e h e a t o f r e a c t i o n i s 7 Hf = 1 * Hc + 2 * Hh2 - 1 * Hch4 ; 8 disp ( kJ ,Hf , Heat o f f o r m a t i o n o f methane = )
clc () m = 1; // kg o f c o a l b u r n e d xc = 0.7; xh2 = 0.055; xn2 = 0.015; xs = 0.03; xo = 0.13; xash = 0.07; Hvap = 2370; // kJ / kg 153
10 C = 29000; // kJ / kg 11 Nh2 = xh2 * m / 2.016; 12 Nwater = Nh2 ; // ( amount o f w a t e r f o r m e d ) 13 mwater = Nwater * 18.016; 14 Hreq = mwater * Hvap ; 15 Hnet = C - Hreq ; 16 disp ( kJ / kg , Hnet , Net h e a t i n g v a l u e o f c o a l = )
Scilab code Exa 12.4 Heat of reaction for esterication of ethyl alcohol
1 clc () 2 //C2H5OH( l ) + CH3COOH( l ) = C2H5COOCH3( l ) + H2O( l ) H 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
= ? Hc2h5oh = -1366.91; // kJ / mol Hch3cooh = -871.69; // kJ / mol Hc2h5cooch3 = -2274.48; // kJ / mol // t o c a l c u l a t e h e a t o f r e a c t i o n from t h e h e a t o f combustion data , // H r e a c = H r e a c Hprod Hreac = Hc2h5oh + Hch3cooh - Hc2h5cooch3 ; disp ( kJ , Hreac , Heat o f r e a c t i o n f o r t h e e s t e r i f i c a t i o n o f e t h y l a l c o h o l with a c e t i c acid = )
H =
1 3 6 6 . 9 1 kJ (A) Hc2h4 = -1410.99; // kJ / mol Hvap = 44.04; // kJ / mol Hc2h5oh = 42.37; // kJ / mol 154
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
//C2H4 ( g ) + 3H2O( l ) = C2H5OH( l ) + 3O2 ( g ) H 1410.99 kJ (B) //H2O( l ) = H2O( g ) H 4 4 . 0 4 kJ (C) //C2H5OH( l ) = C2H5OH( g ) H 4 2 . 3 7 kJ (D) //A + B + D C g i v e s t h e r e q u i r e d r e a c t i o n Ha = 1366.91; // kJ Hb = -1410.99; // kJ Hc = 44.04; // kJ Hd = 42.37; // kJ Hreac = Ha + Hb + Hd - Hc ; disp ( kJ , Hreac , The s t a n d a r d h e a t o f r e a c t i o n
= = =
= )
H1 = 1299.6 kJ (A) //C( s ) + O2 ( g ) = CO2( g ) H2 = 393.51 kJ (B) //H2 ( g ) + 1/2O2 ( g ) = H2O( l ) H3 = 285.84 kJ (C) // 2C( s ) + H2 ( g ) = C2H2 ( g ) H = ? H1 = -1299.6; // kJ H2 = -393.51; // kJ H3 = -285.84; // kJ Hreac = 2 * H2 + H3 - H1 ; disp ( kJ , Hreac , Heat o f f o r m a t i o n o f a c e t y l e n e = )
Scilab code Exa 12.7 Standard heat of roasting of iron pyrites 155
1 clc () 2 m = 100; // kg o f p y r i t e s c h a r g e d 3 xfes2in = 0.8; 4 xganguein = 0.2; 5 xfes2out = 0.05; 6 // l e t x be t h e FeS2 i n t h e f e e d , then , Fe2O3 = ( 8 0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
