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Tip tuyn:
Vi tnh nht hnh hc d thy rng khi tip tuyn ( )
tt
d ti mt im trn th
( ) x f y = ngoi tr im un, th lun lun tn ti ln cn ( ) , sao cho ( )
tt
d x f
khi ln cn nm trong gii hn li v ( )
tt
d x f ln cn nm trong gii hn
lm.
Trong trng hp vi ta gii bng cch
b
a
x = v hin nhin trong nhng bi
ton m ng thc xy ra khi c b a = = th r rng ta vit phng trnh tip tuyn
ti ( ) ( ) 1 ; 1 f . chng t nhng u im ca cch gii ny, chng ta xt nhng v
d sau y
[V d].
Cho c b a , , l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
c b a
a ca c
c
c bc b
b
b ab a
a + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
Gii
Ta s chng minh 0 > x th.
16
3 11
1 2
2
2
+ +
x
x x
x
tht vy .
Nu
11
3
0 < < x th bt ng thc hin nhin ng .
Nu
11
3
x th ta c .
( )( )
2 2 4
3 11 1 2 256 + + x x x x
( ) ( ) 0 9 39 14 1
2 2
+ x x x lun lun ng
11
3
x
T ta chn x ln lt l
a
c
c
b
b
a
, , vo bt ng thc trn v cng v theo v ta
c.
+ + cyclic cyclic
b a
b ab a
a
16
3 11
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
c b a
b ab a
a
cyclic
+ +
+ +
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[V d].
Cho c b a , , l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
( ) c b a
c ca
a c
b bc
c b
a ab
b a
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
4
6
29
6
29
6
29
2
3 3
2
3 3
2
3 3
Gii
Ta s chng minh 0 > x th.
1 5
6
1 29
2
3
+
x
x x
x
tht vy .
Bt ng ng thc vit li .
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
6
1 1
1 5
6
1 29
2
2
2
3
>
+
+
= +
+
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
T ta chn x ln lt l
a
c
c
b
b
a
, , vo bt ng thc trn v cng v theo v ta
c.
( )
+
cyclic cyclic
b a
a ab
b a
5
6
29
2
3 3
( ) c b a
a ab
b a
cyclic
+ +
+
4
6
29
2
3 3
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[V d].
Cho c b a , , l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
c b a
a ca c
c
c bc b
b
b ab a
a + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
Gii
Ta s chng minh 0 > x th.
3
1 2
1
2
3
+ +
x
x x
x
tht vy .
Bt ng ng thc vit li .
( ) ( )
( )
0
1 3
1 1
3
1 2
1
2
2
2
3
+ +
+
=
+ + x x
x x x
x x
x
T ta chn x ln lt l
a
c
c
b
b
a
, , vo bt ng thc trn ta c.
+ +
cyclic cyclic
b a
b ab a
a
3
2
2 2
3
3
2 2
3
c b a
b ab a
a
cyclic
+ +
+ +
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[V d].
Cho cc s thc khng m c b a , , tho 1 = + + c b a .Chng minh rng .
3 2 1 1 1 13
2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + c c b b a a
Gii
p dng bt ng thc Mincowsky ta c .
2
2 2
2
2
3
3
2
3
4
3
2
1
1
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ + + +
|
\
|
+ = + +
c b a a a a
cyclic cyclic
13 1
2
+ +
cyclic
a a
ng thc xy ra khi
3
1
= = = c b a
Ta li c [ ] 1 , 0 a th ( ) 1 1 3 1
2
+ + + a a a tht vy, ta vit li nh sau
( ) ( ) 0 1 2 2 3 a a
Tng t ta c
( ) ( ) 1 1 3 1 , 1 1 3 1
2 2
+ + + + + + c c c b b b
Cng v theo v ta c
3 2 1
2
+ + +
cyclic
a a
ng thc xy ra khi 1 , 0 = = = c b a v cc hon v
[L Khnh S].
Cho cc s thc 7 .. , ,
3 2 1
n
x x x x v
2
2
1
n
x
n
k
k
=
=
. Chng minh rng .
