Downloaded From BEhelp.in Gl The Online Guide For B.E. For More Downloads Visit BEhelp.inEquilibrium of Forces and Couples — Free body diagram; Resultant of plane ‘concurrent and non-concurrent forces; Conditions of equilibrium Analytical and graphical methods; Application in solving simple problems. INE IA] Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram - Types of supports for beams Beams subjected to concentrated loads and uniformly distributed loads; Shear force and bending moment at any section of a beam Analytical methods and graphical methods, Force polygon and couple polygon. Reactions at supports, [B] Analysis of Plane Trusses - Analysis of forces in structural members Method of joint and method of section analytical and graphical methods. NT Friction — Laws of friction and its applications in solving problems on wedge, / Gi) Belt and rope drive / (ii) Screw threads (iv). Tractive effort of vehicles on inclined planes. NIT =1V \ [A] Moment of Inertia of Plane Lamina — Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem; product of inertia; Moment of inertia about an inclined axis; Principle axis of moment of inertia and position of principle axis. [B] Moment of Inertia of Soild of Revolutions uNiT-v Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion — [A] D Alembert’s principle applied to bodies having linear and angular motion; Equation of dynamic equilibrium; Maximum acceleration and retardation of vehicles running on inclined planes. [EB] Principle of work and Energy. Simple application [C] Principle of impulse and momentum : Simple examples. KRISHNA COPIERS ‘_SMRITI NAGAR MO, 9691859316, 9584601916 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES AND COUPLES IBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Q.1. Define Engineering Mechanics. Also give its classification. ‘Ans. Engineering Mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the system of forces, effects produced by these forces on rigid bodies and particles and study of geometry of motion of rigid bodies and particles. The subject of Engineering Mechanics may be divided into following two main branches ~ (Statics —Statics, is that branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the study of system of forces and ‘effects produced by these forces on rigid bodies, which are at rest and remains at rest. (ii) Dynamies— Dynamics, is that branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the study of system of forces and motion produced by these forces by acting on rigid bodies. Dynamics may be further sub-divided into following two branches — (a) Kinematies ~ Kinematics is the study of the motion of a body without considering the effect of its mass and forces acting on it (b) Kineties — Kinetics deals with the problems, which requires determination of the effect of forces on the motion of a body. Q.2. Define the following terms — @ Body Ans. () Body ~ A body is a portion of matter which occupies a finite space. A body is made up of atoms and molecules arranged in a complex but continuous manner. Such an arrangement of matter is called 4s a continuum. A body may be rigid or non-rigid, i.e. deformable. i) Rigid Body — A body which does not change its shape or size when subjected to external forces, is defined as the rigid body. In actual practice, there is no perfect rigid body, all bodies undergo deformation when subjected to external forces.2. Engineering Mechanics However, if these deformations are negligible as compared to the size of the body, it may be assumed as a rigid body. For example, beams, trusses, frames and other structures which have negligible deformation can be considered as rigid bodies. (iii) Particle~ A particle may be defined as a portion of matter having smallest size or is dimensionless. A body whose dimensions are negligible as compared to distance travelled by it during the motion may also be treated as a particle. Mathematically, a particle may be considered as a body in which all materials are concentrated at a point. For example, sun, planets and stars can also be considered as particles because their dimensions are very small as compared to distance travelled by them. Q.3. Define force and give its “nits. What effects force can produce on a body ? Ans, Force may be defined as, “an external agent which produces or tends to produce, destroys or tends to destroy, motion”. In other words, a force is a pull or push, which when acts on a body changes or tends to change, the state of rest or of uniform motion of the body. In SI units, force is measured in Newtons (N) and in MKS units it is measured ia kilogram force (kgf), where 1 kgf= 9.81 N A force is a vector quantity, thus along with its magnitude, its direction and point of application also has to be specified. Effects of a Force — A force acting on a body may produce one or more of the following effects — It may change the motion of the body, i.e. if the body is at rest force may set the motion in it, and if the body is already in motion the force ‘may accelerate or retard its motion. (i) It may retard the forces already acting on a body, thus bringing it to rest or in equilibrium. (iii) It may produce the internal stresses in a body on which it acts. Q.4. Write short note on —System of forces. _ (R.G.BV., Dec. 2001) Ans. When a number of forces acts on a body, or group of bodies, they form a system of forces or force system. Depending upon the orientation of forces acting on a body the system of forces may be classified as ~ ( Coplanar Force System — When lines of action of all the forces, of force system lies in the same plane, the force system is called coplanar force system. Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 3 (W) Nox-coplanar Force System— When lines of action of the forces of force system do not lie in the same plane, the forcp system is called as non- coplanar force system. (ii) Collinear Forces ~ The forces, whose lines of action lie on same line are known as collinear forces. (iv) Parallel Forces ~The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other are known as parallel forces. (©) Concurrent Forces — The forces, which meet at one point are known as concurrent forces. Concurrent forces may or may not be collinear. (vi) Non-concurrent Forces ~The forces, which does not meet at one point are known as non-concurrent forces. Both coplanar and non-coplanar forces may be concurrent, non- concurrent, parallel and non-parallel as shown in fig, 1.1. Point of Concurrency Fy % (@) Coplanar, Concurrent Forces Parallel Forces ‘Now-paratel Forces F3 Fy (6) Coplanar, Non-concurrent Forces4. Engineering Mechanics 5 Non-parallet Forces (d) Non-coplanar, Non-concurrent Forces Fig. 1.1 System of Forces Q.5. What do you understand by composition and resolution of forces ? Ans. Composition of Forces ~ Composition is a process of adding two or more forces. If a number of forces F), F, F3... etc., are acting simultaneously on a particle, then it is possible to find out a single force which would produce the same effect as was produced by all the given forces. This single force is called as the resultant force and represented by R. The given forces, F}, Fz, F3 ... etc., are called component forces. ‘The method of finding out the resultant force of a number of given forces is called composition of forces or compounding of forces. Resolution of a Force ~ The process of splitting up a force along two mutually perpendicular directions generally X and Y axes, without changing its effect on the body is called resolution of a force. Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 5 Consider a force F acting at an angle 0 y with the X-axis, as shown in fig. 1.2. Now the component of force F along X-axis will be F, =F cos 0 ae and along Y-axis, it will be Fy=Fsin@ x Similarly, a number of forces can be oO Fee resolved. Fig. 1.2 If line of action of force F, goes towards right, F, is taken as positive, otherwise it is taken as negative. Similarly, if line of action of force component F, goes upwards, F, is taken as +ve, otherwise it is taken as —ve. ‘Component F cos @ is always connected with the angle 0, measured with Y-axis, then Fy =F cos @ 0.6. Discuss the analytical method of determining resultant of a system of coplanar concurrent forces. angle 0 is Ans. Consider a number of coplanar forces Fy, F2, F... acting at a point as shown in fig. 1.3. Now the resultant of this force system can be found in following steps ~ Fig. L3 ()_ Resolve all the forces horizontally, i.c. along X-axis and find their algebraic sum. Mathematically, BH = F; cos 6; + F; cos 02 + F3 cos 03 + .. (ii) Resolve all the force vertically, ic. along Y-axis and find their algebraic sum. Mathematically, ZV = Fy sin 0; + Fp sin 2 + F3 sin 03 +...6 Engineering Mechanics Gii) Now resultant of given force system can be found by using the principle of resolution, which states, “the algebraic sum of the resolved parts of a number of forces in a given direction is equal to the resolved part of their resultant in the same direction.” Thus, resultant force R= aH? +avy? . Gv) The direction of resultant force with X-« given by, ZV =H Q.7. Name and discuss graphical methods of finding resultant of two coplanar concurrent forces. tan @ Ans, In general, there are two methods used for finding resultant of two coplanar concurrent forces, which are discussed below ~ @ Triangle Law of Forces ~ tis the graphical method of finding resultant of two concurrent forces. : It states, “if two concurrent forces acting simultaneously at a point be represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a same order, their resultant is represented by the third magnitude and direction taken in opposite order. (@) (bh) Fig. 1.4 Triangle Law of Forces If two forces F, and F, are acting at an angle 0 as shown in fig. 1.4 (a), their resultant by triangle law of forces can be found as follows ~ 1. Drawa line oa parallel and equal to F on some conveni 2. From a, draw a vector ac at an angle 0 to the horizontal and length equals to the magnitude of force F on chosen scale. 3. Close the triangle by joining line oc. Vector oc represents the magnitude and direction of resultant R. Magnitude of resultant will be given by length oc * chosen length and angle ot gives the direction of resultant. itscale. 1.5 Parallelogram Law of Forces But from A CAD (AC) = (AD)? + (CD)” or (CD)? = (Ac? ~ (AD? (OC)? = (OA)? + (AD)? +2 (OA) (AD) + (AC)?— (AD)? (OC)? = (OA)? +2 (OA) (AD) + (ACP (OC) = (OA? +2(OA) (AD) + (OB)? ( AC=0B) Substituting values from figure RO FP 42F; Fy cos0+ FF R= YFP + FF +2FF, cos ‘And angle between the resultant force R and force Fy will be given by cD Bsine OA+AD +P cos tan a= 2.8. What do you mean by moment of a force ? Explain. Ans. When we applied a force on the body, if has the tendency to tum the body about some point. This turing tendency of a force about a point is called the moment of the force about that point, and it is measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action from the point. For concurrent, coplanar forces, body can be considered as a particle and effect of force on the body is not considered. But, when the size of the body is large and forces acting are non-concurrent, the body cannot be considered 8 particle, and we also have to consider the turning effect of the forces,8 Engineering Mechanics Consider a force F is acting on a body as shown in fig. 1.6, and moment of this force is required to find about point O. Let r = Perpendicular distance from point Oto the line of action of force F. The moment of the force about O will be given by, Perpendicular Distance ig. 1.6 Moment of a Force In S.1. units moment of a force is expressed in N-m. ‘A moment has both magnitude and direction hence, it is a vector quantity. Iftendency of the moment is to rotate the body in the clockwise direction, then it is called clockwise moment and if the tendency of the moment is to rotate the body in anticlockwise direction, then itis called anticlockwise moment. M=Fxr Anticlockwise moment is generally taken +ve, and clockwise moment is taken as —ve. Q.9. State and prove the theorem of Varignon. Raipur 2004) Or 5 State and prove Varignon’s theorem. (R.G.P.V., June 2005, Dec. 2001) Ans, Varignon’s theorem states, “ifa number of coplanar forces are acting ona body, then algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces about any point in their plane is equal to the moment of their resultant force about the same point”. Proof — Consider two concurrent forces F, afd Fz acting at point O, represented in magnitude and direction by OA and OB, as shown in fig. 1.7. Their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by OC, the diagonal of the parallelogram OACB. Let 0’ be the any point in the plane about which moments of Fy, F and R have to be determined. From point ©’, perpendiculars are drawn on OA, OB and OC. Now line OO' is joined and produce to X. From points C, A and B perpendiculars are drawn which meets line OX at points D, E and F respectively. Line CD is joined and perpendiculars are drawn on it from point A and B, which meets CD at G and H respectively. Let ry = Perpendicular distance between F, and O' 1 = Perpendicular distance between F and O' Perpendicular distance between R and O' 6) = Angle made by F; with OX 6 = Angle made by F) with OX 6 = Angle made by R with OX Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 9 Fig. 1.7 Varignon’s Theorem Now from fig. 1.7, we have QA = BC and O, we have OA A || BC, hence projection OA and BC on same vertical line CD will be equal, ie. a GD ~CH Similarly, OB = AC and also OB || AC, therefore th horizontal line OX will be equal,ie, sr prosston on saine OF.=ED Now resolving the forces in X and Y_ ponent and Y components, ve have from figure F; cos 8; = OK a arene F, sin 0; = AEXGD=CH F2 cos 8) = OF = BQ F, sin @) HD™ R cos 8 R sind Let length OO'= x, then ry = x sin 8), 4, ‘Now, moment of resultant R about O° = R x (Perpendicular distance between 0’ and R) = RX T= R Xxx sin 8 =(R sin 0) x es » Rsin@= eaenne (Cz Rsin @ = CD) x sin 8 and r= x sin @ RITE « yuo. 9601889916, 58a60107S (2 CH=F;sin0) and HD. Pix sin 8; + Fy x sin 0 ty + For = Moment of Fy about O'+ Moment of F; abou 0! °° Fy sin6)—_—— 410. Engineering Mechanics This proves the Varignon’s theorem. This theorem can be applied to any coplanar force system, whether concurrent, non-concurrent or parallel force system, Q.10. Discuss the method of determining resultant of non-coucurrent coplanar forces. Ans, Non-concurrent forces may be parallel or non-parallel. The resultant ‘of non-concurrent coplanar forces may be determined as discussed below () Resultant of Coplanar, Non-concurrent, Parallel Forces —Non- concurrent, parallel forces can be of two types — (Like parallel (ii) Unlike parallel, ‘The parallel forces which are acting in the same direction as shown in fig. 1.8 (a) are known as like parallel forces. The parallel forces which ate acting in opposite directions as shown in fig, 1.8 (b), are known as walike parallel forces. FL re "3 mor rr Fs Lt | JL _4 (@) Like parallel Forces (b) Unlike Parallel Forces Fig, 1.8 Resultant of parallel forces can be found by algebraic .ddition of all forces, while its location can be found by Verignon’s theorem. Fig. 1.8 (a), resultant, R= F, + Fp +F3 + Fa and for fig. 1.8 (b), resultant, R= Fy ~ Fp + Fy (ii) Resuttant of Coplanar, Non-coneurrent, Non-paraltel Forces ~ ‘The magnitude and direction of the resultant of non-parallel forces can be found by method of resolution, while location of resultant can be found by Varignon’s theorem, Sense of the resultant ean be obtained with the help of fig. 1.9 shown below. Fy + + = 5 © a ® Sease @ « of Resultant © « 8 R Fig. 1.9 | Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 1 ‘ouples 11 11. Differentiate beows Q.11. Differentiate between Force polygon and Funieutar polygon. ; RGRV, De Ans. Force Polygo eee met Forse Polygon ~ Force polygon or polygon of forces is graphical method of determining the resultant or more than two concurrent feces If PS ce eget inmate and dretion by te side oF polygon taken inorder, hen hei and direction taken in opposte order Ne Polygon in magnitude If four forces Fy, FF Fa, Fs and Fy acting on a particle as sh (a) are represented in magni i ab, be, ed, and de & polygon respectively, then their resultant willbe represented by the el ca but in opposite direction as shown in fig. L.10(b). @ ) Fig. 1.10 Force Polygon ee - m= ay Boo oo eva rcs) ae a he ean Praise hc oat ea / Ab J .—————_18 Fig. 11112. Engineering Mechanics cable so formed under these conditions is known as funicular polygon. Force polygon method cannot be used for parallel force system as it does not give the location of the resultant. Funicular polygons are thus used which locates the resultant of parallel force system in space. Fig. 1.12 Funicular polygon for a system of parallel forces as shown in fig. 1.12 can be drawn as follows — (First of all a space diagram as shown in fig. 1.13 (a) is drawn which shows various forces along with their magnitude and line of action. (ii) Now forces in space diagram are named according to Bow’s notation. (iii) A suitable point is selected in space and starting from force AB all the forces are added vectorially one by one on some convenient scale. (b) Vector Diagram (@) Space Diagram Fig, 1.13 (iv) Another suitable point o is selected and oa, 0b, oc, od and oe are joined. The resultant diagram as shown in fig. I-13 (b) is called vector or force diagram. Equiliorium of Forces and Couples 13 e and from 0 draw a line (¥) Take some suitable point 0 in spa parallel to ao of the vector diagram, which intersects line of action of forve ABat | (vi) Now through 1 draw a line 1-2 parallel to bo which meets line of action of force BC at 2. Similarly, through 2 draw 2-3 parallel to co, through 3 draw 3-4 parallel to do, and through 4 draw 4-5 parallel to eo. This continuous chain of lines 0-1-2-3-4-5 is known as the funicular polygon. (vii) Now extend 0-1 and 4-5 meeting each other at point P. Through P draw a line parallel to force AB, BC....ete. (viii) Now magnitude of resultant force will be given by, R= Length ae x Chosen scale and the location of resultant will be given by perpendicular distance between force AB and resultant Q.12. What do you mean by equilibrium of forces ? What are the various types of equilibrium ? Aus. A body is said to be in equilibrium, when the resultant of the system of forces acting on itis zero. If a body is in equilibrium, it will continue its state of rest or uniform motion. Types of Equilibrium ‘There are following three typ*s of equilibrium — (Stable Equilibrium — & body is said to be in stable equilibrium, it returrs back to its original position, after it is slightly disturbed from its position of rest. In this case the restoring force acts in the opposite direction to the displacing force. Gi) Unstable Equilibrium —A body is said to be in unstable equilibrium, it does not return back to its original position of rest, after it is slightly disturbed. In this ease restoring force acts in the direction of displacing force. (iii) Neutral Equilibrium — A ‘ody is said to be in neutral equilibrium, if it occupies a new position, and remains at rest in this new position, after it is slightly disturbed from its original position. In this case no additional force sets up due to the displacement. Q.13. Differentiate between Resultant and Equilibrant. (R.G.PY., Dec. 2002) Ans. If a number of forces are acting simultaneously on a particle, it is possible to find out a single force which would replace them, i.e. which would14. Engineering Mechanics produce the same effect as produced by all the given forces. This single force is called resultant force. This resultant force, causes the body to move. Now, if another force, which is equal in magnitude of the resultant but opposite in direction is applied to the body, the body comes to rest. The force, which brings the set of forces in equilibrium is called an equilibrant. This equilibrant force is equal to the resultant force in magnitude, but opposite in nature, Q.14. State the analytical and graphical conditions of equilibrium. (R.G.PY., Dec. 2003) Ans. Analytical Conditions of Equilibrium — The necessary and sufficient conditions for a system of coplanar forces acting on a rigid body to keep it in equilibrium are — (i) The algebraic sum of the resolved parts of the forces acting along X-axis is zero, i, EFx=0 a) (ii) The algebraic sum of the resolved parts of the forces acting along Y-axis is zero, ie. EFy=0 tee I or FLL LB OSs sing. ~ sin ~ siny We ‘This proves the Lami’s theorem. & Q.18. Define equivatent force system. Ans, For a given coplanar force system, an equivalent force system is a combination of a single force passing through a given point and a moment about that point, which produces the same effect as the complete force system altogether. The force in the equivalent force system is the resultant of all forces acting on the body, and the momat is the sum of all the moments about that point. Hence an equivalent force system consists of — (A single force R passing through the given point (say 0), and Gi)_A single moment Mp about point O. 2.19, State principle of virtual work. What are the forces which can be omitted in virtual work method ? (RG.PV, June 2005) Or What is meant by principle of virtual work? (R.G.R.V., June 2002) Ans. When a force acts on a body, ittends to move the body in its direction, and work is said to be done. But if, the body is in equilibrium under the action of a system of forces, the total work done on the body is zero. But, if body in equilibrium is assumed to undergo an infinitesimally small imaginary displacement (known as virtual displacement), some work will imagined to be done. Such an imaginary work is called virtual work. Mathematically, Virtual work = Force * Virtual displacement BU =F x 5s % ‘The principle of virtual work states, \“If a system of forces acting on a body ora system of bodies be in equilibrium and oj if the System is supposed to undergo a small a virtual displacement, consistent with its | 4 o geometrical constraints, then the algebraic sum of virtual works done by all the forces of the system is zero”. Proof ~ Consider a particle acted upon by several forces F}, Fa, ... Fy as shown in fig. 1.20, at the point O. Let virtual displacement of particle due to these forces be ds so that it goes to O' Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 19 Now total virtual work is equal to the algebraic sum of virtual work of each of the force Fy, Pog Fy. Mathematically, BL) =F; 608 04. 85 + Fp €0S O43. 8S uct Fy C08 Oy. 8S + Fy 60S cy) 85 (Fy cos ay + Fy cos a + ‘The expression in the parentheses represents the algebraic sum of the components of the forces F), Fp....F, along OO'. According to the principle of resolution of forces, this expression is equal to the component of resultant of forces F), Fp....F, along OO’, Therefore, total virtual work, 8U = Virtual work done by resultant force But for a body in equilibrium, term in right hand side is equal to zero, therefore su=0 While applying methed of virtual work, forces whose points of application are not displaced, or the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of force, need not be considered. In general following forces can be omitted in forming the equation of virtual work — (Reactions at hinges which do not move Gi) “Reaction between smooth bodies, since the reaction is perpendicular to the direction of displacement. Gi) The mutual action and reaction between two bodies whose equilibrium is being considered together. (iv) The tension in an inextensible string. [ NUMERICAL PROBLEMS] Prob.t. Two forces of 80 N and 70 N acting at a point. Find the resultant force and its direction, if the angle between the forces is 150° Sol. Given F = 80 N, F) = 70 N, 0 = 150°. R= ep +P +2F,F; cos8 Resultant force, (80)? + (70)? +2 «80% 70% 0s 150° =40N Ans. Fysind_ _70xsin150°_ and direction, fan cm esd” Boe TOcosi30% ~ 18061 = tan (1.8061) = 61°1"40" Ans. Prob.2. Four concurrent, coplanar forces acting on a body as shown in Aig. 1.21. Determine the resultant of the force system in magnitude, direction ‘and sense analyticall20. Engineering Mechanics Sol. Resolving all the forces horizontally by measuring all angles from positive X-axis as shown in fig, 1.22. Horizontal component of 1000 N= 1000 cos 45° = 707.1 N Horizontal componet of 600 N = 600 * cos 90° = 0 Horizontal component of 450 N = 450 * cos 180 Horizontal component of 800 N = 800 = cos 300: Algebraic sum of horizontal components, i.e. 3H = 707.1 + 0 ~ 450 + 400 = 657.1 N Simitarly, algebraic sum of all vertical components, EV = 1000 sin 45° + 600 sin 90° + 450 sin 180° + 800 sin 300° 707.1 + 600 + 0 ~ 692.8 = 614.3 N Magnitude of resultant force, R= (eH? +@vy (657.1)? +(6143)? =900N Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 27 and direction of resultant force, c= t"'(2¥) ar '( S143) (SH 6371 = tans! (0.9349) = 43°4" Ans. Resultant force will act from point of concurrency as shown in fig. 1.22. Prob.3. A collar which may slide on a vertical rod is [} sup x subjected to the three forces shown. oo Determine ~ (@ The value of the angle afor which the resultant of three forces is horizontal. Gi) The corresponding magnitude of the resultant. (SV.TU., 2008) “Fig. 1.23 Sol, As resultant of the three forces is horizontal, thus collar will not slide on the vertical rod, and will remain in equilibrium. Resolving forces horizontally, we get EH = 300 cos a + 600 sin & and resolving forces vertically, we get EV = 400 + 300 sin o. ~ 600 cos « Now the direction of resultant force with horizontal is given by Bon x tanO= 3H Since resultant is horizontal, therefore @ = 0, i.e. tan 0 = 0, hence 400 + 300 sina. ~ 600 cosa. 300 cose: + 600 sine: or 400 + 300 sin a — 600 cos « =0 4+ 3 sin a =6 cosa 0 4+3sina= 6V1~sin?a Taking square of both sides, we get (4 +3 sin a)? = 36(1 ~ sin? a) 16 +9 sin? a + 24 sin @ = 36 — 36 sin? a 45 sin? a. + 24 sin a — 20 On solving above equation, we get sin @ = 0.45136 or ~ 0.98469 a = sin-'(0.45136) = 26.83" Ans. ‘The magnitude of the resultant, . R= yan? +avy22. Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 23 = aon 300daa wenn e (iv) The closing side of force polygon, .c. da gives the magnitude and (400+ 300sina. = 600e05a)? + 300cosa + 600sina)® direction of resultant force. By measurement 4((400-+300sin26.83°— 600c0s2683")? + (300c0s2683"+ 600sin2683°)* eesulion egy erie asleeale —— = 6.15 * 400 = 2460 N Ans. = fo-+ (5385)? = 538.5 N Ans. and its direction, ic. a = 220° Ans. Prob.5. A barge is pulled by two tug boats. If the resultant of the wg boats is a 5000 N force directed along the axis of the barge. Determine graphically the value of c such that tension in rope AC is minimum. Also find the magnitude of forces on ropes AC and AB. Prob.4. Determine the resultant of three force system shown in fig. 1.24, (RGPY, Dec. 2004) Tug Boats Fig. 1.24 Sol. Given, resultant, R = 5000 N. Sol. The vector diagram of force system acting along the sides of the | (@ Value of a equilateral triangle ABC as shown in fig, 1.25(b) is drawn as discussed below— ‘Fo determine value of a, draw, force AB as a horizontal line of any (From an arbitrary pointa, line ab parallel to force AB and of length suitable length. From A, draw a line AD inclined at 30° to AB to represent equal to 2000 N on some suitable scale (say | em = 400 N) is drawn. resultant R on some suitable scale. From D,draw a, fay op Gi) Now line be is drawn parallel to force BC and length equal to 1000 N line parallel to AB. Now since tension in rope AC is minimum, therefore length of AC should be ’inimum, which is possible when ACL AB, as shown in fig. 1.27. Thus from A, draw a perpendicular to meet the line through D at C. at ‘Complete the parallelogram. Angle made by AC with diagonal AD, ie. on scale. a = 60" 1000 (ii) Magnitude of force on ropes AB.and AC Fap = 4300 N) Prob.6. A disabled automobite is pulled by two ropes as shown in fig. @ OO} 1.28 If the resultant of the two forces exerted by the ropes is 4 kN, which is Fig. 1.25 parallel to the axis of the automobile, find — (iii) From c a line cd is drawn parallel to force AC and of length equal () The tension in each of the ropes knowing that c= 25°. to 800 N on chosen scale (ii) The value of such that the tension in rope AC is minimum. = 2000N24. Engineering Mechanics SS - Fig. 1.28 (SEU, May/June 2007) ‘Sol. Given, R = 4 KN = 4000 N. (Tension in each rope Resolving forces along the axis of automobile, Fag c0s 15° + Fac. cos 25° ~ 4000 0.9659 Fan + 0.9063 Fae = 4000 and resolving forces perpendicular to the axis of automobile, Fag sin 15°— Fac sin 25° = 0 0.2588 Fay ~ 0.4226 Fac = 0 On solving equations (i) and (ii), we get Fan = 2530 N Ans. Fac = 1610N Ans. (i) Value of «for minimum tension in rope AC (On the similar criteria as discussed in Prob.5., value of will be 15° Ans. Fig. 1.29 Prob.7. A beam is subjected to forces as shown in fig. 1.30. WN 10N 2N WN Fig. 1.30 Determine the magnitude, direction and location of resultant force. Sol. To determine the magnitude of resultant force we have to determine the algebraic sum of horizontal forces and vertical forces. Algebraic sum of horizontal component of forces, BH = 4+ 5 cos 30°~ 17 cos 60° = 445% 0.866—~17*0.5=-~0.17N Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 25 and algebraic sum of vertical component of forces, EV = 5 sin 30°~ 10 + 20~ 10+ 17 sin 60° 5 «0.5 + 17 « 0.866 = 17.222 N Magnitude of resultant, R= ony seve = Y(- 0.17)? + (17.222)? = 17.223 N Ans. Direction of resultant. ce tantEY os tant 17222 g9n96 ans. 017 ASEH is -veand SV is +ve,restftant will act upward as shown in fig. 1.31 WN REIN WN NON SN 49726 an Fig. 1.31 Now location of resultant can be found by applying Varignon’s theorem, faking moment about point A. Let resultant R be acting at a distance x m from A. Moment of resultant about A jum of moment of all individual forces about A 5 sin 30° « 8 30 Rex 17.223 x 10x7+20%5-10%2 1.742 m Ans. Thus, resultant of 17.223 N will act upward HY at a distance of 1.742 m from point A, shown above. Prob.8. Two bars AB and CB of lengths 1 m and 2 m and weights 100 N and 200 N respectively are rigidly joined at Band suspenited by a string OA as shown in fig, 132, Find the inclination O of the bar with the horizontal when thy system is in equilibrium (Pt. Ravishankar Cni ote 200 sity, Raipur, 2004) Fig. 1.3226. Engineering Mechanics . os so -The given system isn equilibrium under the aetion of thee paral fo ae ad weluhs of bars AB and CB (Ge. 100 N snd 200 N respectively) (ery wctical reaction exerted by sing OA at A Taking moments ofall Fores about point © and squating the same (refer fig. 133). e wet ° 100 « AF = 200 « AE or AF =2AF Now from geometry of fig. 1.33, we have L cos(60°-0) = 210 c05 0 ~ 1 603 (60° ~ oy < 95 (60°--0) +21 (cos60"-0) = 21 605 © Fig. 1.33 1, 21}fe0s(60"-0y} = 2/ cos 6 2} 55 c0560°.cos@+ sin 60° sin8] = 2/ cos 0 Sf eon F ng = 20 Feose-+ SFsino = 56080 or rand Ans. Prob.9, A wheel of 60 cm in diameter resting on the ground touches 1 0 rectanguitar block of 10 cm eight. Find the minimum pul required dust the contre of the wheel just 10 turn the wheel aver the corner of the boc. “fnnd the reaction of the block to the wheel. Take weight uf wheel = I Wy ‘Assume that all surfaces are smooth. (S.VTU., May/June 2007) Sol, Given, d,, = 60 cm. hp * 10 cm, Wy = 1 KN = 1000 N. ‘esting against the block is shown in fig, 1.34 The whe Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 27 Let E be the point of contact of the wheel with, the ground and C the point of contact with the block. Also let P be the required pull through the centre of the wheel and at an angle @ from the line joining the centre of wheel and corner of block, i.e. OC. Now the various forces acting on the wheel are — (Weight of wheel = 1000 N Gi) Pup (ii) Feaction R, between block and wheel (iv) Reaction Ry between wheel and ground, These forces form a concurrent system of forces passing through the point C. When the wheel is just about to tur, the reaction Ry will become zero. Draw CM perpendicular to the line of action of P and CN perpendicular 10 OE, Now from geometry of figure, we have 60 OC= > =30em CM = OC sin @ = 30 sin Bem ON = 30-10 = 200m - foot aot = Sox EN = (Oc)? = (ON)? = (30)? - 20)? = 10¥5 em Taking moments about C, we get 1000 x CN =P x CM $000 « 1ov5 =P 30 sine or oe 3sin@ P will be minimum, when sin @ became mamximum, ie. sin @ = 1 or 0 = 90°, hence Loooys Prin = go = TAB N Ans. Now resolving forces along OC, we have R= 1000 cos ZCON Son 20) OC 7 1000 55 = 666.7 N Ans.28 Engineering Mechanics Prob.10.A man raises a 10 kg joist of length 4 m by pulling a rope (fig. 1.35). Find the tension T In the rope and reaction at A. | Fig. 1.35 (Govt, Engg. College, Raipur 2003) Sol. As joist is inclined at an angle 45° to the horizontal thus, the resultant reaction at A can be resolved into two components, ie, iorizontal reaction (Hi) and vertical reaction (V). “Taking moments about point A, Tx 4 sin 25°= 10x981«4e0s45° Tx 1.69 = 138.73 T = 82.09 N Ans. Now resolving forces vertically, we get Vq = T sin (45° ~ 25°) + 98.1 82.09 x sin 20° + 98.1 126.18 N ann co and resolving forces horizontally, we get «Rss Ha = T cos (45° - 25°) ‘gwihl 82.09 « cos 20° = 77.14 N 0.283 Thus, resultant reaction at A, = wt Ras YHA Vad = for714)? +12618)? =1479N Ans. Inclination ofthe resultant reaction with the horizontal, = tae YA ent 28) tan t(4636) a rae ( = 58.56" Ans. Prob.I! Two identicul prismatic bass PQ and RS cach weghing 75 N are welded toge..cer to forma tee and are supended in a vertical plane as shown in fig. 1.36 (a). Calcntate the value of the angle Othat the bar PQ will make with vertical when a vertical low of 100 N is applied at S. (R.G.PV, June 2002) PIERS AR agit NT as88eone @, 9st Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 29 ‘Sol, Let length of each bar be /and their thickness is negligible. Now weight of each bar will act at their C.G., i.c., mid point, as shown in fig. 1.36 (b). Now taking moment about P, we have iL i 1 75x sin0+75x/sin® = 100{ Lcose— 5 sind oof 2 058 tino) or isino( Bs 75100) = 50 1 cos 8 or sindx“25 ~ 50 cos 6 o tan = 4.