Manual For Itrans

Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003
written by Ulrich Stiehl, 15-Dec-2003

Revised and enlarged 1-Feb-2004, 25-Feb-2004, and 27-Sep-2005
http://www.sanskritweb.net
See also Addendum of 11-Sep-2004, downloadable as

http://www.sanskritweb.net/itrans/addendum.pdf
This documentation refers to Itranslator 2003, available as of 15-Dec-2003.

Itranslator 2003 has been developed by Omkarananda Ashram Himalayas.
Any suggestions, complaints, etc. may kindly be addressed to:

Swami Satchidananda
Omkarananda Ashram Himalayas
Swami Omkarananda Road
Muni-ki-reti (Rishikesh)
Distt. Tehri Garhwal
P.O. Shivanandanagar - 249 192
Uttaranchal, INDIA
or by email to:
itranslator@omkarananda-ashram.org
Please visit our website at:
http://www.omkarananda-ashram.org
U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 1
Contents
Revision Notes
0.
Itranslator 99 versus Itranslator 2003
1.
Structure and Character Set of ITX File
1.1.
Character Set of ITX Encoding
1.2.
Character Set of English etc. Insertions
2.
Fundamentals of ITX Encoding Scheme
2.1.
Simplified ITX Encoding Scheme for Classical Sanskrit
2.2.
Complete Description of the ITX Codes with Examples
10
2.3.
Text Sample: ITX Devanagari Transliteration
15
3.
Charts of the Devanagari Font "Sanskrit 2003"
20
3.1.
Unicode Range Devanagari (0900-097F) of "Sanskrit 2003"
20
3.2.
Unicode Characters Not Supported by Itranslator 2003
24
3.3.
Special Latin Codes and Private Use Area Codes of "Sanskrit 2003"
25
3.4.
Half-Forms (Left Halves) of Consonants of "Sanskrit 2003"
26
3.5.
Ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003"
28
3.6.
"Sanskrit 2003" versus Other Fonts
44
3.7.
Orthographic Syllables of "Sanskrit 2003"
76
4.
Charts of Transliteration Font "URW Palladio ITU"
104
4.1.
Mixed 8/16-bit Range 128-191 of "URW Palladio ITU"
105
5.
Keyboard Entry and the INSCRIPT Keyboard Driver
107
Appendices:
I.
Attested Hindi Ligatures by Ernst Tremel
110
II.
Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts with "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas"
131
Revisions of February 2004

The preliminary version of this Itranslator manual was published on 15th December 2003.
The revision of 1st February 2004 added a very large 21-page chapter by Ernst Tremel on
"Attested Hindi Ligatures" reproduced in this manual with his kind permission. It should
be noted that some Hindi nasal ligatures, e.g. , could not be attested so far. Chapter 3.6
("Sanskrit 2003" versus Other Fonts) now includes Mr. Tremel's version 2.0 of "shiDeva".
The revision of 25th February 2004 added the chapter on Keyboard entry and INSCRIPT.
Heidelberg, 25th February, 2004
Ulrich Stiehl
Revisions of September 2005

This revision adds the new font "Chandas" by Mihail Bayaryn to the charts on pages 44-75
and explains the update of the font "Sanskrit 2003" (new version 1.1 of September 2005).
Both fonts, "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas" (updated version 1.2 of 27th September 2005),
are completely interchangeable and suited for typesetting of Yajurveda texts. For more
details see below pages 131-133 on Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts with "Sanskrit 2003"
and "Chandas". It should be noted that "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas" are worldwide the
only two Devanagari fonts including all attested ligatures of Vedic and Classical Sanskrit.
It was a pleasure for me to fund the Chandas font project by Mihail Bayaryn of Belarus
(visit his website at http://chandas.cakram.org), and I trust that users of Itranslator 2003
will be pleased to now have a choice among two full-fledged fonts "Sanskrit 2003" and
"Chandas" with complete ligature sets suitable for high-quality professional typesetting.
Furthermore, the following additional large documents are available from my web subsite
http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs:
1.
"Svara Statistics of the Taittiriya Brahmana" (tbsvaras.pdf, 207 pages, 1.2 MB)
2.
"Conjunct Consonants in Sanskrit" (conjuncts.pdf, 101 pages, 5.5 MB)
Heidelberg, 27th September, 2005
Ulrich Stiehl
0. Itranslator 99 versus Itranslator 2003
1. Program Purpose
The Windows programs Itranslator 99 and Itranslator 2003 serve this identical purpose:
Conversion of ITX (= ITRANS) encoded files into Devanagari and/or Transliteration files
(TXT, HTM, or RTF files). Therefore for the user both converter programs are exactly
identical in appearance (while the internal converting routines are completely different).
Itranslator 99 appeared in October 2002
Itranslator 2003 appeared in December 2003
2. Program Compatibility
Itranslator 99 (successor to Itranslator 98)
was developed with the greatest possible
compatibility in mind. Itranslator 99 works
with almost any version of Windows (e.g.
Win. 95/98, Win. ME, Win. 2000, Win. XP)
and with almost any word processor, old or
new (e.g. Word 6.0, Word 97, Word XP etc.,
Word Perfect, OpenOffice 1.0 Writer etc.).
Itranslator 2003 requires Windows XP or at

least Windows 2000 with Uniscribe Library
for International Language Support, and it
requires Uniscribe-savvy word processors
(e.g. Word XP and OpenOffice 1.1. Writer).
Older versions of Windows (e.g. Win. 98)
and older word programs (e.g. Word 97)
cannot use files created by Itranslator 2003.
Itranslator 99 does not require the latest Itranslator 2003 cannot be used, unless you
computer equipment.
buy the most recent computer equipment.
3. Font Compatibility
The Itranslator 99 fonts "Sanskrit 99" and
"URW Palladio IT" (both fonts available as
classical TrueType and PS Type 1 fonts)
were designed with greatest compatibility
in mind. While Itranslator 99 is a Windows
programs, the fonts can also be installed on
other and on older operating systems.
The Itranslator 2003 fonts "Sanskrit 2003"

and "URW Palladio ITU" are available only
as OpenType and Unicode TrueType fonts.
"Sanskrit 2003" needs an operating system
supporting the OpenType font technology
(e.g. Win. XP, Win. 2000, Win. Server 2003,
but also the recent 2003 version of Linux).
4. Ligatures
The Itranslator 99 font "Sanskrit 99" builds
most ligatures by combining half-forms or
even by resorting to virama-ligatures, as
"Sanskrit 99" includes only a few dozen
complete ligatures (whereas "Sanskrit 2003"
includes nearly 1000 complete ligatures),
since "Sanskrit 99" as a font that can be used
even with 10-year-old versions of Windows
is technically restricted to only 224 glyphs.
The Itranslator 2003 font "Sanskrit 2003" is

the first Devanagari font in the history of
typography including complete ligatures of
all attested conjunct consonants (so it is not
necessary to build ligatures by half-forms
or to resort to ugly virama-ligatures). Even
the very rarest, yet attested ligatures are
included in "Sanskrit 2003" as complete and
pre-combined glyphs.
Compare these ligatures of "Sanskrit 99" ...
... with these ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003".
'] 'v 'Oy 'Gy '

'" ' 'n 'm
5. Encoding
The Itranslator 99 font "Sanskrit 99" comes
with its own proprietary encoding, i.e. with
its own codepage so that it is impossible to
mark up a text typeset in "Sanskrit 99" with
another Devanagari font using its own and
necessarily different proprietary encoding.
(If you want to re-typeset a Sanskrit text in
"Sanskrit 2003" instead of "Sanskrit 99", you
have to re-convert the respective ITX file
with Itranslator 2003.)
The Itranslator 2003 font "Sanskrit 2003"

uses the Unicode 4.0 standard encoding, so
that it is possible to mark up a text typeset
in "Sanskrit 2003" with another OpenType
font, e.g. "Mangal". Yet, nobody will do this
presently, as other fonts are of poor quality.
Look at these ugly ligatures set in "Mangal":
6. Keyboard
The non-OpenType font "Sanskrit 99" can
hardly be used for typing a Sanskrit text
directly on the keyboard, because each of
the many half-forms and each complete
ligature has its own keyboard code, which
is difficult to memorize and to enter.
The OpenType font "Sanskrit 2003" can be

used for typing a Sanskrit text directly on
the keyboard as keys (not as codes), e.g.
with INSCRIPT (a keyboard driver), since
the codes of the hundreds of ligatures need
not (and should not) be entered directly.
E.g. for you would have to enter the code E.g. for you would type the keys (not the
0187 as a decimal or a hexadecimal number. codes) ++ (for more details see below).
7. Mixing of Sanskrit and English with one font

Itranslator 99 does not permit of mixing
Sanskrit and English with the one font
"Sanskrit 99", because it does not contain
Latin characters so that you cannot give a
mixed TXT file to another person using a
different operating system, e.g. Unix.
Itranslator 2003 permits of mixing Sanskrit

and English with the one font "Sanskrit
2003" so that it is possible to give mixed
Unicode TXT files to other persons (or to
printing plants) using different operating
systems, e.g. Macintosh OS, Unix, etc.
8. File size
Itranslator 99 generates 8-bit TXT files:
"Sanskrit 99" is a "1 character = 1 byte" font.
E.g. is stored in memory as 1 byte only
(hex BB). Example: The entire Mahabharata,
if converted by Itranslator 99 to a 8-bit TXT
file encoded in "Sanskrit 99" has a file size
of 6,8 megabytes only.
Itranslator 2003 generates 16-bit TXT files:

"Sanskrit 2003" is a "1 character = n bytes"
font. E.g. (= ++) is stored as 6 bytes
(hex 19 09 4D 09 15 09, i.e. low byte first).
Example: The entire MBh, if converted by
Itranslator 2003 to a 16-bit TXT file encoded
in "Sanskrit 2003", has a file size of 15,4 MB.
Note: The file size is crucial for "Word XP". While "Word 97" can import megabyte files,
"Word XP" cannot import large TXT files (nor large ITX or RTF or HTML files), so that e.g.
the Mahabharata, if converted by Itranslator 2003, cannot be imported by "Word XP".
9. Unicode Standard Drawbacks

The proprietary encoding of "Sanskrit 99"
ignores the Unicode Standard. Therefore
users can typeset all that they need to type.
E.g. in Marathi the ardhacandra is placed
on A in words of English origin (example:
AlkEzn! = allocation). With "Sanskrit 99", it
is possible to type A, (i.e. A followed by ).
The Standard for Indic scripts was authored

by Michael Everson, who does not speak
any Indian languages. This explains why a
Unicode font strictly adhering to what was
authored by non-Indologist Everson does
not always allow the user to type what he
needs to type (e.g. Marathi A or Vedic ).
Note: Since "Sanskrit 2003", as its name implies, is designed for typesetting "Sanskrit"
(both Classical and Vedic Sanskrit) it was decided to add a few non-Unicode PUA codes
to "Sanskrit 2003" so that also Vedic texts can be typeset with "Sanskrit 2003", since the
Unicode Standard as authored by Michael Everson does not allow to typeset Vedic texts.
It is hoped that future versions of the Unicode Standard pertaining to Indic scripts are
authored by professional Indologists or at least by those who can speak Indian languages.
1. Structure and Character Set of ITX File

The ITX file is a special ANSI text file consisting of portions treated as ITX encoding,
which will be converted to Devanagari or to Transliteration, and portions treated as
English etc. insertions (comments, translations, etc.), which will remain as is. Example:
candraH
ITX
##moon##
English
> Itranslator conversion >
moon
English
cN>
Sanskrit
1.1. Character Set of ITX Encoding

1.1.1. Control Characters (0-31)
All characters in the range 031 are forbidden with the exception of CR + LF (= 13 + 10),
treated as the end of a paragraph, whereby a paragraph can be of any length and hence is
not restricted to a line of text as seen on the screen when word-wrapping is turned on.
CR + LF (Carriage Return + Linefeed) should always be used as a pair in this sequence.
Therefore CR alone without LF or LF + CR (wrong sequence) will not work.
Usage of any other control characters (except CR + LF) provokes unpredictable results.
1.1.2. ASCII Characters (32127)

Of the characters in the range 32127, only those marked pink and green on the following
chart will be evaluated for the conversion to Devanagari or Transliteration:
0
032
10
11
12
13
14
15
"
&
'
048
<
>
064
080
096
112
DEL
Pink = letters and figures, Green = delimiters and modifiers, Yellow = unused, forbidden
The usage of the 31 yellow characters !"#$%&()*,/:;<=>?@BEFPQVWXY[]`DEL is forbidden
and has unpredictable results. In addition, all characters in the 8-bit ANSI range 128-255
are strictly forbidden in ITX encoded portions, which are clean 7-bit ASCII texts.
1.2. Character Set of English etc. Insertions

There are two types of insertions, and hence there are two different character sets.
1.2.1. Insertion of Single Punctuation Marks

In this case, the escape character "\" is prefixed, and one each of these marks may follow:
\! \" \$ \&  \* \+ \, \- \. \/ \: \; \< \= \> \? \@ \[ \] \^ \` \| \~
which will be converted to the respective punctuation marks with "\" being stripped off:
!
"
&
* +
<
>
The following escape character sequences are forbidden: \' \'' \_ \# \% \\ \{ \}.
Note: \' (1 apostrophe), \'' (2 apostrophes) But: \" (quotation mark). See section 2.2.6.
1.2.2. Insertion of English etc. Passages

In this case, the English etc. passage has to be encapsulated by a pair of ## ... ##, whereby
## serves as a simple toggle switch, so you should take care to use ## ... ## always in pairs,
because the insertion mode is not terminated by CR + LF and thus may be of any length.
The character set of an insertion may comprise besides the two control codes CR + LF
all characters in the range 32-255 except these six: # % \ DEL-Code 127 {
} .
1.2.3. 16-bit vs. 8-bit Text Files

Although Itranslator 2003 generates 16-bit Devangari text files (besides RTF and HTLM
Devanagari files), the ITX (or ITRANS) text files you open with Itranslator must always be
8-bit ANSI files. If you enter ITX encoded Sanskrit texts with e.g. "Word XP", you have to
"SAVE AS" these files as 8-bit "Windows" (=ANSI) text files, before you can open them in
Itranslator. This note is important to those non-English users who do not mix ITX encoded
Sanskrit texts with English translations, but instead for instance with Polish translations.
This requires that the diacritics of the non-English translation be contained in the 128-255
character range. Otherwise it cannot be mixed with the ITX encoded Sanskrit text.
Note:
More technical details on the structure of ITX text files and on so-called ITRANS text files
(see also Avinash Chopde's website http://www.aczoom.com/itrans), on converting 8-bit
encoded transliteration text files into ITX encoded text files by converter programs and on
related topics are contained in the parallel file "Technical Manual of Itranslator 99",
downloadable as http://www.sanskritweb.net/itrans/itmanual99.pdf
This "Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003" duplicates only those passages on ITX matters
from the "Technical Manual of Itranslator 99" that are indispensable for encoding ITX files.
2. Fundamentals of ITX Encoding Scheme

When you start Itranslator by clicking on the program icon, it will open up with the
ITRANS Editor window (labeled "NewFile1"). You are encouraged to enter some words
into this window to acquaint yourself with the encoding scheme. For instance, if you enter
devanAgarI into the Editor and hit on the function key F2 or click on the Convert button,
devnagrI is shown in the output window. If you hit on function key F6 (= Transliteration)
and then on F2, the output window will show devangar in its diacritical transliteration.
2.1. Simplified ITX Encoding Scheme for Classical Sanskrit

Itranslator uses the 7-bit ASCII encoding scheme ITX (acronym for Indian Text Exchange).
The following chart designed for Classical Sanskrit shows Devanagari, Transliteration and
in the the green columns ITX encoding.
Aa
Rî
RÎ
@e
ai
ai
Aae
AaE
au
au
o!
kh
kh
g!
"!
gh
c!
ch
D!
ch
Ch
j!
H!
q!
Q!
Th
f!
t!!
w!
th
th
p!
ph
ph
b!
y!
z!
sh
;!
Sh
h!
>
<
Lî
gh
'!
~N
jh
jh
|!
~n
F!
Dh
[!
x!
dh
dh
n!
bh
bh
m!
l!
v!
s!
.N
ITX is "case-sensitive", e.g.

