Manual Catalogo Oerlikon

Moooo| de So|dodoro Moooo| de So|dodoro
!
3 2
|a autoat| zac| oo oc occsos co | a ooucc| oo | ooust| a| ,
|a cocaoo uo ao avaocc, coo |a coos|u|cotc tcco|||cac|oo ouc
asuc |a oouct|v|oao, |o cua| |||ca uoa ao coctcoc|a
uoa coucc|oo co |os costos oc ooucc|oo cc|os.
|| ac| oc| occso oc so|oaoua, sc |osc|bc as| co uo co|o
oc a|ta tcco|||cac|oo, coo uoa c|coc|a uoa |abo |uooacota| co
c| ocsao| | o oc | ooust| as ouc sc occtao a| cao oc | a
cta| u| a, | os tata| cotos tc| cos, | a obot| ca, c| ao| | s| s
| cocstuctua| | a c| cctoo| ca.
Lcsoc |acc s oc 30 aos |S/ S./. L| \| S| O|
SO|L/LU|/S O|||| KO| ovcc a| |cu oc oouctos oc | a
s =J= ?=E@=@, ocb|oo a |a |ooovac|oo actua||zac|oo tcoo|o|ca
caocotc coo aoo tcco| co coostaotc, as| coo coo | a
caac| tac| oo ub| | cac| oocs ouc ooco a oucstos usua| os a | a
vaouao| a coo | os u| t| os avaoccs co cstc cao.
|| cscotc aoua| cuoc | a s o| vcsa | o|oac| oo sobc
|a tccoo|o|a oc |a so|oaoua, oc ao ut|||oao aa sucv|socs,
so| oaoocs, o| scaoocs, occt| stas, cstuo| aotcs c | otccsaoos
co cstc cao.
|staos scuos ouc cstc aoua| sc u ut| | tcoo
aco|oa, ouc oucsto oobc |a ca||oao uo|oa a c|, oucvc.
|oocos as|, a su o|sos|c|oo, a oucstos c||cotcs a |a |ooust|a
co coca| cstc |/|U/| L| 3O|S|||O O||||KO|.
PRE5ENTAClON
|a so| oaoua cs uoa oc | as tccoo| o| as ouc s sc |a
ocsao| | aoo co | os u| t| os aos. |o | a | ca occaoa oc cstc
oucvo | | co| o sc csca uo avaocc auo ao, o | o ouc sc
occcs|ta coota coo so|oaoocs ca||||caoos, |oscctocs caaoos
aa c,ccuta cooto|cs oc ca||oao, |oco|cos caaccs oc ocsao||a
occo| | cotos oc so| oaoua, ctc. |o c| | o, coo c| ob, ct| vo oc
aoa a | os usua| os oc oucstos oouctos coo c| a| o oc
aotcoc|os a| s a|to o|vc| tccoo|o|co, |cos occ|o|oo ub||ca
oucvacotc cstc aoua| |aoua| |ct|co oc So|oaoua, co su 6ta.
co| c| oo, | oc| ucooo co c| , tooos | os avaoccs tccoo| o| cos, as|
coo | a aa co| cta oc oucstos oouctos aa so| oaoua.
|o co| ccoto a oucsta a coooc| oa | | oca oc so| oaouas
O||||KO|, oos |cos v|sto |ota|cc|oos coo c| |aoza|coto oc
oucsta oucva ||oca oc so|oaouas |S/, coo |a ouc cscotaos
a| ccaoo |a ||oca s co|cta oc coosu|b|cs aa so|oaoua,
cotc c||os uoa |otaotc aa oc a|cac|oocs cscc|a|cs, coo
o c, c| o a| cac| oocs oc | ata, coba| to o| ouc| , || co-o| ouc| ,
aa ||co |uoo|oo, ctc. as| coo a|abcs tubu|acs oc uo|oo
ccauc, c|cctooos oc cotc b|sc|aoo, ctc.
/bas ||ocas oc coosu|b|cs aa so|oaoua, O||||KO| |S/,
csto csa|oaoas o |a cct|||cac|oo |SO 002, obtco|oa co aosto
oc + coovaoa c| oo| cacotc, | o ouc c| tc a oucstos
c||cotcs tcoc uoa tota| coo||aoza co |a ca||oao oc oucstos oouctos.
/s| |so cootaos, coo cs |ab|tua|, coo |as cct|||cac|oocs oc
a|aaoas ccsas, coo: Ccao|sc|c ||oo, /c|cao 3ucau
o| S|||o ||oo s |c|stc o| S|||o.
5 4
|a autoat| zac| oo oc occsos co | a ooucc| oo | ooust| a| ,
|a cocaoo uo ao avaocc, coo |a coos|u|cotc tcco|||cac|oo ouc
asuc |a oouct|v|oao, |o cua| |||ca uoa ao coctcoc|a
uoa coucc|oo co |os costos oc ooucc|oo cc|os.
|| ac| oc| occso oc so|oaoua, sc |osc|bc as| co uo co|o
oc a|ta tcco|||cac|oo, coo uoa c|coc|a uoa |abo |uooacota| co
c| ocsao| | o oc | ooust| as ouc sc occtao a| cao oc | a
cta| u| a, | os tata| cotos tc| cos, | a obot| ca, c| ao| | s| s
| cocstuctua| | a c| cctoo| ca.
Lcsoc |acc s oc 30 aos |S/ S./. L| \| S| O|
SO|L/LU|/S O|||| KO| ovcc a| |cu oc oouctos oc | a
s =J= ?=E@=@, ocb|oo a |a |ooovac|oo actua||zac|oo tcoo|o|ca
caocotc coo aoo tcco| co coostaotc, as| coo coo | a
caac| tac| oo ub| | cac| oocs ouc ooco a oucstos usua| os a | a
vaouao| a coo | os u| t| os avaoccs co cstc cao.
|| cscotc aoua| cuoc | a s o| vcsa | o|oac| oo sobc
|a tccoo|o|a oc |a so|oaoua, oc ao ut|||oao aa sucv|socs,
so| oaoocs, o| scaoocs, occt| stas, cstuo| aotcs c | otccsaoos
co cstc cao.
|staos scuos ouc cstc aoua| sc u ut| | tcoo
aco|oa, ouc oucsto oobc |a ca||oao uo|oa a c|, oucvc.
|oocos as|, a su o|sos|c|oo, a oucstos c||cotcs a |a |ooust|a
co coca| cstc |/|U/| L| 3O|S|||O O||||KO|.
CONTENlDO GENERAL
PARTE l : CONCEPTO5 GENERALE5 DE 5OLDADURA Y PROCE5O5
Ca|tu|o | : Coocctos Ccoca|cs oc So|oaoua
Ca|tu|o || : |atc|a|cs oc /otc aa So|oaoua
Ca|tu|o ||| : Tcco|ca oc |a So|oaoua o /co
Ca|tu|o |\ : So|oab|||oao oc |os /ccos a| cabooo oc 3a,a /|cac|oo
Ca|tu|o \ : || /cco |uoo|oo su So|oab|||oao
Ca|tu|o \| : || ||co |uoo|oo su So|oab|||oao
Ca|tu|o \|| : So|oab|||oao oc |os /ccos |oox|oab|cs
Ca|tu|o \||| : |ccub||cotos |otcctocs
Ca|tu|o | : So|oab|||oao oc |os |cta|cs |o |cosos
Ca|tu|o : 3az|o So|oaoua 3az|o
PARTE ll : ELECTRODO5 Y VARlLLA5 PARA ACERO5
Ca|tu|o | : So|oaouas aa /ccos a| Cabooo oc 3a,a /|cac|oo
- Cc|u|os|cos Coovcoc|ooa|cs
- Cc|u|os|cos |scc|a|cs
- |ut|||cos
- |co co |o|vo
- 3s|cos oc 3a,a /|cac|oo |cvcst||coto S||c
- 3s|cos oc 3a,a /|cac|oo Lob|c |cvcst||coto
PARTE lll : ELECTRODO5 Y VARlLLA5 PARA 5OLDADURA5 E5PEClALE5
Y MANTENlMlENTO
Ca|tu|o || : So|oaouas |scc|a|cs
- ||cctooos aa ||co |uoo|oo
- ||cctooos |oox|oab|cs Coovcoc|ooa|cs
- ||cctooos |oox|oab|cs |scc|a|cs
- ||cctooo oc ||ouc| /|cac|oocs
- |ccub||cotos |otcctocs Coovcoc|ooa|cs
- |ccub||cotos |otcctocs |scc|a|cs
- So|oaouas oc Cobc /|cac|oocs
- So|oaouas oc /|u|o|o /|cac|oocs
- ||cctooos oc Cotc 3|sc|aoo
Ca|tu|o ||| : \a|||as Lcsouoas |cvcst|oas aa 3az|o So|oc|o
- /|cac|oocs oc ||ata co \a|||as ||oas 3az|o)
- /|cac|oocs oc |stao, ||oo ||ata co \a|||as |astas |ct||cas
So|oc|o)
Ca|tu|o |\ : \a|||as aa So|oaoua /utocoa Usaoas co |aotco||coto
- \a|||as aa /cco a| Cabooo
- \a|||as oc |co |uoo|oo C|s
- \a|||as oc Cabuo oc Tustcoo
- \a|||as oc Cobc /|cac|oocs
- \a|||as oc Stc|||tc
- |uoocotcs |scc|a|cs aa So|oaoua /utocoa
PARTE lV : 5OLDADURA5 PARA PROCE5O5 AUTOMATlCO5 Y 5EMlAUTOMATlCO5
Ca|tu|o \ : /|abcs So||oos |uoocotcs aa /co Suc|oo
- /|abcs oc /cco a| Cabooo 3a,a /|cac|oo
- /|abcs oc /cco |oox|oab|c
- |uoocotcs aa /co Suc|oo
Ca|tu|o \| : /|abcs So||oos aa |occso ||C/|/C
- /|abcs So||oos oc /cco a| Cabooo
- /|abcs So||oos oc /cco |oox|oab|c
- /|abcs So||oos oc /|u|o|o 3oocc a| /|u|o|o
Ca|tu|o \|| : \a|||as So||oas aa |occso T|C
- \a|||as So||oas aa /ccos a| Cabooo
- \a|||as So||oas aa /ccos |oox|oab|cs
- \a|||as So||oas aa /|u|o|o /|cac|oocs
Ca|tu|o \||| : /|abcs Tubu|acs
- /|abcs Tubu|acs oc Uo|oo aa /ccos a| Cabooo
- /|abcs Tubu|acs oc /cco |oox|oab|c
- /|abcs Tubu|acs aa |ccub||cotos |otcctocs
PARTE V : APENDlCE Y BlBLlOGRAFlA
5
lNDlCE
6 7
CAPlIULO l:
Conceptos Generales de 5oldadura 22
+.+. |/ SO|L/LU|/ CO|O U||O| ||T/||C/ 22
+.2. |/TU|/||Z/ L| |/S SU|||||C||S ||T/||C/S 22
+.3. C|/S|||C/C|O| L| |OS ||OC|SOS L| SO|L/LU|/ 22
+.-. C|/S|||C/C|O| C||||/| L| |OS ||OC|SOS L| SO|L/LU|/ 23
+.5. |/ SO|L/LU|/ |||CT||C/ |O| /|CO 25
+.5.+. SO|L/LU|/ |O| /|CO |||CT||CO |/|U/| CO| |||CT|OLO
||T/||CO ||\|ST|LO
+.5.2. |OC|O||S L| |||CT||C|L/L CO| |||/C|O| /| /|CO |||CT||CO
a. || C|cu|to ||cct|co
b. || C|cu|to oc So|oaoua o /co ||cct|co
c. \o|ta,c /ca,c
o. C|ascs oc Co|cotc ||cct|ca
c. |o| a| oao
|. |coocoos oc| /co ||cct|co aa So|oa
+.6. |/U||/S L| SO|L/| |O| /|CO |||CT||CO 27
+.6.+. C|/S|S L| |/U||/S L| SO|L/| |O| /|CO |||CT||CO
a. |ou|oas cstt|cas
b. |ou|oas otat|vas
+. |ou|oas t|o taos|oaoo
2. |ou|oas t|o cct|||caoo
3. |ou|os taos|oaoo-cct|||caoo
+.6.2. C/|/CT|||ST|C/ |ST/T|C/ ` L||/||C/
+.6.3. C|C|O L| T|/3/O
+.6.-. T||S|O| L| \/C|O O L| C||CU|TO /3|||TO
+.6.5. C/|L/ L| T||S|O|
+.6.5.+. Cab|cs |ccocooaoos aa So|oa - Cuaoo
+.6.5.2. Latos oc |os Cab|cs - Cuaoo
+.. CO|O CO|||/| U|/ |/U||/ L| SO|L/| 30
+.8. SO|L/LU|/ |O| /|CO SU|||C|LO 31
+.8.+. L|SC|||C|O| L|| ||OC|SO
+.8.2. /|||C/C|O|
+.8.3. |U||O
|a |ou|oa oc So|oa
|| /||cotaoo oc /|abc
|a ||sto|a
+.8.-. ||UO |/|/ SO|L/LU|/ |O| /|CO SU|||C|LO
+.8.5. || /|/|3||
+.. |/ SO|L/LU|/ |O| /|CO CO| /|/|3|| TU3U|/| O||| /|C ||OC|SS) 33
+..+. L|SC|||C|O| L|| ||OC|SO
+..2. C/|/CT|||ST|C/S L|| ||OC|SO
+..3. |U||O
|a ||sto|a oc So|oa
|| Cas oc |otccc|oo
+..-. /|/|3|| c|cctooo)
+.+0. SO|L/LU|/ ||C/|/C 33
+.+0.+. L|SC|||C|O| L|| ||OC|SO
||C
|/C
+.+0.2. C/|/CT|||ST|C/S L|| ||OC|SO
+.+0.3. |U||O
|a |ou|oa oc So|oa
PARIE l: CONCEPIO5 GENERALE5 DE 5OLDADURA Y PROCE5O5
8 9
2.2.3. |O||/ /\S L| C|/S|||C/C|O| L| |OS |||CT|OLOS |/|/ ||T/||S |O-||||OSOS
2.2.-. COL|CO L| CO|O||S |||/ |/|/ |L||T|||C/C|O| L| |OS |||CT|OLOS
2.2.5. |O||/ /\S L| /|/|3||S ` ||UOS |/|/ /|CO SU|||C|LO
2.2.5.+. |O||/ |/|/ /|/|3||S L| /C||OS LU|C|S
2.2.5.2. |O||/S |/|/ ||UOS
2.2.6. |O||/ /\S L| /|/|3||S L| /C||O LU|C| |/|/ SO|L/LU|/ /| /|CO CO| C/S
2.2.. /|/|3||S SO||LOS |||S|\OS ` TU3U|/||S - Cuaoo)
2.2.8. C/S|S ||OT|CTO||S |/|/ SO|L/LU|/ /| /|CO CO| C/S - Cuaoo)
2.2.. |||CTO L| |OS C/S|S SO3|| |/ |O||/ L|| CO|LO| - ||ua)
2.3. |/CTO||S / CO|S|L||/| |/|/ S|||CC|O|/| || |||CT|OLO |/S /L|CU/LO 51
a ) C|asc oc |ou|o o |ou|oa oc So|oa
b) C|asc oc |atc|a| a so|oasc
c ) |os|c|oo oc |a So|oaoua
o) |scso L|cos|oocs oc |a ||cza oc Taba,o
c) /sccto ocscaoo oc| Coooo
| ) C|asc oc |sco|a /o|ccoc|a a| |cta|
) |o|coaocs cscc|||cas ouc ocbc oscc c| Coooo oc So|oaoua
|) /obac|oo oc |os ||cctooos
CAPlIULO lll:
Icnica de la 5oldadura por Arco 56
3.0. C||||/||L/L|S 56
3.+. |OS|C|O||S L| |/ SO|L/LU|/
|os|c|oo |aoa
|os|c|oo vct|ca|
|os|c|oo |o|zoota|
|os|c|oo sobccabcza
|a So|oaoua oc Tubc|as
3.2. ||||/|/C|O| L| |/S U|T/S |/|/ |/ SO|L/LU|/ 58
|as uotas
||oa||oao oc |a uota
||ccc|oo oc| T|o oc uota
3.2.+. U|T/S / TO||
3.2.+.+. U|T/ / TO||
3.2.+.2. U|T/ / TO|| || \
3.2.+.3. U|T/ / TO|| || LO3|| \ o
3.2.+.-. U|T/ / TO|| || U S|||||
3.2.+.5. U|T/ / TO|| || LO3|| U