=02353 7 0 = tan!(0.2353) = 31s Ans. Fig. 1.36 Prob.12. A hollow cylinder of radius r is open at both ends and rests on a smooth horizontal Plane. Two spheres having weights W and Wand radii r; and r2 respectively are placed inside the cylinder as shown. Find the minimum weight W of the cylinder in order that it will not tip over. Neglect friction. (S.UTU., Nov/Dec. 2006) ® Sol, Let P and P2 be the pressures (horizontal reaction) of the cylinder on the two spheres and V be the pressure (vertical reaction) of the ground on the lower sphere, Also let h be the vertical height between the centres of two spheres and b be the horizontal distance between them.30. Engineering Mechanics Various forces acting on the two spheres rr are shown in fig. 1.38, Ft Resolving forces horizontally, we get Py = Pa t o and resolving forces vertically, we get v= W)+W2 Taking moments about Op, we get — Pih = Wyb or Now considering the equilibrium ofthe cylinder Which is at the point of overturning about A. Let Vg be the vertical reaction at A. There will be no other reaction at the lower edge of the cylinder. ‘The spheres will exert the horizontal forces Py and P2 on the cylinder, as shown in fig, 1.39. Taking moments about A, we get Pi(h +r) = Paty + Wr Py(h + 1p) = Pyrp + WeCs Py = Pa) Pih= Wi bh Wib.h Wb w= BEd a) he h a Pu F wb w= But, b= -() 4) <2 r Prob.13. A slender rod of length L is lodged between s peg C and the vertical walt. It supports a load P at end A. ‘Neglecting friction and the weight of the rod, determine the angle 8 corresponding to equilibrium. (SKU, 2005) \ Sol. ‘The rod AB is in equilibrium under the action of the following forces— s ( Load P, acting vertically downward through A. Fig. 1.40 Gii) Reaction Rp, at B normal to the wall. iii) Reaction Ro, at C, normal to the rod. Ww L@r-n-m) Ans. Get these forces meet at O, as shown in fig. 1.41, Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 31 For equilibrium, these forces must be concurrent. BD Ina BCD, sinO= Be @ BC In A BOC, in = 5 sin@= BG Ind AoB, sing = BO AB Multiplying equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get BD BC BO _BD_a sin} @= Sox Se x SO _ BD BC" BO” AB AB e= sin ye Ans. Prob.14. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the coplanar non-concurrent system of forees shown in fig. 142. Also calculate perpendicular distance of the resultant force from point A. uti 135 kN Lom 7 a 3oKN Fig. 142 June 2005) ‘Sol, From geometry of fig. 1.42, we have 3 an o= > " 4 3 5 sin = 5 and cos ‘Now algebraic sum of horizontal components of forces, BH = 135 cos @~ 72 Bes:32 Engineering Mechanics = 135% and algebraic sum of vertical components of forces, EV = 135 sin 0 +18 - 36 = 1353 + 18-36 = GIN Magnitude of resultant force, R= fom? +evy? = a6? +63)? and direction of resultant force, 72.56 KN Ans. “EV Siang a= tan = tan“! 36015" Ans. 36 ‘Now location of resultant force can be found by applying Varignon’s theorem, ‘Moment of all forces about point A 72x16 + 18 x 3.6 = 180 KN-m “a and moment due to resultant force about A =Rsina. x = 72.56 sin 60°15 * x By Varignon’s theorem, equation (i) = equation (ii) 63 x= 180 2 Ans. Location of resultant is shown in fig. 1.43. fo) > ao eye -—em ¥ Sat Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 33 Prob.15. Draw free body diagram of a wheel 100 KN weight which is just lifted over an obstacle by a pull P as shown in fig. 1.44. Wheel Obstacle Fig. 1.44 (RGR, June 2004) Sol. As shown in fig. 1.44, wheel is just lifted over the obstacle, thus there will be no contact between the wheel and horizontal surface. tn this position, the whee! will be in equilibrium, under the action of following forces ~ ()_ Weight of wheel 100 KN acting vertically downward throuigh its centre. P i) Horizontal pull P. Gi) Reaction Ry at point of contact between wheel and obstacle. The direction of Ra. 6 is unknown Free body diagram of the wheel under the roo kn action of these forces is shown in fig. 1.45. Fig, LAS Prob.16. A body of weight W is resting on a rough inclined plane. Draw ‘free body diagram of the body. Write also equations of equilibrium. (RG.PY., Dec. 2004) Sol. A body of weight W resting on a rough inclined plane is shown in fig. 1.46. 1.46 Fig. 147 ‘The body is subjected to following forces — (i) Its weight W acting vertically downwards. (ii) Normal reaction R acting perpendicular to the inclined plane.34. Engineering Mechanics (ili) Frictional force F acting along the inclined plane in upward direction Free body diagram of body is shown in fig. 1.47. Now considering equilibrium of forces along the inclined plane, F = Wino a and considering equilibrium of forces perpendicular to the inclined plane, R= Wos « oli) Equations (i) and (ii) are the required conditions of equilibrium. Prob.17. A rigid bar AB is subjected to a system of parallel forces (fig. 1.48). Reduce this system to @ A single force locating its point of application (ii) A force-couple system at B. (Govt. Engg. College, Raipur, 2003) Sol. (i) A single force Iss on Ws 25N | im 0 Fig. 1.48 Let resultant of the force systeni be R and itis acting at a distance x from end A. Magnitude of resultant, for non-concurrent parallel force system, R=15 ~ 60+ 10~25=-60N Ans. ve sign indicates that it will act in downward direction. Now according to Varignon’s theorem, Moment of resultant A = Sum of the moments of all component forces —i about A | Rx == 60 x 0.4 +10 x 0.7- 25% 1.2 L = 60% x=-24+7-30=-47 47 _ 0.783 m from A x ieo 01 Ans. (ii) Force couple system at B If the resultant force of 60 N is moved at point B, then it is accompanied by a moment, Mp. Mg = ~ 60 « (1.2 ~ 0.783) =~ 60 = 0.417 = — 25.02 Nm or 25.02 N-m (Anticlockwise) ‘Ans. Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 35 Prob. 18. An axial force F = 6 kN, moment M = 8 kN-m and unknown forces P, Q and R acting on a body AC 6 m iong, keep it in equilibrium as shown in fig. 1.49. Determine unknown forces P, Q and R. F in M 4m tang 34 tan gy = 43 Fig. 1.49 (R.G.PV., Feb. 2005) Sol. Given, F = 6 KN, M = 8 kN-m, Taking moments of all forces about point C, we get, Rx4+8=6%6 : AR+8=36 | 36-8 kN Ans. 7 A 3 oa 4 Since tan 9) = J. hence sin py = 2 and cos 4) ~ 4 Simi t Son = 4 and cos by = 2 Similarly, since tan o> =} hence sin = {and cos ™ 2 Now resolving forces in the horizontal direction, | .Q 005 44 +P cos $y = 6 43 xtepnd OastPas or 3P + 4Q = 30 | and resolving forces in the vertical direction, i Q sin} +R P sin dy i 3 4 x247 = px ss RETEN) ax3 ; ¢ ) |or 4P=3Q "35 | Solving equations (i) and Gi), we get | P= 9.2 kN and Q = 0.6 kN Ans. Prob.19. Two cylinders P and Q rest in a channel as shown in fig. 1.50. | The cylinder P has diameter of 100 mm and weighs 200 N, whereas the oylinder Q has diameter of 180 mm and weighs 50036 Engineering Mechanics Uf the bottom width of the box is 180 mm, with one side vertical and th other inclined at 60°, determine the pressures at all the four points of contact\:. (R.G.PV., June 2001), Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 37 Br _180/2 = BE 1802 59 mm wan60” V3 100 land ep = 12. s0mm a0 7 FE = BG = 180 ~ (52 + 50) = 78 mm land AB = 50 +90 = 140 mm BG _ 78 cos 2 ABG = 15571 Os < AB 140 or. ZABG = cos"! (0.5571) = 56°9" S| i Fig. 1.50 Sol. Given, Dia. of cylinder P = 100 mm, Weight of P = 200 N, Dia. of] Q= 180 mm, Weight of Q = 500 N, Width of box = 180 mm. | _ Considering equilibrium of the cylinder P, itis in the equilibrium under the action of three forces which passes through its centre A, as shown in fig.! 1.51 (@) and are as follows — : (Weight of the cylinder 200 N acting vertically downwards. Gi) Reaction R, of the cylinder at the vertical side. Gif) Reaction Rp of the cylinder P at the point of contact with the cylinder Q. (a) Free Body Diagram Fig. 151 From the geometry of fig. 1.51 (a), we have 2BCF = 60° Now in A BCF (b) tan 60° = BE cr i L ‘The system of forces acting at A is shown in fig. 1.51 (b). Applying Lami’s equation at A, 200 Sin(180°-56°9) 200 sins Ra os 56 20005571 134.2 N Ans. (08305 and Ry = 200-200 240.8N Ans. sin 56°0" 0.8305 Now considering the equilibrium of the cylinder Q. It is in equilibrium under the action of four forces which passes through its centre B, as shown in fig. 1.52 (a) and are as follows — (i) Weight of the cylinder 500 N acting vertically downwards. 240.8 N of cylinder P on the cylidner Q. Giiy_ Reaction Ry (iii) Reaction Ry of the cylinder Q on the inclined surface. (iv) Reaction Ry of the cylinder Q on the base of the box. acting vertically upwards. |As, weight of cylinder 500 N acting vertically downwards and reaction Ry is acting vertically upward, therefore, net vertical force acting upwards = (Ry ~ $00) N.38 Engineering Mechanics sin(90°+56°9') ~ Sin GOP sin(180°+30°-56°O) 2408 _Ry~S00 sin60? sin26°0" 2408 x cos 56°" | ww oN Jl | ‘ | Applying Lami’s equation at B | Re os $00 | 5571 | =N = 154.9N | Ry a 036 Ans. | and 5619" _ 408 x 04407) ons 866 ms Ra = 122.5 + 500 = 622.5 N Ans. | Prob.20. Two cylinders of diameters 100 mm and 50 120 mun | fn, weighing 200 N and 30N respectively are paced in Zp 4 trough as shown in fig. 1.53. Neglecting friction, find 1 7 the reactions at point of contacts 1, 2, 3 and 4. (R.G.PY., Dec. 2003) 3 Sok Given, Dia. of larger eylidner = 100 mm, Dia. of smaller cylinder = 50 mm, Weight of larger cylinder ~200 N. Weight of smaller eylinder = 50 N Let be the centre of large cylinder and F be the centre \ of smaller cylinder. \ AMS Also let Ry, Ry, R and Ry be the rections at points of contact 1, 2,3 and | 4 respectively, | Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 39 Fig, 1.53 is reproduced in fig. 1.54 to determine the), 120mm direction of reaction Rp. From geometry of fig. 1.54, we have ‘| EF = Radius of larger cylinder + Radius of smaller cylinder 50 -+25 = 75 mm and DE=HI=G)-GH- = 120 - 50-25 = 45 mm Now from A DEF cos 0= BE = 45-06 EF 75 0 = cos"! (0.6) = 53°8" Considering the equilibrium of smaller cylinder. It is in equilibrium under the action of three forces as shown in fig, 1.55 (a) and are as follows ~ (Weight 50 N of cylinder acting vertically downwards. (i) Reaction R, at point 1, acting horizontally. Gi) Reaction Rz at point 2, acting at an angle of 53°8' R, — Go . > Eps! sd ke. six ue (a) Free Body Diagram o Fi Force syste acting at point F is shown in fig. 1.55 (b). Applying Lami’s equation at F, Ry sin(90°453" so Ry RD sin(18 3 ‘sins38— cos53°8' 50, =O c05528 Ree Fins and Ans,40. Engineering Mechanics Now considering the equilibrium of larger cylinder. It is in equilibrium under the action of four forces as shown in fig, 1.56 and are as follows — “ao Fig. 1.56 (Weight 100 N of cylinder acting vertically downwards. (i) Reaction Rp at point 2, at an angle of 538. ii) Reaction Ry at point 4, normal to inclined surface. (iv) Reaction R; at point 3, acting horizontally. Resolving forces vertically, Rg cos 45° = Ry sin 53°8' + 200 Raxqh 625 «08 +200 2 Ry 250 V2 = and resolving forces horizontally Ry = Ry cos 53°84 Ry sin A5® 2.5 » 0.6 + 353.55 » 0.7071 = 287.5 N Ans. Prob.21. Find graphically rhe resultant of the forces sown in fig. 187. Also locate the point of application of resultant. 153.55 N Ans. 30mm | 25mm | 35mm 100N LN aN 200 Fig. 1.57 ‘Sol, First of all draw the space diagram of given force system and name the forces according to Bow’s notation as shown in fig. 1.58 (a). Now resultant of the given force system and its location can be found as discussed below ~ (i) Take some suitable point a and force AB (i.e., 100 N) ona scale | cm wa line ab equal and parallel to 100 N. as shown in fig. Los (b). KRISHNA COPIERS SMRITI NAGAR Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 41 Similarly, draw be equal and parallel to force BC (i,e., 140 N), ed equal and parallel to force, CD (ie., 40 N) and de equal and parallel to force DE (i.e. 200 N). - °. DON Seate 1 em = 100% (b) Vector Diagram MO. - 9631859216, 9584601916 (a) Space Diagram Fig. 1.58 (id) Now setect some suitable point o and join oa, ob, o¢, od and oe. Point o is known as the pole. This is the vector diagram. Gii) Take some suitable point 0 in space and from 0 draw a line parallel to a0 of the vector diagram, which intersects line of action of force AB at | iv) Now through 1 draw a line 1-2 parallel to bo which meets line of action of force BC at 2. Similarly, through 2 draw 2-3 parallel to co, through | 3draw3-4 parallel to do, and through 4 draw 4-5 parallel to eo. This continuous chain of lines 0-1-2-3.4-5 is known as the funicular polygon. (v) Now extend 0-1 and 4-5 meeting each other at point P. Through P draw a line parallel to force AB, BC. .... ete. | (vi) Now magnitude of resultant force will be given by, | R | = 4.8 = 100= 480 N Ans. Length ae = Chosen scale and the location of resultant will be given by perpendicular distance between | force AB and resultant, which is by mesurement = 48 mm Ans. Prob.22. Five concurrent forces are acting on a body as shown in fig. 1,59 and the body is in equilibrium. If F, = 20 N, F2= 25 N, Fy= 15 Nand 30 N, find the force Fs in magnitude and direction.42 Engineering Mechanics By 18N Fya2sn Sol, Given, F) = 20 N, Fy = 25 N. Fs = 15 N, Py = 2+, First of all draw a space diagram of four forces F;, F>, Fy and Fy at correct angles as shown in fig. 1.60 (a), and name the forces according to Bow’s notation, Now draw the force polygon of the given force system as shown in fig. 1.60 (b) and discussed below — (i) _ Select some suitable point a in the space and draw a line ai. p.~sallel to force AB = 20 N on some suitable scale (say 1 em ~ 5 N). rallei and equal to force BC = 25 N. Hi force CD = 15 N and fine de Gi) Fram point b draw a line b Similarly, draw line ed parallel and ec parallel and equal to force DE ~ 30 N. @ N 0) Fig. 1.60 1ii) Join ca the closing side of the polygon. This represents the force direction. Fs in magnitude an By measurement, tength, Magnitude of force Fs Ans. ee Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 43 Now to obtain the direction of force Fs draw a line parallel to ea in space diagram as shown in fig. 1.60(a). and the makes an angle of 60° with the ceiling and another string makes an angle of 45° with the vertical wall as shown in fig. 1.61. Determine the forces in strings or and and Measure the angle ® which is equal to 56°. Hence angle between force F; ° 180° + 56° = 236° Prob.23. A lamp weighing 15 N hangs from ceiling by means of nvo strings. One string (Conditions of equilibrium (i) Lami’s theorem. Sol () Applying conditions of equilibrium Considering equilibrium of point C Algebraic sum of horizontal components of forces, ie Fy =0 T, cos 60°= T cos 45° 1 1 Tee te gt hee T= 2h soa) algebraic sum of vertical components of forces, ie. BFy = 0 F sin 60° + T sin 45° = 15 fee Bye v2 x 7.76 = 10.97 N Ans.44. Engineering Mechanics (i) Applying Lami’s theorem ‘The system of forces acting at point C is shown in fig. 1.62. From geometry of figure, we have angle between T) and 15 N is 150%; Tz and 15 N is 139°, Angle between T; and T2 = 360° 150° 135° = 75° Now applying Lami’s theorem, we get 15, Toh Sin 75 ~ sin 135° sin 150° Ay y Fig. 1.62 Ty= —Sxsintzs = 3207071 eh gin 75° ©9659 =1098N Ans. 15 1505 an xsin 150° = 1325 27.76. ; ss sin? 09639 ~ 77° Ans Prob.24, ABCDE is a string whose extremity A is fixed, has weights W and W; attached to it at Band C. It passes round a small peg at D carrying a weight of 40 kef at the free end E as shown in fig. 1.63. If in the position of equilibrium BC is horizontal and AB and CD make 150° and 120° with BC. Find ~ 40 Ket w wy Fig. 1.63 (Tension in the portion AB, BC and DE of the string (ii) The magnitude of W and W. (R.G.PV., June 2003) Sol, Given, Weight at E = 40 kef. Let us divide the string in two parts as shown in fig. 1.64 (a) and (b) and considering equilibrium of points B and C. (i) Tensions in the portion AB, BC and DE of the string Tension in portion DE will be equal to load at E, therefore, Thr = 40 ket Ans. and Equilibrium of Forces and Couples 45 Now applying Lami’s theorem at B, we get Tan, _W____Tae_ Sin90° Sin 150° sin 120° W__ Tae v U2 572 \ Tap = 2W and Tec = V3 W w @ Fig. 1.64 Now applying Lami’s theorem at C, we get Wi ‘sin 150° sin120°~ sin90° Tac _Wi__Tep V2 Y3I20 1 yew Mt per B 2, coe But Top will be equal to Tyg from fig. 1.63, ie. Top = Toe = 40 kef Substituting value of Tgp in equation (iv), we get 40V3, i 1 3 _ saa kef ‘Now from equation (ii, - wy, 3464 Tae = r= = 20 ky 3c it~ EE 20 ue Ans. Substituting value of Tac in equation (ii), we get 20= V3 Wor W=11.55 kgf46 Engineering Mechanics Subst ting value of W in equation (i), we get Tap = 2W = 2% 11.55 = 23.1 ket (di) The Magnitude of W and W, Magnitude of W and W, are (as calculated above) 55 ket and W, = 34.64 ket Prob.25. Two spheres of equal radius are connected by a flexible string AB. The spheres rest on two mutually perpendicular planes DE and EF as shown in fig. 1.65. Find the tension in the string and the angle (8) it makes with the horizontal when the system is in equilibrium. Take P = 50 N and Q=100N. Ans. Ans. Ans. Fig. 1.65 (RG. Sol. Let Ra and Rg be the reactions at point of contact of spheres A and B respectively. Also let T be the tension in the string AB. These forces are shown in fig. 1.66. K, Dec. 2002) Fig. 1.66 Considering equilibrium of sphere A [refer fig. 1.67(a)] Applying Lami’s theorem at A, . T 50. sin @O+ 603307) sin(180°-30°-0) (There is no need to consider Ra as it is not required) | | i Equiltrivm of Forces and Couples 47 Tr 50. 7 sin[180°-G0P+9)) sin[180°—GO"e Tin (180° — (30° + 6)} = 25/3 T.sin (30° + 6) = 25,43 «a pason @ Fig. 1.67 Now considering equilibrium of sphere B [fig. 1.67 (b)]}, Applying Lami’s theorem, Tr 100 sint50° ~ Sin(120°+8) 100 172 sin(120°+6) Tsin (120° + @) = 50 Tsin [90° + (30 + @)] = 50 T.eos (30° + 0) = 50 Gi) Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get TsinG0+0) _ 25/3 T.cos(30+0) ~ “5948. Engineering Mechanics tan (30° + 8)= “5 corse (sone 0 = 40.89 30” = 10.89” Ans. ‘Substituting value of 0 in equation (ii), we get T.cos(30° + 10.89°) = 50 or T.cos (40.89°) = 50 0 = 66.14 Ans. 0s (4089°) Prob.26. A rigid bar AB is supported to a force-couple system as shown in fig. 1.68. Replace the system by an equivalent single force and find its point of appliation. 1OKN 10K Fig. 1.68 (Pt, Ravishankar University, Raipur, 2004), Sol, There are only two vertical forces, and both of them are acting, downward direction. Hence, R= 10 +20 =30 KN (upward) Resultant, Now taking the moments of all forces about point A, 20 +20 x 3= 80 KN-m Moment of resultant force about point A, assuming itis acting ata dista x from A, 0x. =Rex Now by Varignon’s theorem 30x= 80 x= 2.67 m Hence single equivalent force which can replace the given force-couple Ans. system is 30 KN acting upwards at a distance 2.67 m from A. Equilionum of Forces and Couples 49 Prob.27, The balls A and B in the system shown in fig. 1.69 can slide ‘freely along the bars which are in a vertical plane. The string connecting the ind the value of 0 for the equilibrium of the system. balls is inextensible. < Fig. 1.69 ABS] Sol. Let, AC = sin 8, BC =/.cos © © B _ Let the difference of level betweeen A and C «8 =% 1 & J Letihe difference oflovel between A and B O28 =y oss . is A S| = 3. Yq= /sin@.sin60°=~"/.sin® res 2 g BE Yo= 1e0s0.sin30°= Lcos6 S| be © increases by 50. The change in y, and yy are given by in = } and 1 ‘This means, yg increases and yy decreases. nce ‘Now applying, principle of virtual work for loads Wy and Wo, 8 1 | Wy. ! cos8.80—W —sin8.50 = 0 i tsine.08 iw tan 0 = | ~ | fi Jw, ) Fre, 0 tan ( | Ans. | w2 } L50. Engineering Mechanics Prob.28. A beam AB 8.5 m long is hinged at A and supported on rollers at B on a smooth surface inclined at 30° to the horizontal. The beam is loaded as shown in fig. 1.70, find reactions at the supports. aN sin Fig. 1.70 Loading on beam (i) ud.l. 1.25 kN/m (ii) 4 KN inclined at 45° at C SKN vertical at D. (RG.PY, June 2004) (i Sol, Let Ry and Ry be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. Also let y be the virtual displacement of the beam at B, as shown in fig. 1.71. Fig. 1.71 Now from geometry of fig. 1.71, when virtual displacement of beam at B is», then the viral displacement of beam at Cand D will be A-y=0471y and “y= 0824 y respectively. wm y respectively. Total virtual work done by u.d.l., inclined load at C and vertical laod at D - og SEO). gcorasnoariysxo824y| ~ [02044 y + 13322 y #412] 5.7466 y 0) (- ve sign is due to loads acting downwards) Equilbrium of Forces and Couples 51 Virtual work done by reactions Ry and Rp = Ry <0 + Rg cos 30° y (-- End A is hinged) Rp cos 30° y Now according to principle of virtual work the algebraic sum of total virtual work done is zero, hence Rg cos 30°. y ~ $.7466 y Rp ae = 5.7466 2 STG? 6.63 KN Ans. and Rg = Total vertical load ~ Ry =[(1.25 * 4) + 4 vos 45° + 5] - 6.63 ~ 12.83 - 6.63 = 62KN Ans. Prob.29. Using the method of virtual work determine the magnitude of the couple M required to maintain equilibrium of the mechanism shown in Sige 1.72. Fig. 1.72 (Govt, Engg. College, Raipur, 2003) Sol. Let the height of D above E be y. Then from geometry of fig. 1.72. y=Isin®52 Engineering Mechanics Now if due to load P, y will change by dy and accordingly 0 by 80, then change By = 100s 050 According to principle of virtual work, the aigebraic sum of total virtual work done is zero, hence M 60 - Poy=0 M 80 -P./cos 8.68 = 0 M=Plcos 0 Ans. oo0 KRISHNA COPIERS SMRITI NAGAR MO, - 9691859316, 9584601916 SHEAR FORCE, BENDING MOMENT AND TRUSSES SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Q.1. Define a beam and give its classification. Ans. A beam isa structural member whose one dimension is very large as compared to other two and it is subjected to a system of external forces acting at right angles to its axis. Beams are suitably supported on one or more points. Effective length of the beam between two end supports is called as its span, Beams can be classified into following types (@ Cantilever Beam — A bean which is fixed or buiit in at one end and free at the other end as shown in fig. 2.1 (a) is called as a cantilever beam. In acantilever beam there is no reaction at its fixed end. —— (b) Simply Supported Beam (a) Cantilever Beam Fig. 2.1 Types of Beams (ii) Simply Supported Beam — & beam whose both ends rests freely ‘on supports as shown in fig. 2.1 (b) is known as a simply supported beam, (iii) Overhanging Beam ~ If one or both of the end portions of a beam extends beyond the supports as shown in fig. 2.2 (a), then beam is known as overhanging beam. (iv) Fixed Beam ~ If both ends of a beam are fixed or built in walls, as shown in fig. 2.2 (b), it is known as a fixed beam. (%) Continuous Beam — & beam which is having more than two supports as shown in fig. 2.2 (c), is known as a continuous beam, The supports at the extreme left and right are called end supports, while all other supports are called as intermediate supports54 Engineering Mechanics Simply Supported Overhanging Portion Portion B Support (a) Overhanging Beam (0) Continuous Beam (0) Fixed Beam Fig. 2.2 Types of Beams 0.2. Discuss the following ~ (Various types of loads on beams (ii) Types of supports. Ans. (). Types of Loads on Beams —Some commonly applied types of transversal loads on horizontal beams are as follows ~ (a) Concentrated or Point Load ~ A load which can assumed to be acting at a point is known as a point or concentrated load. In actual practice the load is distributed over a small area, but this'area is so small in ‘comparison to the length of the beam, it may be neglected. A simply supported beam carrying a point load is shown in fig. 2.3 (a). wy, W: t 4 A ! ! 7B a (a) Concentrured Load (c) Uniformly Varying Load Ry (0) Uniformly Distributed Load (d) Triungutar Load Fig. 2.3 Types of Loading (b) Uniformity Distributed toad ~ A load w a beam in such a manner that rate of loading remains uniform along the length of the beam (i.e. each unit length is loaded to the same extent), is known as, uniformly distributed load (U.D.L.). In case of U.D.L.,'the total load can assumed to be act at the C.G. of the loaded portion of beam. A simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load is shown in fig. 2.3 (b). ich is spread over Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 55 (©) Uniformly Varying Load ~ A load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that rate of loading varies from point to point along the length of the beam as shown in fig. 2.3 (c), is'known as uniformly varying load. When load varies from zero at one end to maximum at the other end, as shown in fig, 2.3 (d), the load is known as triangular load. Total load in such cases is taker equal to the area of the triangle, and this load is assumed to be acting at the C.G. of the triangle. (@) Beams Subjected to a Couple — Sometimes beam is subjected to a clockwise or anticlockwise couple along with loads. In this case, magnitude of the couple is taken into considerations while calculating reactions. But this does not involve any kind of load, combination of two or more of above A beam may carry any one mentioned loads, (Gi) Types of Supports ~ Surports which are usually provided on beam are of the following types — (@) Roller Support ~ This type of support is mainly used for ster! trusses of the bridges, which have one of their end supported on rollers. ‘These soliers allows the movement of the beam towards left or right on account of expansion or contraction, due to change of temperature. The reaction in such a support is always perpendicular to the plane of motion of rollers. (b) Hinged Support ~ In such a case the end of the beam is hinged to the support. Stee! trusses, which has roller support on one end always has hinged support at other end to make the beam stable, The reaction at hinged end has nso componens, ie. horizontal and vertical. Moment at hinged end is always zero. (6) Fixed Support ~ This type of support is used for fixed beams or cantilever beams, this does not allow any movement of beam. It offers three rexction components, ie. horizontal, vertical and a moment. Q.3. Define shear force and bending moement for a beam. What are shear force and bending moment tagrams ? Ans, Shear Force ~ the shear force at any point along a loaded beam may be defined as the algebraic sum of all vertical forces acting on either side of the point on the beam. The net effect of shear force is to shear off the beam atong the point at which it is acting, Shear force is taken +ve, when it Produces a clockwise moment and it is taken -ve, when it produces an anticlockwise moment,56. Engineering Mechanics Bending Moment ~ Bending moment at any point along a loaded beam may be defined as the algebraic sum of the moments due to all vertical forces ‘acting on either side of the point on the beam. The bending moment tries to bend the beam, Clockwise moments due to loads acting to the left of the section are assuimed to be +ve, while anticlockwise moments are taken —ve. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams ~ A shear force diagram is.a diagram which shows the shear force at every section of the beam due to transverse loading on it, Its base line is equal to the span of the beam drawn on a suitable scale. For point loads, S.F. diagram has straight horizontal lines, for U.DLL,, it has straight inclined lines, and for uniformly varying loads it has a parabolic curve ‘A bending moment diagram is a diagram which shows the bending moment at every section of the beam due to transverse loading on it. In case of a simply supported beam bending moment is zero at the ends, and for a cantilever it is zero at the free end. For point loads, B.M. diagram has sraight inclined lines, for U.D.Lay it has parabolic curve and for uniformly varying load it has cubie curve. Q4. Explain the sign conventions used for drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams, Ans. For drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams, first of all an arbitrary section is chosen. After that following sign conventions are used — For Shear Force ~ Force acting in right hand side of the section in upward direction is taken negative, and force in right hand side of the seetion acting in downward direction is taken as positive. Similarly a force in left hand side of the section i taken positive, ifitis acting in upward direction and itis taken as negative ifit is acting in downward direction. This sign convention is shown in fig. 2.4 (a. oo eS bee RM ee aves syeSk—Saezing Moment Moment (a) For Shear Force (b) For Bending Moment Fig, 2.4 Sign Conventions For Bending Moment - First of all remove all the toads and reactions from any one side of the section. Now introduce each load and reaction one at aa time and find its effect at the section. A B.M. causing concavity upwards taken positive and called as sagging bending moment [refer fig. 2.4 (b)}. A, ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 57 bending moment which is causing convexity upwards is taken negative and called as hogging bending moment [refer fig. 2.4 (b)]. In general the moment due to every downward force is negative and the moment due to every upward force is positive. QS. What important points must be kept in mind while drawing the shear force and bending moment diagrams ? Ans. The following points must be kept in mind while drawing the shear force and bending moment diagrams — (® First of all, consider either the left or the right hand side of the section. __ (il)_ Add the forces (including reaction) normal to the beam on one of the side. If right hand side of the section is chosen, a force acting downwards is taken positive while a force acting upwards is negative. If the left hand side of the section is chosen, a force acting upwards is taken positive while a force acting downwards is negative. (iii) The positive values of shear force and bending moment are plotted above the base line, and negative values below the base line. (iv) The shear force diagram will dectease or increase suddenly shown by a vertical straight line at a section when there is a vertical point load. ()_ The shear force between any two vertical loads will be constant are hence the shear force diagram between two vertical loads wil be a horizontal ine. (vi) The bending moment at the two supports of a simply supported bbeam and also at the free end of a cantilever will be 2210.0 2.6. Deduce relationship between shear force and bending moment. Ans, Fig. 2.5 shows a beam, carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit length. Now consider the equilibrium of the portion of beam between sections 1-1 and 2-2, a short length 8x of beam at a distance x from end A. o @58 Engineering Mechanics ‘The forces and moments acting on the fength 5x of the beam are — (i) The force § acting vertically upwards at the section 1-1 Gi). The force $ + 8S acting vertically downwards at the section 2-2. Gii) The load w * &x acting downwards. (iv) The moments M and M + 8M acting at section 1-1 and section 2-2 respectively. ‘The portion of the beam of length dx is in equilibrium. Hence, resolving the forces acting on this part vertically, we get $ —(S + 88)=~ wx as oa 4s vr cane The above equation shows that the rate of change of shear force is equal to the rate of loading. Taking the moments of the forces and couples about the section 2-2, we get M-w.5x.5%-(M+M)+8.5x =0 ‘Neglecting the higher powers of small quantities, we get 3M . x = 6M am S. x= 5 ee s-™ or a The above equation shows that the rate of change of bending moment is equal to the shear force at the section. Putting these relations into integral form we have = forasa [sex The BM, M shall be maximum or minimum when SY=0, ie. $= 0 ‘Thus at the section where S.P. is zero or changes sign, the B.M. is either maximum or minimum, Q.7. Discuss $.F. and B.M. diagrams for a cantilever subjected to various types of loading. ‘Ans, Shear force and bending moment diagrams for cantilever beam subjected to various types of loading are discussed below — Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 59 ( Cantitever Carrying a Concentrated Load at its Free End ~ Fig, 2.6 shows a cantilever AB of length / fixed at A and free at B and carrying a point load W at the free end B. Consider a section X-X at a distance of x from the free end B. SF. at section X, Sx =+W @) B.M. at section X, My =~ Wx ) @ 17 nn () SF Diagram () BM. Diagram Fig. 2.6 From equation (i), we see that S.F, is constant at all sections of the member between A and B, But B.M, at any section is proportional to the distance of the section from the free end. Hence B.M. follows the straight line law. S.F. and B.M. diagrams are shown in fig. 2.6. The S.F. and B,M. diagrams for several concentrated loads acting on a cantilever can be drawn ina similar manner. (ii). Cantilever Carrying a Uniformly Distributed Load over its whole Length ~ Fig. 2.7 shows a cantilever of length / fixed at A and carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit length over its whole length. Fat X, Sy = + wx seal B.M. at X, Mx = -wx.t= iv] ty 7 wiv), ___ Thus, we can see from equations (iti) and (iv), S.F. varies according to a linear law, while variation of B.M. is according to a parabolic curve as shown in fig. 2.7 (b) and (c) respectively. Atx=0,ie.B, Sp=OandMp=0 andat x= (ie. A, Sq= +wlandM.