T and t are different codes.
The green boxes show those ITX codes which are compatible with ITRANS 5.1 since 1997.
To avoid confusion for beginners, only one ITX code is shown for each single character.
For those who want to encode Classical Sanskrit only, no further codes need to be learnt.
Itranslator supports several alternative codes, e.g. aa instead of A for encoding Aa. And it
can be used not only for Classical Sanskrit, but for encoding accented Vedic Sanskrit too.
With some restrictions, Itranslator can also be used for encoding those modern Indian
languages which are based on the Devanagari alphabet (e.g. Hindi, Marathi, Nepali).
2.2. Complete Description of the ITX Codes with Examples

(For pronunciation of Sanskrit alphabet see http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf)
2.2.1. Sanskrit Punctuation Marks (for English Punctuation Marks see 1.2.1.)
ITX
D.
T.
ITX Devanagari Transliteration English Translation
kuru-kShetram k-]em! kuru-ketram Kuru-country
| or .
pRîcChAmi | ko .aham || p&CDaim, kae =hm!.
|| or ..
||1)
pcchmi | ko 'ham || I ask: Who am I?
.a
'
Avagraha (apostrophe, i.e. elision of a), as above in kae =hm!
2.2.2. Sanskrit Vowels

ITX
D.
T.
arthaH AwR> artha money
A, aa
Aa
AnandaH or aanandaH AanNd> nanda bliss
iti #it iti thus
I, ii
IkShate or iikShate $]te kate he/she watches (present tense)
uDupaH %fup> uupa boat
U, uu
UcuH or uucuH ^cu> cu they said (perfect tense)
Rî, RRi
Rîtvik or RRitvik \iTvk tvik priest
RÎ, RRI
1)
svasRÎNAm or svasRRINAm Svs[am! svasm of sisters
Lî, LLi
LÎ, LLI
3)
Not used in Sanskrit words
ekadA @kda ekad once upon a time
ai
@e
ai
aikShata @e]t aikata he/she watched (imperfect tense)
Aae
odanaH Aaedn> odana boiled rice
au
AaE
au
auShadham AaE;xm! auadham herbal medicine
OM, AUM
om
This special ligature ` is used instead of om Aaem! or aum AaEm!
2)
kLîptam or kLLiptam m! kptam prepared
1)
never occurs at the beginning of a word. Therefore the full vowel is never used.
2)
only occurs in some forms of the root kp and hence the full vowel is never used.
3)
(long version of ) has been invented by ancient Sanskrit grammarians for reasons of
symmetry, since the other simple vowels exist as pairs of short and long vowels.
2.2.3. Sanskrit Consonants

The Devanagari consonants in column "D." are depicted without the Virama ( ! ), as the
Itranslator conversion routine evaluates by itself, where to add the Virama and where not.
ITX
D.
T.
kusumam ksumm! kusumam flower
kh
kh
khalu olu khalu indeed
gadyam g*m! gadyam prose
gh
"
gh
ghoShaH "ae;> ghoa noise
~N, N^
'
a~NgulI or aN^gulI AlI agul finger
c, ch
c 1)
cAraH or chAraH car> cra spy
Ch, chh
ch 1)
ChAttraH or chhAttraH DaT> chttra pupil
jihvA ija jihv tongue
jh
jh 2)
jhaTiti Hiqit jhaiti suddenly
~n, JN
ra~njayati or raJNjayati ryit rajayati he/she dyes in red
kaTaH kq> kaa straw mat
Th
kaNThaH k{Q> kaha neck
daNDaH d{f> daa stick
Dh
leDhum leFum! lehum to lick (infinitive)
varNaH v[R> vara color
talam tlm! talam floor
th
th
sthAnam Swanm! sthnam place
sarvadA svRda sarvad always
dh
dh
dhanam xnm! dhanam wealth
nArI narI nr woman
pashyati pZyit payati he/she sees
ph
ph
phalam )lm! phalam fruit
bAlaH bal> bla boy
bh
bh
bhadraM te < te bhadra te good luck!
mitram imm! mitram friend
1)
To achieve compatibility with ITRANS, encode ch for c and Ch (or chh) for D.
2)
jh, regularly used in Marathi, occurs in Sanskrit only in a few onomatopoetic words.
Sanskrit Consonants Continued

ITX
D.
T.
yogaH yaeg> yoga Yoga
r 1)
a) rakra (r not before/after consonant): rAjA raja rj king

b) repha (r before consonant): sarvam svRm! sarvam all
c) vattu (r after consonant): prati it prati before
likhati iloit likhati he/she writes
v, w
vanam or wanam vnm! vanam forest
sh
shukaH zuk> uka parrot
S, Sh, shh, Z ;
2)
SaT or ShaT or shhaT or ZaT ;q a six
svapnaH Sv> svapna sleep
hantA hNta hant killer
1)
Note: Repha ( R ) does not exist for Unicode as a character with a Unicode code point.
2)
To achieve compatibility with ITRANS, encode Sh (or shh) for ;.
2.2.4. Additional Characters for Classical and Vedic Sanskrit

ITX
D.
T.
>
1)
ashvaH A> ava horse
M, .n, .m
<
2)
saMshayaH or sa.nsh... or sa.msh... s<zy> saaya doubt
.N
l 3)
tA.NllokAn ta~aekan! tllokn these people (accusative pl.)
{\m+}
4)
ida{\m+} or ida.N #d or #d~ ida (for ida) this (Vedic)
5)
agnimILe AimIe agnime I praise (e) the fire god (agnim)
kS, kSh, x
k 6)
akSi or akShi or axi Ai] aki eye. Do not encode "ksh" !!!
j~n, GY, dny }
j 6)
Aj~nA or AGYA or AdnyA Aa}a j order
1)
Visarga: Replacement for s or r at the end of a word or syllable as per sandhi rules.
2)
Anusvara: Shortcut character for m and other nasals at the end of a word or syllable.
3)
Sanskrit Anunasika: l. In Sanskrit texts, it is only used as sandhi, if "l" follows "n".
4)
Vedic Anunasika: : o
~ r . In Vedic texts often used before sibilants, semi-vowels and h.
Note: is preferred, if ~ cannot be fitted on top for lack of space. Compare with svR.
5)
Vedic Sanskrit: If is preceded and followed by a vowel, may be used instead of .
6)
These are the only two ligatures that for historial reasons have additional ITX codes
(x in addition to usual encoding kS or kSh, GY or dny in addition to usual encoding j~n).
2.2.5. Additional Characters for Modern Indian Languages

ITX
D.
T.
q 1)
qImata kImt qmata price
1)
KatarA otra atar danger
1)
Galata glt alata wrong
z, J
z 1)
zamIna or JamIna jmIn zamna earth
f 1)
sirfa is)R sirfa only
.D
2)
ba.DA bfa ba big (Same diacritic as for vowel = \ !!!)
.Dh
h 2)
ba.DhAnA bFana bahn to increase
.c
3)
jA.cb jab jba job; kA.cleja kalej kleja college
4)
kALa ka ka time, Death (fig.) Do not encode "ld" !!!
5)
taRhA tha tah variety
1)
Nukta (underdot): Used in Hindi for words of Persian and Arabic origin as well as for
other foreign words to modify the original pronunciation of Devanagari characters.
2)
Nukta is here used in Hindi to build diacritical Devanagari characters for retroflex flap
(transliteration ) and for aspirated retroflex flap (transliteration h).
3)
Ardhacandra: Anglizising of pronunciation of vowels of English words used in Hindi.
4)
Retroflex l (transliteration ) in Marathi. Compare the letter () in Vedic Sanskrit. Note:

If you encode "ld", you will get Ld, used e.g. in the word "galda" (see Rig-Veda 8-1-20).
5)
This so-called "eye-lash" -character is used in Marathi in combination with y and h.

Note: Marathi " " does not exist for Unicode as a character with a Unicode code point.
2.2.6. Vedic Accents

Vedic accents are encoded by \' \'' \_ single/double Udatta and Anudatta. Example:
ITX
puru\'Sha e\_vedaM sarvaM\_ yadbhU\_taM yacca\_ bhavya\'m
D.
T.
purua eveda sarva yadbhta yacca bhavyam
E.
The primordial being is verily all this that has been and that will be (Rig-Veda, 10-90-2)
Note: \' = \ + apostrophe (ASCII 39), \'' = \ + two apostrophes, \_ = \ + underscore
2.2.7. Figures
The Arabic figures 0123456789 are converted to the respective Indian figures 0123456789 .
Decimal figures are encoded with "\," and "\.", e.g. 1\,500\.99 results in 1,500.99 (1,500.99).
2.2.8. Halant = Virama Enforcer ".h"

Itranslator automatically generates Virama ( ! ), if a consonant as final character of a word
is followed by one of these delimiter codes:
Delimiter
Examples
CR + LF
oadit )lm!
consonant terminates a line of text T: "He eats the fruit."
Danda
oadit )lm!,
consonant is followed by single/double danda
Space
Aoadt! )lm!
consonant is followed by space T: "He ate the fruit."
ik< oadit )lm!?
consonant is followed by "\" + punctuation mark, e.g. \?
\g!-ved> g-veda hyphen in compound as a help for Sanskrit learners
Occasionally it may be necessary to enforce the virama by inserting the code ".h", but
Itranslator itself does not require the Halant code ".h", whereas in mixed Hindi-Sanskrit
programs, e.g. ITRANS by Avinash Chopde, it is usually necessary to enforce virama.
Note: In Hindi, "virm" denotes the period or full-stop, while "halant" denotes the sign " ! ".
In Sanskrit, "virma" means sign " ! ", while "halanta" is a consonant at the end of word.
2.2.9. The ITX Code "{}" as Diphthong-inhibitor and Ligature-inhibitor

a) The ITX codes "ai" and "au" always denote the two respective Sanskrit diphthongs, and
Itranslator automatically converts "au" to AaE., e.g. devau = devaE (dual). However, if you need
two consecutive simple vowels for writing one of those very rare Sanskrit words such as
"titu" (sieve, = a-dieresis, a-trema), i.e. "tita"+ "u", you may either encode "tita{u}" or
"tita{}u", both of which result in itt%, transliterated by Itranslator as "titau" (without "").
b) Itranslator builds ligatures automatically. If you want to prevent this to make internal
half-forms visible or to build artificial ligatures, you may use {}.
Example 1: If you encode "kka", you get the real ligature , but if you encode "k{}ka", you
get the half-form pseudo-ligature . Note on Unicode: If you want to enter half-forms of
ligatures directly without Itranslator, you have to insert virama and zero-width-joiner, e.g.
(0915) + (094D) + ZWJ (200D) + (0915) = .
Example 2: If you encode "k{}sha" (instead of "ksha"), you get , irrespective of whether
the toggle switch "Allow use of 'ksha' for " in the Itranslator options menue is on or off.
2.3. Text Sample: ITX Devanagari Transliteration
bRîhadashva uvAcha |
AsIdrAjA nalo nAma vIrasenasuto balI |
upapanno guNairiShTai rUpavAnashvakovidaH ||1||
bhadava uvca |
sdrj nalo nma vrasenasuto bal |
upapanno guairiai rpavnavakovida ||1||
atiShThanmanujendrANAM mUrdhni devapatiryathA |
uparyupari sarveShAmAditya iva tejasA ||2||
atihanmanujendr mrdhni devapatiryath |

uparyupari sarvemditya iva tejas ||2||
brahmaNyo vedavichChUro niShadheShu mahIpatiH |
akShapriyaH satyavAdI mahAnakShauhiNIpatiH ||3||
brahmayo vedavicchro niadheu mahpati |

akapriya satyavd mahnakauhipati ||3||
Ipsito varanArINAmudAraH saMyatendriyaH |
rakShitA dhanvinAM shreShThaH sAkShAdiva manuH svayam ||4||
psito varanrmudra sayatendriya |

rakit dhanvin reha skdiva manu svayam ||4||
tathaivAsIdvidarbheShu bhImo bhImaparAkramaH |
shUraH sarvaguNairyuktaH prajAkAmaH sa chAprajaH ||5||
tathaivsdvidarbheu bhmo bhmaparkrama |

ra sarvaguairyukta prajkma sa cpraja ||5||
sa prajArthe paraM yatnamakarotsusamAhitaH |
tamabhyagachChadbrahmarShirdamano nAma bhArata ||6||
sa prajrthe para yatnamakarotsusamhita |

tamabhyagacchadbrahmarirdamano nma bhrata ||6||
taM sa bhImaH prajAkAmastoShayAmAsa dharmavit |

mahiShyA saha rAjendra satkAreNa suvarchasam ||7||
ta sa bhma prajkmastoaymsa dharmavit |

mahiy saha rjendra satkrea suvarcasam ||7||
tasmai prasanno damanaH sabhAryAya varaM dadau |
kanyAratnaM kumArAMshcha trInudArAnmahAyashAH ||8||
tasmai prasanno damana sabhryya vara dadau |

kanyratna kumrca trnudrnmahya ||8||
damayantIM damaM dAntaM damanaM cha suvarchasam |
upapannAnguNaiH sarvairbhImAnbhImaparAkramAn ||9||
damayant dama dnta damana ca suvarcasam |

upapannnguai sarvairbhmnbhmaparkramn ||9||
damayantI tu rUpeNa tejasA yashasA shriyA |
saubhAgyena cha lokeShu yashaH prApa sumadhyamA ||10||
damayant tu rpea tejas yaas riy |

saubhgyena ca lokeu yaa prpa sumadhyam ||10||
atha tAM vayasi prApte dAsInAM samalaMkRîtam |
shataM sakhInAM cha tathA paryupAste shachImiva ||11||
atha t vayasi prpte dsn samalaktam |

ata sakhn ca tath paryupste acmiva ||11||
tatra sma bhrAjate bhaimI sarvAbharaNabhUShitA |
sakhImadhye .anavadyA~NgI vidyutsaudAminI yathA |
atIva rUpasaMpannA shrIrivAyatalochanA ||12||
tatra sma bhrjate bhaim sarvbharaabhit |

sakhmadhye 'navadyg vidyutsaudmin yath |
atva rpasampann rrivyatalocan ||12||
na deveShu na yakSheShu tAdRîgrUpavatI kvachit |

mAnuSheShvapi chAnyeShu dRîShTapUrvA na cha shrutA |
chittapramAthinI bAlA devAnAmapi sundarI ||13||
na deveu na yakeu tdgrpavat kvacit |

mnuevapi cnyeu daprv na ca rut |
cittapramthin bl devnmapi sundar ||13||
nalashcha narashArdUlo rUpeNApratimo bhuvi |
kandarpa iva rUpeNa mUrtimAnabhavatsvayam ||14||
nalaca narardlo rpepratimo bhuvi |

kandarpa iva rpea mrtimnabhavatsvayam ||14||
tasyAH samIpe tu nalaM prashashaMsuH kutUhalAt |
naiShadhasya samIpe tu damayantIM punaH punaH ||15||
tasy sampe tu nala praaasu kuthalt |

naiadhasya sampe tu damayant puna puna ||15||
tayoradRîShTakAmo .abhUchChRîNvatoH satataM guNAn |
anyonyaM prati kaunteya sa vyavardhata hRîchChayaH ||16||
tayoradakmo 'bhcchvato satata gun |

anyonya prati kaunteya sa vyavardhata hcchaya ||16||
ashaknuvannalaH kAmaM tadA dhArayituM hRîdA |
antaHpurasamIpasthe vana Aste rahogataH ||17||
aaknuvannala kma tad dhrayitu hd |

antapurasampasthe vana ste rahogata ||17||
sa dadarsha tadA haMsA~njAtarUpaparichChadAn |
vane vicharatAM teShAmekaM jagrAha pakShiNam ||18||
sa dadara tad hasjtarpaparicchadn |

vane vicarat temeka jagrha pakiam ||18||
tato .antarikShago vAchaM vyAjahAra tadA nalam |

na hantavyo .asmi te rAjankariShyAmi hi te priyam ||19||

tato 'ntarikago vca vyjahra tad nalam |
na hantavyo 'smi te rjankariymi hi te priyam ||19||
damayantIsakAshe tvAM kathayiShyAmi naiShadha |
yathA tvadanyaM puruShaM na sA maMsyati karhichit ||20||
damayantsake tv kathayiymi naiadha |

yath tvadanya purua na s masyati karhicit ||20||
evamuktastato haMsamutsasarja mahIpatiH |
te tu haMsAH samutpatya vidarbhAnagamaMstataH ||21||
evamuktastato hasamutsasarja mahpati |

te tu has samutpatya vidarbhnagamastata ||21||
vidarbhanagarIM gatvA damayantyAstadAntike |
nipetuste garutmantaH sA dadarshAtha tAnkhagAn ||22||
vidarbhanagar gatv damayantystadntike |

nipetuste garutmanta s dadartha tnkhagn ||22||
sA tAnadbhutarUpAnvai dRîShTvA sakhigaNAvRîtA |
hRîShTA grahItuM khagamAMstvaramANopachakrame ||23||
s tnadbhutarpnvai dv sakhigavt |
h grahtu khagamstvaramopacakrame ||23||
atha haMsA visasRîpuH sarvataH pramadAvane |
ekaikashastataH kanyAstAnhaMsAnsamupAdravan ||24||
atha has visaspu sarvata pramadvane |

ekaikaastata kanystnhasnsamupdravan ||24||
damayantI tu yaM haMsaM samupAdhAvadantike |
sa mAnuShIM giraM kRîtvA damayantImathAbravIt ||25||
damayant tu ya hasa samupdhvadantike |

sa mnu gira ktv damayantmathbravt ||25||
damayanti nalo nAma niShadheShu mahIpatiH |

ashvinoH sadRîsho rUpe na samAstasya mAnuShAH ||26||
damayanti nalo nma niadheu mahpati |

avino sado rpe na samstasya mnu ||26||
tasya vai yadi bhAryA tvaM bhavethA varavarNini |
saphalaM te bhavejjanma rUpaM chedaM sumadhyame ||27||
tasya vai yadi bhry tva bhaveth varavarini |

saphala te bhavejjanma rpa ceda sumadhyame ||27||
vayaM hi devagandharvamanuShyoragarAkShasAn |
dRîShTavanto na chAsmAbhirdRîShTapUrvastathAvidhaH ||28||
vaya hi devagandharvamanuyoragarkasn |
davanto na csmbhirdaprvastathvidha ||28||
tvaM chApi ratnaM nArINAM nareShu cha nalo varaH |
vishiShTAyA vishiShTena saMgamo guNavAnbhavet ||29||
tva cpi ratna nr nareu ca nalo vara |

viiy viiena sagamo guavnbhavet ||29||
evamuktA tu haMsena damayantI vishAM pate |
abravIttatra taM haMsaM tamapyevaM nalaM vada ||30||
evamukt tu hasena damayant vi pate |

abravttatra ta hasa tamapyeva nala vada ||30||
tathetyuktvANDajaH kanyAM vaidarbhasya vishAM pate |
punarAgamya niShadhAnnale sarvaM nyavedayat ||31||
tathetyuktvaja kany vaidarbhasya vi pate |

punargamya niadhnnale sarva nyavedayat ||31||
Note: The above text was drawn from the Mahabharata, 3-50-1 seq. ("Story of Nala and Damayanti")
3. Charts of the Devanagari Font "Sanskrit 2003"