3.2.+.6. OT|OS T||OS L| U|T/S / TO||
3.2.2. U|T/S T
3.2.2.+. U|T/ || T CO| 3O|L| ||/|O
3.2.2.2. U|T/ || T CO| 3O|L| || \
3.2.2.3. U|T/ || T CO| 3O|L|S || LO3|| \
3.2.2.-. U|T/ L| SO|/|| L| |||CO| S|||||
3.2.2.5. U|T/ L| SO|/|| L| |||CO| LO3||
3.3. |||C|O L| |/ SO|L/LU|/ 61
3.3.+. Coo coccooc c| /co c|cct|co
3.3.2. Coo c,ccuta uo Coooo oc So|oaoua
3.3.3. Coo caouoa c| Coooo
3.3.-. Coo c||coa uo Ctc a| ||oa| oc| Coooo
3.3.5. |ov||cotos osc||ato|os couocs
3.3.6. Coo c||coa uoa Suc||c|c |aoa
3.3.. Coo c||coa uo |,c
3.-. SO|L/LU|/ |||CT||C/ || |OS|C|O| ||/|/ 64
3.-.+. uotas oc /ou|o co |os|c|oo ||aoa
3.-.2. uota oc So|ac co |os|c|oo ||aoa
3.-.3. uotas a Toc co |os|c|oo ||aoa
3.5. SO|L/LU|/ |||CT||C/ || |OS|C|O| O||ZO|T/| 65
3.5.+. uotas oc So|ac co |os|c|oo o|zoota|
|a ||sto|a
|| Cas |otccto
/|abc oc /otc
+.++. SO|L/LU|/ T|C /|CO L| TU|CST||O CO| C/S) 36
+.++.+. L|SC|||C|O| L|| ||OC|SO
+.++.2. C/|/CT|||ST|C/S L|| ||OC|SO
+.++.3. |U||O
|a |ou|oa oc So|oa
|| So|ctc
+.++.-. || C/S L| ||OT|CC|O|
+.++.5. |OS |||CT|OLOS
+.++.6. || ||T/| L| /|O|T/C|O|
+.++.. S|CU||L/L L| SO|L/LU|/
+.+2. |/ SO|L/LU|/ O|-/C|T|||||C/ 37
+.+2.+. L|SC|||C|O| L|| ||OC|SO
+.+2.2. ||OC|L|||||TOS 3/S|COS || |/ SO|L/LU|/ O|-/C|T|||||C/
So|oaoua o |us|oo
So|oaoua |uctc So|oaoua 3|aooa
+.+2.3. ||||C/C|O| L| |OS ||OC|L|||||TOS
+.+2.-. ||||||Z/ L| |/S SU|||||C||S
+.+2.5. |U|L||T|S
+.+2.6. \/||||/S L| /|O|T/C|O|
+.+2.. |U||OS
|| So|ctc Staooao
|os |cu|aoocs oc Cas
|as |aoucas oc Cas
|os Cascs
|os C|||ooos oc Cas
|| Cao aa |os C|||ooos
|as |ccauc|oocs oc Scu|oao
+.+3. ||C/|CU| L| SU|||||C||S |O| ||O`|CC|O| ` L||US|O| 41
+.+-. CO|T| L| ||T/||S CO| |||CT|OLOS ||T/||COS 42
+.+-.+. /|||C/C|O||S
+.+-.2. |||CT|OLOS
\cota,as
SU|||CO|T| - Cota |c|oa
C/||||CO|L ` |S/CUT - 3|sc|a /caoa|a
CAPlIULO ll:
Materiales de Aporte para 5oldadura 44
2.0. C||||/||L/L|S 44
2.+. SO|L/LU|/ |||CT||C/ |/|U/| 44
2.+.+. |OS |||CT|OLOS ||T/||COS
2.+.2. |U|C|O||S L|| ||\|ST|||||TO
/) |uoc|oocs c|cct|cas
3) |uoc|oocs cta|u|cas
C) |uoc|oocs cco|cas
2.+.3. CO||OS|C|O| 3/S|C/ L|| ||\|ST|||||TO
||ccotos o atc|a|cs |oo|zaotcs
||ccotos cocaoocs oc ascs otcctocs
||ccotos oouctocs oc csco|a
||ccotos aotaotcs oc atc|a|cs oc a|cac|oo
2.+.-. ||SU||| L| |/S |U|C|O||S L| /|CU|/S |/T|||/S ||||/S - Cuaoo)
2.+.5. |||CT|OLOS 3/S|COS L| LO3|| ||\|ST|||||TO
2.+.5.+. \||T//S L|| LO3|| ||\|ST|||||TO
2.+.5.2. |U|\OS |||CT|OLOS 3/S|COS L| LO3|| ||\|ST|||||TO - Cuaoo)
2.2. |O||/S |/|/ |/S SO|L/LU|/S 46
2.2.+. |O||/ /\S L| |||CT|OLOS |/|/ /C||OS LU|C|S ` /C||OS L| 3// /||/C|O|
||T|||||T/C|O| L| |/ |O||/
2.2.+.+. T||O L| CO|||||T| ` ||\|ST|||||TO S|CU| |O||/ - Cuaoo)
2.2.2. |O||/ /\S L| |||CT|OLOS |/|/ /C||OS ||O|L/3||S
!! !0
3.5.2. uotas a Toc co |os|c|oo o|zoota|
3.6. SO|L/LU|/ |||CT||C/ || |OS|C|O| \||T|C/| 66
3.6.+. |ctooos oc So|oaoua oc |os|c|oo \ct|ca|
3.6.2. uotas oc So|ac oc /ou|o co |os|c|oo \ct|ca|
3.6.3. uotas a Toc co |os|c|oo \ct|ca|
3.. SO|L/LU|/ |||CT||C/ || |OS|C|O| SO3||C/3|Z/ 67
3..+. uotas oc So|ac oc /ou|o
3..2. uotas a Toc
3.8. SO|L/LU|/ |||CT||C/ L| TU3|||/ 68
3.8.+. |,ccuc|oo oc uotas, coo |otac|oo oc| Tubo
3.8.2. |,ccuc|oo oc So|oaoua a Toc, co |os|c|oo \ct|ca| /sccoocotc
3.8.3. uotas a Toc, co |os|c|oo o|zoota|
3.. SO|L/LU|/ L| ||/|C/S CO| /|CO |||CT||CO 69
|ccauc|oocs
||cctooos O||||KO| ccocooaoos
|ccocooac|oo coca|
3.+0. |/CTO||S |U|L/|||T/||S |/|/ O3T|||| U|/ 3U||/ SO|L/LU|/ 70
||cctooos ao|aoos aa c| taba,o
/ca,c coccto aa so|oa
|oo|tuo aoccuaoa oc| /co
/o|aoo /ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo oc| ||cctooo
/o|aoa \c|oc|oao oc /vaocc
3.++. L||/T/C|O| ` CO|T|/CC|O| L| |OS ||T/||S || |/ SO|L/LU|/ 71
3.+2. SO||O |/C||T|CO 73
cuc cs c| So|o |aoct|co.
cuc cs |o ouc causa c| So|o |aoct|co.
Coo couc| c| So|o |aoct|co
3.+3. |OC|O||S L| ||S||CC|O| L| |/S SO|L/LU|/S 74
3.+-. C/US/S L| |/||/S CO|U||S || |/ SO|L/LU|/ ` CO|O SU3S/|/||/S - Cuaoos) 75
3.+5. L|||CTOS U| |U|L|| CO|||O||T|| |/ ||S|ST||C|/ L| |/ U||O| 78
Socavac| oocs
|oos|oaocs
|us|oo oc||c|cotc
|a|a coctac|oo
|sco|ac|oocs
C|ctas
3.+6. S||3O|OS L| SO|L/LU|/ - SUS /|||C/C|O||S 78
3.+6.+. |oa 3s|ca oc| S|bo|o oc So|oaoua - ||ua)
3.+6.2. S|bo|os oc So|oaouas oc /co oc Cas - ||ua)
3.+6.3. |ccscotac|oo oc uotas o C|a||aocs
3.+6.-. Ub|cac|oo oc |as L|cos|oocs co |os S|bo|os oc So|oaoua - ||uas)
3.+6.5. Ub|cac|oo oc |os S|bo|os aa |as Caas a |as Coovcxas aa So|oaouas coo C|a||o.
3.+6.6. |,c|os oc /cotaoo - ||uas)
3.+6.. So|oaoua oc Taoo |aoua
3.+. SUC||||C|/S |/|/ ||LUC|| COSTOS 89
C|asc oc |atc|a|
|oa oc |a uota
|cscotac|oo aoccuaoa oc |as uotas
|os|c|oo oc So|oa
L|cto oc| ||cctooo
|oo|tuo oc| /co
T|o oc ||cctooo
Cabos o Co||||as
|oo|tuo Ca||bc oc| Cab|c
Coocx|oocs ||o,as
3.+8. |O||/S L| S|CU||L/L 89
CAPlIULO lV:
5oldabilidad de los Aceros al Carbono y de Baja Aleacin 92
-.+. || /C||O 92
-.+.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| L| |OS /C||OS
-.+.+.+. /ccos a| Cabooo
a ) /ccos oc ba,o cabooo
b) /ccos oc co|aoo cabooo
c ) /ccos oc a|to cabooo
o) /cco oc |ca|cotas
-.+.+.2. /ccos /|caoos
a ) /ccos oc ba,a a|cac|oo
b) /ccos oc a|ta a|cac|oo
-.2. L|S|C|/C|O||S |U||||C/S L|| /||||C/| ||O| /|L ST||| ||ST|TUT| -/.|.S.|.-
|/|/ /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ` /C||OS /||/LOS, C|/LO |/U||/||/ 92
Sc|cs - T|os C|ascs
S|stca /|S| aa |a Lcoo|oac|oo oc |os /ccos
|c||,o - S|o|||caoo
Su||,o - S|o|||caoo
-.3. |||CT|OLOS |/|/ SO|L/| /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ` L| 3// /||/C|O| 93
-.3.+. |||CT|OLOS C||U|OS|COS
Caactc|st|cas Ccoca|cs oc |os ||cctooos Cc|u|os|cos
||cctooos O||||KO| oc| Cuo Cc|u|os|co
-.3.2. |||CT|OLOS |UT|||COS
Caactc|st|cas Ccoca|cs oc |os ||cctooos |ut|||cos
||cctooos O||||KO| oc| Cuo |ut|||co
-.3.3. |||CT|OLOS L| ||||O || |O|\O
Caactc|st|cas Ccoca|cs oc |os ||cctooos oc |co co |o|vo
||cctooos O||||KO| oc| Cuo |co co |o|vo
-.3.-. |||CT|OLOS L| 3/O |L|OC||O
Caactc|st|cas Ccoca|cs oc |os ||cctooos oc 3a,o |oocoo
||cctooos O||||KO| oc| Cuo oc 3a,o |oocoo
a ) 3s|cos oc cvcst||coto s||c
b) 3s|cos oc cvcst||coto oob|c
-.-. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS L| 3/O CO|T|||LO L| C/|3O|O 95
-.-.+. ||OC|L|||||TO L| SO|L/|
-.-.2. ||CO|||L/C|O||S |/|/ SO|L/| /C||OS T||O /|S|
-.-.2.+. T|os /|S| C +008 a| +0+0
-.-.2.2. T|os /|S| C +0+5 a| C +02-
-.-.2.3. T|os /|S| C +025 a| C +030
-.5. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS L| ||L|/|O ` /|TO CO|T|||LO L| C/|3O|O 96
-.5.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| /|S| - Cuaoo)
-.5.2. |||C/|||T/||||TO
-.5.3. T|||||/TU|/S L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
-.5.-. |OSTC/|||T/||||TO
-.5.5. SO|L/3|||L/L
-.5.6. |||CT|OLOS U| L|3|| UT|||Z/|S| |/|/ SO|L/| |OS /C||OS L| ||L|/|O `
/|TO C/|3O|O
-.5.. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ||SU||U||Z/LOS
-.6. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS L| 3// /||/C|O| 99
-.6.+. /C||OS /| |/|C/||SO |||OS L| 2% |o)
-.6.+.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| - Cuaoo)
-.6.+.2. T|||||/TU|/S L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
-.6.+.3. So|oab|||oao
-.6.+.-. ||cctooos aa So|oa /ccos a| |aoaocso
-.6.2. /C||OS /| ||U||
-.6.2.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| - Cuaoo)
-.6.2.2. T|||||/TU|/ L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
-.6.2.3. So|oab|||oao
-.6.2.-. ||cctooos aa So|oa /ccos a| ||ouc|
-.6.3. /C||OS /| C|O|O-||U||
-.6.3.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| - Cuaoo)
-.6.3.2. T|||||/TU|/ L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
-.6.3.3. So|oab|||oao
-.6.3.-. ||cctooos aa So|oa /ccos a| Coo-||ouc|
-.6.-. /C||O /| |O||3L||O
-.6.-.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| - Cuaoo)
-.6.-.2. T|||||/TU|/ L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
!2 !3
5.3.2. |OL|||C/C|O||S ||C|O|ST|UCTU|/||S |O| C/|||T/||||TO /
T|||||/TU|/S \/||/3||S ||T|| 200 ` 800C
5.3.3. ||LU||C|||||TO L|| /C||O /UST|||T|CO |O| L||O||/C|O|
5.3.-. SO|L/3|||L/L
CAPlIULO Vl:
El Fierro Fundido y su 5oldabilidad 114
6.0. C||||/||L/L|S 114
6.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| L| |/S |U|L|C|O||S 114
|o c| asccto oc su |actua
|o su |cocstuctua
6.2. C/|/CT|||ST|C/S 115
6.2.+. |||||O |U|L|LO 3|/|CO
6.2.2. |||||O |U|L|LO C||S
6.2.3. |||||O |U|L|LO |/||/3||
6.2.-. |||||O |U|L|LO |OLU|/|
6.3. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS L||||||T|S T||OS L| |||||O |U|L|LO 117
6.3.+. ||O3|||/S T|||COS /| SO|L/| || |||||O |U|L|LO C||S
6.3.2. ||TOLOS |/|/ |/ SO|L/LU|/ L|| |||||O |U|L|LO C||S
6.3.2.+. |ctooo oc So|oaoua co ||o o /co ||cct|co
|||cza oc| |atc|a|
|ca||za Coooocs cotos a|tcoaoos
|||cza oc| Coooo oc So|oaoua
|at|||aoo
Lcos|taooo uo Coooo oc So|oaoua
|o||a|coto |coto
6.3.2.2. |ctooo oc So|oaoua coo |cca|cota|coto
6.3.2.3. |ctooo oc So|oaoua co Ca||cotc
/. ||TOLO L| SO|L/LU|/ |O| /|CO || C/||||T|
3. ||TOLO L| SO|L/LU|/ CO| C/S || C/||||T|
a) \a|||as oc /|cac|oocs oc 3oocc
b) \a|||as oc ||co |uoo|oo
6.3.3. SO|L/3|||L/L L|| |||||O |OLU|/|
6.3.-. SO|L/LU|/ ||L|/|T| || ||OC|SO S|||/UTO|/T|CO L| /|CO /3|||TO
CAPlIULO Vll:
5oldabilidad de los Aceros lnoxidables 124
.0. C||||/||L/L|S 124
.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| L| |OS /C||OS ||O|L/3||S 124
+ ) /UST|||T|CO
2 ) |||||T|CO
3 ) |/|T||S|T|CO
.2. |L||T|||C/C|O| L| |OS /C||OS ||O|L/3||S 124
Lcs|oac|oo ouc|ca
.3. /C||OS ||O|L/3||S /UST|||T|COS 125
.3.+. /C||OS ||O|L/3||S C|O|O-||U|| /UST|||T|COS - Cuaoo)
