McGrath 1 Melissa McGrath Ms. Rand English 1103 H02 30 October 2013 Annotated Bibliography Anderson, Kristin L.

. Gender, Status, and Domestic Violence: An Integration of Feminist and Family Violence Approaches. Journal of Marriage and Family 59.3 (1997): 665-669. JSTOR. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. The first line of this journal article is, Family violence researchers suggest that sociodemographic indicators of structural inequality influence propensities for domestic assaults. One then must determine what these sociodemographic indicators are. These factors include gender and power, and as Anderson states, represent mens active attempts to maintain dominance and control over women. The author presents two interesting theories. One theory is Goodes resource theory (1971) which suggests that violence is an ultimate resource used to derive power within relationships. When individuals lack other means of power, such as an education, they are more likely to turn to violence to feel as though they have some power in the relationship. The second theory is the gender theory that proposes that violence is a resource for constructing masculinity, and thus the use of violence will have different meanings for women and men (658). In addition to identifying factors that many lead males to be violent towards women and presenting relevant theories, Anderson describes the social construction of violence. The sexual division of labor in the household, the norm that men marry down, and the more attention that is paid to mens work are all capable of producing gender.

McGrath 2 Bannerman, Richard., Owusu, Adobea Y., Tenkorang, Eric Y., and Yeboah, Eric H. Factors Influencing Domestic and Marital Violence Against Women in Ghana. Journal of Family Violence 28.8 (2013): 771-781. EBSCOhost. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. This journal article gave a unique perspective on womens violence in that it spoke about Ghanaian society. Women in sub-Saharan Africa have limited access to money and employment opportunities. They are put at a disadvantage and must rely on men. In addition to the lack of resources made available to women and thus her continuous reliance on men to survive, the traditional culture is influential in perpetuating the violence. Some practices and gender roles in Ghana expect women to remain quiet about defending their rights even when they are abused. Experiences in early life are said to have an impact on future violent tendencies of men. In explaining why men abuse their wives or female significant other, it is necessary to view the issue from a cultural perspective.

Mandal, Mahua, and Hindin, Michelle J. Mens Controlling Behaviors and Womens Experiences of Physical Violence in Malawi. Maternal and Child Health Journal 17.7 (2013): 1332-1338. EBSCOhost. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. Mandal and Hindin conducted a study that examined whether having a controlling partner is associated with womens reports of experiencing violence in Malawi. They touch upon several risk factors that explain why men can be the perpetrators of violence against women. They describe gender asymmetry, which is that intimate partner violence (IPV) is largely a tactic of male control. In patriarchies, men are superior to women; they use physical and sexual violence to maintain power. The authors also speak about how the lack of education of the male in the relationship is a factor in the more severe cases of IPV and how male alcohol consumption

McGrath 3 is a risk factor. However, women who initiated physical violence had an effect on the men who continued the violence. This journal article is a good starting point because it addresses different factors that may contribute to a males tendency to be violent towards a woman. To obtain a basic understanding on intimate partner abuse, controlling behavior, and gender asymmetry, this is a good source to consider. It is similar to the journal article about domestic and marital violence against women in Ghana in that it provides a cultural perspective.

Scrandis, Debra A., and Watt, Margaret E. Traumatic Childhood Exposures in the Lives of Male Perpetrators of Female Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2013): 2813-2830. EBSCOhost. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. Scrandis and Watt describe possible factors in the lives of male perpetrators of IPV and attempt to find if they have any bearing on the violent behavior against female intimate partners. The dominant themes that arose from the study they conducted of nine men with a history of female IPV emphasized childhood and family issues, school and mental health issues, substance abuse, and legal issues. Overall, it seemed that sexual or physical trauma in childhood most often led to problems in school, misuse of substances, and trouble with the law. The authors explore Widoms Cycle of Violence to explain how the children who were abused were more likely to have encounters with the juvenile justice system and more issues with violence. Childhood exposure to IPV or abuse provides reasoning as to why men may act violent later in life. In trying to identify why men abuse their female counterparts, it is important to go to the root of the issue, and that root may be the childs family life. Childhood trauma is further broken down into abandonment, witnessing IPV in the family, and experiencing violence.

McGrath 4 Because children are impressionable and take after their parents as their primary social agents, it is not abnormal to think that the experiences the child had with his family had a great impact on his behavior and what he thinks are acceptable forms of treatment.

Katz, Jackson. Violence Against Women- Its a Mens Issue. Online video clip. YouTube. YouTube, 29 May 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. In this video Jackson Katz, the co-founder of the Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) program, expert on violence, and anti-sexist activist, discusses how violence against women is centered on men and how they as the dominant group often go unnoticed in society. Men hear the words womens issues, and turn the other way. Gender issues are not synonymous with womens issues. The dominant group is rarely challenged to think about its dominance. When people hear the word gender, many of them think of women. When people hear the word race, many of them think of African Americans. Katz makes the point that men have been erased from a conversation that is primarily about them. He goes onto question several things: Why are children sexually abused? Why do so many men rape other men/women? What is the role of institutions/family structure/race/economics/religion in society in helping to produce abusive males? We need to address these questions and determine how we can change the socialization of boys rather than focusing on what women are saying when they speak out against the violence being done to them. Society is structured around the status quo. Change is not easily accepted. Fortunately, women have persisted in speaking out. Rather than looking for answers to these questions on an individual basis, it is more helpful to look at society as a whole and how its institutions play a role in the socialization of males. There has been a lot of silence in male

McGrath 5 culture because the power structure favors them. It is difficult for men to challenge each other. Katz argues that adult men with power need to be leaders and prioritize this issue of violence against women.