The following charts systematically describe all characters of "Sanskrit 2003".
3.1. Unicode Range Devanagari (0900-097F) of "Sanskrit 2003"

(For comparison see also http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf)
Hex.
<res> 0900
Dec.
Translit. ITX (=ITRANS)
Name (DEV. = DEVANAGARI)
02304 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
0901
02305
.N
DEV. SIGN CANDRABINDU
0902
02306
M, .n, .m
DEV. SIGN ANUSVARA
0903
02307
DEV. SIGN VISARGA
0904
02308
<not available>
DEV. LETTER SHORT A
0905
02309 a
DEV. LETTER A
0906
02310
A, aa
DEV. LETTER AA
0907
02311 i
DEV. LETTER I
0908
02312
I, ii
DEV. LETTER II
0909
02313 u
DEV. LETTER U
090A 02314
U, uu
DEV. LETTER UU
090B
02315
Rî, RRi
DEV. LETTER VOCALIC R
090C 02316
Lî, LLi
DEV. LETTER VOCALIC L
090D 02317
<not available>
DEV. LETTER CANDRA E
090E
02318
<not available>
DEV. LETTER SHORT E
090F
02319 e
DEV. LETTER E
0910
02320 ai
ai
DEV. LETTER AI
0911
02321
A.c, aa.c
DEV. LETTER CANDRA O
0912
02322
<not available>
DEV. LETTER SHORT O
0913
02323 o
DEV. LETTER O
0914
02324 au
au
DEV. LETTER AU
0915
02325 ka
ka
DEV. LETTER KA
0916
02326 kha
kha
DEV. LETTER KHA
0917
02327 ga
ga
DEV. LETTER GA
0918
02328 gha
gha
DEV. LETTER GHA
0919
02329 a
~Na, Nâ
DEV. LETTER NGA
091A 02330 ca
ca, cha
DEV. LETTER CA
091B
Cha, chha
DEV. LETTER CHA
091C 02332 ja
ja
DEV. LETTER JA
091D 02333 jha
jha
DEV. LETTER JHA
091E
02334 a
~na, JNa
DEV. LETTER NYA
091F
02335 a
Ta
DEV. LETTER TTA
0920
02336 ha
Tha
DEV. LETTER TTHA
0921
02337 a
Da
DEV. LETTER DDA
0922
02338 h
Dha
DEV. LETTER DDHA
0923
02339 a
Na
DEV. LETTER NNA
0924
02340 ta
ta
DEV. LETTER TA
0925
02341 tha
tha
DEV. LETTER THA
0926
02342 da
da
DEV. LETTER DA
0927
02343 dha
dha
DEV. LETTER DHA
0928
02344 na
na
DEV. LETTER NA
0929
02345 a
<not available>
DEV. LETTER NNNA
092A 02346 pa
pa
DEV. LETTER PA
092B
pha
DEV. LETTER PHA
092C 02348 ba
ba
DEV. LETTER BA
092D 02349 bha
bha
DEV. LETTER BHA
092E
02350 ma
ma
DEV. LETTER MA
092F
02351 ya
ya
DEV. LETTER YA
0930
02352 ra
ra
DEV. LETTER RA
0931
02353
<not available>
DEV. LETTER RRA
0932
02354 la
la
DEV. LETTER LA
0933
02355 a
La
DEV. LETTER LLA
0934
02356 (or )
<not available>
DEV. LETTER LLLA
0935
02357 va
va, wa
DEV. LETTER VA
0936
02358 a
sha
DEV. LETTER SHA
0937
02359 a
Sa, Sha, shha, Za DEV. LETTER SSA
02331 cha
02347 pha
0938
02360 sa
sa
DEV. LETTER SA
0939
02361 ha
ha
DEV. LETTER HA
<res> 093A 02362 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
<res> 093B
<reserved>
<reserved>
093C 02364 <n.a.>
<not available>
DEV. SIGN NUKTA
093D 02365 '
.a
DEV. SIGN AVAGRAHA
093E
02366
A, aa
DEV. VOWEL SIGN AA
093F
02367 i
DEV. VOWEL SIGN I
0940
02368
I, ii
DEV. VOWEL SIGN II
0941
02369 u
DEV. VOWEL SIGN U
0942
02370
U, uu
DEV. VOWEL SIGN UU
0943
02371
Rî, RRi
DEV. VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R
0944
02372
RÎ, RRI
DEV. VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR
0945
02373
.c
DEV. VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E
0946
02374
<not available>
DEV. VOWEL SIGN SHORT E
0947
02375 e
DEV. VOWEL SIGN E
0948
02376 ai
ai
DEV. VOWEL SIGN AI
0949
02377
A.c, aa.c
DEV. VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O
094A 02378
<not available>
DEV. VOWEL SIGN SHORT O
094B
DEV. VOWEL SIGN O
094C 02380 au
au
DEV. VOWEL SIGN AU
094D 02381 <n.a.>
.h <not needed>
DEV. SIGN VIRAMA
02363 <res>
02379 o
<res> 094E
02382 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
<res> 094F
02383 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
0950
02384 om
OM, AUM
DEV. OM
0951
02385
\'
DEV. STRESS SIGN UDATTA
0952
02386
\_
DEV. STRESS SIGN ANUDATTA
0953
02387 <n.a.>
<not available>
DEV. GRAVE ACCENT
0954
02388 <n.a.>
<not available>
DEV. ACUTE ACCENT
<res> 0955
02389 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
<res> 0956
02390 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
<res> 0957
02391 <res>
<reserved>
<reserved>
0958
02392 qa
qa
DEV. LETTER QA
0959
02393 a
Ka
DEV. LETTER KHHA
095A 02394 a
Ga
DEV. LETTER GHHA
095B
za, Ja
DEV. LETTER ZA
095C 02396 a
.Da
DEV. LETTER DDDHA
095D 02397 ha
.Dha
DEV. LETTER RHA
095E
02398 fa
fa
DEV. LETTER FA
095F
02399
<not available>
DEV. LETTER YYA
0960
02400
RÎ, RRI
DEV. LETTER VOCALIC RR
0961
02401 a
LÎ, LLI
DEV. LETTER VOCALIC LL
0962
02402 a
Lî, LLi
DEV. VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L
0963
02403 a
LÎ, LLI
DEV. VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL
0964
02404 |
|, .
DEV. DANDA
0965
02405 ||
||, ..
DEV. DOUBLE DANDA
0966
02406 0
DEV. DIGIT ZERO
0967
02407 1
DEV. DIGIT ONE
0968
02408 2
DEV. DIGIT TWO
0969
02409 3
DEV. DIGIT THREE
096A 02410 4
DEV. DIGIT FOUR
096B
02411 5
DEV. DIGIT FIVE
096C 02412 6
DEV. DIGIT SIX
096D 02413 7
DEV. DIGIT SEVEN
096E
02414 8
DEV. DIGIT EIGHT
096F
02415 9
DEV. DIGIT NINE
0970
02416
<not available>
DEV. ABBREVIATION SIGN
02417 <res>
<reserved>
<range 0971097F reserved>
<res> 0971
02395 za
3.2. Unicode Characters Not Supported by Itranslator 2003

For the following most marginal characters, some of which unattested or even invented by
the Unicode Consortium, no ITX codes were ever defined and thus these characters cannot
be automatically converted to Devanagari by Itranslator 2003.
However, the font "Sanskrit 2003" includes these most marginal characters both in
Devanagari and in transliteration, so that you can enter these characters manually.
Hex.
Transl.
Devanagari Transliteration Translation (Language)
0904
unattested by Unicode Consortium
090D
090E
hi this (Medieval Hindi)
0911
piksa optics (Modern Marathi)
0912
h that (Medieval Hindi)
0929
0931
0934
0945
0946
kahu (kah:u) said (Medieval Hindi)
0949
kleja college (Modern Marathi)
094A
shi (sh:i) pleases (Medieval Hindi)
095F
aatyra reign (Medieval Rajasthani)
3.3. Special Latin Codes and Private Use Area Codes of "Sanskrit 2003"
Hex.
Dec.
Description
0020
00032 Space ("borrowed" from "URW Palladio ITU")
Latin
00A0
00160 No-break Space ("borrowed" from "URW Palladio ITU")
Latin
002D
00045 Hyphen ("borrowed" from "URW Palladio ITU")
Latin
00AD 00045 Soft Hyphen ("borrowed" from "URW Palladio ITU")
Latin
200C
08204 Zero Width Non Joiner (ZWNJ , invisible control code)
Latin
200D
08205 Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ, invisible control code)
Latin
25CC
09676 Dotted Circle (fallback code for wrong letter combinations) Latin
E001
57345 Candrabindu-Virama
PUA
E002
57346 Double Udatta (Svarita)
PUA
E003
57347 Visarga (as additional PUA character)
PUA
E004
57348 Candrabindu-Virama + Udatta (Svarita)
PUA
E005
57349 Candrabindu-Virama + Double Udatta (Svarita)
PUA
E006
57350 Candrabindu-Virama + Anudatta
PUA
E007
57351 Udatta (= Svarita) as floating accent
PUA
E008
57352 Double Udatta as floating accent
PUA
E009
57353 Anudatta as floating accent
PUA
Note 1: The Private Use Area codes E001-E009 are required for Vedic Sanskrit only.
Note 2: The Latin characters used for transliteration are not listed in the above chart.
3.4. Half-Forms (Left Halves) of Consonants of "Sanskrit 2003"

Artificial and misspelt ligatures (e.g. "bmha" = ), for which no built-in ligatures exist,
are converted by Itranslator 2003 to pseudo-ligatures with half-forms or with virama.
D. T.
ITX
Note
k{}
g{}
gh gh{}
~N{}
ch{}
ch
Ch{}
j{}
jh
jh{}
~n{}
T{}
Th{}
D{}
h Dh{}
N{}
kh kh{}
g
t{}
th
th{}
d{}
dh dh{}
n{}
(n.a.) 2
p{}
ph ph{}
b
b{}
bh bh{}
m{}
y{}
r.h
()
(n.a.) 2, 3
r{}
l{}
1, 3
L{}
(n.a.) 1, 2
v{}
sh{}
Sh{}
s{}
h{}
q{}
K{}
G{}
z{}
.D{}
.Dh{} 1
f{}
(n.a.) 2
1. These characters do not (and cannot) have left half-forms, because they lack the right
vertical stem. Therefore the full forms of these characters are displayed with virama.
2. For these characters, ITX codes are not available (n.a.). Hence you have to enter these
Devanagari half-forms directly in your word processor without Itranslator. Example :
Entering the sequence (0929) + (094D) + ZWJ (200D) results in the half-form .
3. These r-characters require special treatment: (1a) If you enter " (0930) + virama (094D)
+" ZWNJ (200C) in your word program, you get as a substitute for the non-available
half-form of . (1b) As ITX code you have to enter "r.h". (2a) If you enter " (0931 = r
with nukta) + virama (094D) + ZWJ (200D), you get (Marathi "eye-lash" half-form of
). (2b) No ITX code is available in this special case. (3a) If you enter " (0930 = r
without nukta) + virama (094D) + ZWJ (200D), you will also get (Marathi "eye-lash"
half-form of ). (3b) The ITX code is r{} in this case.
3.4.1. Half-Ligature Forms

"Sanskrit 2003" contains many half-ligature forms, e.g. etc. However,
more than 50 half-ligature forms ending in "r", e.g. kr, khr, gr, ghr, r, cr, chr, jr, jhr, r etc.,
cannot be typeset due to Everson etc. who discarded the proposals of the "Indian niggers",
see http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/tbsvaras.pdf
3.5. Ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003"