5
6
1
1
...
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
n
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
n
n
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Gii
Vi 7 x ta lun c :
( )( )
( )
0
1 25
1 2 7
25
4 32
1
1
2
2
2
+
=
+
+
x
x x x
x
x
25
4 32
1
1
2
x
x
x
+
+
= =
+
+
n
k
n
k
k
k
x
n
x
x
1 1
2
25
4
25
32
1
1
5
6
1
1
1
2
n
x
x
n
k
k
k
+
+
=
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[V d].
Cho cc s thc dng c b a , , .Chng minh rng .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) c b a b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ 4
9
2 2 2
Gii
Bt ng thc trn l thun nht v ( ) ( ) c b a f t tc tb ta f , , , ,
1
= Do khng mt tnh
tng qut ca bi ton ta chun ha 9 = + + c b a .
Vy bi ton c vit li .
( )
4
1
9
2
cyclic a
a
vi 9 = + + c b a
D thy .
( )
( ) 9 , 0
12
1
18 9
2
a
a
a
a
( )
( ) 4
1
9
12
3
18 9
2
2
+ +
cyclic
cyclic
a
a
c b a
a
a
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[V d].
Cho cc s thc dng c b a , , tho 1
2 2 2 2
= + + + d c b a .Chng minh rng .
( ) 6
1 1 1 1
+ + + |
\
|
+ + + d c b a
d c b a
Gii
T h thc
( ) 0 0 16 20
2
1
2
> +
|
\
|
x x x
Suy ra
4
11
5
1
,
4
11
5
1
2 2
+ + b b
b
a a
a
,
4
11
5
1
,
4
11
5
1
2 2
+ + d d
d
c c
c
Cng v theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
[V d].
Cho cc s thc dng d c b a , , , tho 1 = + + + d c b a .Chng minh rng .
( )
8
1
6
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
+ + + + + + + d c b a d c b a
Gii
Bi ton trn c th vit li nh sau.
Vi cc s thc dng t z y x , , , tho mn iu kin 4 = + + + t z y x th ta c
( ) ( ) 8 4 6
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
+ + + + + + + t z y x t z y x
Tht vy t h thc.
( ) ( ) 0 , 0 8 6 1
2
> + m m m ta thay m ln lt cho cc bin th
( ) 10 10 2 4 6
2 3
+ + x x x
V ( ) 10 10 2 4 6
2 3
+ + y y y
( ) 10 10 2 4 6
2 3
+ + z z z
( ) 10 10 2 4 6
2 3
+ + t t t
Cng v theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.ng thc xy ra khi
1 = = = = t z y x hay
4
1
= = = = d c b a .
c lng nh gi
Bng cch phn hoch u ca bt ng thc , v ng thc xy ra khi no ? lc
ta s nhn xt v nh gi n , tuy nhin chnh ta cng c th sai lm do n
khng phi l tng qut ca mt cch gii no.
[L Khnh S].
Cho ba s dng c b a , , tho 1 = abc . Chng minh rng.
1
1 1 1
4 4 4 4 4 4
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + b a c a c b c b a
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
c b a
a
c b a + +
+ +
1
4 4
1
( )
4 4 1
c b a c b + +
( )( )
4 4 1
c b bc c b + +
Do tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc v bt ng thc hon v , vy ta chn
2 3 4 = ta tm c ngay 2 = do ta c
2 2 2 4 4
2 2 2 4 4
2 2 2 4 4
1
1
1
c b a
c
b a c
c b a
b
a c b
c b a
a
c b a
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Ta li c
c b a c b a + + + +
2 2 2
vi 1 = abc
Vy bi ton chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi 1 = = = c b a
[L Khnh S].
Cho cc s thc dng
n
a a a a ,.., , ,
3 2 1
tho 1 , 3 , ; 1 , , 1 ,..,
3 2 1
= = k n n j i a a a a
n
.
Chng minh rng.