= 60 Engineering Mechanics wy Per Unit Run LE Diagram Ce wi (¢) BM. Diagram 27 (iii) Cantitever Carrying a Load whose Intensity is Varying Uniformly ‘from Zero at Free End to w per unit run at the Fixed End ~ Fig. 2.8 (a) ‘shows a cantilever of length / fixed at A and free at B carrying a uniformly varying load whose intensity varies from zero at free end to w per unit run at fixed end. Consider any section X-X at a distance x from free end B. Let us first find the rate of loading at the section X-X. As rate of loading varies from zero at B to w per unit run at A. Therefore rate of loading for a length / is w per unit run, hence rate of loading for a length of x will be Wy = Sper unit run ‘The shear force at the section X-X is given by ‘Sx = Total load on the cantilever for a length x from the free end B = Area of load diagram between X and B 1 1 wx? Tage Wastye a This equation shows that the S.F. varies according to the parabolic law as: shown in fig. 2.8 (b). ‘The bending moment at the section X-X is given by, My = = (Total load for a length x) « Distance of C.G. of the load from X (Area of load diagram between X and B) x Distance of C.G. of the load from X wx KRISHNA COPIERS SMRITI NAGAR MO. - 9691859316, 9584601916 | | | | ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 61 xo Cable Curve ()B.M. Diagram Fig. 2.8 ‘This equation shows that the B.M. varies according to the cubic law, as shown in fig. 2.8 (©). Atx=0, ie. at B, Mp =0 -w3 we ot 6 (iv) Cantilever Carrying a Load whose Intensity is Varying Uniformly from Zero at Fixed End to w per unit un at Free End — Fig. 2.9 (a) shows ‘a cantilever of length / carrying a uniformly varying load, whose intensity varies from zero at fixed end (at A) to w per unit run at free end (at B). Consider any section X-X at a distance x from fixed end A. Here it will be convenient to find S.F, and B.M. by considering left part of the section. Now S.F, at section X-X will be given by, Sx = Algebraic sum of forces on left of X-X Atx= hie ata, Ma~62. Engineering Mechanics Thus, S.F. diagram will follow a parabolic curve as shown in fig. 2.9 (b). Atx=0,ie.atA, Sq= wt Atx=hieatB, Sy=0 Now B.M. at section X-X will be given by, Mx = Algebraic sum of moment of forces and reactions at A about X Mx we . aeerg w ed Ra we? ar i P2r2bo1¢ (6) SF Diagram Ret, Swed we? 7 ances “ “8 —(c) BLM. Diagram x Fig. 2.9 ‘Thus, B.M. will follow a cubie curve as shown in fig. 2.9 (c). = ; wi? Atx= sie. atB, Mg= Ma" 76 () Cantilever Subjected to a Couple ~Fig. 2.10 (a) shows a cantilever AB of length /, with an anticlockwise couple M applied at a section C, distant Atx=0, at A, Ma, Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 63 a from fixed end A. The couple here consists of the equal and parallel forces P witha lever arm p between them. ‘The moment of the individual forces constituting the couple about any point in the piane of the couple is Pp. ‘As there is only couple no transverse Joading, hence there will be no shear force as shown in fig. 2.10(b). ‘Now, there will be no bending moment between B and C. At any section X-X in between A and C, bending moment will be given by, BM. = Moment of the individual force P of the couple = Anticlockwise moment Pp sagging moment Pp = M Hence at every section between A and C there will be a sagging moment M as shown in fig. 2.10 () 0.8. Discuss S.F. and B.M. diagrams for a simply supported beam with various types of loading. Fig. 2.10 ‘Ans, Shear force and bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam with various types of loadings are discussed below — (Simply Supported Beam Carrying a Concentrated Load ~ Fig. 2.11 (@) shows a beam AB of length J, simply supported at the ends A and B, and carrying a load W placed at a distance a frgm end A and distance b from end B. Let Ra and Rg be the reactions at supports A and B resepetively. ‘Now taking moments of forces and reactions about A, we get Rp. f= Wea wa “OT As Rat Ro=W Now, S.F. at B,64. Engineering Mechanics Hi (0) BM. Diagram Fig, 2.11 This S.P. will remain constant upto C. At, there is a point load W thus, it becomes, Wa , wy _ W(l-a) | Wo Som pe Wa 7 T This will remain constant upto A. B.M. at supports will be zero, i.e: Ma = Mp = 0 BM. will become maximum where SF. changes its sign, ie. C. Thus, Max. BM, = Mc = Ry xb (c) B. M. Diagram Fig. 2.12 ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 65 If concentrated load is placed at its mid span as shown in fig. 2.12 (a), then a= b=1?, hence w Ram Ra=a SS. and B.M, diagrams in this case are shown in fig. 2.12 (b) and (c) respectively. (Gi) Simply Supported Beam Carrying a Uniformly Distributed Load over its whole Length — Fig, 2.13 (a) shows a beam AB of length simply supported at the ends A and B, and carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit length over its whole length, w Per Unit Length . © (Q) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.13 As beam is symmetrically loaded, therefore reactions at both the supports will be equal and of magnitude of half of the total load. Since total load = wi, henge wl Rat Rp= a= Raa Now consider any section X-X at a distance x from end B. SF. at the section X-X will be given by Sx= Saw66 Engineering Mechanics AUB, where x =0, Sp. At C, where x= sen? wl ye’ AtA, where x=, Sq = -Zt+w! CON AR cane : eee AN antiga Now BM. at section X-X will be given by, QB ee wl wx? sone Me a a yo ALB, where x = 0, Mp = 0 L, wi? wi? ALA, where x= Ma = SE = ‘Thus, B.M. becomes zero at supports. Now for maximum B.M., equating aM 2 Mo a2 oa or wee > on x= wit wi _wit Maximum B.M.,Mmax= “gg it where S.P. is zero. ‘Thus B.M. becomes maximum at a p\ / (iti) Simply Supported Beam Carrying a Uniformly Varying Load ~ Fig, 2.14 (a) shows a beam of length / simply supported at the ends A and B and carrying a uniformly varying load from zero at each end to w per unit length at the centre. Due to symmetry of loading the reactions at the supports will be equal and their magnitude will be half of the total laod on the entire length. Now, total load on the beam ~ Area of load diagram Sewett 2 - Awl) Now consider a section X-X at a distance x from end B, rate of loading at this section can be given by wx _ 2x m2 0 ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 67 ‘Now S.F. at this section is given by, x fe s, s y= 4 S.F. at C, where x = //2, (Ly \2 and S.P. at A, where x =i, eee Sa= ewe us 4 4 From the general equation of S.F., we see that this is a second degree equation Tepresenting @ parabola so the S. diagram is parabolic. The B.M. st the section X-X, wl a com (©) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.14 x wh _w ieee aa ee B.M. will be zero at both the supports A an: is mae supports A and B since the beam is simply dMy For the B.M. to be maximum, equating 0 oMx & Thus, the maximum B.M. 4 at the mid span is (iv) Simply Supported Beam Carryi ie ting a Load whose Intensity Varies Ynformly rom Zero One End tow por ut una the Other End ~F .15 (a) shows a beam AB of length simply supported at the ends A and B and carrying a load uniformly varying from zero at end A to w per unit length at B.68 Engineering Mechanics Per Unit Length \ t 1c (0 BM. Diagram Fig. 2.15 . Taking moments about A. we get - ERS 1 21 8 pe px t= (Lxtaw) 3 Rast RAG iet wl 188! es R= 40.98 f Ba Ra tRe= wi_wl _wi Ra“ 2736 Consider any section X-X at a distance x from end A. The S.P. at this section is given by Sx= S.F. at A, where x= 0, Sam .F, at B, where x= J, Sp wl ‘The SF. is +! at A and it decreases to =2 according 0 parbotie 6 Iaw. Thus, somewhere in between A and B, the S.F. must be zero. Let the S.F. 3 ~~ L ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 69 be zero at point C at a distance x from A. Equating S.F. from equation (i) to zero, we get wl_ we? ew Now B.M. at the section X-X is given by 1 sOorx= Mx = B.M. will be maximum when dMx ax Max. BM. 18V3 B.M. at supports A and B will be zero because beam is simply supported. 183 93 (0) Simply Supported Beam Subjected to a Couple ~ When a beam is subjected to a couple at a section, only the B.M. at the section changes suddenly in magnitude equal to that of the couple. But the S.F. does not change at the section of the couple because there is no change in load. But for calculating the reactions, the magnitude of the couple is taken into account. The sudden change in B.M. at the section of the couple is obtained by calculating B.M. separately with the help of both the reactions. 0.9. What do you mean by the point of contraflexure ? Ans. An overhanging beam can be considered as a combination of a simply supported beam and a cantilever beam. As we know that the bending moment in a cantilever beam is negative, whereas that in a simply supported beam is positive. Thus, in an overhanging beam, there will be a point, where the bending moment will change its sign from negative to positive or vice-versa. Such a point where the bending moment changes sign is known as point of contraflexure. ‘The point of contraflexure is also called the point of inflexion or virtual hinge. The point of contraflexure can be determined by equating the bending moment equation in terms of x equal'to zero for part of beam length where bending moment is likely to change sign. Q.10. Draw and discuss S.F. and B.M. diagrams for an overhanging beam having equal overhangs and carrying uniformly distributed load.70 Engineering Mechanics Ans. An overhanging beam of length (J+ 2a) kas supports / apart with an equal overhang of a on each side and carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit length over the entire length is shown in fig. 2.16 (a). As beam is symmetrically loaded, therefore reactions at both the supports will be equal and of magnitude half ofthe total load w Unit Per Length {_, Ry (a) Loaded Beam Diagram c | Ty] tL r HG M, Diagram whe Poy i. Diagram when a sl «] (©) BM. Diagram when a Z. then Mmax Will be —ve and B.M. diagram shall be as Ma shown in fig. 2.16 (c).72 Engineering Mechanics ira Eten Mga wl te eo nd BM dng tal Dea sho in fig. 2.16 (a). ira! hen Mu ie ean. sl aston fig. 2.16(e). awe ane won a < 2, 8M, dagam changes ison ih there will be two points of contraflexure or inflexion. Let B.M. becomes zero at a distance x from either end. Thus at x, ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 73 () All members of truss are connected at the joints by frictionless pins, Gil) Trusses are only loaded at the joints and line of action of loads lie in the plane of the truss. iii) Ail members of the truss lie in a common plane, i.e. plane truss (iv) The weight of the members is considered negligible as compared to other external forces or leads acting on truss, unless stated otherwise (¥)_ The truss is rigid and does not deform or change its shape due to application of external loads. 0.13. Explain the following with example — (Under rigid 2 wo? w(l42a % sgn EE M229 a) 0 & (ii) Just rigid iii) Over rigid truss. oo y2— (1+ 2a) x +a (I+ 20) =0 SX of (iii) O igid truss. (R.G.PV., Dec. 2002) pons Ans, Trusses cen be classified on the basis of their rigidity. A just rigid (1420) + (42a)? 4 xa gore: GF” truss is an idealised term, in which number of members are just suffici ae 2x1 28 “ ntain the structure stable under external loading. If any of its member is (eam VFont ae removed, its rigidity gets destroyed. A triangle with three members is an a) ja x elementary just rigid truss, A simple plane truss is built up from a triangle by 2 « adding two members at each joint. Q.11. Define a truss. Ans. A truss may be defined as a structure made up of several bars joined together at their ends. These bars which are made up of angles or chanriel sections are called members of the truss. Various members of a truss are joined together by riveting, welding or by nuts and boits. However, for calculation purpose, joints are assumed to be hinged or pin-jointed. A truss is, a rigid structure, which provides great strength over large span of structure. ‘Thus, it is more practical and economical than other soild types of structure ‘A truss is mainly used for supporting roofs of buildings, television towers, antennas, bridges, etc. ‘A truss is also called as a frame or framed structure. If the centre lines of the member of a truss lie in one plane, the truss i called a plane truss. If these lines do not lie in one plane, as in the case of the shear legs, the truss is called a space truss. Q.12. State the assumptions made in the analysis of a plane truss. (R.G.RY, Feb. 2005, Dec. 2003) Ans, Following assumptions ar made, while calculating forces in various members of a plane truss ~ P= A relation between number of joints Gj) and number of member (n), for a Just rigid truss is given as a If the number of members are more than (2j — 3), the truss is said to be over rigid and if, that is less than (2j — 3), the truss is known as under rigid. Examples are shown in fig. 2.17 (a), (b) and (c).. a=6, a> Gj-3) (c) Over Rigid Truss (a) Just Rigid Truss (6) Under Rigid Truss Fig. 2.1774 Engineering Mechanics Q.14. Discuss in brief the analytical methods for determining the force in the members of a plane truss. Ans. There are following two methods which are used to determine the force in the members of a plane truss ~ Method of joints (ii) Method of sections. () Method of Joints —\n this method, firstly reactions at the supports are determined and then, each and every joint is treated as a free body in equilibrium. The forces in various members can be determined by applying conditions of equilibrium, i.e, EV = 0, and EH = 0, or by applying Lami’s, theorem. The joint should be selected in such a way that at any time, it should not contain more than two members, in which forces are unknown. ‘The force in the members will be compressive, if the member pushes the joint to which it is connected, while the force in the member will be tensile, if the member pulls the joint to which itis connected. The arrows are marked on the members to show their effect on joints. If a member AB is under tension the arrows are directed away from A and B as shown in fig. 2.18 (a). When AB is under compression the arrows are directed towards A and B as shown in fig. 2.18(b). 4+ (4) Member Under Tension 8 (8) Member Under Compression Fig. 2.18 (i). Method of Sections — inthis method an imaginary section is drawn which divides the iruss in two parts. This method is also based upon the principle of equilibrium of a system. If a system is in equilibrium under the application of laods then any part or section of the system will also be in equilibrium. Section line should be drawn in such a way that it does not cut more than three members with unknown forces in them. Because there are only three equations of equilibrium (ZF, = 0, ZFy = 0 and EM = 0), from which only three unknowns can be determined. After dividing the truss in two parts any one part (left or right) can be analysed by applying conditions of equilibrium, which is in equilibrium under the action of external loads and the forces exerted upon it by the members cut by thé section. ‘This is a simple and direct method. This method is particularly useful, when the forces in a few members are required. This can be done very easily by passing a section line through member or members in which forces have to bbe determined, without determining the forces in all the members. (RGR, Dec. 2001) Q.15. Wrie short ntoe on Maxwell diagram. Or Describe graphical method of truss analysis. Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 75 Ans. However, analytical methods of truss analysis gives exact results, but method of joints is a lengthy process and method of sections is tedious one. To overcome these difficulties graphical method of analysis can be used This method is quite simple and gives reasonably accurate results. Graphical analysis of a truss is done in following two steps - @ Construction of Space Diagram — Firstly, the truss is drawn on @ suitable scale with all external loads and reactions on it. Reactions then can be determined analytically or graphically. Various forces are now named according to Bow’s notation. (Construction of Vector Diagram or Maxwell Diagram — Vector diagram of force polygon is also known as the Maxwell diagram. To draw the Maxwell diagram a joint with not more than two unknown forces is chosen and force polygon for that joint is drawn on a suitable scale. Now move around the sides of the force polygon in order to determine the nature of force in the members at that joint. Arrows are marked on the members in space diagram to show the nature of force. ‘Now select another joint with not more than two unknown forces and draw the corresponding force polygon in continuation with the first polygon. Nature of force in members meeting at that joint are marked, Repeat the procedure for whole truss. Now magnitudes of forces in the members can be determined by measuring the sides of Maxwell diagram, Q.16. Write the advantages of method of sections and graphical method of analysis of a truss. (R.GPY., June 2004) Ans. Advantges of Method of Sections ~ Method of joints is a lengthy process, as we have to proceed all the joints one by one. If we have to determine the forces only in few members of truss, method of sections is very convenient, because the members in which forces have to be determined need to be considered only, Advantages of Graphical Analysis ~ Method of joints involves a long process and method of sections is very much complex. These difficulties can be overcome by using the graphical analysis. It is a simple and comparatively fool proof method, which gives reasonably accurate results. NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Prob.l. A caustilever beam of length 2 m carries a point load of 1 KN at its free end and another load of 2 kN at a distance of 1 m from the free end. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the cantilever.76 Engineering Mechanics Sol. Given, [= 2 m, Wy = 1 KN, W2 = 2 KN. Loaded beam is shown in fig. 2.19 (a). S.F, Calculations Shear force at B = 1 kN ‘This S.F. remains constant between B and C. SF atC=1+2=3kN ‘This §.F. will remairi constant till point A as shown in fig. 2.19 (b). Sudden change in S.P. at C is represented by vertical line on S.F. diagram. 24uN rN c 4 ta Fi {Given Beam kN 3 un ic Diagram sen (o) BM, Diagram Fig. 2.19 B.M. Calculations Bending moment at free end, i Mg =0 BAM. at any section between B and C at a distance x from B is given by My=-1%x AtG iex= 1m B will be zero, Me == 1 b= = 1 kN-m ‘Now B.M. at any section between C and A at a distance x from B is given by Mg == 1% x=2(x-1)=-x—2x +2 2-3x . at point C Atx= 1m, (same as before) Mc=2=3%1==1kN-m ‘Shear Force, Berding Moment and Trusses 77 and at point A, x= 2m. Ma =2-3%2=—-4 kN-m ‘The B.M. varies linearly from 0 to ~ 1 KN-m between B and C and then varies from — 1 to— 4 kN-m between C and A [refer fig. 2.19 (c)]. Prob.2. A cantilever of length 5m carries a uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m over the whole length and a point load of 4 KN at the free end. Draw the SF. and B.M. diagrams for the cantilever. Sol. Given, 1= 4 m, U-D.L., w= 2 KN/m, W = 4 KN. Given beam is shown in fig. 2.20 (a). aun Fig, 2.20 S.F. Calculations Consider any section X-X at a distance x from free end B.S.F. at this section will be given by, Sx = W+ wx = 4 + 2x Hence S.F. will vary linearly as showin in fig, 2.20 (b).. AtB,x=0, hence Sp=4 kN AtA,x= 5m, hence Sq = 14kN78 Engineering Mechanics B.M. Calcul Bending moment at any section X-X at a distance x from B is given by, 2 x 2 4x-2.5 = (4x +x’ za d Mx = -Wx-wx. 2 ‘This is the equation ofa parabola hence B.M. will vary according to parabolic law, as shown in fig. 2.20 (c). ‘ALB, x= 0, hence Mp =~ (4 * 0 + 0) AA, x= 5 m hence } Ma == (4 «5 +5?) == 45 kNem | Prob.3. A cantilever beam 2 m long carries a uniformly distributed load of 1000 kg per metre on a span of I mat a distance of 0.5 m from the free end. The beam itself weighs 200 kg per metre run. Construct the S.F and B.M. diagrams for the cantilever beam, ‘Sol. Given, 7= 2m, U.D.L., w; = 1000 kg/m, weight of beam, w2 = 200 kg/m. Given beam is shown in fig. 2.21 (a). 200 kg/en | * 2 S.F. Calculations ‘As there is no point load at B, therefore at B, S.F., will be zero, i.e. Sg =0. Now consider any section X-X between D and C, at this section S.F. will be given by, Sx = 200 (x + 0.5) + 1000 x ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 79 This is a linear equation, hence between D and C, S.F. will vary linearly as shown in fig. 2.21 (b). At D, x =D, hence, Sp = 200'(0 + 0.5) + 1000 x 0 = 100 kg AtC, x= Im, hence, Peat a Sc = 200 (1 + 0.5) + 1000 * 1 = 1300 kg Now S.F. at A will be given by, Sq = Sc +200 x 0.5 B.M. Calculations 1300 + 100 B.M. at B, free end of a cantilever will be zero, i. =0. {Av seotion X-X bending moment wil be given by +05 . My = ~200(x+05){ *£°5)_1000x% n= -onv05( 5%) 1000%5 This is the equation of a parabola, hence B.M. diagram will be a parabolic curve as shown in fig. 2.21 (c). AUD, x = 0, hence Mp = 200x05x52=-25kg-m 2 ALC, x= 1m, hence Me 200% 1515 —1000% 145 = -225 ~ 500 =~ 725 kg-m B.M. at A, will be given by v= = 0-22 -tonsto(ased) 2 2 1400 kg-m Prob.4. Find reactions at A and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in fig. 2.22 (a). (R. 400 ~ 1000 , Dec. 2002) ‘Sol. Reactions at A Total vertical laod on cantilever = 10 ~ 20 + 20 = 10 kN (downwards) As there can be no reaction at free end E, therefore total vertical load on the beam will be balanced by reaction at A, hence Rq = 10 KN (upwards) ‘Now taking moments of all forces and couple about A, we get Mg =~ 20 x 8 +20 «4-10 2+ 120 20 kN-m (anticlockwise) Ans.80. Engineering Mechanics ‘Thus, to balance this fixed supportat A will provide the necessary reacting, ‘moment of = 20 kN-m (clockwise) we ANB HO Fig, 2.22 (b) shows the beam with reactions at A. S.F, Calculations Shear force at E, Sp 20kN ‘As there is no more vertical load between E and C thus, S.F. will remain constant. 120 Nem 120 KN » 5 (BM. Diagram * Fig. 2.22 ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 81 AtC it will fall suddenly due to upward vertical load = 20 - 20 = 0, this will remain zero upto point B, at B there is‘again a vertical downward load, hence S.P. between B and A = 0+ 10= 10 kN SF. diagram is shown in fig. 2.22 (0). B.M. Caleufat Bending moment at B, free end will be zero, i.e. Me 0 B.M. at just right hand side of D will be =—20 x2 =— 40 kKN-m At D there is also a couple of 120 kN-m (anticlockwise), hence B.M. at Just left hand side of D wil BM. at C, Mc =—20* 4 + 120 = 40 KN-m BM.atB, = 20 « 6 +120 +20 x 2= 40 kN-m B.M. at A, as calculated earlier Ma = 20 kN-m B.M. diagram is shown in fig. 2.22 (4). Prob.s. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams for the beam loaded as shown in fig. 2.23 (a). (R.GBV., June 2002) Sol. Let Ry and’Rp be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. ‘Taking moments of forces about A, we get 4 x 9= 18x4x Rpx9 A : Rp = 16 kN and Ra = Total vertical load - Rg 18° 4— 16 = 56 KN S.F, Calculations SF. at B, Sp-— 16 kN SR at C, Sc =— 16 KN SF. at A, = 16 +18 x 4= + 56KN S.P. diagram is shown in fig. 2.23 (b). B.M. Calculations B.M. at both the supports will be zero, i.e. Ma = Mp = 0 B.M. at C, Mc = 16 « 5 = 80 KN-m As the S.P. diagram changes its sign from +ve to -ve.at point D, so the value of B.M. will be maximum at this point.82. Engineering Mechanics 1s evien 8 4m Sm ‘Se KN (@ Given Beam ~f 11 m—t (OOS.F. Diagram wee ee 10 AN iy 2D iC (0) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.23 B.M. at any section between C and A at a distance x from A will be, My = Rawk 5x18 xx E 56-92 be maximum, when Mx & Lox) =0 56 ~18x=0 56 x= S2341m or $6311 And value of maximum bending moment is Minax = 56 * 3.11 —9 = (3.11)? = 87.11 KN-m. B.M. diagram will follow a parabolic curve between C and A as shown in fig. 2.23 (c). Prob.6. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load on right hand half of the span as shown in fig. 2.24 20 uN c 7 7 : so ae Fig. 2.24 (S.V.TLU., May/June 2007) a and ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 83 Sol. Let Ry and Re be the reactions at supports A and C respectively. Taking moments about end A, we get 4 Rex 8=20%4%(444 ( 3) Re «8 = 480 Re = 60 kN Ra = Total vertical load - Re = (20 * 4) ~ 60 = 20 kN S.F. Calculations S.F at C, So =~ Re = - 60 kN S.F. between C and B will vary linearly and at B, it will become Sg =- 60+ 20x 4=20 KN This S.F. will remain constant upto point A, i.e. S,= 20 kN SF. diagram is shown in fig. 2.25 (b). 20 Nim f——protaanastg oun : acl coun T (c) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.25 B.M. Calculations 1 BLM. at both the supports will be zero, i. a My=Mc=0 o BLM. at any section between B and C at a distance x from eiid fs given by,84. Engineering Mechanics x My = Re «x ~20%.5 = 60x — 10x? ALB, ie.atx= 4m, Mg = 60 * 4 — 10 x (4)? = 80 KN-m BLM, diagram is shown in fig. 2.25 (©). Prob.7. A beam AB of span 4 m is simply supported at the ends. It carries a concentrated load of 4 kN at distance of 1.6 m from support A. It also carries a uniformly distributed load of 1.8 kN/m upto a distance of 2.6 ‘m from support A. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam AB. (SKEU., 2005) Sol. The given beam is shown in fig. 2.26 (a). Let Ra and Ry be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. ‘Taking moments of forces about A, we get Ry x4 = 4 x 1.6 + 1.8 x 2.6 * _ 12.484 Rp = 321 KN and Ra ~ Total vertical load ~ Rg = [4+ (1.8 x 2.6)]- 3.121 = 5.559 KN S.F. Calculations SF. at B, Sp = 3.121 kN Sat C, Sc = 3.121 KN S.F. between C and D vary linearly. SF. just right of D = — 3.121 + 1.8 x 1 =-1.321 KN Due to the concentrated load of 4 KN at D, S.F. will suddenly become Now S.P. between D and A again vary linearly and at A, Sq = 2.679 + (1.8 x 1.6) = 5.559 KN SF. diagram of the beam is shown in fig. 2.26 (b). B.M, Calculations B.M. at simply supported ends, ie. at A and B will be zero. Ma = Mp =0 Me = 3.121 x (4 - 2.6) = 4.37 KN-m Between C and A, B.M. will vary parabolically. B.M. at any section XX between A and D and a distance x from D is given by, BM. at C, Lo ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 65 +) ag Rafe +0) ales DEEDS oe Rg X 24-18 1% > = 3.121 «24-09 6.5904 kN-m. B.M. diagram is shown in fig. 2.26 (©). At D, x= 0, hence Mp ew 18 kNh 4 B Ral Rp (@ Given Beam 559 KN DC (©) BM. Diagram Fig, 2.26 Prob.8. A beam AB is acted upon by the uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m and by two forces P and Q. It has been experimentally determine that the bending moment is 172 kN-m at point D and 235 kN-m at point E. Determine P and Q and find out bending moment just before point F 24N/e A cf LF 8 D = r Q Fig. 2.27 (SU.TU,, Nov/Dec. 2006)86 Engineering Mechanics ‘Sot. Let Ry and Ry be the support reactions at A and B respectively. ‘Taking moments about support A, we get Rp X 12 =Px3+2%5x(25+3)+Qx8 Rp * 12 =3P +8Q +55 . ‘ or Ry = $4204.55 @ and Rg =Total vertical load — Ry P2038 =P +Q42%5)-(P 4204 55 @+Q+2x5)-(2420 #) Gi) ZY () BM. Diagram Fig. 2.28 ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 87 B.M. at any section XX, between D and E, and at a distance x from E, is, given by My = Ra(x + 5) — Q(x + 1) - 20% + yn Atx=Q,ieatE, Mg = SRg-Q~-1=235 kN-m (given) = 5Rg~Q= 236 Atx=3m,ie.atD, Mp = 8Ry—4Q~ 16 = 172 kN-m (given) = 2Ry-Q=47 wiv) On solving equations (iii) and (iv), we get Ry = 63 KN and Q=79 kN Ans. Substituting values of Rg and Q in equation (i), we get, P 2 55_P 229 nga ata = (63 * 4) ~ 229 = 23 KN ‘Ans. B.M. just before point F, Mp =Rp x4 = 63 «4 = 252 kN-m Ans. S.F. and B.M, diagrams of the given beam are shown in fig. 2.28 (b) and (©) respectively. Prob.9. Draw the BM. and 8.F. diagrams for the seam loaded as shown in fig. 2.29 (a). (R.G.P¥.,, June 2003) Sol. Let Ry and Ry be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. ‘Taking moments of forces about A, we get Ry * 8= 2000%4x-4000%6 Rp « 8= 16000 + 24000 = 40000 a 000 kg and Ra = Total vertical load ~ Rp = (2000 x 4) + 4000 ~ 5000 = 7000 kg S.F, Calculations : S.F. at B, -Rs 5000 kg SF at C, Sc = — 5000 + 4000 = ~ 1000 kg SF. at D, = 1000 ke, Sata, ~ 1000 + 2000 « 4 = 7000 kg ‘88 Engineering Mechanics B.M. Caleutations B.M. at supports will be zero, i.e Ma = Mp =0 Mg = 5000 2 = 10000 kg-m Mp = 5000 x 4 ~ 4000 x 2 = 12000 kg-m 2000 kg/m 4000 poscentcerern © 2a BM. at C, M. at D, coor | |{L ae orien L soon s000Ke ‘ (0) SE Diagram" Me vs ie oe ee yor" at MD (0) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.29 Now B.M. at any section between C and A ata distance x from end A, will be given by My = 7000x -2000.x. 5 7000 x ~ 1000x? B.M. at D, where x= 4m, Mp = 7000 x 4 — 1000 (4)? = 12000 kg-m (same as before) aMx Now for maximum bending moment equate =? i aMx ax =0, = 7000 ~ 2000 x snear Force, Henaing Moment and Irusses 89 ‘Thus, maximum B.M, at point M Mynax = 7000 * (3.5) ~ 1000 x (3.5)? = 12280 kgm S.F. and B.M. diagrams are shown in fig. 2.29 (b) and (c) respectively. Prob.10. The intensity of loading on a simply supported beam of length 5 m increases uniformly from 8 kN/m at one end to 16 kN/m at the other end. Draw S.F. and B.M, diagrams for the beam. Also determine the position and magnitude of the maximum bending moment, Sol. Given beam is shown in fig. 2.30 (a). This trapezoidal load can be considered as made up of a uniformly varying load and a triangular load as shown in fig. 2.30 (b). Let Rq and Ry be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. Taking moments about A, we get awh 10 200 _ 500 Rpx5= (81503) -(deanse 2) 100. ge fesse) 7 = 100 oh Manet Rg= 5 -kN Sane Ry = Total vertical load ~ Rig x r iT = [@x9+(F8%s) — 100 6g 100 80 ny 2 3 33 Load intensity at any section X-X at a distance x from end A is given by 8x Wy = 845 a 5 ei) S.F. Calculations Shear force at sectiont X-X will be given by 80 gy dB 3 ENS 80 x= = Oo gx-08x? Gi) AS this is the equation of a parabola, therefore S.F. diagram will have a parabolic curve, S.F. at A, where x 0, Sa S.P. at B, where x = 5m, s90 Engineering Mechanics CO. TOIT (@) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.30 [As S.P. is changing its sign between A and B, therefore it will be zero at some point between A and B, let this point be at a distance x m from end A. ‘Thus, equating equation (ii), to zero, 89 gx-one or 3x? + 30x — 100 = 0 n, we get x= 2.6375 m This point is-represented as point E in $.F. diagram as shown i 2.30 (c). : B.M, Calculations B.M. will be zero at both the supports. BM. at section X-X will be given by, On solving this equi fig, ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 91 ‘Thus, B.M. diagram will follow a cubic law, as shown in fig. 2.30 (4). ‘The B.M. will become maximum at a point where S.F. is zero, i.e. at x= 2.6375 m Ans, The maximum B.M, will be given as, Mmnax 2 (2.6375) —4 (2.6375)? 