"Sanskrit 2003" contains all ligatures described and statistically evaluated by Ulrich Stiehl
in his book "Konsonantenverbindungen in Sanskrit" (= "Conjunct consonants in Sanskrit").
"Sanskrit 2003" is a scholarly font containing only ligatures based on conjunct consonants
attested by quotations from the original texts of the Vedic and Classical Sanskrit literature.
Furthermore the font contains attested ligatures occurring only in Pali, Hindi, Marathi.
The following works were completely evaluated for conjunct consonants. "Sanskrit 2003"
includes all ligatures that would be required for typesetting all these works:
Abbreviations of Works
ABh
yabhaya (with Bhskara commentary)
ABr
Aitareya-Brhmaa
AHS
Aga-Hdaya-Sahit (Vgbhaa)
AS
stamba-rautastra
AV
Atharva-Veda
BhP
Bhgavata-Pura
BKS
Bhat-Katha-loka-Sagraha
BrP
Brahma-Pura
BS
Baudhyana-rautastra
BuC
Buddha-Carita (Avaghoa)
Hito
Hitopadea
HYP
Haha-Yoga-Pradpik
KA
Kauilya-Arthastra
KS
Kmastra
MBh
Mahbhrata (BORI edition as statistical reference) = 158,484 lines (= half-verses)
MS
Manu-Smti
MW
Monier-Williams Dictionary (checked against Boehtlingk's two Petersburg dictionaries)
RAM
Rmyaa
RV
Rig-Veda
SBh
akara-Bhagavadgt-Bhya
SBr
atapatha-Brhmaa
SK
Sanskrit-Kompendium by U.Stiehl
Var
Various: Kathsaritsgara, Meghadta, Mahsubhitasagraha (by L. Sternbach), etc.
VDh
Viudharma
YV
Yajur-Veda
Other Abbreviations
Pali
Pali conjunct consonants not occurring in Sanskrit
Hin.
Hindi conjunct consonants not occurring in Sanskrit
see note in "Konsonantenverbindungen in Sanskrit"
kk
0.070% MBh
kkr
0.004% MBh
kkl
0.001% BKS
kkv
0.001% BhP
kk
0.009% MBh
kkh
0.001% MBh
kc
0.064% MBh
kch
0.001% MBh
0.004% Hin.
0.011% RV
kt
4.850% MBh
kty
0.162% MBh
ktr
0.118% MBh
ktry
0.001% MS
ktv
0.687% MBh
ktvy
0.001% RV
kth
0.013% MBh
kthn
0.004% AHS
kthy
0.001% MBh
kn
0.102% MBh
kny
0.002% BrP
kp
0.088% MBh
kpr
0.037% MBh
kpl
0.001% BhP
kph
0.001% MBh
km
0.140% MBh
kmy
0.008% RV
ky
1.308% MBh
kr
5.207% MBh
kry
0.001% RV
kl
0.391% MBh
kly
0.001% VDh
kv
0.300% MBh
0.043% MBh
km
0.001% BhP
kr
0.002% MBh
kl
0.001% BhP
kv
0.001% MBh
9.976% MBh
0.305% MBh
ky
0.003% MBh
km
0.247% MBh
kmy
0.026% MBh
ky
1.476% MBh
kr
0.001% BhP
kv
0.176% MBh
ks
0.069% MBh
kst
0.001% BrP
kstr
0.001% MBh
ksth
0.001% MBh
ksn
0.001% MBh
ksp
0.001% MBh
ksph
0.001% BhP
ksm
0.001% MW
ksy
0.001% MBh
ksr
0.004% MBh
ksv
0.002% MBh
khkh
0.001% RV*
(t=KHt)
0.025% Hin.
khn
0.001% MBh*
khy
1.307% MBh
khv
0.001% RV
(v=KHv)
0.003% Hin.
gg
0.025% MBh
ggr
0.001% BrP
ggh
0.006% MBh
gghy
0.007% SBr
gghr
0.001% MBh
gj
0.025% MBh
gj
0.003% MBh
gjy
0.030% MBh
gjv
0.001% MBh
0.001% MW
0.020% MBh
gd
0.034% MBh
gdy
0.001% MS
gdr
0.004% BhP
gdv
0.007% MBh
gdvy
0.001% BrP
gdh
0.249% MBh
gdhy
0.004% RV
gdhr
0.009% MBh
gdhry
0.001% Var
gdhv
0.018% MBh
gn
1.290% MBh
gny
0.081% MBh
gb
0.023% MBh
gbr
0.003% MBh
gbh
0.101% MBh
gbhy
0.018% MBh
gbhr
0.002% MBh
gm
0.364% MBh
gmy
0.004% RV
gy
0.191% MBh
gr
2.453% MBh
gry
0.150% MBh
grv
0.001% AHS
gl
0.052% MBh
gv
0.126% MBh
gvy
0.004% MBh
gvr
0.001% MBh
ghn
0.545% MBh
ghny
0.007% MBh
ghm
0.001% RV
ghy
0.007% MBh
ghr
0.743% MBh
ghry
0.001% MBh
ghv
0.016% MBh
ghvy
0.001% ABh
0.505% MBh
kt
0.091% MBh
kty
0.006% MBh
ktr
0.001% YV
ktv
0.004% MBh
kth
0.001% BhP
ky
0.005% MBh
kr
0.006% MBh
kl
0.003% BhP
kv
0.009% ABh
0.195% MBh
0.001% Var
km
0.001% BhP
ky
0.008% MBh
kv
0.025% MBh
ks
0.001% SBr*
kh
0.330% MBh
khy
0.052% BhP
2.091% MBh
gdh
0.001% RV
gdhy
0.001% SBr
gdhv
0.003% RV
gy
0.018% MBh
gr
0.019% BhP
gv
0.001% MBh
gh
0.038% MBh
ghn
0.001% RV
ghy
0.001% MBh
ghr
0.109% BhP
ghry
0.010% BhP
0.009% RV
0.001% SBr
0.001% AV
0.003% SBr
tr
0.001% RV
tv
0.001% AV
0.001% SBr
dh
0.003% RV*
dhy
0.001% RV*
0.030% MBh
ny
0.001% RV
nr
0.001% BhP
0.001% AV
pr
0.001% SBr
bh
0.001% SBr
0.137% MBh
0.001% RV
0.002% SBr
0.004% SBr
vy
0.001% RV
vr
0.001% AV
0.001% MW
0.001% RV
sv
0.001% RV
0.001% AV
cc
1.716% MBh
ccy
0.022% MBh
cch
4.297% MBh
cchm
0.001% MBh
cchy
0.011% MBh
cchr
0.535% MBh
cchl
0.001% MBh
cchv
0.033% MBh
0.002% MBh
cy
0.001% BhP
cm
0.001% MBh
cy
1.111% MBh
cr
0.001% RV*
cv
0.001% MW
chy
0.001% AV
jj
0.584% MBh
jj
0.061% MBh
jjy
0.017% MBh
jjv
0.033% MBh
jjh
0.004% MBh
jjhy
0.001% KA
4.640% MBh
jy
0.002% BhP
jv
0.001% RV
jm
0.061% RV
jmy
0.001% AS
jy
1.937% MBh
jr
0.329% MBh
jry
0.002% RV
jv
0.435% MBh
jvy
0.001% AHS
jhjh
0.001% MW*
1.779% MBh
cm
0.003% SK
cy
0.002% MBh
cv
0.003% Hito
ch
0.044% MBh
chn
0.001% RV
chy
0.001% MW
chr
0.002% MBh
chl
0.001% RV
chv
0.003% BhP
1.057% MBh
0.021% MBh
jm
0.002% MBh
jy
0.010% MBh
jv
0.006% MBh
jh
0.001% MBh
0.174% Pali
0.528% MBh
0.001% MBh
0.001% MBh
0.073% MBh
0.008% MBh
0.018% MBh
0.002% Pali
0.030% MBh
kr
0.001% MBh
0.003% MBh
kh
0.001% BrP
0.007% MBh
ch
0.001% MBh
0.091% MBh
0.001% BKS
0.335% Pali
0.001% SBr*
0.007% MBh
tr
0.005% MBh
tv
0.001% BrP
0.015% MBh
pr
0.003% MBh
ph
0.001% MW
0.001% AV
0.037% MBh
0.007% Hin.
0.005% MBh
0.014% MBh
0.001% MBh
0.001% BhP
0.001% MBh
0.032% MBh
st
0.001% MW
sth
0.001% BhP
sn
0.001% BhP
sp
0.001% BuC
sv
0.003% MBh
hh
0.044% Hin.
hy
0.013% MBh
0.167% MBh
gy
0.001% MW*
gr
0.008% AHS
gh
0.001% BhP
ghr
0.001% MS
0.004% MBh
0.001% MBh
jy
0.003% SBr
0.002% MBh
0.006% RV
hy
0.001% RV
hv
0.001% MBh
0.002% MBh
dv
0.001% BhP
dh
0.001% MBh
0.001% MBh
br
0.001% MBh
bh
0.049% MBh
bhy
0.001% MBh
bhr
0.001% MBh
0.001% BrP
0.097% MBh
0.018% MBh
0.001% BhP
0.037% MBh
vy
0.001% BrP
(h=h)
0.109% RV
hh
0.003% Hin.
hy
0.043% MBh
hr
0.003% MBh
hv
0.011% RV
0.068% MBh
0.001% MW
0.095% MBh
hy
0.003% MBh
4.570% MBh
0.003% AV
0.045% MBh
0.018% MBh
0.003% BS
0.011% MBh
hy
0.001% AHS
hr
0.001% HYP
0.077% MBh
0.003% MBh
0.050% MBh
1.523% MBh
0.137% MBh
vy
0.002% RV
0.064% Pali
tk
1.883% MBh
tky
0.001% MW
tkr
0.135% MBh
tkl
0.006% MBh
tkv
0.018% MBh
tk
0.166% MBh
tkm
0.001% MBh
tkv
0.001% RAM
tkh
0.025% MBh
tkhy
0.006% MBh
tt
7.464% MBh
ttn
0.001% MW*
ttm
0.001% AS
tty
0.081% MBh
ttr
0.099% MBh
ttry
0.003% MBh
ttv
1.339% MBh
tts
0.002% RV
tth
0.536% MBh
tthy
0.001% AS
tn
0.625% MBh
tny
0.038% MBh
tnv
0.003% RV
tp
1.918% MBh
tpr
0.910% MBh
tpl
0.003% MBh
tph
0.071% MBh
tm
4.163% MBh
tmy
0.052% MBh
ty
9.763% MBh
tyv
0.001% MW
tr
14.060% MBh
try
0.158% MBh
trv
0.001% MBh
tv
8.125% MBh
tvy
0.015% RV
0.006% MBh
ts
3.350% MBh
tsk
0.009% MBh
tskh
0.001% MBh
tst
0.017% MBh
tstr
0.016% MBh
tsth
0.072% MBh
tsthy
0.001% MW
tsn
0.217% MBh
tsp
0.009% MBh
tspr
0.001% SBr
tsph
0.005% MBh
tsphy
0.001% SBr
tsm
0.033% MBh
tsy
0.529% MBh
tsr
0.016% MBh
tsv
0.191% MBh
thn
0.011% MBh
thny
0.001% MW*
thy
0.363% MBh
thr
0.001% RV
thv
0.018% MBh
thvy
0.009% MBh
dg
0.483% MBh
dgr
0.018% MBh
dgl
0.003% MBh
dgh
0.061% MBh
dghn
0.001% MBh
dghr
0.001% MBh
dd
0.868% MBh
ddy
0.025% MBh
ddr
0.109% MBh
ddv
0.119% MBh
ddvy
0.001% BhP
ddh
6.155% MBh
ddhm
0.001% SBr
ddhy
0.217% MBh
ddhr
0.017% MBh
ddhv
0.215% MBh
dn
0.037% MBh
db
0.418% MBh
dbr
0.277% MBh
dbh
1.687% MBh
dbhy
0.071% MBh
dbhr
0.057% MBh
dbhv
0.001% AV
dm
0.263% MBh
dmy
0.002% MBh
dy
5.591% MBh
dr
5.763% MBh
dry
0.016% MBh
drv
0.002% MBh
dv
5.162% MBh
dvy
0.115% MBh
dvr
0.020% MBh
dhn
0.033% MBh
dhny
0.003% MBh
dhm
0.066% MBh
dhy
2.680% MBh
dhr
0.335% MBh
dhry
0.003% MBh
dhv
0.897% MBh
dhvy
0.004% MBh
dhvr
0.001% MW*
nk
0.806% MBh
nkr
0.066% MBh
nkl
0.013% MBh
nkv
0.011% MBh
nk
0.112% MBh
nkh
0.025% MBh
nkhy
0.002% MBh
ng
0.304% MBh
ngr
0.013% MBh
ngl
0.003% MBh
ngh
0.043% MBh
nghn
0.007% MBh
nghr
0.001% MBh
0.006% Hin.
0.003% Hin.
nt
12.919% MBh
ntt
0.003% MW
nttv
0.003% SBr
ntth
0.001% SK
ntm
0.003% RV
nty
0.820% MBh
ntr
0.536% MBh
ntry
0.088% MBh
ntv
0.144% MBh
ntvy
0.007% MBh
nts
0.206% SBr*
ntst
0.009% SBr*
ntsth
0.001% SBr*
ntsn
0.001% SBr*
ntsp
0.001% SBr*
ntsy
0.023% SBr
ntsr
0.003% SBr*
ntsv
0.018% SBr*
nth
0.133% MBh
nthy
0.003% AS
nd
2.632% MBh
nddh
0.002% MBh
nddhy
0.001% BS
nddhv
0.006% SK
ndm
0.002% SK
ndy
0.095% MBh
ndr
2.427% MBh
ndry
0.001% MBh
ndv
0.085% MBh
ndvy
0.001% BhP
ndh
2.396% MBh
ndhm
0.001% BhP
ndhy
0.067% MBh
ndhr
0.046% MBh
ndhry
0.008% MBh
ndhv
0.011% MBh
nn
5.086% MBh
nny
0.027% MBh
nnv
0.025% SBr
np
1.195% MBh
npr
0.714% MBh
npl
0.003% MBh
nps
0.001% AV
nph
0.014% MBh
nb
0.319% MBh
nbr
0.120% MBh
nbh
0.493% MBh
nbhr
0.054% MBh
nm
2.803% MBh
nmy
0.005% MBh
nmr
0.001% MBh
nml
0.006% MBh
ny
7.223% MBh
nyv
0.001% BhP
nr
0.539% MBh
nv
2.650% MBh
nvy
0.089% MBh
nvr
0.011% MBh
0.009% MBh
ns
1.767% MBh
nsk
0.001% MBh
nskh
0.001% BhP
nst
0.007% MBh
nstr
0.012% MBh
nsth
0.038% MBh
nsn
0.005% MBh
nsp
0.007% MBh
nsph
0.001% MBh
nsphy
0.001% AS
nsm
0.017% MBh
nsy
0.009% MBh
nsr
0.003% MBh
nsv
0.103% MBh
nh
0.345% MBh
nhy
0.004% MBh
nhr
0.006% MBh
nhv
0.001% AS
pk
0.002% MW
pk
0.001% BhP
pkh
0.001% BhP
pc
0.001% MS
pch
0.008% BS
0.001% MW*
0.004% RV
pt
2.664% MBh
pty
0.012% MBh
ptr
0.005% MBh
ptry
0.001% AS
ptv
0.035% MBh
pn
0.608% MBh
pny
0.005% RV
pp
0.006% MBh
ppr
0.001% BS
pph
0.002% AHS
pm
0.055% MBh
py
2.285% MBh
pr
21.172% MBh
pry
0.001% RV
pl
0.300% MBh
pv
0.005% RV
0.002% MBh
py
0.001% RV
ps
0.523% MBh
psn
0.001% YV*
psny
0.003% RV
psy
0.235% MBh
psv
0.004% MBh
(f=PH)
0.002% Hin.
(ft=PHt)
0.013% Hin.
(fr=PHr)
0.006% Hin.
bg
0.001% MW
bgr
0.001% SBr
bj
0.014% MBh
bjy
0.002% BS
bt
0.007% Hin.
bd
0.460% MBh
bdy
0.003% MBh
bdh
0.464% MBh
bdhy
0.001% SBh
bdhv
0.095% MBh
bb
0.002% MBh
bbr
0.001% SBr
bbh
0.006% MBh
bbhy
0.003% SBr
by
0.030% MBh
br
4.583% MBh
bl
0.001% Var
bv
0.031% SBr
bvy
0.001% BhP
bh
0.017% RV
bhn
0.013% RV
bhm
0.002% RV
bhy
3.240% MBh
bhr
1.242% MBh
bhry
0.004% SBr
bhrv
0.001% MBh
bhl
0.001% YV*
bhv
0.055% RV
bhvy
0.001% BhP
0.021% MBh
md
0.006% Hin.
mn
0.542% MBh
mny
0.001% MBh
mp
0.245% MBh
mpy
0.007% MBh
mpr
0.001% MBh
mpl
0.008% MW
mps
0.001% MW
mph
0.002% Var
mb
0.755% MBh
mby
0.014% MBh
mbr
0.001% MW
mbv
0.001% MBh
mbh
0.483% MBh
mbhy
0.002% MBh
mbhr
0.009% MW
mm
0.001% MBh
mmy
0.001% MW*
mmr
0.001% MW
mml
0.001% MW
my
2.118% MBh
mr
0.129% MBh
mry
0.002% SBr
ml
0.059% MBh
mv
0.001% MBh
mh
0.015% Pali
yy
0.200% MBh
yv
0.017% MBh
yh
0.047% Pali
rk
0.321% MBh
rkc
0.001% AS
rkt
0.001% RV
rkth
0.001% BhP
rkp
0.001% SBr
rky
0.003% MBh
rk
0.011% MBh
rk
0.001% MW
rky
0.024% MBh
rks
0.001% YV
rksv
0.001% SBr
rkh
0.020% MBh
rkhy
0.006% MBh
rg
1.698% MBh
rgg
0.001% SBr
rggh
0.001% SBr
rgj
0.001% SBr
rgbh
0.003% SBr
rgy
0.023% MBh
rgr
0.030% MBh
rgl
0.001% MBh
rgv
0.001% BhP
rgh
0.379% MBh
rghn
0.003% MBh
rghy
0.035% MBh
rghr
0.001% MBh
rkh
0.001% MW*
rg
0.030% MBh
rgy
0.001% MBh
rc
0.365% MBh
rcch
0.026% MBh
rcy
0.038% MBh
rch
0.081% MBh
rj
2.240% MBh
rj
0.028% MBh
rjm
0.001% RV
rjmy
0.001% BhP
rjy
0.050% MBh
rjv
0.020% MBh
rjh
0.013% MBh
rj
0.002% SBr
0.001% Var
0.009% RV
ry
0.001% MW*
rh
0.002% BS
rhy
0.002% BS
3.357% MBh
0.004% MW*
ry
0.047% MBh
rv
0.003% RV
rt
4.314% MBh
rtt
0.033% MBh
rttr
0.001% BKS*
rtn
0.002% RV
rtny
0.002% SBr
rtm
0.040% MBh
rty
0.182% MBh
rtr
0.021% MBh
rtry
0.001% YV
rtv
0.023% MBh
rtvy
0.001% MW*
rts
0.017% MBh
rtsn
0.002% MW
rtsny
0.032% MBh
rtsy
0.006% MBh
rth
4.883% MBh
rthy
0.032% MBh
rd
1.873% MBh
rddh
0.017% MBh
rddhy
0.001% MBh
rdm
0.004% MW
rdy
0.035% MBh
rdr
0.132% MBh
rdry
0.001% MW
rdv
0.142% MBh
rdvy
0.001% SBr
rdh
1.434% MBh
rdhn
0.062% MBh
rdhny
0.008% MBh
rdhm
0.015% AHS
rdhy
0.021% MBh
rdhr
0.031% MBh
rdhv
0.185% MBh
rn
1.118% MBh
rny
0.023% MBh
rnv
0.001% RV
rp
0.532% MBh
rpy
0.009% MBh
rph
0.003% RV
(rf=rPH)
0.016% Hin.
rb
0.731% MBh
rbr
0.112% MBh
rbh
1.285% MBh
rbhy
0.033% MBh
rbhr
0.042% MBh
rbhv
0.001% MBh
rm
9.114% MBh
rmy
0.080% MBh
rmr
0.001% MBh
rml
0.002% MBh
ry
6.633% MBh
ryy
0.001% SBr
rr
0.027% Hin.
rl
0.225% MBh
rv
11.898% MBh
rvy
0.146% MBh
rvr
0.013% MBh
rvl
0.001% AS
1.443% MBh
rm
0.001% YV
ry
0.011% MBh
rv
0.103% MBh
rvy
0.001% MW
4.117% MBh
0.025% MBh
ry
0.001% RAM
rh
0.001% MW
0.174% MBh
ry
0.003% MBh
rm
0.009% MBh
ry
0.026% MBh
rv
0.004% MBh
rs
0.001% RV*
rsr
0.003% RV*
rsv
0.001% YV
rh
1.688% MBh
rhy
0.018% MBh
rhr
0.019% MBh
rhl
0.001% MBh
rhv
0.002% SBr
lk
0.117% MBh
lky
0.097% SBr
lg
0.232% MBh
lgv
0.001% RV
lgvy
0.001% BhP
0.015% Hin.
lt
0.006% Hin.
ld
0.001% RV*
lp
0.754% MBh
lpy
0.013% MBh
lph
0.002% MBh
lb
0.095% MBh
lby
0.001% MW
lbh
0.009% MBh
lbhy
0.006% MBh
lm
0.145% MBh
ly
1.178% MBh
ll
0.563% MBh
lly
0.001% MBh
lv
0.145% MBh
lvy
0.001% MW
0.003% RV
lh
0.001% SBr
lhy
0.001% ABr
0.001% MBh
vn
0.013% RV
vny
0.001% RV
vy
6.095% MBh
vr
1.172% MBh
vl
0.002% RV
vv
0.003% Hin.
vh
0.011% Pali
0.006% Hin.
12.999% MBh
cy
0.044% MBh
ch
0.187% MBh
0.037% Hin.
0.297% MBh
ny
0.002% RV
0.026% RV
0.380% MBh
my
0.007% MBh
3.276% MBh
5.604% MBh
ry
0.001% SBr
rv
0.003% MBh
0.204% MBh
3.454% MBh
vy
0.032% RV
0.001% ABr*
0.576% MBh
ky
0.002% MBh
kr
0.060% MBh
kl
0.001% MW
kv
0.001% MW
0.001% MBh*
kh
0.001% Var
4.855% MBh
0.237% MBh
1.252% MBh
ry
0.001% BrP
1.405% MBh
4.521% MBh
hy
0.015% MBh
hv
0.002% BhP
1.793% MBh
0.047% MBh
0.001% MBh
0.451% MBh
py
0.004% AHS
pr
0.073% MBh
pl
0.001% BhP
ph
0.011% MBh
1.504% MBh
my
0.004% RV
3.440% MBh
0.001% RV*
1.145% MBh
0.008% RV*
sk
0.713% MBh
skr
0.002% MBh
skh
0.011% MBh
0.013% Hin.
sr
0.006% Hin.
st
13.762% MBh
stm
0.004% RV
sty
0.332% MBh
str
2.764% MBh
stry
0.020% MBh
stv
1.339% MBh
sts
0.001% MBh
sth
3.492% MBh
sthn
0.003% BrP
sthny
0.003% AHS
sthy
0.030% MBh
sn
0.432% MBh
sny
0.001% RV*
sp
1.003% MBh
spr
0.013% MBh
sph
0.145% MBh
sphy
0.001% MBh
sb
0.002% Hin.
sm
4.964% MBh
smy
0.055% MBh
sy
13.483% MBh
sr
1.481% MBh
sry
0.001% BrP
sl
0.003% Hin.
sv
4.801% MBh
svy
0.003% BhP
ss
0.006% MBh
ssy
0.001% BhP
ssv
0.016% MBh
0.273% MBh
hn
0.201% MBh
hny
0.001% MBh
hm
2.980% MBh
hmy
0.008% MBh
hy
2.118% MBh
hr
0.341% MBh
hl
0.134% MBh
hv
0.420% MBh
hvy
0.007% MBh
Note: The frequency percentages always refer to the primary source in column 4. Example:
"tny" occurs in 61 lines (= half-verses) of the MBh (absolute frequency). Since the MBh
contains 158,484 lines (= half-verses), the relative frequency is 61 / 156484 * 100 = 0.038%.
1.000% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of
100 lines of text
0.100% denotes that the conjunct consonant occurs in 1 out of 1000 lines of text
A line is usually a (16-syllable loka) half-verse. In prose works, a line is a prose text line.
(For more details, for absolute frequencies and for quotations from the original works
attesting the conjunct consonants see my book "Konsonantenverbindungen in Sanskrit".)
3.5.1. Consonant-Vowel-Ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003"

