Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Series Faults (or Open Circuit Faults)

P2

Q2

N2 OPEN CIRCUIT FAULT ACROSS PQ P1 Q1 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK P0 Q0

N1 POSITIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK

3 > Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

N0 ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORK

Interconnection of Sequence Networks

I1 N1
POSITIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK

P1
V1

Consider sequence networks as blocks with fault terminals P & Q for interconnections.
I2

Q1

Unlike shunt faults, terminal N is not used for interconnections. N2

P2
V2

NEGATIVE SEQUENC E NETWORK

Q2

I0 N3
ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORK

P0
V0

Q0
4 > Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults 4

Derive System Constraints at the Fault Terminals

The terminal conditions imposed by different open circuit faults will be applied across points P & Q on the 3 line conductors. Fault terminal currents Ia, Ib, Ic flow from P to Q. Fault terminal potentials Va, Vb, Vc will be across P and Q.

P Va va Vb vb Vc vc
5 > Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Q Ia Va' Vb'

Ib

Ic

Vc'

Open Circuit Fault On Phase A

P Va va Vb vb Vc vc Ic Vc'
At fault point :va vb vc Ia Ib Ic = = = = = = ? 0 0 0 ? ?

Q Ia Va' Vb'

Ib

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Open Circuit Fault on Phase A

At fault point vb = 0 ; vc = 0 ; Ia = 0

v0 = 1/3 (va + vb + vc ) = 1/3 va v1 = 1/3 (va + vb + 2vc ) = 1/3 va v2 = 1/3 (va + 2vb + vc ) = 1/3 va

v1 = v2 = v0 = 1/3 va --------------------- (1)

Ia = I1 + I2 + I0 = 0 --------------------------- (2)

From equations (1) & (2) the sequence networks are connected in parallel.

+ve Seq N/W

I1

P1 V1 Q1

-ve Seq N/W

I2

P2 V2 Q2

Zero Seq N/W

I0

P0 V0 Q0

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Two Open Circuit Faults

P Va va Vb vb Vc vc Ic Vc'
At fault point :va vb vc Ia Ib Ic = = = = = = 0 ? ? ? 0 0

Q Ia Va' Vb'

Ib

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Two Open Circuit Faults

At fault point va = 0 ; Ib = 0 ; Ic = 0 1/3 Ia

POSITIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK

I1

P1
V1

I0 = 1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) I1 I2 = =

1/3 (Ia + Ib + 2Ic) = 1/3 Ia 1/3 (Ia + 2Ib + Ic) = 1/3 Ia

I2
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK

Q1 P2
V2

I1 = I2 = I0 = 1/3 Ia ----------- (1) va = v1 + v2 + v0 = 0 ----------- (2)

I0
ZERO SEQUENCE NETWORK

Q2 P0
V0

Q0

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Two Earth Faults on Phase A at Different Locations

F F'

a-e N
(1) At fault point F Va =

a'-e

0 ; Ib = 0 ; Ic = 0

It can be shown that Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 Va1 + Va2 + Va0 = 0 (2) At fault point F' Va' = 0 ; Ib' = 0 ; Ic' = 0

It can be shown that Ia'1 = Ia'2 = Ia'0 Va'1 + Va'2 + Va'0 = 0

10

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

10

F1

Ia1

F'1

Ia'1

Va1 N1 F2
Ia2

Va'1 N'1 F2
Ia2

Va2 N2 F0
Ia0

Va2 N2 F0
Ia0

Va0 N0
11 > Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Va0 N0
11

F1

Ia1

F'1

Ia'1

Va1 N1 F2
Ia2

Va'1 N'1 F2
Ia2

INCORRECT

Va2 N2 F0
Ia0

Va2 N2 F0
Ia0

CONNECTIONS As :Va0 Va2 Va1 = Va0 = Va2 = Va1

Va0 N0

Va0 N0

12

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

12

F1

Ia1

F'1

Ia'1

Va1 N1 F2
Ia2

Va'1 N'1 F2
Ia2

Ia2

1/1 Va2

Va2 N2 F0
Ia0

Va2 N2 F0
Ia0

1/1 Va0

Va0 N0

Va0 N0

13

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

13

Cross Country Fault

F F'

a-e

b'-e

(1)

At fault point F Va = 0 ; Ib = 0 ; Ic = 0

(2)

At fault point F' Vb' = 0 ; Ia' = 0 ; Ic' = 0

It can be shown that Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 Va1 + Va2 + Va0 = 0

It can be shown that Ib'1 = Ib'2 = Ib'0 Convert to a phase sequence currents 2Ia'1 = Ia2 = Ia0 or Ia'1 = 2Ia2 = Ia0 Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb0 = 0 Convert to a phase sequence voltages 2Va'1 + Va2 + Va0 = 0 or Va1 = 2Va2 + Va0 = 0
14

It can be shown that

14

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

F1

Ia1

F'1

Ia'1

Va1 N1 F2
Ia2

Va'1 N'1 F2
Ia2

2Ia2

1:2
2Va2

Va2 N2 F0
Ia0

Va2 N2 F0
Ia0

2Ia0

1:
Va0

Va0 N0
15 > Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Va0 N0

15

Open Circuit & Ground Fault

P Ia Va va Vb vb Ic Vc vc Vc' Ia +Ia ' Ib +Ib ' Ic +Ic ' Ic ' Q Va' Vb' Ia '

Ib

Ib '

Open Circuit Fault At fault point :va = ? vb = 0 vC = 0 Ia Ib Ic

16

Line to Ground Fault

At fault point :Va = 0 Vb = ? Vc = ? Ia + I'a Ib + I'b Ic + I'c = = = ? 0 0

16

= = =

0 ? ?

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Open Circuit & Ground Fault

O/C a phase

a'-e

Open Circuit Fault At fault point :It can be shown that vb = 0 ; vc = 0 ; Ia = 0 = 0

Ia1+ Ia2 + Ia0

va1 = va2 = va0 = 1/3 va Line to Ground Fault At fault point :It can be shown that and
17 > Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Va' = 0 ; Ib + I'b = 0 ; Ic + Ic = 0 Va'1 + Va'2 + Va'0 = 0 (Ia1 + Ia1) = (Ia2 + Ia2) = (Ia0 + Ia0)
17

P
Ia1 1 Ia'1

Q1 va1

Va1 N1 P
Ia2 2 Ia2

Va

Q2 va2

Va2 N2 P
Ia0 0 Ia0

Va2

Q0 va0

Va0

Va0 N0

18

> Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

18

Ia1

P
Ia 11

Q1
Ia'1 Ia1 + Ia'1

1:1 Va1

Ia1 + Ia'1

va1 Va1 Va1

Ia2 Ia2 + Ia2 Ia2 + Ia2

Q2

N1

Ia 2 2 Ia2

va2 Va2 N2 Va2

Ia0 Ia0 + Ia0

Va2

P
Ia 0 0

Q0

Ia0

Ia0 + Ia0

va0 Va0 Va0 N0

19 > Analysis of Open Circuit & Double Faults

Va0

19