perjury: lying under an oath -Sam was committing perjury when he was lying to the judge about stealing

the money.

pork barrel legislation: laws the congress pass to appropriate money for local and federal projects. -Mrs. Gill really wanted the new pork-barrel legislation to pass so she could get her grant for iPads for all of her students.

expressed powers: enumerated powers -Expressed powers are the powers expressed in the constitution and granted to the federal government.

Necessary and proper clause: elastic clause. last clause of section 8. implies that congress had powers beyond those expressed in the first 17 clauses. -Congress uses the necessary and proper clause to get things done the way they want them too.

APPROPRIATIONS BILL: proposed laws to authorize spending money -The appropriations bill kept Illinois from spending too much money on building a new damn.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE: commerce among states -The interstate commerce is useful so all states can exchange money with each other without any hassle.

25th amendment: when office of VP become empty, president appoints a replacement. -I wonder who would become the new VP if Joe Biden died and the laws of the 25th amendment were enforced.

rider: a provision on a subject other than the once covered by a bill. Usually don't have anything to do with the bill and occurs at the end of a session

-Representative Jones always seems to add a rider after we are done speaking about the bill.

veto: when president refuses to sign a bill and returns it to congress including reasons for the actions. -President Obama really didn't like a certain bill but had no reason for it, therefore he would have to come up with some reasons before vetoing it.

standing committee: permanent committee -Standing committees are established by the House of Representatives.

select committee: a temporary committee -Only a small number of Congress members are appointed to deal with particular areas in select committees.

joint committee: a committee made up of members of both chambers in a bicameral legislature.

-The House of Representatives and the Senate work together in joint committees.

cloture: closes a debate -The cloture came sooner than expected in the Presidential debate.

way and means committee (house): a committee that has total jurisdiction on taxation, tariffs, and other revenue-raising bills. They cannot serve on any other committees (which house) -The way and means committee of the House of Representatives is exclusive to just themselves.

appropriation: an approval of government spending. This is congressional responsibility. -The appropriation to have Obama Care was cleared.

lobbying: the work the lobbyist do to persuade officials to support their views -Im sure many people try and lobby the President.

PACs: political actions committees. Fund-raising organizations established by corporations, labor unions and other special-interest groups. Funds come voluntarily by company employees, stockholders and union members. Use funds to support lawmakers who favor their position on issues. -AT&T is an example of a political actions committee.

Concurrent resolution: deals with matters where laws arent needed. Require actions of the house and senate. -A concurrent resolution is not the same as a joint resolution.

Speaker of the house: member who preside (runs the meeting), appoints some members to committees, refers bills to standing committee (rules committee does this too), puts questions to vote and follows up in succession. -The speaker of the house takes over the presidency if both the president and vice president die.

The great Compromise: a bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives based on population, and a senate with an equal representation for all states -The Great Compromise made both the large states and small states happy.

The necessary and proper clause: allows congress to make all laws that appear to be necessary and proper, also known as elastic clause. -The necessary and proper clause is also called the elastic clause because it can be stretched.

Federalism: the system of government under which the national government and local governments share powers. -Federalism the local government is given several powers and so is the national governments but there

are also very many powers they share.

Confederation: a system in which many decisions are made by external member-state legislation. -The Articles of Confederation did not succeed as the first laws.

Reserved Powers: powers that belong exclusively to the states -A reserved power would be regulation of schools.

Concurrent powers: powers shared by the nation and states governments -Concurrent powers would include taxes.

Judicial Review: the power of the supreme court to declare laws and executive actions unconstitutional -Judicial Review keeps the legislative and executive branch in check.

Conservative: individuals should be responsible for their own well being and should not rely on government assistance. -An example of a conservative is definitely a Republican.

Liberal: believe that the government should be used to remedy the social and economic injustices of the marketplace, support government regulation of the economy. -A liberal is closely related to a democrat.

Political Parties: group of people with common political goals which hopes it influence poly through the election process, run candidates for office who represent the political agenda of party members. -The 2 biggest political parties are Republicans and Democrats.

Super Tuesday: many primaries are held on the same Tuesday in early march. -Super Tuesday comes after the candidates toss their hats in the ring.

Electoral College: created by the framers as a mean of insulating the government from whims of a less educated public. -The Electoral College pretty much single-handledly chooses the president of the United States.

Voting Rights Act of 1965: encourage states to take measures to increase minority representation in congress.

-Before the Voting Rights Act, the congress was almost 100 percent Caucasian.

Earmarks: provisions within legislation that appropriate money to a specific project. -There are earmarks for Obama Care.

Pocket Veto: if a president doesnt sign a bill during the 10 days before a congressional session ends -The pocket veto is a huge power of the president.

Plea bargaining: an agreement with the prosecution to agree to a less serious crime and sentence. -A plea bargain is often a murderers last attempt at ever seein g the light of day again.

Appellate Jurisdiction: can only decide issues of law, not the facts of the case. -Appellate Jurisdiction is strictly factual.

Judicial Restraint: when judges are reluctant to overturn the acts of legislature. -If judicial restraint occurs, its a lucky day!

Judicial Activist: a judge who has no qualms overturning legislature. -This judicial activist is strong and powerful.

Writ of Certiorari: a legal document used to request the lower court transcripts -Writ of Certiorari keeps track of every word said in a case.

McCulloch v Maryland: National supremacy -The McCulloch v Maryland fought the necessary and proper clause.

Miranda v Arizona: rights of accused, self incrimination -Because of the case of Miranda v Arizona, we now have the Miranda rights.

Mapp v Ohio: exclusionary rule, warrantless search -Mapp v Ohio ended illegal searches and seizures.

Gideon v Wainwright: right to counsel, due process -The Gideon v Wainwright case gave due process to all individuals.

Dred Scott v Sandford: slaves equal property -The Dred Scott v Sandford eventually led to freeing the slaves.

Gibbons v Ogden: commerce clause, states rights -The Gibbons v Ogden case gave the states the right to be in charge of schools.

Tinker v DesMoines: symbolic speech

-The Tinker v DesMoines case included burning of the American flag.

Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier: student speech, censorship -Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier allowed the schools to regulate what the children say.

Texas v Johnson: symbolic speech -Texas v Johnson involved the burning of the flag.

Regents v Bakke: affirmative action -Regents v Bakke did not let race be a factor in admission.

Korematsu v US: equal protection -Korematsu v US had to do with minority rights.

Engel v Vitale: prayer, wall of separation.

-E

ngel v Vitale didnt allow prayer in school.

Gitlow v NY: speech, incorporation of the first to the states. -Gitlow v NY was against the NY times.

Lemon v Kurtzman: separation of church and state; lemon test -Lemon v Kurtzman separated church and state.