The font "Sanskrit 2003" internally contains dozens of consonant-vowel-ligatures, each one
consisting of a consonant fused with a vowel matra, especially with matras u/ and /;
"fused" means that the matra does not "float" below (or above) the respective consonant,
but that it is inseparably united with the consonant. This can be seen best by viewing
consonant-vowel-ligatures in large point sizes. Examples:
mdu, md, md, md
As the consonant-vowel-ligatures are built automatically no complete list of them is given.
3.6. "Sanskrit 2003" versus Other Fonts

3.6.1. Simple Characters
Hex.
Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code Jana

Chandas
Translit.
2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000 Sanskrit
0900
0901
0902
0903
0904
0905
0906
0907
0908
0909
090A
090B
090C
090D
090E
090F
0910
0911
0912
0913
0914
0915
0916
0917
0918
0919
<res>
e
ai
o
au
ka
kha
ga
gha
a
091A
091B
091C
091D
091E
091F
0920
0921
0922
0923
0924
0925
0926
0927
0928
0929
092A
092B
092C
092D
092E
092F
0930
0931
0932
0933
0934
0935
0936
0937
0938
ca
ja
cha
jha
a
a
ha
a
h
a
ta
tha
da
dha
na
a
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
a
(or )
va
a
a
sa
0939
093A
093B
093C
093D
093E
093F
0940
0941
0942
0943
0944
0945
0946
0947
0948
0949
094A
094B
094C
094D
094E
094F
0950
0951
0952
0953
0954
0955
0956
0957
ha
<res>
<res>
<n.a.>
'
e
ai
o
au
<n.a.>
<res>
<res>
om
<n.a.>
<res>
<n.a.>
<res>
<res>
0958
0959
095A
095B
095C
095D
095E
095F
0960
0961
0962
0963
0964
0965
0966
0967
0968
0969
096A
096B
096C
096D
096E
096F
qa
za
a
ha
fa
a
a
a
|
||
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0970
Hex.
Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code Jana

Chandas
Translit.
2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000 Sanskrit
3.6.2. Ligatures
Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code

2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000
kk
kkr
kkl
kkv
kk
kkh
kc
kch
k
k
kt
kty
ktr
ktv
ktvy
Jana
Chandas
Sanskrit
ktry
kth
kthn
kthy
kn
kny
kp
kpr
kpl
kph
km
kmy
ky
kr
kry
kl
kly
kv
k
km
kr
kl
kv
k
k
ky
km
kmy
ky
kr
kv
ks
kst
kstr
ksth
ksn
ksp
ksph
ksm
ksy
ksr
ksv
khkh
t=KHt
khn
khy
khv
v=KHv
gg
ggh
ggr
gghy
gghr
gj
gj
gjy
gjv
g
g
gd
gdy
gdr
gdv
gdvy
gdh
gdhy
gdhr
gdhry
gdhv
gn
gny
gb
gbr
gbh
gbhy
gbhr
gmy
gm
gy
gr
gry
grv
gl
gv
gvy
gvr
ghn
ghny
ghm
ghy
ghr
ghry
ghv
ghvy
k
kt
kty
ktr
ktv
kth
ky
kr
kv
kl
ky
kv
km
ks
kh
khy
gdh
gdhy
gdhv
gy
gr
gv
gh
ghn
ghy
ghr
ghry
tr
tv
dh
dhy
ny
nr
p
bh
pr
vy
vr
sv
cc
ccy
cch
cchm
cchy
cchr
cchl
cchv
cm
cy
cr
cv
chy
jj
cy
jj
jjy
jjv
jjhy
j
jy
jv
jm
jmy
jy
jr
jry
jv
jvy
jhjh
c
cm
jjh
cy
cv
ch
chn
chy
chr
chl
chv
jm
jy
jv
jh
m
y
r
h
k
kr
k
kh
c
ch
t
tr
tv
pr
ph
r
v
sth
sn
hy
gy
sp
hh
sv
st
gr
gh
ghr
j
j
jy
bh
bhy
hy
hv
d
dv
dh
b
br
bhr
r
l
vy
(h=h)
hh
hy
hr
hv
y
h
hy
h
y
r
v
h
hy
hr
n
m
y
v
vy
h
tk
tky
tkr
tkl
tkv
tk
tkm
tkv
tkh
tkhy
tt
ttn
ttm
tty
ttr
ttry
ttv
tts
tth
tthy
tn
tny
tnv
tp
tpr
tpl
tph
tm
tmy
ty
tyv
tr
try
trv
tv
tvy
t
ts
tsk
tskh
tst
tstr
tsth
tsthy
tsn
tsp
tspr
tsph
tsphy
tsm
tsy
tsr
tsv
thn
thny
thy
thr
thv
thvy
dg
dgr
dgl
dgh
dghn
dghr
dd
ddy
ddr
ddv
ddvy
ddh
ddhy
ddhr
ddhv
dn
db
dbr
dbh
dbhy
ddhm
dbhr
dbhv
dm
dmy
dy
dr
dry
drv
dv
dvy
dvr
dhn
dhny
dhm
dhy
dhr
dhry
dhv
dhvy
dhvr
nk
nkr
nkl
nkv
nk
nkh
nkhy
ng
ngr
ngl
ngh
nghn
nghr
n
n
nt
ntt
nttv
ntth
ntm
nty
ntr
ntry
ntv
ntvy
nts
ntst
ntsth
ntsn
ntsp
ntsy
ntsr
ntsv
nth
nthy
nd
nddh
nddhy
nddhv
ndm
ndy
ndr
ndry
ndv
ndvy
ndh
ndhm
ndhy
ndhr
ndhry
ndhv
nn
nny
nnv
np
npr
npl
nps
nph
nb
nbr
nbh
nbhr
nm
nmy
nmr
nml
ny
nyv
nr
nv
nvy
nvr
n
ns
nsk
nskh
nst
nstr
nsth
nsn
nsp
nsph
nsphy
nsm
nsy
nsr
nsv
nh
nhy
nhr
nhv
pk
pk
pkh
pc
pch
p
p
pt
pty
ptr
ptry
ptv
pn
pny
pp
ppr
pph
pm
py
pr
pry
pl
pv
p
py
ps
psn
psny
psy
psv
(f=PH)
(ft=PHt)
(fr=PHr)
bg
bgr
bj
bjy
bt
bd
bdy
bdh
bdhy
bdhv
bb
bbr
bbh
bbhy
by
br
bl
bv
bvy
bh
bhn
bhm
bhy
bhr
bhry
bhrv
bhl
bhv
bhvy
m
md
mn
mny
mp
mpy
mpr
mpl
mps
mph
mb
mby
mbr
mbv
mbh
mbhy
mbhr
mm
mmy
mmr
mml
my
mr
mry
ml
mv
mh
yy
yv
yh
rk
rkc
rkt
rkth
rkp
rky
rk
rk
rkh
rkhy
rg
rgg
rggh
rgj
rgbh
rgy
rgr
rgh
rghn
rghy
rghr
rksv
rgv
rks
rgl
rky
rkh
rg
rgy
rc
rcch
rcy
rch
rj
rjy
rjv
rjmy
rj
rjm
rjh
rj
r
ry
rh
rhy
r
r
ry
rv
rt
rtt
rttr
rtn
rtny
rtm
rty
rtr
rtry
rtv
rtvy
rts
rtsy
rthy
rd
rddh
rddhy
rdm
rdry
rth
rdr
rtsny
rdy
rtsn
rdv
rdvy
rdh
rdhn
rdhny
rdhm
rdhy
rdhr
rdhv
rn
rny
rnv
rp
rpy
rph
(rf=rPH)
rb
rbr
rbh
rbhy
rbhv
rmy
rmr
ry
ryy
rr
rv
rvy
rvr
rvl
rm
rl
rbhr
rml
r
rm
ry
rv
rvy
r
r
ry
rh
r
ry
rm
ry
rv
rs
rsr
rsv
rh
rhy
rhr
rhl
rhv
lk
lky
lg
lgv
lgvy
l
lt
ld
lp
lpy
lph
lb
lby
lbh
lbhy
lm
ly
ll
lly
lv
lvy
l
lh
lhy
v
vn
vny
vy
vr
vl
vv
vh
k
c
cy
ch
t
n
ny
p
m
my
y
r
ry
rv
l
v
vy
k
ky
kr
kl
kv
kh
y
r
ry
v
hy
hv
y
v
p
py
pr
pl
ph
m
my
y
r
v
sk
skr
skh
s
sr
st
stm
sty
stry
stv
sts
sth
sthn
sthny
sthy
sn
sny
sp
spr
sph
sphy
sb
sm
smy
sy
sr
sry
sl
sv
svy
ss
ssy
ssv
hn
str
hny
hm
hmy
hy
hr
hl
hv
hvy
Sanskrit Mangal Arial MS shiDeva DVBOT Code

2003
Unicode (v. 2.0) Surekh 2000
Jana
Chandas
Sanskrit
1.
Sanskrit 2003 (Omkarananda Ashram)
2.
Mangal (Default Devanagari system font of Windows 2000 and XP)
3.
Arial Unicode MS (Default Unicode system font of Windows 2000)

(The Macintosh system font "Devanagari MT" is identical in design)
4.
shiDeva v. 2.0 (DVNG by Frans Velthuis, converted to Unicode by Ernst Tremel)
5.
DVBOTSurekh (Radio Deutsche Welle; font contains OpenType bugs)
6.
Code 2000 (by James Kass, California/USA, see http://home.att.net/~jameskass)
7.
Jana Sanskrit (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing C-DAC, Mumbai)
8.
Chandas (Chandas Devanagari by Mihail Bayaryn, see http://chandas.cakram.org)
Note: I removed the faulty fonts "Raghindi" and "TITUS Cyberbit" from above table and
added the fonts "Code 2000", "Jana Sanskrit" and "Chandas". The new font "Jana Sanskrit"
(2004) is an improved version of the old font "Raghindi" (2002).
3.7. Orthographic Syllables of "Sanskrit 2003"

