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NEED FOR AUTO RECLOSE 1. REDUCING OUTAGE TIME 2. IMPROVED RELIABILITY 3. RESTORATION OF NETWORK STABILITY AND SYNCHRONISM 4. REDUCTION OF OPERATING COST BECAUSE OF ABOVE FACTORS ANALYSIS OF FAULTS 1. TRANSIENT FAULTS 2. SEMI PERMANENT FAULTS 3. PERMANENT FAULTS
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AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY
TRANSIENT FAULTS -CHARACTERISTIC CHRACTERISED BY DISAPPEARANCE AFTER SHORT DEAD TIME OR DISAPPEAR WITHOUT ANY ACTION BEING TAKEN. TYPES OF TRANSIENT FAULTS 1. 2. 3. 4. LIGHTNING STROKES RESULTING IN FLASHOVERS CONDUCTOR SWINGING DUE TO HIGH WINDS BIRD FAULT TEMPORARY CONTACT WITH FOREIGN OBJECTS LIKE TREE etc. ABOUT 85 % OF FAULTS ON TRANSMISSION LINES ARE TRANSIENT IN NATURE THUS GOOD CHANCE FOR A/R. 2
AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY
SEMI PERMANENT FAULTS THIS TYPE OF FAULTS REQUIRES MORE THAN ONE DE ENERGISED INTERVAL BEFORE IT DISAPPEARS . SUCH FAULTS ARE PREVALENT ON EHV LINES TRAVERSING FOREST. AN EXAMPLE IS A TREE FALLING ON THE LINE AND GETTING BURNT UP BY THE ARC WHEN THE LINE IS RE ENERGISED. 10% OF THE RECLOSURES ARE SUCCESSFUL WITH SECOND SHOT.HOWEVER THIS CAN CAUSE UNNECESSARY STRESS ON EHV CB .THEREFORE SECOND SHOT IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR EHV SYSTEMS.
70% 23 % 7%
56 % 27 % 17 %
RECLOSURE STATISTICS SUCCESSFUL RECLOSURES -- 75.2 % DEFINITIVE TRIPPINGS -- 13.5 % EQUIPMENT DEFECTS -- 11.3 %
AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY PERMANENT FAULTS BROKEN CONDUCTOR COLLAPSE OF LINE TOWER TREE LEANING AGAINST TOWER FAULT ON CABLE FOLLOWING OVERHEAD LINE THIS TYPE OF FAULTS STRAIN ON THE NETWORK TO COPE UP WITH HEALTHY SECTION.
AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY TERMINOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH A/R DEAD TIME : THE TIME BETWEEN THE AUTORECLOSE SCHEME BEING ENERGISED AND THE OPERATION OF THE CONTACTS WHICH ENERGISE THE CB CLOSING CIRCUIT. RECLAIM TIME : THE TIME FOLLOWING A SUCCESSFUL CLOSING OPERATION MEASURED FROM THE INSTANT THE A/R RELAY CLOSING CONTACTS MAKE WHICH MUST ELAPSE BEFORE THE AUTORECLOSE RELAY WILL INITIATE RECLOSING SEQUENCE IN THE EVENT OF A FURTHER FAULT.
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AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY FACTORS AFFECTING DE IONISING TIME Arcing Time Wind Conditions Air Humming Pressures Capacitance Coupling To Adjacent Conductors Circuit Voltage DE IONISING TIME STATISTICS Voltage Min De-ionising In Kv Time In Sec 66 0.1 110 0.15 132 0.15 220 0.28 275 0.3 400 0.5
AUTORECLOSE PHYLOSOPHY CHOICE OF RECLAIM TIME The reclaim time must not be set to such a low Value that the intended operating cycle of The breaker is exceeded when two Fault incidents occur close together. For example the reclaim time for air blast Circuit breakers must allow time for air pressure to recover to its normal value. CHOICE OF DEAD TIME Dead time for EHV system Lower limit is decided by de ionising time Upper limit is decided by transient stability and synchronism
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AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY CHOICE OF DEAD TIME LONG LINES REQUIRE LONGER DEAD TIME DUE TO CAPACITANCE FROM HEALTHY PHASES RESULTING IN HIGHER DE IONISING TIME FOR SINGLE PHASE FAULTS . TO ENSURE SUCCESSFUL A/R, NGRs ARE PROVIDED TO QUENCH CAPACITIVE ARC. CASE I : HIGH SPEED RECLOSING WITH COMMUNICATION CHANNEL DEAD TIME < 0.8 SEC. CASE II : DELAYED LOW SPEED RECLOSING THIS IS GENERALLY EMPLOYED FOR DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DEAD TIME 2 SEC TO 3 MIN.