x ) 1 5 9 . 6 9 / ( 1 1 9 . 9 8 2 ) and g a n g u e = 2 0 , t o t a l = 7 3 . 2 4 + 0 . 3 3 4 5 , be FeS2 i s o n l y 5 % i n t h e product , hence x = 0.05 * 73.24 / (1 - 0.05*0.3345) ; mfes2reacted = m * xfes2in - x ; // 4 FeS2 + 11O2 = 2 Fe2O3 + 8SO2 Hfes2 = -178.02; // kJ / mol Hfe2o3 = -822.71; // kJ / mol Hso2 = -296.9; // kJ / mol Hreac = 2 * Hfe2o3 + 8 * Hso2 - 4 * Hfes2 ; N = mfes2reacted *1000/ 119.98; H = Hreac * N / 4; H1 = H / m ; // ( h e a t o f r e a c t i o n p e r kg o f c o a l b u r n t ) disp ( kJ ,H1 , Heat o f r e a c t i o n p e r 1 kg o f c o a l burned = )
H =
726.55 kJ H1 = -726.55; // kJ Hco2 = -393.51; // kJ / mol Hh2o = -285.84; // kJ / mol Hch3oh = Hco2 + 2 * Hh2o - H1 ; disp ( kJ , Hch3oh , Heat o f f o r m a t i o n o f l i q u i d methanol = )
156
Scilab code Exa 12.9 Gross heating value and Net heating value calculation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21
clc () N = 100; // mol f u e l g a s Nco = 21; Nh2 = 15.6; Nco2 = 9.0; Nch4 = 2; Nc2h4 = 0.4; Nn2 = 52; Hco = 282.99; // kJ / mol ( h e a t o f c o m b u s t i o n ) Hh2 = 285.84; // kJ / mol ( h e a t o f c o m b u s t i o n ) Hch4 = 890.4; // kJ / mol ( h e a t o f c o m b u s t i o n ) Hc2h4 = 1410.99; // kJ / mol ( h e a t o f c o m b u s t i o n ) Hvap = 44.04; // kJ / mol H = Nco * Hco + Nh2 * Hh2 + Nch4 * Hch4 + Nc2h4 * Hc2h4 ; // kJ V = N * 22.4143/1000; H1 = H / V ; // kJ /m3 // on c o m b u s t i o n , 1 mol h y d r o g e n g i v e s 1 mol o f water , 1 mol o f methane g i v e s 2 mol o f w a t e r and 1 mol o f e t h y l e n e g i v e s 2 moles of water Nwater = Nh2 + 2 * Nch4 + 2 * Nc2h4 ; Hvap1 = Hvap * Nwater ; Hnet = H1 - Hvap1 ; disp ( kJ , Hnet , Net h e a t i n g v a l u e o f t h e f u e l = )
157
3 Hfco2 = -393.51; // kJ 4 Hfh2o = - 241.826; // kJ 5 Hfc5h12 = -146.4; // kJ 6 Hvap = 43.967; // kJ / mol 7 H1 = 6* Hfh2o +5* Hfco2 - Hfc5h12 ; 8 H2 = 6 * ( - Hvap ) ; 9 Hreac = H1 + H2 ; 10 disp ( kJ , Hreac , S t a n d a r d h e a t o f
r e a c t i o n = )
9 10 11 12 13 14
clc () m = 1; // kg o f o i l b u r n e d mc = 0.9; // kg mh2 = 0.1; // kg Mc = mc / 12; // kmol //C( s ) + O2 ( g ) = CO2( g ) Nh2 = mh2 / 2.016; // kmol // c h a n g e i n t h e no . o f g a s e o u s c o m po n e n t s a c c o m p a n y i n g t h e c o m b u s t i o n o f 1 mole o f h y d r o g e n i n l i q u i d s t a t e i s 1/2 mol , t h e r e f o r e f o r Nh2 mol R = 8.314; T = 298; //K x = Nh2 * R * T / ( -2) ; Qv = -43000; // kJ / kg Qp = Qv + x ; disp ( kJ / kg ,Qp , t h e c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e h e a t o f combustion = )
158