This list contains all approx. 3350 orthographic syllables of Classical Sanskrit of the type
"C + V + M" (i.e. consonant(s) + vowel matra + vowel modifier) with frequency > 0.001%
(the rarest orthographic syllables with frequency = 0.001% were omitted for lack of space).
k (0.104)
ka (15.069)
ka (1.350)
ka (0.853)
k (8.951)
k (0.273)
k (0.534)
ki (1.309)
ki (1.362)
ki (0.117)
k (1.052)
k (0.019)
k (0.002)
ku (5.132)
ku (0.003)
ku (0.016)
k (0.247)
k (6.030)
k (0.017)
ke (3.060)
ke (0.007)
kai (0.327)
kai (0.209)
ko (1.565)
kau (1.194)
kka (0.020)
kk (0.009)
kki (0.016)
kku (0.013)
kk (0.008)
kke (0.002)
kka (0.006)
kke (0.003)
kca (0.037)
kc (0.006)
kci (0.003)
kcai (0.016)
kta (1.126)
kta (0.714)
kta (0.432)
kt (0.878)
kt (0.047)
kt (0.144)
kti (0.257)
kti (0.095)
kti (0.015)
kt (0.017)
ktu (0.148)
ktu (0.083)
kt (0.011)
kt (0.004)
kt (0.003)
kte (0.237)
kte (0.002)
ktai (0.066)
ktai (0.026)
kto (0.500)
ktau (0.047)
ktya (0.013)
kty (0.126)
kty (0.016)
ktyo (0.003)
ktra (0.019)
ktra (0.020)
ktra (0.004)
ktr (0.048)
ktr (0.004)
ktri (0.002)
ktre (0.006)
ktrai (0.004)
ktrai (0.003)
ktro (0.006)
ktrau (0.002)
ktva (0.006)
ktva (0.003)
ktv (0.657)
ktve (0.013)
ktvai (0.006)
ktha (0.005)
ktho (0.003)
knu (0.056)
kno (0.045)
kpa (0.018)
kp (0.010)
kpu (0.009)
kp (0.004)
kp (0.044)
kpau (0.003)
kpra (0.032)
kpre (0.002)
kma (0.092)
kma (0.005)
km (0.008)
kmi (0.029)
km (0.005)
kya (0.512)
kya (0.432)
kya (0.038)
ky (0.132)
ky (0.006)
ky (0.020)
kye (0.063)
kyai (0.015)
kyai (0.010)
kyo (0.074)
kyau (0.004)
kra (1.854)
kra (0.116)
kra (0.047)
kr (0.413)
kr (0.009)
kri (0.381)
kr (0.158)
kr (0.002)
kru (0.961)
kru (0.050)
kr (0.115)
kre (0.307)
krai (0.009)
krai (0.002)
kro (0.752)
krau (0.030)
kla (0.085)
kla (0.005)
kla (0.003)
kl (0.025)
kli (0.117)
kl (0.035)
kle (0.110)
klai (0.004)
klai (0.002)
klo (0.003)
kva (0.259)
kva (0.005)
kv (0.026)
kve (0.005)
kvo (0.002)
ka (0.021)
k (0.003)
ki (0.010)
k (0.003)
ku (0.004)
kro (0.002)
ka (4.745)
ka (0.279)
ka (0.136)
k (0.679)
k (0.097)
k (0.038)
ki (1.861)
ki (0.002)
k (0.255)
k (0.008)
k (0.004)
ku (0.661)
ku (0.036)
k (0.008)
k (0.008)
ke (0.712)
kai (0.039)
kai (0.018)
ko (0.269)
ko (0.003)
kau (0.115)
ka (0.078)
ka (0.041)
ka (0.004)
k (0.047)
k (0.008)
k (0.004)
ke (0.030)
kai (0.056)
kai (0.025)
ko (0.010)
kau (0.002)
kya (0.002)
kma (0.134)
kma (0.015)
kma (0.005)
km (0.029)
km (0.003)
km (0.028)
km (0.005)
km (0.005)
kme (0.008)
kmai (0.002)
kmo (0.010)
kmy (0.022)
kya (0.907)
kya (0.056)
kya (0.009)
ky (0.400)
ky (0.007)
ky (0.007)
kye (0.050)
kyai (0.016)
kyai (0.003)
kyo (0.018)
kyau (0.002)
kva (0.126)
kv (0.035)
kve (0.015)
ksa (0.026)
ksa (0.010)
ks (0.010)
ksi (0.002)
ksu (0.006)
kse (0.012)
ksru (0.002)
ksro (0.003)
kha (1.568)
kha (0.466)
kha (0.119)
kh (0.814)
kh (0.030)
kh (0.078)
khi (0.311)
kh (0.119)
kh (0.006)
khu (0.021)
khu (0.003)
khe (0.336)
khai (0.083)
khai (0.047)
kho (0.146)
khau (0.006)
khya (0.102)
khya (0.070)
khya (0.013)
khy (0.696)
khy (0.023)
khy (0.025)
khyu (0.009)
khyu (0.004)
khye (0.293)
khyai (0.020)
khyai (0.010)
khyo (0.018)
khyau (0.025)
ga (12.089)
ga (0.336)
ga (0.247)
g (2.838)
g (0.098)
g (0.257)
gi (0.526)
g (0.340)
g (0.002)
gu (1.804)
gu (0.005)
gu (0.016)
g (0.092)
g (0.002)
g (1.269)
ge (0.946)
gai (0.141)
gai (0.131)
go (0.913)
go (0.013)
gau (0.261)
gau (0.008)
gga (0.016)
ggu (0.004)
gg (0.003)
gghu (0.002)
gja (0.018)
gj (0.002)
gji (0.002)
gj (0.003)
gjyo (0.030)
ga (0.008)
ga (0.003)
g (0.006)
gda (0.013)
gd (0.006)
gdu (0.003)
gd (0.005)
gde (0.002)
gdo (0.002)
gdv (0.004)
gdvi (0.002)
gdha (0.079)
gdha (0.029)
gdha (0.011)
gdh (0.056)
gdh (0.004)
gdh (0.008)
gdhi (0.005)
gdh (0.002)
gdhu (0.009)
gdhu (0.007)
gdhe (0.010)
gdhai (0.006)
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st (0.067)
sti (1.002)
st (0.379)
stu (1.977)
stu (0.015)
st (0.197)
st (0.052)
ste (1.714)
stai (0.130)
stai (0.040)
sto (0.141)
stau (0.088)
stya (0.239)
stya (0.004)
stya (0.018)
sty (0.045)
styu (0.002)
stye (0.015)
styo (0.009)
stra (0.791)
stra (0.232)
stra (0.015)
str (0.445)
str (0.006)
str (0.008)
stri (0.530)
stri (0.057)
str (0.295)
str (0.006)
stre (0.197)
strai (0.101)
strai (0.028)
stro (0.038)
strau (0.014)
strya (0.012)
stryu (0.008)
stva (0.748)
stva (0.312)
stv (0.073)
stv (0.080)
stvi (0.056)
stv (0.003)
stve (0.063)
stvo (0.002)
stha (0.270)
stha (0.142)
stha (0.054)
sth (1.112)
sth (0.038)
sth (0.030)
sthi (1.380)
sth (0.011)
sthu (0.037)
sthu (0.020)
sth (0.051)
sthe (0.131)
sthai (0.026)
sthai (0.003)
stho (0.097)
sthau (0.088)
sthya (0.012)
sthya (0.011)
sthye (0.004)
sthyo (0.002)
sna (0.004)
sn (0.208)
sni (0.028)
snu (0.054)
sne (0.137)
spa (0.736)
sp (0.269)
spra (0.012)
spha (0.006)
sph (0.043)
sphi (0.003)
sph (0.027)
sphu (0.039)
sph (0.013)
spho (0.015)
sma (0.953)
sma (0.003)
sm (1.656)
sm (0.009)
smi (1.481)
smi (0.179)
sm (0.064)
sm (0.336)
sme (0.008)
smai (0.262)
smo (0.014)
smya (0.038)
smy (0.003)
smyu (0.009)
smye (0.004)
sya (9.940)
sya (0.095)
sya (0.013)
sy (2.236)
sy (0.172)
sy (0.090)
syu (0.116)
syu (0.024)
sy (0.028)
syai (0.004)
ha (2.195)
hi (0.011)
syo (0.144)
ha (0.442)
h (0.072)
syau (0.006)
h (10.570)
he (0.021)
h (0.073)
hna (0.032)
h (0.103)
hna (0.002)
hi (5.836)
hna (0.003)
hi (0.215)
hn (0.026)
sr (0.010)
hi (0.011)
hni (0.074)
sri (0.011)
h (1.281)
hni (0.008)
h (0.098)
hni (0.011)
h (0.002)
hnu (0.005)
hu (2.168)
hne (0.027)
hu (0.072)
hne (0.003)
sro (0.068)
hu (0.312)
hnai (0.003)
srau (0.003)
h (0.592)
hno (0.003)
sva (3.302)
h (0.013)
hnau (0.003)
sva (0.111)
h (0.003)
hma (2.632)
h (1.459)
hma (0.034)
sv (0.032)
he (1.748)
hma (0.003)
svi (0.500)
hai (0.200)
hm (0.228)
sv (0.148)
hai (0.031)
hm (0.004)
sve (0.195)
ho (0.955)
hm (0.011)
ho (0.008)
hme (0.016)
hau (0.095)
hmai (0.009)
sse (0.005)
ha (0.068)
hmo (0.045)
sra (0.626)
sra (0.110)
sra (0.021)
sr (0.404)
sr (0.021)
sr (0.019)
sru (0.047)
sre (0.088)
srai (0.033)
srai (0.016)
sva (0.004)
sv (0.421)
svai (0.057)
svai (0.012)
svo (0.016)
sye (0.403)
ssva (0.015)
ha (0.009)
hmy (0.007)
syai (0.208)
ha (15.960)
h (0.092)
hya (1.365)
hya (0.132)
hyo (0.021)
hla (0.005)
hv (0.012)
hya (0.007)
hyau (0.002)
hl (0.025)
hv (0.003)
hy (0.240)
hra (0.122)
hli (0.052)
hv (0.002)
hy (0.015)
hr (0.063)
hl (0.052)
hve (0.003)
hy (0.006)
hri (0.052)
hva (0.245)
hvai (0.002)
hyu (0.044)
hr (0.060)
hva (0.004)
hvo (0.040)
hyu (0.002)
hr (0.004)
hva (0.004)
hvo (0.002)
hy (0.002)
hru (0.025)
hv (0.090)
hvya (0.004)
hye (0.269)
hru (0.010)
hv (0.006)
hvyo (0.002)
hyai (0.013)
hre (0.005)
hv (0.003)
4. Charts of Transliteration Font "URW Palladio ITU"

The font "URW Palladio ITU" comes in four styles (Roman, Bold, Italic, and Bold Italic).
The Roman (non-italic) style is also contained in the Devanagari font "Sanskrit 2003" so
that it is possible to create mixed Sanskrit and English texts with one font only.
0
032
10
11
12
13
14
15
"
&
'
048
<
>
064
080
096
112
128
144
160
176
192
208
224
240
0100
0101
0120
0121
012A
012B
015A
015B
016A
016B
1E0C
1E0D
1E24
1E25
1E36
1E37
1E38
1E39
1E3A
1E3B
1E40
1E41
1E42
1E43
1E44
1E45
1E46
1E47
1E5A
1E5B
1E5C
1E5D
U
N
I
C
O
D
E
1E62
1E63
1E6C
1E6D
030D
030E
0331
F140
F141
F146
F147
F148
F156
F157
0102
0103
0114
0115
014E
014F
1E48
1E49
1E5E
1E5F
1E8E
1E8F
Range 032-255:
Codepage 1252 Latin 1 ("Western Europe")
Range 128-191:
For this mixed range see next chapter 4.1
Unicode white:
Additional diacritics, used by Itranslator 2003
Unicode yellow:
Vedic floating accents, used by Itranslator 2003
Unicode cyan:
Private Use Area codes, used by Itranslator 2003
Unicode grey:
Additional diacritics, not used by Itranslator 2003
Note: Itranslator uses only lowercase characters for the transliteration of Sanskrit texts.
4.1. Mixed 8/16-bit Range 128-191 of "URW Palladio ITU"

In this range 128-191 the keypress codes often (not always) differ from the storage codes,
depending on whether the text is stored as 8-bit "Windows" text file or as 16-bit "Unicode"
text file. E.g. for "" you can enter by keyboard the 8-bit code 0131 (decimal) or 0083 (hex),
but for "" you may also enter the 16-bit Unicode code points 0402 (decimal) or 0192 (hex).
Char Dec Hex
Adobe Standard Names Code Points Descriptive Names
128 0080
.notdef
Euro
0080
129 0081
.notdef
c129
0081
UNDEFINED
130 0082
quotesinglbase
201A
SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
131 0083
florin
0192
LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK
132 0084
quotedblbase
201E
DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
133 0085
ellipsis
2026
HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
134 0086
dagger
2020
DAGGER
135 0087
daggerdbl
2021
DOUBLE DAGGER
136 0088
circumflex
02C6
MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
137 0089
perthousand
2030
PER MILLE SIGN
138 008A
Scaron
0160
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON
139 008B
guilsinglleft
2039
SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
140 008C
OE
0152
LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE
141 008D
.notdef
c141
008D
UNDEFINED
142 008E
.notdef
Zcaron
008E 017D
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON
143 008F
.notdef
c143
008F
UNDEFINED
144 0090
.notdef
c144
0090
UNDEFINED
145 0091
quoteleft
2018
LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
146 0092
quoteright
2019
RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
147 0093
quotedblleft
201C
LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
148 0094
quotedblright
201D
RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
149 0095
bullet
2022
BULLET
150 0096
endash
2013
EN DASH
151 0097
emdash
2014
EM DASH
152 0098
tilde
02DC
SMALL TILDE
153 0099
trademark
2122
TRADE MARK SIGN
154 009A
scaron
0161
LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
155 009B
guilsinglright
203A
SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
156 009C
oe
0153
LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
157 009D
.notdef
009D
UNDEFINED
c157
20AC
EURO SIGN
158 009E
.notdef
159 009F
zcaron
009E 017E
LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON
Ydieresis
0178
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
160 00A0
uni00A0
00A0
NO-BREAK SPACE
161 00A1
exclamdown
00A1
INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK
162 00A2
cent
00A2
CENT SIGN
163 00A3
sterling
00A3
POUND SIGN
164 00A4
currency
00A4
CURRENCY SIGN
165 00A5
yen
00A5
YEN SIGN
166 00A6
brokenbar
00A6
BROKEN BAR
167 00A7
section
00A7
SECTION SIGN
168 00A8
dieresis
00A8
DIAERESIS
169 00A9
copyright
00A9
COPYRIGHT SIGN
170 00AA ordfeminine
00AA
FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR
171 00AB
guillemotleft
00AB
LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
172 00AC
logicalnot
00AC
NOT SIGN
173 00AD
minus
00AD
SOFT HYPHEN
174 00AE
registered
00AE
REGISTERED SIGN
175 00AF
macron
00AF 02C9
MACRON
176 00B0
degree
00B0
DEGREE SIGN
177 00B1
plusminus
00B1
PLUS-MINUS SIGN
178 00B2
twosuperior
00B2
SUPERSCRIPT TWO
179 00B3
threesuperior
00B3
SUPERSCRIPT THREE
180 00B4
acute
00B4
ACUTE ACCENT
181 00B5
mu
00B5 03BC
MICRO SIGN
182 00B6
paragraph
00B6
PILCROW SIGN
183 00B7
periodcentered
00B7 2219
MIDDLE DOT
184 00B8
cedilla
00B8
CEDILLA
185 00B9
onesuperior
00B9
SUPERSCRIPT ONE
186 00BA
ordmasculine
00BA
MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR
187 00BB
guillemotright
00BB
RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
188 00BC
onequarter
00BC
VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
189 00BD
onehalf
00BD
VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF
190 00BE
threequarters
00BE
VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS
191 00BF
questiondown
00BF
INVERTED QUESTION MARK
5. Keyboard Entry and the INSCRIPT Keyboard Driver

Windows users can enter Devanagari characters by the following methods (as an example
we select character "" = hexadecimal 0905 = decimal 02309, see the charts in chapter 3):
5.1. General-Purpose Keyboard Entry Methods

a) Num Pad Method (Alt + "0" + decimal Unicode Number)
All Unicode characters can be entered on the numerical keypad by pressing the Alt key,
and while keeping Alt pressed, entering the decimal code on the keypad, e.g. Alt+02309.
The prefix "0" (zero) may usually be omitted, i.e. Alt+2309. This num pad method works
with Windows XP and should also work with Windows 2000, but it does not work with
e.g. Windows 98, because in Windows 98, the num pad method is limited to the characters
in the decimal range 0-255, so that e.g. Alt+0256 cannot be entered on a Windows 98 PC.
Microsoft would not be "micro"soft, if it offered flawless software. So, it does not surprise
that the num pad method, although it can be considered as a most easy programming task,
is too difficult for the "micro" programmers at Microsoft. E.g. on my German Windows XP
computer, it is impossible to enter "" with Alt+02331. Try it on your own Windows XP!
b) Alt-x Method ("U+" +"0" + hexadecimal Unicode Number + Alt-x)

