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- Dickinson P., City and Region, London, 1964.
- Duby G., L'an mille, d. Julliard et Gallimard, Paris, 1973.
- Georges P., Prcis de gographie urbaine, Paris, 1964.
- Johnson J., Urban Geography, London, 1964.
- Lavandan P., Gographie des villes, Paris, 1959.
- Lavedan H., Histoire de l'urbanisme, H. Laurens, Paris, 3 T., 1941-1952.
- Smailes A., The Geography of Towns, London, 1961.
- Vidal de la Blache, Introduction la gographie humaine, Paris, 1926.

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(16) ud c .bI s tOK qBO wd sJ r uI( s o d s
U W?Ob WO?UH?A WLEM b?B UA? UH dUE? d w u?d v dE
w U?????H U???A??? b??? v?K d???F???K? p Bribery

Index

u???d d???R?0 d???F

WHK< UFL:

Favouritism

WOu;

vK WMOF WN d?H eO UULK uHM WDK G w W?Ou; qL

WMOF WD?K uFL s iF? `M1 p U (17) UFd?A 5uI l UF? u
V WMOF WN dH ON WMOF Ue WU WR WOuJ WN v u
U??L??? rK w 5??U?? iF d W??U? W??? W??b? W?d? WK u??
U_ d?_ UC qO?CH v U? w dD qO? WO? QAM? WOu?;
(18) Ub_
WO?K WOU?L W?UB? U s t? U0 UH UJ r? b WOu?; q9
u?FA oK U? 5KR* dO?G VUM* nzUu qG? bK u* U?F dO? lu q?
wUL dNI rKEU
c? UNO? qCH WOu?; u s WU? u

Nepotism

U_ UU? bF

W?FzU?A WK?_ s (19) W?O?u?{u? d?O? f vK t?U? td? d? e?O1 d?I
wu? rNU? rd? d iF W?O?UM b UJ s d?O? U?O?? U_ UU?;

327

W7UB:1 U# U9'_ w0 W' U?H3

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

WDK 5Q? wA 5KR? uuJ s WdJ? WUB?? WO?UO? VUM

u UL{
WMMI* WOu?; Wu?b WOu?; w WOu?; UJ dD uI sJ1
w W??L??N* VUM* uu?? s U??O??? w? u???b t??I? r?U?( qG???? U??bM p
dQ lb WbK WuKL* UdA wUuKb pK Ub s_ eN u
c d_ U?H d? s bM s VU?M* c wu tzU?b tU? td
dO? WLE_ rEF? w WFzU? UUL* c k? UH U?A W?Ou W?O oK
WuDK WOdu1b

Extortion e
U?Lz fO U?U? Wb?I W?L?O? w e?U WMO?F? W?N? d? U?O? u e?
vK W?N?' d?H c q? s nMF u?HM W?DK b?? b? qU?I? d??
5R?* iF U?O? u? UM e?U u?B?I* (20) rN?(U?B? se??*U d?C u?
U??R?? 5O?F?O? d? s? W?U? lUM Ue?? vK u?B?(U W?uJ?( wHu?
mK? vK wuJ nu? uB? p U? dDK rN?(UB? idF b? qUI? UL?
uB( VK bI q s 5F hOd vK u?B( d WKd b qUI bI
hOd vK
(21) e s 5u 5 eOOL sJ1
From
From

Below

Above

v qH s e

WLI s vK s e

UI q s r w? e UOKL v dOAO? qH s e _ uM U

Mafia Style

W?LEM* UU?B?F q? lL??: U? q9 U?N vK U?N?O dEM U? U?U? U??

U_ sL vK u?BK d bbN? UH c b? YO uU?I s 5U)

UL_ UR d dF b
U?bM c b lL?: W?L? q9 U? q s r v?K s e wU? uM
vK u?B?K? U?L?_ U??R? d?_ W?uJ( wHu? U?? 5R??* iF e??
U?NO? UL?OEM d? vK s e? u? s d u? UM W?U Ue? lUM
e WOKLF WOM_ eN_ q WOuJ( eN_ iF uI

Embezzlement
WEU; vu s q? s WUB W?LO w vK O? u
WLO? u vK U Wd? w 5KUF b wu? p U (22) wA c vK

328

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

u?_ s e? vK W?uJ( wH?u w?R? b? w?u?? Ub?M W?d?A U?NJK9

WU `UB oOI UNG VFAK WuKL* WUF
c qLA U?H UHdF rEF S? UH UJ b bF ? s rd vK
UR w UH UJ s qJA c WU l WuF dNE UH UJ s qJA
W??UD?* w o( W??U??) W????R* U????? VU??B qHJ? uU??IU?? W??uJ?( Wb
du? tI? sJ9 ? fK c? R* UF? nu* U fK? U d?
s dH o W?OuUI WOUM sL? p w WcOHM WDK WO?UO UO?I b Wd
r s Wd UJK2 q1 UF U*U UF U* s e fK? s WI lL: d
dU WUD* w o( rNODF w WOuUI WHBU uFL lL: d 5Mu* S
UN?KF wU?U dG? c v WO?FdA? WOuU?I WLE_ iF t? U u d? fK? U
UF U* fK s WUF dU WUD* w o( lL: d s d wDF
wuU?? UE W??O??U?O?? W??? u?? U???H? UJ s qJA? c W???UJ V?KD
UU?G WDK G? UJ b u ? WeM U?HJU lL qI? wzU?C
vK wA c WDK lL sJ r U w vK ?O fK< lOD
b? ??? S? U???H UJ dD w? u?d d 5??U? rEF?? s rd
W?OKL v ?? u? czbMF? WL?U( W?I?D q s - U? d?OQ ud u?H
WUF uLK UDM l dL eM rEM VN
d??O?? ???? w?ML??C ???? u? ???? u?? dD u??I? sJ1
d?U?? d??O? qJA wU?O? r?u?H WDK U??? ?G?? w q?L?? c d?U?*
WUF WKB* U vK WU) rNUL UD lOu

Fraud UO
dU U w qU b) g?G s Uu sLC WUB W1d? u UO
lUM oO?I? ozU?I( U?uKF* nOe tu?A U?OI tQ U?O? nd?F sJ1 U?H
5R? WUu? r b iF? rNC?F d_ 5 U?O U?OKL r? b (23) WU
WDK U?C q? s r w U?O? UO?KL S? lDU Wu?J( wHu 5O?UO?
UO c WO{ lL: d lOL uJ uD d_ w WcOHM

UH UU2 w uu s UN lL w WDK u* UI UH UJ 2- 2 - 2

UH UJ s 5OOz 5KJ 5 eOOL sJ1 UOF* cN UI

329

Grand

Corruption

dOJ UH wUO UH

Petty

Corruption

dOGB UH UH

W7UB:1 U# U9'_ w0 W' U?H3

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

wUO UH
wUO dN W?L vK r s q s U1 c UH p u wU?O UH
Wb fOz s b WOUO dI c WOUO UOI WcOHM WDK WL
l??L? U? U??U? W??O?U?O?? U?O??I c (24)5R??* U?? uU d?? rU?(
WUO w UC q VFA s WUO `zuK 5uI oOD v jI fO WF UDK
UFdA 5uI c
c wUO U?HK dU qJA UdD bF u? UH s uM c cQ
? s p d?U? u? vK VF?A u? W?d? W?OU?O? U?O?I UO? w q?L?
v? UM rN WU? UJK2 v WbK W?uK2 u? WO?uJ WOU? b qu?%
U s d???_ b?O?H??* uJ? lDU W?L?U??( W??H u? VF?A? u? 5 b?(
rNUDK? 5O?U?O? 5R??* iF qG?? b? p?c? W?L?U?( W?I??D u c b?(
p W?OM_ W?OMu Ud?A s WL?{ u?L v vK u?BK ru?H
UJ UM iF `M bUF iF U qUI
5uI `zuK iF U?& d d fO t w wUO? UH uD sLJ
UUO l{ w qb v p bF t WO_ rOI WOMN* buI s d
dO? s WL?U( W?H w WM?OF W? `U?B oI? u v?K UFd?A 5u?I WU?O
(25)

(Theobald,2000) VFA `UB U vK p UN(UB oI UNJK w

bOF U w r U UU t w U?H u s dO s wUO UH nK

rKF s Wd uB uJ UO?_ s dO w q lL: d_ WO?uO UO( s
U s rd vK W?Odu1b d?O? WLE_ v b? UL? U?O tM lL?: d?
UC WUI UO q WOU( UO jI fO db uJ b
W?F?O u?J U U?U? W?Od?u1b b w wU?O? U?H v U? b?&
W?OzUC?I UDK W?HK?< lL?: U?LEM q? s W?OU?H?A t?F qU?F? r W?O{d?
b w U? U?H U?U2 w rNu X? s VUF o? U U?U W?O?FdA?
W?O??U?O??  wU??_ jLM u w?U?O?? U???H `?B? b?I?? W?Od??u1b d??O?
rEM wUO U? v wUO U? s UH u? czbM lLLK WU?B
? od s? t?OK U?C??I t???UJ? sJ9 wKJO?N? U??H s uM? c q?
WUB WO?UO Wdu US UOI d?_ VKD q jI  wuU
W?OU?I rO?I W?uEM duD W?Odu1b W?UL* o?OL?F vK qLF? pc W?OFd?A
lL: w WOUL

330

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

UH wU?L wUO UH 5 (26)

(Huntington,1968)

5U iF dH

WKOK UB wd d? uJ UbM wUL wUO U?HdNE UB

W?U WU?B? lUM Ue? oO?I? wU?O? uHM WDK? b?U? iF u?I
WKOK wU?L? wUO? wd? d uJ U?bM UB?? U?H dNE qU?I* w
WUJ W?O??U?O? WDK l?L??K U?B?? u?HM? d? b???U iF?? u?I YO?
U?L_ U? s d?O? VUJ c d??H b? UB?? uHM WU?L?( pc? WO?U?L?
WOU*d WOUO WUB( UJ s qJ vK uBK WKzUD u_ rNUH

UH
u????? vK r c? U???H p u d??O??G?B U???H? U???H
tNu U u UH s uM c (27) WuJ( wHu UG q s WOuJ( bu
`M b? Vzd?C q W?O?uJ UN? l qU?F? bM wu qJA lL?: d?
U?H s uM c vK? oKD UdO? WU?F U?OH?A?* fOu? U? hOd?
WOU* mU* wUL U U?O dOG WOU b w UU? uJ t_ dOGB UH
lI b? UH s? rd vK wKJ u?* vK zU uJ b U?NMLC? w
dO? U?O_ s d?O? w tS W?Odu1 U?uJ q w wUO? U?H UO? v
w p d ULNM q rb q VM v UM UH wUO UH s q
d?N W?L? s U??H? b? d?A?M YO? b?U?I W?L?I 5? _ lu s U
t??H pK* 5Hu?* U?G p?K?O? 5Hu* U?G? s b?U?I v wU?O?
s U?L?OKF? 5H?u* U?G? vIK U? UU?O? q 5O?U?O? 5R??* U?? tJK c
wd u wU?O? U?H uJ czbM? U?H U?U2 iF? UO?IU U?J R
U?H s b( UJ w t b iF? U& X{ b? UH?K wLd
U UN?U WOU?O Wd du U p dO? u vK
WOUd WcOHM WOFdA UR* w W

UH UU2 tO r c UDMK UI UH UJ 3-2-2

U) UH UF UH 5 5U iF dH

UF UH
wH?u?? Wb? wR???? b?? t???O??? u? c U????H p u? U??F? U?????H
q U?H dUE W?U) Ub r?EF u? u U?H s uM p (28) WuJ(
WK2 W??uJ( uJ U?U?? uJ V U??? U??H? uJ v? t iF?? d
UN 5KUF UNOHu bQ

331

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

U) UH
b?u b? (29) U? nu? U?L?NM f?O 5d 5 r w U??H? U?U2 w q?L?
b? 5 iF? U?NC?F W?U?) U?L_ U??R? 5 U?H U?J s qJA c
s qJA c cQ i?F rNC?F lL: d 5? WU W?R lL?: d
U?L??_ U??R?? w 5KU?F? iF b u nF??{ q? bb?? u? U???H UJ
UL? gOAI? dF U Ub?N `M q d? u cQ b? UO? ud
nOUJ d?H UN?S wuJ( d?O U?DM w r XU U?U?L* c tO? p
bU WOUI WOUL W?O oK lL: d UL_ UR iF vK WOU{
UH dUE wUI bF d UM UF UH UA vK
U???OM? w W???O???K? U U???) U??????H uD? s su???N??? U??? Q V?
qL?F? W?L?O? l?d? U???H U?A?? q wH? lL????LK wU??I? wU??O? U?B???
v WU?NM w R? c d?_ W?Ou?u WU?N? rO? U?NK? q% U?HJ U???
uD s rd vK U?L_ U?R d?_ ld wUL? U? U?A
v UM? UF U?H v?K ed U?H dU s U?b rEF? S U?) U?H
w U?F U??H d?U?? U??H UJ d?D u U?F U??H 5?U? U?I??
U) UH dU; d{ d
WUB? Wu?EMLK U WU?NM w U?H S U?H c c? qJA U U
lL: w WOUI WOUO

UH UO 3
d?? w? s d????? U????H? U??O?? W?U???? f?JF
u sc v U U dUE cN bIF* WFOD
WU? XU? t?U?O? wG?M c wA U? wU? R?
dO WK_ b r v b uJ sJ1 WU bB uJ UMS UH w
sJ1 q UH U?O sJ1 nO d_ WK_ s dO? U t Xu w UN
U?H UO sJ1 q 5?Ad* v ud UN?Fb v vd r? UH U?O
XK?? w u??_ r?? U?F U* v?K b?F?? ??? U? b??F
s WU? XU WOu?; s U w o? s v X?M w Ue* WL?O
db??I? s?J1 q WK??_ s be? o?K Ub WU?? c S?? rFM WK??_ c
u?B) c w WK?_ s Ud?O W?K?< u_ v?d r( oO?b
5IOI rOK wGM

332

W7UB:1 U# U9'_ w0 W' U?H3

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

vK u??B?( VKD? U? lL???? w U???H r??( oO?b U??O?I WU???

v_

WN' U?H w uBI fO U?NOK uB( qO? Wb U VF?B UuKF
dUE cN bIF* WFOD V u U bI UuKF* c lL vu w UN'
5??U?? U?? U??? u U?? U???H? U?O??I d??U??? W??Id? UM X??O

W??OU??

iF v bM? w d?U?* d?O? dD s b? u dUE c?N 5L??N* 5b

W?O?L v dE (30)

(Tanzi,2000b)

U??H U?A b? U?O? v vF? w d?R*

iF? vK u???u wG???M d?UE c???N wL?KF q?OK??? U w? U?????H dU? U??O???
UH dU UOI uu* dR* iF bB c w X9 w U;

UH UUC b 1 - 3
b? v b?O d?R?L? b?? sJ1 U??H UUC? b? (31) 5KK; iF d
uu lL w b vK W?OOz uB oDM p dO U lL? w UH UA
u* eN?_ cN d?u U? UU? UHJ s U? u? vK WOzU?C W?OU e?N
w?U??F? d?R* c sJ? U???H U?? V?IF? U??A??? W?? W???OU* Wd???A??
5OU 5KJA

v_

bF WUI ?OK uJ U U nAJ UNO oI w? UH U b

iF UL? W b? p v UC U?H) w r w nA?J w U(

WU UO_ iF w u b UH U iF w d uB UuKF*
Y? s_ e?N iF? d U?L? UC?I v 5u?* WU? W?OzUC?I U?b
R UNQ UD UD bN UNuD b UH U b w mU b wBI
UU?C? b?? vK qu?F? sJ1 t? 5?U? s d?O??? d c b?? U?HJ U??N??H?O
U lL w UH r( dRL UNO oI w UH

W?OU?

b? v p ld W?Ob WU?I* d?_ d?R* c b?? Wu?F?

W?O?U?O? WDK? Uu _ U?I* w fJF U?N?O? oI? n?A?J w U??H U?

d b? U?H UA? b fJF U2 d? W?OzUC?I WOM_ W?OUd e?N_ U?H
UN?O oI? w U?H U bF W?U) UU?O qb?F `OIM U?' U; iF
U?H W?IO?I? XbD U?; c d?O? WUI?* dG p W?HK?? w
s d?O? s U?? d?? bK c d?CU wMF b? U? bK w U??H UU?C? b?
mu uUGM q UU?O X{ bI UH UUC b? UNO qI w bK
d? U??H wUF? UN vK ? d? s U? d? d?R* c?N U?I mu?
Ub UU tOUF U2 dOJ

333

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

UH s WO WOUB dUI 2 - 3

s dOJ du? b UuKF vK uB( s u?O uOUB? sJL U U
bOF uJ UuKF? UB s d UJ 5OU?BK U 5b 5U
w 5KU?F vK dH wU?B w? qLF U? _ sd? v W?MU UM*
U WOuUI WULK UM& p UNO oOb c UuKF* l qUF U: c
U??I??O??I??? W??O???? dU??I?? W??O??L s qKI w?G??M t iF?? d U?d_ v
b??U? c? d?_ U???H d?U q?? dU s U??uKF??LK rN?? b?B??L? W??O??U???B
v W????MU U??uKF* c? W?O?U? e d?UE c??N W??O?L?KF W??b vK 5??U??
qzU? dEM YO? WcO?HM WDK? UC? W?UO? U?d XD U? 5O?
tS r s WOBA WOUO `zUC?HK ULN bB UNHu UuKF* c v
U??H u U??H u d?D b? U?A?? U?L?N? b?B? ? qzU? U??? sJ1
dO? U?N?C v jI? ld bB c w ? qzU WO?L lu wU?O
tFK c b WOL v UC ld UNMJ UN?O 5u* WI UH UU2 s
UH v lL: dE qOJA UF d qOJA w
U??H U?OI? dR?L? W?O?? WO?U??B dU?I? `{u W?I?b* dEM
UNL uOF s b wUF
c sbU??A* d?I s? be? c?' U? v U? t?u? ? qzU? v?F?
s dEM? iG U d??_ U???H U?( Wu? UD e?O?d?? v U?Lz qO9 U??NS?
d? UH s U? UM uJ bI t?OK uDM c U?H r WO?IOI?( UN?OL
qzU? U?N?M9 r s wUJ b?IU U d?BM U?N?O d?u? sJ d d?? uD
dU?I? WO?b?B? s qKI c d?_ U?_ s UN? rN wU?J UL? ?
lL: w UH UA b s dRL WO WOUB
b UN?L quF s WuL0 ? qzU UdAM w UH U? b dQ
We U?H u?? UuKF* U?B d?u b? qzU? UN l?L w Wd?(
uD) lL???: U???R?? d?? b? v W??U?{U ?? U??? w 5KU??F
w U?H UUC? U b? fJF WuF? v p R UNU?F U?H dU
U S p vK lL?: w UH dUE wIOI( r?( qzU UdAM
d?O? u?B?I? q?JA V?% b? w U???? s d?O?J lC? ? q?zU? d?AM
qzU? UdAM w U?H U b? S pc qF?HU b U W?IO?I uB?I
WOb ULEM* 5U q s UOU UUL oK r UH UOI dRL

334

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

5?U U s?J r U?H r( oO? UOI? vK u?F WuF? WKCF?* c U

sUO u UH dUE 5b

qzU WOM_ WOzU?CI eN_ s bB w UUO vK u?U bLF

o? U?L? W?O?LKF? W?O?b?B* s d?O?J l?L? u?O?F s d??O?? wU?F w ?

b t c d_ u U?NO QD) W? bb% UNKbF UN?OIM bF p t?O{u
UH q UF_ bF bOIF WGU dU qOK% bM UuB UFB s
jO c b?Q b? WO? U?H dUE wLJ qOK u?U? VM

wU

WONM* WOLKF UbK UN b WU* UUOU

nB??M bM? t d?O?? wU?? U??O??) v u?b? u???U?? s Vd?? X v??
fO?I Wdb?I dR? vK b?L? w? WO?I?OD? Ub s b? d?N U?OMO?F?
W? d?OQ Ud?? U?b c v XU? W?HK?< bK w U??H U?A? b?
u????LM U???? w tK???? b???? t???d?D r U?U U????N???? s d w? (32)

(Mauro,1995)

UB? _ u b% w Wd?OH quF b U?H U u U?B

b UB? uLM b?F w UH d qOK? WOUO?I VOU_

Mauro b?

bI

UB uLM bF w UK dR UH UA t X{

UH dR 3 - 3
W??R? U?N??F?L? UU?O vK W?O??Oz u?B d?c W?IU? W?b w
u s p 1980 UF w W

Mauro b?L?

52 s Business International

WOb UL_

b U?NMO s WO?UO? WUB? dU< XKL? dO?G* s d?O s U?BI?

WO? WJ ? s UNKK% UU?O c W?Ob UL?_ W?R lL?& U?H UA?
b?I UL?_ U? v 5BB?? 5KK? 5UB? 5?OU? qL?A 5Kd* s
5 t????L??O?? d?? d??R* U??I?? W??HK???< bK w U????H u????? uK?d* R
10 dHB
Uu???? b?? v XF?? w b?O??u W?N??' w W?Ob U??L?_ W???R?? sJ r
d?O?? U?LEM* WU??? U??R?* s b? UM U?? b?I? W?HK??< bK w U???H
U????b??? d????R??? b????F W?KU2 d????R??? .b????I v? U???C? XF??? w? W????O????d
W??????O???????U??????H??????A? W??????L?EM? d??????A?M c?

Corruption Perception Index (CPI)

Ub? UuO d_ dR* UOMO?F WUN cM

U????????????H?

International Transparency WOb

qOK?? W?L???N?* dU?I?? U?b l?O?L? w? sJ WU?B??? U??b w jI?? fO
UH dU

335

W7UB:1 U# U9'_ w0 W' U?H3

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

:Corruption Perception Index UH Ub dR

dR? d W?Ob WOU?HA WLEM U?uM dAM c (33) U?H Ub dR? bF
Vu?' UM t vK rU?F rEF wDG? YO u?L WU?* WO?LJ U?H
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qJ lL: w UH u v WU{ WU*
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353

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r_ qU?F u W?uJ( u?Hu? uB?) t? vK d?H q ju? U?H?

WOL d?_ qUF u 5uI `?zuK bIF d lL? w b$ ULMO U?H dU
5M qUF UH dU q bIF dU dOH sJ1 u_ lOL w t dO
d?O?? qu?F qI? U?O?_ iF w?H? WU?B??? U???_ vK jI? U??B??U? v?
dUE c dOH w WUB quF s WOL WUB

UHK WUB dO U_ 2 - 4
qu??F s b? q?U?H WKB??? u? U? lL????? w U???H UD r?? w p
XI?? w? WU?B?? q?u?F vK ? W W??O?U?I? W?O??U?L?? W?O??U?O?
wU?O? UEM W?FO? q? qu? qU?& sJ1 U?H dU W? bMF? U?N?A?UM
5u?I WF?O w?zUC?I UEM We W rEM U?H U? u?I d? b?
UB UAM U vA WLEM* `zuK
WOd UuL v UH w dR* WUB dO quF rOI sJ1
WOUO quF
WOLOEM W quF
WOUI quF
w U??H u??? bb?% w jI? fO? d?O? W?O?U?O? W?u?EM* d?UM R
q qu dOQ qU& sJ1 UH c Uc w UJ_ bb% w q lL:
WOUO UOI We WOU?O e_ qu9 d WOdu1b U0 e b
UH dU q dU W w
5U? 5 UF U& S U?H WOd?u1b 5 WF b?IF s rd vK
WU?I W?Od?u1b U?FL??: w q uJ v qO1 U?H? uB?) c w
e??_ R (56)

(Diamond and Platter,1993) W??Ou???L??A

WuU?????b U??F??L?????:U

5O?UO? 5R* vK WU?d WOKL? w UuO? WOb* lL?: U?LEM W?OUO?