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// 1 N2 , 2 H2 , 3 NH3 a1 = 27.31; a2 = 29.09; a3 = 25.48; b1 = 5.2335*10^ -3; b2 = -8.374*10^ -4; b3 = 36.89 * 10^ -3; c1 = -4.1868 * 10^ -9; c2 = 2.0139*10^ -6; c3 = -6.305*10^ -6; H1 = -46191; // J T1 = 298; //K // 1/2 N2 + 3/2 H2 = NH3 H = 46.191 kJ // Ht = H + a T + b T2 / 2+ c T3 / 3 // a t 2 9 8 , a = a3 - a1 / 2 - 3 * a2 / 2; b = b3 - b1 / 2 - 3 * b2 / 2; c = c3 - c1 / 2 - 3 * c2 / 2; H = H1 -a * T1 - b * ( T1 ^2) / 2 - c * ( T1 ^3) / 3; T2 = 700; //K H2 = H + a * T2 + b * ( T2 ^2) / 2 + c * ( T2 ^3) / 3; disp ( H ) ; disp ( kJ ,H2 , Heat o f r e a c t i o n a t 700K = )
8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1 0 4 T 2 // f o r r e a c t a n t s , H1 = integrate ( 2 8 . 0 6 8 + 4 . 6 3 1 10 3 T 2 . 5 7 7 3 1 0 4 T 2 , T ,T2 , T1 ) + 2 * integrate ( 2 7 . 0 1 2 + 3 . 5 0 9 10 3 T + 6 . 9 0 0 6 1 0 4 T 2 , T , T2 , T1 ) ; // f o r p r o d u c t , H2 = integrate ( 1 8 . 3 8 2 + 1 0 1 . 5 6 4 10 3 T 2 8 . 6 8 3 10 6 T2 , T ,T1 , T2 ) ; // H298 = H p r o d u c t s H r e a c t a n t s ; //CO + 2H2 = CH3OH Ha1 = 238.64 kJ Ha1 = -238.64; // kJ //CH3OH( l ) = CH3OH( g ) Hvap = 3 7 . 9 8 kJ Hvap = 37.98; // kJ //CO( g ) + 2H2 ( g ) = CH3OH( g ) Ha2 = 200.66 kJ Ha2 = Ha1 + Hvap ; // kJ Hco = -110.6; // kJ / mol H298 = Ha2 - ( Hco ) ; Htotal = H1 /1000 + H298 + H2 /1000; disp ( kJ / mol , Htotal , The h e a t o f r e a c t i o n a t 773K = )
supplied
7 Nn2 = Nosupp * 79 / 21; 8 Nco2 = Nco ; 9 Noremain = Nosupp - No2 ; 10 T1 = 298; //K
160
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
T2 = 400; //K Hr1 = -282.99; // kJ T3 = 600; //K SHco = 29.1; // J /molK SHo2 = 29.7; // J /molK SHn2 = 29.10; // J /molK SHco2 = 41.45; // J /molK H1 = ( Nosupp * SHo2 + Nn2 * SHn2 + Nco * SHco ) * ( T1 - T2 ) ; // e n t h a l p y o f c o o l i n g o f r e a c t a n t s from 298 t o 400 K 19 H2 = ( Nco2 * SHco2 + Nn2 * SHn2 + Noremain * SHo2 ) * ( T3 - T1 ) ; // e n t h a l p y o f h e a t i n g t h e p r o d u c t s from 298K t o 600K 20 H = H1 /1000 + Hr1 + H2 /1000; 21 disp ( kJ ,H , Heat c h a n g e a t 600K = )
H298 =
41.190 T1 = 298; //K Pconv = 75; //% T2 = 800; //K H298 = -41.190; // kJ Hco = 30.35; // J /molK Hco2 = 45.64; // J /molK Hwater = 36; // J /molK Hh2 = 29.3; // J /molK Nco = 1; // mol Nh2o = 1; // mol Ncofinal = Nco * (1 - Pconv /100) ; Nwaterf = Ncofinal ; Nco2final = Nco - Ncofinal ; Nh2final = Nco2final ; 161