73% (2.6375) = 70,33 - 27.83 - 4.89 = 37.61 KN-m_—— Ans. Prob. 1. Draw shear force and bending moment diagram for the simply supported beam shown in fig. 2.31 (a). (R.G.PV., June 2005) Sol, Let Ry and Rp be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. ‘Taking moments about end A, we get p= 18= (6x15)+18+(2~6x8) Rp * 18= 90+ 18 +36 = 144 144 gk 18 and ‘Total vertical load ~ Ry (2 6)+6-8=10kN S.F, Calculations S.F at B, SF at E, This S.F. will remain constant between E and C, because there is no vertical load in between E and C. After C, S.F. will vary linearly upto point A. SR at A, Sq=-2(2 * 6)= 10 KN S.F. diagram is shown in fig. 2.31 (b)- B.M. Caleulations BM. at both the supports will be zero. B.M. at E = Ry X3=8x3=24 Nm B.M. at HS. 0fD = Rgx6-6*3 = 86-6 *3=30kN-m This B.M. will suddenly change due to couple, Thus B.M. at just left of D = 30-18 = 12kN-m92. Engineering Mechanics 6m (@ Given Beam KN () SE Diagram Fe (c) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.31 BM. at C, Mc=8 x 12-69-18 = 24 KN-m B.M. at any section X-X between C and A ata distance x from end A will be given by, ALC, Le. at x= 6m, Mc = 10 x 6 ~ (6)? = 24 kN-m AGA, i. atx = 0, Ma =0 B.M. dicgram is shown in fig. 2.31 (0). Prob.12. Catculate the bending moment (i) just to the left and (ii) just 10 the right of the point D of the beam shown in fig. 2.32. (same as before) ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 93 4400 kN 40 hve 1600 KN t fom Fig, 2.32 (Govt. Engg. College, Raipur, 2003, Pt, Ravishanker University, Raipur, 2004) Sol, Let Ry and Rg be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. ‘Taking moment about end A, we get ay <22 (18 6204(40012622) Rg x 32 = 7200 + 1600 + 2880 = 11680 11680 = US80 _ 365kN Reo 32 and Ry * Total vertical load ~ Ry = 400 + (40 x 12) — 365 = 515 kN Now bending moment just to the right of point D = Ry < 14 = 365 = 14 = 5110 kN-m Ans. This B.M. will suddenly change due to couple. Thus B.M. at just left of D = 5110 ~ 1600 = 3810 KN-m Ans. Prob.13. For the beam and loading shown in fig. 2.33, W = 10 w, find the overhanging length on each side so that bending moment at the centre of beam is zero. Draw B.M. diagram. w w + FF 2 (RG.PY, Dec. 2004) Sol, Let Ry and Rp be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. Since beam is loaded symmetrically, therefore, aco 108 Fig. 2.33 - Total vertical load _ W+(wx10)+W aes 2 ae 2 10w +10w+10w - ae (:W=10w) = Isw94 Engineering Mechanics Given beam is reproduced in fig. 2.34 (a). Now B.M. at any section X-X at a distance x from support B is given by, = 15Wxx, Mx = W(x+a)+w. 2 ‘At middle of the beam, i.e. at x = Sm, B.M. becomes zero, hence O= W(S4.a) Hw eS 3-155 O= low (S +a) +12.Sw-75w — (s W=10w) 0 = SOw + 12.5w— 75w + l0aw = 12.5w + L0aw 125w an Spy tiesm Ans. $ AR. SMRITI_NAG KRISHNA COPIER 1250 ee () BM. Diagram Fig. 2.34 S.F. Calculations SF. at D, Sp= low S.F. at just RH.S. of B= 10w Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 95 ‘This S.F. will remain constant between A and C. SF. diagram is shown in fig. 2.34 (b), B.M. Claculations B.M. at free ends, i.e. at C and D will be zero. BLM. atB, Mg = - lw = 1.25 = ~ 12.5 1 ow » 11.25 + 15w x 10= wx 10x 112.5 + 150w ~ SOw = - 12.50 B.M. between A and E, and E and B vary according to parabolic law and become.0 at E, as shown in fig. 2.34 (©). Prob.14. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the beam shown in fig. 2.35 (a) and find the point of contraflexure. (R.G.R¥., Dec. 2003) Ma= BM.atA, ‘Sol, Let Ra and Rg be the reactions at the supports A and B respectively. = Taking moments about A, we get, 3 Ry *8= 175%4x5420%10=140+200=340 3 2 ng 2a aasin Is 8 sand otal vertical load ~ Ry, 7.5% 4 + 20—42.5 0 42.5, S.R, Calculations “ S.F. at D, Sp = 20 KN This will remain constant between D and B. At B it suddenly changes to 20 ~ 42.5 =~ 22.5 kN SF at C, Sc =~ 22.5 kN SF. at A, Sq 2-225 41754 47.5 kN SF, changes its sign between A and B. Let it become zero at point M, at a distance x from end A. Then S.F. at point M will be given by, 47.5 ~175x 0 ATS or “175 41.5 - 175: 714 m S.F. at just L.H.S. of B= low ~ 1Sw =~ Sw S.P. at just L.H.S. of A= (— Sw) + (w = 10) = Sw GF at inct RHS nf A = Sw Sw == Iw S.F. diagram is shown in fig. 2.35 (b).96 Engineering Mechanics 178 kin Ry (@) Given Beam 64.464 wer (OF Hi 40 iN (0) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.35 B.M. Calculations BLM. at free end D will be zero, ie. Mp =0 BLM. at B, Mg == 20 x 2=—40 kN-m B.M. at any section between C and A ata distance x from end A will be given by, My = Ra xx 1158.5 = 47.5 x —B.75 x? Thus, BM. at C, where x = 4 m, Mc =47.5 x 4 ~ 8.75 x (4)? B.M. at A, where x = 0, My = 0 Maximum B.M. at point of zero S.P., i.e. x = 2.714 m, Mmax = 47.5 * 2.714 ~ 8.75 (2.714)? = 64,464 KN-m Point of Contraflexure As B.M. changes its sign between B and C, thus point of contraflexure will be in between B and C. Let O be the point of contraflexure at a distance x from support B. B.M. between B and C will be given as My = =20 * (x +2) +425 x = 20x = 40 442.5 x 22.5 x40 10 KN-m ee ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 97 Equating this equation t8 zero 22.5x-40=0 40 =1.778 m ns. 22.5 a Prob.15. For the beam and loading shown in fig. 2.36, find the value of ke such that max +ve BM. and max —ve B.M. in the beam are equal. Draw S.F and B.M. diagrams. (RG.PY., June 2004) 401s 6 kN 10m tok Fig. 2.36 ‘Sol. Given beam is redrawn in fig. 2.37 (a). Let Ra and Rx be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. Taking moments about A, we get lo 6 «10 x + 40(10 + 10k) = 300 + 400 + 400k : 70 + 40k and Ry = Total vertical load ~ Ry, (6 * 10 + 40) ~ (70 + 40k) BM. at free end, i.e. C will be zero. B.M. at any section of beam at a distance x from support B is given by 30 - 40k ox? My =~ 40 (x + 10k) = SS + (70 + 40K) x = 30x — 3x? + 40kx ~ 400k 400 k ALB, where x = 0, Mj At A, where x = 10 m, Ma = (30 * 10) — (3 * 102) + (40k « 10) — 400k = 0 Thus, maximum ve B.M., is at B=~ 400k For maximum +ve B.M. equate © (30x ~ 3x? + 40kx - 400K) = 0 gy GOK 3x x ~ 400k)oP act oF KRIST TT NAGA g(916 30 — 6x + 40k =0 yo. 260485 16, or 6x = 30 + 40k oe Ke 542k welll) Substituting this value of x in equation (i), we get ; Man = 35 321) -{se224) es0n(s+22) -s004 3 3 3 40 3 150+200k~75~ “°K? 200 +200 + 50x? 400k Now according to given condition, Maximum +ve B.M. = Maximum —ve B.M. : 40042 a00K¢78 = 400k * (akingonly magnus On solving this equation, we get k= 4.3713 and k = 0.1287 We will take k = 0.1287 Ans, If we take k = 4.3713, point of maximum B.M. or zero S.P. from equation ii) will be 34.142 m But S.F. becomes zero in between A and B and length of AB is only 10 m. ‘Therefore k # 4.3713. -F. Calculations SF at C, Sc= 40 KN ‘This will remain constant between C and B and at B it suddenly changes to =40—Rp 40 — (70 + 40 x 0.1287) =~ 35.148 kN SR at A Sp +6 x 10 =~ 35.148 + 60 = 24.852 KN 5422<01287=5858m Point of zero S.F. as from equation (iii), x S.F. diagram is shown in fig. 2.37 (b). B.M. Calculations BM. atC, Mc = 0 (free end) BM. at B, Mg = ~ 400k =~ 400 x 0.1287 RM ata Mu = (Simnly cuinnarted ena = 51.48 kN-m ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 99 Maximum B.M. at x = 5.858 m from support B from equation (i) Max = (30 * 5.858) —[3 * (5.858))] + (40 * 0.1287 5.858) — (400 0.1287) = 175.74 ~ 102.95 * 30.16 ~ 51.48 = 51.48 kKN-m Which is same in magnitude to the maximum —ve B.M., thus satisfies the given condition. Point of contraflexure can be obtained by equating (i) to zero, ie. 30 x = 3x? + (40 * 0.1287) x — (400 * 0.1287) = 0 3x? + 35.148x — 51.48 = 0 On solving this equation, we get x= 1.716 or x= 10 m But x = 10 m gives end condition, thus point of contraflexure O will be at a distance of 1.716 m from support B. B.M. diagram is shown in fig. 2.37 (©). kN 10m Ry = 24882 LN Ryn ts. (a) Given Beam oun 148 (¢) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.37 Prob.16. A beam AC 7.5 m long is supported at A and B S.5 m apart ‘and loaded as shown in fig. 2.38 (a). Analyse the beam and draw SFD and BMD. (R.G.PY., Feb, 2005)100 Engineering Mechanics Sol. Let Ry and Rg be the reactions at supports A and B respectively. Taking moments about end A, we get Ry X55 (1243) 4(15%5)42%25%(5+23) Neeeo Ry * 5.5= 36475 + 31.25 = 142.25 ws 4225 8 Rp= 25.864 kN rf pr Se and Ra = Total vertical load — Rp ses = 12+ 15 +(2*2.5)—25.864 9 ee ~ = 32 ~ 25.864 = 6.136 kN KS 12k 1SKN we 4 : ole ten abana, ( J =f 2 mm af 5 2 Ry, Ry (a) Given Beam; 3° * 6.136 KN y i 6.136 kN oe 5.864 15] Diagram) 20.864 KN 21.864 KN 18.408 kNem 6.682 kN (©) BM. Diagram Fig. 2.38 Shear Force, Bending Moment and irusses 107 S.F, Calculations S.E at C, SE at B, 2%2=4KN This S.F. will suddenly change due to reaction at support B and become = 4— Rg = 4 — 25.864 = — 21.864 kN S.F, just LLH.S. of D = 2 x 2.5 — 25.864 = ~ 20.864 KN S.F. just RLH.S, of D =~ 20.864 + 15 =~ 5.864 kN {© This S.F. remains constant between D and E and at E it suddenly changes to == 5.864 + 12 = 6.136,KN This $.F. remains constant upto A. F. diagram is shown in fig. 2.38 (b). B.M. Calculations B.M. at free end, Mc =0 - 2 Mg = ~22«5=—4kN-m BM. atB, BM. at D, Mp = (-2%25x25)+Rp_ x05 7 2) = 6.25 + 25.864 x 0.5 = 6.682 KN-m BM. at €, Mg = Ra * 3 = 6.136 « 3 = [8.408 kNem B.M. at supported end, My B.M. diagram is shown in fig. 2.38 (c). Prob.17.A horizontal beam AB of length 4 mis hinged at A and supported on rollers at B. The beam carries inclined loads of 40/3 N, 60 N and 50/2 N inclined at 60°, 30° and 45° respectively to the horizontal as shown in fig. 2.39 (@). Draw the S.E BM. and thrust diagrams for the beam. Sol. First of all, resolve the inclined loads into their vertical and horizontal ‘components. The inclined load at C is having horizontal component = 40V3 = cos 60°= 40 3 «0.5 = ‘Whereas the vertical component = aoirsin6or= 403x2 =60N Whereas the vertical component = 60 sin 30° = 60 x 0.5 = 30N102 Engineering Mechanics Ry=725N" (6) Load Diagram insn i 50N ic jp et (e) Axial Force Diagram Fig. 2.39 The inclined load at E is having horizontal component S0V2 xcos45°= 50x V2 x Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 103 Whereas the vertical component = 502 xsin 45°= 50x 2, ON v2 ‘The horizontal and vertical components of all inclined loads are shown in fig. 2.39 (b). As the beam is supported on rollers at B, hence roller support at B will not provide any horizontal reaction. The horizontal reaction will be only provided by hinged end A. Let H4 = Horizontal reaction at A = Sum of all horizontal components of inclined loads = 50 + 51.96 ~ 34.64 = 67.32 N (>) Let Ka and Rp be the vertical reactions at A and B espectively. ‘Taking moments of all vertical forces about A, we get Rg * 4 60 x 1 +30 *2 +50 x 3 = 60 + 60+ 150 4Rg = 270 Ry = 67.5 N But Rat Rp = 60 +30 +50 Ry = 140 ~ 67.5 =725N S.F. Calculations The S.F, is due to vertical loads (including vertical reactions) only Sat B ~67.5N SF até ~ 67.5 +S0=-17.5N S.F. at D ~175+30=412.5N S.F. at C 12.5 +60=+72.5N ‘This S.F. remains constant between C and A. The S.F. diagram is shown in fig. 2.39 (©). B.M, Calculations ‘The B.M. is due to vertical loads (including vertical reactions) only. B.M. at B, Mp=0 BLM. at E, Mg = 67.5 * 1 = 67.5 Nem B.M. at D, Mp = Ry x 2~ 50 = 1 = 67.5 «250 =85 N-m BM. at C, Mc =67.5 x 3 — 50 x 2-30 x 1 = 72.5 N-m The B.M. diagram is shown in fig. 2.39 (4). ‘Thrust Diagram or Axial Force Diagram ‘The thrust diagram is due to horizontal components including horizontal reaction. Axial force at A = +H, = 6732N ‘The axial force remains constant between A and C and is equal to 67.32 N. force at C = 67.32 + 34.64 = 101.96 N104 Engineering Mechanics This axial force remains constant between C and D. Axial force at D = 101.96 — 51.96 = 50 N ‘This axial force remain constant between D and E. Axial force at E 50 -50=0 “The axial force between E and B is zero, The thrust diagram is shown in fig. 2.39 (e), Prob. 18, Find out the forces in the various members of truss loaded as ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 105 ‘Now considering the equilibrium of joints one by one. Joint-A Let direction of force Fac and Fag be assumed as shown in fig. 2.42 (a). Resolving the forces vertically, Facsin 45°= Ry = 36.67 wn in fige 240. RGPNy June 2003) : shown in fig. 2.40. a ) Fac = 2657 51.86 kN (compression) Ans. 20 kN nag Now resolving the forces horizontally, Fag = Fac cos 45° Ss 51.86 = cos 45° Ve » 7 ey copter = 36.67 KN (tension) Ans. KRISH AAGAR yore ‘ Sans 15,2584 NS ee a Ge Sow & Femme s) Fig. 240 6 he truss is reproduced with names of various joints in fig. 2.41. Sok The ti produced with f various joints in fig. 2.41 a a 20KN (a) Joint-A (b) Joint-B S 2 Fig. 2.42 Joint-B Let the directions of forces Fgp and Fyp be assumed as shown in ‘ ‘ fig. 2.42 (b). A SL sy Resolving the forces vertically, [es 3m 3m Fpp sin 45°= Ry ~ 33.33 a reo 2 A734 Comprein) An. Fig, 241 Now resolving forees horizontally, At roller support there will be only vertical reaction, further all external For = Fay cos 45° loads are vertical, therefore reaction at hinged support will also be vertical. Let Petia an ical reactions at supports A and B respectively. : Ra and Rg be vertical reactions at supports A and B respectively. 33.33 KN (tension) fans Taking moments about A, Rp x 9= (20 x 3) + (20 x 3) + (30 « 6) = 300 y= M3333 | and ol = (20 +20 + 30) — 33.33 = 36.67 KN Joint- At joint E, there are four forces out of which forces Far and Fep are collinear, while force Fog is collinear with external load of 20 KN. Refer fig. 2.43 } Fig. 2.55 (S.V.T.U., May/June 2007)114 Engineering Mechanics Sol, At roller support D, there will be only vertical reaction. Levit be' Rj White at hinged support A, there will be both horizontal and vertical reactions. Let they be Hy and R,, Taking moments about A. we get Ry x 4= 8x B= 64 Ry = 16 KN(T) and Ry = Total vertical load ~ Ry = (8 +6)- 16 -2 KN = 2kN(L) From geometry of figure. 3 2BCD = ZADE = tant 47 (let) tan = > ino-3 or sino= 5 4 and cos 6 = ibrium of various joints one by one. Now considering equi Join-E Various forces acting on joint-E are shown in fig. 2.56 (a) As there are only three forces and out of which two are collinear, thus they will be equal and opposite, while the force in third member will be zero. Hence, Fag = 6 kN(tension) Ans. F570 Ans. Fen kN SKN (a) Joint-E (6) Joint-C (6) Join B Fig. 2.56 Joint- Let direction of forces Fac and Fp be assumed as shown in fig. 2.56 (b). Resolving forces vertically, we get Facsin @ = 8 3 Foc* $= ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 115 40; Fac = SKN (tension) Ans. ‘Now resolving forces horizontally, we have 404 Fop = Fac 008 9 = 5 * 32 = 22 kN compression} ns. 3 KN (comp ) A Joint-B Resolving forces vertically, we have Fyc sin = Fop = Fac cos (90 ~ 6) 8 KN (tension) Ans. Now resolving forces horizontally, we have Eg = Fac sin (90 — 8) = Fyc.cos © 404 32 = 2 kN (tension ns. 75 Ty RNC ) A Joing-A Let direction of force Far) be assumed as shown in fig. 2.57 Resolving forces vertically, we have F ap £05(90 ~ 8) = Ra + Pap Papsin@=2+6 Fap x5 8 40 Fap = “- AN Compression) Now resolving forces horizontally, we have Tia Fag Fay i000 ~ 0) Hy +22 = 40,4 32 ang eee Hy=0 Prob.23. Using the method of joints determine the force in each member of the truss shown. State whether each member is in tension or compression. 48 kN: orm c 7 24 m2 mt Fig. 2.58 (SVT.U., 2005) N116 Engineering Mechanics Sol. At hinged end B, there will be two reactions, viz. a horizontal and a vertical Let Rg and Rg be the vertical reactions at supports B and C respectively and Hp be the horizontal reaction at support B. Then Hy = 48 KN (@) ‘Now taking moments of various forces about end B, 8 x 0.7 + 35 x 4.8 ~ 201.6 84 KN(T) and Total vertical load - Re 35 — 84 = — 49 KN or 49 KN(L) From geometry of fig. 2.58, AC 107 Be 7 ry Now considering equilibrium of various joints one by one. Joint-B Let directions of forces Fap and Fac be assumed as shown in fig. 2.59 (a). Resolving forces vertically, ZABC = ZADC Fan ‘Now resolving forces horizontally, Fac + Hp = Fap cos 16.26° Fac + 48 = 175 x 0.96 = 168 e Fac = 168 — 48 = 120 kN (compression) Ans. Hy = 4810 a. ore 49 kN Re = BN 354N (@) Joint-B (a) Joint-C (¢) Joint-D Fig. 2.59 Joint-C ‘At joint C, there are 4 forces, out of which Fac and Fep are collinear and Facand Re are collinear, therefore Fep = Fac and Face R 120 kN (compression) 84 KN (compression) Ans. Ans. ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 117 Joint-D Let direction of force Fap be assumed as shown in fig. 2.59 (©). Resolving forces vertically, FAD sin 16.26° = 35 38 Fao = Gag 7 125 KN (tension) Ans. Prob.24. A plane truss is supported and loaded as shown in fig. 2.60. Find the axial force in members CD, EF and CF by method of sections. 2 2 Xow Se Slam ps SE RES x SS ED ses ee Gas oes Fig. 2.60 & (SUTL., May/June 2007) Sol, Let Ry and Ry be the vertical reactions at supports A and B, respectively, ‘Taking moments about B, we get Ry x 6=30%4 ch 20kN and Ry = Total vertical load — Ry 30-20 = 10kN A section line @-@ as shown in fig. 2.61 is drawn, and direction of forces in members CD, EF and CF be assumed.118 Engineering Mechanics Considering left part of the section for analysis and taking moments about C, we get ‘eR = 20 KN (tension) Ans. 5 mM = tan“! 2 = 63.43° Perpendicular distance of F from CD = DF sin 6 = 3 sin 63.43° = 2.683 m Now taking moments about F. we get Fop * 2.683 = (Rq * 4) (30 = 2) Fp * 2.683 = (20 = 4)~ (30 « 2) = 20 Fop = 7-45 KN (compression) Ans. Now to determine the force in member CF extend CD and AB to intersect at O. From O, draw ON perpendicular 10 CF Considering similar triangles OCE and ODF, we have cE DF 2 3 20A+8 ON Now in AONF, sin 45 OF ON © OF sins? =6 sin 45°, ‘Taking moment of forces about O, we get Fog * ON = (30 * 4) — (20 x 2) Fog * 6 sin 45° = 120 ~ 40 = 80 80 Sn gee 7188 KN (compression) Ans. For= GGqag ~ 188 KN (compression) Prob.25. A plane truss ABC is loaded and supported us shown in fig. 2.62, Determine the nature and magnitude of the force in the members 1, 2 and 3. (R.G.PV., June 2001) Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 119 Fig. 2.62 Sol, Let R, and Ry be the vertical reactions at supports A and B respectively. ‘Taking moments about A, Ry dasdxa 25kN and Ra = Total vertical load ~ Ry = 10.25 = 0.75 kN Now in order to fies! the magnitude of forces in members 1. 2 and 3a section line (1)-(1) 8 s1- avn in fig. 2.63 is drawn, Now considering equilibrium of the left part shown > solid lines in figure. Directions of forces in members 1, 2 and 3 be assumes: 1s shown in figure. Fig. 2.63 Now from geometry of fig. 2.63, we have AD120 Engineering Mechanics or ‘forces in the members marked 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. 2254 _ 3a ia2see 5 5 Gp 2a % SP Now from 4 AFE FE_ 2254 17S tan = 2a 9 = tan"! (0,75) = 36°52" Now DD; = AD sin @ = 2 a x sin 36°S2'=1.2a Taking moments about D and equating to zero, =F, xDD, +1 *a—R,q* AD=0 -F) x 12a+a~0.75x2a=0 =12F,+1-15=0 re ao ve sign shows assumed direction is wrong, therefore, force in member 1, —O.416kN F, = 0.416 kN (compression) Ans. Now taking moments about A and equating to zero, 1xa—F) x AD=0 a—F, x 2a=0 or F)= = =0.5 KN (tension) Ans. ‘Now taking monients about G and equating to zero, F3 x GD +1 x a—0.75 x 2a=0 Fx 15ata—15a=0 05 : 15 F3=05 or F3 0.333 KN (tension) Ans. 15 Prob.26. A simply supported truss is shown in fig. 2.64. Calculate the (R.GPY¥., June 2°05) 10KN 15KN 20KN Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 121 ‘Sol. Since there is no horizontal load, thus there will be only vertical reaction at hinged end, The truss is reproduced with names of various members in fig. 2.65. 200 10 KN 1SKN 2 © D> [ . i ot E Ch TON Ry = 22.5 kN Rp 32S kN Fig. 2.65 Let Rq and Ry be the vertical reactions at ends A and F respectively. ‘Taking moments about end A, (IS x 4) + (10 4) +20 x 8)—Rpx8=0 8Rj = 260 oF Rp = 32.5 KN Ra = Total vertical load — Ry = (10 + 15 +20 + 10) ~ 32.5 = 22.5 kN A section line (1)-(1) as shown in fig. 2.66 is drawn, and direction of forces in members 2, 3, and 4 be assumed. Considering equilibrium of left portion of truss for analysis. tou 4 Taking moments about A and equating to zero, 2 {© and Fy 4=0 F Ans. ‘Now taking moments about C and equating to zero, ' Fy x4+(10 x 4)-225x4=0 4F,+40-90=0 Ze 50 = 7 “a |O 2.5 KN (tension) 225 kN ‘Ans. Fig. 2.66 Now taking moments about E and equating to zero, Fs * 4 sin 45° + (10 x 4) ~ (22.5 « 4)=0 F) * 2.8284 + 40~90 = 0 “30 3” 29284 Ans. = 17.68 kN (compression)122, Engineering Mechanics Another section line (2)-(2) as shown in fig. 2.67 is drawn, which cut members I and 5. Considering equilibrium of left portion. Direction of forces in members 1 and 5 be assumed as shown in fig. 2.67. 228 kN tows Fig, 2.57 Taking moments about E and equating to zero, Fy «4+ 4Fs sin 45° -- (22.5 x 4)=0 AF, + 2.8284 x 17.68 90 =0 4F, + 50-900 40 4 Now taking moments about F and equating to zero, Fy» 8.4 Fs 8 sin 45° + (10 « 4) — Fy x 4 ~ (22.5 = 8)=0 10 KN (compression) Ans. F 10 x 8 + 17.68 = 8 x sin 45°+ 40 Fs x 4~ 180=0 80+ 100+ 40-4F5~180=0 4 Py= P=10 kN (tension) Ans. Prob.27. A cantilever truss is loaded and supported as shown, Find the value of P which would produce an axial force of magnitude 3 KN in the member AC. Also find the axial force in member CD using method of section. ‘ [ots nef 3 ma} Fig. 2.68 (SVTLU., Nov/Dec. 2006) Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 123 ‘Sol. Consider a section (1)-(1), cutting members AC, CD and DF, as shown, in fig. 2.69. Direction of various forces be assumed, shown in figure. Fig. 2.69 Considering equilibrium of the right part of the section (1)-(1). ‘Taking moments of forces, about joint D, Facx2 = Px 15+P x45 =6P Fac = 3P : ‘Thus, the value of P, which would produce an axial force of 3 KN in member AC Pp = Pode 1kN Ans. 3P Taking moments of forces about joint C, Fop x2 =3%P=3%1=3 3 For = 5 = 1-5 KN (tension) From geometry of fig. 2.69, in ADCF oxen = HF 213333 n(ZEDF) = BY = 75 ZCDF = tan-!(1.3333) 53.13" Now taking moments of forces about joint A, Fop * 3 sin 53.13° + For x2 +P x3+Px6=0 Fop x 2.4415 241x341 *6=0 Fop * 24 = -12 Fep = -SKN Negative sign shows that direction of force Fp will be opposite of that ‘we have assumed, thus Fep = 5 kN (compression) Ans.124 Engineering Mechanics Prob.28. A truss of span 10 m is loaded as shown in fig. 2.70, find the forces in all the members graphically. SKN Fig. 2.70 Sol. Point 07 application of laod 5 kN and 6 kN can be found by geometry of figure. The load $ KN will act at a distance of 2.5 m from support A and load SKN will act at a distance of 3.75 m from support B, as E is the mid-point of AB. Now taking moments about A, Rg * 105 * 2.5 +6 x (10 - 3.75) = 12.5 +375 = 50 W 5 Ry = SKN and Ra = Total vertical load — Ry wo. = (5 +6)-5=6kN Now space diagram of the given truss along with external loads and reactions is shown in fig. 2.71 (a). Various forces are named according to Bow’s notation. 54N kN SkN (a) Space Diagram () Vector Diagram Fig, 2.71 Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 125 Now vector diagram as shown in fig. 2.71 (b) is drawn in following steps (Take any suitable point p and draw a vertical line pq equal to 5 KN ona suitable scale to represent 5 KN load at C. Similarly draw qr equal to 6 KN to represent 6 KN load at, D. Gii)_Now cut-off rs equal to 5 KN to represent vertical reaction Rp. ‘Thus rp will represent reaction Ra. Gii) Now consider joint A. Draw a line through p parallel to AC and draw line through s parallel to AE. These lines meets at point t. Now p-t-s-p is the required vector diagram for joint A, whose direction follows p-t, t- and s-p. Mark these directions in space diagram. (iv) Similarly draw vector diagrams for joints B,C, D and 8. This will give the required Maxwell diagram. Prob.29. A framed structure of 6 m span is carrying a central point load of 10 kN is shown in fig. 2.72. Find nature and magnitude of forces in all ‘members and tabulate the results. Use graphical method. 0x pres ‘ ne 1 NAS a acoro® 3m N68 bm 4 > én Fig. 2.72 Sol. Since the given structure is symmetrical in geometry and loading, therefore reactions at both the supports will be equal and of magnitude half of the total vertical load, i. 10 skn 2 Ra= Rp ‘The space diagram is shown in fig, 2.73 (a) and various forces are named according to Bow’s notation, ‘Now vector diagram as shown in fig, 2.73 (b) is drawn in following steps — (i) Select any suitable point p and draw a vertical line pq to represent 10 KN oad on some suitable scale. Gi) Cut off qr equal to 5 KN to represent reaction Rp. rp represents the reaction Ry126 Engineering Mechanics ‘Shear Force, Bending Moment and Trusses 127 (iii) Now considering joint A, and a line is drawn through p parallel to AC and another line is drawn through r parallel to AD. These lines meets at s. Thus, p-s-1-p is the required vector diagram for joint A. Mark directions of | forces in space diagram. { (iv) Similarly, draw vector diagrams for joint B, C and D. This will a R give the required Maxwell diagram. Sol. Let Ra and Ryy be the reactions at supports A and H respecively. Taking moments about the end A, we get Ryxda= Te atlx2at lx 3a=6a 68 <5kn Ry = Total vertical load — Ry 10K and re = (+4 a1 ‘ . = LS KN @ ‘The space diagram of given truss is shown in fig. 2.75 (a) and forces in ® all members are named according to Bow’s notation. ) . HS EN tN f ON, @ | Os SkN sky (@ Space Diagram (b) Vector Diagram Fig. 2.73 Magnitude of various forces obtained by measuring sides of Maxwell diagram are given below in table 2.1 Table 2.1 [S.No Force in Member @ 112 kN (Compression) goss 7.1 KN Gension) Gi [100 kNGtensiony | 0 ® 112 KN (compression) | mo) LRN (Compression) Prob.30. A truss is louded and supported as shown, Find the axial forces in members BD, CD and CE using graphical method. TEN TAN TRS * (0) Vector Diagram Fig. 2.75 Zt Vector diagram for the truss as shown in fig. 2.75 (b) is drawn in usual i manner. The magnitude of forces in required members can be found by c r Fig, 2.74 measuring the corresponding sides of vector diagram. By measurement, (S.V.TLU., Nov/Dec. 2006)128 Engineering Mechanics vector mr 1.5 KN (compression) Ans. = vector rs Fed KRISHNA COPIERS SMRITI NAGAR a ine pe compression) Anse MO. - 9681359216, 9534601916 = 2 KN (tension) Ans. FRICTION soo SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Q.1. Explain the following terms - (Friction (ii) Limiting frietion, and (iii) Coefficient of friction. i Ans. (i) Friction — When two bodies kept in physical contact moves, or tends to move with respect to each other, a tangential force is found to set up at the contact surface which opposes this relative motion. This tangential opposing force is known as force of friction or simply friction. Therefore friction can be i defined as the contact resistance developed between the contacting surfaces when one of the bodies moves, or tends to move, over the other. ‘This frictional force is set up duc to interlocking of microscopic irregularaties which exists even on a highly smooth surface. When one of the body moves or tends to move, these interlocked irregularities oppose this motion and thus set, up a tangential force in a direction opposite to the movement of the body. Although friction forces are always accompanied by loss of energy, but they are often found to be useful. For exampie, without friction it would be impossible for us to walk, ride a vehicle or pick some object from floor. Similarly, friction is also important in machinery applications like brakes, ete. (ii) Limiting Friction — When a body lying over another body is being pushed gently, it daes not move, due to the frictional force which oppose its motion. When we push the body little harder it still remains unmoved. This shows that the force of friction has increased itself to become equal and opposite to the applied force. Therefore, force of friction can adjust its magnitude, 50 as, to become exactly equal to the force applied to produce motion. However, there is a limit beyond which force of friction cannot increase. When applied force exceeds this limit, the body begins to move. This maximum, value of frictional force, just before the body begins to move, is known as limiting friction.130. Engineering Mechanics (iii) Coefficient of Friction ~ Coefficient of friction (1) can be defined as. the ratio of the limiting frictional force (F) to the normal reaction (R). Mathematically, e ean When surfaces in contact are stationary, the coefficient of friction is known as coefficient of static friction and denoted by fiz. When surfaces in contact are moving relative to each other the frictional force decreases somewhat from the limiting static frictional force. In this case coefficient of friction is known as coefficient of kinetic friction (4). Q.2. Classify various types of friction. Ans, In general, friction can be classified as — (Dry friction (ii) Fluid friction. Dry Friction or solid friction or Coulomb friction is the frictional force which exists between two dry surfaces, which move or tends to move relative to each other. When surfaces in contact are well lubricated with oil or grease, the friction force which developed between the thin adjacent layers of fluid is known as fluid friction. Friction can also be classified according to the type of motion between the contact surfaces, into the following two types ~ (Static friction ¢ Dynamic friction. @._ Static Friction — When a force is applied to a body, it rem rest initially, due to friction. The frictional force acting in this condition is known as static friction. Thus, static friction is the friction experienced by a body, when it is at rest. (ii) Dynamic Friction — The friction‘experienced by a body when, it is in motion, is known as dynamic or kinetic friction. Dynamic friction can be of two types (a) Sliding friction (b) Rolling friction. The frictional force which set up due to sliding of one body over the other is known as sliding friction and when this is caused by the rolling of one body over the other it is known as rolling friction. 0.3. State the laws of static and dynamic friction, (R.G.PY., June 2003) ae Write brief note on - Laws of friction. (R.G.P.V, June 2005) Friction 134 Or ‘State Coulomb's law of dry friction. Ans, Coulomb in 1781, on the basis of his experiments gives some laws of friction for dry or solid friction. These laws can be classified as ~ (i) Laws of static friction Gi) Laws of dynamic friction. (Laws of Static Friction ~ (a) The frictional force always acts in a direction opposite to that in which body tends to move, (b) The magnitude of force of friction is exactly equal to the force applied, as long as the body is at rest. (c) The limiting friction force bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between two surfaces. Mathematically, Fla stant, E = Consta (d) The limiting frictional force is independent of the shape and area of surfaces in contact. But, it depends upon the nature (smoothness! roughness) of surfaces in contact, (ii) Laws of Dynamic Friction — (a) The frictional force always acts in a direction opposite to that in which body is moving, (b) The magnitude of dynamic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two surfaces but this ratio is slightly less than that in case of limiting friction. (c) The force of friction remains constant for moderate speeds but it decreases slightly with the increase of speed. (d) Dynamic friction is increased by reversal of motion. (e) Dynamic friction decreases with time, due to heating of 1g surfaces. rubbil Q.4. Explain the following terms — Angle of repose and angle of friction. ‘Also show that the two are numerically equal when the motion is impending. (R.GPV., Dec. 2002) Or Write short notes on the following — @ Angle of friction (ii) Angle of repose and derive relation between them. (R.G.PY., Feb. 2005){ 132 Engineering Mechanics Ans. (i). Angle of Friction — Itis defined as the angle made by the resultant of the normal reaction (R) and the limiting force of friction (F) with the normal reaction (R). It is denoted by $. Consider a block of weight W is resting on a rough surface and subjected to pull P as shown in fig. 3.1 (a). — (a) (b) Fig, 3.1 Angle of Friction Let S = Resultant of F and R, which acts at an angle @ with the R as Friction 133 and on resolving forces along a plane perpendicular to inclined plane, we get R= W cos @ ) Dividing equation (ii) by (ii), we get H= tana (iv) By comparing equation (i) and (iv), we get tan c= tan > or a-¢ Thus angle of repose and angle of friction are numerically equal when motion is impending. Q.5. Derive relation for the pull required to just move a body resting on @ rough horizontal plane. Ans, Consider a body of weight W resting on a rough horizontal plane and subjected to a pull P which acts at an angle 8 with the horizontal as shown in fig. 3.3. Let R= Normal reaction between contact surfaces Coefficient of friction for shown in fig. 3.1 (b). From geometry of Fig. 3.1 (b). # 5 contact-surfaces R c opIERS| F = R= Frictional force between fF NI a contact surfaces. But gq =H coefficient of friction, hence Kasten NAGE eotpte Resolving forces vertically, feet Sant eseste R+Psind=W Fig. 3.3 or o= tarrt(uy wo." or ' W-Psin@ i) d resolvi horizon (G9) Angle of Repose ~ Consider a block resting on an inclined plane as_ | 4 "*01¥ine forees horizontals, shown in fig. 3.2. Tangential component of the block's weight tends to slide the | 4, Rees a block in downward direction. But Be palaces . Hie stile pei ay Substituting value of R from equation (i), we get block thus remains at rest. However, U(W ~ P sin 0) P cos © if inclination of plane is increased with or P(cos @ + 1 sin 8) = WW the horizontal surface the block start P(cos @ + tan @ sin 8) = W tan > to slide downward due to its own P(cos0.cos+sin.sing) _ weight. This angle at which block 056 starts sliding itself is known as angle of repose (2). or Ee esG=oi Let_W= Weight ofthe block Fg. 3.2 Angle of Repose This force P will be minimum, when cos (0 — 4) become maximum, ie, «= Angle of inclination of plane with the horizontal surface, at which cos (0-4) = I the motion is impending, ic. Angle of repose. 