X U?? rNe?? q r?N?O?K u?G??C W??U2 U??C l?OD?? q Wb w?Hu? U????
eU( e?F WOUO? e_ 5 wUO? fUM UL U?HK UU2 w rNu
U?C* dJ?F* w? U?C? U?N?O? u U? U?u?B? U??H U? s nA?JK U?Nb
UFL?: w WUB? UuB qzU? UN lL w Wd?( S p vK
WOUO WDK G U s nAJ WI* s sJ9 WOdu1b
U U? wUO? UEM WF?O U?C U?H UA? b w dR w qu?F s
WObH rEM 5U? s od d ULMO Ued UOb U?UE Ued UUE

354

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

d??? od??? d (57)

(Weingast,1995; Breton,1996; Goldsmith,1999)

U????? q u?J

W?ed* r?EMU W?UI?? U?HK W?{d? d?? uJ W?e?d? r??EM

bb? WO?U?O? rEM s ? YU od? d UL? (58)

(Wilson, 1989a; Manor,1999)

WDu?? rEM bU WU?I? U??HK W?{d? q uJ We?d? bb? We?d*

WOC?I c w UUJ Ub W?Fd s (59)

(Shleifer and Vishny,1993) Wed*

qEO? Wed? rEM s d? U? q Wed* rEM X?U UL? R b?
WLU WU R
b u b' s dO? dO w UUCI r s WOUO e?_ qu9 WOC bF
UJ w p ?? qF?HU W?Od?u1 U?L?E U?Nu? W?Od?u1b r?EM U?H?
e?_ W?DA qu?L?? b?I w? U?d??? ? s? W?O?U??O? d??I w d?OQ??
d?? qb?* b? q1 t_ W?Od?u1b r?EM rzU? r u?I sJ?1 W?O?U?O?
d?u S? r s W?OU?O? W??R* w WO?U?? lL?: U??R? d? v U??H
s U w? wb* lL????: U?L?EM W??O?U??O?? e??_ qu??L?? W??U? W??OU?? u??
uGC b s dOJ dF s e_ c wL WOUHA
lL? U b u U?H w dOQ U?NL sJ r W?OUO q?uF r s qF
b?I U?b?MF? U??H dUE? U?O?I c W pc? W?e s W?O?U?O? U??O?I t
rN_ U?? U??H U??U2 w uu??? rN???H rN_ U? b??O?' U??* u?O?U??O?
s U???HK U?U2 s r?NU? u?O?U??O? rU?H?K t u?I U?L?? d?B? u??C?G
WeM WU_U r u vK rNHzU WUL0 WuJ( wHu UO lu VFB
U??H w dR* W?O?L?OEM? W qu?F W?O?L U?H? sJ1 d? W?O?U s
WU???U 5u?I `?zuK XL? wu?J( U?N?' U??H? U?LK U?? t?u
XU? U?IF e?K WU?F? rEM W?ub? WU?* WU?d UO? du b?O?IF? b?
UH WUI vK b d W{d q UFL:
c?N wUI? b?F? U?( w? c_ U?H? dU qOK% sJ1 tS? dO?
W?OU?L? WO?UI WKJ?A u U?H u?I v iF? l c bF? p dUE
w?Oz qJA b? U?HK U?U2 w uU? rNd d?_ uK U?_ w
Wu?F? rd d?_ R U?N? sR w W?O?U?I? W?OMb b?I???F* rO?I W?u?L?0
wd? d?OUF? q? WO?U?I? quF s? b U?H? sJ1 tS? WIU? Wu?I*U rOK?
qU?I d?H qL?F W?LO? dU?< VM& dI?? v qO* U?B? wU?L?
Muscline

355

Cultores

Wuc WUI dDO b wUL' qLF

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

d??(U e??O??L?? w? U??F??L????: v U??b iF d??O??A? u??B??) c w

W?{d? q uJ W?O?U?L?? U?I?D 5 W?U? b? u?u b?I??F w d?L??*
d w WOUI WO?UL rOI uL eOL w UF?L: fJ vK p UHK
rd wU??L?? d?F? t?OK d?I??? U? W??U?I? u?L??' c s d?) w Wu??F?
UUI? UFL: Wd?H UUI UFL?: XU u 5U?
UH `{u b s dO? U& S UH UU2 uI bF d? WOUL'
W?OU? W?? UM (60)

Getz and Volkema

d d?O? U?L?NM q w d?A?M sJ1

w d?H? t?I?I? c? U?$ W?L?O?? q9 U?NK w w? Wu?c W?U??I? rO? U??O? 5
v d?O??? U?H? s lL???: w t?UJ bb??% w w?Ozd U?O?F?* WU* U?:
d?O d W?OU s? U?H 5 W?OU s U?$ c oO?I% qzU?
w u d? uJ WOU?I quF d d d?O ULd?O

Getzand and Volkema

W?OU?O WU?B? qu?F WI?O?I v UM u?F c d?_ WUB? U?_ q

Uc? w UJ_ U?H u? bb? iF U?NCF l? qUH W?OU?I W
UFL: s U lL w

UHK WUB U 5
q jI?? W?U?B???? U??{_ v?K U????H U d??B????I
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5 UL? t UM uI sJ?1 q WOUO? WOUL?
bI? UB? uD u?F U?H vK UL? W?UO? ULK 5?UB?
WUB? uL?K G? u s t? U0 wU?L wU?O uD u?F U
WO?UO W?OUL? U _ WOU?O WuEM* qK% W?OUL? rOI U?ON
U r v?K W??OU?? W??A??UM* d??B????I?????? W??b c b?? U?? l?I U????HK
UHK WUB

UB uLM UH 1 - 5

U?H dR qN? W? UM XU? U?B? uLM U??H 5 W? UM q
UB uLM WOKL w UOK
u?I U??_ s R? c d?D U?? t d? b? iF? s r?d vK
s rd vK ozU?I(U d? qO? s u UB? uLM w U?K dR U?H Q
WU??B?? U?dEM v dEM? V?O?? d?O?G?? b? ozU??I?( d b?? d? iF??
UJ U q w WO W(U WU 5uI WOUL WOUO

356

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dA?F b w wK; "UM s dH VOB ju? 1 b' wU b' `{u
UL W?Ob WOUHA W?LEM bB c UH Ub? dR* UI U? q_ d_
qb WC?HM b W?uL? sL{ lI U? d?_ dA?F b S b?' s 5
qb WF?Hd b WuL? sL{ lI U? q_ dAF b U?bI q_ b
V u U?H u_ s U Q wMF c U Ub?I d_ b
qu?F s b? UMN wU?L? wK; "UM s d?H VOB? ju? U?H b?_
U??H 5 5u? UU? W?? UM? `{u tS? p W?O??R* WU?B??
wUL wK; "UM s dH VOB ju UH
 U??b???? WU??B??? d?R?* d??? q1 wI?O??I??( d?H q ju??? U??
W?b?( WU?B? W?O?LM U? rEF? S? Standards

of Living

W?A?OF?* Uu??

lL w WA?OF* Uu vK W d q?JA dFK WOU{ dR b? X

b WOLOKF WOB Ub?) u du b WOU{ dR* c WK s U

1000

qJ U?? b? q? WMO?F? lK vK? uB?( UJ? pc? qb lu Wb?

dHK lu* dLF ju WHOEM UO* UdNJ s dH N ju h

rUF w U q_ d_ dAF b (1) b'

dH VOB ju
(2007 - 1995) u_
U d_ b
dH VOB ju

UF

U q_ b
dH VOB ju

dR WLO

wK; "UM s

VOd

bU wUL

wb

Ub

Wb

UH

2000 WM UF

dR WLO

wK; "UM s

VOd

bU wUL

wb

Ub

Wb

UH

2000 WM UF

12.634

9.55

bMKuO

4.891

32

3.18

pOJ*

26.599

9.32

U/b

17.565

33

2.99

UOUD

19.358

9.26

uUGM

2.086

34

2.79

bU

18.899

9.12

bMKM

371

35

2.78

bMN

20.169

8.87

bM

912

36

2.77

5KH

357

W7UB:1 U# U9'_ w0 W' U?H3

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

U d_ b
dH VOB ju

UF

U q_ b
dH VOB ju

dR WLO

wK; "UM s

VOd

bU wUL

wb

Ub

Wb

UH

2000 WM UF

dR WLO

wK; "UM s

VOd

bU wUL

wb

Ub

Wb

UH

2000 WM UF

23.374

8.87

bu

3.613

37

2.70

qd

21.088

8.80

UOd

5.119

38

2.66

eM

31.614

8.76

du

514

39

2.25

UU

20.427

8.69

bMu

658

40

2.16

5B

32.213

10

8.61

ZdM

826

41

1.94

UOOb

23.543

10.0

bMKM

233

81

2.2

oOu

29.992

9.8

U/b

406

82

2.1

UOMO

13.654

9.4

bMKuO

1.775

83

2.1

UO

27.286

9.4

bu

635

84

2.0

dOUJ

23.559

9.2

bM

655

85

1.7

u$

30.876

9.1

bMK

800

86

1.7

UOOb

37.472

9.1

ZdM

655

87

1.5

UO

23.018

9.1

uUGM

635

88

1.5

UOd

24.179

8.9

bMu

1.192

89

1.3

UOuu

24.142

10

8.7

b* WJKL*

368

90

1.2

UdOO

35.959

9.7

bMK

233

150

2.1

UJU

26.329

9.6

bMKM

927

151

2.0

u$

15.098

9.6

bMKuO

560

152

1.9

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358

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

U d_ b
dH VOB ju

UF

U q_ b
dH VOB ju

dR WLO

wK; "UM s

VOd

bU wUL

wb

Ub

Wb

UH

2000 WM UF

dR WLO

wK; "UM s

VOd

bU wUL

wb

Ub

Wb

UH

2000 WM UF

31.596

9.5

U/b

133

152

1.9

WOzu UOMO

25.967.8

9.4

uUGM

428

152

1.9

UdOO

30.123

9.2

bu

402

155

1.8

wOU

34.902

9.1

du

155

1.8

ULMU

40.597

8.9

ZdM

155

1.8

UULd

23.030

8.8

UOd

400

158

1.7

gM

25.300

10

8.7

ULM

273

158

1.7

UA

27.660

9.6

bMKM

7.470

151

2.1

WOzu UOMO

36.283

9.6

bMK

724

151

2.1

UJ

15.199

9.6

bMKuO

419

156

2.0

gM

32.484

9.5

U/b

266

156

2.0

UA

27.125

9.4

uUGM

91

156

2.0

uGuJ

31.178

9.2

bu

502

156

2.0

u

35.760

9.1

du

406

160

1.9

UOMO

41.446

8.8

ZdM

160

1.9

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23.262

8.7

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160

1.9

ULMU

25.678

8.7

bMu

406

163

1.8

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World Development Indicators (2008) CD-Rom, World Bank Transparency International bB*

359

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

bF? UH vK d?OQ dB?I s U lL? w U?H UA u? S lDU

v p b?FO? q wIO?I( qb s d?H VOB ju? U?H U?B u?LM
dR* s UdO UO* Ud?NJ WOLOKF WOB Ub) u? d WUH b
WAOF* u* UOIL wIOI( qb s dH VOB ju* WKLJ*
d?R? v d_ W?A?O?F? Uu?? d?R? U? U??H U u?I sJ1 q
jI?? fO U????? w? c?Q? w d??_ U?N??A??O?F? w

Quality of Life

U??O?( u??

w UO?( u b?% d d?R UC sJ? d_ WA?OF? Uu* W?U* dR*

wUI? U s_ Ub t?Od qzU? u du b? q lL: d? UNA?OF
(61) WOUL UO( WO WOu
?OK? UUJ iF? uNE w b? sdA?F d?I s wU? nBM Wb l
s W???O???K_ u??B??? U???L?? d???OD?) U??B????? d???A c f?O U?????H d w?
v R b? U?HU W?OK? U uH U? WOU? U s t uJ b?I 5U?B?
`zuK? t?{d??H c u??L??' wD U??& vK b??U?? U? W?U?B???? U?H?J U
b??? w U?HJ o?O?I?% u?% U?L??? u?F w b?I?F* W?O??uJ( 5u?I

Oils Mecha-

?F? dO?O? ? Xe WeM0 U?H uJ? UM WUB?? u*

UO q (62)
wH uL;

(Leff,1964; Huntington,1968)

(Bidding Competition

s q d UL

nism or Greases the Wheal

fUM s WU oK vd lb UL?_ UR

lOD? w U?d?A w U?H? d??_ Ud?A U?I? lOD? s f?UM c q

W?L?N? w u??d S? r s t??H Xu? w lHd? ` oO?I?% W??L??{ v l
U?H d??_ U?dA vK? UI WU?B?? WU? s U?H? q_ Ud?A U?F??
(63)

(Lien,1986)

d? U??????HK? d?_ W????OU???? V?u???' s b?e??? U?M d???? d

uJ sc? d?_ S? r s d?? v d? s nK?? Xu W?L??O? (64)

(Lui,1985)

w W WuJ( wHu* ud ubIO UO? WFHd XuK WKb WdH WHKJ rNb
ud c? wMF q X w hOd? UI?u* vK uB?( rN(U?B U?C
Vu' d c q1 Xu WLO rNb lHd s* d UN_ UHJ U v b
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(Tullock,1996) d

Y?O?? U?????HK? W??OU???

u??LM lO????A v?K b??U?? c d??_ lL????: w WU??B???? b??u vK? wd??C
s be? d v d?L? WU? w WuJ( uJ s? vd u q wH? UB?
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360

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s be?? d??H? W??uJ( b W??U??( wH??M? r s W??C??H??M* u??b? W??uJ(

WuJ( wHu Ud w Ue quL VzdC
Vc

s u oO??I??% v R b? U????H d p s b??F v (65)

Graziano

WOU* u* W?OUO U?UL' e d?u YO

wUO? pUL

Political Glue

W WOUL? WOUO WOJOUMb du r s dL? UI s UNMJ9 w

UB uLM oOI
vK bU Mechanism WO WeM0 qLF b U?H uI sJ1 bI U u{ w
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w bU 5KH U?O?Ob q U?O d uM b?K s b r$ e Wu?O
UNO? UH wAH s? rd vK Wu? dO UB? u/ bF XII? w 
c w U??H qL? b?I? U?N?O U??H wA?H W??O? oU? qOK? U?? d U?L?
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Institutionalizing Corruption UO?R?

tKF U?H rOEM o?dH

u?BK lb r Vc s? d* dF w?R* U?H c q wH? WO?K U s

U?O?{ v R c wzu?A?F? U??H s fJF vK p W?MO?F? W?b? e?O? vK
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d?O oU? qOK? vK W?Ob?B* iF U?O? d uM Wd?& XH?{ cJ
c S? iF bM U?OIDM b? b od s q?OK c t?OK uDM b U? rd t
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dU UM? W?O??uJ( 5u??I `zuK u??L? U??& vK b??U? U???H u??I
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c XF?{ b?I? bU?' 5u?I `zuK c q?0 bu lL?:U? Ud?O?O?G sJ1
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c vK v vK uB( WU lUM oOI? rNUDK G s WuJ( wHu
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Q?H??_ w d?? v l v?K b? d???_ U?L?_ U???R? uJ d?C?U fO
UR lb b? ud UA (66) Shleifer

and Vishny d

p s fJF q UUB

v U?O?U?L? UU?B?? bzU? vK_ W?OI?O?I?( W?OU? WDA?_ s u? v U?L?_

u d?_ e UB? uLM uF U U?OUL? UUB? bzU q_ W?OFd WDA_

361

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w U?O? ?OK WO?I?OI?( WO?U? WDA_ U? w R?HJ U?R* c b? U U?

(67) uD d WOFd WDA_ v u c U uJ YO lL:

Speed Money

WKN??* e??M* u??IM U?U?O?? t??OK oKD? U? u??d u??I

dO?u c _ p t?OK d W d U?N  Xu UB? v R

UL? WO?uJ( U?ON l uKU?F s q fO v?d uFb s?* jI oI?
W?OMe d?H ju? U v? WUNM w R U? u?Fb s U?? vK r c
uF?b s* v d? c UN  Xu? q W d UN? W
W? t??????{ U?? c?? u? s ? X?u s u? uJ b??? vd
uK2 wC?I b s d?O? b UU?O vK b?L? w

(Kaufmann and Wei,1999)

U?H? WO?H?O? vK Wu?J( wHu l? UH w ?u U? v lb w U?d?A

(68) ud WLO vK UH pc WOuJ( 5uI `zuK vK
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g4uN3
Rose-Ackerman, Susan: Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform, Cambridge University Press, U.K, 1999.
Tanzi, V. Corruption: Arms-Length Relationships and Markets, in Granulose Florential and Sam Peltzman (eds.) The Economics of Organized Crime,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 161-180.
Noonan, John T. Jr, Bribes, New York: Macmillan, 1984.
Ibid, P.127.
Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2nd Ed.1989.
Heidenheimer, Arnold J; M. Johnston and V.T. Le Vine: Political Corruption: A Handbook. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, Corruption: A study in Political Economy, London/
New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Nye, J.S, Corruption and Political Development, American Political Science
Review, vol.6, no.2, 1967 pp.417-427.
Khan, Mushtaq, A Typology of Corrupt Transactions in Developing Countries, IDS Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 5. 1996.
http://www.transparency.org/policy_research
Ibid, P.123.
Coolidge, Jacqueline and Susan Rose - Ackerman, Kleptocracy and Reform
in African Regimes: Theory and Examples, Chapter 3 (pp.57-86) in Hope and
Chikulo (eds.) Corruption and Development in Africa Lessons from Country
Case - Studies. New York: ST. Martins Press: 2000.
YU ndF

Amundsen, Inge, Political Corruption: An Introduction to the Issues- Working Paper 99: 7, Bergen: Chr. Michlsen Institute, 1999.
Ibid, P.171.
YU ndF

Ibid, P.43.
Ibid, P.44.
Ibid, P.45.
Ibid, P.46.
Ibid, P.47.
Ibid, P.49.
Ibid, P.50.
Ibid, P.162.

375

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

Theobald, Robin: Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd. 1990.
Huntington, S.P.:Modernization and Corruption, in Political Order in Changing Societies, Samuel P. Huntington, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University
Press. Pp 59-71, 1968, (Re-Published in Political Corruption: A Handbook, Heidenheimer et al., New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, Chapter 23, 1989.
Eskeland, G. and H. Thiele: Corruption under Moral Hazard, World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper, No.2204, 1999.
Doig, Alan and Robin Theobald, Corruption and Democratization London:
Frank Cass,2000 .
Gambetta, D. The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard University Press, 1993.
Tanzi, V.: Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization: A Review of Some Efficiency and Macroeconomics Aspects, in Proceedings of the Annual World
Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington D.C.: The World
Bank, chapter 14, pp.231-263, 2000.
Andvig, Jens C., Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge; Amundsen, I.; Sissener, T.; Soreide,
T. Research on Corruption: A Policy Oriented Survey (CMI) and (NUPI), 2000.
Mauro, Paolo, Corruption and Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, CX/3
(August): 681-712, 1995.
http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi.
Ibid, P.149.
Ibid, P.159.
Alderfer, C.P. ?Existence, Relatedness, and Growth: Human Need in Organizational Settings. New York: Free Press, 1972.
Getz, Kathleen A. and Volkema, Roger J. Culture, Perceived Corruption, and
Economics: A Model of Predictors and Outcomes- Business & Society. Vol.40
No.1, 2001, PP 7-30.
Paldam, M, The Big Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture and the Seesaw Dynamics, Working Paper No.1999-11, Department of Economics, University of Aarhus. 1999.
Ekpo, M.U. Gift-Giving and Bureaucratic Corruption in Nigeria, in Bureaucratic Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Toward a Search for Causes and
Consequences. M.U. Ekpo, ed, Washington D.C.: University Press of America,
1979.

25
26

27
28
29
30

31
32
33
34
35
36
37

38

39

376

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Ibid, P.105.
Treisman, Daniel: The Causes of Corruption: A Cross National Study,
Journal of Public Economics, vol. 76, 2000, pp. 399-457.
Ibid, P.413.
Ibid, P.417.
La Potra, R., F. Lopez - de - Silanes, A, Schleifer and R.W. Vishny, The
Quality of Government, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Vol. 15,
no. 1, 1999, pp. 222-279.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences
and Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Elliot, K. A, Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and
Recommendations, In Corruption and the Global Economy. K.A. Elliot, ed.
Washington D.C: Institute for International Economics, 1997, pp. 175-233.
Lindbeck, Assar -Swedish Lessons for Post - Socialist Countries- Unpublished Manuscript, 1998.
Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Beatrice Weder -Corruption and the Rate of
Temptation: Do Low Wages in the Civil Service Cause Corruption IMF Working Paper 97/73, Washington: International Monetary Fund, 1997.
Ibid, P.227.
Ibid, P.39.
Brunetti, A. and B. Weder, Investment and Institutional Uncertainty: A Comparative Study of Different Uncertainty Measures, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,
CXXXIV, 1998, pp, 513-533.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf, The Transparency International Corruption Perception Index 1999 - Framework Document, Transparency International, Berlin,
WWW. Transparency. De E.1999.
Leite, C. and J. Weidmann: Does Mother Nature Corrupt- Natural Resources,
Corruption, and Economic Growth, International Monetary Fund Working
Paper 99/85 July, 1999.
Wei, S.-J, Bribery in the Economies, Working Paper, Brookings, 2000.
Gatti, R., Corruption and Trade Tariffs, or a Case for Uniform Tariffs, World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2216, November, 1999.
Diamond, L. and M. F. Platter, The Global Resurgence of Democracy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
Weingast, B.R, The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-

377

40
41
42
43
44

45
46

47
48

49
50
51

52

53

54
55
56
57

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

preserving Federalism and Economic Development, Journal of Law, Economics

and Organization, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-31,1995.
Wilson, James, Corruption: The Shame of the States, in Political Corruption. A Handbook, Hedienheimer et al., eds, New Brunswick/London: Transaction Publishers. 1989.
Shleifer, Andrei and Robert W. Vishny, Corruption, The Quarterly Journal
of Economics, 108 (August), pp. 599-617, 1993.
Ibid, P.22.
Max-Neef, M. Economic Growth and Quality of Life Ecological Economics, 15,115-118, 1995.
Leff, Nathaniel H. Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption, American Behavioral Scientist, 8/3 (November), pp. 8-14, 1964; (Republished as chapter 24 in Political Corruption: A Handbook. Heidenheimer et
al, New Brunswick, 1989, Transaction Publishers.
Lien, D, A Note on Competitive Bribery Games, Economics Letters, 337341, 1986
Lui, Francis T., An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 93, no. 4 , pp. 760-81, 1985.
Ibid, P.11
Shleifer, Andrei and Robert W. Vishny, Corruption, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 1993, pp. 599-617.
Ibid, P772.
Kaufmann, Daniel and Chang-Jin Wei, Does Grease Money Speed up the
Wheels of Commerce?,- NBER Working Paper, no. 7093, 1999.
Ibid, P 53.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf, Corruption in International Research - A Review,
Transparency International Working Paper, Berlin. www. Transparency. De., 1999.
Brunetti, A., G. Kisunko and B. Weder, Credibility of Rules and Economic
Growth: Evidence from a Worldwide Private Sector Survey, Background Paper
for the World Development Report, 1997, Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1997.
Ibid, P.56.
Ibid, P.56.
Keefer, P. and S. Knack, Institutions and Economic Performance: CrossCountry Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures, Economics and Politics, vol.7, No.3, Pp. 207-227, (1995.

58

59
60
61
62

63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

72
73
74

378

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Wedeman, A, Looters, Rent-Scrapers, and Dividend-Collectors: Corruption

and Growth in Zaire, South Korea, and the Philippines, The Journal of Developing Areas, 31: 457-478,1997.
Campos, J. and Edgardo, Donald Lien and Sanjay Pradhan, The Impact of
Corruption on Investment: Predictability Matters, World Development, Vol. 27,
No.6. Pp. 1059-1067, 1999.
Alesina, A. and B. Weder, Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign
Aid? NBER Working Paper 7108, Cambridge MA, 1999.
Ibid, P.45
Ibid, P.375.

75

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77
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l$d*
WOdF ld*

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- Alderfer, C.P. (1972) Existence, Relatedness, and Growth: Human Need in

Organizational Settings. New York: Free Press.
- Alesina, A. and B. Weder (1999) Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less
Foreign Aid? NBER Working Paper 7108, Cambridge MA.
- Amundsen, Inge (1999) Political Corruption: An Introduction to the Issues Working Paper 99: 7, Bergen: Chr. Michlsen Institute.
- Andvig, Jens C., Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge; Amundsen, I.; Sissener, T.; Soreide, T. (2000) Research on Corruption: A Policy Oriented Survey (CMI),
(NUPI).
- Brunetti, A. and B. Weder (1998) Investment and Institutional Uncertainty: A Comparative Study of Different Uncertainty Measures Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, CXXXIV, Pp, 513-533.
- Brunetti, A., G. Kisunko and B. Weder (1997) Credibility of Rules and
Economic Growth: Evidence from a Worldwide Private Sector Survey, Background Paper for the World Development Report, 1997, Washington D.C.:
World Bank.
- Campos, J. and Edgardo, Donald Lien and Sanjay Pradhan (1999) The Impact of Corruption on Investment: Predictability Matters, World Development,
Vol. 27, No.6. pp. 1059-1067.
- Coolidge, Jacqueline and Susan Rose - Ackerman Kleptocracy and Reform in African Regimes: Theory and Examples Chapter 3 (pp.57-86) in Hope
and Chikulo (eds.) Corruption and Development in Africa Lessons from Country Case - Studies. New York: ST. Martins Press.
- Diamond, L. and M. F. Platter (1993) The Global Resurgence of Democracy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Doig, Alan and Robin Theobald (2000) Corruption and Democratization
London: Frank Cass.
- Ekpo, M.U. (1979) Gift-Giving and Bureaucratic Corruption in Nigeria, in
Bureaucratic Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Toward a Search for Causes and
Consequences. M.U. Ekpo, ed, Washington D.C.: University Press of America.

380

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- Elliot, K. A (1997) Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and Recommendations, In Corruption and the Global Economy. K.A. Elliot, ed. Washington D.C: Institute for International Economics. pp. 175-233.
- Eskeland, G. and H. Thiele (1999): Corruption under Moral Hazard,
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No.2204.
- Gambetta, D. (1993) The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard University Press.
- Gatti, R. (1999) Corruption and Trade Tariffs, or a Case for Uniform Tariffs, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2216.
- Getz, Kathleen A. and Volkema, Roger J. (2001). Culture, Perceived Corruption, and Economics: A Model of Predictors and Outcomes Business & Society. Vol.40 No.1 PP 7-30.
- Goldsmith, Arthur. A. (1999) Slapping the Grasping Hand: Correlates of
Political Corruption in Emerging Markets, American Journal of Economics
and Sociology, Vol.58, No.4,PP 866-883.
- Heidenheimer, Arnold J; M. Johnston and V.T. Le Vine (1989) Political
Corruption: A Handbook, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.1989.
- Huntington, S.P.(1989) Modernization and Corruption, in Political Order
in Changing Societies, Samuel P. Huntington, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale
University Press. Pp 59-71, 1968, (Re-Published in Political Corruption: A
Handbook, Heidenheimer et al., New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, Chapter 23.
- Kaufmann, Daniel and Chang-Jin Wei, Does (1999) Grease Money
Speed up the Wheels of Commerce- NBER Working Paper, no. 7093.
- Keefer, P. and S. Knack (1995) Institutions and Economic Performance:
Cross- Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures Economics and
Politics, vol.7, No.3, Pp. 207-227.
- Khan, Mushtaq (1996) A Typology of Corrupt Transactions in Developing
Countries, IDS Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 5.
- Lambsdorff, Johann Graf (1999) The Transparency International Corruption Perception Index 1999 - Framework Document, Transparency International, Berlin, www. transparency.org.
- ............................ ( 1999) Corruption in International Research- A Review Transparency International Working Paper, Berlin. www. transparency.org.

381

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

- La Potra, R., F. Lopez - de - Silanes, A, Schleifer and R.W. Vishny (1999)

The Quality of Government Journal of Law, Economics and Organization,
Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 222-279.
- Leff, Nathaniel H. Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption, American Behavioral Scientist, 8/3 (November), pp. 8-14, 1964; (Republished as chapter 24 in Political Corruption: A Handbook. Heidenheimer et
al, New Brunswick, 1989, Transaction Publishers.
- Leite, C. and J. Weidmann (1999) Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural
Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth International Monetary Fund
Working Paper 99/85 .
- Lien, D. (1986) A Note on Competitive Bribery Games, Economics Letters,
pp337-341.
- Lindbeck, Assar (1998) Swedish Lessons for Post Socialist CountriesUnpublished Manuscript.
- Lui, Francis T. (1985) An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 93, no. 4 , pp. 760-81.
- Mauro, Paolo (1995) Corruption and Growth, Quarterly Journal of
Economics, cx/ 3.pp681 - 712.
- Max-Neef, M. (1995) Economic Growth and Quality of Life EcologicalEconomics, 15,115-118.
-Nye, J.S (1967) Corruption and Political Development American Political Science Review, vol.6, no.2, pp.417-427.
- Noonan, John T. Jr (1984), Bribes, New York: Macmillan.
- Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2nd Ed.1989.
- Paldam, M (1999) The Big Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture and
the Seesaw Dynamics, Working Paper No.1999-11, Department of Economics,
University of Aarhus.
- Rose-Ackerman, Susan (1970) Corruption: A study in Political Economy,
London/New York: Academic Press.
- ........................... (1999) Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform, Cambridge University Press, U.K.
- Shleifer, Andrei and Robert W. Vishny (1993) Corruption, Quarterly
Journal of Economics, 108, pp. 599-617.
- Tanzi, V. Corruption: Arms-Length Relationships and Markets, in Granulose Florential and Sam Peltzman (eds.) The Economics of Organized Crime,

382

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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 161-180.

- ....................... Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization: A Review of Some
Efficiency and Macroeconomics Aspects, in Proceedings of the Annual World
Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington D.C.: The World
Bank, chapter 14, pp.231-263, 2000.
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- Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Beatrice Weder (1997) Corruption and the
Rate of Temptation: Do Low Wages in the Civil Service Cause Corruption IMF Working Paper 97/73.
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qO vK W?OUUO WOUI W?{Ud  uUJ  (Telenova) WOJOJ* K*U
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t b?I?F U d?O?H s U& c e?F c W?Ou?O tUO? w tHu d?OG?B WU?A
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LBC

UM t? c wdA hd w WIU? dF lu ue?HK u/ vK ZUd

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Types U?N?EHK j/ s d?EM d?B U??N?{d??F U??N???M w Zd??

wIzUu jLM U uNK wb jLM

d??MMO?K VOKO?? Richard

Collins eMu??