.3.2. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS ||O|L/3||S /UST|||T|COS
.3.2.+. |ob|cas oc T|o ||s|co
Cooouct|b|||oao tc|ca
Coc||c|cotc oc o||atac|oo
|uoto oc |us|oo
|cs|stcoc|a c|cct|ca
.3.2.2. |ob|cas oc T|o |cta|u|co
CO|O L|S|||U|| || |||CTO L| |/ |||C|||T/C|O| L| C/|3U|OS
||co oc accos |oox|oab|cs oc ba,o cabooo c|cctooos |oox|oab|cs oc ba,o
cabooo
-.6.-.3. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| /C||OS /| C|O|O-|O||3L||O - Cuaoo)
-.6.-.-. T|||||/TU|/ L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
-.6.-.5. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| /C||OS /| ||U||-C|O|O-|O||3L||O- Cuaoo)
-.6.-.6. T|||||/TU|/ L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
-.6.-.. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| /C||OS /| ||U||-|O||3L||O - Cuaoo)
-.6.-.8. T|||||/TU|/ L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
-.6.-.. Usos Caactc|st|cas oc So|oab|||oao
-.6.-.+0. ||cctooos aa So|oa /ccos a| |o||bocoo
-.6.5. /C||OS /| C|O|O
-.6.5.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| - Cuaoo)
-.6.5.2. T|||||/TU|/ L| |||C/|||T/||||TO - Cuaoo)
-.6.5.3. So|oab|||oao
-.6.5.-. ||cctooos aa So|oa /ccos a| Coo
-.6.6. /C||OS /| \/|/L|O
-.6.6.+. C|/S|||C/C|O| S/| - Cuaoo)
-.6.6.2. Tccatua oc |cca|cota|coto
-.6.6.3. So|oab|||oao
-.6.6.-. ||cctooos aa So|oa cstos T|os oc /cco
-.6.. /C||OS |ST|UCTU|/||S /| C/|3O|O: /ST|
-.6..+. CO||OS|C|O| U|||C/ - Cuaoo)
-.6..2. So|oab|||oao
-.6..3. ||cctooos aa So|oa cstos T|os oc /cco
-.6.8. /C||OS L| 3// /||/C|O| ` /|T/ ||S|ST||C|/ / |/ T|/CC|O|
-.6.8.+. CO||OS|C|O| U|||C/ - Cuaoo)
-.6.8.2. So|oab|||oao
-.6.8.3. ||cctooos aa So|oa cstos T|os oc /cco
-.. SO|L/LU|/ L| /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ` L| 3// /||/C|O| ||L|/|T| ||OC|SO
O|/C|T|||||CO 104
-..+. \/||||/S L| /C||O |/|/ SO|L/LU|/ O|/C|T|||||CO - Cuaoos)
-..2. ||OC|L|||||TO L| SO|L/LU|/
-..3. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ||L|/|T| ||
||OC|SO O|/C|T|||||CO
-..-. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS L| 3// /||/C|O| ||L|/|T|
|| ||OC|SO O|/C|T|||||CO
-.8. SO|L/LU|/ L| /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ` L| 3// /||/C|O| ||L|/|T| |OS ||OC|SO
S|||/UTO|/T|COS CO| ||OT|CC|O| C/S|OS/ 106
-.8.+. /|/|3|| |/|/ SO|L/| |OS /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ` L| 3// /||/C|O|
-.. SO|L/LU|/ L| |OS /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ` L| 3// /||/C|O| ||L|/|T| ||
||OC|SO L| SO|L/LU|/ /UTO||OT|C|L/ CO| /|/|3||S TU3U|/||S 106
- || occso oc so|oaoua coo a|abc tubu|a otccc|oo oc CO
2
- || occso oc so|oaoua coo a|abc tubu|a s|o otccc|oo ascosa aco ab|cto)
-..+. /|/|3||S TU3U|/||S
-.+0. SO|L/LU|/ L| /C||OS /| C/|3O|O ` L| 3// /||/C|O| ||L|/|T| || ||OC|SO
|O| /|CO SU|||C|LO 107
-.+0.+. || |U|L||T|
|O| +00 /\S |62)
|O| +85 /\S |2)
-.+0.2. || /|/|3||
-.+0.2.+. L||O|||/C|O||S ` CO||OS|C|O| L| /|/|3||S - Cuaoo)
-.+0.3. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS /| C/|3O|O /||/LOS ||L|/|T| ||
||OC|SO |O| /|CO SU|||C|LO
-.+0.3.+. /|/|3||S ` |U|L||T|S |/|/ SO|L/| |OS /C||OS L| 3/O C/|3O|O
-.+0.-. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS /||/LOS ||L|/|T| || ||OC|SO |O| /|CO SU|||C|LO
-.+0.-.+. /|abcs |uoocotcs aa So|oa |os /ccos /|caoos
CAPlIULO V:
El Acero Fundido y su 5oldabilidad 110
5.+. || /C||O |U|L|LO 110
5.2. |/ SO|L/LU|/ L| |OS /C||OS |U|L|LOS 110
5.3. /C||O |U|L|LO /| +3 % L| |/|C/||SO 111
5.3.+. ||C|O|ST|UCTU|/ L| |OS /C||OS /| |/|C/||SO
!4 !5
||co oc so|oaouas coo a|to cootco|oo oc coo
||co oc accos |oox|oab|cs cstab|||zaoos atc|a|cs oc aotc oc so|oaoua
cstab|||zaoos
||co oc so|oaoua ouc coot|coc o||bocoo
|v|ta a| x|o os|b|c |os aoos oc tccatuas c|t|cas oc cc||tac|oo
.3.3. ||OC|L|||||TOS L| SO|L/LU|/
|||cza oc |a ,uota
/||oca|coto auota|aoo
/bctua oc a|z
Uso oc o|s|aoocs oc ca|o
Usa c|cctooos oc acco |oox|oab|c ouc |ao s|oo a|accoaoos co |oa ao|aoa
Usa c|cctooos oc o|cto |o s oc|aoo os|b|c aa aotcoc co uo |o|o |a
aotac|oo oc| ca|o
|aotcoc c| aco |o s coto os|b|c
.-. /C||OS ||O|L/3||S |||||T|COS 127
.-.+. /C||OS ||O|L/3||S /| C|O|O |||||T|COS - Cuaoo)
.-.2. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS ||O|L/3||S |||||T|COS
.-.2.+. |ob|cas oc T|o ||s|co
Cooouct|v|oao tc|ca
|a cs|stcoc|a c|cct|ca
.-.2.2. |ob|cas oc T|o |cta|u|co |occo||cotos oc So|oaoua
.5. /C||OS ||O|L/3||S |/|T||S|T|COS 128
.5.+. /C||OS ||O|L/3||S /| C|O|O |/|T||S|T|COS - Cuaoo)
.5.2. SO|L/3|||L/L L| |OS /C||OS ||O|L/3||S |/|T||S|T|COS
.5.2.+. |ob|cas oc T|o ||s|co
|a cooouct|v|oao tc|ca
|cs|stcoc|a c|cct|ca
|aoct|so
.5.2.2. |ob|cas oc T|o |cta|u|co |occo||cotos oc So|oaoua
.6. S|||CC|O| L|| |||CT|OLO |/S /L|CU/LO |/|/ || T|/3/O 130
.6.+. C/SOS |S||C|/||S L| /|||C/C|O| L| |||CT|OLOS ||O|L/3||S O||||KO| -
Cuaoo)
.6.2. |||CT|OLOS O||||KO| |/|/ |/ SO|L/LU|/ L| |OS /C||OS ||O|L/3||S -
Cuaoo)
.6.3. C/|/CT|||ST|C/S L| |OS |||CT|OLOS ||O|L/3||S O||||KO| - Cuaoo)
CAPlIULO Vlll:
Recubrimientos Protectores 136
8.0. C||||/||L/L|S 136
8.+. || L|SC/ST| - SU |/TU|/||Z/ 136
/bas|oo
|oza|coto ct||co
Coos| oo
Cav| tac| oo
C|oouc o |acto
8.2. S|||CC|O| L|| |||CT|OLO |/S /L|CU/LO |/|/ || ||CU3||||||TO ||OT|CTO| 137
8.3. |/T|||/||S L| /|O|T| |/|/ ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S L| |||Z/S SU|T/S /
L|SC/ST| 137
8.3.+. ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S CO|\||C|O|/||S
C|TOLU| 350
C|TOLU| 600
C|TOLU| +000
C|TO|/|C/|
TOO|CO|L
8.-. /|CU|/S ||L|C/C|O||S |/|/ |/ /|||C/C|O| L| |OS ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S 138
8.5. || CO|| O 3/S| /|O|T|CU/LO|/ 138
8.5.+. CU/L|O L| O||||T/C|O| |/|/ |/ /|||C/C|O| L| |/S SO|L/LU|/S
CO|\||C|O|/||S |/|/ ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S
8.6. SO|L/LU|/S |S||C|/||S |/|/ ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S 140
8.6.+. ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S L| /C||O ||O|L/3||
8.6.2. ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S L| /||/C|O||S |S||C|/||S
8.6.2.+. |stuctuas |cs|stcotcs a| Lcsastc
|atcos|ta
/ustco|ta
Cabuos co |co
Cabuos L|scsos
8.6.2.2. |ccub||cotos |otcctocs |scc|a|cs
8.6.2.3. Cuaoo oc O|cotac|oo aa |a /||cac|oo oc |as So|oaouas |scc|a|cs aa
|ccub||cotos
|otcctocs - Cuaoo)
8.6.3. ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S |/|/ ||OC|SOS L| SO|L/LU|/
S|||-/UTO|/T|COS
8.6.3.+. /|abcs Tubu|acs aa |ccub||cotos |otcctocs
8.6.3.2. |ccocooac|oocs aa |a /||cac|oo oc |os /|abcs Tubu|acs
8.6.-. ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S |/|/ || ||OC|SO L| SO|L/LU|/
/UTO|/T|C/, /|CU|OS |U|TOS L| \|ST/ || |/ SO|L/LU|/ L|
||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S
8.6.5. S|||CC|O| L|| ||UO ` /|/|3|| |/|/ |OS ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S
- ||UOS ` /|/|3||S |/|/ ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S || /C||O
||O|L/3|| - /|CO SU|||C|LO - Cuaoo)
- C/|/CT|||ST|C/S CO||/|/T|\/S L| |OS ||UOS ` /|/|3||S O||||KO|
|/|/ ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S - /|CO SU|||C|LO - Cuaoo)
- /|/|3||S TU3U|/||S |/|/ ||CU3|| || ||TOS ||OT|CTO||S -
/|CO SU|||C| LO - Cuao o)
- |/|/||T|OS L| SO|L/LU|/ ||CO|||L/LOS - /|CO SU|||C|LO -
||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S - Cuaoo)
- /|/|3||S SO||LOS L| /C||O
- /|/|3||S TU3U|/||S L| /C||O - Cuaoo)
- /|/|3||S SO||LOS L| /C||O ||O|L/3|| - Cuaoo)
8.6.6. |/ T|C||C/ L| |/ SO|L/LU|/ L| ||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S
8.6.. T/3|/ |/|/ S|||CC|O| L|| ||OC|SO |O| ||CU3||||||TO ||OT|CTO|
CAPlIULO lX:
5oldabilidad de los Metales No Ferrosos 152
.+. || /|U||||O ` SUS /||/C|O||S - SU SO|L/3|||L/L 152
.+.+. C/|/CT|||ST|C/S
.+.2. SO|L/3|||L/L
/|cac|oo /|u|o|o-|aoaocso
/|cac|oo /|u|o|o-|aocs|o-Coo
/|cac|oo /|u|o|o-|aocs|o-|aoaocso
/|cac|oo /|u|o|o-S|||c|o-|aocs|o
/|cac|oocs /|u|o|o-Cobc-|aocs|o-|aoaocso
.+.3. |||CT|OLOS |/|/ /|U||||O ` SUS /||/C|O||S
.+.-. ||OC|L|||||TO L| SO|L/LU|/ /|uoas |c|as)
.2. || CO3|| - SU SO|L/3|||L/L 153
.2.+. || CO3|| ` SUS C/|/CT|||ST|C/S
.2.2. |/TO||S ` 3|O|C|S
|atoocs
3ooccs
Su so|oab|||oao
.2.3. |||CT|OLOS |/|/ |/TO||S ` 3|O|C|S
C|TO3|O|C|
C|TO3|O|C| ||
C|TO3|O|C| /|
.2.-. /|CU|/S ||C|/S |/|/ |/ SO|L/LU|/ L|| CO3|| ` SUS /||/C|O||S
CAPlIULO X:
Brazing y 5oldadura Brazing 156
!4 !5
!6 !7
+0.+. ||||C/C|O| L|| ||OC|L|||||TO 156
+0.2. |/TU|/||Z/ L|| ||T/| L| /|O|T/C|O| 156
+0.3. |U|L||T|S 156
+0.-. ||T/||S SO|L/3||S ||L|/|T| || ||OC|L|||||TO 3|/Z||C: \||T//S `
L|S\||T//S L|| ||TOLO 156
+0.5. |/ ||/|/ O|/C|T|||||C/ ` SUS /|||C/C|O||S 158
+0.6. /|CU|/S ||C|/S |/|/ |/ T|C||C/ 3|/Z||C 158
+0.. COSTO |ST||/LO |/|/ |/ SO|L/LU|/ O|/C|T|||||C/ |/|U/| 158
PARIE ll: ELECIRODO5 Y VARlLLA5 PARA ACERO5 159
CAPlIULO Xl:
5oldaduras para Aceros al Carbono y de Baja Aleacin 161
Ce|u|sicos Convenciona|es 162
C|||OCO|L |
C|||OCO|L /|
|U|TO /ZU|
/ZU||TO
C|||OCO|L 0
Ce|u|sicos Especia|es 165
C|||OCO|L | - T
C|||OCO|L 0 - T
C|||OCO|L 0 - CT
E|ectrodo no A|eado con Revestimiento Ce|u|sico 170
Z||CO|L 60
Z||CO|L 0
Z||CO|L 80
Ruti|icos 173
O\||CO|L |
O\||CO|L
O\||CO|L S
Hierro en Po|vo 176
||||OC|TO 2-
||||OC|TO 2
Bsicos de Baja A|eacin Revestimiento 5imp|e 178
SU|||C|TO
U||\||S
U||\||S C|
T||/C|TO 80
T||/C|TO ++0
Bsicos de Baja A|eacin Dob|e Revestimiento 183
T||/C|TO 65
T||/C|TO 5
PARIE lll: ELECIRODO5 Y VARlLLA5 PARA 5OLDADURA5 E5PEClALE5 Y MANIENlMlENIO 185
CAPlIULO Xll:
5oldaduras Especiales 187
E|ectrodos para Fierro Fundido 188
PLPPOCOPD U
C|TOPONTL
SUPLPPONTL