0-8-0 Various forces acting on block are shown in fig. 3.2 e=% Prin = W sin 6 Resolving the forces along the inclined plane, we have ii) F=R=Wsin a. :134 Engineering Mechanics This is the minimum force which when applied, the body is just begin to move. If instead of being pulled, body is pushed by a force P as shown in fig. 3.4, then Pind _Wsing cos(8 +4) w Fig. 34 0.6. Discuss equilibrium of a body resting on a rough inclined plane under various conditions of applied force. Ans. Consider a body of weight W resting on a rough plane inclined at an angle o: with the horizontal as shown in fig. 3.5. When angle of inclination is less than angle of repose (or angle of friction) the body will remain in equilibrium. In this condition an upward or downward force is required to move the body up or down, But, when angle of inclination of plane is more than the angle of friction, the body will start to move down, thus an upward force will be required to resist the motion of the body. This force may be applied in three ways, which are (i) Force applied at an angle to the inclined plane. Gi) Force applied along the inclined plane. Gili) Force applied horizontally. (9) Force Applied at An Angle to the Inclined Plane ~ Consider a body of weight W, resting on a rough plane inclined at an angle a with the horizontal, Let_R = Normal reaction t= Coefficient of friction between the body and plane = Angle of friction, Now following two cases are possible — (a) Body is at the point of slidirig downwards. (b) Body is at the point of stiding upwards. (a) When Body is at the Point of Sliding Downwards — Let P = Force which will keep the body in equifibrium, Friction 135 In this.case frictional force (F, = uR,) will act upward to resist the downward motion of body as shown in fig. 3.6 (a). wy @ o Fig. 3.6 Resolving the forces along the plane, P, cos 0+ F,= W sina P, cos O= W sina —pR, a Now resolving the forces perpendicular to the plane, Ry = Weeos a ~ P; sin 0 Substituting value of R, in equation (i), we get P, cos @ = W sin a ~ w (W cos a — P; sin 0) P, (0s 8 sin 0)= W (sin a — jt cos @) ina—pcosa) (cos0— sind) = wi sina =tang cosa) Py (cos 0 tan $sin@) eh) wisinaucosd=singcoser) _ yy sin(a~¢) w i (cos6.cos—sin9 sing) cos(0+6) i) (b) When Body is at the Point of Sliding Upwards ~ Refer fig. 3.6 (b). Let P, is the force required to keep the body in equilibrium, In this case sin(a+) cos(8-9) (ii) Force Applied Along the Inclined Plane —\n this case 0 = 0, as shown in fig. 3.7 (a) and (b). Hence from equations (ii) and (iit), substituting 6 = 0, we get iii)Ee 136 Engineering Mechanics Wsin(a-4) «w and 6 @ ® Fig. 3.7 (iii) Force Applied Horizontally — A body resting on a rough inclined plane and subjected to horizontally applied force is shown in fig 3.8. (a) When Body is at the Point of Sliding Downwards — Refer fig, 3.8 (@), Resolving the forces along the plane, Py cos a + F)= Wesin a Pycosa +R, = Wesin ae Py cos a= Wsina—p Ry Now, resolving the forces perpendicular to the plane, Ry = W cos a +P) sina Substituting value of R, in equation (vi), we get P) cos a= W sin a — pt (W cos a + P; sin a) P, (cos a +p sin a) = W (sin a ~ jt cos @) = w(sinaxpeosa) (cosa+psina) ina. tang cos), W ose tandsina) Avi) or Py Py But, when 6 > 0: then Py = Wtan (- 2) Friction 137 @ 0 Fig. 3.8 : (b) When Body is at the Point of Sliding Upwards — Refer fig. 3.8 (). In this case, Ps = Wan (a+ 6) ix) 2.7. What do you mean by screw friction ? Define the following terms in relation with a screw ~ () Pitch (ii) Lead (tii) Slope of thread. Ans. The friction experienced by screw threads made by cutting a continuous helical groove on a cylindrical surface such as screws, bolts, nuts, studs etc., is known as screw friction. These parts are widely used in various machines and structures for fastenings. () Pitch ~\tis the distance from a point on one thread of a screw 1 the corresponding point on the next thread. It is measured parallel to the axis, of the screw. Mathematically, No. of threads per unit length of screw (i) Lead ~ Its the distance through which a screw thread advances axially in one tur. If lead of a screw is equal to its pitch, it is known as a single threaded screw. If more than one threads are cut in one lead distance of a screw, it is known as a multi threaded screw. Mathematically, Lead = Pitch x No. of threads (iii) Slope of the Thread ~ \t is the inclination of the thread. with horizontal. Mathematically, Pitch = tan oc ——_—_Lead of sorew Gircumference of screw Q-8. Show that the maximum efficiency of the screw jack is given by the expression ~ _ Losing Tmax Tsing (Pt. Ravishankar University, Raipur, 2004)138 Engineering Mechanics Or Obtain expression for efficiency of a screw jack for raising a toad. (R.G.P¥., June 2005) Ans. A screw jack as shown in fig. 3.9 works on the principle of screw friction is a device used for lifting or lowering heavy loads by applying comparatively smaller efforts at the end of lever. Efficiency ofa screw jack can be defined as the ratio of ideal effort (in absence of friction) to the actual effort applied. i Let p = Pitch of the screw Mean diameter of the screw 1 = Mean radius of the serew @ = Helix angle W = Weight to be lifted/lowered P = Effort to be applied }.= Coefficient of friction between screw and nut = tan @ = Angle of friction Fig. 3.9 Screw Jack Now if one complete turn of a screw is imagined to be unwound from the body of the screw and developed, it will form an inclined plane as shown in fig, 3.10. From geometry of figure, we have tan aA Non, sot jack ean be considered sats ct plane and effort applied at -———————>] the end of the lever can be considered as Fig. 3.10 horizontal. Thus, horizontal force required to lift a load on an inclined plane, P= Witan (a + $) (i) In absence of friction, i.e. w= 0 or 6 = 0, Ideal effort, Po= W tan a Thus «ficiency of serew jack. 1. deal effort Py, dl Aciucil effort P Wane tana, Wianta #9)” tan(aso) Friction 139 in wlcosa 3in (a+ @)/eos(a+6) sina.cos(a +4) cosa.sin(a+ 6) Multiplying the numerator and denominator by 2, we get __ 2sina.cos(a+4) © 2eosa.sin(a+6) Now using the trigonometric identities 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A ~B) 2.005 A sin B=sin(A + B)~sin (A —B) ‘equation (iii) can be written as sin 2a.+4)-+sing sin@a+4)-sing ‘The efficiency will be maximum, when sin 2a. + @) become maximum, ii) sin Qa + §)=1 20+ 9=90" a= 45°— 9/2 ‘Thus maximum efficiency will be given by, _ Hsing Mmax ~ Tsing Q.9. Write short note on ~ Wedge friction. Ans. A wedge is usually a piece of metal or wood of triangular or trapezoidal sross-section. Wedges are generally used to move the heavy blocks by applying, 1 force which is usually smaller than the weight of the block. They are also sed for small adjustments in the position of heavy pieces of machinery. Consider a triangular wedge ABC as shown in fig. 3.11 is used to lift the body DEFG. If force P applied at the face BC of he wedge is just sufficient to lift the body, he wedge will move towards left and the oad will move up. There will be sliding long three planes AB, AC and DE. Hence, here will be three normal reactions on the % lanes AB, AC and DE, as shown in fig. Fig. 3.11 Wedge Friction 1.12 (a) and (b). The three reactions and the horizongiiitorce (P) may now be found out by onsidering the equilibrium of wedge and bleck separately.140. Engineering Mechanics Fig. 3.12 Q.10. What are belt and rope drives. Ans, Belt and rope drives are mechanical power transmission systems. ‘They transmits the power from one shaft to another due to friction between belt/rope and shaft pulley. Belts are used to transmit power from one shaft to another, when centre distance betweert tirem is large. The belts used may be flat or V shaped as shown in fig. 3 13. Fist Bett V-belt roo cts (@ Flat Bett (6) V-belt Fig, 3.13 Type of Belts The flat belts are mostly used to transmit a moderate amount of power, when the pulleys are not more than 10 m apart. The V-belts are used to transmit a large amount of power from one pulley to another, when two pulleys are very near to each other. Flat belt drives can again be classified into two types — @_ Open belt drive, and Gi) Cross belt drive. (Open Belt Drive The open belt drive as shown in fig. 3.14 (a) is. used with shafts arranged in parallel and rotating in same direction. (ii) Cross Belt Drive ~ The crossed or twist belt drive as shown in fig. 3.14 (b) is used when shafts are arranged in parallel and rotating in opposite direction. . Friction 141 Driven Stack Side Driver Driven Driver (6) Cross Belt Drive (a) Open Belt Drive Fig. 3.14 Rope drives are used for transmitting a large amount of power over a considerable length. The flat belts cannot be used for such applications as they can transmit only a moderate amount of power for a distance upto 8 m, only. If large amount of power is to be transmitted, it would result in excessive belt cross-section. While rope drives can be used successfully over a large distance. The reason behind this is that there is a firm frictional grip between the rope and the pulley as rope runs between the grooves of a pulley instead of over it as in the case of flat belt drives. The groove is made approximately V- shaped. The rope is made to contact with side faces of groove and not at the bottom to reduce excessive wear. Q.11. For a belt drive, derive the relation between tight and slack side tensions in terms of coefficient of friction between belt and pulley surface and angle of lap. (R.G.PY,, June 2004) Or Derive the relationship T/T; = e. Ans. Consider a driven pulley rotating in the clockwise direction as shown in fig. 3.15. Let T, and T; = Tensions in the belt on the: 0 = Angle of contact or lap in radians. Angle of contact may be defined as the “uigle subtended by the arc EF, along which the belt touches the pulley, at the centre. Now consider an elemental portion of the belt MN subtending an angle 80 at the centre of pulley O. Elemental piece of belt T MN will be in equilibrium under the action Pattey of following forces — 1, (i) Tension in the belt at M=T (R.G.PY., June 2003) stand slack side respectively Fak Prsar Fig, 3.15 Ratio of Tensions142, Engineering Mechanics Gi. Tension in the belt at N= T+ 6T Normal reaction (iv) Frictional force between the belt and pulley. =p R.whete wis the coeeient of fsion Resolving he frees heizontly, we have n= (rss erin Since angle 80 is very small, therefore we can take sin 52.52 2 88 88 R= (THT) S47 ¢ “S 7 ar. ars = 7.50458 _7 39 {Nestesting® oe) ii) 2 Now resolving the forces vertically, Rx Us (T+ET)e0s% bg Tos i £0. r20559 (iit) ‘nce © ; Since % is very small, therefore cos 22 = 1 Rx w= (C +81) -T=8T iv) Substituting value of R from equation (i), T. 60. = 8T aT oT 50 oH Integrating the above equation between the limits T, and T, and from 0 to 8, we have % 0 fP F-ufvoo nT bo ny). teee{ 24) 0 o or Ti = uo » Equation (v) can also be expressed in terms of corresponding logarithm to the base 10, i.e 2ate( 1) ene ; Friction 143 Q.12. Define and differentiate between initial tension and centrifugal tension in a belt drive. (R.G.PV., Dec. 2004) _AnsCentrifagal Tension = What Biricle of mass m rotates in a circular path of radits r with a uniform’ velocity ¥, a centrifugal force of magnitude 2 $V" gets on it in radially outward direction. As belt runs continuously over r the pulleys, some centrifugal force is caused, whose effect is to increase the tension in both tight and slack sides. This additional tension caused by centrifugal force is called as centrifugal tension, ‘The centrifugal tension depends upon the speed of the belt. At speeds below 10 mis its effect is very small and may be neglected, butat speeds more than 10 ns its effect have to be considered. Consider a small portion MN of the belt subtending an angle 49 at the centre of the pulley as shown in fig. 3.16, Let m= Mass of the belt per unit length v= Linear velocity of belt = Radius of the pulley over which the belt runs Te = Centrifugal tension acting tangentially at PQ. Length of the belt PQ = r. d0 and mass of the belt PQ = mar. d0 Therefore, centrifugel force acting on the belt PQ, va Fe = mrd0x— Fig. 3.16 Centrifugal Tension m.d0.v? “The centrifugal tension Te acting tangentially at P and Q keeps the belt in equilibrium. Now resolving the forces vertically, we have do (a0 sin{ 2) Te sin( 4 i (2) csin( 3) ao © mere Since angle Sis very small, we can take sin (2) 8, therefore, ne) = m.d0.v? To = mv? md0.v?144. Engineering Mechanics wy g where w = Weight of the belt per metre length, g = Gravitational constint = 9.81 mis?, or Tes Initial Tension — Belts transmit the power from driver shaft to driven shaft by means of passing over the two pulleys which are keyed to driver and driven shaft. Therefore, for power transmission there should be a firm frictional rip between the belt and the pulleys. To increase this frictional grip, two ends of the belt are tightened before joining them. Thus, initially even when the pulleys are stationary, belt is subjected to some tension, called as initial tension. Let To = Initial tension in the belt T, and T = Tension in the tight and slack sides of the belt ©. = Coefficient of increase of belt length per unit force. When pulleys starts to rotate, tensions in both (tight and slack) sides will be changed. The length of tight side of the belt increases until the pull is increased from Ty to T; and slack side shortens until the pull decreased from Ty to T;. Increase of tension in tight side =T1~To and decrease of tension in slack side =To- Tz ‘Now increase in length of the belt on tight side = a (T, ~ To) Similarly, decrease in length of the belt on slack side = a (To ~ T2) Fora perfectly elastic material, the length of the belt should remain constant either itis in rest or in motion. Thus, increase in length of belt on the tight side should be equal to the decrease in length on slack side, @ (T, — To) = & (To ~ Tz) Ty - To= To - Ta T+b 2 If centrifugal tension is also taken into consideration, T+} +21 2 Q.13. Derive the condition for maximum power transmission for a belt drive. (R.GBY., Dec. 2002) Ans. Let T, = Tension in thy ight side of a belt drive or T. To Friction 145 T2 = Tension in the slack side of a belt drive v = Velocity of belt. Since T > Tz, therefore net effective force at the circumference of follesver will be T\-T Work done or power transmitted, P = (T, ~Ty)v J/s or watts ..(i) Now ratio of tensions in tight and slack sides of a belt drive is given by Ti _ gue aL Fi = Porth Substituting Value of T in equation (i), we get Gi) where C Considering centrifugal tension, maximum tension in the belt will be T=) +TeorTy=T-Te Substituting this value in equation (ii), we get P=(T~ Te). we = (P= mv)v.c (Te = mv?) (Tv = m3) C For power to be maximum, differentiating above equation with respect to v and equating to zero, we get aP av or 2 ay-myc =0 or T—3ms2=0 (iii) or T=31¢=0orT=3T¢ ‘Thus, power transmission will be maximum when 1/3" of the maximum, tension is absorbed as centrifugal tensior From equation (iii} we have velocity of belt for maximum power transmission,146 Engineering Mechanics [NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Prob.t.A block of weight § kN is wibeYuised by means of a 20° wedge ‘I by the application of a horizontal force P as shown in fig. 3.17. The block A is constrained to move vertically by the application of a horizontal force S. Find the magnitude of the forces P and S, when the coefficient of friction atthe contact surfaces is 0.23. ; Fig. 3.17 Sol. Given, W = 5 KN = 5000 N, p = 0.25 = tan } or 6 = tan“ (0.25) = 14.048, a. = 20°. Considering equilibrium of the block DEFG first. Various forces acting on it are shown in fig. 3.18 (a). (b) Resolving the forces horizontally, S=R, sin (20° + 6) = Rj sin (20° + 14.049) =R; sin 34.04° = 0.56 Ry “a Now, resolving the forces vertically, 5= Ry cos (20° + 14.04%) 5= Rj cos 34.04° = 0.8286 R, Friction 147 5 = 6.034 KN 08286 R= From equation (i) 0.56 Ry 0.56 * 6.034 = 3.38 KN Ans. Now considering equilibrium of wedge ABC as shown in fig. 3.18 (b). Resolving forces horizontally, P= Ry sin (20° + $) +R, sing 6.034 * sin (20° + 14.04%) + Ry sin 14.04° 3.38 + 0.2426 Ry (ii) Now resolving forces vertically, Ry cos 6 = Ry cos (20° + 4) Ry cos 14.04° = 6.034 cos (20° + 14.04%) 0.97 Ry = 6.034 x 0.8286 Ry = 5.15 KN Substituting value of Ry in equation (ii), we get P= 3.38 + 0.2426 x 5.15 3.38 + 1.2494 ~ 4.63 kN Ans, Prob.2. A block B of weight 1000 N is being P moved stowly to the right by means of the wedge A under the action of the vertical force B. Find the value of P so as to just move the block if the 4 coefficient of fiction at all surfaces of contact is » 0.3. Neglect weight of the wedge. wo} 0% (STU, May/June 2007) Sol. Given, Wy = 1000 N, p= 0.3. Fig, 3.19 Considering equilibrium of the block B first. Various forces acting on it are shown in fig, 3.20 on wey 038, and tetovng forces versal We get ms ay -03 (03 R300 = Ry - 0.09 Ry= 1000 ae 091 Ri ~ 1000 rig 320 2 = 12 « ross148 Engineering Mechanics Now considering equilibrium of the wedge A. Various forces acting on it are shown in fig. 3.21 Resolving forces horizontally, we get R; cos 10° = 1 R; cos 80° + Ry Ry ¥ 0.9848 = 0.3 Ry * 0.1736 + 329.67 Ry x 0.9848 = 0.0521 R, + 329.67 Ry Rj (0.9848 ~ 0.0521 } = 329.67 0.9327 Ry ~ 329.67 Ry = 353.46 N and resolving forces vertically, we get P= pR, + UR, sin 80° + Ry sin 10° 0.3 x 329.67 + 0.3 * 353.46 * 0.9848 + 353.46 * 0.1736 = 98.901 + 104.426 + 61.361 64.688. N Prob.3. A wedge A of negligible weight is to be driven between two 40 kg plates B and C. The coefficient of static friction between all surfaces of ‘contact is 0.35. Determine the magnitude of the force P required to start moving the wedge. If plate C is securely bolted to the surface. Fig. 3.21 Ans. Fig. 3.22 (SVU. Nov/Dec. 2006) iven, mg = mg = 40 kg or Wg = We = 392 N, w= 0.35. Normal reaction between wedge A and plate B ‘Normal reaction between B and surface. iagram of plate B, which is about to move leftward is shown Sol. Let Ry R Free body in fig. 3.23 (a). (On resolving forces horizontally, we get F, cos 75° + F2 — Rj sin 75° = 0 HR, cos 75° + Ry ~ Ry sin 75°= 0 0.35 Ry * 0.2585 + 0.35 Ry — Ry * 0.9659 = 0 Friction 149 0.09058 R, + 0.35 Rp ~ 0.9659 R, = 0 or 0.87532 R; ~ 0.35 Ry =0 or R,-04R,=0 a and on resolving forces vertically, we get Rp ~ 392 — Ry €os 75° — F; sin 75° = 0 Rz ~ 392 —R, cos 75° — HR, sin 75° = 0 Rz — 392— Rj * 0.2588 ~ 0.35 Ry x 0.9659 = 0 Ry ~ 0.2588 Ry ~ 0.3381 Ry = 392 Ry ~ 0.5969 Ry = 392 or 0.5969 Ry = R = -392 or Ry = 1.68 Ry = ~ 656.73 On solving equations (i) and (ii), we get Ry = 205.24 N and Ry = 513.1.N ann st? a ° wary, oto nm (@ Fig. 3.23, Since two faces of the wedge are equally inclined. therefore reactions and hence frictional forces on two surfaces will be equal. Free body diagram of wedge is shown in fig, 3.23 (b). Resolving forces vertically, we get P=2(R, cos 75° + F, sin 75°) (Ry cos 75° + wR, sin 75°) = 2(205.24 « 0.2588 + 0.35 x 205.24 « 0.9659) Ans. Prob.4. A 12° wedge is used to split a log. The coefficient of friction between the wedge and the wood is 0.40. Knowing that a force P of magnitude 3.2 kN was required to insert the wedge, determine the magnitude of the forces exerted on the log by the wedge after it has been inserted.150. Engineering Mechanics ele) Fig, 3.24 (SMTEU., 2005) Sol. Given, 2a = 12° or a. = 6°, 1 = 0.4, P= 3.2 KN = 3200 N. Let Ry and R2 = Normal reactions acting between wedge and log F; and F, = Frictional forces between wedge and log S} and 8, = Forces exerted by wedge on the log. The free body diagram of wedge is shown in fig. 3.25. Here S; is the resultant of normal reaction R and frictional force F\(= MR)). Similarly, Sp is the resultant of Rp and F(= j1R). Since wedge is equally inclined from both the sides, therefore R a S,=S) Resolving forces vertically, we get Sy sin(a + 6) + Sp sina + ¢)-P=0 or P= 2S; sina + 6) 3200 = 2S, sin(6° + 21.8%) 3200 = 0.9328 S, S\(= $3) = 3430.5 N Ans. S = 82) 9 = tan w= tan! 0.4 = 21.89) Prob.S. In an open bett drive, pulleys\are 500 mm and 1200 mm in diameter on parallel shafts 4 m apart. The|maximum tension in the belt is limited to 1800 N. Take coefficient of friction 0.3. The driving pulley 1200 min diameter is running at 210 r.p.m. Calculate power transmitted by the belt drive. (R.G.BY., June 2004) ‘Sol. Given, d; = 1200 min or r; = 600 mm, d; ~ $00 mm or ty = 250 mm, 4m = 4000 mm, Tyygy = 1800 N, p= 0.3, Ny = 210 rp.n, Friction 151 For open belt drive sin = 1X2. 800-250 _pog75 x 4000 or c= sin! (0.0875) = 5.02° Angle of lap, O= (180-24). = (180"~2x5.02°).5_= 2.97 radian: (asor~2 Eg =29) s Ratio of tensions, 00 = @fl3 *297 = 2.44 or 1, = 2.447, ) ‘Now tension in tight side of belt, 17 Tye = 1800 N (Neglecting centrifugal tension) Substituting, sie of Tin equation (), we have de 244 T y= 1800. a377N 244 Islocity of RGIN) _ x 1200%210 Velocity of belt, v a = 13195 mav’s = 13.195 mis Now. power transmitted by the belt drive, P= (Ty = Ta) v= (1800 ~ 737.7) * 13.195 14017 W = 14.017 kW Ans. Prob.6, A shaft ru 0" «p.m, drives another shaft at 200 np.m. and transmits 7* S100 mm wide and 12 mm thick and HE 0.28, The distam vow shafts is 2.5 m and the diameter of the smalter pulley i 0.5 10 + + 08 the stress in the Beit in case of ~ an open ben . Gi) across belt driv (RGPY, Dec. 2003) Sol. Given, Ny = 100 rp.m., Np = 200 rpm. dy = 0.5 m oF ty = 0.25 m, Width of the belt, b ~ 100 mm. Thickness of belt, t = 12 mm, = 0.25, X= 2.5 m, P= 11.25 kW = 11250 W. Diameter of larger pulley. considering velocity ratio No. db Nd 200 | 4) St ord =! mort, = 0.5 100 ~ 05 aeFriction 153 152 Engineering Mechanics Pitch line velocity of belt Angle of lap, (180°+20).55 (180421746) x7 BEN 3.75 radians Power transmitted Ratio of tensions, —b 025 «3.75 = 2.55 P= (1 - Tv oo (Ty ~ T:) * 5.24 © i neg rr - =2147N (8) | ts T= T52 7 Substituting value of T, in equation ({), we get (i) Stress in the belt in case of open belt drive p In case of open belt drive aS = 2147 fi=m _ 05-025 or 55-1) T, =2147 2.55 sma x 25 T, = 3532.16 N or a= sin-'(0.1) = 5.739" Hence, stress in the bel = (180°-20).2- 95.739) 1, ‘Angle of lap, 0 = (180°-20).5F> = (180°-2%5.7399)< 755 a. 353216 9.94 N/mm? os = 2.94 radian ae ee sas Prob.7. Calculate the centrifugal tension in a belt running over two tio of tens pulleys at a speed of 990 m/min. The width of belt is 145 mm, thickness 10 Ti x quo = 0025 «294 — 2.085 mm and density of belt material = 10 kN/m?. Calculate also the maximum t power that can be transmitted at this speed If = 0.3, minimum angle of yh lap = 160° and the maximum permissible tension in the belt is 2 « 10° N/n?. or 2.085 (Pt, Ravishankar University, Raipur, 2004) ‘Substituting value of T2 in equation (i), we get sen? ‘Sol. Given, v = 900 m/min = 15 ms, b = 145 mm, t= 10 mm, p = 10 KN/m?, ‘ q =03,0= 160°= 160m. = fameanee | T5995 72147 enh Cac hh sat = 0.3, = 160° = 160% 55% = 2.79 radians, 6 = 2 « 106 Nim? | or 2.085 7 ~T) = 2147 + 2.085 ANP Neath Ne gp Weight of the belt per metre length, 1.085 T, = 4476.495 eutcat . Se Seeneiee 1) = 4125.8 N o rasta 5 ‘As we know maximum tension in the belt, = 7000“ To00 *! 10x10" = 14.5 Nim pen centri in the bel en ees Centrifugal tension in the belt Hence stress in the belt, 41258 2 44 N/mm’ Ans. ° ; 2 lasx(15) 1200 = HOO” ~ 332.9. Ans. Gi) Stress in the beltin case of ross belt drive jum permissible tension in total length of the belt, For cross belt drive sible tension int nytn _ 054025 Tox OF T= 6 saan Tas 99 = 210% 145, 19 2969 or a = sin (0.3) = 17.46" 1000 1000, de154 Engineering Mechanics Tension in tight side of the belt, Ty=T-Te CA = 2900 = 332.9 = 2567.1. N es ¢ Now ratio of tensions in belt, Ses Th uo = 032m 2231 QE Th c2 T__ 2567.1 oO =ob <—=1I113N 2 231 2310 + * Hence power transmitted at this speed, P=(T)-T)v (2567.1 = 1111.3) * 15 = 21837 W = 21.837 kW Ans. Prov.8. A belt 100 mm wide and 8 mm thick is transmitting power at a belt speed of 1600 m/min. The angle of lap for the smaller pulley is 165° land j1= 0.3. The maximum permissible stress in the belt is 2 MN/nw? and the mass of the belt is 0.9 kg/m. Find the power being transmitted. (Govt. Engg. College, Raipur, 2003) Sol, Given, b = 100 mm = 0.1 m, t= 8 mm = 0.008 m, v = 1600 m/min 2 MNim? = 26.67 mis, 165°=165x—— = 2.89 radians, = 165x755 = 2.89 radians, u = 0.3, 6 2 « 1% Nim’, m = 0.9 kg/m. Maximum permissible tension in the belt, r, oxbxt = 10° x 0.1 x 0.008 = 1600 N Centrifugal tension inthe belt, To = mv? = 0.9 * (26.677 Tension in tight side of the belt, \ Ty=T-Te \ = 1600 — 640 = 960 N Now ratio of tensions, Tmax 640 N u FLL yo = (03 «289,= T, ~ene 238 T__ 960 Th 938° 238 Hence power transmitted, P= (Ty~T2)¥ = (960 - 403.4) * 26.67 4844 W > 14.844 kW Ans. Friction 155 Prob.9. A leather belt weighing I gm/cc has maximum permissible tension 2. Nimm?. Determine maximum power that can be transmitted by a belt 250 mm * 12 mm section. Take ratio of ight and slack side tensions as 2. (R.G.RY., Dec. 2004) = 2 Nimm?, b = 250 mm = Sol. Given, p = 1 gmn/cm? = 1000 kg/m}, 0.25 m, t= 12 mm = 0.012 m, Ty/T = 2. Maximum tension in the belt, o.bt x 250 « 12 = 6000 N Mass of the belt per metre length, m=pxbxtx/ }000 * 0.25 x 0.012 x 1 = 3 ke/m Now belt velocity for maximum power transmission, ~ i 2582 m/s Centrifugal tension in the belt Te = mv? = 3 x (25.82)? = 2000 N Maximum tension in belt is also given by, Tmax Ty + Te 6000 = T; + 2000 :000 - 2000 = 4000 N and Now, maximum power that can be transmitted by belt drive, T, = T) ¥ = (4000 ~ 2000) x 25.82 1640 W = 51.64 kW Prob.10. A pulley is driven by a flat belt, the angle of lap being 120°. The belt is 100 mm wide by 6 mm thick and density 1000 kg/m?. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3 and the maximum stress in the belt is not to exceed 2 MPa. Find the greatest power which the belt can transmit and corresponding speed of belt. (S.V.TU,, Nov/Dec. 2006) 120% 755 = 2.1 radians, b p= 1000 kg/m?, 4 = 0.3, o = 2 MPa = 2 Nimm?. Maximum permissible tension in the belt, obt = 2 100 x 6= 1200N Prax Ans. ‘Sol. Given, = 120 100 mm, t= 6 mm, Tmax156. Engineering Mechanics Mass of thé belt per metre lengh, m= bxtxIxp 100, 6 = 100, © 151000 = 0.6 kg/m 1000 1000 kel rd Now for maximum power transmission, & bs A ‘ toa Tm = soon 8) a ss mS cS But mvs so 06 xP oO ee or 666.67 Xs v= 25.82 m/s oo Ans. ‘Tension in the tight side of the belt, aS Tr > Tmax Te = 1200 ~ 400 = 809 N ‘Now, ratio of tensions in belt drive, FL» p= 90521 = 1.88 TL _ 80 _gassn T2 > [88-188 Thus, maximum power that can be transmitted at a belt speed of 25.82 mis, Prax = (Ty ~ T2)v 800 — 425.5) x 25.82 9669.59 = 9.67 KW Ans. Prob. 11. A flat belt is used to transmit a torque from pulley A to pulley B. The radius of each pulley is 50mm and the coefficient of static friction is 0.30. The centre distance between the pulleys is 200 mm. Determine the largest torque which can be transmitted if the allowable belt tension is 3 KN. (S.VT.U., 2005) Sol. Given, ty = Fy = F= 50 mm, p= 0.30, x = 200 mm = 0.2 m, Tmax =3 KN = 3000 N. Assuming open belt drive, sin a = = So9 a =sin10=0° = (180°-20)-—Z_ = (180°-0)x (180°-20) Fs = ( ) Angle of lap, 3 radians Friction 157 Ratio of tensions, 03 "m2 2.57 oi) ‘Now tension in tight side of belt, Ty = Tiyae = 3000 N (Neglecting To) Hence from equation (1) ty = B30 673 257° 257 Torque transmitted by belt drive (My = Tr = (3000 — 1167.3) x 50 1635 N-mm = 91.635 Nem Ans. Prob.12. A rope drive transmits 80 kW through a 1.5 m diameter 45° grooved pulley rotating at 200 r.p.m. Coefficient of friction between the ropes and the pulley grooves is 0.3 and angle of lap is 160%. The mass of each rope is 0.6 ke/m and can safely take a pull of 800 N. Taking centrifugal tension into account, determine — (Number of ropes required for the drive (i) Initial tension in the rope. (RG.RY., Dec. 2002) Sol. n, P = 80 kW = 80000 W, 1.5 m, 2B = 45° or B = 22.5°, N=200 rp.m., p= 0.3, 0 = 160° = 160% 555 .79 radians, m = 0.6 ke/m, ‘maximum pull can be taken safely, Tinax = 800 N. Ratio of tensions for rope drive Te gman ta garam somes 91 - or Taq cali) Velocity of the belt, _ aN v 60 Centrifugal tension, To = mv? = 0.6 * (15.7 = 147.894 N Now maximum permissible tension in the rope, Tmex = T1 + Te 800 = T, + 147.894 or Ty = 800 ~ 147.894 = 652.106 N158 Engineering Mechanics Substituting value of T, in equation (i), we get (Number of ropes required Power transmitted by one rope P'=(T,-Ta)v = (652.106 ~ 73.19) * 15,7 ~ 9089 W ‘Thus, number of ropes required to transmit a power of 80000 W, 80000 n= “Gpg9 — 88 say 9 ropes Ans. (ii) Initial tension in the rope Initial tension in the rope considering centrifugal tension is given by, 2147 +2 <147894 _ 519,542 N Ans. where 1 = Efficiency $= Friction angle. (S.V.T.U., Nov/Dec. 2006) ‘Sol. Efficiency of a square threaded screw is given by, tana, eer A) where a.=Helix angle $= Friction angle. _ Nowa screw is said to be self locking when load will not move downwards without the application of torque, i.e. it will not overhaul. Condition for self locking of screw is given by, tan a Stan or _ asd Substituting valué of a in equation (i) we get tang tan(o+9) tang "1S tan26 ns Friction 159 tang nS Zeng 1tan?6 tan g(1- tan? 9) 1S Dang ~tan®§ ns 2 kta nea 2 Prob.14, A screw jack has a double square thread of mean dia 10 mm and pitch 2 mm. The coefficient of friction between the threads is 0.30. Find the torque required to lft a load of 18 kN. (Govt, Engg. College, Raipur, 2003) Sol. Given, n=2, d= 10 mm, p= 2mm, w= 0.3, W= 18 KN = 18000 N. Hielix angle of screw jack, tan a= 22 = 282 nd xxld a = tan“ (0.1273) = 7.25° Angle of friction, = tan'(u) tan“! (0.3 Torque required to lift the load, 01773 T= Wena rays = 18000 «tan (7254 16.7) «12 = 3997 5 Nemm = 40 Nm Ans. Prob.15. A square threaded screw jack 8 cm mean diameter and 2 cm pitch is used to lift a heavy load. The coefficient of friction at the thread = (0.05. Find ~ (The tangential force required at 40 cm radius to lift a toad of 6 AN. (i) State whether the jack is self locking. If itis, find the torque necessary t0 lower the load. (iii) But if not, find the torque required to keep the load from descending. (SMTU, May/June 2007) ‘Sol. Given, d= 8 em = 80 mm, p= 2.cm = 20 mm, p= 0.05, R= 40 em = 400 mm, W = 6 kN = 6000 N.160 Engineering Mechanics Helix angle of screw jack, PL xd 7x80 a = tan“1(0.0796) = 4.55° Angle of friction, @ ran1(0.05) = 2.86° Here a>6 Hence the jack is not self locking Tangential force required at a radius of 400 mm, tana = 0.0796 Ans. W tan(a + 4) 80 * 2% 400 U = [9 * 6000 * 0.13 = 78.N x 6000 x tan(4.55° + 2.86") Ans. ‘Torque required to prevent the load from descending, a T= FW tana - 4) 80 = 5 * 6000 x tan(4.55° ~ 2.86%) 40 = 6000 * 0.0295 = 7080 N-mm Prob.16. A screw jack carries a load of 500 N. It has a square thread single start screw of 20 mm pitch and 50 mm mean diameter. The coefficient of friction between the screw and its nut is 0.25. Calculate the torque required” 10 lift the load and efficiency of the screw. Sol. Given, W + 500 N, n= 1, p = 20 mm, d = 50 mm, p= 0.25 or ai ee Ans. = tan"! (0.25) = 14.04°, Friction 161 Efficiency of the serew, tana tan 725 jana) — tan(725+14.04) 0.3265 or 32.65% Prob.1?. 