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Schlesinger

w u??c* U/_ s d?O?? s ue?HK? w U??? wEHK jL?M vK

UNOK vM w b?UI qJA eHK* bIF YO? WuN UM U UM
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Richard Collins eu UA? YU

(25)wUO UNFUD UU eOL WuN UU WOU w dB ULb bR

s Ub?d?& V?F?_ s? W?O??I?? W??O??U??O?? dU Wu??N Q U?M?? VF??B s
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w oI?? UL? c?N U?OF?d* Q?A Wd?A U?U?L' 5 U?L? U W?uN XU?
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mdiatique w??? b??I??F?K dJM? wMF? U??NKU???& W??O?Mu

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pOJA? U?NC? U?_ iF q?I? bF? U? w uJ YO? U?F_ WO?b
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school Francfort

u?HJd? W?b? U?N

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Voir linterview de Pierre Nora (2007): le nationalisme nous a cach la nation, accorde Sophie Gherardi, le quotidien Le monde, France, du 17mars.
Dominique Wolton ( 2001): Lidentit culturelle franaise, face la mondialisation de la communication, Intervention lors de la sance du lundi 28 mai,
lacadmie des sciences morales et politiques, Paris, in
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17-02-2003.
bU? U v t v u uK( dUE aU? WOdF W?_ WOUJ (2007) uOK Ud
15- 11 wu 118 b WUA bd WK
Jean-Michel Frodon (1998): La Projection Nationale - Cinema Et Nation, des
lumieres au reseau mondial, edition Odile Jacob, Paris, p 46.
Dominique Wolton, op cit
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Idem (p 66-85).
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4
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Rogers Brubaker, op cit (p 66-85).

Benidict Anderson (1996): limaginaire national, Paris, la dcouverte, p19.
Stuart Hall, Introduction: Who Needs Identity? Cit par Rogers Brubaker,
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uU cN WObO* WUI* v U* qO vK dE
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Fabien Granjon (2002): Note de lecture de louvrage: Aprs le colonialisme.
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dE wMOF wu{u* lu w lu vK d 

(2003) e sLd b
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Camille Douls (1888): A travers le Sahara occidental et le sud marocain,
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18
19

20

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22
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Mira Kapil Desai ( 2002): La tlvision indienne dans lre de la mondialisation: Unit, diversit ou disparit? Traduit de langlais par Catherine Martin,
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Idem ( p 63-75).

33

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Grard Bouchard ( 2002): Un monde repenser, la crise des imaginaires, la
mondialisation et les petites nations colloque Panamricain Industries culturelles et dialogue des civilisations dans les Amriques , GRICIS, Montral, du
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Armand Mattelart (2002): La diversit culturelle: entre histoire et gopolitique colloque panamricain et 2001 Bogues gricis- Montral 24 - 27 avril in
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24

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WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

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WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

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WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

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39

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

tLC U u Wb s UuO ubMN* U U td c wU_ rd

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40

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

lMB r c rU?F s U uD u? s uKIM rN 5O? WH?H

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p n?KH???U v?L???* bb???' d???OJH??? od? U??? tKR? wUu???O sc?K bb???
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s nK?? Yb r?NM q wb 5b?? W?L? vu? YO? WQ* u? U?
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41

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

U U? VK 4H v qO* u rbM WH?KH uN qu s nK? bb

uI rNM eO9 UuO S UbI ud?B* td U q w du uu d_ c
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h?H uC u?C) W?UD UM? U d?OJH u? bMJ
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470

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v b? vK b; d?OG?* vK XU d?* vK sU? dR uN w?UuO
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w ud?B* d YO W?O{U?d Wd?F* d p vK U?? UC V? dEM q_
UAS uU s r Uu?O sJ UU( rOEM w UA w Wb?* UO{Ud
`O?? WdEM u?_U u?L? dd?I? p s? _ e' d?EM U?O?{Ud rK
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dEM q_ d?O?? WK? s WU? q s WdEM u?_U u?L? rN u?B

42

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

s WKO?C?HK? fR w W?d?F* U?NMJ? W?d?F* VKD d?I? v?? U?IKD? fO sJ
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r uu qL? v qJ v dEM w c? U dI q?z cM UuO
Wd?H? d_ U?C( XOI U?LMO c q u YO? s tKL? v 5F bO? q w
wUu bb& c qJ w dE WHKH rF WO?ze sUO 5 UOze 5 UE_
qJ v dEM d?EMU UL? t?OKJA d? c v uKu? r rNMJ t?O? p
s d?B? U?N? vK d?_ U?C?( s s?d? _ U?Oze?' v jI? fO
U?NuD s U?C( b s r Uu?O U? b u? bN?' pc u?U rNu?
uKFH uU?D U U0 q dEM q s dEM v uF? qJ v dE U U0dK
p U q? U??N???OK XO???I w W???Ozb??? gu?? W?U?? vK? u??I??? U U?????O??
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w qF uUD U* UuO dN U* d UOKLF
bM Wb? s d?NE u W?I?O?I?( u?NH?* bb d? dEMU U?L? s ZM
vK W?IO?I( rU ?I?d?NE r UO?_ WF?O s Y? W?O vK UOu? WH?
d?O? qF?HU b?OMU bM p q? sJ r u?B?) vK

450

cM `{ u?

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ULO WOUu?O UO( lu UU UJ 5IO WIOI( s 5H?u*  dH UM
WMb? q q w d? w ? w w? Xu rEF?L? iF U?N?C?F b* 5
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lu d?_ s? d??F 5I?O? UJ W?I?O?I??( u? u?HM sc R??N? U?N???H WMb*
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600

U u? s

u?? s?J rNb???U?? b??? U??N??L? v Ud??? w W??H?K??< q?u??F d?E _ R

43

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

WU??F? W???M uJ vK q?u?F dE p?K qU?I* w b??U? rNU??O?B???

WUC( U: q w WuMF WU WLOE UA w b

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w t?O? U/ b? d?O? b?? t wU? U? U* u U?O_ q? tM XuJ c _
b* v w WO?DK* Wb* UF? uL? r uN t YU U? r w q s
w U?F?OL? u?d?A d? W?N? s W?OF?O?D W?H?KH b v? WN? s W?Ou_
U?L?? v_ U??* b? YO?? s Ub??F fO b?? rN?c??L? b?? b?0 u??I
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de? t?? wd? U?N?u?L?? w ju?* d?? U?C? l U? d?I Wb
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UL? uMJ iF w WOU n_ s v_ d?I w p uJ b v_
X% u??F?? R 5_ 5Ou_ r? 5OMO_ q u?JO? e??Ou?uKO?? de?? t???
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1000

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w d?J? W?OUu?O W?O?U??H d?( c V? u?I??? U?Ou_ rEM* w?U?H e?G
w d?NEO? sc W?H??H r s

450 500

5 U?U? 5?L?) U?L b??L??

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44

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

w u????? WM?b?? s U w? ??O* d???A?? lU??? d??I w? 5OU*_ f?U??
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454

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W?O?L_ WOK?I de? Uu? U?OUD uM v U?Ou s W?H?KH XKI? b?
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500

570

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W?Ou_ Wd?F* qL? t?zUI? w tF? ?U d?U? tM?b s wH t b? c

bb WN v WOFOD WHKH U& qu U tMJ q_ vK

550

U u v

b* bb XL w UFOL WOu_ WOHKH b* UN s dO WHK UU9

UO_ U U/ d?IF rOEF `H cN uUO U YO? U U WO vK _
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470

550

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600

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450

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45

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

b??O? w? W?O?MO W??U?A?? c??N b??F U0 c w?MO_ uu?? wDK* fO?U q_
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585

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560

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46

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

V? U?Ou?U?N U?F U?? dJ w q l rUM? nP?? rU?F w U? q

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530 - 540

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b_ UN bBI b_ w q UMOF UO U U XO UO_ u U bI
Wb d?UM 5 VUMU UOu?UN ouU uJ w? q UF W?ObMN UJ_
W?b? XU? w W?u?U??O?H W?b* t XU? U? dD s U?C??? v? W?HK??
WK P c? U?N U?F? Wud? W?OL?KF W?R* c?N wU?u u/ oO?b vMF*U

Orpheus

u?O? v W?? w_ Vc* W?O?_ w? U?N?O Ud? o? W?OM

u Ue?d? U??U? wI?OMO? q W??OMb U uD_ t?? u?D_ d?U?A

s d??ND? fHM? vK d??A d??O??) 5? qB??HU?? r??' f?HM 5 rU???( qB??H
UNK w WN u? v UI UN?HM sLC v tM ) q s r?'U UNU
5IO vK u b U?LO dI UN cQ?O dOFK oOb v?MF*U WOUu dO
r?' c??N U? c??N rU?F c??N U?L?? u bzU? w?U?_ wUu??O U?& _
UL Ud?OG fO UO( c?N wJOJ dBF w W?OUuO qOUL v dEM?M qOL'
d??? b?OK?I? ju??* wUu??O bM fH
M X?U?
u* bM r??' s d?? fH
U2 `C?O UL? w uB) vK b?O w bb' UJ u? dA v vMH?O
Wb vK WOUu dO UN UMK
b?OMU? u fDOKd?O??N iUM U?F?? rE d?NEO?? U?C U?OU?D uM w
oKD* b?uU U d?OG b?FU u?I i c

47

475

u d

Parmenides

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

c UF?OL UMH QA?M Ue Wd( pc vHM? uJ w rz U w u c

q jM tM u?u dO u? uu u?u u jO b? s UD tK
Wu??? WK v?K U?? b???OMU? VK_ U???O??{Ud? ZNM u? U??M??? t?????H???K
d

Empedocles

fOKU dNEO U: WOKI de w WuUOH WUL'U

U* d? w qJ U?? u? U?F? W?F?_ d?UMFU u?I?O? c

450 u?

WbFU uI 5 cJ lL b uN dOG XU b UNM b q sJ UM uN

U wuB lU WOM d u t XU UL U WbuU uI
u d

Anaxagoras uU?J l wUuO d?A* v dG* s dO? uF r

v w q UIU oKD* bFU uIO c UOu w UMO s

460

qJ e??O?L??? c w U?O?_ u?? w q w u?u?? w q t WU??N U?

U?NO?K VK_ c? V? vL? U?O?_ Vd? U?NMO U?L?O qb? w t?d?F w
u w q? rJ

(Nous) ??I???

UM w W???L??N??? W??U??{ p? v U??{ t?MJ

c c Vc* u? rOE Vc? U??C d?NE r tK u?J w UEM W?d??( b?B?
s

420

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Democritus

fDdI1 u tH wU tO uI qBHO

w UO_ u Wc WHKH uI YO? UOu s WdI UOd WIDM w db

bM uu* hzUB? fH qJ sJ UbF WUN w (Atomoi) rIM
Q?AM U?O_ n?Q iF? U?N?C?F UN?UB U?N??d s? U? b?u b?OMU
UU9 wJOUJO? U Vc Vc* c dH b?u UNNu? w vMH rIM
tU U? qI  dOQ q wHM t_ rbM? t w b?O U U0 Uu?O bM dNE
u VU s h_U bb u l{u uJO tS cN uJ Wd vK

WHKH qI UMO UOU

480

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- 499)

fU????) d????I

q?I??? t??H?B??M w w rOEF? UMO b??? d?B? u? bb?%

WMb* t?O? de c t??H Xu w 5OzU?DH? W?H??H
U?NO? wd* d?FA c?Q d_ b* s d?O? vK dDO? WOd?u1 d
u? v?KQ WMb* e U??L? UM v? U?H w Ub??O?uJ w? Ub?O?d?? w
s t?M W?OU?F uI d?UE s p d?O v tU? U? X U?L? s wKOJA? sH
XO?L? w? WMb?LK W??O?d W?N UMO? WMb* UMO 5 e??O?O?L? d?{ v? Wb?
UMO? w W?F?KI fOud??_ bU??F?? rE u??OMO_ U??N d?? b? U??N??L? vK? WMb*
pK s WUM c?F b?F uMOU? b?F u UUM d?UH? t uO v wU?

48

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

b dD o?M vK rL?? c fOu?d?_ w W??F?I v?K vK lu W??N

W1b? u??B? cM Ud?A u??G?A? U? UMO? lu? v U? UM u?? qL? w
WOU?uO UC?( Wb q W?uJ XU? UN w p U?NO fO?ud_ lu? pc
v? U?GD r?J wd?I??_ wJK* rJ( w?Uu?O d?B?F w U?N?OK? d? b? d?O?J
uD u?F bb?%

462 U?F cM wd?u1b rJ( UE? l U?( UN d?I??

560 - 640 u u?u bN? v U l s?J1 c wUO? UNL?OEM qB?* wIO?I(

rJ( v U? 5u d?A dJ? bzU? WOd?I?_ WI? s wUO? u
VF??A U???I 5Od??I??_ U?J( 5 bb?A? U?_ s d??? b??F WMb* U??O?
uu? t U? U? r s U?B?? ld?A? WDK v?K dDO? ?? w Vd
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cM lLK t?L$ b b W?eK uB d?OG u?CI uU sc U?CI n?F WN?u w
s rz d???U l9 5?L?) u?? d?L?

594

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612

U?

s r uNA* WF? ULJ( WuL sL{ bF Ud o U?L t UL lOL'

U? d?I wK?b UMO aU s sJ U?L?N W?H?KH U?O?I bO?N9 U?
Ud UL? fU) dI Wb l b U/ WOUu?O UO( w wU qUH U?NU S
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w d( U?dB? rEF XKL?% w UMO U?OI dH? vK UuO d?B b?I p
c l

480

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490

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d?? s sJ U??L??N? Uu??O b?? 5 v WM?b?L?? UMO W?UJ b??% rU?( U??B??
WOUu?O b* rE UMO q d?F XU w Wd? WLzb WbOKI? UN?UM nu
X? tF? UN U?I c

478

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5 UMK U?L

462

U?F w wdu?1b UEM dI?? v UMO? q w d?

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q s lO?L' U? W?OU?O VU?M* wu U ` rN??HQ rN?H u?LJ sc r
UF WdIU r VUM* iF w 5OF ` UL UU UO r YO UID
dIH lb pc WO?UO Uu UI Wd u? l dI q sJ2 eO% _
b?( wU?L?? U?L??CK qU?I? qJ lO?L??K UM U? U??u pK? U?O?I u?
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49

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

t?b W?bBK U?{d Wd? XC? c

462

t?H U?F w sJ U? tI?

c cM Wd? UMO? 5 Wu?H* b?F b? u?LO? Xu p w UMO rU? UN?O
u UL?NMO WFDI? d UO?I jI fO rOEF Ud?OQ UN uJO b? w aU
q U?N?O Wd? u? u?b wKJ UMO e?N U?

404

U?F v? WO?U d??H

vK (10) Wd???? l nU??F?? s rN????H 5O?MO_ 5Mu?* 5 s b?? t_ pc??

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U? s uM fL? b?F wMO_ U?C?I d?Q r UM b?F?O?

462

vK W?IU?

vK d t UC t?I s U0
c uUD U

429

429 - 495 Pericles

tU U v

448

404

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U s U?OKF WOMO_ Wud? pK

vK p q U v b1 e?OKJdO dOQ U tH eO?KJdO tM U UMO U

q w UMO b dB? u s w w UUO UIO v? qOK cM UM; U u
UF ldA WUO jI fO eOKJdO U bI eOKJdO dB u U/ Vu'
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500

430 - 440
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d??? w U?u??B? Wb We?? XJN u??O v d?B?? cM

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U0 d???N v d?D{ 5

430

432

490

v?? U??N? wI 460 U??F w? UMO v? U?? c

U? t UL? d? d?L?I fL?A uI tQ t?OK U? U?O b?F e?OKJd?O bU?0

c UMO c wu_ d?O?N UbO?d? dF? r e?OKuu? U?C UIb?
bI dJH uMH w VIK V  rdO aUu t tM UIO
U?OD U?C U? UL? W?O?Od? W dJ?H u W?UI? l U?O?UO? eO?KJdO U?
W?D hM e?OuuKO? d aU bb?O?u rOEF wMO_ R* U?? kH? U?U
U?F b w d?( pK s _ U?F b?F vu* uMK UMOQ e?OKJd?O UU?I W?OMOQ
UJ r_ e?u? vK u?% W?OU? W? w R* p t?O UN??M

395 - 462

431

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qFHU eOKJdO _ su* rJ( lC XU
WU? w UMO v W?H?H b U?H? UM b U? vK t?H u eOKJd?O o(
aU dO l dBI uD U w uUJ l U( w UL UMO b2

50

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

U? b??u UMO v u??U?J b?? U?

460

u b?B c? w qU?H

R uFC sc u?OFOD WH?H ULz uBI* WH XK?I UMO vK b

c R? aU? c q? du rU?F d?O??H v u?u q s q_ b?*
UN?OK UMFK w WOd?G Ub U? 5 tFC s b?$ r c UM tF?{ 5F
s UOu? s d_ b* s WH? Q r r bb?U aU? c r c u
c q?? U?MO v Xu? p v?? W??H????H u??N e??d Y?O?? W??OKI?? U??OUD? uM
r U?N d?O? U d?I d? cM W?O?L XU? UMO UM b?I rF aU?
w b?F b?F d?H b{ d?O?J U?B? bF? U sJ r?OE U c sJ
fO?U Wd?F w dU? rU( U?B b?F h_U

490

490

U uU? WF?u

w U?L?OD?% WMb* rD b? U? wU?H? gO?' qO?

480

U? Wd??

WLOK WKU Wd? UNu UI v WMLD d' bOL?C UM US UMO XKGAU
d?A?F p b?F d?? w? d?HU Wb? W1e U?( w `M? U?N? w w f9 r
dB?F Wb 5R* s d? tO? d c dO_ aU? c bF?

480

w u

U? UMKB r
 q_ vK UN?O WH?H Q r r WOUuO W?UI? w wJOJ
WE? b?F t?O qO/ c d?H

460

v

480

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U??O?U??O? UdJ?? v_ u??I X??? b?? Ud? o?? U?L??

480

b?F? UMO

W?OB?? d u U/ U vMG d?u l v? bb' qU?F u d UU?&

bF

461

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462

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s b `BO v tH UF p w

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fUO UO

VU?? qOKI? p b??O?F V?F?AK? X bb?? U??? t1b??I U??

429

451 U??F

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WO?B w sLJ? UbM dH

460

480

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U w? ULz UMO XK w W1b?I

U?NM d?G s U?Ou w UMO v d?A s d?J u?IF XF?? U0 w e?OKJd?O

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v V?d??I??? vK? wu_ qU??? j? w UMO?????? WMb??? s
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480

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467

460

428

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51

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

e??OM?O??u lU?? U?/ UMO v b???IK

u?I?O v? (12) U?N?OK

480

480

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d?? u? UMO_ tU 5 t?D w wd

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s U U?NO? t?U bF UM?O s d uIU R dD? tF? U U/ t rN?CF

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t U v rN UUF dH l U b U UU 5 rNMb w UIU uOMO_
U?? bb??% UMO v? tKIM u??I??O?? c t??OK oU?? w?u_ rKF vK? dDO??
jI UU dA dL UOu UGO
v X?K9 w WOu_ W?OLKF W?OH?KH Wd?F* tF u?UJ qI U? vK
fOM?O?U??J? fbU??L??J fOU? W?? W??ODK* W??b* U??C?? w

460 U??

r fOMOU?J_ cOLK U? t UI

540 560 585

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WMb u s dO bF Ud UL UMO _ tO lL UI uUJ

w UU? 5 tO u?FL 5OMO_ s d? uB lOD? fDOKdO
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UU 5 W?L uUJ b bM dL U c e?OKJdO bb s w UM U
e?OMO?u tM U?LK?F?? pc? q t U?Ib? `? c u? W??L? tM d?G? u?N?
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Disciple

t?FU t??U?

Mathts (13)

c?O?LK U?O?d?? u?I wd

VU u uUJ d UbI bB c w ndD Wb( WO_

ddI c W? w bIF UM s rd vK fJF eOKJd?O Q l w qCH
U0 UMO v uUJ b U w UOUO uI qU U eOKJdO _ t vK
c U? w W??d U?I UM d?O? p d vK U?L?N??b V? t?O?U? b U?
5 W?F tO? nB c

46

120 Plutarch

uUuK? dON?A VUJ s hM

p t?OK vH?{ e?OKJd?O c qd U? wU?O? vK u?KO?H d?OQ 5Kd

U l v U?I tIK UL? v{uH U d? VOU lOL U? c lzd Uu
UGU? UU qd? cN U?F? eOKJd?O U UMO? s u?UJ u?N u?L
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q t?O?F??L??? gb X?U? d? d?O??? e?O? W?AzU W?O??u? W?? q s u?K lO?
U tUO e1 U tQ dO?_ c eOKJdO WUD s t bM nOC WAb
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52

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

pc U?I q t UIb? U UMO w tM rKF? s b eOKJd?O fO (15) fLA
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406

485

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s sJ r (17) t??OK lK d??I?? dUE t??OK lK?D U? s? qJ sJ1 U??
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w W?L??N? w 5O?? 5MzU? U??O? U?L?N wMF? u Ud?? U?L??? U?L U/ d??L?I
u?I?O c d?I? U?NU?B v U?U? 5 s d??Q p b?F dI? rN?]? U?O?
U?LMO (20) t???O u? wb* qN?? U????? u?U??J v U?N??U? t???H s U?N?O??HM
W?H??H? v W?U?F bM V?M u?N?A? d? XU?? U?N w q b?F UM?U? qU?(
XU? U??N p W?OJK?H W?O?H??KH c UbM? d e?O?O9 s U??LJ(
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460

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430

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53

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

wFO?D s UDK nK? s qI?* pc? uI d( u?I s w S

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399

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(22) d( dJH V WOUuO ULU;

ld b?b?????U

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lb t?MJ sb pK?H qzU??? s b??F_ lb? v qB UM? t?OK? wzU?C??I U??
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t?O?U? v U?N?u? U? U?/ u?U?J_ 5OMO_ U?N u o?b?B?U b? d??_
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431

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404

vK u??N fOu?d?_ w U?u?B? UMO 5e vK U?F? W?HKJ? W?L?OE u?LD

rNH lOD d c u{ w WIOI?( w eOKJdO bBI U U/ uUJ
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q W?N UJS jI sJ r U?UN d?F* R* tO?L d?O u e?OKJdO r?B
U t d u uI? ULMO UOUO bU U tOK rJ( d?H l dUU pc
zU WLJ; w VFA v tu eOKJdO tLU UM w UMO w s w
wHMU W?U? XU? U?LK t?U?O? ? Wb R?A? t vK VF?AK d??? s q
vK WUI* d? v uBM  uUJ_ cOLK wS? eOKJdO U czbM
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56

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

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58

WH?KH3 UMO# W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

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59

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60

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63

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64

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u?FA u? ? vK c?N d]C? ? rNK s u?OzUD?H? bN? dA?

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425

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65

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fDOK?d?O t?M b?% c q?I?F S?? wU??U o(U wC??I qB?? rJ b??u t
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66

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67

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68

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l$d*
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- H. E. Singerist , A History of Medicine , (1961) .
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UNId s su q jd YO WOUJ WOd UL? WuL v VFA b

WDI XU?? b?I? U?L?? c W?L? qJA? UMO WM|b? X?U? d?_ WU?N w? WM|b*U
v U??L??? q?? oikos XO??? q d??_ v? U??L??? w U??N??}? b?? w b???
WLI UL v u phyle WKOI r

phratra

phratria

dOAF r

demos w(

s 5OMO?_ nu? ? s d?_U? U?L? s Uu??K b? lu w f?LK s

wMO_ wd??* d?F?A ? s t?d?F? nu? u d?_ suJ r s? e W?O?C?
S r s tFL s V_ U vK WO?CI c s WHK< Vu' h ULO
UAM u wMO_ w?d* dFA UM? UNKI w Vu' b? tFL? Wd& s t?d&
rN??U? s U?? w? sN?} Q?K? e w u??d U?? w U?U??K `{u
w dOJH? Wb v dU u U?L d_ c d?OA (11) U?UM U vK d?FK
UN}K ubI r w WOe UO( U$ vK d( w WKL e u{u
W?UM* WdLF WKd*U wM?O_ lL: w lzU?A UL pc? Vu' c 5 s
wM?O_ b?????O????u?J d?????U????A? UM? b????I b?????B c? w U?????M? U????d? b e?K
t?u U qJ vMF* c tO? uB tUOd? b s bN?A

Aristophanes fOUu?

WKD 5 uc* nu* u? Yb( b YO UUU U? UNO jK d?UA s

qJA U?AU u?F?L U?d WO?B?A dc UM U?NUO?B? b 5 W?Od?*
(12) WKD UN}K d dL

u t o `O c rF
c bM wNM d_ sJ
WdF* s U u v qd
VOA*U dF u jK b
u e tF w tS
UNd dL q dOB uN Wu_ lO U
WOU uF sK d XK
RM UO s UM|b U l UdE ULN
e wG s UM d vK bI sK
d vK? U u?c? s q b eK W????UM* s?U U?L?? d??B???I? r c
b W?OC? pc qJ q b?B c w wd?* dF?A tJF U?LO? 2 wMO_ U?F
uD u 5uKO?H v dOA (13) dUF U? b$ UM wHKH dJH q
VUM* l{u? q1 t b? U0 t U?L?NM q? b? qOK? W?A?UM*U? Q?A c UM

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d s d? qJA dJH* c tU U U?: c w nO{ d_ c w

iF h U?L?O? b? U Q? p w tQ? Yb?( u?{u? W?OC?IU dU?F U?L?
c w d= d?L? s qOK dO? b vK U?Nu q1 U q? b_ dO?B UU?CI
uD_ U? U?

347 - 429 u?

u u l?OL?K d?F u U0 b?B

WOCI U' UL ULN dL? 5UF 5KO 1 ULN r s

322 - 384

wMO_ lL: w eK WUM* s

uUI dF WQ pc UM t oKF U e u tuU UL UO w
b?$ UM VKD? l{u? U??H s eK b?I? s u?? w? o( VU? b? c
b? _ U? S? d?? s U?? s q?I U??H? vK o( VU? u _
w U??NU?? U??? s? U?N?U? e?? U????H vK U?? W???U?M* q?? wu
.(14)UCI WIu vK uB( s b 5U(

vK u?OMO_ d? b?I? WMu* u?I? U?NU? eK? W?OU?L?? W?H?BK U??O??

UM 5?KzU?F d?? d?C??

gamelia U??

qH? W??U?? od s b??( c U?N??

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c w t?F s? nUC r s? qH( v su?b* u?C? dG XU? w u?ID
Wb??' W??dK d?O?? b?OU? WO?N? W?? sL?C? u?c* u?ID XU? b?I? b?B
UF? UNM? Q U?LN WJF? .bI uDFU U?LN?O?OD 5dFK U?G Q Uu?
fdF dF tO? dA wU fID wNM u?C( v du uK( .bI
(15) 5dF ub bON9 UM UI Ue Wd v qFA qL u
uOMO_ t}K vH{ bI WMu* uI tU r s e WOL dbI w U
v fOU?u? t?} dO?A d? u WN rU? 5 tMO jd od s? Wb?I WH?