Hco + Nwaterf * Hwater ) * ( T2 - T1 ) ; Hr1 = H298 * ( Nco - Ncofinal ) ; Hr2 = Hr1 * 1000 + H2 ; mh2 = Nh2final * 2.016 * 10^ -3; // kg // t h e r f o r e f o r 1 0 0 0 k H2 , Hr = Hr2 * 1000 / ( mh2 * 1000) ; // kJ disp ( kJ ,Hr , Amount o f h e a t c h a n g e f o r 1 0 0 0 kg o f hydrogen produced = )
H1298 = 170
11
12 13 14 15 16
kJ / mol //O2 ( g ) + 2C( s ) = 2CO( g ) H2298 = 221.2 kJ / mol T2 = 1298; //K T1 = 298; //K Hc = 0.02; // kJ /molK Ho = 0.03; // kJ /molK Hco = 0.03; // kJ /molK Hco2 = 0.05; // kJ /molK // l e t t h e f l u e g a s c o n t a i n x mol CO2 p e r mole o f oxygen , p r o d u c t c o n t a i n s 2(1+ x ) mol CO. N i t r o g e n i n r e a c t a n t and p r o d u c t r e m a i n t h e same // e n t h a l p y o f c o o l i n g xmol CO2 , 1 mol O2 and 2 + xmol c a r b o n from 1 2 9 8 t o 298K i s g i v e n as , H1 = ( Hco2 x + Ho 1 + Hc ( 2 + x ) ) ( 2 9 8 1 2 9 8 ) //H1 = ( 70 x 7 0 ) kJ // e n t h a l p y o f h e a t i n g t h e p r o d u c t , H2 = 2 ( 1 + x ) Hco ( 1 2 9 8 2 9 8 ) //H2 = 60 + 60 x kJ // Hr = 170 x 2 2 1 . 2 // H t o t a l = 0 = H1 + H2 + Hr 162
in f e e d stream = )
w a t e r i n f l u e ga , y
i s the oxygen s u p p l i e d xco2 = 0.019; xch2o = 0.117; xo2 = 0.038; xch4 = 0.826; xc = xco2 + xch2o + xch4 ; Nc = xc * N ; Nch4i = Nc ; // Hydrogen b a l a n c e , xh2 = xch2o + xch4 *2; w = 2 * ( Nch4i ) - xh2 * N ; // o x y g e n b a l a n c e No2s = ( xco2 + xch2o /2 + xo2 ) * N + w /2; y = No2s ; T1 = 298; //K T2 = 573; //K T3 = 673; //K // o x y g e n c o o l e d from 573K and methane from 673 t o 298K Ho573 = 30.5; // J /molK Hch4673 = 45.9; // J /molK H1 = y * Ho573 * ( T1 - T2 ) + Nch4i * Hch4673 * ( T1 T3 ) ; //CH4 + O2 = CH2O + H2O Hr1 = 282.926 kJ //CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O Hr2 = 802.372 kJ 163
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Hr1 = -282.926; // kJ Hr2 = -802.372; // kJ H2 = xch2o * N * Hr1 + xco2 * N * Hr2 ; T4 = 873; //K Ho = 31.9 Hch4 = 51.4; Hco2 = 46.3; Hch2o = 47.1; Hh2o = 36.3; H3 = (( xco2 * Hco2 + xo2 * Ho + xch4 * Hch4 + Hch2o * xch2o ) * N + w * Hh2o ) *( T4 - T1 ) ; Htotal = H1 /1000 + H2 + H3 /1000; Nch2o = xch2o * N ; mch2o = Nch2o * 30.016/1000; // kg // f o r 1 0 0 0 kg o f f o r m a l d e h y d e p r o d u c e d , H = Htotal * 1000 / mch2o ; disp ( kJ ,H , The amount o f h e a t t o be removed p e r 1 0 0 0 kg o f f o r m a l d e h y d e p r o d u c e d = )
c o n i s t i n g o f 1 kmol
o f N2
and 3 kmol o f H2 )