4 500 N force acts as shown on a 150 kg block placed on an incliri plane. The coefficients af friction between the block ana the plane are jt, 0.25 and 1 = 0.20. Determine whether the block is “a in equilibrium and find the value of the friction force. (SMTLU., 2005) Fig. 3.26 150 kg or W = 150 x 9.8 = 1470 N, py = Ans. ‘Sol. Given, P 0.25, Hy = 0.20. Let R be the reaction acting normal to the plane. Angle of inclination of plane, 00. N, im 13 7 3 = tan“! Sortana => a gortana= 3 By trigonometric relations, . 3 sin a = 3 and cos a= 5 Fig. 3.26 is reproduced in fig. 3.27 showing various forces acting on the block. Resolving forces normal to the plane, we get R = 1470 cos a = 14704=1176N Weight of the block acting along the plane , : 3 Helix angle is given by, wc pereanat® 1470 sin a = 14703 =882N np _ Ix eh an ; re tn a= MB = 22-0127 ow sa ntaey Hence, friction force needed for equilibrium xd” 0x “ ees ene eNO got 882 ~ 500 = 382 N (1) ee ee Limiting frictional force, Porque reat 2 a yor" Fy = y,R=0.25 x 1176 = 294N T= Wtan(a+4)2 Since the friction force needed for equilibrium is more than the limiting 2 a static frictional force, therefore the block is not in equilibrium, and it is mov = 500. tan(7254 1408) 52 down the plane. acuner 2 Thus, actual aa force during the motion, 871 N-m Ans. i= Ha = 0.20 « 1176 = 235.2 N Ans.162 Engineering Mechanics Prob.18. Determine the range of values of P for which the block of 500 N weight will be in equilibrium on an inclined plane shown in fig. 3.28. Take 1 = 0.35. (R.G.RY,, June 2004) i 500. Fig. 3.28 Sol. Given, W = 500 N, «= 30°, n= 0.35 Now value of P will be determined in following two cases — () When block is stiding downwards Various forces which are acting on the block are shown in fig. 3.29 (a). Let P, = Force which will keep the block in equilibrium, Resolving the forces along the inclined plane, P, + F, = Wsin 30° P, +035 R, 500+ 2 Py + 0.35 Ry = 250 @ Now, resolving the forces perpendicular to the inclined plane, Ry = Weos30°=500% Substituting value of R, in equation (i), we get P, + 0.35 x 433 = 250 P, + 151.55 = 250 = 98.45 N @ Fig, 3.29 Friction 163 (ii) When block is sliding upwards Let Py = Force which will keep the block in equilibrium, Various forces acting on the block are shown in fig. 3.29 (b). Resolving the forces along the inclined plane, F, + W sin 30° P) = 0.35 Ry +500 x > 35 R, + 250 Gi) Now resolving the forces perpendicular to the inclined plane, R= ‘Substituting value of R3 in equation (fi), we get = 0.35 « 433 + 250 = 401.55 N Hence range of value of P, is, 98.45 N to 401.55 N Ans. Prob.19. Two blocks of weight W; = 50N and W, = 50 N rest on a rough inclined plane and are connected by a string as shown in fig. 3.30. The coefficient of friction between the inclined plane and W; and W, are y= 0.3 and 41; = 0.2 respectively. Find the inclination of the plane for which slipping will impend. (R.G.BY., Dec. 2003) a “1 Fig. 3.30 Sob. Given, W, = Wo = 50 N, 1 = 0.3, py = 0.2. Let T= Tension in the string . R, = Normal reaction for W; Ry = Normal reaction for W> F, = Friction force between W; and inclined plane F) = Friction force between W, and inclined plane = jt. Friction forces will act in upward direction to impend the slipping of the block. Blocks will be in equilibrium under the action of forces shown in fig. 3.31 Fig. 3.31KRISHNA COPIERS 164 Engineering Mechanics pe MRITI NAGAR Forces on the first block MO. - 9691859316, 9584601916 Resolving forces along the plane, 50 sin a= T+F)=T+ HR, 50 sina=T+03 Ry Resolving forces perpendicular to the plane, MOMENT OF INERTIA 50 cos a= Ry Substituting value of Ry in equation (i), we get 50 sin a= T + 0.3 (50 cos a) a UESTION: 50 sin a= T+ 15 cos @ [SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS | or 50 sin a — 15 cos a QI. Differentiate between the terms centre of gravity and centroid. Forces on the second block Ans. Centre of Gravity — Centre of gravity of a body may be defined as, Resolving forces along the plane the point at which whole weight of the body assumed to be concentrated. A 50 sin @ + T= F, = Hy Ry : body can have only one centre of gravity, irrespective of all its orientations. A 50 sin a + T= 0.2 Ry wiv) body may be considered to bé composed of number of particles. These particles Resolving forces perpendicular to the plane are attracted towards the centre of the earth due to gravitationa’ force. Since Ry = 50 cos wal¥) size of the body is very small as compared to the radius of earth, therefore all , re such particles of a body can be assumed at same distance from the earth, Sufistituting value of Ry in equation (iv), we get ‘Thus, all the forces acting on particles of body forms a system of parallel 50 sin a + T= 0.2 (50 cos «) forces. The point through which the resultant ofall such parallel forces pass te © S0sina + T= 10 cosa : in all positions of the body, is called as the centre of gravity (C.G.). or : : 10 cos a — 50 sin ov) Centroid ~ The plane areas such as triangle, quadrilateral, circle, ete., have Equating equations (ii) and (vi), we get ; only areas, but no mass. The entire area of such plane figures may assumed to 50 sin & ~ 15 cos & = 10 cos @ — 50 sina be concentrated at a point, which is known as centroid of the area. 100 sin «= 25 cos & The basic difference between centroid and centre of gravity is as follows — sina 25, Centroid is used for geometrical figures like line, areas and volumes and CG cosa ~ 100 depends only on the geometry of the body. While centre of gravity is used for physical bodies like wires, plates and solids and depends upon the physical or tan properties of the body. tan (1/4) = 14,04* or 14°2" Ans. However for plane areas, the centroid and centre of gravity are the same and can be used synonymously. oo00 Q.2. Define the terms centroid and moment of inertia. (RGR, June 2004) Ans, Centroid — Refer Q.1 Moment of inertia — Moment of inertia of a plane area about a given axis is the sum of the products of the elementary areas into which the given area can be sub-divided and the squares of the distance of the centroid of these elementary areas from that axis. Ee166. Engineering Mechanics Consider a plane area whose moment of inertia is required 1 ited i ry ateas Ay, Ay, Ag. HE yy Tae 3 Let this area be splitted into elementary areas yy Ay, Aye Hf Fi Ta ; et aneee ofthese elementary areas from the axis about which moment of inertia, cicero determined, then moment of inertia ofthe area will be given P+ Ear? - pee 1= ayn? tare +agrs + \ mé, emt, km4, ete. Units of moment of inertia are (units of length)’, e4 0.3. How can you locate the centroid (or centre of gravity) a n fig, 4.1, whose centroid has to be “Any. Consider a plane area as shown in fig. 4.1, Bete Sa Let A be the whole area of given figure. It can considered fo be composed of a number of small areas ay, yy Ass O46 A= ay tag tay + yt Let OX and OY be the reference axes. Also let of plane areas ? jp Xp Kye Ny we = The distances of centroid of areas By Aa 83> X4-~ from axis OY respectively ; in You Yo Ya woe = The distances of centroid of areas a1- Aa dsr M4 ~ from axis OX respectively. “Thus, moments of all small areas about axis OY . = ayy + AyXy + AgXs + Ogg + i) Y Arenas raven ag Fig. 4.1 Now if G be the centroid (or centre of grevity) of total area A, whose distance from the axis OY is X, then moment of total area about oy w x ii Moment of Inertia 167 ‘The moment of all small areas about the axis OY must be equal to the ‘moment of total area about the same axis. Hence equating equations (i) and AR = yxy + any + agXy + agXy + ayxy +a2Kp +033 +044 “ ne Gi RTE ESTES Similarly, g = Muteaye tava tava tone ue Equations (iii) and (iv) gives the location of centroid of plane figure. Following points should be kept '1 mind while determining the location of centroid of plane areas @ Axis of reference, of plane figures, is generally taken as the lowest line of the figure for calculating ¥ and the left line of the figure for calculating x Gi). Values of x, X25 Xs, X4.- ANd Yy, Yas Y3s Ya ~- Should be measured on same side of axis of reference. If, however, the figure is on both sides of the axis of reference, then the distances in one direction are taken as positive and those in the opposite direction must be taken negative. Gif) If given section is symmetrical about XX-axis or YY-axis, then we only have to calculate either x or ¥, because centroid or C.G. of the section lies on the axis of symmetry. Q.4. Explain the methods of determining moment of inertia of plane area. Ans. There are two methods which can be used to determine moment of inertia of a plane area (or of a body). They are ~ (i) Method of integration (ii) Routh’s rule. (Y Method of Integration —Consider a plane area as shown in fig. 4.2, whose moment of inertia about XX-axis and Y Y-axis have to be determined. Let the whole area has been divided into a mimber of strips. Consider an elementary strip shown by shaded in fig. 4.2. Let dA = Area of elementary strip x= Distance of the C.G, of the strip on XX-axis Y= Distance of the C.G. of the strip on YY-axis. Moment of inertia of the strip about XX-axis day? i168 Engineering Mechanics Now moment of inertia of the whole area can be obtained by integrating the above equation, ie. Ixx= JaAy? =2dA.y? Similarly, Iyy = Jado? =2da.x? (ii) Routh’s Rule — Routh’s rule is used to find out the moment cf inertia of a body which is symmetrical about three mutually perpendicular axes. According to this rule moment of inertia of a body about any one axis, passing through its centre of gravity, is given by (@) For square and rectangular lamina _ AxS Ana corsers ae Rist AGAl (b) For circular and elliptical lamina QM AT 38280"4 a = as mo. - 262% where A = Area of the lamina S = Sum of the squares of the two semi axes, other than the axis about which moment of inertia is required to be found out. Q.5. State and prove the parallel axis theorem for the second moment (Pt. Ravishankar University, Raipur, 2004) of area. Or ‘State and prove parallel axis theorem. (R.G.PV., Dec. 2001) Or ‘State and prove parallel axis theorem of moment of inertia. (RG.BY., June 2005, June 2003) Ans, Parallel axis theorem states that, “moment of inertia of an area about an axis is equal to the sum of (i) moment of inertia about an axis passing through the centroid and parallel to the given axis, and (ii) the product of area and square of the distance between the two parallel axes”. Thus, if Ig is the moment of inertia of an area about an axis passing through the centroid of given area and h is the distance between centroid (or C.G.) and axis AB about which moment of inertia has to be determined, then Ing Ig + Ak? Moment of inertia about an axis AB Moment of inertia about its centre of gravity A= Area of the given lamina h = Distance between C.G. of the lamina and the axis AB. Moment of Inertia 169 Proof ~ Fig. 4.3 shows a plane lamina of area A. Let XX be the axis in the plane of lamina and passing through its C.G. AB is an axis at a distance h in the plane of given lamina and parallel to XX-axis : Considering an elementary strip of lamina ata distance y from the XX-axis. Let area of the strip be da. Lamina of ‘Area A Strip of. Arends xe Fig. 4.3 Now moment of ineratia of elementary strip about XX-axis = dA? Thus, moment of inertia of total area A about XX-axis, Ixy OF Ig = EdA.y? of) ‘And, moment of inertia of total area about AB dA (h+ yy “dA (h? + y2 + 2hyy dA.h? + EaA.y? + E2hydA Taw As h is constant, thus, tag ThE EGA + DdAy? 42h DdAy But 2dA = A, and also from equation (i), BdA.y2 = Ig values in above equation, we get Tap 7h2A + 1g + 2h Sy ii) Here, ZdA.y represents the moment of the total area about XX-axis, But. moment of total area is equal to the product of total area and the distance of C.G. of total area from XX-axis. In this ease, distance of the C.G. of the total area from XX-axis is zero, hence EdA.y will be equal to zero, Substituting these Substituting this vatue in equation (ii), we get Ing = HA + Ig +0 or Tap = Ig + AR? [Hence Proved) Q.6. State and prove perpendicular axis theorem for Ma. Ans, Perpendicular axis theorem states that, “moment of inertia of a plane famina about an axis perpendicular to the lamina and passing through i's centroid is equal to the sum of the moment of inertias of the lamina about two mutually Perpendicular axes passing through the centroid and in the plane of lamina.” ‘Thus, if Ixx and Ly be the moments of inertia of a plave lamina about wo mutually perpendicular axes XX and YY in the plane of lamina, then the moment of incrtia of the lamina about the axis ZZ, perpendicular to the lamina170 Engineering Mechanics and passing through the intersection of XX and YY-axes is given by Vaz = Ixx + Wy Proof — Fig, 4.4 shows a lamina of area A. Let OX and OY be the two mutually perpendicular axes lying in the plane of the lamina, and OZ be an axis normal to the plane of lamina and passing through O. * Consider an elementry component of lamina having area dA as shown in fig. 4.4. z Let x = Distance of dA from axis oY y = Distance of dA from axis Ox Distance of dA from axis 072 From geometry of fig. 4.4, we have Pawty® @ Now moment of inertia of dA. about OX-axis, = dA.y? Thus, moment of inertia of total * area A about OX-axis, Plane Section of Area A Ixx = EdA.y? Similarly, moment of inertia of total area A about OY-axis, Iyy = SAA? 5 and moment of inertia of total area A about OZ-axis, Iyz = BdA.P= DAA (2 + y?) = EdA.x? + EdA.y? = byy * lox Tzz= Ixx + Wy Q.7. Derive an expression for the moment of inertia of a triangular section about an axis passing through the centre of gravity and parallel to the base. (SVT.U., May/June 2607) ‘Ans, Consider a triangular section ABC as shown in fig. 4.5. ‘ T ] Fig. 4.4 Let_b = Base of triangular section ! h= Height of triangular section. Now consider a small strip PQ of thickness ry dx ata distance x from vertex A, Now from similar triangles APQ end ABC. ' PQ _ x BC h o 8 Moment of inertia 171 BC.x_ bx a) h ooh An of sat stip = Moment of inertia of the strip about base BC Area * (Distance)? bx bx = Sax(h ~ x)? = *(h—-x)?ax p oMth= x)? = Fh x)" ‘Thus, moment of inertia of the whole triangular section about base BC bx h = tac = ff ens dx = 2h x(h=x)2dx by 2 Pa? 2a? 22a ee fm] lo nl 2° 4 3 bl ht h* 2h4] bh? 2 ‘Thus, M.l, of the triangular section about an axis through its centre of gravity and parallel to XX-axis, by using parallel axis theorem, Ipc ~ aR? 2.8. Write short notes on the following — (Radius of gyration (ii) Product of mertia, (RG.PV,, Feb, 2005) Or Define the terms product of inertia and radius of gyration. (RG.PY., Dec. 2004)172. Engineering Mechanics “Ans. (9) Radius of Gyration ~ It may be defined as the distance from the reference axis toa point where whole of the area of given figure can considered te be concentrated and produce the same moment of inertia with respect to given reference axis. Radius of gyration is represented by k. Since moment of inertia has dimensions of length to fourth power, thus it can be expressed as the product of area A and square of radius of gyration, ky ie 1=ak Nh corset? * GAR ai’ arte set rc and if M.I. is taken about YY-axis, then Wo." Ivy sy RE (ii) Product of Inertia ~\fan elemental area is multiplied by the product of its co-ordinates and integrated for entire area, is known as the product of inertia ot product of area about X end Y axes, IfdA is an elemental area of the plane area A and its co-ordinates are (x, ¥) with respect to rectangular axes OX and OY, then product of inertia of this area about X and Y axes will be given as, tye food The product of inertia thus may be defined as the sum of a number of terms each consisting of an area multiplied by the distance of that area with respect to X and Y axes. Since there is a product of distances x and y the product of inertia may be positive or negative, depending upon the location of area relative to the axes. If area lies principally in the first or third quadrants, itis positive, and if area lies principally in the second or fourth quadrants, it is negative. Fig. 4.6 Moment of Inertia 173 If given area is symmetrical about eit ‘ symmetrical about either oF both axes of reference, then product of inertia of given area with respect to those axes ig zero. Consider an area symmetrical about YY-axis as shown in fig. 46 For every area dA at a distance x from YY. th stance x from Y-axis, there exists another area 4A ata distance -x fiom YY. Henes the contribution of product of area of element is xy.dA with opposite signs and hence, the net result is zero. Since the entire area As com A is composed of such pairs of elemental ea product of inertia will be equal to zero. a mental a 0.9. Diss the method of determi : ; mining moment of inertia and produc of inertia of a plane lamina about axes inclined to ey “axes. fe (ims. Consider an elemental area dA at P ofa rectangular lamina as shown in fig 4.7. Let moment of inertia ofthis elemental ara has to be determined about U and V axes inclined to X and Y axes at an angle a.. Let co-ordinates of point P with respect to 2 point P wih espct OX and OY be (x, y) and with respect to OU and OV Fig. 4.7 ‘Then from geometry of fig. 4.7, we have u= ON = OR +RN=OR + MT x cosa ty sina and v=PN=PT-NT=PT-RM =ycosa—xsina Now moment of inertia of total area about U axis, Iyy = fr aa Jorcosa—xsiney?dagyna CO KR ART NAGAR 0.- 9691850316,9 174. Engineering Mechanics 2 sin? + cos? a+ x? sin? cr -2xy sina cosa) = Jip? cos? ada fx2sinta da fysin2aan jxncos? a + ly Sin? oe — Iygy sin 2oe ben) ty! 229) tuys bativy + XII co524--Ixy sin2a seni) Ixx =lyy 2 Ixx+lyy Ty = fo? aa = SSS And product of inertia of total area about UV, axes, cos2a+yysin2a (ii) tuy = Juvaa = {(xcosa-rysinay(ycosa—xsinayaa 2 2 asin? @)—x? sin ccosaty? sincccosa]dA = Jirrtcos fox = hy 2 Y-sin 2a. +I yy cos2a, ii) Equations (i), (i) and (fii) are the required equations of M1. and Pl. thas been observed that Iyu + lw = lx + ly = Constant. 0.10. Explain the following terms — @ Principal axis (Gi) Principal moments of inertia. (R.G.R¥, Dec. 2003) Ans. (i) Principal Axis ~ From any point in a given area an axis can be drawn through which moment of inertia is either greater or less than for any other axes passing through the given point. In fact there are always two perpendicular axes through which M.. of area is greater or less respectively. ‘These axes are called principal axes of inertia for an area. Axes for which the product of inertia is zero are called principal axes. As product of inertia of an area become zero for the axes of symmetry, therefore, axes of symmetry are the principal axes. There are two principal axes, namely — Major principal axis, and minor principal axis. Gi) Principle Moments of Inertia— Moment of inertia about a principal axis is called as the principal moment of inertia, For two principal axes (major and minor) there are two values of principal moments of inertia, which are RS Moment of Inertia 175 1916 Major (or maximum) principal moment of inertia, Ixx +h Ixx = a tne EEA [SEP sy 2 and minor (or minimum) principal moment of inertia, testy. [tact ; see (BOSE say? ein rt where Ixy = M.1. of given area about co-ordinate axis XX passing through the centroid = f yy = Mil of given area about co-ordinate axis VY passing through the centroid = [x?.dA Ixy = Product of inertia = fxydA, Q.11. How could you locate the principal axes ? Ans. At principal axes, the principal moment of inertia is either minimum or maximum, Thus to locate the position of principal axes differentiating Iyy ‘with respect to angle a and equating to zero, we get dlyy duu — 9 da. ex SI coe tay sin2a] n 2(~sin2a)~Ixy x2(c0s2a) = 0 Licx —lyy. in 2a) = Ixy - cos 2a. ai ) = by 2 or tan 20, = XY Tyy ~Ixx ‘The values of angle o: gives the position of principal axes. Q.12. Write short note on ~ Mass moment of inertia of solid bodies. ‘Ans, Solid bodies along with area also has mass, Second moment of inertia of such bodies is defined as mass moment of inertia, Mass moment of inertia is a measure of resistance that body offers to a change in its angular velocity. Consider a body of mass M, rotating about an axis.AA as shown in fig. 4.8. Let the distance of an elemental mass dM from axis be f. Then, moment of inertia of this elemental mass about axis AA will be =F dm176 Engineoring Mechanics Hence total mass moment of inertia of the body about axis AA will be tage ante? ‘ Now itis the mass moment of ineta of body about an Bil pag comes CONTE al Mk? b+ um where _k = Radius of gyration of body. Radius of gyration of a solid body may be defined as the distance at which entire mass M of the body is assumed to be concentrated Fig. 4.8 0.13. Discuss the method of determining mass moment of inertia of solid of revolutions. ‘Ans, Solid bodies lying in three dimensional space such as sotid rods, «¢@} cylinders, plates, sphere, cone et. are called solids of revolutions. Mass moment GFinortis of such solide of revolutions ean be determined as discussed below ~ Consider a solid body as shown in fig. 4.9 generated by revolution about Zanis, Leta thin plate of radius rand thickness dz be placed at a distance 2. Mass of this elemental plate, tim = Density « Area x Thickness =px mr x dz Thus, MA. of this plate about xy and 2 axes, passing through its centre of gravity, Fig. 4.9 ‘The mass moment of inertia of this elemental plate with respect to XX, YY and 2Z axes passing through origin can be obtained by using parallel axis theorem as dIxx = dh + dm 2 dlyy = dly + dm 2 dIzz = dl, + din 2? ‘Now by integrating above equations with respect to Z, the mass moment of inertia of given solid can be calculated. ‘Moment of inertia 177 i Prob.1. Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area with respect to each of the co-ordinate axes (fig. 4.10). iUMERICAL PROBLEMS | Fig. 4.10 (Govt, Engg. College, Raipur, 2003) Sol. The equation of the parabola is, yak? ‘The value of constant k can be determined by substituting the co-ordinates, (a, b) of a point on the curve in equation of parabola, i.e. b= kePorke 2 e ‘The equation of the curve, thus can be written as, bia Considering an elemental strip of height y and width dx as shown in fig. 4.11 Area of the elemental strip, da=y dx Distance of the centroid of elemental strip . from XX-axi iey= > ie y= > and distance of the centroid of elemental strip from YY-axis, i.e. x = x. 2 dA. (2) 2 Thus, M.I. of whole curve about XX-axis, toxe fan(Z) = B (2 ve coaneyen MI. of the strip about XX-axis Fig.4.11 de178 Engineering Mechanics Ans, M.1, of the strip about YY-axis = dAx? Thus, Ml. of the whole curve about YY-axis, ty Jaan? = f2.yax -f2(3 ix bp age Pf x9] Bf sn 3[e] 215 |, 5 ts aoe Prob. Determine by direct integrat termine by direct integration the moment of inertia o shaded area with respect to the y-axis. ¢ ideal sna aT b 3 ba: Ans, ———— ed Fig. 4.12 Sol. Given equation of curve is, CUTE 2005) y = kx" (i) ‘The value of constant k can be determined by substituting the co-ordinates (a, b) of a point on the curve in equation (i), b= kat or 5 ci) Now consider an elementary stri i c ntary strip of width dx, height y and at a distance x from origin (as shown in fig. 4.11). Area of this ‘elementary aa ‘is da = ydx " Moment of Inertia 179 Distance of centroid of elementary strip from y-axis. i MAL of the strip about y-axis = Ax? ‘Thus, ML. of the whole area about y-axis, Ans. Prob.3. Find the centroid of an inverted T-section with flange 60 mm * 10 mm and web $0 mm * 10 mm. Sol. The inverted T-section is shown in fig. 4.13. As section is symmetrical about YY-axis, its controid wil lie on this axis and we have to calculate only ¥ co-ordinate. Section is divided into two 10mm reactangles ABCH and DEFG as shown in » fig, 4.13. Let bottom of the section FE be the axis of reference. (Rectangle DEFG ‘Area, a,= 60 x 10 = 600 mm? 10 Smm waZ (ii) Rectangle ABCH 10 maf ‘Area, a= 50 < 10 mm = 500 mm? 50 yp = (10-52) 35mm Distance of centroid from bottom of the T-section is ayyptagyg _ 600x5+500x3 ara 600+ 500 Fig. 4.13 Ans. 8.64 mm Prob.4, Determine the moment of inertia of the composite figure as shown in fig. 4.14 about a horizontal centroidal axis.Moment of inertia 181 y 180. Engineering Mechanics bs 1 20mm KRISHNA C Lea ‘SMRITI Ni ‘wo. - 9691859316, p584601916 I + ¥ Fig. 4.14 Fig. 415 (Pt. Ravishankar University, Raipur, 2004) MI. of rectangle (2) about an axis passing through its C.G. and parallel to ‘Sol, Given section is symmetrical about vertical axis, thus its centroid will X-axis, on this axis. Let bottom of the section be axis of reference. i 125%(250)° _ 1697604167 mm* ‘Tsection can be splitted into two rectangles as shown in fig, 4.15 Gg 1 (Rectangle (1) Distance between C.G. of rectangle (2) and XX-axis, ‘Area, a) = 375 = 125 = 46875 mm? hg = y2- ¥ = 250 - 137.5 = 112.5 mm. 12s y= = 625mm : (ii) Rectangle (2) i Area, 2) = 250 * 125 = 31250 mm? ya > 125+7502250mm 2 f 2. CG. of the section will lie at anys tagy, _ 46875x625+31250%250 i ay +a 46875431250 137.5 mm Now M.l. of he rectangle (1) about an axis passing through its C.G, and parallel to horizontal centroidal axis, 375x* 3 275x029" 3518625 mt Distance between C.G. of rectangle (1) and XX-axis, hy ¥ -y, 21375 MAL of rectangle (1) about XX-axis, le, 7 62.5 = 75 mm Ixx, = IG, tayh? = 61035156.25 + 46875 (75)? = 324707031.3 mm* MAL. of rectangle (2) about XX-axis, Lyx = bxx, #Lxx, = 162760416.7 + 31250 x (112.5)? = 558268229,2 mm* ‘Thus, ML. of the whole section about XX-axis, Ixxp = IG, +agh} ~ 61035156.25 + 558268229.2 = 619303385.5 mm‘ = 619.3 * 10° mm‘ Ans. Prob.s. A semicircle of 50 mm radius is cut from a trapezium section shown in fig. 4.16. Find the centroid of the figure. 4.16182. Engineering Mechanics ‘Sol. As the section is symmetrical about YY-axis, therefore its centroid will lie on this axis, Let base of the trapezium be the axis of reference. (i) Trapezium ABCD. 400 Area, a) = J *150= 53500 mm? __ 150[ 40042300] 9) 499 mm ac vie SY Steaon 78 one Gi) Semi-circle AR oe se _2(50) 5997 m2 ae Area, ag = = SCO’ <3927mm? yO yo 2 =21.22 mm Now, distance of centroid from bottom of the section = = MYL A2¥2 _ $2500%71.428-3927 «21,22 ~~ ay=ay 525003927 75.48 mm Ans. Prob.6. A semicircular area is removed from the trapezoid as shown in fig. 4.17. Determine the centroid of the remaining area. T 100 © | — 100 mm —}-— 100 mm —} Fig. 4.17 (Govt, Engg. College, Raipur, 2003) Sol. Given area can be splitted into three sections, namely rectangle, triangle and a semicircle as shown in fig. 4.18, Let left face and bottom of the trapezoid be axes of reference. (Rectangle (1) Area, a, = 100 « 200 = 20000 mm? 20 ney 0 100mm Moment of neria 183 100 — 100 som yi~ 102 somn (i) Triangle 2) 1 > rea, ag = 2*200%50=5000 ram Cod ne se qe 220061535300 Loo® oh 3 oe y2= 10022-11667 mm (ii) Semicirete (3) 2 50)? =3027 mm? = Baer? = (50)? =3927 mm Area, a= 5 5x50) y= 100+ !0150mmm yye 4530929 mm 3 3K 3n Now distance between centroid of area and left face of trapezoid anni tags; —asxs x ay +az—a3 } (20000 x 100) + (5000 133.33) - (3927. ~ ~~ 2000+ 5000-3927 = 98.59 mm Fig. 4.18 and distance between centroid of area and bottom of the trapezoid, y= Bt Maye —23¥3_ Oo ay tap a3 (20000 x50) + (5000 116.67) ~ (3927x2122) —_ 3000+ 5000-3927 = 71.18 mn Ans.184, Engineering Mechanics Prob.7. Find the moment of inertia of the area obtained after removing a semicircle of radius 10 cm from a quadrant of a circle of radius 29 cm, about the x-axis. Fig. 4.19 (S.V.TLU., Nov/Dec. 2006) Sol. Let us first calculate the centroid of the section. As we need to determine only Ixx, thus, there is no need to calculate X. (i) Quadrant of circle 2 1 1 Area, ay = xr? = tx mx (20)? 4r_4x20_ 80, i a (ii) Semicircle = dur? = 4x (10)? =502 0m? Area, ay = 381? = Fx (10)? = 50 om 4r_4x10_ 40 oleeon er eae an Now distance between centroid of the section and x-axis, toon x 82 - son x 42 ae 3x 100n —30n pas eaee ie 0) 50m “8 ‘Moment of inertia of quadrant of circle about an axis passing through its centroid and parallel to x-axis, Ig, = 0.055 r4 = 0.055 x (20)4 = 8800 cm* Distance between its C.G. and x-axis, 40_ 80 _40 re Moment of Inertia 185 ML. of quadrant of circle about x-axis, at Lyx, = Io, barb? = #800. 100 (“2 (Gr = 14458.8 om? M.A. of semicircle about an axis passing through its centroid and paralle: to xaxis, Ig, = 0.11 4 = 0.11 = (10)4= 1100 cm Distance between its C.G. and x-axis. 40 40_ 80 = 8a xin dn Ml. of semicircle about x-axis, 2 80 lyon = !o, +a2h3 = 1100-4 50m (2) 7 = 12417.7 m4 Thus, M.L. of the whole section about x-axis, Ty © Lx (19)? = 33540000 mm* = 3354 = 10% mm* 19 mm Moment of inertia 197 Fig. 4.30 Sol. As the section-is symmetrical about YY-axis, therefore centorid of the section will lie on this axis. Let bottom of the section be the axis of reference. (@_ Semicircle xr? _ x x(60)? - 2 Similarly for semicircular hole, és e Area, a, = 7 COX = 5654.87 mn y 3 4r_ 4x60 Ig, = 0.11 (= ontx(22) = 687500 mm? Doh yim Fea S SR =2546mm 2 Res ee sine ax and hy = 94 = 21.22 = 72.78 mm Ae Gi) Rectangular Hole Mil. of semicircular hole about horizontal centroidal axis, Pee Area, ay = 40 x 20 = 800 mm? >) 2 Lyx = lo, +aaht & ya= Be1omm = 687500 + 3927 x (72.78? eo F : = 31488538 mm* = 2149 x 10 mm# s Distance between centroid of the section and its bottom, ‘Therefore, M.L. of the whole section about horizontal centroidal axis auy1-82¥2 Log = xx, “hex aya, = 3354 = 104 2149 x 104 _ (565487 x2546)~(800%10) 96 sy = 1205 « 104 mm* Ans. '5654.87—800 i Moment of inertia of semicircular section about an axis passin; a e 54 = O11 (A) = O.11 x (60)! = 1425600 mm lyy = lyyy -lyy, Distance between the C.G. of semicircular section and horizontal centroidal SCP aung axis, “re? hy = 28 — 25.46 = 2.54 mm MAL. of semicircular section about horizontal centroidal axis, _ 150% (1008 2. (100) of semicircular section about horizontal centroidal axis, ~ 12 ewe} Ixx, = Ig, +41! 12500000 ~ 2454370 = 1425600 + 5654.87 « (2.54)? = 1462083 mmt 0045630 mm* Similarly, for rectangular hole = 1004.563 * 10 mmé Ans. Prob.14, Find the moment of inertia of the section shown in fig. 4.30 about horizontal centroidal axis. (R.G.PV., Dec. 2003) te, = ba? _ 40%(20)* O12 12 and hy =28~ 10 = 18 mm = 2666667 mn* a198 Engineering Mechanics M.1. of rectangular hole about horizontal centroidal axis, yxy = bog +22b3 = 26666.67 + 800 x (18)? = 285866.67 mm* ‘Therefore, M.L. of the given section about horizontal centroidal axis, Tyx, ~Lxx, = 1462083 — 285866.67 = 1176216.33 mm* = 1176.2 x 103 mm4 Ans. bx Prob.15, Find moment of inertia of the area shown in fig. 4.31 about horizontal axis passing through C.G. of the area. (R-G.P.Y,, June 2004) Want I rn on Fig. 4.31 Sol, First of all we have to locate the position of centroidal axis passing through the C.G. of given area. There is no need to calculate X only ¥ will be suffice to give position of horizontal centroidal axis. Given area can be splitted into two sections, triangle and semicircle. Let bottom of the semicircle be axis of reference. @ Triangle Area, a, oh 80 x80=3200 mm? 2 ye 4048 66.67 mm (i) Semicircte 2 ax (4oy? rea ay = Ba PAO? 95433 nm? 4x40 2" Gn" ae mm ‘Moment of inertia 199 Distance between C.G. of given area and bottom of semicircle, ay tany2 ay tay 3200%6667425133%17 _ 44.99 mm 3200425133 Now, M11. of triangular section about an axis passing through its C. parallel to horizontal centroidal axis, Distance between C.G. of triangle and horizontal centroidal axis, hy = 66.67 ~ 44.82 = 21.85 mm MLL of given area about horizontal centroidal axis, Fxx, = Ig, taih7 = 1137777.8 + 3200 x (21.85)? = 2665530 mm* Similarly for semicircular section, Tey = 0.11 (f= 0.11 * (40)4 = 281600 mmt and hy = 44.82 — 17 = 27.82 mm Lyx, = Ig, +agh} 281600 + 2513.3 « (27.82) 1226774.6 mm* ‘Thus, M.I. of whole area about a horizontal axis passing through its C.G. Ixx = Lxxy +hxx, = 2665530 + 2226774.6 = 4892304.6 = 489.2 x 104 mm* Ans. Prob.16. Calculate moment of inertia of the section shown in fig. 4.32 about XY-axis passing through centroid.200. Engineering Mechanics ‘Sol. Given section can be splitted into three rectangles as shown in fig. 4.33. Let left face and bottom of the section be the axes of reference. 