Zeus u

t W

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UNQ WN? cN nu UD) c wNM t WO w XU? c e 5 WN c
(16) e uI `OUH kH% w w
s d?CU t??F?? U? e W?O??C?I 5OMO_ U?L?? vK bu?A c r??? r
eK e?O? U? uU?I? b?$ UM wMO_ uU?IU qB?? bU?A d?_U U?L?
l w?M' q?U?F???U fK W?U? w? tD??C U?? c h??A? WEK u?? w? q??I
d?I??U Y?F U?? s* U? qJA U? uU?I c q?? d??H UM (17) t??
sJ dO b? v d_ pU9 vK UH( v dOA t YO? s p WOMO_ d_

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u?????* vK v??? d??H u?????* vK d? d???? bM? w w nu??? d??_

t YO? s Wb dH 5 W?FU q?B YU u?? v p vD q w?UL?
d? VU?' s WMu* o VU? s su 5dD 5? Wd??A* W?KB* 5 b?u
d_ od s WbK dH UL rb r s
d_ UJ WOC UNHu 5OMO_ b d_ dQ UL WOU b u c U
uu U U 5 UI U U 5 jK) WKJA UMNu UM lu vK uM c vK
UuB d* W?OB w WOK Vu?' s Yb( S UO c w d_ W?IOI w
cJ dP bI UJ bM d U Wd_ UO( w W?UIU YFU qB ULO
w d?OJ qO?( WOe? WUO) U? w U?M R U v? fOUu? s lL?
lO?{u? w U?b??* s d?A vK U?Mb* u?I s U?: c w U?N??} b?L?F
sL{ b w UM b v bB c w lLM (18) UdM* s sdO WNU
u W?O?e s?NU?O? w U?MK W??Lzb U?H?B s td???? U? iF s WKu? W?uDI?
(19)sNH w uI YO U{ b' 5 jK) vK uDM XU WUM*

U U q _ vK bJM sU
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dOG UO sNH_ su
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s uu XU UHB c q U: c? w d_ WIOI 5 UM

d? W?N? s t_ W?N? s t?F?L??? s XH?K U?L? wd?* d?U?A _ p
vI sJ dF dO? uu dO nu s b% sbUA* b tO?bB bIH
V? s d???_ WuKD W?G?U?* d? d?O??? TD b? q p l W??GU?*
d* l uKUF? sc b nu* bOQ WKO qJA WGU?* u U_ c b
pc rN} tKu VUJ bd U v sbUA* UE XHK WF* WIdD pc w
WbOuJ UOd?* w UuB nu* UNMLC w WU?H* vK rNUJ{ d
w{U* w U? d?_ UD U? WO?M' W??F u{u? u W?GU?LK d? V?
b rNM VKD d u WbO?uJ WOd* UJ Uc Uu?{u d{U( w e
UF 5U' w UL UHO nuLK rOC s
d?_ w? W?e d???F sJ1 w? U?O??K lL???: nu? s c? U?
w WO?K uJ dH w W?OK UH?B s Yb( p bF vI? WOMO_

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sd VU v? d_ U? w UOI?* UMd U?L UM_ e b oK sJ1

sJ r Yb?( b?O d?_ u b?B c w U?? bA c? d* tKJA c
U( q w d* qd s q b b?u dB v W?MU b W?OFd c?
d* WU w t}? dEM U WOe UD U? wM' qUF S U?* qO vK
s UN?}K Vd? UL b? sJ r v? lOMA? l{u l{u W?O WUO? t vK
bMK U?? U?NM c??? u?O?d??* d?F?A U?? U?L? Wd?_ W??OuU?I W???U?;
u WUJH
U?N? WU?( w lL?? sM? U?HK??? d??_ U? b?I?? e??* qd WU? w? U?
Yb?( s uK uJ UM} XK w? UO?d?* UJ eU oK U?OU?L? U?F?OMA
UM 5? U? (20) U??????( w? qb UJ U?????UM w U??( c q??? s
`O??LK U??? W???UM w qd? h U?L??O? UDM c? w qb d? Y?b?(
pOJA? U?N? qL?? c XU? sKF* o( dz w qb? XU?B rU?H?
XU? bI d?_ c q? UM Yb( U? 5 wzUC?I rOJ U? v tQ? w
d?O? w WU?( d* WU? w l{u t?}K? U U?L? ?? q nK? t??O?F?d?
w?U?????O????? V?OD?) U?????N??????????????? W?????F??????d????? sL?????{ U????? U??????O????? c? w U?????N?????}?
b$ U?NO? UC?I U W?LJ; w UN?OIK wJ? tzL? b_

Demosthenes fOMu1

b?N uN UM c? U?d s UM (21)d?U? qJA wU U?* cQ Yb?(

UM 6MO sc? UMS Ue U? UMUQ W?OuO WUMFK ?OK) c W?F*
UMuO vK UMO UU UO sJO 5Od UM
c U??N??b??I? XU?? w U??b??) W???F??d* d s nO?MB?? c s? `C??
U?L? U?NMO qB?H eK? WK?UJ? U?b? w U?d v U?M s ? U?O?uM
bI t YO s Wu* qL?% uB t UdF d qJ?A Ub) c tM `C
w t}K d?F
 dO t Ud?F l{u c U sJ U?CI U WO d?U

WU WO?UL WO?UM s t u{uU UU t d? U qN UOuU? tKL

U?N?? t l{u c? _ d?U??? q_ vK W??FU? u?J sJ1 R?? c s
5 U??L??O?? lu vK? UU?? U?? U? t?K1 d?? d????H? u? U?? tK1 U??Lb??
qb s qOK dO b UM 5Nu
U??H??B b?? b?F?????? WuKD* W?U? q?? ? s U?? U0 b?B? c w
U?N? s UM l? uKUF? U?d rO?LF? U s fO?Mu1 d? w ?
d_ s?uJ UN W? W?HB c u U?F? c V u?N UM W?H w

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UM|b? vI????? cJ d??_ Wb? s UM?b?? u??{u?? sL???{ qb r s? U??_ s

W?d?A* WH?B w Wb W?e W?H? XU? WKOK) W?e U|d?_ U?H?B
s nu* ??? U?F?{u? WKOK) W??H? u? UMU? vI??? ? U?O?_ W?F?O?? rJ
W? s v t? VU? v t WKOK e U? U q?N W?OU?L? WO?UM
wMO_ lL: w qU qJA uI d p U q vK
YO? s d w ??K W?{d? d?_ Q? b? U?? c? s WU? b? w
U?C?I U? U?I? XU? w U?b qOb? wMO_ lL??: w d? W??d? 5 b?*
u u?{u* c w XU? wA S p? l QA c?N qB? qzU? w U?N?O qB?HK
t W?U?? vK U?N??H? dD w dE o b??? sJL* s U?? tM nu*
w U??_ s Yb?( qO? w UM X? dE d?OG o? dO?G? sJL* s U?
WU?? v U?? w U?? U?0d?? U???_ c? s dEM i?G sJ l{u? c v
b??O? l{uU? XU? w? dE iF UM? u?B U?? ?O?K) U?? U? s d??O?N??

Pericles

fOKd wMO_ rO?e WU? w UO? c w U?N} d?O? w WU( Yb?(

(22)

Aspasia

UOU tKOK

W?? fOKd? 5 U?NMO XU? W?OU?u?O b* b? s UMO v d?* c X b?I

d V?

443 450

5 t?? rOe c o?K UN?zU? s U? WO?HU?

b?? b??$ UM t W?? U??N??H??u f?O WKOK? U?N??H??u? U?O??U???? l g?O??F d

U2 rd? vK U??O??U????? vK u??? sA W??F? l{u c s c????? 5O??U???O??
w 5H?I?* U? w U?N d?O?? db?I v? wU?I U?A s b?O? c t d?N??
b_ R S Socrates dI wMO_ uKOH cO 5 UuB wMO_ lL:
uN s dH d9 fOKd WU tO XU? o X w UN}K uN U 5OUO
WLN? WLU; v Uu?b d* c w

330 u

WM|b*U u?UD UA s w

b? c t?HM fOKd? UNM l b?F U?N s Xzd U?NMJ u?IU? e b?

U?F w t?O U? b?F W?O?d?A s c `M w?MO_ rO?e s UM U?O?U?? X?$
W? XO? WKOK XU? UO?U? t? _ W?Od?A c s U?d? U?

429

ULNM lL v wMO bu s _ _ uJ dA U wMO_ uUI _ tO_

WuKD* WOdAU
l{u?? d??_U W????O?? U??H??B U??e w W????O?? U??H??B s Yb??( b??F
u d? YU? sdK W?O? W?H s? WLK vI? _ h U?L?O d? w ?
d? v 5 s rNzU UM?_ R VU? s W?O? WKU?F* w UM?_ tK1 c sd

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u WuA) s WGU W v U?O_ iF w qB sJL* s U WKUF* c p

fOU?u? U?O?d? b? w u??A b? tU? U2 t?M? UMF? w qE d?
v pc dOA rU uIM UM_ U 5 WGU* qO vK t Uc u v
(23)dUA UNAU UNU w dH w wMO_ lL: w b U U
d?F U?NU?H? qLJ?? YO? v W1b?I UMO w d?_ s? Yb?( WU?N w q
b v d?OA u_ b$ UM U?NzU s Xb% b?F W UNU sU?; ld
c U S? bB c w d?* h UL?OH? d?_ dI? v R? U v d?O?
UM b?B?I UM c? v wN? UO? dO? XO? R vK? uI U?N u t d?H XU?
6' dOD e? dOFA hL% tG?B uB eG w w (24) d_ u vd
(25)p dO Uu dC% ccK
dD{ u v? qbU d?_ e c? uN? U U? t?H?u qd u?B? U?
v (26) U? Wd q? d* WKO{ W?d sN1 v d?OIH d?_ WU w
W??KB* d? U??I e U??N? q?? WU??F dE w fH?M UQ b?? qL?F u??I
lL??: t??I1 ?L? U?H?) w U1 rU?; U? 5L?B??< s d? d
U? vK bL?F (27) 5R* U?( 5Mu* iF?

sycophantia WUu?

q

vK tM oHM c qbK bB UNHu WU W?d( s qb t}K UL `B

u?C? U?I U?N?}?K qB? su* U? w W?KO??C Q?UJ* vK U??L?? q? td?
(28)VFA fK UK s WK
q sJ r UNU?U}? WODG  qbU t?UD b? td qd be vK
v dOA? w buA s qOK dO b? UM|b S bB c w U t u?I U U
s uJA c e UMN? WO?HUF WU?d s uLK u?K bI td q?d WU
d c e UM (29) t UO w UN rF w U?FD U WAu* UO(
pc (30) t? YO t?eM v d w dJH ? s s d? b?F tM
c p (31) t?? l UF? d?U t?O? l?L q?I??? w dJH c e
(32)W*Q* te b bFO qOK w uI
w W?e e bF d?_ U YU UM_ n?u h U?LO? dO? WLK vI?
s b U?NO? WKUF? rU UM_ qUF u s U? t UM d b? WI?OI b?B c
qO s uJ b q wMO_ lL: w bzU d_ u sJ r c b t dO _
U u vK tUO?d b w p c wd* dUA fOUu? b WGU*
u_ rOC WGU* s t} d o U UU w UMK UuB XHK

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tOM bd U v UE_ XH WU w b?OuJ wd* dUA VUJ WId UL

d? v d?O?A WK?_ s b? UM|b U?O c w t?} V U? bR U0 t?}
? UM|b q dO? b v rU s u?FA O?H U U?N_ U cS bb?N
tO?_ db UM UN?O b?$ UNu? w Wd? WU; XU? ULN? U UF? WU? vK
(33) dL nd w b iF t du WKOK s w bI c

***
b c W1b?I UMO w W?O?U?L? U?O?( U? s YU? u?; v qI?
b? hOB? t? vK pc wM W?OU?_ rN?LO? iF? 5OMO_ p9 b u?
U?_ W?Nu? w p rN??N s rN?H?u vK U?I b? rNMOu? vK rNU?H?
Wb w d? o b? d v? 5 s UN d1 rN?FL?? U? w dJ b?_
w U?u?L? U??F?L??: U?O? w u?C? rO??I d?? s XU? s|b W?L??O? Yb?( c
nO????{ VUM?* s U??? U?0 vK? Ud?????? s?J r .b????I d???B????F
W??F uN?H? w wMO_ lL??: s b?% q U?O? c w d? Wu?K
c w bzU?? U? c u??N?H* s nK?? W??O?U? U??N XU? rN???N Uu??O lO?L?? 5
U?N?N v dEM UF?L?: pK XU? ULMO? U?N?K b d_ U?FL?: b b?B
lL?: U? t qb c bI? u t wCI U? dDO? W?OU? u U?N vK
d uEM s WQ* v dEM dCU wMO_ lL: p w U0 wUuO
uI 5d 5 WIH? bI UN vK uc* WF v dEM wUu?O lL: U UM
uID 5d?I dA bI p qU?I w dA wL?% WN d U& b U?LNM q
W?N uK u b? w w rNU?H w u? U?dDU? p dO? U? WNx d?zUF?A
K u?C?) WQ? w v? d?A? s nK? W?N q d?A? s
d? c b
?I
d?_ c w UL?NM q U?N?O U? w? nFC U?I hzU?IM w v? 5dD vK
u? w V( W?N wd? VU? s W?N b W?O?e WU?O?) vK U? b?$ d?O?_
wM' cA vK  b$ pc? d( t f UNIOA l uU?HO d_ UN
n* w u?H tK?OU9 s U9 vK d? YO WOUu?O U_ u t b
p|b b w f?b?O?L?OU? w?B qL? u t? c UM u?B U??L? UMO? w wMu
UuO UU2 o tu v V; Wb t t} tb c
u W?N lL??: 5 W??F h U?L?O wU?uO u?N?H?LK u?B? c u?{ w
dO?G wF?OD s `?B 5d 5 WI?H bI? W?F c s qF c u?NH*
b? w qL d? V W?U? vK WdD* dE? dO?G WUF* su?

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Ud Xd v d?J b?_ s b? .bI d?B?F w UMO b?N? b d? w

r b_ c v?K WN v wMO_ lL?: dE w r s W?OUL? U?O( w
UN?F{ U? ULMO Ud? UOMO U?NC?F U q Ub U?MO UN X{dF? Ub UN?FO?L sJ
bB c w WOUuO b* s UdO l{u UUA tL U ULN d iF w
U?U?B? d?? sdO?? 5b? U?IM b?O? WQ?* vK b?N?A?? V_ s X b?I?
5 s U uB?) t vK UMO w WOUL? UO( ULU X?KL Ub UMOQ
rNN 5OMO_ nu u UO( Vu s VU' c w dQ U

330

U?F? w wMO_ lL???: d??{ c u?UD u s?d?O??J 5b?( sc? b?

U??F_ UM? 5 qO??B??H?? s? b??I fbb??O??u? wMO_ R* U?M t??H?? c

vK d??F??? b??B c w b??O??H* s U?? U?0 b??( c Uc?? c W??O?UJ
UMF? w `?B r s U?N?F?O? U?F_ c r? b v? nu c?N d?B??
c w t??b? R* b? Yb??( b?O? nu* vK? t??d c d?O??G? 5 U?N?MO jd
W?I?OI? (34) u?I?O WU?F d?O? tQ u?UD Ub s W?U? dJ UDS U?O?
d??O?b?? s b??I c??N fO U??A?? c??N fO sJ d?? sU?? U?? d* c
W?d?F vK? uuJ r WM|b*U su?u* U?_ t?F? s nU?{ b W?OU? U?O?K
s UF{ v?K bU pc tF? qUF uF?OD r r s tKOU?H tFOD? WIU
U?L?O? b? s U? u?M sU?? bU?F* w W?Nx rN?d?C 5OM?O_ UuMF?
t qB U uUD U UU?C b UH l dE c X% d_ c h
r u?B?? UM uU?F UM? VDK u?U?L* r?NMO s u? UM q? Yb? u
s q R* n s t??M? sJ1 U? u Q u? s U?N?u U? U?GU?*
wBA t o tb wb U u{u* c w u U
p s t?}K bU? (35) uD nu u?UD d s? fbbO?u b? r
t u?{d??F sc p g?U? d*U VO? t???H u t s? Q?A c w d??c U?
w u??? d??I UU?N?? id* U??N U?B w? d?( W?? s b??? cJ
be q U* wU?F td c bb?A gDF U w?I U bK' U?N dF?
c w U?b v? UN? eO1 w i?d* UN d1 w U?OM WU? b?
s rN rK U? U? dc?O u?UDK d?F s* WO??HM WU( n R?* vM UO?
(36)dUJ `U qJA u* v U WUI* vK bI rNbIH  e
u??ID w vu* t d??F?? U? c j?K) U?L n? v R* qI??M r
p U??O??( b?O?? vK u?e uU?? sc p V?U? s W?U?( c w? W?F????*

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g4uN3
Aristotle, Athenai?n Politeia, LCL (Loeb Classical Library), London, 1970, II, 2.
ibid., II, 2-3.
ibid., III, 1-5.
Thucycides, Historiai, LCL, London, 1969, I, II.
Strabo, LCL, London, 1966, VIII, 1-2.
Aristotle, op.cit.,V,2.
ibid., XII, l.
ibid., XII, 3.
ibid., XII, 4.
ibid., XXVI, 3.
Lacey,W.K., The Family in Classical Greece, Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
New York, 1984, p.100.
Aristophanes, Nephelai, LCL, London, 1996, l41.
idem, Lysistrata, LCL, London, 1996, 593ff.
Lacey, op.cit., 106-107.
Ehrenberg, Victor, The People of Aristophanes,.Basil Blackwell, Oxford,
1951, p. 193.
ibid., op.cit., 194.
Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae, LCL, London, 1996, 973 - 76.
Ehrenberg, op.cit., p. 196.
Aristophanes, Thesm., 336f., 387, 467ff., 559f.
idem, Ecclesiazusai, LCL, 1996, 224ff.
ibid., 624, ff.
Demosthenes, LCL, London, 1988, LIX, 122.
Cantarella, Eva, Pandora's Daughters, Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London, 1987, pp. 53-5.
Aristophanes, op.cit., 638-9.
ibid., 598f.
ibid, 88, 215.
ibid., 38.
ibid., 452.
ibid., 379 ff.
idem, Lysistrata, 865.
idem, Thesm., 1021, 1205f.
idem, Ploutos, 250, 613f.

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7
8
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22
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30
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idem, Thesm., 486.

idem, Sphkes, 738ff.
Thucydides, Historiai, 47.
ibid., 49.
ibid., 51.
ibid., 52.
ibid., 53.
Aristophanes, Ecclesiazusai, 591-93.
ibid., 542-48
ibid., 755-57.
ibid., 762-72.
ibid., 778-38.

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lD v U?D* WU?N w? R??? w W?O??U?H W??Od??? U???F wUM s? oKI
s u?H?H nU?? c uKA?H wJ UMO v u?_ d?? s WO `L?I b?
U????L???? w?U????H? pK* s? d????I????? rb? u????OM?O_ U???? q?_ vK? d
W?OK WuJ U?N vK X?U U? UMO r=b b wU?H pK* W?OMO_ WOd?I?
w XuJ c?J 5Od?u?L|b U?Lb l qU?F?? s b U?N?F? qU?F? U?H?
d?H u?O?? q s WzU?L?F_ rJ? wL? U?L?O? W?O?K W?uJ

411 U?F w? UMO

qC?? ? `K d??A b?I???? pc?? Wd?? w?{d U0 l{u p rN?M UM

c oI r sJ 5OMO
fOdU?O dGB U?O vK dU wU?H wu l tU{UH? s
rN??OMF b?? U?L?O?? UMO Wd??? W??O?C? b?R uuJ r d??H fU?O??J
v u?F w qQ fU?OJ U? pc rb? r rN(U?B q? 5dD s `UB?
bzU? tu b?I? tQ oO?I?% WU?; UMO w bb' l?{u qG? p v u? UMO
w UMO v bU?O vb
uU? de bM ed?L* W d? w wMO_ uD_
W?uJ u??U? 5Od?u?1b U?L?e uU??? sc U?I? 5 s U?

411 U?F

c vK u??U? w wMO_ uD_ U?? d9 b? WKU?H? W?O?U??O_ W?zU?L?F_

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UNuDQ lDI W?dH Wd? qG u?A rNMJ wdu1b rJ( d?
r YO uU? w uK pc UMO s `LI b wU qu?L suJ Yb(
tU??? u??U? w U??I?U? rN?FM U?? s tu?? b?F fU??O??J rN vI?? UM
UMO w WzU?L?F_ W?uJ rOb? w Wd? d U? uD_ U? s b? tH?u
fU?OJ u?b? c W?OK_ W?uJ uU W?d? UMO w u?Odu1b d?%
UL d? W d w wd uD_ U 5 WOL? WHB tM v uFK
w uU? w ed?L* wMO_ uD_ rN?}K dB Xu??OKON qOb oO?C oKG

411

U?F w b? p q bb? s U?* U? UMO U?F?? pc W?O W?d?F?

.(33) f
fbbOu W WUN

oOC? oK tb U U? b vK ULzU? e U UMO Wd? 5 dB sJ

UMO? s u??_ d??? s? `L??I b?? lDI wd???? uD_ VU?? s q?Ob
sJ9 s?J oO??C* oKG b?b? u?DQ Wd???? X??F

410

U??F wH?? U?N??Fu??&

wd??? uD_ rOD% v 5O?MO_ U?O? s W???U? d?U??G? b?F fU??O?J

b?I? U?N?O?? u?I tM v? W?zU WU??d YF wd??? uD_ b?zU? v? b?b?'
Uu? u?C? Ud uD? oU? bzU?I bMO? q sH? Ub?I?
sJ r UM?O v d?O?J U?B?? d? fU?O?J U? c?J qF? U?
lD X? b?F UL?O wU?H qb UE u? WO?Od? s W?d? U
W?dF?* pK bF? WOKI? w W?OK dE U? UbU? XU? w u?Od?O? uD
U

407

U?F w q s U?N}K? d9 sc UUHK j? bO?F? UMO b

dJM c? su p fU??O??J tU?? c su p UM?O tM d v fU??O??J

UD_ UI tu bM qI
fUOJ_ b

wH? U; s U?( u dL?? r tM v fUO?J_ Wu?LO* u?F c

WU?L?? u?N? WKu? s bU??O u?I wd?? bzU?I sJ9

406 wU?

U?F

G UM wMO_ uD_ vK b dB d q WOU W d w UMO UHK

fUOJ d UM tU V l q s u_ e WLN w fUOJ UO
oO???C??? d?? UU?M b??? U?? W???FK v? d??
p?c t???}K dD?) c
]
qL???% UM?O v u???F
b???F d???H s Vc? wU* rb? s be??? Wd????? X?IK t X?u w qO?b
bzU???I W???N??? s w?U??? u??? tM wU???H? pK* 5 X?D w? b??O?u U??????F
c d WN s Wd pK fO oOIA d?O _ OO bUO wd

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U??F bF w? wMO_ uD_ vK u?H? wd? uD_ XK?F W?OU* b?
u?_ hI iu?F? W?O?c U?NKOU9 s U?C?F d?N Ub?N? U?B? UMO Xc b?
=b?L? WU?A* lOD? b? _ Wd( `M0 b? bb sH?

406

110 UM

s XMJ9

UF s uOu w? wd uD_ vK dU UB UM?O XII uD_ w

u????O d?e? 5 qOb? oO?C?? s W?d?? e? w U??uMO?? W?F?u?? w

d? UB? rE wUu?O aU? w Wd? Wd?F? d? XU? w WKU?I* WU?O
sJ r bzU? uK?? wd?? uD_ wK u?OMO_ d? W?d?F* c? w UMO td?
UOI UM d V WdF* pK w wd uD_ bzU u bUO
UMO vK? bb? d?B d? UJ s Wd?? uMI U?? d?HE* d?BM c U?
UM d??F p i?d u?d?? 5O?MO_ sJ ?? `KB? 5OMO_ vK? u?{d??
U?uMO? w U?N XOM w? W?Od? dzU?) iu?F s? sJL? s Wd?? rNM
UuMJ WU?* rNUUJ qJ Wd?? VU? v u?H? d? rN U? d?H sJ
WOdG Uu s R? uKF q tUO v bU?O U bb uD UM s
qOb XuOKON oOC u

405 UF

d w bUO d t}K dHK

oOC?LK wdA qU? vK uJU? WM|b w b?O U?OKL b?U vK vu?

qU? vK wUu??u? vb W?IDM w? rNuD_ b?U? u?OMO_ c? 5 w
W?F?K XU? U* U?? U?F U??N sJ r sJ u?JU?? W?U?? o?O?C* pc wd??G
UuAJ U rNF?u s 5OMO_ UI c bI wUuu? s dIU fUOJ
U WF?C bF bUO UD? fUOJ b? b sJ t uNH? b rNMJ
wI TU?A vK? W?O? w W?OMO WMO?H?

171 vK

vu?? wM?O_ dJ?F* U?O??

U???I v R?*U uKL?????? r rN???d??? U???O??? U??? wMO? W vK? i???I

U? u e?H* rd?O?B? s Vd rNU? b? U? dD rN?N? u?e?NM* u?OMO_
WU??NM? W??d?? W1e UM?O XO??I c?J d??H U??C?? w U?9 uKC??H?? UM?O v
WeOuuKO d(
UM lL? 5 WM|b* WU? c UMO w U? U0 c (*)u?uMO? R* nB
r U?F U?HK sH? 5OMO_ rN|b sJ r u?I?O? wUu?u? U?Q0
uc u rN?H_ I? d rNF w sJ r uKU? r U b uuJ
rN}?K U sc d?OGB b q? s rdOG? Uu]d w? UN?H d* QJ s
rN V?? u?I d? nK oK?DM s sJ Uu??J dd? vK ru???U?F?O
U?? u??L??B w u??OMO_ d??L???? pc Wd???? U??HK uU?? b* p?K q
r WOU( dE

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s b?Q pH U? u* s rd vK U?NM ru?d s q v W?O?UO? uI?(

 s Yb UM sJ rK WM|b* w UM

(Xenophon, Hellenica 2.2.10)

` `? 5OMO_ vK o b Q?O U

405 UF

s d?L? w p bF

d?B?M* wd?? b?zU?I rN?}K t?{d? c oU?) U?B??( q w rN? u? u*

VCG mK b bUO bzUI v fOMOdO vb rNM uF dOH uF bUO
U?K U?L?N v? Wd?? U?H?OK? W?O W?u? VU? s mK? q U?MO s qG kO?G
bU?O sJ W?UM u? w UNU?H UNzU? lO UNU? lOL? q UO?zUN Ud?Ob
qE wJ UU9 UdOb s d?OJ b WHOF{ UMO U?I Q su U t_ rN V r
l fOM?O?d?O? U?{U??H? b? b??? W???O W??u? s q? U?u??L U? u d??BM
Xd?& U?H? t?}K qB? lOD? U? qC? vK qB? d?N? W b? bU??O
nU??? v U?L??C vK u?OMO?_ o U?u? u??C? WKO??I W1e d? t??M|b?
s 5?O??HM?* U?? u?d??O U?MO??? UMO???B??% d???J u???_ d???O??b? wd?????
dA wM b WM|b* sH q rOK 5OUO_
s 5 s nQ WM|b* rJ UK UMO w bU?O sO
5N*  c bF
]
UbK 5ADF? uU UM bb( d?NI VdU UMO rJ WO?UO_ WOMG W?ID
s WzU?L?L U?H

403 - 404

U?F b vK d?O?BI rN?LJ d? ? uU?

rN?}K o?K U??L?? 5??? U??GD 5??? W??uJ X?U?? 5O??B????A r?N??u??B??
WOduL|b UBQ qOJ U v bU?O Wd oKD* uU sb uOMO_
oKI b? scK Wd??? wJ?K s W?U??0 rN??LJ rN? W?U s u?MJL??? W??OMO_
UMO w bUO uH U s ULU
Wd????? d?? X% U??d?? W??O?d??u1

403 U??F

w? UMO v U??? cJ

w W?d??????? 5????? U???G?D U????B s? fU???? uU u???? q w? d????B????M*

W???O?K U??N???d?? UM?O v b?F r u? s s?G sL?? r W??OKJ W??Od??u1
uIH* UNO
v Wd?? b?OMF b?O?F U?N??U?M WL?I v b?F? U? UMO u b?I
W?O q? bU? bb? u l?d dI b? vK d?NE? 5
UObI r
U_ aU oDM c
l U UL lH dO U U

185

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2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

g4uN3
Pherecydes, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (ed. By F. Jacoby) 3F 143; Hellanicus ibid. 4F.

125; cf. Lycurgus, Against Leocrates 84-87.

Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia (The Athenian Constitution), 3.3.

M.T.W. Arnheim, Aristocracy in Greek Society, 1977.

