Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Me ico ha!e sla!es or "e free#$ %. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 18&'. (t said California was to "e free, popular so!ereignt) *the people decide+ for the rest of the lands. ,. - tougher fugiti!e sla!e law was a ma.or concession to the /outh, "ut it wasn0t enforced. This angered the /outherners. 1. The 2orth3/outh rift was widened with the 4ansas52e"ras6a -ct. (t repealed the Missouri Compromise which had 6ept the peace for a generation. (n it0s place, popular so!ereignt) opened the 7reat 8lains to potential sla!er). Whereas the sla!e5land issue had "een settled, now it was a "ig question mar6. (9:2T(;(C-T(<2/: /tephen 9ouglas Democratic Senator from Illinois aka the Little Giant, he was extremely eager to move westward. ;ran6lin 8ierce The candidate for the Democrats, nominated in the nominating convention of !"#. $e was a %roslavery northerner. $e s&%%orted the 'om%romise of !"(, the )&gitive Slave Law, and territorial ex%ansion. $e went against the *hig *infield Scott in the election of "#. Compromise of 18&' The +orth got a ,etter deal as they got 'alifornia as a free state, adding to their votes in the senate. +ew -exico and .tah territories were s&,/ect to %o%&lar sovereignty, ,&t it was most likely to ,e free. Texas was %aid ( million dollars. There was also emanci%ation in D'. )inally, the new )&gitive Slave Law of !"( came to ,e. =achar) Ta)lor +ominated ,y the *higs, aka The $ero of 0&ena 1ista. General military leader int the -exican 2merican war. Died in office and )illmore %roceeded him. >ohn C. Calhoun 2rg&ed in his last formal s%eech that 'lay3s concessions were not eno&gh to ens&re the So&th3s rights. $e wanted 'ongress to leave slavery alone and to ret&rn r&naway slaves. $e even %ro%osed two se%arate %residents for the north and so&th, each having their own veto. Matthew C. 8err) Sent ,y 4resident )illmore to 5a%an with a fleet of warshi%s. $e re6&ested free trade and friendly relations. 2 year later, he %ers&aded the 5a%anese to sign the Treaty of 7anagawa in

!"8. It gave %ro%er treatment to shi%wrecked sailors, 2merican coaling rights in 5a%an, and cons&lar relations.

?enr) Cla) $e arg&ed that the +orth and So&th sho&ld ,oth com%romise. The +orth sho&ld create and revise their f&gitive slave law so that it wo&ld %lease the So&th more. ;ree5/oil 8art) )or those who distr&sted 'ass from the Democrats and Taylor from the *higs, they created their own %arty to nominate 1an 0&ren. They s&%%orted the *ilmot 4roviso and advocated for internal im%rovements and &rged the for free homesteads for settlers. ;ugiti!e /la!e @aw The f&gitive law of !"( or the 0loodho&nd 0ill stated that fleeing slaves co&ld not testify in their own ,ehalf, they were also denied a /&ry trial. 2 reward of " dollars if the r&naway slaves were freed and ( dollars if they were not for the federal commissioner. ?arriet Tu"man 9nce an illiterate r&naway slave herself, she was a cond&ctor or a,olitionist who assisted many other r&naway slaves in the .ndergro&nd :ailroad. She saved more than ;(( slaves thro&gho&t her life as an a,olitionist. Compromise of 18&' The +orth got 'alifornia as a free state, adding to their votes in the senate. +ew -exico and .tah territories were s&,/ect to %o%&lar sovereignty, ,&t it was most likely to ,e free. Texas was %aid ( million dollars. There was also emanci%ation in D'. )inally, the new )&gitive Slave Law of !"( came to ,e.

<stend Manifesto Three envoys from S%ain, <ngland, and )rance created this dis%atch that &rged the administration to offer #( million for '&,a. Initially a secret, it leaked. $ated ,y the +orthern )ree Soilers 4ansas52e"ras6a -ct 0y Ste%hen Do&glas, it re%ealed the 'om%romise of !#( and !"( =,y the +orth in a sense>. 7ansas and +e,raska were made into states. <ach state wo&ld &se %o%&lar sovereignty to decide slavery matters. 2ngered the )ree Soilers and +ortherners.