|S/||U|| |c
E|ectrodos lnoxidab|es Convenciona|es 192
||O /\
||O /\ Cb
||O 3\ ||C
C|TO|||| 80+
||O 30 ||C
|S/ +0 S
E|ectrodos lnoxidab|es Especia|es 198
||O 2/
|S/ +06
||O C\
C|TOC|O| +3-
|S/ +3
E|ectrodos de Nique| y A|eaciones 203
|S/ 5++, |S/ 5+2, |S/ 52+, |S/ 52-
Recubrimientos Protectores Convenciona|es 205
C|TOLU| 350
C|TOLU| 600
C|TOLU| 600 |o
C|TOLU| +000
C|TO|/|C/|
TOO|CO|L
Recubrimientos Protectores Especia|es 211
|S/LU| -3
ZUC/|C|TO
|S/ 2+
|S/ 26 a, |S/ 26 b
5o|daduras de Cobre y A|eaciones 215
|S/ 206
C|TO3|O|C|
C|TO3|O|C| ||
C|TO3|O|C| /|
5o|daduras de A|uminio y A|eaciones 219
/|CO|L 5 S|
|S/ -0-3
E|ectrodos de Corte y Bise|ado 221
C/||||CO|L
SU|||CO|T|
SU|||CO|T| ++
/|C/||
CAPlIULO Xlll:
Varillas Desnudas y Resvestidas para Brazing y 5oldering 225
A|eaciones de P|ata en Vari||as y Lminas {Brazing) 226
|S/|OT 30+, 302, 302|, 303, 303|, 305, 30, 30|, 308, 308|, 3+0, 3+-, 3+-|, 3+5, 3+5|, 3+5|
A|eaciones de Estao, P|omo y P|ata en Vari||as y Pastas Met|icas {5o|dering) 228
|S/|OT 6++, 6++|, 6+2|, 6+-|, |S/|OT 630--0/60, 630-50/50, 630-60/-0
Vari||as de Cobre y A|eaciones 230
|S/T|C 200, |S/|OT 20-, |S/|OT 2+0, |S/|OT 2+0|,
|S/|OT 00|
Fundentes Especia|es para 5o|dadura Autgena 231
|S/||U 200, |S/||U 300, |S/||U -00, |S/||U 600, |S/||U 600c
CAPlIULO XlV:
Varillas para 5oldadura Autgena Usadas en Mantenimiento 233
Vari||as para Acero a| Carbono 234
|S/|OT /+C, |S/|OT /2C, |S/T|C +03
Vari||as de Hierro Fundido Gris 235
|S/|OT ++0
Vari||as de Carburo de Tugsteno 236
|S/|OT 2+, |S/|OT 28
Vari||as de 5te||ite 237
|S/|OT 26a, |S/|OT 26b
PARIE lV: 5OLDADURA5 PARA PROCE5O5 AUIOMAIlCO5 Y 5EMlAUIOMAIlCO5 239
CAPlIULO XV:
Alambres 5lidos y Fundentes para Arco 5umergido 241
!8 !9
CONCEPIO5
GENERALE5
DE 5OLDADURA
Y PROCE5O5
PARIE l
A|ambres de Acero a| Carbono y Baja A|eacin 242
|S-+
|S-2
A|ambres de Acero lnoxidab|e 245
|S +/ ||O
|S 20/+0 |o ||O
|S +3C ||O
Fundentes para Arco 5umergido 247
POP !00
POP !75
POP !80
POP !85
POP 70 Cr
POP 250 A
POP 350 A
POP 450 A
CAPlIULO XVl:
Alambres 5lidos para Proceso MlG/MAG 259
A|ambres 5|idos de Acero a| Carbono 260
C/|3O||| |S-6 CC
A|ambres 5|idos de Acero lnoxidab|e 261
LXSAP|L !99
LXSAP|L 2O!0 Mo
|NOXP|L PS !3 Cr
|NOXP|L !34
A|ambres 5|idos de A|uminio y Bronce A|uminio 265
LXSAP|L 400, LXSAP|L 404, LXSAP|L 405,LXSAP|L 407
LXSAP|L 746
CAPlIULO XVll:
Varillas 5lidas para Proceso IlG 267
Vari||as 5|idas para Aceros a| Carbono 268
|S/T|C St 6
Vari||as 5|idas para Aceros lnoxidab|es 269
|S/T|C +
|S/T|C 20+0 |o
|S/T|C +3-
|S/T|C +3
Vari||as 5|idas de A|uminio y A|eaciones 273
|S/T|C -00, |S/T|C -05, |S/T|C -0
CAPlIULO XVlll:
Alambres Iubulares 275
A|ambres Tubu|ares de Unin para Aceros a| Carbono 276
|S/TU3 +
|S/TU3 -
|S/TU3 ++
A|ambres Tubu|ares de Acero lnoxidab|e 279
|S/TU3 308 |-O
|S/TU3 30| - C-+
A|ambres Tubu|ares para Recubrimientos Protectores 281
|S/TU3 350-O
|S/TU3 600-O
|S/TU3 +000-O
|S/TU3 |oC-O
PARIE V: APENDlCE Y BlBLlOGRAFlA 185
20 2!
CAPlIULO l
Conceptos Generales
de 5oldadura
+)2167 1
Cooceptos Geoero|es
de So|dodoro
1.1. La so|dadura como unin met|ica
|| |c aso |ac|a |a cocos|oo oc |os occsos oc
so|oaoua |o coost|tuc c| ao||s|s oc |os |coocoos, ouc |otcv|c-
oco cuaooo sc ooucc c| cootacto oc oos suc||c|cs so||oas.
|aa c||o ccoocos, ouc |os cta|cs csto coost|-
tu|oos o aoos. Caoa uoo oc cstos cs a su vcz uo ac|o
c|oo|co cscc|a| oc toos, ouc oa o|co a |o ouc co-
ooccos coo ct|cu|a c|sta||oa.
|| taao co|o oc cstos aoos cs va|ab|c caoa
aoo cst scaaoo oc sus vcc|oos o uoa zooa oc taos|-
c|oo, ouc sc cooocc coo |||tc oc aoo. |os |||tcs oc
aoo ocsccao uo ac| |otaotc co |a octc|oa-
c|oo oc |as o|coaocs cco|cas oc uo cta|.
S| coos|ocaos a|oa uo too cua|ou|ca co c|
|otc|o oc uo aoo, c| |so sc |a||a ||aoo a sus vcc|oos
o |uczas oc co|acc, ouc caactc|zao a cstos so||oos. S|o
cbao, csu|ta cv|ocotc ouc |os toos ct||cos, ouc
sc cocucotao co |a suc||c|c ||bc, oo oo|ao co|cta
sus co|accs. S| co cstas cooo|c|oocs oocos co aoccuaoo
cootacto oos suc||c|cs oc cstc t|o, sc cstab|ccco o|-
c|os co|accs, coost|tucooo |a suc||c|c as| |oaoa a|o
cou|va|cotc a uo |||tc oc aoo. |s |a os|b|||oao oc co-
ouc| cstc |coocoo co |oa cooto|aoa, |o ouc oa o|co
a |os occsos oc so|oaoua.
1.2. Natura|eza de |as superficies
met|icas
|o |a cx||cac|oo aotc|o |cos coos|ocaoo oos
suc||c|cs ct||cas |aoas, |oca|cs coo aa ouc sc cs-
tab|czca uo |ot|o cootacto cotc c||os. S|o cbao, |as
suc||c|cs ct||cas aacotc sc cocucotao co csc csta-
oo, |o ouc ||oc co |a ct|ca |a cooucc|oo oc| occso
a ocsc|to.
|aa cocooc |os occsos ca|cs, cs occcsa|o
aoa||za |as caactc|st|cas oc |as suc||c|cs ca|cs, ta| coo
ocuco co |a oatua|cza. Cua|ou|c suc||c|c ca| cxa|-
oaoa co |a csca|a ato|ca cs cxtcaoacotc |cu|a. |st
coost|tu|oa o |cos va||cs va|ab|cs cotc uoos oosc|co-
tos o|ctos ato|cos cocsooo|cotcs a |as suc||c|cs
s c|cctas ouc c| |obc ucoc caa, |asta c|co
|| o|ctos ato|cos aa suc||c|cs ocsbastaoas.
Laoo ouc cstas |cu|a|oaocs sc cocucotao o|st|-
bu|oas a| aza, cs suacotc |obab|c ouc oco s ouc
a|uoos toos sc ooao co cootacto |ot|o occcsa|o aa
ouc cxc|cotco |uczas oc atacc|oo scos|b|cs.
Oto |co|coto, ouc sc cscota aa |oa |a so|-
oaoua |oca|, |o coost|tuc |a cscoc|a |ocv|tab|c oc caas oc
ox|oo |ucoao ao|c|oas a |as suc||c|cs ct||cas.
Lc cstc ao||s|s suco |as o|||cu|taocs, ouc sc csco-
tao aa |oa uoa uo|oo ct||ca aoccuaoa a| ooc oos
cucos co cootacto. S|o cbao, |a c|coc|a oc |a So|oaou-
a sc ocua oc cstuo|a |os co|os ct|cos, aa oouc|
uo|oocs too a too a tavcs oc suc||c|cs ct||cas
ccx|stcotcs co uo ouco su||c|cotc aa otoa cs|s-
tcoc|a cco|ca sat|s|acto|a.
|os ccusos c|caoos aa |oa cstc ob,ct|vo
oos c|t|o |acc uoa c|as|||cac|oo oc |os occsos oc
so|oaoua.
1.3. C|asificacin de |os procesos de
so|dadura
Uoa |oa oc |oa c| cootacto |ot|o oc oos suc-
||c|cs ct||cas aa |a ooucc|oo oc uoa so|oaoua, cs so-
ctc |as |sas a uoa cs|oo cc|oca. S| csta cs oc
ao|tuo aoccuaoa, sc caaz oc oc |as caas oc ox|-
oo |ucoao oc|oa |a suc||c|c, |oaooo as| c| coo-
tacto occcsa|o. |sto oa o|co a |o ouc sc cooocc coo
So|oaoua o |cs|oo.
|stc occso ucoc o oo sc as|st|oo o coc|a
tc|ca, co ocbc tcocsc co cucota ouc, cuaooo as| ocu-
c, |a tccatua oc| occso ocbc aotcocsc o oc-
ba,o oc| uoto oc |us|oo oc |os atc|a|cs ouc |otcv|coco.
|| |oc|a| c|ccto oc| uso oc coc|a tc|ca cs c| oc c-
ouc| |a tcos|oo oc ||ucoc|a oc |os atc|a|cs ouc sc suc|oao,
as| coo o|soc|a |os ox|oos vo|at|||za |a |ucoao.
Oto ca|oo aa |oa |a so|oaoua, cs c|ca
coc|a tc|ca aa |uoo| |oca|cotc |os cta|cs ouc sc
ocscco uo| , oc csta aoca, |oa |a c|||oac|oo oc |as
caas coc|ooaoas c| |ot|o cootacto oc |as |czas o |a
|us|oo so||o|||cac|oo oc |os atc|a|cs co cootacto. Ccoca|-
cotc, cstc sc cooocc coo So|oaoua o |us|oo.
Soo u|t||cs |as os|b|||oaocs oc a||cac|oo oc cstos
occsos oc so|oaoua. Su cao oc a||cac|oo occooc,
cotc otas cosas, oc| atc|a| a so|oa, oc su cscso, oc
|os cou|s|tos ouc ocbc sat|s|acc |a costua, oc |a coos-
tucc|oo. |a u|t|||c|oao oc |a c,ccuc|oo oc |a costua,
taoto co |a |oa coo co c| ctooo |as a||cac|oocs,
|a cooouc|oo a| ocsao||o oc uc|os occsos co csta
tcco|ca. |a sc|ccc|oo oc| occso s |avoab|c, aoccua-
oo ccooo|co oc so|oaoua csuooc c| coooc||co-
to oc |a aoca oc c,ccuta|a sus ccu||a|oaocs.
|o c| cscotc Ca|tu|o |accos uoa bcvc ocsc|-
c|oo oc |os occsos o /co ||cct|co s c|caoos
co c| a|s tab|co oc| occso Ox|-Cas.
22
||. 2.- |souca Lcostat|vo oc |a |stuctua Caou|a C|sta||oa oc uoa Suc||c|c |ct||ca
1.4. C|asificacin genera| de |os procesos de so|dadura
||. +.- Cata |acsta oc |os |occsos oc So|oaoua /\S)
23 24
+.- Ccocaoo oc co|cotc |ucotc oc ooc)
2.- Cab|cs oc coocx|oo
3.- |ota-||cctooo
-.- |asa o t|ca
5.- ||cctooo
6.- ||cza oc taba,o
|| c|cu|to sc c|ca ocotocacotc, tocaooo coo
|a uota oc| c|cctooo a |a |cza oc taba,o, ct|ooo|a
|oco|atacotc a uoa a|tua ccstab|cc|oa, |oooosc
oc csta aoca uo aco. || ca|o |uooc uo ca cst|o|oa
oc| atc|a| basc |a uota oc| c|cctooo, |oaooo c-
oucos |obu|os ct||cos, cub|ctos oc csco|a ||ou|oa,
|os cua|cs soo taos|c|oos a| cta| basc o |uczas c|cc-
toaoct|cas, coo c| csu|taoo oc |a |us|oo oc oos cta|cs
su so||o|||cac|oo a co|oa ouc c| aco avaoza, scuo
ucoc vcsc co |a ||. 5.
+.- /|a oc| c|cctooo
2.- |cvcst||coto
3.- Cota co |oac|oo
- .- |sco|a ||ou|oa
5.- /co
6.- |cta| basc
.- 3ao oc |us|oo ctc oc| cta| basc co |us|oo
8.- |sco|a so||oa
+0.- Ctc oc| c|cctooo
++.- |otccc|oo ascosa
+2.- Taos|ccoc|a oc| cta| otas)
+3.- Coooo ocos|taoo
+-. - |coctac|oo
|| aco c|cct|co cs u b|||aotc c|tc aos v|s|-
b|cs c |ov|s|b|cs, a|uoos oc |os cua|cs causao oucaouas,
||cas |cs|oocs a |a |c| oo|ocs tcoa|cs a |os o,os,
s| cs ouc oo sc |cs otcc ocb|oacotc.
1.5. La so|dadura e|ctrica por arco
|s uo occso oc so|oaoua, ooooc |a uo|oo cs o-
ouc|oa o c| ca|o cocaoo o uo aco c|cct|co, coo o
s|o a||cac|oo oc cs|oo coo o s|o cta| oc aotc.
|a coc|a c|cct|ca sc taos|oa co coc|a tc|ca,
uo|cooo ||ca csta coc|a |asta uoa tccatua oc
aox. - 000C. |a coc|a c|cct|ca cs c| ||u,o oc c|cc-
toocs a tavcs oc uo c|cu|to ccaoo. Cuaooo ocuc uoa
couca utua ocoto oc cua|ou|c atc, o actua oc|
c|cu|to, |os c|cctoocs sc ucvco a ao vc|oc|oao sa|-
tao a tavcs oc| csac|o ||bc cotc |os oos tc|oa|cs, o-
ouc|cooo uoa c||sa c|cct|ca, coo |a su||c|cotc cs|oo o
vo|ta,c aa |acc ||u| |os c|cctoocs coot|ouacotc. /
tavcs oc csta actua, sc |oa c| aco c|cct|co, |uoo|co-
oosc c| cta| a co|oa ouc sc avaoza.
|| aco c|cct|co cs, o |o taoto, uo ||u,o coot|ouo oc
c|cctoocs a tavcs oc uo co|o ascoso, ouc coca |uz
ca|o.