R.S. Stroud, Drakon's Law on Homicide, 1968; M. Gagarin, Drakon and Early Athenian Homicide

Law (1981).
Idem, The "axones and kyrbeis" of Drakon and Solon (University of California Publications in Clas-

sical Studies 19, 1979).

A. Andrewes, The Greek Tyrants, 1956; Herodotus I. 59-64; Thucydides 6.54-55; Arist., Ath. Pol.

13-17. See also A. Andrewes, CAH 32.3 (1982).

H. Shapiro, Art and Cult under the Tyrants in Athens, 1989.

Thucydides 1.20.2; 6.54.1, 55.1; 6.59.

J.S. Trail, Demes and Trittys: Epigraphical and Topographical Studies in the Organization of Attica,

1986; D. Whitehead, The Demes of Attica 508/7-ca.250 B.C., 1986.

P.J. Rhodes, The Athenian Boule, 1972.

10

M.H. Hansen, The Athenian Assembly, 1987.

11

R. Develin, Athenian Officials 684-21 B.C., 1989.

12

R. Thomsen, The Origin of Ostracism, 1972; E. Vanderpool, "Ostracism at Athens", Lectures in

13

Memory of L.T. Semple 2, 1973.

d?K wKOB?H d l U?NUb cM od? dH 5 W?F p?K b w W?LO?I ld* s

14

U 5dD 5 WF WOUuO WOUH

A.R. Burn, Persia and the Greeks (2nd ed., London 1984)
U? wU?H VU?'U W?U?) szd?I bu?A s

David Lewis

b? U?2 U?I?K? U?J rC

d??I Ub w? U?L??NM?O WMUD d??( 5d?D 5 U????F pK s w??Ozd? wUu??O b??B*
dO aU p uN fU)

Herodotus, The Histories (New York, rev. ed. 1996; translated by Aubrey de Selincourt).
fU) dI s _ nBM w ULO UF pK s Yb( w dO t bNA u

G.M.A. Hanfman and W.E. Mierse, Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times, 1983.

15

I.M. Diakonov, Cambridge History of Iran 2.36-148, "Media".

16

Herodotus, books 5-6.

17

dE c WHK< d_ nu UNb UNbI uU WdF s qOUH s beLK

18

Herodotus 6. 106-107, 111-120.

A.J. Podlecki, The Life of Themistocles, 1975; K.J. Lenardon, The Saga of Themistocles, 1978.

19

d?) U Wd? ULJ U? s WL s Wu?J WO w W1bI W?d w WuH W?O

20

UO XU dG cN uM U w Wd? wMu q q s uM U UNO d

186

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

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Wd uK U?OuK vK WUF WU?d WU2 WO rN|b XU? dR dO W?ON c
WO U?C WN s UJK* U dN? q w WuH WO s UM U t?L w pK* od U
wd??? u??b vK U?H??( vK UJK* r??I 5L?O nK U??? d? W?N? s? Wu?H
U? U? q WuH? W?O W?O?L s mK uK* d?UM b?OQ vK Wu?H W?O? UC? r?I
q vK W?U? WU u?U1 Wu?H W?O U?C? U? UL? UM W?O?N c U?C? d? rU vL?
f U?J b rNUJS U? WOzUC?I UO?B iF rN U? UL W?Od? Vu
b* b l bU?F* Q?A UH? U?I sU?O? s UI V? t?}K W?d d? pK*
uUI UJQ UB e 5Mu* lOL vK u{dH uU d_
dE WLN* WOd WON c u qOUH s be*

W. den Boer, Laconian Studies (1954), pp. 197ff.; W.D. Westtake, in Greek, Roman and Byzantine
Studies (GRBS), 1976, pp. 343-52; P. Cartkedge, in Journal of Hellenic Studies (JHS), 1978, pp. 25-37.
d???O???? t?H?R??? w w?M?O?_ rO??e p? U???O?( t???{d??? w? u???UuK? d???O??? V?U??? d
w W?GU W W?B? w? fb?O?? W?U?I?? Wb? b? s W?d

(ostrakismas)

21

Bioi Paralleloi Wu*

wUO wHM d vK XuB d U 5 t uUuK uI bB c

s 5OMO_ W?UF b? VK UMO s fb?O? wH tO? dI c U?F u

483

UF w

pc t W??U?) U??H? W?H?I? vK? fb?O??? r VJ t?d??F s fb?O???

VK pc V?J UO? wMO?_ su* p U? tO?H V? c dD) h?A t vK h?A
v p} U? q c fb?O? d?F q fb?O? tQ? czbM t WU?J fb?O? s
v b UF? WHB UdI? tL XFL? U d s XKK wMJ ? su* d w w WM|b*
wHMK dF WHIA vK tL V t fbO

Meiggs, Russel, The Athenian Empire, Oxford, 1972

22

W?O?U?{ qOU?H t?O? u?IM s de? U? vK eJd u?{u?LK U?I?O? ?OK% rC nR? u
UNCF aQ WI dOH V Yb% v WU w tU iF XU
wU? qz ?O* _ d?I d? s UuK Wu* d?O? nR* u?L?O? UO? d?O? dE

23

ld* s dE

W.R. Connor, Theopompus and Fifth Century Athens, 1968; E. Badian, From Plataea to Potidaea,
1993, Chapters 1-2.
UB* w dE

24

fOKJd?O WO?B?A oKF? U2 dO? W?{UH?U d? YO wU? _ UU?J fbbO?u aU

UOI w tOU tD tHu
fU) UJ Wu* dO fOKJdO dO uUuK
dE ld* s

W.R. Connor, The New Politicians of Fifth Century, Athens, 1971; K.J. Dover, The Greeks and
their Legacy, 1988, pp. 135-58.
D.M. Lewis, Cambridge Ancient History (CAH)52, 1992, pp. 121-27; E. Badian, From Plataea to

187

25

U?J5 U6 5! f4U) dI3 w0 WOMO#_ W'UO?3

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

Potidaea, 1993, Ch. 1. Both give extensive earlier literature.

G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, 1972 & app. 1; E. Badian, op. cit., ch. 4.

26

G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, op. cit; D. Kagan, The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, New York, 1969;

27

_________, The Peloponnesian War, New York, 2003;

UB* r dE UB* s

Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, in 8 books in Loeb classical Library, translated by C. Forster
Smith; Diodorus of Sicily, The History, book 12 and 13 in the Library of History V (Loeb classical
Library, tr. C.H. Oldfather).
A. Powell, Athens and Sparta, London, 1989.

28

W.R. Connor, Thucydides, Princeton, 1984; R. Strassler, (ed.), The Landmark Thucydides, New

29

York, 1996.
U?J 5?Mu* nM tQ u??OK nB Y?O?

6/36 d?I??

YU?? U?J f?bb?O??u dE

dOUL' 5 uOK dOQ uH WOF b nB YO

3/21

30

dI ld

tuK t??HM u?OK W??O?u?U1 b? u??B w U?d?H W??O?d?? fO?U?u?? p?c? dE
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8 - 5 VJ

fbbOu dE

31

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d u d_ c U u?I WOKIB WUJ c w 5OMO_ U Wb b? fbbOu =uB

32

v W??MU? u?N? Uu?O aU w UM?d? b? d?? tS? db?I w? d?( c ? l b?

rNUU?F? XU? bI? WU?Q? rze?N b? 5eN?* v W?MU U?U?M l* d b?F sd?B?M*
s b? q?OK b? UM?O v U? uD_ g?O?' d? W??U WKU? r?dzU?? X?U? U?L?? WKzU
WOKI w b_ XN cJ sdO

87 dI lU UJ

UNK?L d( pK? b WO?I sJ
XU? tKOK% tuK u?uMO? W?G sJ

411

UF v? eOuuK?O d s t?HR0 fbbO?u q

(Hellenica) Uu?O

33

aU t?HR w? uuMO?? wMO_ R*

WU? w W?OLK?F WO?u{u* bz wU?u R d fbb?O?u s U e?OL? YO? s dO?J q

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UMO de q U?uO q WU

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VOD) fOMu1b WuM* VD) b s `C UL G `LI dO UKD*
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uu r?M Ud?N? UJO w? W?OMG t?L?UM s W?C?H b?F? d??? v W?U?(
uIM s U WU WODG p (70)Laurion
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c buu wMO_ R* h) b? lU dI WUN w WUB? u
uI WGOK U w nu*
d r U* UM? vK d( U UuO w u_ d?I U l
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wMO_ ub? s WIO UuKF? U{ UL wUO? UMO aU s UMUuKF s d?O

u? UM U?I k u? ld? d?I w t??H uD d?B? w U?L*
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l{u u? W?? wI???O??I??( V??? uu?? b?? 5U?M* 5e???( 5 U??(

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g4uN3
Hamerow,Th.S., 1987. Reflections on History and Historians, Uni. of Wisconsin Press, pp. 166 ff.;

Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 1978. Le territoire de lhistorien II. Ed. Gallimard, Paris, translated by
Ben and Sian Reynolds 1999,The Territory of the Historian,Pan ; idem. 1976 : La Crise et lHistorien, Communications, volume 25, no. 25, 429-449, Paris.
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20

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Davies, John, K. 2005. Linear and Nonleniar Flow Models for Ancient Economies, in The Ancient

Economy, eds. Manning , J.G. and Morris, I., Stanford U.P., Stanford, California, 127-156 ; The
Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World 2007, eds. Scheidel, W.,Morris, I., Saller,
R.,Cambridge ; Amemiya, T. 2007, Economy and Economics of Ancient Greece, Routledge; Finley,
M.I. ,1999. The Ancient Economy, 3rd ed., Berkeley.
Rostovtzeff, M.I. 1926, 1957. Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxfords,10

Rostovtzeff, M.I. 1957, 538 ; cf. Morley, N. 2007. Trade in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge U.P. 4.

Weber, Max , 1896, repr. 1950. Die Sozialen Grnde des Untergangs der antiken Kultur, trans in

Max Weber, ed. Eldridge, J.T. London 1971, 254-275 (quots. 256 ; cf.Cartledge, Paul 2002. The
Economy (Economies) of Ancient Greece, in Scheidel,Walter & von Reden, Sitta eds. , The Ancient
Economy, Routledge, 31
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merce, London ; cf.Morley , 2007, 7.

Finley, M.I. 1999. The Ancient Economy 3rd ed. Berkeley, [1st ed. 1973 , 2nd ed. 1985] 17-34.

Finley, ed. 1979. The Bcher-Meyer Controversy, Arno, New York.

Cartledge, 2002, 13-14.

Ibid. 18.

10

Ibid. 13.

11

Andreau, Jean 2002. Twenty Years After the Ancient Economy, in Scheidel & von Reden, op.cit. 34-

12

5 , Trans. from the French Vignt ans d,apres L,Economie antique de Moses Finley, Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 5 (1995) 947-960.
Hopper, R.J. 1979 Trade and Industry in Classical Greece, Thames and Hudson, London, 12-13 ; cf.

13

von Reden, Sitta, 2007. Classical Greece : Consumption, in Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World , 385-387.
Hesiod, Works and Days, 37- 42 ; 213 - 266

14

Herodotus. II. 166.

15

Plato, Republic , 369 b.

16

Aristotle, Politics, 1252 b ; 1253 a .

17

Plato, Republic, 415 D - 417 B ; Laws, VIII. 46.

18

Aristotle, Politics , 1263 A .

19

227

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Plato, Laws, 737 E ; 745 A.

20

Aristotle, Politics, 1257 A.

21

Aristotle, Ethics, V. 5-14.

22

Michell,H. The Economics of Ancient Greece, Cambridge, Heffers (1957) 6.

23

Rostovtzeff, M. Greece, translated from Russian by J. D. Duff and edited by J Bickermann, Oxford

24

Uni. Press, (1963) p.81.; Hammond, N.G.L. A History of Greece, Oxford, Clarendon press (1959) 1-17.
Thucydides, II. 15. 1-2 ; Plutarch, Theseus, 24 . 4 ; cf. Hammond, op.cit. 64-5.

25

Hignet, C. , A History of the Athenian Constitution, Oxford, Clarendon Press, (1967) 34-37.

26

Rostovtzeff, op. cit. , 81-82

27

Kleiner Pauly, Lexikon der Antike, Hisiodos, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag,

28

Mnchen (1979) II.1114.

Hesiod, Works and Days, lines 376-380.

29

Ibid, lines 238-255.

30

Laws, 737 E

31

Politics, 1320 A.

32

Herodotus,V. 97, 2 (adult male population ) ; Thucydides, VIII. 72 . 1 ; Aristotle, Athenian Constitu-

33

tion,30. ; cf. Gomme, A.W. More Essays in Greek History and Literature, Oxford, Blackwell (1962)
177-178 ; Hignett, C., A History of the Athenian Constitution, Oxford (1967) 273-4.
Athenaeus, vi. 272 B, C, D.

34

Strabo, viii, 6,16 (c. 375).

35

Michell, M. Economics of Ancient Greece, Cambridge, Heffer (1957) 19-20.

36

Demosthenes, Against Leplines, 31.

37
d

UF wMO uM1bO dE

38

Oxford Class.Dict.3 ed (measures)

39

51.84

q U_ c l UOU qUF v 5b s dO qO1

Jard, A. 1925. Les Creales dans l,Antiquit Grecque,Paris,45-7; Michell,op.cit.21; Hopper,

1979,89-90.
dE dU qO dOG fOMu U w dR pJA s UM

Amemiya, T. 2007. Economy and Economics of Ancient Greece, Routledge, 62.

Michel, C., Receuil dInscriptions Grecque, Bruxelles (1900) no.581 (329/8 B.C.).

40

Jard , A., Les Cereales dans LAntiquit Grecque, Paris, (1925) 48.

41

Ibid. 45 ; Michell, op.cit. 21

42

Michell, op.cit.

43

Michell, op.cit.

44

Rostovtzeff, M.I. Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World .Oxford

45

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(1955) 95 & note 29 ; Jard, op.cit. 45,48.

[Aristotle], Oeconomica, II, 1352 b 14-20.

46

[ Demosthenes ] , LVI.

47

Ibid. 7 ff.

48

Bacchylides, Carmina cum fragmentis, ed . Br. Snell. Teubner (1949), Fragmenta 20 B Lines 13-16.

49

Herodotus, V. 58 ; Aeschylus, The Suppliants, line 947 ; Athenaeus, I . 3,a. Cf, N.Lewis, L?Industrie

50

du Papyrus dans lEgypte Greco-Romaine, (1934) 80 ff.

Glotz, G. , Le Prix du Papyrus dans lAntiquite Grecque, Annales dHistoire

51

Economique et Sociale, 1 (1929) 3 ff.

58

- 57 1995

WdB* uK$_ dUI wdF `H v bMJ s dB UF vHDB

Bickermannn, E. & Sykutris,J. Speusipps Brief an Koenig Philipp . Berichte der

52
53

Scks. Akad. der Wissenschaft Leipzig, philol.-Hist.Klasse, 80 (1928)iii.12-14.

Seltman, op. cit. 26 ; Head, B.V. , in Flinders Petrie, Naukratis I, 63 ff.

54

Hamond, op.cit. 82-88 ; Burn, op.cit. 60-63.

55

Herodotus,I. 143-146.

56

Thucydides, I.12.4.

57

Thucydides,I. 2.6.

58

Herodotus, I. 139 ; V. 58.

59

Snodgrass, A.M. 2000.The Dark Age of Greece, Edinburgh (1st ed. 1971), 2 & foreword to the new edition.

60

X?? w n?dA W?Od?F W?LKJ qU?I U?NKF qC?_ wMF q_ W?OUu W?LK wd?I?

61

UO_ s dO w UOUL vMF

Thucydides, I. 13 ; Aristotle, Politics, 1310 .

62

Aristotle,Politics , 1278 a - 1279 b. ; 1298 a - 1298 b. ; 1606 b.

63

Morris, I. , 2007. Early Iron Age, in The Cambridge Economic History in the Greco-Roman World,

64

235-241.
Cf. Hammond, op.cit. 84-86 : Burn, op.cit. 67-70.

65

Johnston, A.W.& Jones, R.E. 1978. The SOS Amphorae, Annual of the British School of Athens 73,

66

103-141, esp. 103,140 & plate 18 ; cf. Cook,R.M. 1997. Greek Painted Pottery, 3rd ed. , Routledge,75 ; Morley, 2007 , 5.
Osborne, R.1996 .Greece in the Making, London,121-2 ; Hammond, 109- 134.

67

Herodotus, II. 178 ; cf. Hammond, op.cit., 116 -124 ;

68

11

-9

1995 uK$_ dUI wdF `H v d_ bMJ s dB UF vHDB

[Demosthenes], 56.

69

Michell ,op.cit. 94-109.

70

Thucydides, I. 13.

71

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Aristotle, Politics, 1267 b. 11.

72

Laws, 680 a.

73

Plato, Republic, 555 C.

74

Thucidides, I.13 ; Andrewes,A. The Greek Tyrants, London (1956) 43 ff.

75

s d? WOdF v rd U?L UGK s d?O w d oI? dA tU?A cM t d?cU db' s

76

d?AM W?L?d? n?OQ? WM' fOUuD?_ 5OMO_ UE uMF 5?? t U?N U? v_ d?
5OM?O_ u??? uD uM?F Ud fMO?D _ U??N U? W??OU?? 1921 1339 dU?I
1967 dO lzd WLd WOb WMK

Aristotle, Athenian Constitution (A.C.), ch.2.1-3.

77

Finley, M.I., Studies in Land and Credit in Ancient Athens, Rudgers Uni.P. New Jersey (1951) 6.

78

Woodhouse, Solon the Liberator, Oxford (1938) 145 - 147.

79

Aristotle, A.C. , I - 2 ; Plutarch, Solon, 13,4.

80

Photius, s.v. Pelatai ; Hesychius, s.v. hektemoroi.

81

Sandys, J.E., Aristotles Constitution of Athens, London (1895) 4-5. n.2 ; Freeman, K. The Work and

82

Life of Solon, Cardiff, London (1926) 60-3 ; Woodhouse, Solon the Liberator, 45 ; Hammond,
op.cit. 158 ff. ; Ehrenberg, V., From Solon to Socrates, Methuen, London (1967) 57 ff.
Freeman, op.cit. 178 ; Ehrenberg, op.cit. 55.

83

Hesiod, Works and Days, lines 216-221 ; 248-266.

84

Aristotle, Politics, 1274 b,15 ; Ehrenberg, op.cit. 55-56, n.18 (p.391).

85

Aristotle, A.C., 7.1 ; Plutarch , Solon , 17.2.

86

Tod, M.N. , Greek Historical Inscriptions, Oxford, 1946. no.87.

87

Aristotle, Politics, 1274 b 13 ; also cf. Hignett,op.cit.55,306-11 ; Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed.

88

1994. s.v. Dracon.

Hignett, op.cit. 316-321.

89

Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, 5. 1-2.

90

Aristotle, op.cit. 5.2.

91

Freeman, Solon, 168-178.

92

Aristotle, A.C., 11. 1 ; Plutarch ,Solon, 8-9 ; Diogenes Laertius, I. 62. ; cf. Freeman, op.cit. 155ff. ; 207

93

ff. (Solon,s poems) ; Ehrenberg,V. 1973. From Solon to Socrates, 2nd ed. , Methuen, London, 62-71.
Aristotle, ibid., 6.1.

94

Ibid. 6.2.

95

Ibid. 11.2-3.

96

Ibid. 9.1.

97

Ibid. 12.3

98

Ibid. 12.4. cf. O Neil, J.L.,1995. The Origins and Development of Ancient Greek Democracy, Row-

99

230

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man & Littlefield publishers, inc. London,15-21 ; Osborne,R.,2007, Archaic Greece, in The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, eds. Scheidel,W., Morris,I. & Saller,R., Cambridge U.P., 298-301.
Gomme, op.cit. 182.

100

Aristotle, A.C., 10. 1-2 ; Plutarch, Solon, 22 ; cf. Seltman,op.cit. 44-6.

101

Plutarch, op.cit. 22 ; Michell, op.cit. 11 .

102

Plutarch, 24 ; Michell, op.cit. 148

103

Plutarch, op.cit. 24 ; cf. Ehrenberg, op.cit. 63,70 ; Hammond, op.cit. 159.

104

Johnston & Jones, 1978. 140.

105

Aristotle, A.C.,11. 1 ; 13. 1-5

106

Aristotle, A.C. , 13. 4.

107

Herodotus, I .64 .3.

108

Aristotle, A.C. 16.3-4; Hignett, op.cit.114.

109

Aristotle, A. C. 16.6.

110

Ibid.

111

Herodotos, 5. 94. 1; Thucydides,3.104; cf. Hammond, op.cit. 180.

112

Seltman, op.cit. , 48 f.

113

Thucydides, I. 13.6 ; III. 104,2 ; Herodotus, 5.28 ; cf. Hammond, op.cit. 180-1.

114

Burn, op. cit. pp.100-105. ; 123-125.

115

Heodotus, 4, 152-3 ; cf. Braun, T. 2004. Hecataeus Knowledge of the Western Mediterranian, in Lo-

116

mas, K. ed., Greek Identity in the Eastern Mediterranean, Leiden, 287- 347, esp. 301.
Herodotus, 1. 166 ; cf. Romm, J.S. 1992. The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought; Geography,

117

Exploration, & Fiction, Princeton, 17 ff.

Herodotus,4. 441 ; cf.Fowler , R. 1996. Herodotus & His Contemporaries, Journal of Hellenistic

118

Studies, 116, 67.

Herodotus, 4.43.

119

Plato , Critias ; cf. Nesselrath , Heinz-Gnther, 2005, Where the Lord of the Sea Grants to Sailors

120

Through the Deep-Blue Mere No More : The Greeks and the Western Seas, Greece and Rome, 52, 2
; idem. 2001. Atlantis und Atlantioi : von Platon zu Dionysius Skytobrachion, Philologus 145, 34-8 ;
idem, 2001. Atlantis auf gyptischen Stelen - Der Philosoph Krantor als Epigraphiker, Zeitschrift fr
Papyrologie und Epigraphie 135, 33-35.
Seltman, op.cit. 43-8.

121

Herodotus , III. 5-7

122

Grace,V. , Stamped Handles of Commercial Amphoras, in Excavations at Nessana

123

Vol. 1, ed. Colt, H.D., London, 1962, pp. 106 f.

231

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Thucydides, I. 17.

124

Herodotus, 5. 66, 69-74; Aristotle, A.C., 13.5 ; 20.1-4; Hammond, 187; Burn, 151-2.

125

Aristotle , Politica, 1275 b 36 ; A.C. 21 ; Herodotus, 5.69.

126

Herodotus, 3. 80,6 ; 142, 3 ; 5. 92.

127

Ibid., 5.78.

128

Aristotle, A.C. 23. 1

129

Ehrenberg, op. cit. 127 ; Burn, op. cit. 159.

130

Aristotle , A.C. 23. 3-4.

131

Aristotle, A.C. 22.7.

132

Ibid. 23. 1.

133

Ibid. 23. 5.

134

Ibid. 24. 2

135

Ibid. 27. 3 ; cf. O,Neil, 1995 , 67 & appendix 2 State Pay, 175-179.

136

A.H.M.Jones, Athenian Democracy, Blackwell, Oxford (1957) 5.

137

su

700

U U) qb w 5KUF u?L U1b aUM s QD

700

r dJ b

138

dE

K.von Fritz & E.Kapp, Aristotles Constitution of Athens, NY (1950)169 n.71.

Aristotle, A.C. 24.1&3.

139

A.W. Gomme, More Essays in Greek History and Literature, Blackwell,Oxford (1962) 178-9.

140

Xenophon, Memorabilia, III. Vii. 6

141

W?OU?( w t} U?A* hM v WU?{ u_ dU aU? UU?O ld dI w uD b?I

142

WUF Ub) qUI

139

Aristotle, A.C. 41,3 & 62,2 ; cf. de Romilly, J. 1975. Problmes de la Democratie Grecque, Collection Savoir, Hermann, Paris, 14-18.
Jones, op. cit 5- 7 ; cf. Mller, M., 2007 Classical Greece: Distribution, in Cambridge Economic His-

143

tory of the Greco-Roman World, 375-384.

Xenophon , Hellenica, I. vi. 24 ; Aristophanes, Frogs, line 693.4.

144

Aristotle, A.C. , 40. 2.

145

Plutarch ,Moralia, 849 A; cf. Jones, op.cit. 19.

146

Jones, op.cit. 19-20.

147

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Hall, E., The Sociology of Athenian Tragedy, In Easterling (Ed.), 1997, p. 94.
Goldhill, Simon, Aeschylus, The Oresteia, Cambridge University, 1996, p. 21.
Buxton, Richard, Imaginary Greece, Cambridge University pr., 1995, pp. 71 - 77.

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- Scodel, Ruth, Hybris In The Second Stasimon Of The Oedipus Rex, CPH,
1982, pp. 214 - 223.
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Classical Literature, vol. I, Part 2, Greek Drama, Cambridge University pr,
1989.
- Winkler, J.J. And F.I. Zeithin (Eds.), Nothing To Do With Dionysos; Athenian Drama In Its Social Context, Princeton, 1990.
- Scodel, Ruth, Theater And society In The Classical World, Ann Arbor,
1993.
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From The Greek Drama Conference, Nottingham, 18 - 20 July, 1993.
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1994, pp. 47 - 70.
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- Goff, B. History, Tragedy, Theory: Dialogues On Athenian Drama, Austin,
1995.
- Zeitlin, Forma, Playing The Other: Gender And Society In Classical Greek
Literature, University of Chicago Pr., 1995.
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3, 1996, http // www Ucd ie- Classics Classics Ireland html, pp. 1-6.

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1996.
- Pelling, C, Tragedy And The Historian, Oxford, 1997.
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vol. 4, 1997, http / www . Ucd ie / - Classics / Classics Ireland. html, pp. 1-4.
- Ormand, kirk, Exchange And the Maiden: Marriage In Sophoclean Tragedy, University Of Texas pr., 1999.
- Segal, Charles, Tragedy And Civilization: An Interpretation of Sophocles,
University of Oklahoma pr., 1999. Foley, Helen, Female Acts In Greek Tragedy (Martin Classical Lectures,
New series) Princeton University Pr., 2001.
uEM s WOId UbOd W v 5b dF 5U d s vO Uub wHD bF
q s UNO UA* t w u{u p dNE wUL wUO dJH

Gomme, A.W, The Position of Woman In Athens In Fifth And Fourth Centuries, CPH, 20, 1925, pp. 1- 25.
- Hadas, Moses, Observations On Athenian Women, Classical Weekly, 39,
1936, pp. 97 - 100.
- Seltman, Charles, The Status of Women In Athens. GR, Series 2,2, 1955,
pp. 119 - 24.
- Women In Antiquity, Thames And Hudson, London 1956.
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1971, pp. 1-8.
- Pomeroy, Sarah, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, And Slaves, Women In Classical Antiquity, Schosken Books, New York, 1975.

dI w wMO_ lL: bM d* uAM dO u? WU w WOCI c aOA 5 UM b

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Katz, Marilyn A., Op., cit., p. 88.

Goldhill, simon, Op., cit., p. 42, 45.
Foley, Helen, op, cit.,
Seaford, Richard, Op,cit., p 1.
Sidwell, Keith, Op.cit., p 3.
Goldhill, Simon, Op.cit., p 60.
Scodel, Ruth, Op.cit., pp. 218 - 219, p 223.
Konstan, David, Op.cit., pp. 51 - 53.

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

252

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Segal, Charles, Op.cit.