1
1
1 ,
, 1
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
=
=
n
i i
n
j i i
k
i j
a a
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
=
+
n
i
i
j
n
j i i
k
i j
a
a
a a
1
1
, 1
1
|
|
\
|
+
=
=
n
j i i
k
i j j
n
i
i
a a a a
, 1
1
1
=
=
n
j i i
k
i j
n
j i i
i
a a a
, 1
1
, 1
= =
|
|
\
|
n
j i i
k
i
n
j i i
i
n
j i i
i
a a a
, 1 , 1
1
, 1
Do tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc v bt ng thc hon v , vy ta chn
( )( ) k n = + 1 1 ta tm c ngay
n
n k 1 +
= do bt ng thc ng th
ta cn chng minh
=
+
=
+
n
i
n
n k
i
n
i
n
n k
i
a a
1
1
1
1
1
Bt ng thc trn lun ng v theo bt ng thc hon v th
=
+
= =
+
n
i
n
n k
i
n
n
I
i
n
i
n
n k
i
a a a
1
1
1
1 1
1
v 1
1
=
=
n
I
i
a
[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng c b a , , tho 1 = abc . Chng minh rng.
1
1 1 1
4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + b a c a c b c b a
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
c b a
a
c b a + +
+ +
2
4 4 2
1
( )
4 4 2
c b a c b + +
( )( )
4 4 2
c b bc c b + +
Do tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc v bt ng thc hon v , vy ta chn
4 3 4 = ta tm c ngay
3
8
= do ta c
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
2
4 4 2
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
2
4 4 2
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
2
4 4 2
1
1
1
c b a
c
b a c
c b a
b
a c b
c b a
a
c b a
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Vy ta cn chng minh
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
8
3
8
3
8
c b a c b a + + + +
Bt ng thc trn lun ng v ta c
( ) ( ) 1 ,
2 2 2 2 8 8 8
= + + + + xyz z y x xyz z y x
Vy bi ton chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi 1 = = = c b a
[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng c b a , , . Chng minh rng.
2
3
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
Gii
Tht ra y ch l bin th ca Nesbitt m ta chng minh ri !
Ta chn s thc sao cho
|
|
\
|
+ +
c b a
a
c b
a
2
3
2 2
2
( )
2 2 2
3 2 2 2 c b a c b a + + +
Ta li c
3
2
3
3
b a b b a + +
3
2
3
3
c a c c a + +
Cng v theo v v ng nht vi gi thit ta c 3 = do ta c
|
|
\
|
+ +
+
|
|
\
|
+ +
+
|
|
\
|
+ +
+
3 3 3
3
2 2
2
3 3 3
3
2 2
2
3 3 3
3
2 2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
c b a
a
b a
c
c b a
b
a c
b
c b a
a
c b
a
Cng v theo v th bi ton chng minh xong.
[L Khnh S].
Cho ba s dng c b a , , tho 1 = abc . Chng minh rng.
1
3 3 3 3 3 3
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + b a c
c
a c b
b
c b a
a
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
c b a
a
c b a
a
+ +
+ +
3 3
( )
4 4 1
c b a c b + +
( )( )
3 3 1
c b bc c b + +
Do tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc v bt ng thc hon v , vy ta chn
2 3 3 = ta tm c ngay
3
5
= do ta c
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3 3
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3 3
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3 3
c b a
c
b a c
c
c b a
b
a c b
b
c b a
a
c b a
a
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Cng v theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng c b a , , . Chng minh rng.
( ) ( ) ( )
1
3 3
3
3 3
3
3 3
3
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + b a c
c
a c b
b
c b a
a
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
( )
c b a
a
c b a
a
+ +
+ +
3 3
3
Bt ng thc ng th hin nhin ng vi 1 = = c b do suy ra
( ) ( ) 8 2
3 2
2
3
+ + a a a a
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 1 2
3 3 2
3 3 4 :
2 :
a a a a f
a a a a f
+ + + =
+ + =
+
+
Ta cn c
( ) ( ) 2 0 3 3 4 : 1 = = + + + = f
Vi 2 = ta c
( )
2 2 2
2
3 3
3
c b a
a
c b a
a
+ +
+ +
2
2
2 2
3
1 1
|
|
\
| +
+
|
\
| +
+
a
c b
a
c b
2 3
2
1
1 1
(
\
| +
+
|
\
| +
+
a
c b
a
c b
( ) 0 2
2 2
t t vi
a
c b
t
+
= lun lun ng .