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FOR HIGH SPEED RECLOSING , BREAKER SHOULD CLOSE AFTER 0.3 SEC AND SHOULD RETAIN ITS FULL BREAKING CAPACITY MULTISHOT RECLOSING SHOULD PERMIT TIME INTERVAL LONG ENOUGH FOR BREAKER MECHANISM TO STORE NECESSARY ENERGY FOR SUBSEQUENT TRIPPING
BREAKER SHOULD WITHSTAND RECLOSING ONTO PERMANENT FAULT WITHOUT GETTING DAMAGED.
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AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY TYPES OF AUTORECLOSING EQUIPMENT ONE HIGH SPEED RECLOSING SHOT ONE HIGH SPEED RECLOSING SHOT FOLLOWED BY ONE OR MORE DELAYED RECLOSING SHOTS ONE DELAYED RECLOSING SHOT SEVERAL DELAYED RECLOSING SHOT CIRCUIT BREAKER REQUIREMENTS AS PER IEC 56-2 BREAKER SHOULD WITHSTAND O-0.3S-CO-3MIN-CO OR CO-15S-CO BREAKER SHOULD NOT BE OPERATED AT SHORT INTERVALS .
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AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY
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AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY AUTO RECLOSING IN STRONG HV NETWORKS TOTAL DISTURBANCE TIME = RELAY OP TIME + CB OP TIME + CARRIER TIME SINGLE SHOT HIGH SPEED A/R IS DESIRABLE IN ORDER TO RESTORE STABILITYAND SYNCHRONISM FOR THIS TOTAL DISTURBANCE TIME DEFINED ABOVE SHOULD BE LESS. FOR SERIES COMPENSATED SYSTEM, A/R SHOULD BE APPLIED WITH CONSIDERATIONS TO SUB SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE.
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Introduction
Intended for use together with ASEA make distance relays Could also be used with other make distance relays Separate Dead time relays for 1-ph and 3-ph tripping
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Features: 1-ph dead time adjustable between 0.3 to 3sec 3-ph dead time adjustable between 0.3 to 3sec Reclaim time adjustable between 1 to 100 sec Four Position Selector Switch with Following Modes Position 1+3PH: Re-closure in the event of 1-ph tripping Re-closure in the event of multi-ph tripping
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Position 3PH:
Position 1PH:
Position 0:
301
307
313
319
101: Selector Switch 113, 301: Blocking Relay 119: 3-ph dead timer 125: Reclaim timer 131: Output Relay (Sends closing impulse to CBs) 307: Starting relay 313: Relay for reconnection at 3-ph trip 18 319: 1-ph dead timer
Multi-phase faults: Distance relays will operate for 3-ph tripping. This gives 3-phase start causing reswitching relay 313 to start 3-ph dead timer 119. 20
Block1 Blocks A/R relay during Reclaim time Manual closing of CB (blocks A/R relay for reclaim time) Block2 Blocks A/R relay during activation of the input
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AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY SINGLE PHASE A/R IN WEAK HV NETWORKS NETWORK WITH INADEQUATE TRANSMISSION CAPACITY IS DEFINED AS WEAK NETWORK. LOSS OF LINE IN A WEAK NETWORK LEADS TO NETWORK COLLAPSE. HIGH SPEED A/R IS REQUIRED TO RESTORE NETWORK STABILITY.
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