Ormand, Kirk, Op.cit.
Flakner, Thomas, Op.cit., pp. 292 - 93.
Kovacs, David, The Heroic Muse, Studies In The Hippolytus And The Hecuba of Euripides, Johns Hopkins University Pr., 1988, pp. 119 - 122.
Blundell,Mary Whitlock, Helping Friends And Harming Enemies, A study In
Sophocles And Greek Ethics, Cambridge University pr., 1991, p. 58, pp. 261 - 62.
Finnegan, Rachel, Plagues In Classical Literature, Classics Ireland, 1999,
http: // WWW. Ucd. Ie / Classics / 99. Finnegan. html, pp. 2-3.
Nussbaum, Martha C., The Fragility of Goodness: Luck And Ethics In Greek
Tragedy And Philosophy, Cambridge University Pr., 2001.
Ar. Frogs v. 93, 766, 770.
Deforest, Mary, Female Choruses In Greek Tragedy, Didaskalia, vol. 3, N.1,
p. 1, 5.
Knox, B.M.W, The Oedipus Legend, In Leone, Bruno (Ed), Readings On
Sophocles, Greenhaven Pr., San Diego, CA, 1997, pp. 86 - 87.
Ringer, M., Electra And The Empty Urn. Metatheater And The Role Playing
In Sophocles, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Pr., 1998, pp. 31 49, 127 - 212.
Earp, F.R, The Style of Sophocles, Cambridge, 1944. Friis Johansen, H,
Some Features of Sentence ? Structure, C & M, 15, pp. 1- 59.

15

U: c w Ub d s

27

Coheen, R.F. The Imagery Of Sophocles Antigone. A Study Of Poetic Language And structure, Princeton, 1951.
Long, A, Language And Thought In Sophocles: A Study Of Abstract Nouns
& Poetic Technique, London, 1968.
Padel, Ruth, In And Out of The Mind, Greek Images of The Tragic Self,
Princeton University Pr., 1992, pp. 65 - 68.
Ibid., pp. 62 - 64.
Ibid., pp. 82 - 83, p. 92.
Ibid., pp. 114 - 117, 123 - 125, p142.
Budelmann, Felix, The Language of Sophocles, Communality, Communication And Involvement, Cambridge University Pr., 2000, pp. 9-10.
Ibid., p. 30.
Ibid., pp. 31- 34.

253

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

26

28
29
30
31
32
33
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WOMO#_ U7bO$d:3 w0 W7bI5 U'

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Ibid., pp. 40 - 42.

Ibid., pp. 51 - 52.
Goldhill, Simon, The Language Of Tragedy: Rhetoric And Communication,
In Easterling (Ed.), 1977, p. 128.
Idem, Reading Greek Tragedy, Cambridge University Pr., 1988, p.31.
Watson, G.J, Drama: An Introduction, Macmillan Pr. LTD, London, 1983, p. 13.
Mossman, Judith, Wild Justice, A Study Of Euripides; Hecuba, Clarendon
Pr. Oxford, 1995, p. 4, 8.
Arist., Poetics, 1453 B 4- 6.
Arist., Ethics, X, 5.
Plato, Ion 535 E.
Arist., Poetics, 1450B 12 - 15.
Ibid, 1456A 37 - 1456 B 1.
Thuc. II.LIII.4.
Eur., Med., vv 922-924.

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

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l$d* WLzU1
UB*

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(L.C.L.) 1941.
- Aristotles, N. Ethics, Edited With an English Translation by Christopher
Rowe, Oxford Univ. Pr. 2002,
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- Plato, Ion, Edited With Introduction and Notes by, John M. Cooper, Cambridge, 1997.
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WOdF ld* UOU

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108 - 99 1985 YU bF dA U

WOM_ ld* UU

- Blundell, Mary Whitlock, Helping Friends And Harming Enemies. A Study

In Sophocles And Greek Ethics, Cambridge University Pr., 1991.
- Budelmann, Felix, The language Of Sophocles, Communality, Communication And Involvement, Cambridge University Pr., 2000.
- Buxton, Richard, Imaginary Greece, The Contexts of Mythology, Cambridge University Pr., 1995.
- Coheen., R.F., The Imagery Of Sophocles Antigone. A Study Of Poetic
Language And Structure, Princeton, 1951.
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1, 1997, pp. 1-8.
- Earp, F.R.,The Style Of Sopocles, Cambridge, 1944.

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The Cambridge History of Classical Literature, vol. 1, Part 2, Greek Drama
Cambridge Pr., 1989.
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http: // WWW. Ucd. Ie/ Classics/ 99 Finnegan. html.
- Foley, Helen, Female Acts In Greek Tragedy (Martin Classical Lectures,
New Series) Princeton University Pr., 2001.
- Friis Johansen, H, Some Features of Sentence - Structure In Aeschylus
Suppliants, C & M, 15, pp. 1-59.
- Goff, B, History, Tragedy, Theory: Dialogues On Athenian Drama, Austin,
1995.
- Goldhill, Simon, The Language of Tragedy: Rhetoric And communication,
In Easterling (Ed)., 1977.
- ........ Reading Greek Tragedy, Cambridge University pr., 1988.
- ........ Aeschylus, The Oresteia, Cambridge university Pr., 1966.
- Gomme, A.W., The Position of Woman In Athens In Fifth And Fourth
Centuries, CPH, 20, 1925, pp. 1-25.
- Hadas, Moses, Observations On Athenian Women, Classical Weekly, 39.
1936, pp. 97 - 100.
- Hall, E., The Sociology of Athenian Tragedy, In Easterling (Ed), 1997.
- Katz, Marilyn A., The Character of Tragedy: Arethusa, vol. 27, N.1, 1994,
pp. 81 - 100.
- Knox, B- M.W.,The Oedipus Legend, In Leone, Bruno (Ed), Readings on
Sophocles, Greenhaven Pr., San Diego, CA, 1997.
- Konstan, David, The Classics And Class Conflict, Arethusa, vol., 27, N. I,
1994, pp. 47 - 70.
- Kovacs, David, The Heroic Muse, Studies In The Hippolytus And The Hecuba Of Euripides, Johns Hopkins University Pr., 1988.
- Long, A., Language And Thought In Sophocles: A Study Of Abstract
Nouns And Poetic Technique, London, 1968.
- Mossman, Hudith, Wild Justtice, A study of Euripides Hecuba, Clarendon

256

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pr., Oxford, 1995.

- Nussbaum, Martha C., The Fragility of Goodness: Luck And Ethics In
Greek Tragedy And Philosophy, Cambridge University Pr., 2001.
- Ormand, Kirk, Exchange And The Maiden: Marriage In Sophoclean Tragedy, University Of Texas Pr., 1999.
- Padel, Ruth, In And Out Of The Mind, Greek Images Of The Tragic Self,
Princeton University Pr; 1992.
- Pelling, C, Tragedy And The Historian, Oxford, 1997.
- Pomeroy, Sarah, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, And Slaves, Women In Classical Antiquity, Schocken Books, New York, 1975.
- Richter, Donald C, The Position of Women In Classical Athens, CJ, 67,
1971, pp. 1-8.
- Ringer, M., Electra And The Empty Urn. Metatheater And The Role Playing In Sophocles, Chapel Hill: The University Of North Caroline Pr, 1998.
- Scodel, Ruth, Hybris In The Second Stasimon of The Oedipus Rex, CPH,
1982, pp. 214 - 223.
- ............ Theater And Society In The Classical World, Ann Arbor, 1993.
Seaford, Richard, George Thomson And Ancient Greece, Classics Ireland,
vol. 4, 1997, http/ www. Ucd/e/.Classics/Classics Ireland.html.
- Segal, Charles, Tragedy and Civilization: An Interpretation Of Sophocles,
University of Oklahoma Pr., 1999.
- Seltman, Charles, The Status Of Women In Athens, GR, Series 2, 2, 1955,
pp. 119 - 24.
- ........... Women In antiquity, Thames And Hudson, London, 1956.
- Sidwell, Keith, The Politics Of Aeschylus Eumenides, Classics Ireland,
vol. 3, 1996, httpll www Ucd ie/ Classics/ Classics Ireland html.
- Silk, M.S., Tragedy And The Tragic: Greek Theatre And Beyond, Oxford,
1996.
Sommerstein, A.H., Et al. (Eds),Tragedy, Comedy And The Polis: Papers
From The Greek Drama Conference, Nottingham, 18 - 20 July, 1993.
- Watson, G.J, Drama: An Introduction, Macmillan Pr. LTD, London, 1983.
- Winkler, J.J., And F.I.Zeithin(Eds), Nothing To Do With Dionysos: Athenian Drama In Its Social Context, Princeton, 1990.
- Zeitlin, forma, Playing The Other: Gender And Society In Classical Greek
Literature, University of Chicago Pr., 1995.

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WMO Wd s?  b?B* b?R b?O?u t WM?O Wd 5 fUM W?B? ?O*
UJO W?IDM v UM V tU? X% uJ bb WMb? fOQ b?Ou t
WU?N w W?dF* U?N?U?N v? UN??H W?BI W b?B* p qu U?L?NMO e Q?A
tu?? od s d?? u W??N d?O???? U?L? 5?L??N?? 5?uK?F? nO??C t??
QA WMO Wd U?LNOU W(U* U?O*U UJO WIDM dG bO?u t fOd
rUF w XA WMb UN UI UNL UN}K XIK WMb
UMO WMb? 5 b?O W?? UM vK UM?K w W1b?I U?B* q lL?& cJ
r WMb* r 5? U? U?U?H sJ r d?O?? U?NU?A UM q (16)WMO Wd
r_
qJA sJ (17)WHK? u w W?1bI WO?Id UB* w Wd r? dNE Wd

U?L

'Aqenai/h (Athenaie)

(18)d?Ou? bM dNE? UL?

'Aqh/nh (Athene)

u r

(20)'Aqhnai/a u w WOJO_ WNK w UC dNE UL (19)UuD< iF w dNE

w U???C d???NE b??? (21)'Aqa/na

U (23)'Aqana/a

(Athenaa)

(Athana)

u??? w Wb W?????N?K w (Athenaia)

VJ W?Ou_ W??NK w (22)'Aqanai/a

Wb? W???????NK? w (24)'Aqh=nai

(Athenai)

(Athanaia)

W???O?JO_ W???????N?K w V?JO???? WMb?* r

(25)'Aqh=nh t???????H? WMO? Wd r?U WM?b* v U????A b???? 'Aqa=nai

W???I??DM? v

'Aqh=nai (Athenai)

u

(Athanai)

k?H? d???O??A r?_ VK?_ w t U????L??? (Athene)

(26)UNKLQ UJO

Wd U??L??NM q r 5 W?u?G WK? WMO Wd U?MO WMb?? 5 W??I?O W?K UM
w WMb?* r wQ U??LMO 'Aqh/nh

261

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W1b???I W??O_ U???GK V?K XF??? b?? 'Aqh=nai

(Athenai)

YR* l?L??' W??G???O??

vK W?O?MO W?GK w W?d WMb* s q 5 e??O?O?L?K t???H u?GK U?H? W?b?(

WGK w YR lL

WMb* r YR dH

Athenae

Athena

W??GK w? YR?? lL??

Athens

WMb?* r YR?? d??H??

W??GK w YR?? lL??

Athenes

WMb?* r YR?? d?H??

W???GK? w YR???? lL???

W??GK w? YR?? lL??

Atene

Atenas

YR lL

Qh/

Athena

Athen

Wd r? We??OK$

Athene Wd r? W?O??d??H

WM?b* r Y?R??? d???H???

WMb?* r YR?? d??H??

Wd r U* qO

Atena

Atenea

WMb* r YR dH

Wd? r W???OU?D
Wd r? W??OU????

Athena

Wd r WOU*_

WO WMb (27)YR* lL' WU? w UUL d dO? d WOId? b UM

W?IDM* wdA qN? s W?OuM' WU?( vK W?Fu U?* qO? vK

w

Qh/bh (Thebe)

bai (Thebes)

Wd r s UN?L X WMb* c? dOU_ d (28)UOuO

U?OU? W?Mb* W?O? w?O Wu?( X?? Zethos u? pK* U?N?e? W?OK? Wu?
WMb? U??C pc? (29)Qh/bai

(Thebai)

W??O WM?b? v U?N?L? d?O?G? wU?U Kadmeia

dOA u? qN s wdA wUL?A sd w WFu

Mukh=nai (Mukenai)

UMOu

UN}? UA U (30)YR* lL' W?GO w ULdO? fbuu dOu s? q UN}

wMOu? Wd b?F uMu* U (31)YR* dH* W?GO w? d dO? UB? w UC
U Wb vK sLI s wz bU?F v U UMOu WMb* XOL b Mukh/nh
vK uUd U?' WOuM' bM* vK W?Fu wH WMb UC UM wM?Ou Wd
w od? U?J VK U?N?} d?O?A U?u ZO?K UO? `D u? U?d?I b? wH U?H
UJ W??u?L?? U??N vK (32)WMb? U??N vK
c pK* h? v

Delfoj (Delphos)

Delfoi/ (Delphoi)

d?c* l?L?' W?G??O?

d?c* dH* d?O?A UL? (33)WMb* uMJ sc

(34)WMb* wL rJ

u???B????F q???? U??? v? u???F t? b??? i?U???

'Aqh=nai (Athenai)

UM?O kH? q

vK UNUL? X{d WMb* r vK UNL X{d w WMO W?d vMF0 WOId

Gunther Neumann

Uu?O du? d (35)q_ W?OId? XO U?NUJ WMb*

s (36)Lydia Ub?O? W?IDM v? W?? b??O q WMO Wd? r uJ qL???; s

UUUU? Wb?OK Wd r? wMF

ati

lDI* s? uJ U???d?? UEH u?J qL???;

XH?A?? U?L? Ana U v Ub??O W?IDM w? d?O?? s?U? w d?B??? c Hannahanna
U?F t?}K XA?I h s wMO?u* d?B?F w u?uM W?IDM w Ud?H?( iF
VK? s rd v?K (37)wM?O???u*d???B???Fd??? v? t???U l?d

A-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja

262

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UO?d wMF b U?N dO _ WMO U?F

Athana Potniya

s rd vK (38)UMO bO Ub wMF b w

U? WLd d?I 5b

Potnia of At(h)ana

s|d w

u?uM h? UMO WMb? 5 W??? u? w U?I??? 5b iF id b??I? p

uu*

A-ta-no-dja-wa-ja

UF UC k UMKF (39)bR d?O UO p d?F

dA (40)Wb?O d( e?G bO?& w Wb?I* WMO wMF b? uuM h w U?C

d?H od Ub? U nO d?I U? U vK tU? b w (41)u
od?? t?d?? c a(
t qI? qI

Qeono/a

nou/j

t

kHK s? o?A?? t b?I???F u?U? WMO? Wd r

qeo/j

5?LK s Vd t vK d?Q* u?OI?F

d?I w? U? c (42)ud?O? wId? WU??d R*

nO?C? W?b?I* W??LJ(

d?F Wd?B? W b??F uU? fU? WMb? w 5d?B* U?b? ?O* q? fU?)
WMO WdU UNU uU rN Neith fO rU
XO?L
Wd r? vK WMb* XO?L
q WMb* W?O?L u? .b? b U?C UM


u? b?? vK W??b?( W1b??I Ud S?? d?_ sJ? U?L??N? (43)WMb* r? vK Wd
b?O?u tU? d? WN? s b?O?u t WMO? Wd W?N s U?MO WMb? 5 jd
ue d WMb* XM WMO Wd Wd u?I e u UOzU d WMb* `M
V e?O?L Wd?? uI?U lL? U?Lz UMO WMb? XU? cJ Ud ? e? w
Ud 

***
U?N? u? U?C b? q jI? WMO Wd r? dO??H u U?IM b?' nu? r
UN?} d?OA u W?N dO? WM U?N UB* VK d U?N jI? U?bu W?OH?O
jI?? Ub?u? W??O??H?O?? U??Nb v U?? s u WM U??N vK? d?O??u
w ??O* q?? lU?? sU?? d??I w U?? c (45)u??O???O d (44)U??N?
Metis fO??O W?d e u W?N dO??

Theogony

W?N U? dO?N?A tb?OB?

XKL? W??L?OJ( u?A* w?MF fO??O? k?H d?A? W?N? 5 rJ_ w fO???O? Wd
UNKU WuF* t?ULKJ u UN UNb Uuu lC p vK X? fOO
u qFH? r u WN dO? u? w dI? fO?O? XIe UN?FK lu U d?G

Ouranos

u UL t

Gaia

UU _ W t?B dF V? V p

W?N v?K tUDK j?? d? uK? l?OD? v?? pc U??B p? qF?H
U?OMOu?d U?H rN U?O? UH VM u? fO?O? u d?B w s|bU?)
rN??H? w u??I w u U?b U?? u?? w? 5??d??
5M?O??F

263

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W?OBM t?} b w t?u w U?N kH? bu q t?M u lK pc rOJ(

tu w w ULz
WM? u W????N d????O??????? e (46)WM?O W?d bu???? s t????? u???O????????O q?u
u b?? d?O t??? b s f?O???O?

Tethys

u???O

Okeanos uU??O?

vA? U t?u w U?N vI tO? 5 Uc W?Fu? UN?LJ s rd vK fO?O?

b? u??H vK XU? fO???O? sJ t?u?
w u t e? b??d u?H uu?? VM

u?d dN TU? q t s u W?N dO? U?N?$ c U WMO UN?L w XK?L

u?H w fO?O? U?Nb s UL? W?OKb u e? q WO?H?? XK Trito
XU?? w? U??N????K? WMO Wd? XLK c?zbM W??U??I???? W???LJ( w d??A??? W??N
Wd u? V$ cJ u??* q?? u?? uMJ s?c s|bU??) W??N q U??N??Du
(47)dK bF U Wb w WMO
U?OMO?u?d WMO d?O s t? u? t? s u V$ (48)u?O??O nO?C
eM?K W?????; deinh/

(deine)

w WJK* 'age/stratoj

W?????d* glaukw/pij

(agestratos)

(glaukopis)

5???d??? 5MO???F

u?O' bzU? 'egreku/doimoj

U? QA u UN? s dO WO?dA We X?C po/tnia

(egrekudoimos)

'atrutw/nh

VF

Ud??H0 X???$ d??O?? l t??F?? W??O?? W???? rO??I s? U??O XKL?? U??L??N?MO
WbO d( U w UL UJ q U c dONA uUHO
nO?? ??O* q?? fU??) d??I w U?? c (49)bM wu?J d?U??A nB
UdD Y?O? (50)U*U WU??; _ pK u W??N d??O?? s? WMO Wd X?d?
b X?b?????????? 5 p b???? UM V?c `zd??? s? d W???N? d???O??????? d???
uKF d??' s WMO? Xd? czb?M Wed?? d?H??A WDK d?U* u???U?H??O
U?L? bF W?F?U?A UL? U? q Wb* U?N??O? ? u Ub W?N?'
`M1 c? fL??A t r?OEF ud??O?????O U??C U?? UM? UU?? _ u
dzU?FA f u?FC UF? Ud? WdK uL?OI UM? d dA? d qJ u?C
WuI Wd( tM u b uK v UN} bI w WbI*
s fO??O? dO? d?O?? b v W?NU?A? W (51)uKu bMJ d?U?A d
Ud?U? WU?NM? w U?N?}K VKG tM?J U?N u UD s d?N w? d? b? U?N???O
u?? U?Nuu?? lC b?F v uu? U??N?L? q qL?% U?N td?? t?M X?C?
u UN?FK pc U?NKLQ UL? vK dDO? vK U `?B u d uu? VM
uOOd d{ U?N bu U UbM ULK ULU tHu tK?I vK tM Ud

264

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d?N TU? s d?IU WDK u d?_ Ud iF? U?I? u?U?H?O

U Wb
WMO Wd tU X% s Xd ud

_ ?O* q? _ 5d?I 5 U?L?O? U? c (52)ud?? U?O?d?G?' rU? wQ

U U?C dOu? dUA ud? bI?F dO?u wLK* d?UA vK oK F?O O*
c?
b* X?Q YO? W1b?I u?BF? cM de? q t l?L? U c U?d d?
XU qzU? w U?uL? dI?
UM dOu u?I UbUF? 

rN}? YF u ud? s U dA? rU W?N dO? u V l?L qzU?I c

UF w U? U 5 uDd s|d UU?  UM uIO? tI}KF ud? qu WKzU d
qJ w d?e?' vK j? Vc uu??I rN d??OU?_ s? uD d?O??u
u s bM uI UL WMO tO b
c tH Xu w UD

Alalko- menai

UMOuJ bK vK (53)ud? oKF wdG?' tKL s d? UJ w

v W?? W?O?u?_ d?O d?c d?O?u d?U?A zU? U?O?uO? W?IDM w W?F?u
UMOuJ WMb v W WOMOuJ_ WMO u WMb
q uI UGU U1dJ vIK YO WMO WdK oO bF bu UMOuJ bK w UM
qF u? w dO Wd b
U?L UU9 r?NbK w b
b WMO Wd UMO?uJ
v UOLM ULN vK 5d s  dOu dUA d tK s c V u p
UMOuJ u 5M|b* 5U
(54)U?OUU WU?d d
b?F qb s

?O* bF wU? dI w? U c

r t???}?K u???I?KD c W?MO W?Mb??? w u?ud???_ W???L???? u??? rzU???I W?MO W?d
vK_ ed? vK W?u?IM Ud w U? Uu?d q S?

Parthenon uMOU?

WMO Wd bu v dOA bFLK

WMO Wd bF se
w? U Wed ud 5 (55)zU t UOUU qu

wdH WMO Wd s? q bu uB

u bu Wd WMb? w fOud_ u rzUI

bUA*U db u U qC UN UOUU bIF w WLC ud pK bOu

U?d?I? ?O* wU? d?I? w U? c (56)d??_ u?d??uKO? V?OD) qu
wKU? WMb?? w .b?? wId?? rd t??H? d??F?? w WMO? Wd bu?? s Yb??(
b?IK d??{U? U? qJ wzd dE? w W?Ab d?O?? U?uK? Ud pK? W?N R
s bF - vK sJ V U* Uu v UL b UG Q d_ b
b? X?U? w WM?O bU?A?? bM W?A??d lO?L??' VO? b??I U?NM? sd? w U??N_
W?d qC?H (57)U?N???K qUJ W???b? w u? s WEK pK w? Xd?

265

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lOD b ? WOu UNb?

U0 oKF ULO U? WDK pc oDM UL u?UHO
]
U?Ne uJ d? WE( 5? U?NI?d d?O?G?
w e? u? u U?LK?L? U b?

UNb?I lOD b Wb WAbU u?UHO VO bI u_ bF? WdJF

d?FA U?NF? b
b? WdJF U?Ne W?dH t?}K XU{ b?I Wd U?{ VJO
v dEM t? ezU? vK u?B?( q s W???F? W?d?F? U? sL? oO??L? d? u
UM f?O p l V$ s
W??K2 d?E tuu??
?
u?? bb?? d???H? d?F??A? qQ??U

w UNM WMO XU u U?L UFU dFA UN q dO t? t vK U{d bF `

u U?F u d UbI 5?F zU tb? d_ uduKO? qu UC
_ s X _ VFA de VF? UMO WMb VF ULNO?M|b s q WL
UN WKLJ d?O wU{ VF 5F?A b d bI d? s d d
rd w d??NE U??L? U?M UMO VF?? d?? VF?A d?? b??I d?OM? s W?OU??
b?I W?LJ(U? U?1 VF? rN_ 5OMO? v Wd X pc c* u?K Uu?A? U?L?(
rNu??O? 1 q vK U??L??? s jU???? Vc S?? p? l d??U?? wU??{
d? t rN??F?K u? nI U?L? WMO Wd? .dJ U?C u?L? rN?_ W?I?O?C rN?u?
V? 5 s j?N W?M uK? W??O w u?B w d?NE c Ploutos uuK
t s b c du V w tu
(58)s ud??uKO? VJ
s
zU? U?d?I ?O* wU? d?I w U? c

w lC t?}KF? qF?H Ub?O? U?d U? UL? WMO? WdK u? r w Vd

u s eH nO WbO d( WUu WK_ tU
cJ
d (59)WMO Wd? bu? qO?U?H u? U?NMO U??L?O? XHK? W1b?I U?B* X?uM

U$ W?OKL w u b?U

Palamaon

q U? dI w? U c

UU fO?d uO?Od U?B* iF

Stesichorus

u?O? dU?A UI U?L (60)Wd

(61)WdJF UNb
qUJ w u s b
WMO Wd s u O*
U?bM t (62)U?OU?U WU?d u?I WMO WdK u W?N d?O? u? dJM s UM
nA czbM sU 5MO t k UMO w uO? bF u WMO U9 bU
WM w WMO Wd u?I uD 5O?OK b WO?OK u?D UI? pc U?LN
u q sU? 5MO U?N S pc Tritonis fOud W?OzU* Wu( s b?Ou t
ld (63)wDe?O?? b|u? r?F? nR? d? UDO?; U?? t b??O?u U?O?
U* Wu?? s b??O?u W?M U?N u?u?I o?d? ??O* d?U??F d??I v t??U
w W?d??F b?????? s U??N Okeanos uU??O?? jO??; t? WM

Polyphe wH??Ou

266

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u?O?) W?Od? W??U?

Hippeia U?O??O

V?I U?N?}K u?IK r s? u?O?) Ud?&

bO?u WM WMO Wd X?C (64)udO WU?d R* UNK? WHd W UM

Uc??U? u W?N d??O?? v Ub? uJA Xc?? Ub s u fOu??d s
XK?I??? nO???? Ud s? Ud???O??? s? d?????? u???{u? nAJ? Wd c? q??? t W?M
d?OU?_ U?B? b?F U?L?O? d???F X?? YO? U?O??O v W1b?I W?O?Id? d?OU?_
d?NM? t b vK U?N??b XIK W?O???OK WMO? Wd U?I p s d??? q (65)W?OM?OKKN
W WMO Wd d?J UC U?O??O w UM (66)U t?M U?N?U?B XU? YO? u?d
U?bO? u U?N?IKD XU? w WMe( U?L?GM bKI XU? YO uKH W?O?IO?u*
(67)uOd pK* UNK bF
v W?U??{U YU b v W?MO Wd VM? w W1b?I U??B* s qOK b?? UM
d???OU???_ VK d? U u W?d b U???B* c? d b???O??u? u
t?K Wd t?d? UN?c? db
Wd VB?G? U `M? L? u U

W?d?? X????U? U?N??O?b? w t??O?UM XD? U?N

w u???? p?K

Itonus uu?????

s WMO Wd UN?K w

aegis

W?O?? Wb?
bK Xb????

WM? w WM?O W?d d s? U????C U?M (68)W???d?(

Iodama Uu

t?M WIOI? UN PhthiotisfOuO? WFU?I

uUHO t WM UN dO p s bF v Vc s UM UL (69)bBI

***
W?N? s WMO Wd 5 W??F d? WMO Wd jI?? u? U?C b? UM
WHK? U uN bF UL?O V b d W?N s ud dNM t fO?ud Wu(
qL? WU? 5 d? wzU? d?? d?N b?
UL??O?? U?N? jI?? u b?F??
c UJ v bI? UdO dB U?U UOuO UO?U Xd w UL t?H r
u?d d?N b?M b
U?N u?I w Wd? V? UM b
b? WMO W?d oUM*
sJ (70)Tritogenia U?OMO??u?d

Tritonis

fOu??d

Trito

u??d VI U?N??}K oK b??I?

oA? t d iF (71)WHK? d?OH d?H

sJ1 VIK p W?E s b
]
p wM?F sJ1 cJ w?MF

Tritou??d

W?O?u?O W??Ou W??O?d?? W??LK s

bOK tQ VIK p dOH d iF U u s b w Wd VIK

WMO Wd 5 W??F d? (72)d?N?A s YU? u?O w? b U?N Ubu? d?c
Wd U?F lu b? U (73)Yb( d?BF w 5b iF dJH v b? ud
dNM p U?O X{U? r UOuO w u?d dN U?H{ vK ed?L od? w WMO
UbK dNM p UH{ vK U kopias UOu dO? bF ULO Xd? dO v u%

267

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UM XKI 5( p cM? UL?N?d U?LNd?L? dO? U?O qO? fO?u} UMO U?L
W UM d? sU? U?O???O UJO W?IDM q v W?MO Wd U??