Chapter #1A: Drifting Toward Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. Bncle Tom0s Ca"in dro!e a wedge "etween the 2ortherner and /outherner. The /outh cried foul sa)ing it ga!e a !iew of sla!er) that was too harsh and unrealistic, "ut it cemented each section0s feelings on the issue. %. 4ansas "ecame the "attleground o!er sla!er). /ince sla!er) there was to "e decided ") popular !ote, each side passionatel) fought for their position. Cloodshed resulted. ,. The /upreme Court0s 9red /cott decision was huge. (t said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw sla!er) in the territories. :ffecti!el) then, all new lands were possi"le sla!e lands. 1. - financial panic in 18&D added to the chaos and uncertaint). &. -"e @incoln arri!ed on the scene. -lthough he lost to /tephen 9ouglas for (llinois /enate, he made a name for himself there. E. (n 18E', -"e @incoln won a !er) sectional race for president o!er , other candidates. The /outh had promised to lea!e the union if -"e won. ?e won, and the /outh indeed seceded. (9:2T(;(C-T(<2/: ?inton ?elper F The (mpending Crisis of the /outh *ritten ,y the nonaristocratic white from +orth 'arolina, $inton $el%er. $e &sed statistics to show that nonslaveholding whites were the ones who were s&ffering the effects of slavery. It was ,anned in the So&th, ,&t sold tho&sands of co%ies in the +orth. 7eorge ;itGhugh Sociologist in the So&th. Infl&ential %ro%agandist ,efore 'ivil *ar. In Sociology, he said that the ca%italism of the +orth was a fail&re. $e attem%ted to /&stify slavery. >ohn Crown 2n active a,olitionist, or 9ld 0rown of 9sawatomie was &%set a,o&t the %roslavery attack on Lawrence. $e then led a gro&% of followers to 4ottawatomie 'reek to kill " %roslaveryites in ret&rn.

Charles /umner Senator from -assach&setts, and leading a,olitionist. $e was extremely disliked and gave a s%eech The 'rime 2gainst 7ansas in which he condemned %roslavery men. $e was attacked ,y 0rooks from So&th 'arolina with a cane. 9red /cott 2 0lack slave who lived with his master in Illinois and *isconsin, ,oth free states. $e felt that he sho&ld have ,een emanci%ated after s&ch a long time there. $e went to the S&%reme 'o&rt and it was r&led that he was %ro%erty and not a citi?en, so he co&ld not s&e a federal co&rt. -"raham @incoln :e%&,lican nominee for %resident, 9ld 2,e ran against Do&glas for senator ,&t lost. $e won the elections of !@( and was a minority and sectional %resident. >ohn Crittenden Senator from 7ent&cky made a com%romise =The 'rittenden 2mendments> as an attem%t to save the constit&tion. Cleeding 4ansas$ 7ansas was a slave state ,&t a,olitionists wanted to make it free. Disagreements ,etween freeA soilers and %roslaveryites ca&sed great tensions which lead to arg&ments over %o%&lar sovereignty. 0order :&ffians =%roslavery> fo&ght and ,&rned down Lawrence. 5ohn 0rown followers retaliated in 4ottawatomie 'reek. -merican or 4now52othing$ 8art) +ominated -illard )illmore as their leader. They were antiAforeign and antiAcatholic threatened ,y the infl&x of immigrants from Germany and Ireland. 8anic of 18&D Inflation from 'alifornian gold h&rt the economy. The Tarriffs were raised. The +orth was h&rt as they ,egged for free homesteads and free farms. The So&th handled it well @incoln59ouglas 9e"ates Lincoln challenged Ste%hen Do&glas to a series of de,ates. This gave Lincoln fame and hel%ed him to later on win the %residency. $owever, these de,ates hinted at f&rther tensions. ;reeport 9octrine The S&%reme 'o&rt3s r&ling did not matter if the %eo%le voted slavery down, it wo&ld stay down. Do&glas3 re%ly to Lincoln in the de,ates. ?arperHs ;err) Iaid 5ohn 0rown wanted to rally ,lacks to rise, so he sei?ed the federal arsenal and killed B innocent %eo%le and in/&ring (. Slaves didn3t rise. 5ohn and his followers were ca%t&red ,y the .S -arines &nder Lie&tenant 'olonel :o,ert < Lee.