!.5.!. So|oaoura por arco e|ctrlco manua|
con e|ectrooo meta|lco revestloo
|oea oe| proceso
|a so|oaoua o aco c|cct|co aoua| coo c|ccto-
oo cvcst|oo o s||ccotc 'So|oaoua ||cct|ca', coo
|a coooccos co oucsto co|o, cs uo occso oc uo|oo
o |us|oo oc |czas ct||cas.
|aa |oa |a uo|oo, sc cooccota c| ca|o oc uo aco
c|cct|co cstab|cc|oo cotc |os boocs oc |as |czas a so|oa
uoa va|||a ct||ca, ||aaoa c|cctooo, oouc|cooosc
uoa zooa oc |us|oo ouc, a| so||o|||casc, |oa |a uo|oo
caocotc.
Prlnclplo oe |unclonamlento oe |a so|oaoura por arco
e|ctrlco
|| cou|o coosta oc:
vc atcs a coot|ouac|oo)
Puncln oe| arco e|ctrlco
|| aco cs c| |oc||o ||s|co oc taos|oa |a coc-
|a c|cct|ca co ca|o. |oa|cotc cu|c |a |c oc O|.
7 4N1
Loooc 4 cs |a cs|stcoc|a oc| aco, 1 cs |a |otcos|oao oc
co|cotc 7 cs |a tcos|oo o vo|ta,c. |a otcoc|a oc| aco
cs 2 7N1 cxcsaoa co \att. |sta coc|a cooccotaoa
co uoa couca ca cs |a ouc sc usa co tooos |os
occsoso aco c|cct|co, aa |uoo| taoto a| cta| basc
coo a |os atc|a|cs oc aotc.
!.5.2. Noclones oe e|ectrlcloao con re|a-
cln a| arco e|ctrlco
|aa cocooc c,o |a a||cac|oo oc| aco c|cc-
t|co a |a so|oaoua, cs occcsa|o cooocc c|ctos |oc|-
|os |uooacota|cs c|ac|ooaoos coo |a c|cct|c|oao.
a) L| clrculto e|ctrlco.- |a co|cotc c|cct|ca cs uo
||u,o oc c|cctoocs ouc c|cu|a o uo coooucto co
uo c|cu|to ccaoo, ocoo|oaoo c|cu|to c|cct|co.
b) L| clrculto oe so|oaoura por arco e|ctrlco.- |a co-
|cotc ||uc a at| oc| booc oc |a ou|oa oc so|oa,
ooooc sc ||,a c| cab|c oc| c|cctooo +), tc|oa co
c| booc oc |a ou|oa, ooooc sc ||,a c| cab|c oc t|ca
o oc taba,o 2).
Coo ucoc obscvasc co |a ||. , a at| oc|
uoto +) |a co|cotc ||uc a| ota-c|cctooo o
cstc a| c|cctooo, o c| cxtco oc| c|cctooo sa|ta
|a c|cct|c|oao a |a |cza |oaooo c| aco c|cct|co,
s|uc ||ucooo |a c|cct|c|oao o c| cta| basc a|
cab|c oc t|ca 2) vuc|vc a |a ou|oa.
|| c|cu|to cst cstab|cc|oo so|o cuaooo c| aco sc
cocucota coccoo|oo.
c) vo|taje y amperaje.- || aua c|cu|a a |o |ao oc uo
tubo, s| cx|stc uoa cs|oo ouc |o |u|sc, co |a |s-
a |oa, |a co|cotc c|cct|ca ||uc o c|cu|a a
tavcs oc uo c|cu|to, s| cx|stc uoa cs|oo, ouc
|u|sc c| ||u,o oc c|cctoocs ocoto oc uo cooouc-
to ou|oa co |uoc|ooa|coto). |sta 'cs|oo', ouc
|ooucc uoa co|cotc c|cct|ca, sc ||aa o||ccoc|a oc
otcoc|a|, tcos|oo o vo|ta,c.
|| vo|ta,c sc cxcsa co vo|t|os sc |oc coo c| vo|-
t|cto, a|uoas ou|oas oc so|oa oscco vo|t|-
cto uo cu|aoo oc vo|ta,c.
|a caot|oao oc aua, ouc asa o uo tubo, sc |oc
o uoa ao|tuo co uoa uo|oao oc t|co ctos
cub|cos o scuooo). |o |ua| |oa sc ut|||za, aa
cxcsa |a ao|tuo oc co|cotc c|cct|ca, |a cao-
t|oao oc c|cct|c|oao o scuooo.
|a uo|oao ut|||zaoa cs c| Co|ub|o o Scuooo, |o
ouc sc cxcsa co /c|os, sc |oc coo uo
|ostucoto ||aaoo ac|cto.
Tooas |as ou|oas oc so|oa cucotao coo cu|aoo-
cs, ouc c|tco va|a c| aca,c o |otcos|oao oc
co|cotc c|cct|ca occcsa|a aa so|oa.
o) C|ases oe corrlente e|ctrlca.-
Corrlente a|terna (CA).- || ||u,o oc co|cotc va|a
oc uoa o|ccc|oo a |a oucsta. |stc cab|o oc o|cc-
c|oo sc c|cctua +00 a +20 vcccs o scuooo. ||
t|co cocoo|oo cotc |os cab|os oc o|cc-
c|oo os|t|va o ocat|va sc cooocc coo |os oobcs
oc c|c|o o c|ooo 50 a 60 c|c|os).
|o c| |cu ut|||zaos, o |o coca|, |a co|cotc
a|tcoa oc 220 vo|t|os 60 c|c|os. |sta co|cotc cs
taosotaoa o cocs c|cct|cas ooo|s|cas ouc
ut|||zao 2 cab|cs, o b|co cs cooouc|oa o cocs c|cc-
t|cas t||s|cas, ouc ut|||zao 3 cab|cs oc taosota-
c|oo. |as ou|oas oc so|oa ucoco ut|||za taoto |a
co|cotc ooo|s|ca coo |a t||s|ca.
Corrlente contlnua (CC).- || ||u,o oc co|cotc coo-
scva s|cc uoa |sa o|ccc|oo: oc| o|o ocat|-
vo a| os|t|vo.
e) Po|arloao.- |o |a co|cotc coot|oua cs |otaotc
sabc |a o|ccc|oo oc| ||u,o oc co|cotc. |a o|ccc|oo
oc| ||u,o oc co|cotc co c| c|cu|to oc so|oaoua cs
cxcsaoa co tc|oo oc |O|/||L/L. S| c| cab|c
oc| ota-c|cctooo cs coocctaoo a| o|o ocat|vo
-) oc |a |ucotc oc ooc c| cab|c oc t|ca a| o|o
os|t|vo ), c| c|cu|to cs ocoo|oaoo |O|/||-
L/L L|||CT/ o |O||/|.
Cuaooo c| cab|c oc| ota-c|cctooo cs coocctaoo
a| o|o os|t|vo ) oc |a |ucotc oc ooc c| cab|c
oc t|ca a| o|o ocat|vo, c| c|cu|to cs ocoo|oaoo
|O|/||L/L ||\||T|L/ o ||L|||CT/.
|o a|uoas ou|oas oo cs occcsa|o cab|a |os
cab|cs co |os boocs, oouc oscco uoa ao|,a o
||avc oc cooutac|oo ouc c|tc cab|a oc o|a-
|oao coo |ac|||oao.
|o uoa ou|oa oc co|cotc a|tcoa oo cs os|b|c
o||ccoc|a |os cab|cs o sus coocx|oocs oc aa ota
c|cctooo oouc |a c|cct|c|oao ||uc o c||os a|tcoaooo
su scot|oo o o|ccc|oo.
25 26
||. 5.- |us|oo oc| ||cctooo
||. 3.- L|aaa oc| C|cu|to oc So|oaoua o
/co ||cct|co
||. -.- |atcs oc| C|cu|to oc So|oaoua o
/co ||cct|co
||. 6
||. .- ||u,o ||cct|co
||. 8.- |o|a|oao L|ccta
||. .- |o|a|oao |ovct|oa
Uo so|oaoo ocbc csta |a|||a|zaoo coo |os c|cc-
tos oc |a o|a|oao co c| occso oc so|oaoua.
Ccoca|cotc, c| c|cctooo coocctaoo a| o|o o-
s|t|vo o|a|oao |ovct|oa) c|tc uoa ao c-
octac|oo c| c|cctooo coocctaoo a| ocat|vo o-
|a|oao o|ccta) oa uoa ao vc|oc|oao oc |us|oo.
S|o cbao, |os cooocotcs ou||cos oc| cvcs-
t||coto oc| c|cctooo ucoco |acc va|a |os c|cc-
tos oc |a o|a|oao , o c||o, cs coovco|cotc scu|
|as |ostucc|oocs oc| |ab|caotc aa cooccta c| c|cc-
tooo cocctacotc, a sca a| o|o os|t|vo o oc-
at| vo.
Cuaooo sc suc|oa coo uo c|cctooo, ocbc usasc
s|cc |a o|a|oao coccta aa obtcoc |os c-
su|taoos sat|s|acto|os ouc sc cscao: bucoa coc-
tac|oo, asccto uo||oc oc| coooo, cxcc|cotc c-
s|stcoc|a oc |a ,uota so|oaoa.
|) Penmenos oe| arco e|ctrlco para so|oar.- |o |os
o|os oc| aco, c| vo|ta,c va|a scuo |a |oo|tuo oc
cstc. /| oza c| c|cctooo coo |a |cza, c| vo|ta,c cs
cco va aucotaooo a co|oa ouc |a |oo|tuo oc|
aco sc |acc ao, |asta ouc -o a|c,asc ocas|a-
oo c| c|cctooo- c| aco sc |otcuc |a ou|oa
vuc|vc a su 'vo|ta,c co vac|o', ouc cs s|cc s
c|cvaoo ouc c| vo|ta,c oc taba,o.
|a |otcos|oao oc co|cotc o aca,c occcsa|o aa
|uoo| c| c|cctooo , o |o taoto, |a |cza a so|oa
ocbc c|cvasc a co|oa ouc aucota c| o|cto oc|
c|cctooo ut|||zaoo. |a cu|ac|oo o aucoto oc|
aca,c |a |acc c| so|oaoo.
1.6. Mquinas de so|dar por arco e|c-
trico
Soo ou|oas c|cct|cas, oc |as cua|cs sc cx|c -aocs
oc |a su||c|cotc otcoc|a- |as caactc|st|cas |avoab|cs oc-
ccsa|as aa c| |c|| coccoo|oo aotco||coto oc| aco
c|cct|co, caactc|st|cas ouc soo |oo|scosab|cs aa uoa
bucoa so|oaoua.
|stas caactc|st|cas soo:
Taos|oa c| vo|ta,c oc |a co c|cct|ca a uo vo|ta,c
co vac|o, ouc c|ta |o|c|a c| aco vo|ta,c co vac|o
cs c| ouc su|o|sta |a ou|oa aotcs oc |o|c|a c| aco,
va|a oc 30 a 0 vo|t|os).
Uoa vcz |o|c|aoo c| aco, ocbc c|t| uoa coovc-
s|oo autot|ca c |ostaotoca oc| vo|ta,c co vac|o a
uo vo|ta,c oc taba,o, ouc c|ta aotcoc c| aco
vo|ta,c oc taba,o cs c| ouc ooc|ooa |a ou|oa
cuaooo c| aco cst coccoo|oo, va|a oc + a -5
vo|t|os).
|c|t| |a cu|ac|oo oc |a |otcos|oao oc co|cotc o
aca,c occcsa|o aa so|oa, csc aca,c va|a
scuo c| o|cto, cscso oc |a |cza, os|c|oo oc|
taba,o, o|cto oc| c|cctooo, ctc.
/scua uoa a||cotac|oo coostaotc oc co|cotc, ouc
c|ta aotcoc c| aco cstab|c.
/ocs oc |as caactc|st|cas sca|aoas, uoa |ucotc
oc ooc o ou|oa oc so|oa ocbc cuo| |as cooo|c|oocs
oc cs|stcoc|a so||ocz, ouc |c c|ta taba,a auo cstao-
oo soct|oa a |as s ouas cx|coc|as scuo |as cooo|-
c|oocs co ouc sc ocscovuc|vc |a |abo oc| so|oaoo.
!.6.!. C|ases oe maqulnas oe so|oar por
arco e|ctrlco
|as ou|oas oc so|oa soo c|as|||caoas coo o||cco-
tcs c|tc|os. /ootacos |a s|u|cotc c|as|||cac|oo:
a. Maqulnas estatlcas
Taos|oaoocs.
|cct|||caoocs.
Taos|oaoocs-|cct|||caoocs.
b. Maqulnas rotatlvas (convertloores)
Lc |oto c|cct|co.
Lc |oto a cobust|oo |otcoa, uo|cooo sc:
+. a aso||oa.
2. a cto|co L|csc|).
|as ou|oas cstt|cas soo |as ouc oo oscco c|c-
cotos co ov||coto coot|ouo, cxccc|ooa|cotc a|-
uoas oscco uo vcot||aoo.
|as ou|oas otat|vas soo |as ouc s| oscco c|cco-
tos co otac|oo coostaotc.
Las maqulnas estatlcas a su vcz sc c|as|||cao co |os s|-
u|cotcs t|os:
!. Maqulnas tlpo trans|ormaoor.- |ooc|ooao co-
|cotc a|tcoa aa so|oa.
2. Maqul nas tl po rectl |l caoor.- Soo ou| oas
taos| oaooas ouc, co| aotc cct| | | caoocs,
taos|oao |a co|cotc a|tcoa a co|cotc coot|-
oua aa so|oa.
3. Lqulpos trans|ormaoor-rectl|lcaoor.- |stas ou|-
oas ooc|ooao taoto co|cotc coot|oua coo
co|cotc a|tcoa aa so|oa. Su coostucc|oo c|cc-
t|ca cscc|a| c|tc cab|a oc uoa co|cotc a
ota coo so|o ovc uoa ||avc oc cooutac|oo.
Las maqulnas rotatlvas o convertloores csto coucs-
tas bs|cacotc oc uo oto, ouc ooc|ooa uoa octc-
|oaoa vc|oc|oao oc otac|oo a uo o|oao, c| cua| oou-
cc |a co|cotc c|cct|ca ao|aoa aa so|oa. || oto
ucoc sc:
||cct|co, |uoc|ooaooo coo |a co|cotc c|cct|ca
ovco|cotc oc uoa co coca| oc c|cct|c|oao.
Lc cobust|oo, sca aso||oa o cto|co.
Las motoso|oaooras soo ou|oas ut|||zaoas c|ccotc-
cotc co |os |uacs ouc caccco oc uoa co coca| oc
c|cct|c|oao.
!.6.2. Caracterlstlca estatlca y olnamlca
|| ob,ct|vo |oo|a|, ouc ocbc cu|| uoa |ucotc
oc ooc oc so|oaoua, cs cotca uoa co|cotc cooto-
|ab|c a |a tcos|oo ouc ocaooa c| occso oc ouc sc tatc.