3 Nh2 = 3; // kmol / s 4 // l e t x be t h e f r a c t i o n c o n v e r t e d 5 T1 = 700; //K 6 Hr1 = -94.2; // kJ / mol 7 // h e a t l i b e r a t e d = Hr1 x 8 // P r o d u c t c o n s i s t s o f 2 x kmol NH3 , (1 x ) kmol N2 , and
164
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
//H2 = (1 x ) 0 . 0 3 1 0 3 100 + 3 (1 x ) 0 . 0 2 8 9 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 + 2 x 0 . 0 4 9 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 //H2 = 1 1 . 6 7 1 0 0 0 1 . 8 3 1 0 3 x kJ // r e a c t i o n i s a d i a b a t i c , hence , H1 = H2 // s o l v i n g t h i s we g e t , x = 0.1215; Convmax = x * 100; disp ( % , Convmax , The maximum c o n v e r s i o n f o r n i t r o g e n s h o u l d be )
Scilab code Exa 12.19 Theoretical ame temperature calculation clc () Nco = 1; // mol CO // CO + 1/2 O2 = CO2 O2r = 1; // mol N2r = 3.76; // mol COr = 1; // mol O2p = 0.5; // mol N2p = 3.76; // mol CO2p = 1; // mol Hco = 29.23; // J /molK Ho2 = 34.83; // J /molK Hn2 = 33.03; // J /molK Hco2 = 53.59; // J /molK Hcomb1 = -282.99; // kJ / mol T1 = 298; //K T2 = 373; //K H1 = ( O2r * Ho2 + N2r * Hn2 + COr * Hco ) * ( T1 - T2 ) ; 18 // For p r o d u c t a t temp T , H2 = ( O2p Ho2 + N2p Hn2 + CO2p Hco2 ) (T T1 ) 19 // For a d i a b a t i c c o n d i t i o n , (H1 + Hcomb1 ) = H2 20 T = -( H1 + Hcomb1 * 1000) / ( O2p * Ho2 + N2p * Hn2 + CO2p * Hco2 ) + T1 ; 165
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
21
disp ( K ,T , T h e o r e t i c a l f l a m e t e m p e r a t u r e = )
clc () N = 1; // kmol h y d r o g e n b u r n e d No = N /2; Nosupplied = 2 * No ; Nair = Nosupplied * 100 / 21; Nn2 = Nair - Nosupplied ; // R e a c t a n t s , H2 = 1 kmol , A i r = 4 . 7 6 2 kmol // Product , Water v a p o u r = 1 kmol , Oxygen = 0 . 5 kmol , N2 = 3 . 7 6 2 kmol //Cp ( w a t e r ) = 3 0 . 4 7 5 + ( 9 . 6 5 2 1 0 3 ) T + 1 . 1 8 9 10 6 T2 //Cp ( n i t r o g e n ) = 2 7 . 0 3 4 + 5 . 8 1 5 10 3 T 0 . 2 8 8 9 10 6 T2 //Cp ( o x y g e n ) = 2 5 . 6 1 1 + 1 3 . 2 6 0 10 3 T 4 . 2 0 7 7 10 6 T2 //H2 = i n t e g r a t i o n ( 2 9 8 t o T o f ( 1 Cp ( w a t e r ) + 0 . 5 Cp ( o x y g e n ) + 3 . 7 6 2 Cp ( n i t r o g e n ) ) ) // t h e r e f o r e , H2 = 1 4 0 . 3 4 T + 3 1 . 2 2 2 10 3 T2 4 . 9 2 8 10 6 T2 4 4 4 6 3 . 5 4 kJ H298 = -241.826 * 10^3; // kJ //H2 = H1 H298 //H1 = 0 // t h e r e f o r e u s i n g e q u a t i o n H2 , t h e v a l u e o f T i s o b t a i n e d t o be T = 1609.8; //K disp ( K ,T , T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s = )
166