All Unicode characters can be entered by prefixing "U+", followed by prefix "0" and the
hexadecimal code of the Unicode character, followed by pressing Alt and while keeping
Alt pressed, by hitting on key "x", e.g. U+0905 Alt-x. It should be noted that on localized
computers, e.g. on German Windows XP computers, Alt-c is to be typed instead of Alt-x.
The Alt-x method works with Windows XP and should also work with Windows 2000, but
does not work with Windows 98. Depending on the context and on the hexadecimal code,
it is often possible to omit prefix "U+" and prefix "0", so that e.g. 905 Alt-x is enough here.
c) Char Map Method (Mouse Click on the Character Map = Symbol Palette)
This non-keyboard method is convenient for entering e.g. a special mathematical symbol,
but it cannot be recommended for entering Devanagari texts.
d) Other Methods
There exist other methods of entering Unicode characters, e.g. the "Eureka" method (see
http://www.sanskritweb.net/fonts/eureka.doc) which can even be used with old Word
97 on an old Windows 98 computer.
Furthermore, third-party developers provide Windows keyboard drivers, e.g. Keyman,
see http://www.tavultesoft.com.
5.2. The INSCRIPT Method

INSCRIPT ("Indian Script") is a keyboard driver for Devanagari (and other Indic scripts)
supplied with Windows XP (and also with Windows 2000), but only installed, if you select
"Enable International Support" (for installation procedure see "Itranslator 2003" help file).
In addition to installing the INSCRIPT Devanagari (Sanskrit/Hindi) keyboard driver from
the Windows XP installation CD, you should also install "Microsoft Visual Keyboard"
(vkey.exe, only 200 KB) downloadable free of charge from Microsoft's Office site.
INSCRIPT keyboard layout (1) on American keyboard, (2) on European keyboards:
Non-Shift Keys
Shift Keys
AltGr Keys
A few non-Devanagari characters are only accessible by special key combinations:
After having installed (1) the INSCRIPT keyboard driver and (2) the MS Visual Keyboard,
start your word processor, e.g. Word XP, and select "Sanskrit 2003" as font.
Then select "Microsoft Visual Keyboard" (via the Start/Programs/Office Programs menue)
and here also select "Sanskrit 2003". You will see this keyboard picture (on a German PC):
On the MS Visual Keyboard you can "type" by clicking on the key cap pictures. In this way
you can memorize the keyboard layout. Try and make your own "typing" experiments to
become familiar with the INSCRIPT keyboard driver.
Cave: If you enter a Sanskrit text directly via INSCRIPT keyboard, you do not create an
ITX source text file of this Sanskrit text and hence you cannot give your entered text to
those who cannot use 16-bit OpenType fonts. But if you enter a Sanskrit text as ITX file, it
can be converted to any 8-bit and 16-bit Devanagari font format by Itranslator 99 and 2003.
Appendix I
Attested Hindi Ligatures

compiled by Ernst Tremel
Nasalized vowels (Anunasik) represented by Candrabindu or Bindu (Anuswar) as in
are transliterated by
respectively.
All the other Anuswar forms are transliterated

preceding , , , by ,
preceding , , , by m,
preceding , , , by ,
preceding by n or m,
preceding by or n,
preceding by or m,
preceding , , by ,
preceding , , by ,
preceding by or n,
preceding by m,
preceding , , , by n,
preceding by or n,
preceding by or n,
preceding by or n or m,
preceding by
in Gatzlaff-Hlsigs Handwrterbuch Hindi-Deutsch. is transliterated by gy
matching its Hindi pronunciation. In McGregors The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary
nasalized vowels are transliterated by vowelsign + ; all the other Anuswar forms as
Gatzlaff-Hlsig does, except , , , , , , by if preceded by a Bindu sign.
First column
Second column
Third column
Fourth column
Fifth column
Ligature
Transliteration
Hindi Anuswar form
Example with transliteration
German and English translation
kk
, ikks
einundzwanzig
qq
, taraqq
Fortschritt
kkh
, makkhan
Butter
kc
, fraikcar
kch
, tvakched
Hautabschrfung
, kar
Arzt
kr
, ilekrn
kt
, rakt
Blut
qt
, vaqt
Zeit
twenty-one
progress
butter
Knochenbruch
fracture
excoriation
doctor
Elektron
electron
blood
time
kty
, yuktybhs
Sophisterei
ktv
, pthaktv
Getrenntheit
kth
, sikth
qd
, naqd
kp
, vkpau
qf
, vaqf
Stiftung
qb
, iqbl
Gestndnis
km
, hukm
Befehl
ky
, ikyvan
einundfnfzig
kr
, vikram
Tapferkeit
ql
, aql
Verstand
kl
, ukl
rein
kv
, kvr
jung
, naq
Karte
, rik
, pak
Seite
, tk
scharf
km
, lakm
Lakschmi
ky
, abhaky
nicht essbar
ks
, aiks
qs
, nuqs
Fehler
ksth
, diksthpan
Orientierung
, sat
hart
, zam
sophistry
separateness
gekochter Reis
boiled rice
bar
cash
redegewandt
eloquent
endowment
admission
order
fifty-one
valour
mind
pure
young
map
Rikscha
rickshaw
side
sharp
Lakshmi
not to be eaten
Taxi
taxi
fault
orientation
hard
Wunde
wound
khm
, monakhmer bh
Mon-Khmer-Sprachen
khy
, khyt
berhmt
, yl
khr
, khrin
Christ
, far
Prahlerei
, tanavh
, baan
verleihen
, as
Person
gg
, diggaj
bedeutend
ggh
, ghuggh
Eule
, maz
Gehirn
gz
, lagzamabarg
Luxemburg
gj
, vgjl
leeres Gerede
ggy
, samyaggyn
rechtes Wissen
, rug
krank
gd
, digdaran
gdh
, avidagdh
laienhaft
gdhy
, vgvaidagdhy
Redegewandtheit
gn
, agni
Feuer
gp
, digpl
Schutzgottheiten der Mondphasen
gb
, digbandu
Hauptpunkt
gbh
, pthagbhv
Unterschied
gbhr
, digbhramnti
gm
, yugm
Mon-Khmer languages
celebrated
Gedanke
thought
Christian
boasting
Lohn
wages
to bestow
person
great
owl
brain
Luxemburg
net of words
right knowledge
ill
berblick
survey
amateurish
eloquence
fire
guardian deities of the different quarters
cardinal point
difference
Verwirrung
confusion
Paar
couple
gy
, gyrah
elf
gr
, grh
Krokodil
gl
, glni
Niedergeschlagenheit
gv
, gvl
Rinderhirte
gvy
, digvyp
alles durchdringend
, digl
ungnstige Stellung der Gestirne
ghn
, vighn
Hindernis
ghy
, lghy
lobenswert
ghr
, ghr
schnell

, ak
Zahl
kc
, pakcar

Loch
kt
, pakti

Reihe
ky

, aky
kennzeichnungspflichtig
kr
, sakram

Durchgang
, kk
kh
, pakh

khy

, sakhy
relavejakan
magalavr
eleven
crocodile
depression
cowherd
all pervasive
inauspicious planetary conjunction
obstacle
praiseworthy
quickly
number
puncture
row
to have to be marked
passage
Bahnknotenpunkt
railway-junction
Wunsch
desire
Ventilator
fan
Nummer
number
Dienstag
Tuesday
gts

- ,
-
gy
gr
, kgres

Kongress
gl
Angloinder
gs
ygtse-kyg
, vyagy

aglo-iiyan

, kigsan
Jangtsekiang
Yangtsekiang
Ironie
irony
congress
Anglo-Indian
Kingston
Kingston
gh
, sagh

Vereinigung
ghy

, durlaghy
unwegsam
ghr

, aghri
Versfu
= , ding = diggaj
bedeutend
, vmay
Literatur
, sahat

kompakt
cc
, paccs
fnfundzwanzig
cch
, acch
gut
cchr
, kcchr
schlecht
cchv
, ucchvs
Ausatmung
cy
, acyut
unverrckbar
zz
, izzat
jj
, majj
Knochenmark
jjy
, nairlajjy

Schamlosigkeit
jjv
, ujjval
hell
jjh
, jhajjhar
gy
, vigy
kenntnisreich
zb
, jazb
Gefhl
zm
, kamyunizm
Kommunismus
jy
, jy
Bogensehne
zy
, zyd
viel
zr
, uzr
Einwand
jr
, ujrat
Vergtung
jv
, jvar
Flut
society
impassable
foot
great
literature
compact
twenty-five
good
bad
breathing out
fixed
Ehre
honour
marrow of a bone
shamelessness
bright
Wasserkrug
water-jug
knowing
emotion
communism
bow-string
much
objection
remuneration
flood-tide

, pacako
Fnfeck
ch
, pach

ein Vogel

, tzniy
Tansania

, pajb
Panschab
gy
, sagy

jh

, ajh
Pause
, sayat

kontrolliert

, sarakak
Beschtzer

, salp
Gesprch
, pucal
loses Frauenzimmer
, saray

Zuflucht

, sali
synthetisch
, msad

Parlamentarier
sk
, saskt

kultiviert
st

, sastar
Schicht
stv
, pustv

sth
, sasth

Institut
sp
, saspar
Kontakt
sm

, sasmara
Erinnerung
sy
, ksy

Bronze
sr
, hisr

gewaltttig
, ako
Sechseck
, ugr
, svizaralai
pentagon
a bird
Tanzania
Panjab
Bewusstsein
consciousness
interval
controlled
protector
conversation
a loose woman
refuge
synthetic
member of parliament
cultivated
layer
maskulin
masculine
institute
contact
remembrance
bronze
violent
hexagon
Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Schweiz
Switzerland
, chu
Freizeit
, cih
Brief
, vikhapanam
Wischakhpatnam
, apad
, insy
Institut
, ren
Zug
, avary
, astr
die sechs klassischen Systeme
, skes
Schlittschuhe
hh
, ekahh
vereinigt
hy
, suphy
lesbar
, khag
Schwert
, aj
, la
Laddu (Sigkeit)
, buh
bejahrt
, adaran
bh
, abhuj
Sechseck
, y
Pflicht
, rivar
, avikr
vacation
letter
Vishakhapatnam
sechsbeinig
six-footed
institute
train
sechsjhrig
six-year-old
the six systems of Indian philosphy
skates
united
legible
sword
erster Ton (von sieben)
first tone (of seven)
Laddu (a sweet)
aged
die sechs klassischen Systeme
the six systems of Indian philosphy
hexagon
duty
Fahrer
driver
die sechs Entwicklungsphasen von
Lebewesen
the six stages of development of human
beings
hy
, phalhy
reich an Frchten
, gha

Stunde
, seral
with plenty of fruits

hour
zentral
central
, kuh
Stumpfsinn
hy
, kahy

Hals-

, a

, nedaralaiz

Niederlande
Niederlande
Ruber
, aku
ununterbrochen
, mptr
Tongef
, mmay
aus Ton
, brhmay
die Brahmanen
, kiv
Ferment
tk
, utka
gewaltig
tkr
, utkram
Umkehrung
tk
, utkep
Ausstoen
tkh
, utkhanan
Ausgrabung
tg
, vidyutgatik
Elektrodynamik
tgr
, vidyutgrahak
Antenne
tc
, vidyutclak
Leiter
tt
, uttar
nrdlich
tty
, vttyanuprs
Alliteration
ttv
, mahattv
Bedeutung
tth
, patthar
td
, vidyutdar
tdh
, vidyutdhr
ndaralais
, huh
dullness
having to do with the throat
Ei
egg
Netherlands
Netherlands
robber
continuing
earthenware vessel
earthen
the brahmans
ferment
vast
reversal
pushing out
excavation
electrodynamics
aerial
conductor
northerly
alliteration
greatness
Stein
stone
Elektroskop
electroscope
elektrischer Strom
electric current
tn
, patn
Ehefrau
tny
, spatny
Stellung als Nebenfrau
tp
, mtpi
Lehmklumpen
tpr
, utpravs
Emigration
tpl
, utplvakat
tph
, utphull
voll erblht
tf
, lutf
Vergngen
tb
, vidyutbalb
tm
, atm
tmy
, tdtmy
ty
, tyg
Verlassen
tr
, patr
Brief
try
, tryhik
dreitgig
tl
, qatl
Mord
tv
, tvac
, vidyutakti
ts
, protshan
Ermutigung
tsth
, htsthal
Herzgegend
tsthy
, ttsthy
Metonymie
tsn
, jyotsn
tsp
, atsp
Halbvokal
tsy
, matsy
Fisch
tsv
, jagatsvm
das hchste Wesen
th
vidyuthtspandalekh
wife
the second wifes position
lump of clay
emigration
Auftrieb
lift
fully open
pleasure
Glhbirne
electric bulb
fertig
finished
Identitt
identity
leaving
letter
lasting three days
murder
Haut
skin
Elektroenergie
electric energy
encouragement
cardiac region
metonymy
Mondlicht
moonlight
semi-vowel
fish
the supreme being
Elektrokardiogramm
electrocardiogram
thy
, kathy
erwhnenswert
thr
, thril
Sensation
thv
, pthv
die Erde
dk
, hdkap
Herzklappe
dg
, sadgati
Seligkeit
dgr
, sadgranth
heiliges Buch
dgh
, udghan
Einweihung
dd
, zidd
hartnckig
ddh
, prasiddh
bekannt
ddhv
, hddhvani
Herzton
dp
, hdpt
Herzversagen
db
, udbodh
dbh
, adbhut
wunderbar
dbhr
, udbhrnt
verwirrt
dm
, sadm
Haus
dy
, yadyapi
obgleich
dr
, drav
flssig
dry
, dridry
Armut
dv
, dvr
dvy
, sadvyavahr
Sittlichkeit
, hdl
Herzbrune
dhy
, adhypak
Lehrer
dhr
, adhruv
beweglich
dhv
, dhvani
deserving to be said
thrill
the earth
cardiac valve
beatitude
holy book
inauguration
stubborn
well-known
cardiac sound
heart failure
Erleuchtung
enlightenment
wonderful
confused
house
although
fluid
poverty
Tr
door
morality
angina pectoris
teacher
unfixed
Laut
sound
nk
, inkr
Leugnen
ng
, engeja
besetzt
nc
, onc
nz
, manzr

akzeptiert
, ivien
Dividende
nt
, ant
Ende
nty
, danty

dental
ntr
, mantr

Minister
ntry
, svtantry

Freiheit
nth
, panth

nd
, hind

Hindi
ndy
, mndy

Langsamkeit
ndr
, pandrah

fnfzehn
ndv
, dvandv

Paar
ndh
, dhandh
Beschftigung
ndhy
, sndhy

abendlich
ndhr
, sarandhr

pors
nn
, unns
neunzehn
nny

, sannys
Aufgeben
nfr
, knfrens

Konferenz
nm
, janm
ny
, ny
nv
, samanvay
Verbindung

, mun
Schreiber
denial
engaged
groes Tablett eines Straenhndlers
a hawkers tray
accepted
dividend
end
dental
minister of state
freedom
Pfad
path
Hindi
sluggishness
fifteen
pair
occupation
having to do with evening
porous
nineteen
abandonment
conference
Geburt
birth
leer
empty
connection
writer
ns

, insn
Mensch
ns
, insy

Institut
nsp
, inspekar

Inspektor
nh
, unh
ihnen
pcy
, naipcyn
Neptun
, ip
pt
, prpt
bekommen
pty
, prpty
Hoffnung etwas zu erlangen
pn
, svapn
Traum
pp
, cappal
Sandale
pf
, pfeni
Pfennig
pph
, phupphus
Lunge
py
, pyr
Liebe
pr
, prade
Region
pl
, iplom
Diplom
ps
, indriyalips
sinnliche Begierde
fz
, lafz
Wort
, lefine
fs
, rfs
pht
, naipht
Erdl
ft
, haft
Woche
fth
, nefthaln
Nephthalin
ff
, talaffuz
fy
, karafy
human being
institute
inspector
to them
Neptune
Abgeordneter
deputy
obtained
expectation to get something
dream
sandal
Pfennig
lungs
love
region
diploma
lust
word
Leutnant
lieutenant
Damespiel
draughts
petroleum
week
Nephthalin
Aussprache
pronunciation
Sperrstunde
curfew
phy
, phys
Kopfschuppen
fr
, afrk
Afrika
fl
, flai
Wohnung
, banaf
fs
, afsos
Gram
bj
, abjad
arabisches Alphabet
bz
, sabz
Gemse
bt
, ibtid
Beginn
bd
, abd
Wort
bdh
, abdhi
Ozean
bb
, chabbs
sechsundzwanzig
bbh
, gabbh
Steppdecke
by
, byh
br
, brhma
Brahmane
bl
, prblam
Problem
, hab
thiopisch
bhbh
, bhabhbha
Tumult
bhy
, abhys
bhr
, bhra
korrupt
mc
, omc
groes Tablett eines Straenhndlers
, suum
der Rckenmarkskanal
mt
, imtahn
Prfung
md
, umd
ausgezeichnet
mn
, nimn
niedrig
dandruff
Africa
flat
Veilchen
violet
sorrow
Arabic alphabet
vegetable
beginning
word
ocean
twenty-six
quilt
Hochzeit
marriage
brahman
problem
Ethiopian
uproar
bung
practice
corrupt
a hawkers tray
the channel of the spinal cord
examination
excellent
low
mp