Minyas U?OMO?

d?O? q?? `H? bM W?F? d??O?G? Wd? U?O?u?O W?IDM w U?M U? t (74)u?I d?
vb? su????? v W??????????

Alalkomenai

UM?O?????uJ? Wd????? vL?????? U????H? bb?????

w UM U??N???A?M WMO Wd W??Od? U? c u? t qO?

Alalkomeneos u?OMO?uJ

v d?O??A w Ud V?? u?d d?N v?b d?O?G? d??N d? UMO?u?J Wd?
u u?B??I* Q wu U? p?K S? u?d? d?N U?H??{ vK Xd?d Q??A Wd
wOK d w VB ud dO s lM c dNM p fO dOGB dNM p
w WMO Wd `=d UNK S? qOUH w UN? Ud bF s rd vK
W?N rJ w fO?O w? q vK UI u?I u u U? S fO?O? u WM
U?L?O U??{ p b? WL?J( uI s?  U?N?B? w l?L& WMO W?d S d?A?
WL?U u q?9 dU fH W u wd?NE YO W1bI U?B* t Ub9
Wb W?UO? W?O UMO WMb?* WO?U U?Nu? w UNu?
UN??LJ dNE W?F?OD u? s

UMO WM?b? Q? ? tQ? s qL? q s WR?? U?N W?d?_ W?O?U?L?? U?N?LE

Wb WU?L? U? w U?C WUM?B UJ W?e U? w U?d uI? UN?M
dO UUI WMO Wd X UM s (75)Wd Tu* u_ s Ub q

***
UMF

poli/j (polis)

kH s o?A? u

Polia/j (Polias)

VI U?I_ c r s

UM r_ VK_ w VIK p od? b? bI WMbL?K WOU?( UN WMb*

VIK bF ULO b UL (76)U tu fOud_ WFKI WOU UNHu WdK rNU
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W?F?u f?uJ e? b? (78)Amorgos u?
W?FK
u? de? q Larissa U?

t?? s? wd?A dD w W??F?u (79)Troezen ed

WMb? q? W? d? uM w

de??' t??u* TU??A? vK W??F??u (80)Erythrae d WM?b? q? fOu?? de??

v (83)uO?MO (82)bO (81)dG?B UO? w UdO?L w U?C Chios u?O
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d?? U Ud W?OR? U?O?_ VK w XU? b* WU?L? W?OI?d d?OU?_
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268

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s U?b w WMO Wd UN?I?O l VM v U?M nI U?C XU U?L (85)u W?Mb
(86)d WMb
VI X?? (87)d?O?? d UU?I X??? b?I? UMO WMb* WMO Wd? WUL?( b?O?Q
wJO? VI X??? UM bzU? d?A? W?O?U? wMF (88)'Agele/ia

(Ageleia) U?OKO?

VI X?? U??O W?FK u? U?N?I U?N?LU b??F? UN U? (89)dBM
UMO s q w d?A? c (90)WMb* W?OU? wMF
W?O??U?? w?MF

Promaxo/rma (Promachorma)

Ni/kh (Nike)

Poliouxo/j (Poliouchos)

uu?Ou

U??u??U??d? VI X??????? Wd????

fOMOuJ VI X? wu?Od s dIU u?Luu u d U?N U (91)ZOK)

Wd??? r s u???OMO???uJ? qD r? s o???A*

'Alalkome/nhij (Alalkomeneis)

s t UC U?I UL Wd jI? UN qO w U?OuO rOK w WF?u UMOuJ

l?b* wM?F b??I?? wU??U

'alalkei=n (alalkein)

u???OMO?_ U??? YO??? WU???; wMF? c

qF??H s U??I????A?? uJ qL????;

'Arei/a (Areia)

U V?I X???????? (92)uI

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WMb?? w f b???F? w wd?? Wd

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u?O t?b?U??? f d?(

(94)
fK?? d
b??F d?? _ p qF?? c u uM?2U? s f?O??? U??I UMO

b?F U?Nu? t?M w w? U WMO Wd (95)tb q? W1d s u?Uu_

XF bI (96)dU sUM* WH Xd uUu_ fK UC u b U
r s U?I??A? U VI uJ d?C s fO tQ U?I?? v iF? WU?( c
(97)nDF??? w{d??? wMF c
wMF (98)Zwsth/ria

(Zosteria)

Swtei/ra (Soteira)(99)
Sqe/niaj

'are/skw (aresko)

Ud??O???? q??? d?? d??O???? U??I v W???U??{U c

dOu W?Fb* wMF

'Eru/ma (Eruma)

U?OM d?( ? u w wMF

WM?b* v?K W?EU?????; wM?F

Polia/tij (Poliatis)

'egreku/doimoj

W??d*

U?I_ s U?d?O? (100)VF?? qJ w

U WK_U WU;

Lei/tij (Leitis)

dei/nh

fO? c?IM* wMF

fO?U????O?u W?u????I? wM?F

(Sthenias)

Salpi/gc (Salpinx)

fJMO?U?

U?I_ iF v U?C W?U?{U c d?( d?O?H wMF

U??I u??N w

qF?H s? q f d?( t

q? u?O???O bM d??J d w

'atrutw/nh u?O??' bzU? 'age/stratoj

WMb* UHK v U?NUL b? q UMO WMb* WO? WOU XU? WMO Wd bR w
dO u? q d W?N l UI_ iF? w UC UMO Wd Xd? U?L (101)UC
W??LK s? o??A*

'Akra/ia Ud??

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fOud_ WOU u Ud VIK uBI*U (102)WLI wMF

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nK? U?NS? WdJ?F WMO? Wd u? v d?OA? Ud?O U?I_ pK? s rd vK
b?O? w t??I??O? t??I?O?I? f eM W? f d?( t W?F?O? s U?N???F?O? w
U qL% WMO WdU (104)UF* UM UUO tI?d w uO tbU (103)UI
s U?N?K d?OF?? UNS? UU?? U? b?? bd U?bM UO?_ VK w U?U?
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d?BM b
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UN?M WOB? w fOO? Wd dOQ UM U?{ b (108)fHM v W? ZzU?M wNM
WMO Wd
5OMO_ ZUF U?C XU q jI d( UM UMO W?Mb s lb WMO Wd sJ r
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5U?F 5 UL?O

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Paiw/nia (Paion-

(Ugei/a(Hygeia)

U?O???O WMO

UOuU? VI UC WMO X? W?OUA? VI WMO Wd X? U*

w bI d? UN U UL UMO w VIK c qL U?9 UN U Wb* wMF

ia)

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dR? w? w?MF b?? c?

Anabu/lia (Anabulia)

VI? w u?Ju u??

(113)u* bB

w U?? XU q j?I wU?) eG b?{ UMO WMb? s UbU W?MO Wd nJ r
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wN? c? u?e U?L W?L?

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w d????O??? uD?d nO???? 5OM?O_ XL?K (114)W???
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VIK c X% Wd U dA uO)U WLN*

(ippoj) (Hippos)

kH s oA*

t (116)dO Wd VIK c w UNF d (115)UOu UOO UMO WMb s q w

(118)f t (117)bOu
b U?C d? w q UMO WMb U w WMO W?d XLU jI d? w fO
VIK c X% Ub?? (119)W?UDG wMF c

ai)qui/a (aithuia)

Uu?u Wd U?I

U? S? (120)WMO?H? v U?? UM kHK c e?d b? Megaria UU??O? W?IDM UJ
sH?? UM s 5?OMO_ XLK? w w WMO? Wd v d??O?A V?IK S?? pc? d??_
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W?d??F* W??LJ( W U_ U??J U?N?KF? UMO? WMb? U d??B?F? W?OU?? u?B??F w
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wU? VI X???? U?: c w U?I? b? WMO

w W?KU??F vM?F0 qL??F v?MF0

'erga/zw

qF???H s o???A*

'Erga/tij (Ergatis)

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'Ocude/rkhj (Oxoderkis)

fO???u????? VI? u??O???F wM?F

5MOF wMF (131)Glaukw/pij

bb?? d? w?MF

tij (Ophthalmitis)

(Glaukopis)fOu

VI U( dB wMF

Polu/bouloj (Poluboulos)

uuu?u VI? 5???d??

VIK c X% bF XU Y?O dEM bOF wMF

Pronoi/a (Pronoia)

Uud VI (132)

(133)wH w

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WbK UF UEM kH? vK ULz qLF XU WbF oO?I% 5uI cOH?M vK WLzUI
u??Uu?_ fK?? q??? W??OU???OM fU???: q U??C??I? rU??; q lL?????:
d YO? dO?u d?B? cM _ .b cM? dJH c QA? WO?u?LF W?O?FL?'
q s b??U? t??? t?J?K2 u?O?? d?B?I 5??U?G? t? w nI WM?O Wd
w w? WMO W?d Ud i?F d (134)5???U???G vK U???C???I tJK? d?????
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WMO Wd X?? cJ (135)td? UM w u?_ W?H? `d? rN??LK U?Nu? `M9
VI o??* UI?F VU?F w (136)'acio/poinoj
c w U??N?U?A? U? (137)W?U??F W??U? b??O?

(axiopoinos)

uMuu?O?
VI

'agora/ria (agoraria)

Uu?

(138)u W?N? d?O?? q?? W?OU?OM? fU?: U?L? d????F uU?? sc W?N iF? VIK

Ce/nia (Xenia)

U??OMO???? VI U??C X????? U??L?? (140)fO??d t (139)fO9 Wd

(141)UdG WUL WUOC 5u vK kU% w wMF c

WI?Ou W?F bR U?MO WMb u? WMO Wd UNb? XU w U?UL? c q
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vu p?K t u??O?MO_ d uD? pK u fd?JO?? b??O??u? t W1e W?MO
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d?? t??M|b? XM w w? tU?N? qC?H b??O?u vK Wd d?B? c u Wd
d?F XU (143)s|b t W1bI U?B* dc r  U?d dO) e? ue
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vu? pK u `? WMb?LK W?OU? WMO Wd X?? U?bM U?NM R? `?
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(diphues)

W?e? W?F?O? U? t d?O?U?_ d U?N?LJ

s W?uL? ]s? dC?? pKL? W1bI U?B* t?} dO?A (145)u?F nB d?A nB
q??
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Aglauros

?? U?M fd?JO?? V$ w?MO_ lL?????: w? b??F U???L??O?? b?zU??

(148)Erythichthon uO vb b b

Herse

wdO

Pandrosos

ubU

uD?_ qD f?dJO??? U?M WMO? Wd 5? W???b???( W1b???I U???B* j?d
bF* UNU fOud_U tL j c qD p (149)Erichthonios uOu
WdU U?I?O UU?? jd U?NK Panathenaia UUMOU?U? U?O? w 5OMO?_ q U?O?Q
t U??C d U?L?? WMO Wd s u? u?Ou??? W1b??I U?B* iF d? WMO
WMO Wd? U?H? u?OMO_ u?J s Q ? pc? d??_ U? S? UMO WM?b? fR?
5OMO_ UNUJ UMO WMb VU w ULz WMO Wd nI Ud fO
pK* uu?I iF? ?O* wU d?I w U? c (150)uKu d
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t v u? X WM?O Wd uu???I WMO W?d s u?????U??H??O s? t d??

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c? qHD wM?F r
tF?{ WN q bU `?B Vd XU t]u s rN nAJ s W?N WOI
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t X bMB? w uO?u? u??U?H?O?N .b?I U?M XF?{ WMO U
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UM v? oKG?? bM w? WMO t??D w?MF

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p vK? U? t????? b???? U??bM U??NU??B??? U?? UM U??N?? u???U??H??O

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c u?Ou?? WMO u??U?H?O uU? W?B? w U?NE W?L?N? WDI UM
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VUF U?N q jI c? fO UN?c s XO?L?* WMO Wd U? w WDIM
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g4uN3
Schneider (L.), Die Akropolis von Athen, pp.62-63.

Hurwit(J.),The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to

the Present, pp.35 sqq.

Bury (J.B.), A History of Greece, pp.390 sqq.

Wilson (Nigel G.), Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, pp.214-215.

Morgan (Lewis), Ancient Society , pp.228-229.

Calame (Claude), Myth and History in Ancient Greece, the symbolic creation of a colony , pp.73 sqq.

Plato, Menexenus, 237c.

Apollodorus,iii,14; Ovid, Metamorphoses,vi,70 sqq.

Travlos (John), Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens , pp.68 sqq.

p UM?O n_U WMb?* r WMO W?ud* U??U W??Od??F W??GK w W?d r WU???? UMKC?? b??I

10

249 3 WOId dOU UMU dE WMb* Wd s q r 5 eOOL WuN

dE WOUO dOU_ s uD_ c 5b iF d

11

Graves (R.), Greek Myths, vol.i, p.62.

Callimachus, Hecale Fragment,I,2.

12

Pausanias,i,24,2.

13

Idem,i,24,5;i,27,1.

14

Hyginus, Fabulae,164.

15

Bell (Robert), Place-names in Classical Mythology, pp. 102 sqq.

16

Liddle & Scott , A Greek-English Lexicon , s.vv. 'Aqh/nh and 'Aqh=nai.

17

e.g. Homer, Iliad, i,194.

18

Die Inscriften von Smyrna (edited by Petzel G.),739; Supp.Epigr.in LSJ (edited by Pleket

19

H.W.),37,936.
Supp. Epig.in: LSJ (edited by Pleket H.W.),32,1086 ; Aeschylus, Eumenides, 288; Aristophanes,

20

Equites, 763; Pax, 271.

Supp. Epigr.in: LSJ (edited by Pleket), 419,437.

21

Inscriptiones Graecae,i,499; Theocritus,15,80.

22

Alcaeus, 9 ; Theocritus,20,1.

23

Homer, passim and others .

24

Idem,Odyssey,vii,80.

25

Herodotus,ix,17; Thucydides,iv,5; Homer,Op.Cit, iii, 278.

26

Ruck (Carl), The world of Classical Myth: Gods and Goddesses , Heroines and Heroes , p.24.

27

Vian (F.), Les Origines de Thebes, p.158 sqq.

28

Rose (H.J.), Handbook of Greek Mythology, p.187.

29

e.g.Homer,Iliad,ii,569;iv,370;Thucydides,i,10 etc.

30

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uD'_ WM7b* UMO#

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

e.g.Homer,Op.Cit.,iv,52;Idem,Odyssey,iii,304;etc.

31

Homeric Hymn to Artemis,14; Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus,734; Thucydides, i,43;etc.

32

Herodotus, i,54; etc.

33

Aeschylus, Eumenides,16.

34

Nilsson, History of Greek Religion,p.26 ; Idem The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion,p.487; Farnell,

35

Cults of Greek States, vol.i,258 sqq.

Gunther (Neumann), "Der lydischen Name der Athena. Neulesung der lydischen Inschrift November,

36

40", Kadmos 6 (1967) .

Knossos V,52 (text 208 in:Ventris & Chadwick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek.

37

Palaima (Thomas), "Appendix One: Linear B Sources" in Trzaskoma (Stephen) and others editors of

38

: (Anthology of Classical Myth: Primary Sources in Translation, Hackett 2004) ,p.444.

39

Burkert (Walter) ,Greek Religion,p.44.

Ventris & Chadwick, Op.Cit.,p.91.

40

Plato, Cratylus,407b.

41

Herodotus, ii,170-175; Plato,Timaeus,21e.

42

Burkert (Walter), Op.Cit., p.139.

43

Homer , Iliad,v,880.

44

Hesiod, Theogony,886 sqq.

45

Ibid.,929.

46

Grimal (Pierre),The Dictionary of Classical Mytholo- logy,s.v.

47

Hesiod , Op.Cit.,924 sqq.

48

Pindar , Olympian Odes,vii,33 sqq.

49
de UM uBI*

50

Apollodorus ,i,20 .

51

Strabo,xiv,2,10.

52

Idem,ix,2,36.

53

Pausanias,i,24,5.

54

Idem,iii,17,3.

55

Philostratus the elder, Imagines,ii,27.

56

Harrison (J.E.), Prolegomena to the Study of Greek, Religion, p.302.

57

Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana,vi,19; cf. Pausanias ,i,24,2.

58

Graves (R.), Greek Myths, vol.i, pp.45 sqq.

59

Apollodorus ,i,4,6; scholium ad Pind.Olymp.,vii,66.

60

Tzetzes ad Lycophron,355; scholium ad Apollonium, iv,1310.

61

Pausanias,i,14,6.

62

284

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

uD'_ WM7b* UMO#

Suidas, s.v.i (ppea )Aqh/nh (Hippeia Athene).

63

Herodotus,iv,180.

64

Mark (P.O.), Classical Mythology,pp.41 sqq.

65

Apollodorus, iii,12,3.

66

Pindar,Pythian Odes,xii,19;etc. cf. Hyginus, Fabulae, 165;Apollodorus,i,4,2;Pausanias,i 24,1.

67

Tzetzes, ad Lycophron, 510 ; Cicero, De Natura Deorum, iii, 23.

68

Pausanias,ix,34,1;Tzetzes,ad Lycophron,355.

69

Homer, Iliad,iv,515; Idem, Odyssey, iii,367; Hesiod, Theogony,924; Pausanias ,ix,33,5.

70

Kerenyi (Karl), The Gods of The Greeks, pp.128 sqq.

71

Tzetzes, ad Lycophron,519.

72

Muller,Orchom.,p.355.

73

Pausanias,ix,33,5.

74

Burkert, Op.Cit.,pp.139-143.

75

Herodotus,v,82; Sophocles,Philoctetes,134;Aristopha -nes, Ares,828; Inscriptiones Graecae, i,304,6;

76

Pausanias, i, 27,1 ; Arnobius, adv.Gent.,6,193;etc.

Mnemosyne, 1852,57,208.

77

Inscriptiones Graecae 12(7),386,43.

78

Pausanias,ii,30,6;

79

Idem,vii,5,9.

80

Strabo,iv,1,4.

81

Pausanias,ii,32,5.

82

Idem,x,38,5.

83

Homer, Iliad, vi,88.

84

Plutarch, Symposiaca,ix,6; Pausanias,ii,1,6; ii,15,15; ii,22,5.

85

Homer, Odyssey, passim.

86

Kerenyi, Op.Cit., pp.127-129.

87

Homer, Iliad,iv,128; v,765; vi,269; xv,213; Odyssey, iii,378.

88

Pausanias,i,42,4; Euripides,Ion,1529; Suidas,s.v.

89

Pausanias,iii,17,2.

90

Idem,ii,34,9.

91

Homer, Iliad, iv,8; Steph.Byz., s.v. Alalkomemion ; Muller, Orchom.,p.213.

92

Pausanias,i,28,5.

93

Idem,i,8,4.

94

Idem,i,28,5.

95

Aeschylus, Eumenides,753.

96

285

uD'_ WM7b* UMO#

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

Cf. Homer, Iliad,ix,120; xxii,5; Theognis, 762 ; Sophocles , Antigone,500.

97

Steph.Byz., s.v. Zoster; Herodotus,viii,107.

98

Scholium ad Plato,p.90; Aristotle,Rhetorica,iii,18.

99

Hesiod ,Theogony, 925-926.

100

Athena Titles, www.Theoi.org.com.

101

Pausanias, i,1,3; ii,24,1; Apollodorus, i,9,20 ; Vitruvius,i,7; Spanheim,ad Callimachus Hymn in Jove 82.

102

Homer, Iliad, iv, 440-441; Hesiod, Theogony, 22 ; Cypria, passim.

103

Homer,Op.Cit.,v,333,592; Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes,45; etc.

104

Homer, Op.Cit.,v,736 sqq.

105

Homer, Op.Cit.,i,199 sqq.

106

Homer, Op.Cit.,v,840 sqq.

107

Homer, Op.Cit.,x,244; etc.

108

Plutarch, Life of Pericles,13,8.

109

bF ULO d c u fOKJd uMOU vM c u uMO pK* UB* iF d

110

Strabo,ix,1,12;ix,1,16 dE eON& tzUM U WOKL vK

Pausanias, i,23,4.

111

Idem, i,2,4; i,34,2.

112

Idem, iii,13,4.

113
Wd VOKI VAF lL' qLF UM W
] b*

114

Pausanias,i,30,4; i,13,3; v,15,4; viii,47,2.

115

Idem,v,15,4.

116

Idem,vi,20,8; i,30,4; Livy,i,9.

117

Idem,v,15,4.

118

Idem,i,5,3; i,41,6; Lycophron Cass.359.

119

Smith (William), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biology and Mythology ,p.51.

120

Tzetzes, ad Lycophron,530.

121

Athena : Greek Goddess of wisdom, www. Theoi. org.com.

122

Livy,vii,3.

123

Nonnus, Dionysiaca, xxiv, 35sqq.; Pindar, Pythian Odes,xii,7sqq.;Ovid,Fasti,vi,697

124

sqq.;Hyginus,Fabula,165.
Vergil, Georgics, iv,246 sqq.; Hymn to Aphrodite, v,9 sqq.

125

Hymn to Hephaistus ,i sqq.

126

Pausanias,i,24,3.

127

Homer,Odyssey,xxiii,160;xviii,190;Plutarch, Cimon, 10; Ovid ,Fasti, iii,833; Orphic Hymns,31,8;

128

Spanheim ad Callimachus, p.643; Horace, Carmina,i,12,19.

286

uD'_ WM7b* UMO#

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

Pausanias,v,14,5; i,24,3; Plutach, De defectu orac-ulorum, 99a; Hesyhchius,s.v.

129

Pausanias,viii,31,3;viii,36,3.

130

Homer,Odyssey,i,156; Sophocles,Oedipus Tyrannus, 706; Hesiod,Theogony,888,924; Stra-

131

bo,xiii,1,38.
Homer,Iliad,v,260;Odyssey,xvi,282.

132

Demosthenes,25,34;Diodorus Siculus, xi,14;Parthen- ius, 25; Pausanias ,x,8,6; Plutarch,825b.

133

Homer, Odyssey,xiii,394 sqq.

134

Aeschylus, Eumenides,753; cf. Pausanias,i,28,5.

135

Pausanias,iii,15,4.

136

Idem,iii,11,8.

137

Idem,iii,11,8;v,15,6.

138

Idem,v,15,3.

139

Idem,i,15,1;ii,9,7;ix,17,1.

140

Idem,iii,11,9 ; Homer, Odyssey,xiv,389; Cicero, ad Quintum Fratrem,ii,12.

141

Trahman (C.R,), "Odysseus' Lies, Books 13-19", Phoenix, vol.6, no.2, (Classical Association of Can-

142

ada), 1952, pp.32-34.

Loraux (N.),The Children of Athena,pp.37 sqq.

143

Pausanias,ii,12,4.

144

Kearns (E.), The Heroes of Attica (BICS Supplement 1989) pp.110-112,175-176; Kron, Phylenhe-

145

roen, pp.84 sqq., 259 sqq.

Scholium ad Aristophanes Pluto 773; Tacitus, Annales, xi, 14,2; Cicero, De legibus,ii,63.

146

Sissa, ,The Daily Life of The Greek Gods, p. 147; pp.210-211.

147

Brule, La Fille d'Athenes, pp.31 sqq.

148

Graves (R.), Op.Cit., vol.i, p.97.

149

Apollodorus,iii,14,6.

150

Seltman,The Twelve Olympians,p.93.

dE WGU WuFB dO U bI d U t_

151

Seltman, Op.Cit., pp.51-52 .

152

Aeschylus,fragment 368; Euripides,Ion,21;Aristotle,fragment 635.

153

Apollodorus,iii,14,6.

154

Callimachus, Hecale Fragment,i,2.

155

Pausanias,iii,18,13.

156

Idem,i,14,6.

157

Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana,7,24.

158

Hyginus, Fabulae,166.

159

Idem, Astronomica,ii,13.

160

287

uD'_ WM7b* UMO#

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

Ovid, Metamorphoses,ii,550 sqq.

161

Ibid.,ii,748 sqq.

162

Cicero, De Rerum Deorum,iii,22.

163

Apollodorus,iii,14,6.

164

Callimachus, Op.,Cit.,i,2.

165

Pausanias,i,18,2.

166

Hyginus, Fabulae,166.

167

Suidas, s.v. Drakaulos.

168

Ovid, Op.Cit.,ii,550 sqq.

169

`Q? Wd t?U r WMO Wd W?UB0 l?L U? uK iO d_ U w d?G dzU U

170

263 3 WOId dOU UMU dE fOud_ s d s UuM2 ` u tu

U w W?u? X?U? d?G dzU s b WMO W?dK U?? `? c u? dzU u? UM u?B?I*

171

W?u v U??N?u? Q WMO W?d U?NQ?U? U?N??c? vK fOu?? XEU? fOu? vb? U?? d?_
UJ q w UN Q UN XL

Ovid, Metamorphoses, ii,748.

172

Pindar,Pythian Odes,xii,16 (eu/parao/u Medoi/soj).

173

Ovid,,Op.Cit.,iv,790 .

174

Apollonius Rhodius,Argonautica,ii,37-41.

175

Pindar, Nemean Odes, x,4.

176

Apollonius Rhodius,Op.Cit.,iv,1515 sqq.; Ovid ,Op . Cit.,iv,770 sqq.; Lucan,Pharsalia,ix,820 sqq.

177

Milne(Marjorie J.),"Perseus and Medusa on an Attic vase",The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulle-

178

tin, New Series,4.5 (January 1946,pp.126-130),p.126-7.

Sigmond Freud, Das Medusenhaupt, z. Psychoanal. Imago. 25(1940),p.105; Seeling (B.J.),The Rape

179

of The Medusa in The temple of Athena; Journal of Psycho-anal.,83(2002),pp.895-911;Pratt

(A.),Archytypal empower -ment in poetry : Medusa, Aphrodite, Artemis, and bears, Bloomington Indiana University Press,1994, passim; Stephenson (A.G.), Endless the Medusa : a feminist reading of
Medusa imagery, London 1997 passim .etc.
Apollodorus,ii,46.

180

Ibid.,ii,146.

181

Apollodorus,vi,20-22.

182

Scholium ad Homer Iliad xiii,66 (Callimachus, Aitia,fragment i,8).

183

Scholium on Lycophron 1141 (= Callimachus, Aitia , fragment ii,1.) .

184

Tzetzes on Lycophron ; Polybius,xii,5;scholium ad Homer Iliad

U?C dE W??B?I c?N oKF?? U?L?O?

185

xiii,66;Iambilicus, De Pythagorica vita,viii,42;Servius on Vergi's Aeneid,i,41.

Callimachus,The Bathing of Pallas,57sqq.;Apollodo- rus,iii,6,7.

186

288

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uD'_ WM7b* UMO#

Plutarch, , Parallel Stories 17.

187

Ovid, Metamorphoses ii,569 sqq.

188

Wu t Xb UNId? s tUd Ud vA UbM dG UI s WMO Wd p lM1 r

189

19

dE

Aeschylus, Suppliant Women, passim; etc.

190

Hyginus,Fabulae,204.

191

Ovid,Op.Cit.,ii,289 sqq.

192

Pausanias,v,11,10;viii,41,5;x,34,8;Telestes,fragment 805(apud Athenaeus,Deipnosophistai).

193

Euripides,fragment 675.

194

Euripides, Hippolytus,17.