1} f* ——somm lq de . olf a Tara h00 min] Fig. 4.33 (Rectangle (1) ‘Area, ay = 160 * 40 = 6400 mm? x)= 20mm, 9 =40+ 42 = 120mm (ii) Rectangle (2) Area, 23 (ii) Rectangle (3) . Area, a, = 80 x 40 = 3200 men 160 + 20 = 280 mm, yy = 40+ 40 = 89 mm introid of the section and left face, 00 x 40 = 12000 mm? 150 mm, yz = 20 mm x ‘Thus, distance between BIN + 82%2 $833 ay rag tay 6400% 20 + 12000 150+3200%280 ~~ 6400-+12000+3200 130.74 mm and distance between centroid of the section and bottom face, ayy tapy2 taays, ay Fay +85 {6400 « 12! +12000x 2043200 x80 ~~~ @400+12000-+3200 = 58.52 mm Actual position of centroid is shown by point G in fig, 4.33 ‘Moment of inertia 201 . product of inertia of the entire The moment of inertia about XY-axis, i. section will be given by, Ixy = Egy i + Zaps OO -¥) 1, 2, 3 sections Product of inertia of individual sections about their centroidal axis where 1 ly I,y Will be zero for all sections because all of them are rectangles which are symmetrical about their own centroidal axis. Thus, Ixy = Eai(xj-X)(¥i-¥) fara -%) 1 ~¥)) + [a2 —%) (2 — +1833 —X) (y3 - ¥) = [6400 (20-130.74)(120-58:52)] +{12000 x (150-130.74) (20~5852)]+[3200x(280-130.74)(80-5852)] 43573089.28 + (— 8902742.4) + 10259535.36 ~ 42216296.32 mm* 422163 x 10° mm* Ans. Prob.17. Calculate moment of inertia of a 200 * 300 mm rectangle about an axis inclined at.an angle 8 to 300 mm side. Take sin 0 = 0.3, cos 0= 0.6. (R.G.RV., Dec. 2004) Fig. 4.34 Sol. Given figure can be reproduced as shown in fig. 4.35. Let OU and OV be the reference axes parallel to 200 mm and 300 mm sides of rectangle respectively. Then OX is the axis about which M.l. has to be calculated.202 Engineering Mechanics : =800%10° mm:* and Iyy = 0 + (300 x 200) » (150 x 100) 900 » 10 mm* ‘Angle of inclination of axis OX from horizontal axis is, a = 90° 0 = 90° 53.13 C: 6.87" @ = sin"! 0.8 = 53.13°) Now Mul. about axis OX is given by, ipeeeeroel tu tly 4 WAH cos 26 —Iyy sin 2a a 6 {18003-800) «10 + 800—800)»10° CEES) : 900 * 108 x sin (2 * 36.87%) (1300 + 500 » cos 73.74? — 900 x sin 73.748) * 108 = $76 = 10° mmt Ans. Prob.18, Determine the product of inertia of a right angle triangle with respect to the centroidal axes parallel (0 x and y-axes. y [N° Yep Fig. 4.36 (S.VTLU., Nov/Dec. 2006) Sol, Product of inertia of any figure with respect to x and y is given as Ixy * ly #aR¥ oi) where yy = Product of inertia of figure with respect to centroi a = Area of figure X = Distance of centroid of figure from y-axis J = Distance of centroid of figure from x-axis, ‘Moment of inertia 203 For ihe given right angle triangle, 1 a~ boss Now consider an elemental strip PQ of height y, thickness dx and at a distance x from y-axis, as shown in fig. 4.37, : ‘Area of this elementary strip =y dx The C.G. of this strip is (x3) Now from similar triangles ABC and QPC. er _ ac er X. =r h FS es Fig. 4.37 ye ig ‘Thus, product of inertia of triangle ABC with respect to x and y-axes, ter = foraone = fo MO=M gy Om ob204 Engineering Mechanics bh? b?h? b?h? hy 34° 872 Prob.19, Calculate the product of inertia Ixy about the centroidal axis {for the plane figure shown in fig. 4.38. hes Ans. mnt 250m 1smm_y 13m Fig. 4.38 Sol, Given plane figure can be divided into four sections such as (i) rectangle, (ii) triangle, (iii) circle, and (iv) semicircle. Circle and semicircle have to be removed as they are holes in it. Let us locate the centroid of the section first. Let left face and bottom of the section be axes of reference. @ Rectangle Area, a x (i) Triangle 1 - 2 Area, ay = 3 *15%30= 225 mm x i5e48<20mm, y= = ii) Circle Area, a5 = 7 xy = 7.5 mm, y3 = 22.5 mm (iv) Semicircle me Area, ay = —>~ ‘Moment of Inertia 205 xq= 7.5 mm 15 a( ) yar Ar A2 3x 3n Thus, distance between centroid of the section and left face, yxy +apx9—a3x3~a4Xq ar +ay—a3—a4 450% 754+ 225x20- 636x75-884%75 _ 159, 450+ 225-636-884 Paas and distance between centroid of the section and bottom face, y = Mit B2¥2 953 —a4ye a) +82 783 a4 450154225 10-636 x225~ 884x318 _ 555 450+ 225-636-884 ae Now product of inertia of whole section will be given by, Ixy = 2(lay i +Zaj(%) Oi -Y) where, i= 1, 2, 3, 4, sections Iy ~ Product of inertia of individual sections with respect to their own centroidal axis. For rectangle, circle and semicircle Ixy is zero as they are symmetrical about their centroidal axis. For triangle, 1. = bh? _ -(15)? x0)? a Gy 72 Now, let us find the values of aj(x;—¥)(¥j—J) @ For rectangle ay(X1 ~X) (y) ~ 9) = 450 * (7.5 — 12.87) x (15 ~ 13.93), ~ 2585.6 mm* 318mm =-28125mm4 (i) Fortriangle 82(X2 — X) (y2 —¥) = 225 * (20 — 12.87) x (10 — 13.93) = 6304.7 mm* ii) For circte a3(X3 ~ X) (y3 ~ 9) = 63.6 « (7.5 — 12.87) x (22.5 - 13.93) ~ 2926.9 mm* (iv) For semicircle ag(Xq ~X) (¥4 —¥) = 88.4 x (7.5 — 12.07) x (3.18 — 13.93) = 5103.1 mm* (2812.5) + [~ 2585.6 - 6304.7 ~ 2926.9 + 5103.1] ~ 9526.6 mm* ‘Ans. Ix206 Engineering Mechanics Prob.20, Determine the product of inertia of the Z section with respect to x and y axes. be Fe 0mm Fig. 4.39 (Govt. Engg. College, Raipur, 2003) ‘Sol. Given Z-section can be divided into three rectangles as shown in fig. 4.39. Let us first locate the centroid of the section. Let left face and bottom of the section be axes of reference, (@_ Rectangle (1) ‘Area, a, = 30 5 = 150 mm? x1 = 25422=40mm, yy, Gi) Rectangle (2) Area, a= 5 = 30 Gili) Rectangle (3) Area, ay = 5 * 30 = 150 mm? 30 x= Petsmm, y= 3543 Thus, distance between centroid of the section and left face, = UX +agX2 FA5X3 ay ay +a3 (150%40) + (150% 275) +(150%15) © 13041504 150 = 27.5 mm Moment of inertia 207 and distance between centroid of the section and bottom face, cat Tene ets yasys aj tag tay (15025) + (150% 20) + (150x375) 150+150+ 150 ays: 20 mm ‘Now product of inertia of the whole section will be given by. Ixy = Egy )i + Bay (xj -X)(y5 -¥) where i= 1, 2, 3, sections, |.y = Product of inertia of individual sections about their centroidal axis. Ixy will be zero for all sections because all of them are rectangles, which are symmetrical about their own centroidal axis. Ths, Eaj(xj-%)(4-9) ~ an ~ 8) (91 ~¥) +a2(%2 —¥ (¥2 ~ ¥) .03(%3 -%) (¥3-J) [150 (40-275)x(25~20)}+{150% (275-2755) (20-20)] + [150 x (15 ~ 27.5) « (37.5 ~ 20] 32812.5) = ~ 65625 mm* Ans. Prob.21. For the Z-section shown in fig. 4.40, determine the principal axes of the section about centroid and the values of principal moment of inertia. Ixy ~32812.5 +0 + ach + sens TREAT gnats 160 em bh hen i Fig, 4.40 (SVTU., May/June 2007) ‘Sol. To find principal axes and principal M.L., we have to find Ix and Ixy. Since given section is symmetrical about both XX and YY axes, therefore its centroid will lie at its geometrical centre, ic. 2 ~.2 ae ly = 1mm, ¥ =208 Engineering Mechanics Now to determine various Mil. divide the section into 3 rectangles as shown in fig. 4.41 Let left face and bottom of the section be reference. -}-— 2m — Hem Tee ¥ Fig. 4.41 MLL about XX-axis a (i) Rectangle (1) Wt sanyo lo, = and hy Tyo, = Ho, + 2rht = 27 + (12. 3) x (4.5)? = 756 emé (ii) Rectangle (2) 2x} Tym = 1a; = 2 = 36cm! (iii) Rectangle (3) Txxy = Lx, =756em* MLL. of whole section about XX-axis, hoe Trax, x +h A ipyh ball = 756 + 36 + 75 1548 cm* Sti. about Y-axis oi (@pRectangle (1) : toy = 2D a aszemt and. hy= 11-6 =5em the axes of Moment of inertia 209 ly = lo, taht = 492 + (12 3) x 6 = 1332 em* Gi) Rectangle (2) 6x0) yyy = 1a, = 52 =4 emt }) Rectangle (3) Tyys = Ivy, = 1332 m4 MA. of the whole section about Y-axis, Tyy = Iyy ty thyys = 1332 +4 + 1332 = 2668 m* MLL. about XY-axis _ Product of inertia of'the entire section, Igy = E(y)i tai - DOI -Y where i= 1, 2, 3 sections. Here I, will be zero for all three rectangles because all of them are symmetrical about their own centroidal axis. Therefore, Key = [ane 901 -D] + [2202-2 - YI +[a3(x3- G3 -] = [02«3) x (6-11) x 105 -6)] +[(6 x 2) «0% 0] {12x 3} x 6-1) x (15-6)] 1620 em* Principal Axes Direction of principal axes about centroidal axis is given by Ixy __, 2x(-1620) Tyy lx 2668-1548 ae 7 = 70.93° or — 35.46" or — 35.46° and 54.54" Ans. Principal M.1. Maximum prineipal moment of inertia, e i tax, ‘ (pxshx) +x)?210. Engineering Mechanics 7 ry 2 15484-2608 | | si 2068) 1620)? 2 Ww 2 = 2108 + 1714 = 3822 em? Ans. and minimum prineipal moment of inertia, (= teeth! (= y 2 = 2108 - 1714 Prob.22. Determine the moment of inertia about OX of the paraboloid of revolution shown in fig. 4.42 (a). y 194 emt Ans. Fig. 4.42 ‘Sol. The paraboloid is generated by the revolution of the parabola y* = kx about X-axis. A point on this parabola is (a, h) so that b= ka or k= ha ‘The elementary vertical strip AB as shown in fig, 4.42 (b) generates a dise of radius y and thickness dx so that its volume is ny’dx. If p be the density of the material, then the mass of the elementary disc is pry?dx. The total mass of the paraboloid ae [f ony2de= orf axa p ma2/2 MAL ofthe elementary diss about OX 1 2 MiLof the whole parabola about OX 1 4 pond. y?= PY dx Mr? 4 2g + omy yp mks bem fp oe hs Moment of Inertia 211 prk’a) _ kona? ka Bes 2S aves 3 tn? = imn’ 5 Ans. Prob.23. Determine the mass moment of inertia of a right circular cone with respect to an axis through the apex of the cone and perpendicular to its longitudinal axis (S.V.T.U., 2005) Sol. A right circular cone with apex O, base AB and longitudinal axis OC is shown in fig. 4.43, XX is the axis passing through the apex and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, about which mass moment of inertia of cone has to be determined. Let OC = h and AC = BC =r. Consider a thin disc PQ at a distance x from O and thickness dx. From similar triangles OPD and OAc, or Volume of elementary dist 1 Volume of cone, Vegreh If m be the mass of cone, then mass per unit volume m_ 3m Mass of elementary disc, 3m__ 3mxdx meh ne mpg =212 Engieaing Mctanic Now, MUL of elementary ase sbout its diameter PQ Teg = fas ais? 1 3mx? dx sy ao h 2 = 3x BE xd ax a Mass moment of inertia of elementary disc about XX-axi (l0pq = ro + mor? 2 mr? aay 5 3M A, = 3 hd + tax aS 3mr?_ 3m) 4 _ [om 28) Thus, mass moment of inertia of solid cone about XX-axis, 2 _ ph(3me? 3m) a box f (2 ag ston 3mr?_ 3m) ph og - (a af xtdx 0 3m? 3m) ne is +4h7) Ans. goa KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES IN MOTION Q.1. Write short note on ~ Kinematics and kinetics. (R.G.PV:, June 2005) Ans. The subject of engineering mechanics can be divided inte two branches ~ Statics and Dynamics. Statics deals with the study of forces and their effects produced on stationary bodies. While dynamics deals with motion of the rigid bodies and the forces producing this motion. Dynamics may be further sub- divided into kinematics and kinetics. ‘The study of the motion of the body without regard to its mass or to the forces acting on the body, is called kinematics. In other words, kinematics is the study of geometry and time dependent aspects of motion without considering the forces causing the motion. The word kinematics is derived from a greek word ‘kinema’ means motion. Kinematics deals with the determination of ion of body, its velocity and acceleration at any instant of time. Kinematics find its application in design of the trajectories of aircrafts, missiles, etc., and design of gears, cams, connecting rods, etc. Kinetics is that branch of mechanics which deals with the problems which require the determination of the effect of forces on the motion of a body, or conversely the forces causing certain motions. In other words. kinetics is the study of relations between the physical properties of the body (length, breadth, ‘mass, etc.), the physical forces acting on the body, and its resulting motion. Q.2. Define motion and its types. ‘Ans, When a body changes its position with respect to the time, itis said to be in motion. Almost everything in this universe is in motion, e.g. a car moves on earth’s surface, earth itself is in motion as it rotates at its own axis and move around the sun. The sun is also moving relative to other stars which in tum are moving in space. If the size of a bouy is negligible in comparison to its range of motion then that body is called as a particle, such as rockets, projectiles or different planets, can be considered as particles. ee:214 Engineering Mechanics Motion of a particle is always measured with respect to certain reference frame. If measurements are made with respect to a fixed reference frame, the motion is said to be aboslute. When measurements are made with respect to a moving reference frame, the motion is said to be relative. Depending upon the path traced hy the particle motion can be classified as @_ Reetitinear Motion ~ Motion of a particle along a straight line is called rectilinear motion (refer fig. 5.1) a 1 Rectilinear Motion Fig. Fig. 5.2 Curvilinear Motion (ii) Curvilinear Motion ~ Motion of a particle other than a straight line is known as curvilinear motion (refer fig. 5.2). Motion of a particle can also be classified as plane or spatial motion. Ifthe path of the motion of a particle lies ina plane, itis called as plane motion, «.2. the motion of a freeiy falling body. Ifthe motion of a particle is not conta ina plane, itis said to have spatial motion, e.g. motion of an aeroplane fs: at different heights and in different directions. Q.3. Derive equations of motion for a particle having rectilinear motion under uniform acceleration, Ans. Consider the motion of a particle under uniform acceleration beeween points © and P, as shown in fig. 5.3. es Fig. 5.3 Motion under Uniform Acceleration Let _u= Initial velocity at point O v = Final velocity at point P t= Time taken by particle to change its velocity from u to v a= Uniform acceleration 5 = Distance travelled in 1 seconds. Uniform acceleration or rate of change of velocity will be given as vou t at=v—u or veutat oii) (i) Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 215 Now distance travelled by particle int seconds will be given as 5 = Average velocity » Time usv) (CS) Substituting value of v from equation (ji), we get ss (SEB )a Equation (i) can also be written as, xt aa uty ta 3a eit) 2 w= (et) oftoef = (224) a) 2a Ca (=u) (ve) a 2 ras 2-e or vie u? + 2as iv) Equations (ii), (iii) and (iv) are combinely known as the equations of motion. IFinstead of uniform acceleration, there is a uniform retardation, equation Gi, Gi) and (iv) will become as unat se ut~sat? 2 and v = 2as If instead 6f having horizontal motion, the particle is falling freely from a height or projected verticclly upwards, it will move under the uniform acceleration or retardation due to gravity of earth. Thus, equations of motion can be written as, user 1 he= utter? vi= 4 gh where h = Vertical distance traversed by the particle. is taken positive above ‘ground level and negative below ground level. Q-4. State ant! explain Newton’s laws of motion. Ans, There are three laws which has been given by Newton for linear motion, These laws are as follows216 Engineering Mechanics Newton's First law of motion states, “every body First Law ~ - unless it is acted continues its state of rest or uniform motion ina straight line, external force”. “Pon ne aw also sometimes called as Prinlple of Inertia as body continues its state of rest or uniform motion due to its inertia. : ; For example, if a book is lying on a table it will remain at rest until it is lifted by some external force. Similarly, ifa body is moving in a straight line it will continue its motion (provided there is no friction) unless it is stopped by some external force. (ii) Second Law — It states, “the rate of change of momentum (or acceleration) is directly proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction of straight line in which the force acts.” Consider a body moving in a straight line. Let_m = Mass of the body v= Velocity of the body F = Force acting on the body. ‘As we know, momentum is the product of mass of a body and its velocity. ‘Then, according to the Newton's second law of motion, we have a ce S¢mvy Foc a (my) 4 p= kL (mw F= k2 (mw) ‘As mass of the body remains constant, thus, av av F= km&Y =kma G at "dt ) where k is a constant of proportionality, whose value depends upon the units chosen, If unit of the force be so chosen that unit force acting on unit mass produces unit acceleration, then from equation (ii), k=1 Rs F=ma nit) Ifa number of forces acting on the body then equation (ii) can be written as, EF=ma where ZF = Resultant of all external forces. In S.L. units force is measured in Newtons. A Newton can be defined as the force which while acting upon a body of mass of 1 kg, produces an acceleration of 1 m/sec2, in the direction in which it acts. If in equation (i) F becomes zero, then Sew =0 or my = Constant Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 217 Hence a body continues to move with constant momentum when there is no external force. This shows that the first law is a particular case of the second law. (iti) Third Law ~ It states, * and opposite reaction.” Here action is the force which causing the motion and reaction is the force which is equal in magnitude to the applied force but acts in opposite direction. For example, when a bullet is fired from a gun, it moves out with a great velocity, and the reaction of the bullet in opposite direction, gives an unpleasant shock to the man holding the gun. every action there is always an equal @.5. Write short notes on work, power and energy giving relation between them. (RG.PV., Feb. 2005) Ans. Work ~ When a force acts on a body and causes it to move some distance, work is said to be done by the force. Work done by a constant force is equal to the product of the force and displacement of its point of application in the direction of force as shown in fig. 5.4 (a). Mathematically, work done by the force Force * Distance moved W.D. = Fx When the body does not move in the direction of force as shown in fig, 5.4(b), work done by force F is given as W.D. = Component of force in the direction of motion x Distance moved W.D. = F cos 0 x x (@ (b) Fig. 5.4 Work done is usually measured in N-m, which can be defined as the work done by a force of | Newton to displace a body through I m. It is also called as Joule (J). Hence | Joule = 1 N-m Sometimes a force instead of being actually displacing a body may cause extension or compression of a spring or it may stretch the body or it may Penetrate into the body. In all such cases force is assumed to be variable and average force forthe purpose of calculating work done is taken as half ofthe force. a Ce219. Engineering Mechanics Power — Power may be defined as the rate of doing work. It is generally used to measure the performance of engines. Mathematically, Power = Work done per second en Force x Distance Time es shh ASE tsh® = Force » Distance Sue 6.9 Time 085 Force Velocity yyQs" Fv The force and velocity should be in same direction, In S.L. units power is measured in watts (W), which is equal to 1 N-m/s or 1 i. In metric units power is measured in horse power, which is equal to 746 W, ie. T | | I hp. = 746 W or 0.746 kW Energy ~ Energy may be defined as the capacity of doing work. It is the product of power and time. In S.1. units it is expressed in N-m or J (same as that of work done). Energy may exists in various forms such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, heat, light, etc. Mechanical energy again can be classified into following types — (Potential energy (ii) Kinetic energy. | (Potential Energy — Potential energy, is the energy possessed by a body, by virtue of its position with respect to any given reference or datum. This is also known as the position or datum energy. Work done in raising a body of mass m to a height h above the datum level is = Weight of body = Vertical height (mg) x h = mgh ‘This work done is stored in the body as potential energy, i.e. PE. = mgh ‘This body when falling on earth’s surface can do some useful work equal to mgh. Gi) Kinetic Energy — Kinetic energy, is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its mass and velocity of m Ifa body of mass m, moving with a velocity v, then kinetic energy of the body is given as, KE. | Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 219 9.6. Explain D’Alembert’s principle. How is it applied in solving problems related to dynamics ? (RG.PY, June 2005) Or What is D’Alembert’s principle ? (RG.BY, Dec. 2002) Or Explain D’Alembert’s principle. How does it differ from Newton's law ? Ans. Problems of dynamics can be solved by Newton's second law of motion which correlates the external forces acting on a body to the acceleration produced as a result of these forces. Analtemnative approach for solving such problems is given by D’Alembert in 1743, which is known as D’Alembert’s principle. This principle permits the solution of problems of dynamics by the method of statics. It states, “if'a rigid body is acted upon by a system of forces, this system may be reduced to a single resultant force whose magnitude, direction and line of action may be found out by the method of statics.” According to Newton’s second law of motion, we have EF=ma @ This eqaution can also be written as IF -ma=0 Ci) Here the equation (i) is equation of dynamics, while equation (ji) isan equation Of statics. In this equation the body is considered to be in equilibrium under the action of the real forces EF and the additonal force ma added to the system. This additional force ma is called inertia force and it acts in a direction opposite to that of acceleration. Due to this inertia force, body comes in a state of equilibrium and this artificial state of equilibrium is known as dynamic equilibrium. Thus apparent transformation of problems of dynamics to the problems of staties by introducing inertia force in a direction opposite to the direction of acceleration is known as D’Alembert’s principle o: principle of kinostatics. Q.7. Write short note on — Work-energy principle, Ans. Consider a boy of mass m which is initially at rest, subjected to an uniform acceleration force F and after covering a distances, its velocity becomes v. Now work done on the body, W.D.6 Fx But from Newton’s second law, we have Fema W.D. = mas Now from equation of motion, v2 =u? + 2as v2 = 2as220. Engineering Mechanics A SMRITI NAGAR or as= 5 ‘Substituting value of as in equation (i), we get, w.p.= dmv? LD.= 5 This work done on the body is equal to kinetic energy possessed by the body, hence = dmv? KE= 5 Ifinstead of being at rest body is moving with an initial velocity u and due to work done its velocity becomes “. Then work done due to force F will be given as Ly? Amu? wd.= 5 i or W.D. = (KE), ~ (KE) W.D.=A (KE) Hence, we can conclude that the work done by a force on a body in moving it through a distance is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. This is known as the work-energy principle. 0.8. Explain the following — () Conservation of energy (i) Impulse and momentum. (R.G.RV, Dec. 2004) ‘Ans. () Conservation of Energy ~ According to the principle of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to other. For example, output of a machine is always found to be less than its input. This is due to the reason that some amount of energy is used to overcome the machine friction. This energy although cannot do any usefull work, has not been destroyed, this energy converts into the heat energy at the bearings and other rubbing surfaces. ‘The principle of conservation of energy can also be stated as, “when a body moves under the action of conservative system of forces, the sum of its kinetic and potential energies remains y constant throughout its motion.” Consider a body of mass m is held at a height h as shown in fig. 5.5. Now consider the body is dropped from A, and B and C are the positons of body at different times. Now we will determine the total energy possessed by the body at all three positions. KRISHNA coprer$ MO. - 9691859316, 9584601916 1 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 224 Energy at A Potential energy of the body at A will be, E. = :agh and kinetic energy = 0 (as there is no velocity) . Total energy, Eq = PE. + KE. = mgh + 0 = mgh ) Energy at B As at B, Body has fallen through a height y, thus at B, its potential energy will be, = mg (h—y) A poi velo or the body can be found by equation of motion, vi=u? + 2gs \ v2=0+2gy or ~ ve y2ey Hence kinetic enefgy of the body, ‘. Total energy Ey ~ PE. + K.E. mg (h— y) + mgy mgh Gi) Energy at C At position C, the potential energy of the body will be zero as it is at the ground, ic. PE.=0 Velocity at point C, will be Veh Liye t KE.= pry? =m@gh)=mgh Thus, total energy, Ee = PE. + K.E. =0+ mgh = meh ii) As we can see from equations (i), (i) and (iii), the total energy possessed by a body remains constant at all positions, This proves the principle of conservation of energy. (i) Impulse and Momentum — The impulse of a force on a body in a given time is equal to the product of the average force and the time during which it acts. Mathematically, Impulse = F x t222 Engineering Mechanics ‘The product of mass and velocity of a body is known as its momentum. Itean also be defined as the total motion possessed by the body. Mathematically, ‘Momentum = Mass * Velocity = mv This is also called as finear momentum and measured in kg-m/sec. Consider a high magnitude force acting on a body for a very smalll interval of time. Let m = Mass of the body F = Force acts on the body 8? dt = Duration of time for which force acts coPia a= Acceleration produced by the body. anh Pe ne Now from Newton's second law, we have y QS? ant Wo, Fama rane dy a Fem 0° at Fdt = mdv Integrating both sides from an final position at t, when velocity is v2, 2 J Fdt =m (v,-v)) 1 ial position at t) when velocity is vy to 2 Fat = my, - my ky - “ ° Fdt = hy inal momentum — Initial momentum o Here, the quantity SP Fat is known as the impulse, hence 1 Impulse = Change in momentum This relation is known-as the dmpulse-momentum principle. 2.9. Explain law of conservation of momentum.(R.G.PY., Dec. 2004) Ans. Law of conservation of momentum states, “if the resultant of external forces acting on a Body or system of bodies is zero, then the linear momentum of the body or system of bodies remains constant both in magnitude and direction.” ‘According to Newton's second law of motion, a force is required to produce change in momentum. If there is no force the momentum will remain same. Mathematically, ~ a F= g-(mvy) sett Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 223 4 IF =0, then “(mv =0 ae or my = Constant or yyy = mvp If'two bodies of mass m, and my having velocities v; and v» respectively, ‘comes in contact for a small period. At the end of contact they will have the velocities v', and v’, respectively. Then according to law of conservation of momentum. myyy + mg = myv, + MV Law of conservation of momentum finds applications in problems related with rocket and jet propulsion, recoil of gun and collision of elastic bodies. Q.10. Under what circumstances Newton's laws of motion applicable ? When would you prefer the work-energy and impulse-momenturn formulation ? (RG.RY, June 2003) Ans. Newton's first and third iaws of motion are extensively used in solving problems related to Statics, where body is at rest, while Newton's second law of motion is used to solve the problems of Dynamics, where an externally applied force produces acceleration in the body. Work-energy principle is used to solve problems of dynamics of rigid bodies, which involves force, mass, velocity and distance. In this method there is no need to determine acceleration of the body and problem can be solved directly. Impulse-momentum principle is used to solve problems involving force, ‘mass, velocity and time. This principle is particular'y useful in solving following two particular types of problems ~ (i) When the force F is not known, or cannot be measured directly, eg. ina sudden blow of hammer. In this case duration of impact is very small, and hence the force during the impact is very large. (i) When the impressed force is so large, that it produces the permanent deformation in the body to which, it is applied. Energy which is fost to produce deformation cannot be calculated exactly, hence principle of conservation of energy cannot be applied to solve such problems. Q.11. Define angular momentum and state principle of conservation of angular momentum. Ans. The product of mass moment of inertia and angular velocity of a rotating body is known as angular momentum or moment of momentum, If be the moment of inertia of a body rotating at an angular velocity of o, then angular momentum of the body is =Lo224 Engineering Mechanics,. Principle of conservation of angular momentum states, “if a system of two rotating bodies are brought in contact for a short time period, and no external torque is applied to the system during this time, then resultant angular impulse on the system is zero.” Iftwo bodies having moments of inertia 1, and I, are rotating with angular velocites «; and a respectively, are brought in contact for a short period. And at-the end of the period of contact their velocities become 0’, and a'; respectively, then from principle of conservation of angular momentum, we have Hoyt loz = ho!) + ho’ Q.12. Write short note on the following ~ (Q Angular imputse-momentum principle (ii) Kinetic energy of rotation, Ans. () Angutar Impulse-momentum Principle ~ Consider a body of mass moment of inertia 1 initially rotating at speed «, rad/s, and due to a torque applied its speed changes to , rad/s. Thus, for rotary motion torque can be defined as, “the rate of change’of angular momentum with respect to the time.” Mathematically, ‘Torque = Change in angular momentum alae Time Jo ~1oy t or Myt = log ~ lo, where t= Time taken to change the velocity. In this equation, the term M,. t is known as the angular impulse. Thus, ‘Angular impulse = Change in angular momentum This is known as the angular imputse-momentum principle. (ii) Kinetic Energy of Rotation — Kinetic energy of rotation can be defined as the energy possessed by a body due to virtue of its motion of rotation. Considera rigid body rotating, about O as shown in fig. 5.6. Let dm be the elementary ‘mass of the body which is at a distance r from the O and rotating at an angular velocity ©. Then tangential velocity of Rigid Body Fig: 5.6 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 225 elementary mass dm will be given as, vero Now kinetic energy of the elementary mass, 1 Mass x (Velocity)? = dxdmxv? 2 = ; xd x (10)? Now K.E. of the whole body can be obtained by integrating the above equation. Hence, KE f5dm(ro)? = Jo? fam Moment of inertia of the body about O. wee foam + [[NUMERICAL Prob.1. Two cars are travelling towards each other on a single lane road at velocities 12 m/s and 9 nus respectively. When 100 r2 apart, both drivers realise the situation and apply their brakes. They succeed in stopping simultaneously and just short of colliding. Assume constant retardation for ‘each car, determine — (Time required for cars to stop (ii) Retardation of each car (ili) Distance travelled by each car while slowing down. (R.G.RY,, Dec. 2003) Sot. Given, velocity of first'car, u, = 12 mis Velocity of second car, u, = 9 mis Total distance covered by both cars, s) +s) = 100 m (Time requied for cars to stop As both cars stops simultaneously so time taken by both the cars will be same, let it be t seconds. Final velocities of both the cars will be zero, i. y=0 urat vy uy at O= 12-at 2 Applying equation For first car, [- ve sign due to retardation)226 Engineering Mechanics and for second car, v= uy + ant ona or ai=8 Now applying equation “@ For first car, sp = = 121-La@ye 2 1 = td ion @ pce [From equation ()] = 12-61 = 6t i) and for second ear. = ugt—Lagt? = 2 sa> uat—gant = o1-Haade foeal - FO) [From equation (ii)] / iv) ‘Adding equations (iif) and (iv), we get spt s)* 64 et 21 100 = > i zt (Given 5; + 52 = 100 m) t= 9.524 seconds (i) Retardation of each car = Retardation of first car [From equation (i)], ayt= 12 ay * 9.524 = 12 or a; = 1.26 m/s? |. Ans. Retardation of second car [from equation (ii)], “ ayt=9 a) * 9.524 = 9 or a; = 0.945 mis* i: . Ans. (it) Distance travelled by each car is Distance travelled by first car [from equation (ii)}, / 8,5 6t=6 x 9.524 = 57.14 m Distance travelled by second car, a 527 100~s = 100 ~ 57.14 = 42.86 m Ans. Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 227 Prob.2. A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity 20 m/s from the top of a tower 25 m high. Calculate ~ @) The maximum height to which the stone will rise in its light. (ii) Velocity of stone during its downward travel at @ point in the same level as point of projection. ii) Time requierd for the stone to reach the ground. Take g = 10 ms. (R.G.PV,, June 2005) Sol. Given, 10 ms? (Maximum height of fight When stone reaches at maximum height, Hence by using equation, 2a 2 —2gh (ve sign is due to upward motion) (0)? = Qo -2* 10 xh (207 7 h 20 (ii) Velocity of stone during. downward travel ‘The velocity of stone during its downward travel at a point in the same level as point of projection will be equal to the velocity of projection, ie. 20 mis. Ans. ‘Gii) Time required to reach the ground ‘Total time required for the stone to reach the ground will be equal to the sum of the time taken during upward travel and time taken during downward travel. ‘Time taken for upward travel can be given by equation v= uy et vy=uy _ 0-20 ay 0 Time taken for downward travel can be given by equation, its velocity will become zero. 20m Ans. t Lie he utsset ze (25 + 20)= Oxty +Ex10%15 45= short} =9 te t=35 Thus, total time for stone to reach ground, teytyr2t3= Ss sht is 20 KN moves at the rate of 60 km/h. Prob.3. A train whose weigh “After brakes are applied, it is brought to rest in 480 m. Find the force exerted, assuming it to be constant. Ans.228 Engineering Mechanics ‘Sol. Given, W = 20 KN v=O. Applying equation of motion vi =u + 2as or 0 = (16.67) + 2a x 480 960 a= - (16.67)? = — 277.89 27789 "960 10 * 10° N, u= 60 km/h = 16.67 m/s, s = 480 m, = = 0289 m/s? (ve sign is due to retardation) 103 20210" 0289 = $89.8KN Ans. Force acting, F eS (O8 Prob.4. A motorised boat of mass 20 tonnes drifts in towards a dock at a speed of 2 m/s after its engine has been cut-off. If the resistance offered by the water is 50 Nitonne, find the distance the boat will travel before coming to rest. Sol. Given, m = 20 tonnes = 20000 kg, u= 2 m/s, v= 50 « 2 |, F = 50 Ntonne ~ 1000 N, (~ve sign indicates force opposing the motion). Force, Fema ~ 1000 = 20000 » a —1000 2 31000 _ 005 mi 20000 005" (ve sign indicates retardation) ‘Now applying the equation, v2= w+ 2as O= (2) #2 x 0.05) x5 or O1s=4 4 or Prob.5. A truck of mass 1.5 tonnes is moving on a level track and then climbs a hill having an inclination of 30°, with the horizontal. At 50 m up the inclined plane, when it is moving at 30 km/h, the engine stops working and brakes are not applied. If track resistance is 100 Ntonne, find the following ~ (@ Distance travelled by the truck up the hill after the engine stops. Gi) Velocity and acceleration of the truck when it is coming down. (iii) Retardation of the truck on the level track. (iv) Distance travelted by the truck on the level track before coming Om Ans. to rest. Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion. -229 ‘Sol. Given, 0 = 30°, u = 30 km/h = 8.33 m/s, m= 1.5 tonnes 1.5 * 1000 = 1500 kg, R = 100 Nitonne = 100 = 1.5 = 150 N. / () Distance travelted by the truck up the hill affér the engine stops Even after the engine stops truck will move up on hill for a certain distance due to its inertia of rotation. Various forces acting on the truck as shown in fig. 5.7, are as follows — (a) Frictional resistance R acting downward, i.e. R = 150 N. (b) Component of weight along the hill acting downwards, Wy = mg sin 8 = 1500 x 9.8 x sin 30° = 7350 N (c) Component of weight perpendicular to the ‘ill, Wy = mg cos 0 = 1500 * 9.8 x cos 30° = 12730.6 N Now total resistance force acting against the upward motion of the truck, F=R + Wx = 150 + 7350 = 7500 N 1500 g cos 30° Fig. 5.7 As this force is acting opposite to the moti Thus, from Newton's second law, F=ma ~ 7500 = 1500 = a hence it will be taken ve, (ve sign is due to retardation) Now applying equation of motion, 2+ 2as 8.33)? +2 x (5) xs (Final velocity, v= 0) (8.33)? = 69.39 3.939 m Ans. Ral or 10s aee 230. Engineering Mechanics (ii) Velocity and acceleration of truck when it is coming down After stopping on the hill, truck will start to move downwards due to its weight. In this case frictional resistance will act in upward direction (opposite to the direction of motion). Hence Net downward force, F, = 7350 ~ 150 = 7200 N Now from Newton’s second law of motion, F, = ma, 7200 = 1500 « ay .8 m/s? Ans. In this case initial velocity will be zero, ie. u, = 0 and total distance travelled by truck during its downward movement will be, 1 = 50 + 6,939 = 56.939 m Applying equation of motion, v} = up +205; (vp)? = (OF +2 * 4.8 x 56.939 (yy)? = 546.61 or vy = 23.4 mvs Ans. (iii) Retardation of the truck on level track On level track total force acting on the truck is due to frictional resistance, hence F,=R=~150N (-ve sign indicates that it opposing the motion) From Newton's second law, we have : ao Hence retardation is 0.1 m/s, Ans. (iv) Distance travelled on the level track before coming to rest In this case initial velocity of the truck will be, uy = vy = 23.4 mis ‘and final velocity v2 = 0 Applying equation of motion, vi = ub +2ay8 23.42 +2 x —0.1 *.8 or 0.2 s2= (23.4)? = $47.56 s 2737.8 m Ans. Kinematies of Rigid Bodies in Motion 231 | Prob.6. Two blocks A and B are released from rest on a 30° incline, | when they are 18 m apart. The coefficient of | Priction under the upper block A is 0.2 and that | “under the lower block B is 0.4. In what time | block A reaches the block B? After they touch and move as a single unit, what will be the constant force between them ? Weights of block A and B are 100 N and 80 N respectively. Fig. 5.8 (S.UTU., Nov/Dec. 2006) Sol, Given, distance between blocks = 18 m, @= 30", a = 0.2, ig = 0.4, Wa = 100 N, Wp = 80 N. (D Time taken by block A 10 reach block B Let t be the time in seconds taken by block A to reach block B. Distance travelled by block A in time 1, ee sa Yatt Saat 1 ordatatea® Ga =0 and distance travelled by block in time t, 1 2 sp = Matt sant” = pant Fig. 5.9 Let Ra and Rg be the normal reactiors acting on the blocks A and B respectively. Considering equilibrium of block A. Resolving forces normal to the inclined plane, we get Raz Wa cos 30° = 100 x cos 30° = 86.6 N232 Engineering Mechanics and resolving forces along the inclined plane, we get Wasin30h = Fa + ma anita + Mag 100 100 0° = 0.2 x 86.6 981 LA “a ‘Now considering equilibrium of block B. Resolving forces normal to the inclined plane, we get Rg = We cos 30° = 80 cos 30° = 69.28 N and resolving forces along the inclined plane, we get Ww, Wo sin 30° = Fy * mgae =n Ret WE an 380 sin 30° = 04x 6928+ 5 80 sin 30° = 0.4 x 6' oat 40 = 27.71 + 8.15 ag ay 1.1 mvs? ~~ ‘Thus, distance travelled by block A in time t, ats Lesa = and distance travelled by block B in time t, Uae? = xctste? 075512 sy = gant? =p x15? =0755¢ Now difference of distances travelled by blocks A and B is equal to the original distance between the blocks, s,—8p 718 1.605 1? ~ 0.755 2 = 18 0.85 2 1 = 4.6 seconds Ans. (ii) Contact force between blocks After 4.6 seconds, blocks will move together as a single unit with acceleration a, as shown in fig. 5.10 (forces acting along the inclined plane are shown only). Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 233 Fig. 5.10 Resolving forces along the inclined plane, we get (Wa + Wa) sin 30°= Fy + Fy + (ma +mg)a (Wa + Wp) sin 30°= way + UpRy + (% Mo)a g g 981" 981 90 = 17.32 + 27.71 + (10.19 + 8.15)a or 18.34a = 44.97 a= 2.45 mis? Now let Fc be the contact force between the blocks. This force will be of compressive nature. Now considering dynamic equilibrium of block A, we get Wa sin 30°F, my a—Fo=0 or Fo =Wa sin 30°—Fa—maa = Wa sin 30° nay - Waa . = 100 sin 30° 0.2 x 86,6 ~ 1% 2.45 v81 = 50 —17.32~24.97=7.71N Ans. Prob.7. Two blocks A and B are held on an inclined plane 5 m apart as shown in fig. $.11. The coefficients of friction between tite blocks A and B and the inclined plane are 0.2 and 0.1 respectively. If the blocks begin to slide down the plane simultaneously, calculate the time and distance trvelled by each block before collision. Fig. 517 (SVIEU, May/dune 2007) ‘Sol, This problem can be solved in a similar way as discussed in Prob.6. ‘The answers will be as follows — Ans.234 Engineering Mechanics Prob.8. Two weights 80 N and 20N are connected by a string as shown in fig. 5.12 and are twing on a rough horizontal plane of coefficient off friction 0.3. A force of 40.N is applied horizontally on the 80 N weight, Find ‘the velocity of the system after 2 seconds using impulse momentum principle. What is the tension in the string ? oN” oN Fig. 5.12 (S.UT.U., May/June 2007) Sol. Given, F = 40 N. W, = 80 N, Wz = 20 N, p= 0.3. jing to impulse-momentum principle, Impulse = Change in momentum, Since initially the system was at rest, therefore & (22222) (So e 40 x 2= (“ex * Yoo + oat ) \ v= 7.84 m/s ‘The normal reactions on weights W, and W, respectively. Let Ry and Ry T= Tension in the string, a= Acceleration of the weights. Various forces acting on both the weights are shown in fig. 5.13. R, Ry son BR & GS Hence equation (i Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 235 Applying D'Alembert’s principle to first weight, we get Wa Four, - MP9 g Now applying D*Alembert’s principle to second weight, we get Wa T=R2-—2" = 9 mc zg ii) Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get Wa Wa F-uR, ~uRy eee) Fe HOR) + Ra) ZW + Wa) =o Resolving forces vertically for both the weights, we have > Ry = Wy and R, = W, can be written as, F- nw + Wa) E04 + Wa) Putting values, we get 400.3 (80 +20) ~ "(80 +20) = « ) 557 (80+ 20) 40-30-2100 ost a Putting value of a in equation (ii), we get 4 20x 0.981 T— (03 x 20)- = SEl i 981 T-6-2=0 T=8N Ans. Prob.9. A lift has an upward acceleration of 2.94 mvs?. What pressure will @ man of mass 80 kg exer: on the floor of the lift ? Solve the problem first by using Newton's second law of motion and then D’Alembert's principle. Sol. Given, a= 2.94 m/s, m = 80 kg, (By Using Newton's second law of motion According to Newton's second law, accelerating force na = 80 * 2.94 = 235.2N Total pressure exerted by a man of mass 80 ky on the floor “f lift Weight of the man + Accelerating cei 4 ASUNA COP 236 Engineering Mechanics SMRITI NGG 5 amg + F +7 2691859318. 962 = 80 «9.8 + 235.2 = 784 + 235.2 = 1019.2 N Ans. (ii) By using D’Alembert’s principle L.4 Net force acting on the lift as shown in fig. 5.14.5 woz mat EF=T- mg Hence by D’Alembert’s principle, we have ee EF — ma T—mg-ma=0 | TP — (80 x 9.8) ~ (80 x 2.94) = 0 = T- 784 -235.2=0 fa T= 1019.20 Fig. 5.14 Ans. T= 1019.2N or Prob.10, A drum which has radius of gyration 300 mm and mass 185 kg, is supported by means of ‘Small hubs which rests in bearings. A rope which is being wrapped around the drunt carries a load of 100 hg on its free end as shown in fig. 5.18. Neglecting friction in the bearings, determine the acceleration “of the load, the angular acceleration of the drum and the tension in the rope. Use D’Alembert’s principle. CT] ms ‘Sol. Given, M = 185 kg, k = 300 mm = 0.3 m, ; m= 100 kg, r= 375 mm = 0.375 m (from figure). Fig. 5.15 The free body diagrams of drum and Toad are shown in fig, 5.16. “Applying D*Alember’s principle to the load, we have EF -ma=0. mg-T-ma m(g-a)-T=0 100(9.8—a)-T=0 fi) Now applying D’Alembert’s principle for rotating drum, we have ; 0 | ‘ =M,-l. (Tx) (MR) = 0 100 ks (t * 0.375) - (185 * 37] a= 0 0.375 T- 16.65 = 0 Fig. 5.16 Kinomatics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 237 Now as we know, linear acceleration a=ra=0375 a ‘Substituting value of a in equation (i), we get 100 (9.8 - 0.375 a)~T=0 980 -37.5a-T=0 or T= 980 -37.5 0 Substituting. value of T in equation (ii), we get 0.375 (980 ~ 37.5 a) ~ 16.65 a = 0 367.5 ~ 14,0625 a — 16.65 a = 0 367.5 — 30.7125 a= 0 or 30.7125 a= 367.5 3675 2 x Sopag 7 12 ads’ Ans. ni a= ra = 0.375 x 12= 4,5 m/s? Substituting value of a irr equation (i), we get “se 100 (9.8 - 4.5)-T =0 100 x 5.3-T=0 T=530N Ans. Probl. A right circulat cylinder of mass m is. ; eh ci suspended from a cord that &© wound around ts circumference. Ifthe cylinder i allowed to fall rely, find ¢ acceleration of ts mass centre G and tension in the cord (fig. 5.17). Fig. 5.17 (Govt. Ens i Sol. Net downward force on the ee 5 Coleg, Relea, 0) ZF =mg—T Let acceleration of cylinder mass centre be a, then inertia force = ma According to D’Alembert’s principle, EF -ma=0 mg-T~ma=0————— 238 Enginoering Mechanics or T=mg—ma “ Now considering motion of the cylinder, ‘Turning moment producing rotation, ; M=T xr where r = Radius of cylinder. MAL of rotating cylinder, KRISHNA COPIERS I= mi? ‘SMRITI NAGAR — | where k = Radius of gyration of cylinder. Mo, - 9691859316, 9584601916 ‘Angular acceleration of eylidner, “-t [Applying D*Alembert’s principle for eylinder, we get M,-1a=0 Tr - me. =0 t or T= mk? Gi) Equating equations (i) and (i), we get =-—8, Ans. ag oS | Substituting value of a in equation (i), we get amg 2 mk?g Ans. eo? reek? ws Prob.12. A cord is wrapped around a homogeneous disk of radius r= 0.5 m and mass m= 15 kg. If the cord is pulled upward with a force T of magnitude 180 N, determine — (D The acceleration of the centre of the disk (ii) The angutar acceleration of the disk. (SV.TU., 2005) Sol. Given, ¢ = 0.5 m, m= 15 kg, T= 180 N. Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 239 Let_a= Acceleration of the disk Angalar acceleration of the disk. () Acceleration of the centre of disk Net force acting on the reel, EF = T~mg According to D'Alembert’s principle, EF—ma =0 mg -ma =0 180-15 «9.81 ~15 xa =0 180~ 147.15-15a=0 15a = 32.85 a= 2.19 mis? Ans. (ii) Angular acceleration of the disk Angular acceleration is given by, 249 ks 7 = 9.81 ~ 75 » (sin 30° ~0.25 « c08 30") x 28% (75)? = Lerecssens 5)?| Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Monon Z49 248 Engineering Mechanics But W.D. = AK.E. 1460 ~ 7875 = — 108.3 S? 1 or gz= 28415 _ 592336 or v2 = 2g8 (sin 0 - 4 cos 0) — 108. = Ans = 29.81 «05 (in 30° 0.2 608 309) - ~ = 9.81 x 0.3268 = 3.2059 Prob.20. A block of mass $ kg resting on a 30° inclined plane is released Now at position 3, block again comes to rest hence change in K.E. between from rst The Bock after traveling a distanee of 03 m along the inclined penton at position, Blok aa eink. ‘plane hits a spring of stiffness 15 N/em as shown in fig. 5.25. Find the Ls 2 i ' ‘maximum compression & of spring. Assume the coefficient of friction (AK.E.)z_3 = 0-Lmy? =-1 mv? between the block and the inclined plane as 0.2. 2 2 2 1 mgS(sin 8 ~ 4 cos ) = mv Work done between positions 2 and 3, (OW.D.)z_3 = (img sin 6) 8 — (a mg cos 6) 5-1 ‘Now by work-energy principle, (W.D.)2-3 = AK-E)2-5 my? mg B(sin © 3 608 8)—3 kB (SVT. May/June 2007) x5 3.2059 Sol, Given, m= 5 kg, $ = 0.5 m, k= 15 Nlem = 1500 N/m, 1 In fig. 5.26, position 1, shows the block at rest, position 2 shows when block strikes the spring and position 3 shows when block and spring travels together to a distance of 6. 5 «9.81 * 8(sin 30° ~ 0.2 cos 309-5 15008? 16.03 5-750 8 =~ 8.014 or 750 8 16.03 8~ 8.014 =0 ‘On solving above equation, we get = 0.115 and — 0.093 Neglecting negative value, we have 3=O0.115 m or 1S mm Ans. Prob.21. A machine gun bullet of mas 100 gm is fired with a velocity of 500 mis. What is the kinetic energy of the bullet ? If the bullet can penetrate 30 cm in a block of wood, what is the averge resistance of the wood ? What will be the exit velocity of the bultet if fired into a similar block of wood 10 cm thick ? ‘Sol. Given, m = 100 gm = 0.1 kg, v = 500 m/s, s = 30 em = 0.3 m. (Kinetic energy of the bullet 1 Kinetic energy, KE. = ymv? Fig, 5.26 Applying work-energy principle between positions I and 2, Work done during displacement from I to 2, (W.D.)1-2 | | | : > | aerate” Fig. 5.25 | Work of gravity force) ~ (Work to overcome friction) 1 2 5% 0.11500)? = 12500 N-m Ans. (mg sin 0). $ — (wR) S oe m Ans eel Jinv? 2 mu m2 = (mg sin 0). $ — (lu mg cos @).S (+. R = mg cos 8) (i) Resistance of wooden block . = mg S(sin 0 — pcos 6) ‘Applying work- incipl ve : eee pobing work-aneay pile, we have (AK)—————————— 250 Engineering Mechanics 1 Force = Distance = >mv? ‘As final velocity of bullet is zero, i.e. v= 0, hence Fx 03= 0-Lx01%(500)? F x 0.3 = -12500 F =—41666.67 N Ans. ve sign indicates that force is acting in opposite direction of motion. (ii) Exit velocity of bullet from a 10 cm thick wooden block ‘Again applying work-energy principle, we hve 2 1 Fx s=imv 1666670. = Laois? -fxo1s¢s007? = 4166.67 = 0.05 v? — 12500 or 0.05 v2 = 12500 ~ 4166.67 ~ 8333.33 833333 _ 1666666 v= 408.25 m/s Ans. Prob.22. A bullet of mass 0.05 kg leaves the barrel of a gun with a velocity of 300 m/s find the impulse of the force produced by the discharge. Suppose the force lasted for 0.003 s, find the average impulsive force. Sol. Given, m = 0.05 kg, v = 300 m/s, t = 0.003 s From impulse-momentum principle, we have Impulse = Change in momentum Ft=mv—mu ‘As initially the bullet was at rest, i.e. u = 0, therefore Ft= mv F x 0,003 = 0.05 « 300 or 0.003 F=15 15 000 N Ans. Prob.23. The rolling resistance for the trolly as shown in fig. $.27 is 100 Nper tonne. The initial velocity of the trolly is 5 ms up the incline. Determine the time in which the trolly will come to rest Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 251 3 tonnes 1. 5.27 ‘Sol. Given, Rolling resistance, R = 100 N/tonne, Initial velocity of trolly, U= 5 mls, Mass of the trolly, M = 5 tonnes = 5000 kg, Mass of the suspended body, 3 tonnes = 3000 kg. ‘Now applying impulse-momentum equation separately for each body. @ For the trolly ‘The forces acting on the trolly along the inclined plane are ~ (a) Component of weight of trolly along the plane ~ Mg sin 0 = 5000 = 9.8 x sin 30° = 24500 N (b) Rolling resistance offered by the plane = 100 x 5 = 500 N (©) Tension in the rope = T ‘Thus, net force acting along the plane on trolly F =~ 24500 - 500 + T= T - 25000 coi) ‘Now from impulse-momentum principle, Ft=MV-MU As finally trolly comes to rest, i.e. V = 0, hence Ft=—MU, (T — 25000) t= - $000 « 5 [From equation (i)] (Tr ~ 25000) t= ~ 25000 ii) (i) For suspended body Net force acting on the body, F=mg-2T F = 000 x 9.8 ~ 27) = 29400 - 2T iti) ‘The initial velocity of the body will be u_s = La2=25mi ua pa pa2sm/s252. Engineering Mechanics Now applying impulse-momentum principle for the body, Kinematics of Rigid Bodies in Motion 253 Ft my ~ mu Component of weight of block B acting paralle! to plane (29400 - 27) t= 0 ~ 3000 = 2.5 = We #'n 60° = mpg sin 60° (29400 — 2T) t= ~ 7500 oeiv) 4 x 9.8 x sin 60° = 203.7 N Dividing equation (ii) by equation (iv), we get Frictional force for block A. “(1=25000)t _ 25000 _ 10 Fa, ERa = WOW, cs 30°) = p (ma. £605 30°) (29400-27)¢ 7500 3 = 0.6 (12 x 9.8 * cos 30°) = 61.1 N 3(T = 25000) = 10 (29400 - 27) & and frictional force for block B, 37 — 75000 = 294000 - 20T ge oe Fy uRp = H(Wp cos 60°) =H (ing.g. cos 60°) T+ 207 = 294000 + 75000 Sass roles 4 x88 ¥ 008 609)" TO6N 237 = 369000 PF Hence net force acting along the plane, Wa sin 30° — F, ~ Fy + Wp sin 60° __ 369000 a 58.8 — 61.1 — 70.6 + 203.7 = 13.2N We" Fe - CoS 160435 N PEE value of T in equation (i), we get e * Impulse = F x t= 13.2 * 5 = 66 Nes (16043.5 — 25000) 25000 o Initial velocity of blocks were zero and final velocities of blocks will be ~ 8956.5 t= ~ 25000 = equal, i.e. Va = Vp = ¥ (let) 25000 = 25000. Ans. 39565 ns Prob.24. Two rough planes inclined at 30° and 60° to the horizontal and of the same height are placed back to back as shown in fig. fig. 5.28. Masses of 12 kg and 24 kg are placed on the forces and connected by a string passing over the top of the planes. If 41 = 0.6, find the velocity of blocks A and B after 5 seconds, starting from rest. | Fig. $.29 | ©. Change in momentum = (ma + mp) v = (12 + 24)v = 36v. | | Now according to impulse-momentum principle, Impulse = Change in momentum ss 66 = 36v or v = 1.8333 m/s Ans, Prob.25. Determine the constant force P that will give the system of bodies | shown, a velocity of 3 m/s after moving 4.5 m from rest. Coefficient of friction | between the blocks and the plane is 0.3. Assuming pulleys are smooth. Fig. 5.28 maaan Sol. Given, mp = 12 kg, mg = 24 kg, t= 5's Let block A moves up and block B moves down. ‘Component of weight of block A acting parallel to plane = Wg sin 30° = my gsin 30° 8.8 N = 12 «9.8 x sin 30°= Fig. 5.30 (S.V.I.U., Nov/Dec. 2006)254 Engineering Mechanics Sol, Given, u = 0, v=3 ms, s = 4.5 m, p= 03. ; {As system of bodies moves in a straight line, thus we can apply equations of linear motion. Motion 250 ‘As we know, ~~ Mea = ute sat! . 2 = 0+ bat? 45 04tat or at? =4.5%2=9 We also know, v surat ts Fig. 5.31 or at=3 Ai) we get t= 3 seconds Hence after 3 seconds, system will move with a velocity of 3 m/s, ‘The free body diagram of the system is shown in fig. 5.31 ‘Now considering equilibrium of blocks one by one, we get Dividing equation (i) by Ry =250N. | Fq =pRq = 0.3 x 250=75N . Rp = 1000 sin @ = 1000 = 0.8 = 800 N Fy =HRg=03%800=240N > Re = 500 N Fo = Ro = 0.3 = 500 = 150N ‘Net force acting on the system in the direction of motion, Pepe ry Fp 1000 cos 0 Fe = P—75 — 240 — 1000 = 0.6 — 150 = (P — 1065) N ‘Change of momentum of the system 25010008500, 1750.5. 59517 kgemis 2 ck | Now according to impulse-momentum principle, ' Impulse = Change in momentum F x t = Change in momentum (P= 1065) x 3 = $35.17 P— 1065 = 178.39 P = 1243.39 N Ans. B.E. (First Semester) EXAMINATION, 2005 (Common to all Branch) ENGINEERING MECHANICS Note : Attemptall questions. All questions carry equal marks, Assume suitable data wherever necessary. 1. Attempt any two questions : @) A collar which may slide on a vertical rod is subjected to the three forces shown. Determine (The value of the angle o: for which the resultant of the three forces is horizontal. Gi) The corresponding magnitude of the resultant. 8 {] 400N 3008 I % (See Unit, Page 21, Prob.3) (b) The three forces shown and acouple Mare {50N 125K, applied to an angle bracket. Find the moment of the couple of the line of action of the J s00mm—t Koo rst 5 Bice eon Me 2008 Gi) pointB (c) A slender rod of length Lis lodged between peg C and the vertical wall. It supports a load P at end A. Neglecting friction and the weight of the rod, determine the angle 8 corresponding to equilibrium. 8 (See Unit-1, Page 30, Prob.13) Attempt any two questions — (2) A-beam AB of span 4 m is simply supported at the ends. It carries a concentrated load of 4 kN at distance of 1.6 m from support A. It also carries a uniformly distributed load of 1.8 kN/m upto a distance of 2.6 m from support A. Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam AB. (See Unit-II, Page 84, Prob.7)8 @Engineering Mechanics (b) Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member of the ‘truss shown. State whether each member is in tension or compression. 8 Engineering Mechanics hg ABN S qsstinh OE « eMRIT NS st toT® LV, Page 178, Prob.2) 40. - 26185 (b) Determine the moments of inertia Ty and Ty 8, -——J (See Unit-ll, Page 115, Prob.23) (©) Determine the force in members DF, DE and CE of the truss shown, 8 30120 3. Answer any two questions : : (@) A 500-N force acts as shown on a 150 kg block placed on an inclined plane. The coefficients of fiction between the block and the plane are pt, = 0.25 and Hy = 0-20. 99, co Determine whether the block is in equilibrium and _N“ “Aes find the value of the friction force. 8 7 (See Unit-IN, Page 161, Prob.17) (b) A 12° wedge is used to splita log, The coefficient 4, [Pe of friction between the wedge and the wood is 0.46, Knowing that a force P of magnitude 3.2 KN was required to insert the wedge, determine the magnitude of the forces exerted on the log by the wedge after it has been inserted. 8 (Gee Unit-ll, Page 150, Prob.s) (c) A flat belt is used to transmit torque from putley ‘Ato pulley B. The radius of each pulley is SO mm ; land the coefficient of static friction is 0.30. The centre distance between the pulleys is 200 mm. Determine the largest torque which can be transmitted of the allowable belt tension is 3 KN. 8 (Gee Unit-II, Page 156, Prob.11) 4. Attempt any two = (a) Determine by direct integration the moment of inertia of the shaded area with respect to the y-axis. 8 of the area shown with respect to the centroidal axes respectively parallel and perpendicular to 180 the side AB. 8 aa)" (See Unit-V, Page 188, Prob.10) | (©) Determine the mass moment of inertiaofaright ™™¥-——} circular cone with respect to an axis through the apex of the cone and perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. 8 See Unit-1V, Page 211, Prob.23) 5. Attempt any two questions (@) A cord is wrapped around a homogeneous disk of radius = 0.5 mand mass m = 15 kg. If the cord is pulled upward with a force T of magnitude 180 N, determine (the acceleration of the centre of the disk (ii) the angular acceleration of the disk. 8 (See Unit-V, Page 238, Prob.12) (b) A sphere and a cylinder, each having the same mass and the same radius, are released from rest on an incline. Determine the velocity of each body-after it has rolled through a distance corresponding to a change in elevation h. (See Unit-¥, Page 239, Prob.13)8 (©) A2kg sphere moving horizontally to the right with an initial velocity of 5 it’s strikes the lower end B of an 8-kg rigid rod AB. The rod is suspended from a hinge at A and is initially at rest. Knowing that the coefficient of restitution between the rod and sphere is 0.80, determine the angular velocity of the rod and the velocity of the sphere immediately after the impact. 8 B.E. (First Semester) Examination, Nov-Dec. 2006 (Common for all Branches) ENGINEERING MECHANICS Note: All questions are compulsory. Each question carries equal marks. Attempt any two parts of question from I to IV and only one part of question V. 1. (@) A barge is pulled by two tug boats. If the resultant of the tug boats is a 5000 N force directed along the axis of the barge. Determine @ eoEngineering Mechanics graphically, the value of a such that tension in rope AC is minimum. ‘Also find the magnitude of resultant and force on rope AC. 8 (Gee Unit-1, Page 23, Prob.s) (b)_ A hollow cylinder of radius ris open at both: ends and rests on a smooth horizontal plane. ‘Two spheres having weights W; and W2 and radii r, and r, respectively are placed inside the cylinder as shown, Find the ‘minimum weight W of the cylinder in order that it will not tip over. Neglect friction. 8 (See Unit-t, Page 29, Prob.12) (©) A peismatic bar AB of length J-and of negligible weight is hinged at A and supported at B by'a string that passes over apulley C. A vertical load of W applied at the end of the B is supported by a force P applied to the string. Show that the compression in bar AB is constant for all value of ©. 2. (a) A cantilever truss is loaded and supported as shown. Find the value of P which would produce an axial force of magnitude 3 KN in the member AC. Also find the axial foree in member CD using method of section. 8 be 3m t-—3m 4 I | me} 3 u—} (See Unit-Il, Page 122, Prob27) e ® Engineering Mechanics (b) A truss is ioaded and supported as shown, Find the axial forces in member BD, CD and CE using graphical method. 8 AEN OKN.1KN < € ° (See Unit-Il, Page 126, Prob.30) (©) A beam AB is acted upon by the uniformly distributed load of 2 KN-n and by two forces P and Q. It has been experimentally determine that the bending moment is 2 4Nin 172 kN-m at point D (a and 235 kN-m at point D E, Determine P and Q and find out ben ‘moment just before point F. (See Unit-Il, Page 8S, Prob.8) & fa ate ote g Coe ata eae 3. (a) A wedge A of negligible weight is to be driven between two 40 kg, plates B and C. The coefficient of static r friction between all surface of contact is 0.35. Determine the BS YF ic magnitude of the wow i foe force P required to start moving the wedge. If plate C is securely bolted to the surface. IT, Page 148, Prob.3) 8 (b) A pulley is driven by a flat belt, the angle of lap being 120°. The belt is 100 mm wide by 6 mm thick and density 1,000 kg/m}. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3 and the maximum stress in the belt is not to exceed 2 MPa. Find the greatest power which the belt can transmit and corresponding speed of bel. (See Unit-IIL, Page 155, Prob.10) 8 (c) Prove that the efficiency of self locked square screw is given by : <}_ tan? g , 3 where 1 = efficiency 6 = friction angle (See Unit-IL, Page 158, Prob.13) 4. (a) Find the moment of inertia of the area obtained after removing a 6Engineering Mechanics : semicircle of radius 10 em from a quadrant of a circle of radius 20 em, about the x-axis. | 1. @) (See Unit-1V, Page 184, Prob.7) (b) Determine the product of inertia of a right angle triangle with respect eo to the centroidal axis parallel to x and y axes. eo y Bh rE eal () IV, Page 202, Prob.18) inder with respect to its termine the moment of inertia of a cylinder with respect t © Tengitudinal ais, Take L = length of the eylinder and # = radius of cylinder. i as rest on a 30° incline, when they ar ‘Two blocks A and B are released from rest on a 7 18 ma part. The coefficient of friction under the upper block A is0.2and | that under the lower block B is 0.4. In what time block A reaches the block B? After they touch en i and move as a single unit, what willbe the, aN | constant force between them ? Weights of block A and B are 100N and 80N respectively. Se (See Unit-V, Page 231, Prob.6) 16 Or 2. (a) 250 Determine the constant force P that will give the system of bodies. shown, a velocity of 3 m/sec after 4 moving 4.5 m from rest. Coefficient of friction between the blocks and the plane is 0.3. ‘Assuming pulleys are smooth. 16 (Gee Unit-V, Page 253, Prob.25) (6) 1000 N ‘500 Note: B.E. (First Semester) Examination, May-June, 2007 (Common for all Branches) ENGINEERING MECHANICS 300116 (37) Attempt any two parts from each question. All questions carry equal marks, Assume suitable data wherever necessary: A disabled automobile is pulled by two ropes as shown in fig. 1. Ifthe resultant _ of the two forces exerted by the ropes is 4 KN, which is parallel to the axis of the automobile, find (i) the tension in each of the ropes knowing that o = 25°, (ii)_ the value of a such that the tension in rope AC is minimum, (See Unit-1, Page 23, Prob.6) A wheel of 60 cm in diameter resting on the ground touches to a rectangular block of 10 cm height. Find the minimum pull required through the centre of the wheel just to turn the wheel over the corner of the block. Also, find the reaction of the block to the wheel, Take weight to wheel = 1 kN. Assume that all surfaces are smooth (See Unit-1, Page 26, Prob.19) 200 N The lever ABC of 2 component of a machine is hinged at B and is subjected to a concurrent forces as shown in fig. 2. Neglecting friction, determine the magnitude of the force F to keep the lever in equilibrium. Also determine the ‘magnitude and direction of the reaction atB. system of coplanar-non F Fig. 2 Determine the forces in all members of the truss shown in fig. 3 using method of joints, i “ 5 5 L > © sky . 4 m +p 4 m 2 Fig. 3 ® ee Unit-t, Page 113, Prob.22)———— Engineering Mechanics ded as shown in fig. 4. Find the axial (b) A plane truss is supported and loa F by the method of sections. > force in members CD, EF and Cl 30kN 2m an Fig. 4 (Gee Unit-{1, Page 117, Prob.24) ding moment diagram for the simply (ec) Draw the shear force and ben iformly distributed load on right-hand supported beam subjected to un} half of the span as shown in fig. 5. KRASHNG neat! nad, - 9691855 20 WN (See Unit-Il, Page 82, Prob.6) jack 8 em mean diameter and 2 cm piteh is {ficient of friction at the thread = 0.05. (ii) State whether the jack is sel } at 40 cm radius to lift a load of 6 KN. Jf-locking. If it is, find the torque 8 1000. Fig. 6 (See Unit-II1, Page 147, Prob.2) ® Engineering Mech (c) Block A shown in fi Toched to A i in fg. 7 weighs 24 Block A shown in 7 wees 2400 The cord anashed wo A Suppors a weight equal to 1000 Nu The coefficient of fition between A and the horizontal plane is 0.25 and that between ‘the rope and the fixed drum is = 0.12. Solve for P if the motion is oes towards the right. ind the moment of nea ofthe ection show and vertical axes through the centroid. an z. Sor Fig. 7 4. (a) 416, 258800 HS 150 i 1 em = 100 wm Fig 8 pee (ee Unit-v, Page 186, Pro (8) Derive an expression or the moment of inertia ofa miangulr section about an ais ping trough the cmt of erat a pall wo the eu ind parallel tothe = ; See Un ge 170.07 co Sie zantansominas 8 agree section about centroid andthe values of principal moment ef neti, Sem 4 Som 10 em + ve Fig (See Unit-IV, Page 207, Prob.21) oEngineering Mechanics 5, (a) A block of mass 5 kg resting on a 30° inclined plane is released from Ast The block after travelling a distance of 0.5 m along the inclined plane hits a spring of stiffness 15 N/em as shown in fig. 10 Find the praximum compression 6 of spring. Assume the coefficient of friction 1 a oe octal plane #802. $ 3 Au oe sot fey see | et Ts XS Fig. 10 (See Unit-V, Page 248, Prob.20) (b) Two weights 80 N and 20 N are connected by a string as shown it fig. 11 and are lying on a rough horizontal plane of coefficient of frustion 0.3. A force of 40 N is applied horizontally on the 80N weight. Find the velocity of the system after 2 second using impulse momentum principle. What is the tension in the string ? Ton St_Teon}— 408 Grobe Fig. 11 | erat a (Gee Unit-™4 Page 234, Prob.8) ger? pe (€) Two blocks A and B are held on an inclined plane S m apart as shown, we "649 in fig. 12. The coefficients of friction between the block A and B and ke wv the inclined planes are 0.2 and 0.1 respectively. If the blocks begin to ' ert ak slide down the plane simultaneously, calculate the time and distance ory” az? travelled by the each block before collision. ee Fig. 12 (See Unit-V, Page 233, Prob.7) 10)