, kampan
Gesellschaft
mpy

, kampyar
Computer
mpr
, samprati

gegenwrtig
mph
, gumphan
Auffdeln
mf

, simfan
Sinfonie
mb
, lamb

lang
mbh
, sambhav

mbhr
, sambhram

Verwirrung
mm
, ummd
Hoffnung
mm
company
computer
at the present time
stringing together
symphony
long
mglich
possible
confusion
hope
, sammat

bereinstimmend
my
, myn
Zwickel
mr
, umr
Lebensalter
ml
, mln
welk
mv
, samvat

Jahr
ms
, komsomol
Komsomol
ms
mh
, tumhr
euer
yy
, muhayy
bereit
rq
, farq
Unterschied
rk
, mrket
rky
, sarkyular
rks
, mrksavd
Marxismus
rkh
, car
Rad
rkh
, mrkh

, emsaraaim
agreeing
gusset
lifetime
withered
year
comsomol
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
your
prepared
difference
Markt
market
Rundschreiben
circular
Marxism
wheel
dumm
stupid
, mur
Hahn
rg
, svarg
Himmel
rgr
, durgrhy
rgh
, durghaan
Unfall
rghy
, arghy
geachtet
rc
, mrc
Mrz
rcch
, mrcch
Ohnmacht
rcy
, porcyagl
Portugal
rch
, barch
Speer
rj
, darjan
Dutzend
rz
, darz
Schneider
rjy
, varjy
verboten
rjh
, nirjhar
, pr
Partei
rs
, hers
Hertz
, vran
Wchter
, varan
Beschreibung
ry
, sauvary
richtige Aussprache der Laute
rt
, nartak
Tnzer
rtt
, mrtti
rtm
, vartm
Augenlid
rty
, sampavarty
gemeinsames Vielfaches
rtr
, ipakartr
Schreibmaschinenschreiberin
rts
, varts
Alveole
cock
heaven
schwer begreiflich
difficult to comprehend
accident
respected
March
faint
Portugal
spear
dozen
tailor
prohibited
Wasserfall
waterfall
party
Hertz
warden
description
the sounds correct pronunciation
dancer
Statue
statue
eyelid
common multiple
typist
alveolus
rtsy
, vartsy
alveolar
rth
, caturth
viert
rthy
, smarthy
rd
, urd
Urdu
rddh
, mrddhany
zerebral
rdr
, snehrdr
von Liebe erfllt
rdv
, nirdvandv
ruhig
rdh
, nirdhan
arm
rdhm
, vardhm
Bruch
rdhv
, rdhv
senkrecht
rn
, rnme
Turnier
rp
, krps
Baumwolle
rf
, sirf
nur
rfy
, karfy
Sperrstunde
rb
, isarb karan
rbh
, garbh
Mutterleib
rbhr
, nirbhram
unbeirrt
rm
, arm
Schande
rmy
, sdharmy
rmh
, barmh
Burma
ry
, maury
Maurjas
rr
, harr
Myrobalane
rl
, nirlajj
schamlos
rv
, garv
Stolz
alveolar
fourth
Fhigkeit
ability
Urdu
cerebral
full of love
calm
poor
rupture
vertical
tournament
cotton
only
curfew
stren
to disturb
womb
not erring
shame
Gleichartigkeit
similarity
Burma
Mauryas
myrobalan
shameless
pride
rvy
, durvyasan
schlechte Angewohnheit
, daran
Anblick
rv
, prv
Seite
, var
Jahr
rs
, kurs
Stuhl
rs
, fars
erst
rh
, garha
Tadel
rhy
, vigarhy
tadelnswert
lk
, milk
Besitz
lq
, halq
Kreis
, tal
bitter
lg
, phalgu
geringfgig
lz
, slzabar
Salisbury
, lifabel
Rettungsring
, eyaraholar
lt
, multav
aufgeschoben
lts
- , rinalai-flts
Rheinland-Pfalz
lth
, kmanavelth
Britischer Staatenbund
ld
, jald
Geschwindigkeit
lp
, ilp
Handwerk
lps
, lps
Alpen
lph
, gulph
Knchel
lf
, zulf
Locke
lb
, qalb
bad habit
sight
side
year
chair
first
censure
censurable
possession
circle
bitter
insignificant
Salisbury
life-belt
Aktionr
shareholder
delayed
Rhineland-Pfalz
Commenwealth
speed
craft
Alpes
ankle
lock
Herz
heart
lbh
, pragalbh
mutig
lbhy
, prgalbhy
Mut
lm
, film
Film
ly
, mly
Preis
ll
, ull
Eule
lv
, khalv
kahl
, imalan
Emulsion
lh
, kulh
Beil
vy
, vyakti
Person
vr
, vrat
Gelbde
vv
, navve
neunzig
, iq
, mukil
schwierig
, cary
Erstaunen
ch
, nichal
, ugr
Stuttgart
, got
Fleisch
, pran
Frage
pr
, pre
Spree
, cam
Brille
, vayak
, r
Wohlstand
, la
Umarmung
, vs
bold
boldness
film
price
owl
bald
emulsion
axe
person
vow
ninety
Liebe
love
difficult
astonishment
offen
not deceitful
Stuttgart
meat
question
Spree
glasses
ntig
necessary
prosperity
embrace
Atem
breath
, kaf
ausdrcklich
, muk
muskuls
kr
, nikray
Bezahlung
gr
, dugrhy
schwer verstndlich
, ka
Schwierigkeit
, vaiiy
Spezifikum
, ur
Kamel
, jyeh
ltest
hy
, ohy
labial
, k
schwarz
, nipatti
pr
, nipr
leblos
ph
, niphal
unfruchtbar
, grm
, iy
sk
, muskarn
lcheln
skr
, skrn
Bildschirm
skv
, skvran
Schwadron
skh
, skhalan
sj
, masjid
Moschee
, sean
Bahnhof
sr
, srecar
, resan
st
, agast
explicit
muscular
payment
difficult to understand
difficulty
distinguishing feature
camel
eldest
labial
black
Vollendung
completion
lifeless
not bearing fruit
heie Jahreszeit
hot season
Schler
pupil
to smile
screen
squadron
Straucheln
stumbling
mosque
railway station
Tragbahre
stretcher
Dresden
Dresden
August
August
sty
, hasty
manuell
str
, mistr
Mechaniker
sth
, rjasthn
Rajasthan
sthy
, svsthy
Gesundheit
sd
, qasd
Absicht
sn
, snn
sp
, spar
spr
, sprig
Sprungfeder
sf
, fsfe
Phosphat
sph
, sphr
ausgedehnt
sb
, banisbat
in Bezug auf
sm
, qismat
Schicksal
sy
, sadasy
Mitglied
sr
, misr
gypten
sl
, islm
Islam
sv
, tasvr
ss
, ass
achtzig
ssth
, punassthpan
Restauration
hn
, cihn
Zeichen
hm
, brhma
Brahmane
hy
, grhy
annehmbar
hr
, hrs
Verminderung
hl
, hld
Freude
hv
, hvn
manual
mechanic
Rajasthan
health
intention
Baden
bathing
Berhrung
touching
spring
phosphate
extensive
in respect of
fate
member
Egypt
Islam
Bild
picture
eighty
restoration
mark
brahman
to be taken
lessening
joy
Aufforderung
summons
There should be fifteen other ligatures concerning some Hindi grammar books. But I could
not attest them by any examples:
cm, chr, jm, ttr, dn, dhn, dhm, nph, nr, pm, pv, bhv,
yr, yv, v
Reference Works:
Gatzlaff-Hlsig, Margot: Handwrterbuch Hindi-Deutsch, (Helmut Buske Verlag)

Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-87548-177-1
McGregor, R. S.: The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, (Oxford University Press) Ninth
impression, Oxford 1993/ New Delhi 2001, ISBN 019 563846 8
Pathak, R. C: Bhargava's Standard Illustrated Dictionary of the Hindi Language, HindiEnglish Edition, (The Bhargava Bhushan Press), Third Revised Edition, Banaras 1946
Gatzlaff-Hlsig, Margot: Grammatischer Leitfaden des Hindi, 4. Auflage (copyright 1967
Verlag Enzyklopdie Leipzig, copyright 1993 Langenscheidt) - Verlag Enzyklopdie
Leipzig, Berlin, Mnchen, Druck: Interdruck Leipzig GmbH, Printed in Germany ISBN 3324-00393-8; now Helmut Buske Verlag, Richardstrae 47, D-22081 Hamburg, 2.
unvernderte Auflage 1978 (VEB Verlag Enzyklopdie Leipzig 1967)
McGregor R. S: Outline of Hindi Grammar. With Exercises, (Oxford University Press),
Second Edition, New Delhi 1977
Teach Yourself Hindi: by (c) 2000 Rupert Snell and Simon Weightman, (Hodder &
Stoughton), Second Edition, London 2000, ISBN: 0-340-75816-3
Teach Yourself Hindi: Simon Weightman, (Hodder & Stoughton), New Edition, London
2003, ISBN: 034086687X
Appendix II
Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts

with "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas"
In order to typeset the Yajurveda texts at website http://www.sanskritweb.net/yajurveda
I have used till now a special Vedic version "Sanskrit 2003v" containing additional glyphs.
As of September 2005, these additional Vedic Private Use Area glyphs have been added to
the updated version 1.1 of "Sanskrit 2003" made by Swami Satchidananda and also to the
new font "Chandas" made by Mihail Bayaryn. Both fonts - "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas" are completely interchangeable and both suited for typesetting Yajurveda texts.
1. Glyphs in the PUA range E000 (see also chapter 3.3 on page 25)
Sanskrit
2003
Chandas
Code
U+
E001
E002
E003
E004
E005
E006
E007
E008
E009
Position
of Svara
Candrabindu-Virama
as spacing character
Double Udatta (Svarita) ***
as floating accent without prop, flush right
Visarga (as an additional PUA character)
as spacing (!) character (compare U+0903!)
Candrabindu-Virama + Udatta (Svarita)
Candrabindu-Virama + Double Udatta (Svarita)
Candrabindu-Virama + Anudatta
Single Udatta (= Svarita)
as floating accent without prop, centered
Double Udatta (Svarita)
as floating accent without prop, centered
Anudatta
as floating accent, flush right
*** In the new release 1.1 of "Sanskrit 2003", the Double Udatta with prop (or stub) was replaced by a Double
Udatta without prop, since the new version without prop (now the default version) is needed much more
often than the version with prop. The old glyph was moved from E002 to F209 (see next page)
2. Glyphs in the PUA range F200 (newly added as of September 2005)

Sanskrit
2003
Chandas
Hex
Position
of Svara
F201
F202
F203
F204
F205
F206
F207
F208
F209

as floating accent without prop, flush right, position lower
(E002: position a bit higher, F201: position slightly lower)
as spacing accent with non-protruding prop (or stub)
as floating accent without prop, flush right
(F203, a copy of E002, is reserved for future use!)
Double Candrabindu-Virama
Double Candrabindu-Virama + Anudatta
Double Candrabindu-Virama + Single Udatta (Svarita)
Double Candrabindu-Virama + Double Udatta (Svarita)
Single Udatta (= Svarita)
as spacing accent with protruding prop (or stub)
Double Udatta (= Svarita) ***
as spacing accent with protruding prop (or stub)
*** The new slot F209 of version 1.1 now contains the old glyph of slot E002 of version 1.0 of "Sanskrit 2003"
For the pronunciation of above Vedic svaras read the documents by Shriramana Sharma
downloadable at http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs
3. Manual Patches for Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts

3.1. Manual Patches for {\m+}{\m+} Encoding:
ITX Code
{\m+}{\m+}
{\m+}{\m+}\'
{\m+}{\m+}\_
Result by
Itranslator
Replacement by
MS Word
Hex Code of
Replacement
F204
F206
F205
3.2. Manual Patches for Svaras on pada-final Nasals:

ITX Code
n\' ||
nn\' ||
~N\' ||
~N~N\' ||
Result by
Itranslator
Replacement by
MS Word
Hex Code of
Replacement
+ E007
+ E007
+ E007
+ E007
3.3. Other Examples of Manual Patches:

The 200-page document "Svara Statistics of Vedic Sanskrit" analyses the accented syllables
of the "Taittitrya Brhmaa" (see http://www.sanskritweb.net/sansdocs/tbsvaras.pdf).
All the red Double Udattas in this file TBsvaras.pdf display Vedic accents that cannot be
typeset properly with current Unicode fonts due to the faulty specifications made by the
Unicode consortium which was not willing to accept proposals made by "Indian niggers".
For the Double Udatta ITX code (i.e. \''), Itranslator 2003 generates U+E002. This is okay
for and , but it is not okay for and . Here, the PUA codes should or may be used
to improve the typographical display, e.g. by (F202) and by (F209). In other cases,
the PUA codes must be used, e.g.
must be replaced by (E007).

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Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003

written by Ulrich Stiehl, 15-Dec-2003

See also Addendum of 11-Sep-2004, downloadable as

This documentation refers to Itranslator 2003, available as of 15-Dec-2003.

Any suggestions, complaints, etc. may kindly be addressed to:

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 1

Itranslator 99 versus Itranslator 2003

Structure and Character Set of ITX File

Character Set of ITX Encoding

Character Set of English etc. Insertions

Fundamentals of ITX Encoding Scheme

Simplified ITX Encoding Scheme for Classical Sanskrit

Complete Description of the ITX Codes with Examples

Text Sample: ITX Devanagari Transliteration

Charts of the Devanagari Font "Sanskrit 2003"

Unicode Range Devanagari (0900-097F) of "Sanskrit 2003"

Unicode Characters Not Supported by Itranslator 2003

Half-Forms (Left Halves) of Consonants of "Sanskrit 2003"

Ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003"

"Sanskrit 2003" versus Other Fonts

Orthographic Syllables of "Sanskrit 2003"

Charts of Transliteration Font "URW Palladio ITU"

Mixed 8/16-bit Range 128-191 of "URW Palladio ITU"

Keyboard Entry and the INSCRIPT Keyboard Driver

Attested Hindi Ligatures by Ernst Tremel

Typesetting of Yajurveda Texts with "Sanskrit 2003" and "Chandas"

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 2

Revisions of February 2004

Heidelberg, 25th February, 2004

Revisions of September 2005

"Conjunct Consonants in Sanskrit" (conjuncts.pdf, 101 pages, 5.5 MB)

Heidelberg, 27th September, 2005

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 3

0. Itranslator 99 versus Itranslator 2003

Itranslator 99 appeared in October 2002

Itranslator 2003 appeared in December 2003

Itranslator 2003 requires Windows XP or at

The Itranslator 2003 fonts "Sanskrit 2003"

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 4

The Itranslator 2003 font "Sanskrit 2003" is

Compare these ligatures of "Sanskrit 99" ...

... with these ligatures of "Sanskrit 2003".

'] 'v 'Oy 'Gy '

The Itranslator 2003 font "Sanskrit 2003"

The OpenType font "Sanskrit 2003" can be

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 5

7. Mixing of Sanskrit and English with one font

Itranslator 2003 permits of mixing Sanskrit

Itranslator 2003 generates 16-bit TXT files:

9. Unicode Standard Drawbacks

The Standard for Indic scripts was authored

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 6

1. Structure and Character Set of ITX File

> Itranslator conversion >

1.1. Character Set of ITX Encoding

1.1.2. ASCII Characters (32127)

U.Stiehl, Technical Manual of Itranslator 2003, Page 7

1.2. Character Set of English etc. Insertions

1.2.1. Insertion of Single Punctuation Marks

1.2.2. Insertion of English etc. Passages

1.2.3. 16-bit vs. 8-bit Text Files

2. Fundamentals of ITX Encoding Scheme

2.1. Simplified ITX Encoding Scheme for Classical Sanskrit