195

Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite,7 sqq.;see also Ovid, Op.Cit,v,375 sqq.

196

Diodorus Siculus,v,2,3,.

197

Herodotus,iv,103.

198

Inscriptiones Graecae i,108,48 and 54.

199

Homer, Iliad, xxii,127-128.

200

Hesiod, Theogony,514.

201

Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus,1462; Trachiniae,148.

202

Aristophanes, Equites,1302.

203

Theocritus,27,65.

204

Vestal Vergins : Plutarch,ii,89e;etc.; Dionysius Hali-

205

carnasius,i,69 .
Muller,Dor.,ii,2,13.

206

Spanheim, ad Callimachus,p.644.

207

Orphic Hymns, xxxi,10.

208

Eustathius, ad Homer Iliad, ii,550.

209

Orphic Hymn to Athena,32.

210

e.g. Homer,Iliad,xxii,127-128;etc.; Homeric Hymn to Athena,11and 39; Orphic Hymn to Athena,32.

211

Pindar, Olympian Odes,v,21.

212

Plato,Cratylus,406d.

213

Apollodorus,i,6,2 .

214

cf. Tzetzes, ad Lycophron,355.

215

Pausanias,i,14,6.

216

Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy.viii,350 sqq.

217

Ibid.,xiv,386 sqq.

218

Philostratus, Imagines,8.

219

289

uD'_ WM7b* UMO#

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

Ovid, Metamorphoses,vi,70 sqq.

220

Apuleius, The Golden Ass,x,30 sqq.

221

Pausanias,i,17,2.

222

Ibid.,i,24,5.

223

290

uD'_ WM7b* UMO#

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

l$d* WLzU1
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wMO#_ sH3 W3UI4

2009 d9L?7- d!u:2 38 bK: 2 bF3

wMO#_ sH3 W3UI4

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fO?? ZOK b?M b?M c

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u???O?L?O q?? lI?O? d?A? w U? mis

Pentellikus uJO?KM q?? b?? wd??A U??L?A? w UMK? _U d?F?* iO_

d??( b?B?

Lycabettus u??OUJO? q? U? wd d?F* iO_ U??d s wU?

WUL? U?' c tO Xb? c Xu w Poros u rU d?F* uI d?O'

uJOKM u??O?LO? wK 5? lu dO?N?A

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UMO? U U?L? UJO rOK b?N? dD b? W?Nu?* ld d??K W?dH b?I
U?O UMO?

Munycheia

U?O?Ou? UMO?L? b?U? u? s t oK U? Piraeus udO

Wd u? UA vK bU? U rUF s UMO W?e dJ td?O rOK 5 qB Zea

W?OKIF W?UD c?? UO?( Wu?N w d rOK? b?F* UMLK U? WI?DM* w d?
U?_ U?? UM dJ? WOU? X? c? Ud?I?? rNMO d?NE tUJ W?Ob?
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rU?F s? d?_ su* w U?N??O?? s W??OMO_ U?C??K v_ Ub? n?K?
d?L? s o? U? qJ (**)?O* q? W?OU? n_ w b e?G U b?I? wUu?O
dB WbMJ WJ0 UJ* UD fOz UA WbMJ WFU WOUd WOUuO U U

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qU?? s? b Uu??O ?? U??C??( U???M w s|b W??G?K dJH w? fU????
Ud? W?OKI? de? u* de? t??A? W? d? e v? Ud? d?G?B U?O? wd?G
UOUD uM WIDM v WU{U
UJ?_ uD) u??? eM?U wU??? d???B???F W?b w wM?O_ wMH? U???M e???O9
pK X U UF uO wM dJ s uI tO bIF U* WOKJO u bI w WObMN
v d qJA rdJ s dF WOU W?OuO UJ v uD WDO UU&
uLK* wUO( uNH*
5 l U??& U?A u? v U?u?O d?B?? w W?H?A??J* Wd_ W_ d??O?A
UAM p uI XU? UMO b dB U?uB dA UC? wUuO rUF
U?C?( `? b? .b?I d?B* sHU dQ d?G u?M b? wMO_ sH U?
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294

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d???B??? r? v U????LKF? l U??? lU???? qz sU???? d???I? d??? w wM?O_

dH c vK

Orientalization Period

dA

UM w d???( b??? v 5O?MO_ 5zU]M u?%

w? W?OK
dQ? c r?U?F? b
^
]
rN u?FMB VA) s? ]K s rNU bUF? b?OA p q? uU? qOUL? X w
U?N??ODG W??L??{ b?U?F? W??U? v e?M p VU? V?A?) 5D s d??O?G?? qOU9
XU? c UM w b dDU d? UL?O W?L?{ Wd? b?L? vK eJd uI?
tb su UMO
vK bM? w WU?LF* e?_ U W?U tb?L W?U?C b dD e?O9
U wI jd s uJ w
q?? s

Frieze

Entablature uLF u? U dUMF UL?* bL_ pK

ed?? r Architrave W??{U??? vL?? b???L??_ u?? b???1 W??d???e s

lOd?? v d?I WKOD??? U?u U?NMO? qB?H

Triglyphs

U uD W?? W?d?e?

UuKU UD vL UNu U UuM* l{u ULK nK) v OK WFd
w??A??) q?JO??N t??u?? qL??? U wI??

Cornice

gOu?? p u?KF Metopes WKU??H

bUF WFUI WOA u qJ w UM q s dNE c UMK `D* nIK

uMU _? Wd Wc u?$ U uQ de

Coffers dzU UFd U?NMO dB%

tODG wuUL? YK d nI VA) s U qJO wI_ gOu?J u UL w

u tOHK? bF* WN w

Pediments UK* U?Nu tF uJ b?OdI s u

U UuM s rN|b U qC uUM b 5Nu 5U

wJO??J

Archaic (480 - 600) w_

dJ?* sd?B??F P??AM rEF?? XL?O??

dD vK wUu?O rUF s? w_ rI U? wU UMO wClassic

(330 - 480)

wu_ dD? d?UM i?F W?O?JO?J? rN?OU??? v?K uK 5OM?O_ d?O?? b

nK wu_ dD U dGB UO wdG qU vK WOu_ b* tb c
U??eU d??e U?? b dD? s u??L??F u?? U? d??UM? tb??L? q?J w
e?OL?* tb?L? U?O w t?A?Od? eU w X?M w W?OUM? WUL?F* U?OK(
UJ w?u_ dD e???O1 U?? d U??? qO??M n?F?? s U??O?K l sd???O???? 5e?K
s UMH s=JL? w d?L?* Uu?M* s W?KK W?U{S `?L c? dL??* ed?
Vu* pc? U??_ d?U?MF qUJ? wM Vu? b??_ WKU? uD d?
ed? c U? U?* d?O?N?A

Parthenon

uMU?? b??F* wKb ed?? d?e c

bI? rNUuM* wzd d?F w 5OMO_ 5UMH b O? ou UuM* s b?L*
wUu?O rU?F s w_ r?I w t UU?? W?OUu?O b* v UMO XU?

295

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dD vK vG v WOUuO su* q w UA? r tb v c d_

tK q b
d?B w Wd?B* bUF?*U dQ v b dD? qOU?H s dO?? QA U?LKF ld
dQ v od? UU U?A WL?C Wd( qOU?L uN e?F UL W?b( Wb
WOM?OJO* UC?( s U dA s tc? U UMO c? bI c d?B* XM sH
t?O? oK?D sJ1 bb? s d?N?E bb?' dJH rz? U0 t?K]J t??u?
r d? U

UMO s UIKDM wMOKN sH d_U wUuO sH

uIKDU dR* suJ oO?I% v rNFKD 5OMO_ UO d?( s rC UM o
dO?Q oI?% se s WKu U b?LB W?OM v uu W?OG 5? duD u?
u? U?N^b?F U??NMO?F U/Q rN??H? u?eK p q w uU? U? u?H w oL?_
dJ UMO Xb U tu wId bFLK jO jD< s rd vK rNM rdJH
U?NO? `?H uQ? WU? W?bI? W?U q W?_ U?N_ s Wu?L?0 b?F* WU?
qb VON* lOM* bI* UJ* c q* Uu/ wMO_ fOud_ bI WL{ Uu
w dN?* WOM|b P?AM* bUF* s Wu?L U? tH d* b?O? WL?{ Wu s t}
XI?I? WdB U?M? s UM U?N?O? tb? U? YO? s WKc* U?N?UN? U?N?U??{
b w UF_ oUM uI rUM UL' l wbMN U u
fOKd? d?B?? w

Pei-

Propylaea

U??Od U??L?* d??J fO?ud?_ W?u XL?O??

UL?O

Perikles

XU w? l Uu? q q% U?N uB?I* U U d?I w

sistratos

ud?eO U?NU w W1b?I Wu UU?I u

432 437 5

fOKJO??OM v? Wu? UM d?A0 fOKd b?N? W1b?I W?OM?OJO* u?_ w `?H
d??I w UM? W??bM s w? d?B?? d??U???? s b?? d??O??_ U?? Mnesikles
5 lL UL wu_ b sdD s  tzUM w fOKJO?OM b fU)
b?uI q?LF u?_

Eleusinian

wu?} d?( l d?U?H iO_ u?OJKM U?

-U??I u?_ l?UM iO_ 5 iU?M s u b?? d?G? qO?U??H?? iF

431

U?F w WO?Ou?uK d( u?AM W?O? nu b U?Od? UM lu

U?H??A Wd r?{ e?d U?9 Wu?? b?I?? U? j p b?F? UM qLJ?? r
UM w qL?F UM tQ WB? pc d Asklepios uO?KJ WMHygeia U?O?O
V F d0 qL?F w 5dA* s d?N* ULF b XU? WU XF U?Od
u?? u???LM U??? s d????? U?MO Wd?U fOK?d rK W?KO t????? U???_ vK
d? U?U9 v?U?F c id?LK t?zUD U?M U?C??S fOKd d?Q? f?Oud?_

296

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t??FMB?? b? U?? vK U??N dJ U??U?N?? UMO? W?N U??9 `c?? W??U?S f?OKd
UJ* c w l{uO

Pyrrhos

dO wMO_ U M

bL W s n U?LNM  bI sd2 s uJ UFd eO? UOd vM qGA

U?uI?? b wU?) dL* f?Oud W?Od?G W?N' s b?U?B d Hexastyle
5D? b? ju u?L? 5 dze? d
S? U? l v?K nI wuU?L? nI?
]
nI qOD?? vM? s U?? UL?NM wU?L?A 5UM v u?I U??O v 5L?O v
n UN?bI? W Wd b?F tDD? w t?A UN?H W?OU) Wd U? vK
WMe? XU tb? v dE
W

Pausanias

Pinakotheke r UM' c vK oK? bL? W s

UOU?u nB Polygnotos uu?OMOu wMO_ UMH UN?L U?uK

UO?d qb? XU (1.22.4) tU? s _ e' w U?FOL? bI w? ud c
rzu w? X u_ XU? WOM U?e Wde? edU u?J WO?A? uQ oKG
w W?OMO_ W?OU?) c d?A? b? ` U?LK U?O oKGM U? qF?& qb v WKzU?
nd?B UMI U?Od?K wOzd d?L* uL?F t? vK WL?N* fU) d?I wU?
b?U _ Wu v W?U{U UM s W?CH?M* e_ w nI v? dD* U?O
U) u
b?? fU??) d?I s? wU?? nBM w U??NU??L??? v b d?D d?U?M XK
wduL|b UNLO bN w U?MO WMb* wUO ZCM uB vQ UL c j
P??AM U b?? wU??H e??G VU?? c U??b U?? Pericles

(429 - 495)

fOKd

uMO? UUL?F* U b?I* q UM U? UdA? fOKd l{u W?LN* fO?ud_

r UM w U?F Ud?U? c ULF* wbM?N l* s

Callicrates

fOdJOU

Ictinus

vK uM?U?U d?F* c??F UMO W?N? b??F? u ? vK od? bU??F? rE

uD d s WM?b* t XF?9 U? vK bU? uMU? b??F? b
?F w?MO_ fOud?_
tO? cH U0 UL?F w b dD ZC q1 UL? wM wLK b s tb? U
WKd v UbF wbMN UI WKd vD b UM X{ WdB UM s
tQ? s c d?B? bK W?d? t?O b?& c wU?* qJA W?b? w b
UM w ud WUI UU U dJ
b?F* Ud?O

438

u w U?LNKL s U?bMN* vN

cHMO rOL( fOKd ob

uMU rO? b

432

447

UF uMU UM w b

Pheidias UbO UM UOI dBF wUM d b w

u w uM X? p bF XN w W?}M tU?L

s w t?????H lu?* w tU??U?? X?F??{ tzUM? jD b?? U??? .b?? b????F?? l?u?? w

297

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U0 b?_ s WzU* b?F*

Hecatonpedon

vL? U 495-7/508 fOM??OK

s b?L_U UU? U .b?I b?F* Naos UM b_ b? WU? v W?
uD UU?' ULMO nK) w UNK? bL W? s n tbI? YO tu lO?L

Perip- U;
d??I v

b?F*U vL c jD< u u?L dA W? s n ULNM ? b

480 WM wU??H e??G u???N? b?O??uUJO??N UM? w qL??F nu teral

WN? bN fOud?_ UM U d?A sL?{ UI bb? b?F UM? U? b?

Panathenaea UUMUU vL* dOJ UbO w UMO
nF{ U U u d

5.48 tO uLF UH mK 17 8 U bF UC uMU

bL w uNF* s d? WM vK v UMFH ULK uLF dD qI? UdI uLF dD
s n t?bI qb? UL?NM qJ 5KB? dO? 5HB v UM r?IM d_ b?UF*
d?ON?A Ub?O U?L? d?I XU? U?L? d? wd?A UM Hexastyle b?L W?
Wb b?L_ s u?HB U?N s jO? c

Parthenos

uMU cF UMO_

qL% W bL W?F wdG UM u% ULMO wA `D U?LNMO qBH 5IU w

bU?A0 Uu?M d?L?? U?Ou ed? d 5UM?U WDO?; jzu( v?K w U?NH?I?
UNu UUMUU UO
w Wd?B? UM?;U U?L?* bb?' WO?bMN? dUE* iF uMU? w d?N
b?O??N9 W?OK?L? w w p s? W?O?Id?? U?L??F uM t?}? XKu U? s b??F
w Wb?

Stylobate d?O_ W?b uJ b?F* b?U U? UM U?Nu? _

w w UL WK _ 5FU d UD_ UO? UOU `L UHOH Ub?% UNHBM

U W v u?LFK? uKF dDI qB

Diminution u?LF dDI? bU?B* d?O?GB?

b j w W?U?F?? v W?U?{U U?H?O? u??L?F u?N U?H? b? qH?? bM dD

w WU?I qU b? uLF qF?& uMU q s UM UU?

Entasis uLF

UL Inclination WO? UN?U? bF? s WU W?M qb v uMU? bL? qO9
UF? s u b?O p UM jzu? w UN?H W?MU qb v qO* W?OKL c?H
b? UH? b?L_ w?U s UJL? d? U?_ bL? U? WO?d uD) qO? l
s Ud?O s VU? q s t wU? uL?F sd uL? 5 WKU?H WU?* qI dEM
pc Pteron jO; nB bL? wU Ue bL 5 VUM U? p UU*
b?) U??M& Ud?O?? s U?L??? d?? ed?? j w

Metopes

WKU?H U??uK c?H

vK U??N?KE gOd?J wIK Q? `L?? W??b qb? v qO??L??O?? uU??L??' U?? d?EM
Tympanum WNu YK jzU vK uu* UuM*

298

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S?? b? dD w u???OMO_ u?U??L??F?* t??b U?? q?C?? b??I? uMU??? U??
WOId bUF* d uO? wu_ dD w wMO_ b vK U bI uO
wMO_ fOud wULA VU' w bF* lI t?H Xu w W WU{ bOIF
Wd?C* WF?OD ULN?{d U?H w 5HK 5|u? vK rO? uMU WN?u w
t?O?? qL?F? nu W?d??F? d?O?? U???_ sJ

421

u? w? b??F* UM? w b W??C??NK

bNK U?M dF 404 u w u?M fL p bF w?NM

409

u? w nQ?O

u??O v?? t?UJ U??O??U q?E U??L?? W??b U?M U??F U?? d?? q w s?J d?? d??O??
w tU?|u????? w uM? l oH?? b???F?* UM w U????_ s W?H?K??? u? Xb?????
d???( hB? b? u??_ d??( i?O_ d?O?' d???( U?d U?b?u? tD?D?
wMH iU?M s U?u d?NE?? iO U? s Uu??M U?N XI?( w e?U? u?_
b?I??F U?L?? t s d???_ W?B?B??< W?b??I* e* s b? v?K b??F?* u?? V??;
c bMN* b? d b?F* UN d?F w qbF? WU?{ U w t?DD
vK U??H??K? _ Wu?? U???? id qu?? b?? t??L?? d?F? c UMU? nK
UMK 5|u b? v dD{U dOU_ UN} dOA lu* w u?u XU UbI
U?H bI??F s UM wd?G e' w U?O?UMD UU?H Vd?I U? U?LN?}K
lu* w

Athena Polias

WOU( UMO bF UU u v ld wdG e'

UM WO?Ozd d( u c wd?A VU' w bF?LK wOzd qb* lI

c Hexastyle

Prostyle b?L?? W?? s n? UM b?I?? c?F UMO?_ hB?<

b???F* d?UM s d?? d?BM v tM? u?b sJ1 YO?? nK) s oKG?? UM
u qb* w d?NE WOu uLF u? U dUM uU?L e' c nI
WU?LF*
dD{ UMK? j_ U? wU? vK U??_ b?L?_ 5 W?u?N? U?{ c?u
s U?F?Hd u? q1 jzU? u? t?O?{ ld v w?dG VU?K t??U? bM bMN*
U W?Od?A WN?' w tKUI? VU' c 5? u s u b? UL?O p d?(
d nB bM

Pilasters

5Fd su?L s}U? WOU? bL WF U?LF*

v b?L_ u?H? 5 s qb Wu?N U?{ c?u td?? jzU? bL?_ XKB

s bFLK wuM' wULA 5Kb*U UMU B UOHK Ud tz s U
U?LMO W?Od?A W?N' w t?U?H l W?OdG W?N?' w uU?L' U?H oH? u od
U?U?? u?O??? e? d??? u wU?L??A VU?' 5|d??_ 5?N?' l U??HK??? b?$
qL% 5Md uL nK 5M W?OU UNM WF bL W s n t?bI UUH
wN?M c? UM v b?L?_ c 5 s q?b U?Ou UuU?L? d?U?M b?L?_ c

299

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u??bU uD_ q?D U v R? Ub? u? W t??d??? w?HK jzU??

e' nI bF* U v YU? R ULMO wdG UM v R wU

Pandrosos

WOUM UeU TK1 U e' c eOL? U s bU u td wULA

vK u?L? U?NH?I? Wd? s U? u? b?F* e? wuM' VU' b?F W?Ou_
sN? u? sK?L? wUM lHd?? vK sH?I nO?? d? db?? U?O??H q?OU9 W??
U?O???H XO??L? W?O?? W?Ou?_ W?{U?F U??N?u? q?L?% W?OU?? U?e ??? UU???O
u? ed rO? 5d?I U? wMF W?OL? w

Caryatides

rU nI?K U?(

W{UF u u?I uK U s UuM t XI( u_ wu} d?( s W{UF

wULA VU' nI UHU `D nI ed
U? Wd? t?O d?NE

Anthemion W?OU?M Ue s W?HK?? uQ b?F* d?e

Vc* ed qLF? wuJ dD uNE Wb?I p U U0

Acanthus

uU_

q? Wd?F* W?Ou_ U?e XKL?F? pc? VcU eK( u?O? XOK eK( w
d w WOdA? dR* dN UL Bead

& reel

W*

egg & dart

rN WCO

WU?F s? uO? bL? iF uK b?L_ iF Xd? w qOM nF? fuK
U( WFOD WOJO_ buI Xb Entasis b j

wMO_ XM s
t???U? b? UM w? d??( b???? v U? XI???
c u??N b? U??C d????( s W??L????{ q?OU9 X? w b??
U?N?O? UMb? w d??H w lU? d?I? nB?M w qOU?L?
w V dB? od 5 be* UB s vbI 5R* s d?O dO
d?B l U?? qUF? w o?_ U? c UJO rOK w qOU?L? c b d?NE
_ W?bI?? d?O b?I YO? WdB* W?H?u u?HI UU?? uB? qOUL? pK XU?
Wd?B* qOUL?U? UU9 qO? dB?) U?Cd? UH?J WI?D b_ r?K WU?
UU?A qOU9 VM v U?M UN?F U?

(Kouroi)

U?A qOU?L? qOU?L c Xd?

W?U?U Xd? W?FMDB? W?U? l W?O?U? WH? W?O?U f0 U?H?u

(Kourai)

sK db?? u?M W?U? qOU9 l t?O? X? c d?B?F r v W?? W?O?_

UdB* OM UJK* q sNK d WOU WK
u??? nA?? U???N??C???F????? qOU???L??? pK X? s d??G? nMJ? u??L???G iF U???
U U WbI* WCN u b? U UU q9 XU UN bOH U0 wMO_ fOud_
vu* d?? bK? WezUM qO?U9 t vK d????H?O?? UU????' q qOU??L?? pK s d??N

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UI w? UF qOU9 s b? WOM|b d_ W?b) t?b w d=
b? XM s
WK* UNu vK U UuM0 b?F* U Wd v bF* w U q U
q1 b?? WU?( c w U? b?N? 5d??I? b?I?? U?C qOU??L? XFM? eU?_
u? w? WezUM' Uu??M* d?N p? VU? v b??N* bU?F q?1 d U??L??
w XM s Uu{u w c XU uI bu vK U UuM 5u* qOU9
tb??N?? U?? Vu? w Uu??M?* s d?? UU/ u??OM?O_ uUMH? UM b??I r t?Ub
XFM w? WU?c? Uu?M* w U?NM d?? Wd?J? W?O?U?O? d?O?G?? s rN?Mb?
sJ1 U2 p v U e? d 5 bUF d W?UM0 U U?B d b?OK
d?F W?OU?L? dOG?* l qUH?K UU? wMO_ U?MH U W?OU Uu?M tO?L
s d???F Uu??M UMH? b?I?? WKc? W??d? u?D U? c t??F?L????? w b U??L?
w s|bU jd d?O_ c XU? WL?N* WO?{Ud UIU?* w sezUH 5O?{Ud
.b?I u?? wF? v? rN??F?? d?A? u? w? rNU_ od? U??? p U?N??U?
UIU? UN?B WOM|b UH? XUJ tNP t?A U c dA?K u qC
rNU v d_ r ezUH UN?O uJ UH t hB< u?F* d vK WO{U
XM s W?OU* c X?U b? WOU? W?O w ru?B qOU9 w uUMH rbK?O
u?F?A? t?F? u?LM? dD u/ b?N?A l?L??: U? d? V?U? s u?B? u? wId?
uD dL c u dH WOLQ be* uFA c qF lL: w dH WOLQ
U s b???O??F? UMK W???O??u???O U??O???( dUE? s d??O?????F??? v wM?O_ UMH? D
U??H_ U?M? u?B?? WKu d???H X?M s vK sL??O c wM?|b uD_
UMH WJU?A?* deG W?O?Id d?OU?_ bU? WDO? W?OUO? bU?A w b?)
sH s dO? b bI WuM WuD bUA? bQ WOzd tu? U vK wMO_
W??O??F?u? u?? wMO_ UM?HK WKuD? WKd s r?d vK rUM? W?O?U?O?? w? wzd
U?LN?U u?J wU? dJH WU? XK wJO?J w_ sd?BF U?& S Wd?H
b?F U v wI?OI? wF qJ?A WO?B?A uB s ZC d?] c d?_ WOU?*U wMH
dM UL WOMO tQA XK u/ uD w UOMOK UM `BO sdBF sc
WEU??; W??F??O??D t?O?? XU?? c Xu? w sJ d??B?? s Ub?? XL??NK??
dD UI? v eM v_ t*UF0 d?B* sH UL? w U WdB?* UCK
Wd?: dzU W?FO?D X tKd ? vK d?B* dJHK u X? w W?O_

301

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550 - 575

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t?u d?O??F `O?{u? wMO?_ fOud?_ s uK?O? WU? U?M
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Hymation u?OU??L?O?N U???F W?L??UM Chiton u???O?) U??K' U?OM 5 e??O?O??L?

c U?L UNMO s U? w UU' Ud qOU9 v?K uD c fJF b WH?OJ
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Tyrranicides U?GD? wKU? U??9 U?

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u?U??O

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U?L?NM hK? d? n?F? UO?GD v? su_ s?c qO? 5OMO b b? rJ(
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c sJ r 476

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b bb??' b?I 5 U???L? lL?? b?I? wUu??O XM s w? W?U? uD W?Kd?
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w W{u d?OF w 5L?' X uK w W{ b? w W1eF b
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Pheidias Ub??O?? U?M? R vK U?? bb??' W?O??b `* 5?uu*

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Poseidon

b?O?u UMO 5 d?B uD? u W?Od?G W?K?* W?N?u vKF? UM

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Kresilas

O?d U?M
fOKd U?9 X b W?U) W?bI

d?NE UJOU?H n?? w UOU? Wu?H?? t WOU? W?? UMd? c wH?BM U?L?
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U sb?I s d?Q U0 fOKd q? X c

Timostokles

fOKu?uLO U?9 q

U? s r?d vK vK t W?OI?O?I? u fO rO?eK W?OU?? u U?C

qOU?L?? ld d?I? ? b dJH U?d W?O?B?? u? .b?I 5OM?O_ 5U?M
S? Sokrates d?I?

Plato

u? Euripides fb?O?u Sophokles fOKu?u?

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bb? dJ u?N w U??? WO??OuuK d?( w u?OMO_ U?N?N? w UU?F* XU?
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5 W?F W?OL?OL? dUA?* S U?F qHD WO?? UNKU?I w UN? U?OM
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Praxiteles

tMJ

Dionysos

fOKO?O?d b?F s v r U?NFU? U t b?I? d? qOU9 WF?C

u?Ou qHD qL

Hermes

fOd U?9 bI t?HK ZN vK b

uD Wu??OK W?OU?O??U tU?L? e?O9 d??H?* W?OMH t???O?B?? `?? t?O? l{
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dite

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b?I t??d? U?H W?UM U? w? U U? t?u Uu?O UC? w XM U?L?FK
uKF u?OJO_ uUMH UD bI U?J b v t?U tzu WKU? UMO XU
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(700 - 1000) d?????u??O??' wb?MN d??B???F w U?????H r W??U?M b

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d bUA dN r uUM tu s u vK b2 vu* uB w_ uD vK
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d?H pK w U_ UJ XU U* t?U

Odysseos

uO U? 5uD_

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uB* WuD_ Ud
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u?B b??% w e?( s U??N?O? u??{U?F??? w_ r w bb?? W?OMI u??OMO_
vI d?( bF u u?B e u? uK U d q? dU? uB rd
uK qOU?H iF rd vK UC XU? UUO d; 5D uK d?L UN?OHK
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u???B b?? U???N??O??? rd d??? W??O?MI

530

u??? w UM?O Xb??? v u U?M

d?( bF u?_ uKU U?F?OL? rd s W?OU?) e_ v?KD u uK U?d?HU

u?BU dD c d u? WO?HK) U?LMO d; 5D? uK dL? uB vI?
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W?OJO_ w_ U? d?O? U `{u? U0 wUuO rU?F s W?dH?? sU w W?OMO_

wMOKN sH uB WUN v dL c d_ u Wud*
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Minotauros UuMO* s?d s rc?I c

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fU _ bF uLO q v b( WUMB

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