Lccoo| cooo oc | as caactc| st| cas \o| ta, c-
/ca,c, |as |ucotcs oo|ao sc:
|ucotcs oc co|cotc coostaotc.
|ucotcs oc tcos|oo coostaotc.
|a |oa |||/ |at|ooa| ||cct|ca| |aou|actucs
/ssoc|at|oo) oc||oc a |a |ca coo: '/ouc||as ouc o-
scco uoa caactc|st|ca \o|t-/cc ocsccoocotc, cotc-
aooo uoa co|cotc c|at|vacotc coostaotc aa ca-
b|os oocaoos co |a tcos|oo oc |a caa'.
|as |ucotcs oc tcos|oo coostaotcs soo, co cab|o,
oc||o|oas coo: '/ouc||as, co ouc |a caactc|st|ca \o|t-
/cc cs cscoc|a|cotc |o|zoota|, oouc|cooo uoa
tcos|oo c|at|vacotc coostaotc aa cab|os ooca-
oos oc |a co|cotc oc caa'.
|stas caactc|st|cas ucoco obscvasc co |a ||. ++
.
|as cuvas |oo|caoas ccscotao |a caactc|st|ca 'cs-
tt|ca' oc |as |ucotcs oc so|oaoua. |as |sas t|coco, coo
vccos, uoa ao |otaoc|a co c|ac|oo coo c| ooo
oc ocac|oo oc| occso oc ouc sc tatc. |o obstaotc, uo
aco c|cct|co cs, o su |sa oatua|cza, |ocstab|c. |o
|o taoto, |as caactc|st|cas 'o|o|cas' oc uoa |ucotc, cs
occ|, |a caac|oao oc csucsta oc |a ou|oa a |oas
va|ac|oocs oc |a co|cotc o tcos|oo co c| c|cu|to oc ca-
a, t|coco uoa |o||ucoc|a occ|s|va sobc |a cstab|||oao oc|
aco , o |o taoto, oc| occso oc so|oaoua.
|aa ccba aotcoc c| aco sc occcs|tao octc-
|oaoas tcos|oocs c |otcos|oaocs. Sus ao|tuocs sc coo-
tao co c| aco |ovcsacotc coo ocbc|ao |acc|o scuo
|a |c oc O|. |o ouc sc |a oaoo co ||aa caactc|st|cas
oc| aco ||. +2) occccc scuo uoa coo|cotc u |oa
oos ucsta |a tcos|oo ouc sc occcs|ta aa |acc asa
uoa octc|oaoa |otcos|oao a tavcs oc| aco. |a caac-
tc|st|ca oc ouc cac buscacotc s|o|||ca, co |a ct|ca,
ouc aa ccba c| aco sc occcs|ta, |ozosacotc, uoa tco-
s|oo ao U
o
ouc aa |a so|oaoua o|acotc o|c|a.
Coo cocsoooc a |a ccu||a|oao oc so|oaoua, |ao oc
coos|ocasc tcs ctaas o|st|otas: |uoc|ooa|coto co vac|o,
ccbaoo so|oaoua. |o c| |c caso, cotc c| booc oc|
o|sos|t|vo oc so|oa |a |cza cx|stc uoa tcos|oo oc |uoc|o-
oa|coto co vac|o U
o
) aox|aoacotc |ua| a 5 vo|-
t|os uoa |otcos|oao |ua| a cco.
/| ccba coto-c|cu|to), ocsc|cooc ct|cacotc
|a tcos|oo |asta cco 0) |a |otcos|oao a|caoza c|cto
x|o b|co octc|oaoo, ouc a couoo sc cocucota
o coc|a oc| va|o oc |a co|cotc oc so|oaoua. /| ocu-
| csto, aucota |a tcos|oo cotc +5 a -5 vo|t|os tcos|oo
oc| aco) |a |otcos|oao sc cstab|||za co uo va|o ouc cocs-
oooc a| oc |a so|oaoua.
||. +-. \c co |a s|u|cotc |oa)
Lc csa c|cuostaoc|a sc ocoucc ouc |a |ucotc |a oc
aoatasc, co |o os|b|c s|o |occ|a, a |as cooo|c|oocs |-
oacotc va|ab|cs oc| aco. |aa tooos |os cab|os oc ca-
a ouc sc c|cctuao |cotacotc, cs v||oa |a caactc|st|ca
'cstt|ca', co cab|o, s| ocuco |oacotc, cs occ|s|va
|a 'o|o|ca'.
!.6.3 Clc|o oe trabajo
|s |oouoab|c, ouc oo tooos |os occsos oc so|oaou-
a |oooo |a |sa ocaooa a uoa |ucotc. |o c,c-
|o, co |os occsos autot|cos c| t|co oc aco t|c-
o ca| oc |a so|oaoua) sc uc|o ao ouc co |os
occsos ooa|cs, co |os cua|cs |a |at|a oc| ocaoo, |a
occcs|oao oc cab|o oc c|cctooo, ctc. |acco occcsa|o
|ccucotcs |otcuc|oocs. |o cstc ot|vo, cs usua| oc||o|
uo 'C|C|O L| T|/3/O' coo c| occota,c oc t|c-
o, ouaotc c| cua| |a ou|oa ocbc su|o|sta co|cotc
oo|oa| a |a caa. |stc c|c|o oc taba,o sc octc|oa
sobc +0 |outos, oc ooo ta| ouc, o c,c|o aa uoa
|ucotc coo uo c|c|o oc taba,o oc| 60%, |a |sa ocbc sc
caaz oc cotca |a co|cotc oo|oa| ouaotc 6 |outos
oc caoa +0. |aa occsos autot|cos, c| c|c|o oc taba-
,o sc cscc|||ca ooa|cotc co +00%.
27 28
||. +0.- ||ccto oc |a |o|a|oao oc| T|o oc Co|cotc
||. ++.- |ucotc oc |ooc a Tcos|oo Coostaotc
||. +2.- |ucotc oc |ooc a Co|cotc Coostaotc
||. +3.- Caactc|st|cas oc| /co
S| b|co c| c|c|o oc taba,o sc octc|oa ooa|cotc
sobc |otcva|os oc +0 |outos, co cou|os oc a|ta otco-
c| a 50 a. o s) aa so| oaoua autot| ca o
sc|autot|ca suc|c c|casc uoa |oa coo basc oc
t|co.
|o cstos casos, |a ou|oa sc cosaa ouaotc uoa |oa
a |a co|cotc oo|oa|, aa |uco |acc|o ouaotc tcs |o-
as a| 5% oc o|c|o va|o.
/| ||oa| oc caoa uoo oc cstos c|c|os, |a tccatua oc
|os cooocotcs oc |os cou|os ocbc aotcocsc ocoto
oc |os |||tcs acctaoos.
|s |otaotc ocstaca, ouc c| c|c|o oc taba,o oc uoa
ou|oa aa so|oa cst basaoo |uooacota|cotc co |a
co|cotc oo|oa| oc caa. S|o cbao, s| o|c|a ou|oa
sc ocst|oa a sc c|caoa coo va|ocs oc co|cotc o|st|otos
oc |os oo|oa|cs, cs os|b|c octc|oa c| oucvo |acto oc
scv|c|o aa csas cooo|c|oocs co|aotc |a cxcs|oo:
T ~ |o/|)
2
.To
ooooc:
T ~ cs c| oucvo c|c|o oc taba,o
|o ~ co|cotc oo|oa| aa c| c|c|o To)
To ~ c|c|o oc taba,o o||oa| co %
| ~ oucva co| cotc, coo ouc sc c| caoa | a
ou| oa
|o obstaotc, oaoo ouc c| c|c|o oc taba,o oc uoa
|ucotc occooc |uooacota|cotc oc |a co|cotc ouc |a
|sa ocbc ovcc a| c|cu|to oc caa, sc |ao cstab|c-
c|oo ooas coo ||ocs coaat|vos, ouc octc|oao ba,o
ouc tcos|oo ocbc sc su|o|staoa o|c|a co|cotc.
!.6.4. Tensln oe vaclo o oe clrculto ablerto
|o coca|, co uoa |ucotc oc ooc aa so|oaoua
cs ocscab|c o|sooc oc uoa tcos|oo oc vac|o c|cvaoa,
aa |ac|||ta c| aaoouc oc| aco. S|o cbao, o azo-
ocs oc scu|oao, |a |sa sc |||ta a va|ocs ouc couz-
cao c| |cso oc c|cctocuc|oo. |as |oas |||/, o
c,c|o, |||tao o|c|a tcos|oo a 80 vo|t|os aa cou|os
oc so|oaoua aoua|, a +00 vo|t|os aa cou|os oc so|-
oaoua sc|autot|ca.
!.6.5. Caloa oe tensln
S| |a ou|oa t|coc uo vo|t|cto, cstc |oo|ca c|
vo|ta,c oc sa||oa tota|, sua oc| vo|ta,c oc| aco s |as
ca|oas co cab|cs, c|cctooo, ota-c|cctooo, |cza co-
ocx|oo oc asa, |ucsto ouc |a so|oaoua cs s|cc uoa
ocac|oo oc a|ta co|cotc, |as ca|oas oc vo|ta,c soo
u oouoc|aoas. |at|cu|acotc |os cab|cs ucoco
ocas|ooa uoa coos|ocab|c co|oa oc vo|ta,c, ocb|oo a
su cs|stcoc|a cactaoc|a. Uoa ca|oa co |os cab|cs oc 2
vo|t|os cs c| x|o c|s|b|c.
!.6.5.!. Cab|es recomenoaoos para so|oar
!.6.5.2. Datos oe |os cab|es
Otas causas oc |a ca|oa oc tcos|oo oc| cxccs|vo
ca|cota|coto soo c| a| aotco||coto oc |os cab|cs, co-
ocx|oocs oc asa ota-c|cctooo. |x|stco |as s|u|cotcs
os|b|cs |a||as:
|otua oc cab|cs.
Coocx|oocs ||o,as.
Cootacto oc|cctuoso oc| c|cctooo coo |a |cza ocb|-
oo a| o|vo, ox|oac|oo o oca cs|oo oc| uc||c oc|
otac|cctooo, o b|co cootacto oc|cctuoso o cs-
tas |sas causas co |a coocx|oo a asa.
|| uso oc uoa |oza ocas|aoo couca. |as |ozas
csto ooa|cotc o|cos|ooaoas aa 200, 250,
300, 350, -00 500 /.
Coocx|oo a |a asa s|tuaoa ocas|aoo |c,os oc| aco.
|a| cootacto oc |a coocx|oo a asa.
|| uso oc asas oc acco uotcaoa ||cacotc |oca-
accs oc cooouc| |a co|cotc couc|oa.
/ovcc|a ocas|aoo |os c|cctooos, cosa ouc
ucoc sobcca|cota |a |oza c|cva su cs|stcoc|a
c| cct| ca.
|o csuco, |as co|cotcs c|cvaoas |os vo|ta,cs ba-
,os aucotao |a |otaoc|a oc cua|ou|c ca|oa oc tcos|oo
|ososcc|aoa.
1.7. Como comprar una mquina de
so|dar
|aa coa uoa ou|oa oc so|oa, ocbc |oo|casc
|a |ucotc oc co|cotc c|cct|ca ouc va a ut|||zasc, cs occ| a
|a cua| va a coocctasc |a ou|oa. Lcbco sca|asc, ucs,
|os oatos s|u|cotcs:
29 30
||. +-.- |coocoos oc |a So|oaoua coo Taos|oaoo
/ .
+ 0 0 - - - 2 + +/ 0
+ 5 0 2 2 2 + 2/ 0 3/ 0
2 0 0 2 2 + +/ 0 3/ 0 -/ 0
2 5 0 2 2 +/ 0 2/ 0
3 0 0 + + 2/ 0 3/ 0
3 5 0 +/ 0 +/ 0 3/ 0 -/ 0
- 0 0 +/ 0 +/ 0 3/ 0
- 5 0 2/ 0 2/ 0 -/ 0
5 0 0 2/ 0 2/ 0 -/ 0
|oo|tuo oc cab|c co c| c|cu|to - /.\.C.
+8/60 30/+00 -5/+50 60/200 0/300 +20/-00
L|cto oc| Cobc /|u|o|o
Ca||bc Coooucto !/ !/
ocsouoo co
2 8,50 0,000532 0,000820
+ +0,+5 0,000-06 0,00000
+/0 ++,+5 0,0003222 0,000528
2/0 +2,-5 0,000256 0,000-20
3/0 +3,85 0,00020- 0,000332
5/0 +6,+5 0,000+6+ 0,000263
/|cs
C|asc oc co|cotc oc |a co coca|.
|| vo|ta,c oc |a ||oca:
220 - --0 vo|t|os.
|o caso oc uoa ||oca oc co|cotc a|tcoa:
||oca ooo|s|ca o t||s|ca.
Caac|oao oo|oa| oc |a ou|oa oc so|oa, |a cua|
coca|cotc sc cxcsa co tc|oos oc:
Corrlente sumlnlstraoa o |a ou|oa a| aco, a uo oc-
tc|oaoo vo|taje con carga aa uo clc|o oe trabajo
octc|oaoo.
|,c|o: |ou|oa oc 200 ac|os a 30 vo|t|os, 60%
c|c|o oc taba,o.
Tlpo oe corrlente oe so|oeo AC/DC:
Cuaooo oo cx|stc uoa co oc co|cotc c|cct|ca c-
oca| a |a cua| cooccta |a ou|oa, ocbc coasc uoa
ou|oa ouc oouzca su o|a co|cotc c|cct|ca c-
o|aotc uo o|oao, c| ouc cs ov|oo o uo oto oc co-
bust|oo |otcoa a aso||oa o cto|co |otoso|oaooa).
1.8. 5o|dadura por arco sumergido
!.8.!. Descrlpcln oe| proceso
|o sus |uooacotos ||s|cos cs s|||a a |a so|oaoua
oc aco c|cct|co aoua|. |o su ocac|oo, c| c|cctooo cs
cc|azaoo o uo a|abc ocsouoo ouc, a co|oa ouc
sc coosuc, cs a||cotaoo co|aotc uo ccao|so auto-
t|co. || aco cs cub|cto otc|oo o uo o|vo
aou|a |us|b|c, coooc|oo coo |uoocotc o ||u,o, c|
|so ouc cs uo coucsto oc s|||catos |oca|cs.
|| |uoocotc cu|c c| |so ac| ouc c| cvcst|-
|coto oc |os c|cctooos, ocsoc c| uoto oc v|sta ||s|co
cta|u|co. ||s|cacotc, |ac|cooo ouc |a csco|a otc,a
a| bao oc so|oaoua oc |a acc|oo oc |os ascs atos|c|-
cos, |oaooo uo coooo ||bc oc oos c ||o|cooo uoa
co|oa oc ca|o ocas|aoo |oa. |cta|u|cacotc,
||o|cooo co|oas oc c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo, coco-
saooo o acooo|os a| cta| ocos|taoo.
/ca,c L|staoc|a co ctos ocsoc |a ou|oa
oc so|oa a| uoto oc taba,o
- 6 5 3 6 + 6
+00 + +/0 +/0 2/0
+50 2/0 3/0 3/0 -/0
200 3/0 -/0 -/0
2 5 0 -/0
3 0 0
3 5 0
|| aco c|cct|co ouc sc |oa ooucc c| ca|o oc-
ccsa|o aa |uoo| c| cta| basc, c| a|abc c| ||u,o, ouc
cac o avcoao cub|cooo |a zooa oc so|oaoua.