Constitutional Bnion 8art) Do +othings or 9ld Gentlemen3s 4arty in the !@( election. Gro&% of old whigs and know nothings that feared for the .nion. +ominated 5ohn 0ell for %residency.

7B(9:9 I:-9(27 JB:/T(<2/:

/towe and ?elper: @iterar) (ncendiaries 4now: ?arriet Ceecher /towe, ?inton ?elper 1. Which "oo6, Bncle TomHs Ca"in or The (mpending Crisis of the /outh was more important# : plain. .ncle Toms 'a,in was more im%ortant d&ring that time %eriod ,eca&se of its immense im%act. 4eo%le from all over the +orth and even across the seas were reading it. It o%ened their eyes to the tragedies of a,horrent slavery. It3s large %olitical force was said to ,e the start of the 'ivil *ar. The 2orth5/outh Contest for 4ansas 4now: CeecherHs Ci"les, Corder Iuffians %. What went wrong with popular so!ereignt) in 4ansas# It was agreed that 7ansas was to ,e a slave state, and +e,raska a free state. $owever, the northern a,olitionists in 7ansas wanted to make it free. 0oth sides ,ro&ght armies, the a,olitionists with their +ew <ngland <migrant 2id 'om%any carrying 0eecher3s 0i,les, or rifles. The %roslavery men came with ,order r&ffians. 9n election day, the %roslavery ,order r&ffians voted for their legislat&re, the slavery s&%%orters made their own %&%%et government at Shawnee -ission. The free soilers esta,lished their own regime in To%eka. The %roslavery ones then ,&rned Lawrence, a free soil town ca&sing great o&trage. 4ansas in Con!ulsion 4now: >ohn Crown, 8ottawatomie Cree6, @ecompton Constitution ,. What was the effect of KCleeding 4ansasK on the 9emocratic 8art)# 4resident 0&chanan antagoni?ed Do&glas Democrats as he s&%%orted the Lecom%ton 'onstit&tion. This divided the democratic %arty which added more tension that sna%%ed the ,onds ,etween the .nion.

KCull)K Croo6s and ?is Cludgeon

4now: Charles /umner, 8reston Croo6s & What was the consequence of Croo6Hs "eating of /umner in the 2orth# The /outh# 0rook3s ,eating of S&mner was conse6&ential. 0rooks resigned =,&t then reAelected>. S&mner had to leave to 0ritain for severe medical treatment. Tho&sands of :e%&,lican votes for the +orth. The So&th was angered that the +orth was %raising 0rook3s a,&sive s%eech. K<ld Cuc6K !ersus KThe 8athfinderK 4now: >ames Cuchanan, >ohn C. ;remont, The -merican 8art) E. -ssess the candidates in the 18&E election. The Democrats chose 5ames 0&chanan 9ld 0&ck as their candidate, a 4ennsylvanian lawyer. The :e%&,licans chose )remont The 4athfinder. 0oth had little %olitical ex%erience ,&t they were ,oth chosen since they had nothing to do with the 7ansas fiasco. The :lectoral ;ruits of 18&E D. (nterpret the results of the election of 18&E. Democratic 0&chanan won the election over )remont. :e%&,licans claimed a defeat which hel%ed kee% the .nion together since the +orth didn3t care a,o&t secession. The 9red /cott Com"shell 4now: 9red /cott, Ioger C. Tane) 8. Wh) was the 9red /cott decision so di!isi!e# The So&th was ha%%y with this decision as it ,asically confirmed their ,eliefs in thinking that the -isso&ri 'om%romise was &nconstit&tional. $owever, %o%&lar sovereignity cham%ions in the north were dismayed, like Senator Do&glas a northern Democrat. The Democrats were f&rther divided. :e%&,licans against slave ex%ansion were angered ,eca&se it was /&st an o%inion. Those from the So&th ,elieved that they co&ld not ,e with the .nion since they can3t honor their own S&%reme 'o&rt. The ;inancial Crash of 18&D A. ?ow did the 8anic of 18&D ma6e Ci!il War more li6el)# The .S was already s&ffering from 0leeding 7ansas and Dred Scott, so this economic crisis added to their %sychological &nwellness. The +orth was h&rting even more than the so&th as they ,egged for higher tariffs and free homesteads. This f&rther dee%ened the tensions ,etween the +orth and So&th.