Tm li ta c
( )
2 2 2
2
3 3
3
c b a
a
c b a
a
+ +
+ +
Xy dng tng t cc bt ng thc cn li v cng v theo v th bi ton chng
minh xong.
[Turkey 2007].
Cho ba s thc dng c b a , , tho 1 = + + c b a . Chng minh rng.
ca bc ab b b ca a a bc c c ab + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2 2
Gii
( )
( ) abc abc c b a abc a c c b
ca bc ab
ab
c c ab
2 2 2
2 2
1
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
+ + + + +
+ +
+ +
2 2 2 2 2
2abc a c c b + lun lun ng
Xy dng tng t cc bt ng thc cn li v cng v theo v th bi ton chng
minh xong.
[Moldova].
Cho cc s thc [ ] 1 , 0 ,.., ,
2 1
n
x x x .Chng minh rng.
3
1
1 2
...
1 2 1 2
3 3
2
2
3
1
1
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
n
n
x S n
x
x S n
x
x S n
x
Trong
3 3
1
3
1
...
n
x x x S + + + =
Gii
Bi ton chng minh xong khi ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau
[ ] ( )
n i i
x x x x S n n i x + + + + + = ,.., 3 1 2 , ; 1 , 1 , 0
2 1
3
Do ta xy dng bi ton nh sau
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i
n n
x n S
n S
x x x x x x
+ +
+ =
+ + + + + + + + +
1 2
2
2 ... 2 2 ,.., 3
3 3
2
3
1 2 1
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[Crux-Mathematicorum].
Cho cc s thc [ ] 1 , 0 ,.., ,
6 2 1
x x x . Chng minh rng.
5
3
5
...
5 5
5
6
3
6
5
2
3
2
5
1
3
1
+
+ +
+
+
+ x S
x
x S
x
x S
x
Trong
5
6
5
5
5
4
5
3
5
2
5
1
x x x x x x S + + + + + =
Gii
Bi ton chng minh xong khi ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau
[ ] ( )
3
6
3
2
3
1
5
...
3
5
5 , 6 ; 1 , 1 , 0 x x x x S i x
i i
+ + + + =
Do ta xy dng bi ton nh sau
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
5
4
3
2 ... 2 3 2 3
..
3
5
5
5
6
5
2
5
1 3
6
3
2
3
1
+
+ =
+ + + + + +
+ + +
i
x S
S
x x x
x x x
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[L Khnh S].
Cho cc s thc [ ] 1 , 0 ,.., ,
2 1
n
x x x , n i , 1 = v hai s t nhin 1 . Chng
minh rng.
( ) ( ) ( )
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
n
n
x
n
S
x
x
n
S
x
x
n
S
x
1
...
1 1
2
2
1
1
Trong
n
x x x S + + + = ...
2 1
Gii
p dng GM AM cho s dng ta c
x x x x + + + + + + +
43 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 4 2 1
1 ... 1 1 ...
( )
x x +
Do ta c
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
n
n n
x x x
n
S
x x x n x x x
x x
+ + +
+
+ + + + + + +
+
...
... ...
2 1
2 1 2 1
V [ ] 1 , 0 ,.., ,
2 1
n
x x x nn ta suy ra
( )
( )
n i
x x x x
n
S + + + +
+ ... 1
2 1
Hay
( )
( )
n
i
i
i
x x x
x
x
n
S
x
+ + +
+
...
1
2 1
Cho i chy t n , 1 v cng theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp hng dn.
[V d].
Cho c b a , , l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
3 2 2 2
2 2
3
2 2
3
2 2
3
c b a
a c
c
c b
b
b a
a + +
+
+
+
+
+
Hng dn :
0 > x th ta lun c .
