Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasnt enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The NorthSouth rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In its place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas is known as the Little Giant. He won a debate and election against Lincoln to be the Senator from Illinois. He strongly supported popular sovereignty. Franklin Pierce Elected President in 1852, Franklin Pierce was called weak-willed and traitorous. He alienated all his Northern supporters by complimenting the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Compromise of 1850 A new compromise made between the North and South. Accepted California as a free-state, but allowed a stronger Fugitive Slave Act. Zachary Taylor 12th President of the United States and an military leader. He served and succeeded in the Mexican-American War. His status as a national hero won him election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs. John C. Calhoun Known as the Great Nullifier, he is old at this point. He argued for the South to not accept Clays concessions and instead told it to argue for leaving slaves along, returning runaways, and giving the South rights as a minority. Matthew C. Perry Admiral sent to Japan to negotiate the Treaty of Kanagawa. He used a show of force and gifts to get what he wanted. Henry Clay Known as the Great Compromiser, he came from Kentucky to engineer the great compromise of 1850.

Free-Soil Party A new party that arose especially in 1852 made by anti-slavers that distrusted both Cass and Taylor.

Fugitive Slave Law A more stringent runaway law that called for Northerners to be fined if they didnt return runaway slaves. Harriet Tubman The Moses of the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman brought dozens of slaves out of the South in weeks and months. Ostend Manifesto A secret document that would offer Spain $120 million for Cuba. If they did not accept, the United States would be justified in wresting the island from the Spanish.

Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. Uncle Toms Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each sections feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: Hinton Helper The Impending Crisis of the South Hinton R. Helper was a nonaristocratic white from North Carolina who believes that nonslaveholding whites were the ones who suffered most from the millstone of slavery. George Fitzhugh A leading pro-slavery thinker, he wrote two books justifying the slavery of black people.

John Brown Violent abolitionist who participated in fights in Bleeding Kansas and in a raid at Harpers Ferry. Charles Sumner Senator who was attacked during his inflammatory speech. He was so injured that he had to be sent to Europe for three years for painful and expensive treatment. Dred Scott A slave who was told he had no right to sue in court and was told he was property that could be moved around without his right to humanity. Abraham Lincoln Elected President in 1860, he made his name by debating with Stephen A. Douglas. John Crittenden Proposed unsuccessfully to allow the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states. Bleeding Kansas A violent battlefield in which popular sovereignty had been called for and so a lot of outsiders came in to vote. American or Know-Nothing Party A nativist party that hated immigrants and arose in 1854 to make delegations against other races. Panic of 1857 An economic crisis that arose in 1857 after wheat was over-speculated in. Lincoln-Douglas Debates A debate made before Lincoln became president that rocketed him to popularity. However Douglas won being Senator from Illinois. Freeport Doctrine No matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. Harper's Ferry Raid A raid on Harpers Ferry that saw John Brown invading a federal armory in order to arm slaves to start an insurrection. Constitutional Union Party A party made in the 1860 election that nominated John Bell who was supposed to be a compromise candidate. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper

1.

Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain. Uncle Toms Cabin was more important. It was written to show the horrors of slavery and it spread to Europe where it was seen and shocked the masses. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin and Hinton Helper wrote The Impending Crisis of the South, which was a treatise on how all non-slaveholders were being harmed by the institution of slavery. The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? People from out of the state fought to get in to vote for whether Kansas should be free or not. Only a fourth of the votes were from legal residents of Kansas. Settlers were sent in from the North carrying new rifles called Beechers Bibles and Border Ruffians from the South were hired to keep anti-slavers from voting. Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? When President Buchanan supported Bleeding Kansas he split the Democratic Party in two. John Brown massacred 6 people in Pottawatomie Creek. The Lecompton Constitution was first proposed either with slavery or without slavery. Another part of the constitution would protect black slaveholders already in Kansas. "Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? Brooks beating of Sumner split the North and South in the high field of the Congress. Preston Brooks beat Sumner so bad that Sumner had to be sent to Europe for three years of treatment. "Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party 6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. Both candidates were only nominated because they had not been tainted with the Kansas controversy. James Buchanan had been in London at the time of the crisis. John C. Fremont did not have any political experience. The American Party was an alarming gathering of nativists who were angered by the recent influx of immigrants from Ireland and Germany. The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856. Many Northerners voted for Buchanan because they did not want to incite the South the rebellion. However Fremonts popularity showed that the Republican party was a rising political force that could rise within single years.

The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? The Dred Scott decision decisively said that slaves could be brought into free states and still be used as slaves. Roger B. Taney declared this while also saying slaves have no right to sue in court because they are not people. The Financial Crash of 1857 8 How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? The financial distress in the north gave a new vigor to the demand for free farms of 160 acres from the public domain. THe South was bitterly opposed because free farms would fill up the territories more rapidly with free-soilers and tip the political balance against the South. An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background. Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer from Springfield. He was born in 1809 in a Kentucky log cabin. He was self-educated as an avid reader. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? The Freeport Doctrine was clearly declared by Douglas saying that it doesnt matter what the Supreme Court had ruled but if the people according to popular sovereignty had ruled, decided to downvote slavery then slavery would be gone. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South? In the raid on Harpers Ferry, John Brown took matters into his own hands when he crossed the border to present his argument with guns and violence. Robert E. Lee captured him in a devastating attack which killed ten people within his group. Many extreme abolitionists supported the attack, which was obviously illegal and violent, in support of what was an attack on the South. The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860?

The Democratic Party became extremely divided. The North and South declared different candidates for their presidential nominee. John C. Breckinridge was chosen by the Southern Democrats. John Bell was selected by a Constitutional Union Party, who were scared by secession and nominated a candidate who would do all that he could to support a unified country. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? Lincoln was chosen as the candidate because Seward was to radical and made too many enemies with his speeches as part of the extreme New Guard. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? The South still had a five-to-four majority in the Supreme Court. Although the Republicans had elected Lincoln, they controlled neither the Senate nor the House. The federal government couldn't touch slavery in those states where it existed except by a constitutional amendment and such an amendment could be defeated by one-fourth of the states. Slave states still made up nearly one-half of the total. The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? President Buchanan simply waited to see what would happen. He did not want to stop them with guns and felt that the South states could not actually secede based on the United States Constitution. Jefferson David was chosen as president of the Southern Confederation. The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail? The Crittendon Compromise was designed to appease the South. Slavery in the territories was to be prohibited in the 36 30 line. Future states however could vote for being with or without slavery. Lincoln rejected the Crittenden scheme because his platform stood on opposing the extension of slavery. Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? Secessionists who parted company with their sister states left for many reasons, all relating to slavery. The political balance of population was against them, the sectional Republican party had won, and were weary of northern interference. Few seceders felt they had done anything wrong, they compared themselves to those who declared independence in 1776.