Coo c| aco cs |ov|s|b|c o csta cub|cto, c| o-
ccso sc ocoo|oa So|oaoura por Arco Sumergloo, oo
obscvooosc ouaotc |a ocac|oo oc so|oa o| c| aco, o|
c||sas o ascs. || a|abc cs a||cotaoo ocsoc uo o||o.
!.8.2. Ap|lcacln
|as caactc|st|cas vcota,osas oc| occso o aco
suc|oo soo:
/|ta ocos|c|oo oc cta|.
|coctac|oo o|uooa.
Coooocs oc buco acabaoo.
So|oaoua oc ca||oao a ucba oc aos .
|sco|a oc |c|| coc|oo.
/||cab|c a uo a||o aoo oc cscsocs.
|a so|oaoua sc ca||za co |as os|c|oocs |aoa |o|-
zoota|. || occso sc c|ca aa so|oa accos a| cabooo,
accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo a|ta cs|stcoc|a, accos tc|aoos
co||aoos o |ocs|oo co uc|os t|os oc accos |oox|-
oab|cs. Tab|co sc a||ca aa ccub||cotos ouos c-
coostucc|oo oc |czas. Soo so|oab|cs cscsocs ocsoc c|
ca||bc +/+6 |asta +/2 u|. s|o caac|oo oc boocs,
coo caac|oo oc boocs co u|t|ascs, coo uo ao|a-
oo o|sco oc |a ,uota s|o c|uczo, || cscso x|o cs
ct|cacotc ||||taoo.
||. +5. \c |oa s|u|cotc)
!.8.3. Lqulpo
|os |oc|a|cs cooocotcs oc| cou|o aa so|oa-
oua o aco suc|oo vc ||. +5) soo:
|a ou|oa oc so|oa |ucotc oc ooc).
|| ccao|so oc cooto|cs aa a||cotac|oo oc
a| abc.
Cabcza| aa so|oaoua autot|ca, |sto|a coo,uo-
to oc cab|cs aa so|oaoua sc|-autot|ca.
|buoo aa c| ||u,o, ccao|so oc a||cotac|oo,
ooa|cotc, uo s|stca aa ccucac|oo oc| ||u,o.
|ccao|so oc avaocc aa |a so|oaoua autot|ca.
La Maqulna oe So|oar.- |s uoa |ucotc oc ooc cscc|a|-
cotc o|scaoa aa cstc occso. Sc c|ca taoto coo
co|cotc coot|oua coo coo co|cotc a|tcoa. |aa cua|-
ou|ca oc |os casos, |a |ucotc oc ooc ocbc|a tcoc uo
c|c|o oc taba,o oc +00%, oouc |as ocac|oocs o
aco suc|oo soo coot|ouas c| t|co ooa| oc
ocac|oo cxccoc oc +0 |outos, c|ooo basc aa cu-
|| c| c|c|o oc scv|c|o. |aa |a so|oaoua o aco suc-
|oo coo co|cotc coot|oua ucoc c|casc uoa |ucotc
oc ooc oc t|o oc vo|ta,c coostaotc o co|cotc coostao-
tc. || t|o oc vo|ta,c coostaotc cs s couo aa a|a-
bcs oc couco o|cto, |cotas ouc c| t|o oc co-
|cotc coostaotc cs aocotc usaoo aa a|abcs
oc o|cto aocs. |o cua|ou|ca oc |os casos, c| a||-
cotaoo oc a|abc ocbc csta aoccuaoo aa c| t|o
oc |a |ucotc oc ooc ouc sc c|ca. |as ou|oas oc
so|oa aa so|oaoua o aco suc|oo vao ocsoc
200 a + 200 /.
L| A|lmentaoor oe A|ambre.- || ccao|so aa a||co-
tac|oo oc a|abc coo sus cooto|cs s|vc aa cooouc| c|
a|abc coosu|b|c |ac|a c| aco, aotco|cooo vo|ta,c
coostaotc. || s|stca oc cooto| tab|co c|tc |o|c|a c|
aco, cooto|a |a vc|oc|oao oc avaocc ca||za otas |uo-
c|oocs occcsa|as, aa ouc cotc co ocac|oo uo occso
autot|co.
La Plsto|a.- |aa ocac|oocs sc|autot|cas sc c-
|ca uoa |sto|a aa a||cota c| a|abc ooc|ooa
c| ||u,o. Ccoca|cotc v|coc ootaoo co |a |sto|a uoa
to|va, ouc ||cva uoa couca caot|oao oc ||u,o ouc cs
o|scoo|oo sobc c| ca oc so|oaoua, oc acucoo coo |a
coooucc|oo aoua| oc |a |sto|a. |aa |a so|oaoua auto-
t|ca, |a |sto|a coca|cotc cst coocctaoa a| oto
oc a||cotac|oo oc a|abc |a to|va sc cocucota ||,aoa
co |a |sto|a .
!.8.4. P|ujo para so|oaoura por arco sumer-
gloo
|a so|oaoua sc ca||za ba,o uoa cub|cta oc atc|a|
aou|aoo |uoo|b|c, ouc sc ocoo|oa, ||u,o |O|).
|otcc c| cta| oc aotc |uoo|oo oc |a coota|oa-
c|oo oc ox|coo c ||oocoo oc |a atos|ca actua a |a
vcz coo acotc aa |||a u|||ca c| ocos|to oc
so|oaoua. /o|c|ooa|cotc ucoc sc usaoo aa aca
c|ccotos a|caotcs a| cta| ocos|taoo.
Uoa oc|oo oc| ||u,o cs |uoo|oa o c| |otcoso ca|o
oc| aco. || ||u,o |uoo|oo sc co||a so||o|||ca, |oaooo
csco|a co |a suc||c|c oc| coooo. |a atc suc|o oo
|uoo|oa oc| ||u,o ucoc sc ccucaoa cc|c|aoa.
|sto o|soo|b|cs o||ccotcs aoos t|os oc ||u,o
aa aco suc|oo. |s |otaotc |acc |a c|ccc|oo aoc-
cuaoa aa c| cta| basc a so|oasc ouc cstc oc acucoo
coo |a coos|c|oo ou||ca oc| a|abc.
!.8.5. L| a|ambre
|aa |a so|oaoua o aco suc|oo sc usa a|a-
bc coo c|cctooo. |stos a|abcs soo ac|zos ocs-
ouoos, coo cxccc|oo oc uo oc|aoo ccub||coto o-
tccto co |a suc||c|c -coca|cotc cobc- aa c|cva |a
cooouct|v|oao c|cct|ca c |co| |a ox|oac|oo. Tab|co
cx|stco a|abcs tubu|acs coo ||u,o |otc|o. || a|abc
coot|coc ocsox|oaotcs cscc|a|cs, ouc auoao a a||oa c|
cta| oc aotc aa oouc| so|oaouas oc bucoa ca||-
oao. /ocs sc ucoc |oc|u| c|ccotos a|caotcs co c|
a|abc, aa oa a| cta| oc aotc cs|stcoc|a ao|c|ooa|.
|a coos|c|oo oc| a|abc ocbc csta oc acucoo coo c|
cta| basc, co t|coc ouc sc c|caoo tab|co coo c|
||u,o ao|aoo aa aco suc|oo.
3! 32
Lcs| oac| oo
ac| caoa 2 + +/ 0 2/ 0 3/ 0 -/ 0
Sccc|oo aox|aoa
co
2
3 - - 3 5 3 6 5 + 0
Seccln oe |os Cab|es:
Alambre
FundenIe
MeIal base
Fscoria
MeIal liquido
Fscoria
liquida
Cavidad gaseosa
1.9. La 5o|dadura por arco con a|ambre
tubu|ar {open arc process)
!.9.!. Descrlpcln oe| proceso
|s uo occso oc so|oaoua, co c| ouc |a |us|oo sc
|oa co|aotc uo aco oouc|oo cotc uo c|cctooo tubu|a
a|abc coosu|b|c) |a |cza. |a otccc|oo sc obt|coc
oc uo |uoocotc cootco|oo ocoto oc| a|abc tubu|a. |o-
tccc|oo ao|c|ooa| oc uo as su|o|staoo cxtcoacotc oo
cs occcsa|a.
|o |a ||.+ sc ucsta c| occso, ooooc sc obscva c|
a|abc coo ouc|co oc ||u,o, |a covo|tua oc as otccto, c|
aco, c| cta| oc so|oa |a otccc|oo coo |a csco|a. ||
occso ucoc sc sc|autot|co o autot|co, s|cooo c|
ctooo sc|autot|co c| oc ao a||cac|oo.
aco ouc sc cstab|ccc cotc c| cxtco oc| a|abc ao-
taoo coot|ouacotc |a |cza a so|oa. |a otccc|oo sc
obt|coc |otcacotc oc |os ascs su|o|staoos s|u|t-
ocacotc coo c| cta| oc aotc.
|x|stco oos c|as|||cac|oocs co cstc occso, |as cua|cs
soo co |uoc|oo oc| t|o oc as otccto:
M|G: || cua| c|ca otccc|oo oc uo as uo, |oc-
tc |c||o, aoo, ctc.). |aa cta| oo |coso.
MAG: || cua| |acc uso oc o|ox|oo oc cabooo, CO
2
,
coo as otccto. |aa cta| |coso.
|a taca, ouc cu|co |os ascs otcctocs a|ba
coc|ooaoos, cs |a oc otcc a| aco, a| bao oc |us|oo
a| atc|a| oc aotc coota c| c||oso acccso oc |os ascs
oc |a atos|ca.
|stc occso oc so|oaoua sc ucsta co a| ||. +.
|o c||a sc sca|a c| a|abc, |a otccc|oo ascosa, c| aco
c| cta| ocos|taoo. || occso ucoc sc sc|autot|co
o autot|co, s|cooo c| ctooo sc|autot|co c| oc
ao a||cac|oo.
|| t|o oc taos|ccoc|a oc| a|abc oc aotc a tavcs
oc| aco occooc oc| va|o oc |a co|cotc. / ba,as co|co-
tcs, |a taos|ccoc|a sc ca||za o aoocs |obu|os o otas
cotoc|cu|to, |obu|a). Cuaooo |a co|cotc aucota sc
usa 80% oc /oo, cstas otas sc coucco ocs|vacotc
|asta ouc, a uoa octc|oaoa co|cotc ouc occooc oc|
atc|a| oc| o|cto oc| a|abc, |a taos|ccoc|a sc c|cc-
tua co ||oas ot|tas o o u|vc|zac|oo Sa).
!.!0.2. Caracterlstlcas oe| proceso
|stc occso c|tc:
|xcc|cotc ca||oao oc so|oaoua co cas| tooos |os c-
ta|cs a|cac|oocs c|caoos o |a |ooust|a.
||o|a |||cza ocsucs oc so|oa.
/co bao |uoo|oo c|aacotc v|s|b|cs aa c| so|-
oaoo.
|c|| taba,o co tooas |as os|c|oocs, |o ouc occooc
oc| o|cto oc| a|abc oc |a va|ac|oo oc| occso.
/|ta vc|oc|oao oc taba,o.
|xccoto oc csco|a.
Cuaooo sc |acc uso oc CO
2
, cs aa so|oa accos
a| cabooo accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo, c|caooo c|
a|abc aoccuaoo.
Cuaooo sc |acc uso oc aoo o |c||o ||C), cs aa
so|oa so|o atc|a| oo |coso, a|u|o|o-cobc-
aocs|o, ctc.
|a azoo oc| uso oc /oo o c||o coo as otcc-
to co cstos atc|a|cs sc ocbc a| cactc ox|oaotc oc| CO2.
!.!0.3. Lqulpo
|os cooocotcs |oc|a|cs oc| cou|o couc|oo
aa c| occso sc ucstao co |a ||. 20 soo:
|a ou|oa oc so|oa |ucotc oc ooc).
|oto aa |a a||cotac|oo oc a|abc coo-
to|cs.
||sto|a o cosab|a,c oc cab|cs aa so|oaoua
sc|autot|ca, |a |sto|a aa so|oaoua au-
tot|ca.
Su|o|sto oc as otccto cooto|cs.
/|abcs.
||. 20. \c |oa s|u|cotc)
La Maqulna oe So|oar.- |a |ucotc oc ooc cs oc| t|o oc
'vo|ta,c coostaotc' \C). |as |ucotcs oc ooc oc vo|ta,c
coostaotc oo t|coco cooto| oc aca,c , o c||o, oo
ucoco sc c|caoas aa |a so|oaoua aoua| coo c|cc-
tooos.
|a co|cotc oc so|oa cs octc|oaoa o |a caa.
|oa|cotc sc c|ca, aa cstc occso, co|cotc
coot|oua oc o|a|oao |ovct|oa. |as ou|oas csto o|so-
o|b|cs ocsoc +50 a + 000 ac|os.
L| A|lmentaoor oe A|ambre.- || s|stca oc a||cotac|oo
cs oc acucoo coo c| su|o|sto oc coc|a aa vo|ta,c
coostaotc. || s|stca \C aa so|oa occooc oc |a c|a-
c|oo cotc aoo oc cobust|oo oc| a|abc co|cotc
aa so|oa. L|c|a c|ac|oo cs coostaotc aa uo octc|-
oaoo o|cto, coos|c|oo oc a|abc as c|caoo.
/ octc|oaoa vc|oc|oao oc a||cotac|oo oc| a|abc, |a
ou|oa oc so|oa su|o|sta |a caot|oao ao|aoa oc
co|cotc aa aotcoc c| aco cstab|c.
!.9.2. Caracterlstlcas oe| proceso
Coo |a 'otccc|oo cxtc|o oc as', |as vcota,as oc| o-
ccso soo:
So|oaouas suavcs saoas.
|coctac|oo o|uooa.
3ucoas o|coaocs aa ao|oa||a.
S|o |a otccc|oo cxtc|o oc| as o|ccc |as s|u|cotcs
vcota,as:
||||oac|oo oc| as cxtcoo oc otccc|oo.
|coctac|oo oocaoa.
|os|b|||oao oc so|oa co co|cotc oc a|c.
|cta| ocos|taoo oc a|ta ca||oao.
T|coc |as s|u|cotcs caactc|st|cas:
|| ocaoo ucoc vc c| aco.
|a so|oaoua cs os|b|c co tooas |as os|c|oocs
|o ouc occooc oc| o|cto oc| a|abc c-
|caoo.
Sc ucoc |acc cua|ou|c t|o oc ,uota co
|uos|oo a| cscso oc |aoc|a.
!.9.3. Lqulpo
|os |oc|a|cs c|ccotos oc| cou|o couc|oo aa
c| occso soo:
|a ou|oa oc so|oa |ucotc oc ooc)
|| s|stca aa avaocc oc| a|abc |os coo-
to|cs.
|a |sto|a |os cab|cs.
|| a|abc coo ouc|co oc |uoocotc.
L| A|lmentaoor oe A|ambre.- || a||cotaoo ||cva c| a|a-
bc tubu|a autot|cacotc ocsoc uo cactc o bob|oa,
v|a cosab|a,c oc cab|c |sto|a, a| aco. |a vc|oc|oao oc
a||cotac|oo oc| a|abc octc|oa |a caot|oao oc co-
|cotc oc so|oa ouc sc su|o|sta a| aco. Lc csta aoc-
a, c| cooto| oc vc|oc|oao oc a||cotac|oo cs, cscoc|a|-
cotc, c| a,ustc oc |a co|cotc oc so|oa.