9
4 7
2
2
3
+
x
x
x
[V d].
Cho c b a , , l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
3
3 2 3 2 3 2
3 3 3
2
c b a
a c
c
c b
b
b a
a + +
+
+
+
+
+
Hng dn :
0 > x th ta lun c .
4
1 5
1
2
2
3 3
3 3
+
x
x
x
[V d].
Cho hai b s dng
n n
b b b b a a a a ,.., , , ; ,.., , ,
3 2 1 3 2 1
tho
1 .. ..
3 2 1 3 2 1
= + + + + = + + + +
n n
b b b b a a a a . Chng minh rng.
2
1
...
2
3 3
2
3
2 2
2
2
1 1
2
1
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
n n
n
b a
a
b a
a
b a
a
b a
a
Hng dn :
0 > x th ta c .
4
1 3
1
2
+
+
x
x
x
[V d].
Cho ba s dng c b a , , . Chng minh rng.
c b a
c ac
c a
c bc
b c
b ab
a b
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
2
3 3
2
3 3
2
3 3
3
5
3
5
3
5
Hng dn :
0 > x th ta c . 1 2
3
1 5
2
3 3
+
x
x x
x
[V d].
Cho cc s thc [ ] 1 , 0 , , c b a v tho 1 = + + c b a .Chng minh rng .
10
27
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+
c b a
Hng dn :
Ta lun c [ ] 1 , 0 x th :
+
+
+
2
2
1
1
10
54 27
1
1
2
2
x
x
x
x
[Olympic BaLan].
Cho cc s thc
4
3
, , c b a v tho 1 = + + c b a .Chng minh rng .
10
9
1 1 1
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+ c
c
b
b
a
a
Hng dn :
(
2
5
;
4
3
x th ta lun c .
50
3 36
1
2
+
+
x
x
x
[V d].
Cho c b a , , l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic . Chng minh rng.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ + +
a c c b b a c b a c b a
1 1 1
4
9 1 1 1
Hng dn :
Bt ng thc trn l thun nht o ta chun ha 3 = + + c b a .khi quay v
bi tip tuyn quen thuc.
[V d].
Cho ba s dng c b a , , tho 3 = + + c b a . Chng minh rng.
3
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+ c b a
Hng dn :
3 0 < < x th ta c .
9
3 5 3 2
1 2
1
2
+
+
x
x
[V d].
Cho c b a , , l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
7
9
3 3 3 c b a
c b a
b a c
c b a
b a b
b c a
c b a
a c b
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
Hng dn :
R rng bt ng thc trn l thun nht do khng mt tnh tng qut ta chun
ha 3 = + + c b a . Do ta vit li bt ng thc nh sau
( )
( ) 7 3 3
2 3
2 2 2
2 2
2
c b a
a a
a
cyclic
+ +
gii quyt bt ng thc trn ta i chng minh b sau
( )
( )
( ) 44 44 7
49
1
3 3
2 3
2
2 2
2
+
+
x x
x x
x
vi 3 0 < < x
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 45 126 28 1
0 2 3 49 9 6 4 44 44 7
2 2
2 2 2
+ +
x x x
x x x x x
[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng c b a , , .Chng minh rng.
( ) c b a
b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
2
3
Hng dn :
Bt ng thc trn l thun nht do ta chun ha 6 = + + c b a khi ta cn
chng minh
6 0 < < x th ta c
8
2 5
6
x
x
x
[V d].
Cho ba s thc khng m c b a , , tho mn 1
2 2 2
= + + c b a .Chng minh rng.
2
1 1 1
+
+
+
+
+ ab
c
ca
b
bc
a
Hng dn :
c lng
c b a
a
bc
a
+ +
+
2
1
[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng c b a , , tho mn 1 = abc v 1 n .Chng minh rng.
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
n n n
n
n n
c b b
a
c b a
a
[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng c b a , , tho mn 1 = abc v 1 0 < n .Chng minh rng.
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
1
1
n n n
n
n
c b a
a
c b a
+ + +
+ +
+ +