-n (llinois Iail5/plitter :merges 1'. 9escri"e -"raham @incolnHs "ac6ground.

$e was ,orn in 7ent&cky in a log ca,in with %oor %arents. $e went to a frontier school only for a year, ,&t was mostly self ed&cated. $e was at time de%ressed, ,&t he was an avid reader and storyteller. $e then ,ecame an &% and coming lawyer in Illinois. The 7reat 9e"ate: @incoln !ersus 9ouglas 4now: ;reeport 9octrine 11. What long term results occurred "ecause of the @incoln59ouglas de"ates# Lincoln was now famo&s among 2mericans. The de,ates were %&,lished in news%a%ers and Lincoln was emerging as a %otential :e%&,lican nominee for %resident. 9n the other hand, Do&glas was losing his chance of ,ecoming %resident as he s%lit &% the So&thern Democrats >ohn Crown: Murderer or Mart)r 4now: ?arperHs ;err), Io"ert :. @ee 1%. Wh) were the actions of one *craG)#+ man so important in the growing conflict "etween 2orth and /outh# 5ohn 0rown3s 2ctions in $ar%er3s )erry &%set the So&th as they ,elieved that a,olitionists were growing m&rdero&s and did no longer want to ,e a %art of the .nion. The a,olitionists in the +orth felt o&traged ,y 0rown3s exec&tion and honored him with rallies and flags. Tensions grew thicker and dee%er.

The 9isruption of the 9emocrats 4now: >ohn C. Crec6enridge, >ohn Cell 1,. What happened when the 9emocratic 8art) attempted to choose a candidate for the presidenc) in 18E'# In 0altimore the meeting for choosing a new Democratic candidate didn3t end &% well. The +orthern Do&glas Democrats made their own %latform voting for the Lecom%ton 'onstit&tion and the )ree%ort Doctrine. So&therner Democrats met in 0altimore as well, witho&t +ortherners, and selected 0reckenridgeA a %latform for extended slavery into the territories and annexation of '&,a. - Iail5/plitter /plits the Bnion 11. Wh) was @incoln chosen as the Iepu"lican candidate instead of /eward# Lincoln had fewer enemies than Seward even tho&gh Seward was more %o%&lar. Less enemies made for a ,etter candidate for the :e%&,licans. The :lectoral Bphea!al of 18E' 1&. 9id the /outh ha!e an) power in the national go!ernment after @incoln0s election, or were the) helpless# The so&th still had its "A8 ma/ority in the S'. Slavery co&ld not ,e harmed exce%t ,y an amendment which wo&ld ,e hard to %ass.

The /ecessionist : odus 4now: /ecession, >efferson 9a!is 1E.. What did 8resident Cuchanan do when the /outh seceded# Wh)# *hen the So&th seceded, 0&chanan essentially did nothing. $e did not have the law, the army, or the g&ts to do anything a,o&t the states. It was not his fa&lt as the 'onstit&tion and the .nion were extremely weak. The Collapse of Compromise 1D. What was the Crittendon Compromise and wh) did it fail# It was the last chance to save the .nion ,y 5ames 'rittendenA Slavery in the territories ,elow the line were to ,e %rotected, north of it was %rohi,ited. )&t&re states wo&ld come into the &nion free or slave, their choice. It failed ,eca&se Lincoln re/ected it. ;arewell to Bnion 18. What ad!antages did southerners see in secession# Who did the) compare themsel!es to# The So&therners co&ld get ,ack their dignity. They co&ld have their own ,anking and shi%%ing and trade with 0ritain. They lost their de,t. They didnt have to deal with the %rotective tariff. They didn3t ,elieve they were doing anything illegal. They seceded from the 2,raham Lincoln3s .nion /&st as George *ashington seceded from 7ing George3s 0ritish <m%ire in BB@.