La Plsto|a oe So|oar.- Sc c|ca uoa |sto|a cab|cs aa
cooouc| c| a|abc, c| as cuaooo cs occcsa|o) |a
co|cotc oc |a |ucotc oc ooc a| aco.
|sto o|soo|b|cs |sto|as coo cuc||o oc c|soc o |s-
to|as coo aaaoca. |aa c|ctas a||cac|oocs sc oota
uo ao|tacoto cscc|a| co |a |sto|a, aa ooc|ooa
vc|oc|oaocs s a|tas oc ocos|c|oo. |sto |oc|uc uoa cx-
tcos|oo a|s|aoa ouc, co c|cto scot|oo, coot|buc a uo co-
o||coto s c|cct|vo oc| a|abc.
L| Gas oe Proteccln.- || as otccto ocsa|o,a c| a|c
a|cocoo oc| aco, cv|o|cooo |a coota|oac|oo o ox|-
coo c ||oocoo oc |a atos|ca.
||. +8. \c |oa s|u|cotc)
!.9.4. A|ambre (e|ectrooo)
a ouc sc|ccc|ooa c| t|o oc a|abc tubu|a oc
acucoo a |a a|cac|oo, coos|c|oo o|vc| oc cs|stcoc|a
oc| cta| basc a so|oasc. |sto o|soo|b|cs va|os o|c-
tos aa c|t| |a so|oaoua co o||ccotcs os|c|oocs. |os
a|abcs csto o|soo|b|cs co cactcs bob|oas csto
caouctaoos co cc||cotcs cscc|a|cs aa otcc|os
oc |a |ucoao.
1.10. 5o|dadura MlG/MAG
!.!0.!. Descrlpcln oe| proceso
|o |a so|oaoua o /co |ct||co coo Cas, coooc|oa
coo |occso ||C/|/C, |a |us|oo cs oouc|oa o uo
||. +8. - |souca oc| C|cu|to oc So|oaoua coo /|abc Tubu|a
33 34
||. + .- So|oaoua coo /|abc Tubu|a
||. +.- |ccscotac|oo |souct|ca oc |a So|oaoua coo CO2
|| as otccto, aa |a so|oaoua o aco ct||co
a as ooa|cotc usaoo, cs c| aoo, |c||o o uoa czc|a
aa cta|cs oo-|cosos, aa accos sc c|ca CO
2
,
CO
2
coo aoo a vcccs |c||o aa accos |oox|oab|cs o
aoo coo couca caot|oao oc ox|coo aa c|ctos acc-
os accos |oox|oab|cs.
|os ascs otcctocs ocbco tcoc |a cscc|||cac|oo
'\c|o|o Caoc' 'aoo aa so|oaoua'). Lc csta a-
oca sc coos|uc uo o|vc| cscc|||co oc ucza oc cootc-
o|oo oc |ucoao.
|os aoos oc |a cs|oo oc as occooco oc| t|o oc
as c|caoo, oc| cta| a so|oa, oc |a os|c|oo oc so|oa,
vc|oc|oao oc avaocc oc |as co|cotcs oc a|c.
A|ambre oe Aporte.- |a coos|c|oo oc| a|abc aa
so|oaoua o aco ct||co a as ocbc sc|ccc|ooasc oc
acucoo a| cta| a so|oa, a |a va|ac|oo ocoto oc| occ-
so ||C/|/C |a atos|ca oc otccc|oo.
|os a|abcs csto o|soo|b|cs co ao va|coao oc
o|ctos, co cactcs. |o |o coca|, csto caoucta-
oos co cc||cotcs cscc|a|cs aa otcc|os oc| octc|o-
o ouaotc c| a|accoa,c.
1.11 5o|dadura TlG
{Arco de tungsteno con gas)
!.!!.! Descrlpcln oe| proceso
|a so|oaoua o aco oc tuostcoo coo as T|C) cs uo
occso, co ouc |a |us|oo cs oouc|oa o c| ca|o oc uo aco
ouc sc cstab|ccc cotc uo c|cctooo oc tuostcoo oo-coosu|b|c
|a |cza. |a otccc|oo sc obt|coc oc uo as |octc aoo o
|c||o).
|a ||. 22 ucsta c| csouca oc| occso T|C. /|| sc |oo|cao
c| aco, c| c|cctooo oc tuostcoo |a covo|tua otcctoa oc
as sobc |a |cza oc taba,o. |a va|||a ocsouoa oc cta| oc
aotc cs a||caoa aoua|cotc, |otoouc|cooo|a co c| aco
co c| bao oc |us|oo, coo co c| occso ox|-acct||co|co.
Sc ucoc o oo c|ca cta| oc aotc.
!.!!.2. Caracterlstlcas oe| proceso
|as caactc|st|cas sobcsa||cotcs oc |a so|oaoua T|C
soo:
|xcc|cotc ca||oao oc |a so|oaoua co cas| tooos |os
cta|cs a|cac|oocs c|caoos o |a |ooust|a.
|ct|cacotc oo sc cou|cc o|ouoa |||cza os-
tc|o.
/co bao oc |us|oo soo c|aacotc v|s|b|cs aa
c| so|oaoo.
|o |a cta| oc aotc ouc atav|csc c| aco, oc
ooo ouc oo sc ooucco sa||caouas.
|a so|oaoua cs os|b|c co tooas |as os|c|oocs.
|o sc ooucc csco|a ouc oo|a oucoasc ataa-
oa co |a so|oaoua.
|| occso T|C ucoc c|casc aa a|u|o|o,
aocs|o, acco |oox|oab|c, boocc, |ata, cobc, o|ouc|
a|cac|oocs, ||co |uoo|oo, accos ou|ccs, accos a|caoos,
abacaooo uoa a||a aa oc cscsocs oc cta|.
Tab|co sc c|ca aa ascs oc a|z co ,uotas so|-
oaoas oc tubos oc acco, buscaooo |a ao c||c|coc|a co
|c asc.
!.!!.3 Lqulpo
|os |oc|a|cs cooocotcs oc| cou|o couc|oo
aa c| occso T|C vc ||. 23) soo:
+) |a ou|oa oc so|oa |ucotc oc ooc).
2) |a |sto|a |os c|cctooos oc tuostcoo.
3) |os a|abcs aa cta| oc c||coo.
-) || as otccto cooto|cs.
|sto o|soo|b|cs va|os acccso|os oc|ooa|cs, ouc
|oc|uco uo coa| aa cooto| coto, c|t|cooo a| so|-
oa cooto|a |a co|cotc ouaotc |a so|oaoua uo|cooo
as| c|cctua coccc|oocs ||coa ctccs. /s| |so csto
o|soo|b|cs s|stcas oc c|cu|ac|oo oc aua oc co||a|coto
aa |a |sto|a, uo o|st|bu|oo aa coccoo|oo oc| aco, ctc.
La Maqulna oe So|oar.-|aa c| occso T|C sc c-
|ca uoa ou|oa oc so|oa |ucotc oc ooc) oc o|sco
cscc|a|. |ucoc sc uo cct|||caoo coo C//CC o uo coc-
aoo oc co|cotc coot|oua CC) coo uoa uo|oao oc a|ta
|ccucoc|a.
/co ct||co otc|oo | | | | | | S S |/ || | || || |/
/co suc|oo | | | | S S || || |/ || S || || |/
So|oaoua T|C S S S | S S S | | | | | | |
So|oaoua ||C S S S | S S || | S | | S S S
So|oaoua o /co coo cs|oo | | | | S S || S || S S S S S
So|oaoua o uotos | | | | S S |/ | S S | || S S
So|oaoua a Cas | | S S S S | S || S S | | |/
So|oaoua |uctc a| |ooo | | S |/S S || || | || S | S S S
So|oaoua |uctc a so|ctc S S || S S || | | || | | | | S
/
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DL
SOLDADUPA
|a |sto|a c| coo,uoto oc cab|cs s|vco aa cooou-
c| c| a|abc, |a co|cotc aa so|oa c| as otccto
|asta c| aco.
|a u|a oc a|abc sc cocucota co c| ccoto oc |a
boou|||a, c| caoa| oc su|o|sto oc as otccto cst o|s-
ucsto co |oa cooccot|ca a |a u|a.
|a |sto|a ocbc aotcocsc bastaotc ccca oc| taba-
,o a cooto|a c| aco ao|aoacotc oouc| uoa
c||c|cotc otccc|oo a tavcs oc| as otccto.
|as |sto|as aa taba,os oc scv|c|o csaoo a c|cva-
oas co|cotcs |as |sto|as ouc c|cao as |octc co-
|cotc co|aoa |asta a|ta, cou|cco co||a|coto o aua.
|as |sto|as aa |a so|oaoua coo a|abcs oc|aoos oo
occcs|tao co||a|coto o aua.
|as |sto|as ucoco sc oc o||ccotc o|sco: oc| t|o
aoo oc |sto|a o coo cabcza| cuvo cuc||o oc aoso).
|| t|o cuc||o oc aoso cs u ou|a aa |a so|oaoua
coo a|abcs ||oos, co tooas |as os|c|oocs, c| t|o ao-
o oc |sto|a sc c|ca coca|cotc coo a|abcs s
ucsos, co os|c|oo |aoa.
|aa |a so|oaoua |coacotc autot|ca, sc suc-
|c oota |a |sto|a o|cctacotc co c| oto oc avao-
cc oc| a|abc. |as |sto|as autot|cas t|coco co||a-
|coto o a|c o aua, |o ouc occooc oc su a||ca-
c|oo. |o |a so|oaoua CO
2
, coo |ccucoc|a sc c|ca uo
s|stca oc su|o|sto |atca| oc as aa |as |sto|as
autot| cas.
L| Gas Protector.- Lcs|aza c| a|c a|cocoo oc| aco
aa cv|ta |a coota|oac|oo oc| cta| |uoo|oo coo ascs
oc |a atos|ca. |a covo|tua otcctoa oc as ocbc o-
tcc c||c|cotccotc c| ca oc| aco aa obtcoc uo cta|
oc aotc oc bucoa ca||oao.
|~|ccocooaoo S~ Sat|s|acto|o ||~ |o ccocooaoo |/~|o a||cab|c
||OC|SOS ||CO|||L/LOS |/|/ |/ SO|L/LU|/ L| ||T/||S ` /||/C|O||S
35 36
||. 20.- |ou|o aa So|oaoua ||C/|/C
||C. 2+. Tobca coo |occso coo Cas |otccto ||C/|/C
||C. 22. .- |occso oc So|oaoua T|C
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|a sc|ccc|oo oc co|cotc C/ o CC occooc oc| a-
tc|a| a so|oa. Co|cotc a|tcoa cs ccocooaoa aa |a
so|oaoua oc a|u|o|o aocs|o, co|cotc coot|oua sc
cco|cooa aa so|oaoua oc accos |oox|oab|cs, ||co
|uoo|oo, acco ou|cc, cobc, o|ouc| a|cac|oocs |ata. Uoa
t||ca ou|oa oc so|oa T|C oca coo uo aca,c oc 3 a
350 ac|os, coo +0-35 vo|t|os uo c|c|o oc scv|c|o oc
60%.
Tab|co cs os|b|c |acc uso oc |ucotcs oc ooc
ooa|cs oc C/ o CC, o|scaoas |oc|a|cotc a c|cc-
tooos cvcst|oos, ao|c|ooaooo uo o|sos|t|vo aa a|ta |c-
cucoc|a. S|o cbao, |os c,ocs csu|taoos sc obt|coco
coo uoa ou|oa oc so|oa cscc|a|cotc o|scaoa aa |a
so|oaooa T|C.
L| sop|ete.- || so|ctc T|C su,cta c| c|cctooo oc tuostcoo
o||c c| as otccto |a coc|a oc so|oa a| aco. |as
|sto|as ucoco sc co||aoas o aua o a|c, |o ouc oc-
cooc oc| aca,c oc |a co|cotc aa so|oa. Ccoca|-
cotc sc c|cao |as |sto|as coo co||a|coto aa aua.
!.!!.4. L| gas oe proteccln
L| Gas oe Proteccln.- Uo as |octc, sca aoo, |c||o o uoa
czc|a oc abos, otcc c| aco oc |os ascs c,uo|c|a|cs
oc |a atos|ca. || aoo cs s usaoo, oouc cs |c||
obtcoc|o , s|cooo s csaoo ouc c| |c||o, ooc|ooa
c,o otccc|oo a coo aoo oc cs|oo. |aa |a so|oa-
oua co os|c|oo |aoa vct|ca| cs su||c|cotc uo cauoa| oc
+5 a 30 |cs cub|cos/|oa. |a os|c|oo sobccabcza c-
ou|cc uo cauoa| ||cacotc ao.
!.!!.5. Los e|ectrooos
|os c|cctooos ouc sc c|cao aa c| occso T|C
soo oc tuostcoo a|cac|oocs oc tuostcoo. T|coco uo uoto
oc |us|oo u c|cvaoo 6 +0|) ct|cacotc oo sc
coosuco. || c|cctooo oo toca c| bao |uoo|oo. |o os|-
c|oo ao|aoa, c| c|cctooo cs sostco|oo coc|a oc |a |c-
za oc taba,o, cs c| ca|o |otcoso occocotc oc| aco c| ouc
aot|coc c| bao co cstaoo ||ou|oo. |os c|cctooos soo oc
tuostcoo uo |os s baatos), tuostcoo coo +-2 % oc
to|o oc |aa v|oa -sc c|cao aa accos) o oc tuos-
tcoo a|caoo coo c|coo|o coo coota|oac|oo, c,o
ca||oao- sc c|cao aa a|u|o|o). |os o||ccotcs t|os oc
tuostcoo soo |c||cotc ccoooc|b|cs scuo uo coo|o oc
co|o. Sc cscotao co va|os o|ctos |aos oc 3 a 2-
u|aoas.
!.!!.6 L| meta| oe aportacln
Sc ucoc o oo c|ca cta| oc aotc. |oa|-
cotc cs c|caoo, coo cxccc|oo oc casos co ouc sc
suc|oa ||oas oc|aoas. |a coos|c|oo oc| cta| oc aotc
ocbc sc aoccuaoa aa c| cta| basc. |os o|ctos oc
|as va|||as oc cta| oc aotc occooco oc| cscso oc|
cta| basc oc |a co|cotc aa so|oa. |a a||cotac|oo oc|
cta| oc aotc ucoc sc aoua| o autot|ca.
!.!!.7. Segurloao oe so|oaoura
|aa otcc |a |c| oc| so|oaoo coota |a cxos|c|oo
oc |a |uz b|||aotc c|t|oa o c| aco, ocbc usasc ao|aoa
vcst|cota oc otccc|oo. |aa otcc caa o,os coota c|
aco sc cou|cc uoa scaa, uo v|o|o oc |||to co |a |sa
c|tc a| so|oaoo obscva c| ocsao||o oc |a aotac|oo
oc| atc|a| oc so|oaoua, |cotas sus o,os csto otc|oos
coota |a |uz b|||aotc oc| aco, cs |otaotc c| ouco oc
|uoa ouc sc c|cc, c| cua| csta co |uoc|oo oc| occso oc
so|oaoua ouc sc cst ut|||zaooo.
/| so|oa co cas coo||oaoas sc cou|cc vcot||ac|oo.
1.12 La so|dadura oxi-aceti|nica
!.!2.! Descrlpcln oe| proceso
|o cstc occso oc so|oaoua, c| ca|o occcsa|o aa
ca|cota |a |cza c| cta| aotaoo |uco |uoo||os
occoc oc uoa ||aa oc a|ta tccatua, obtco|oa o |a
czc|a o cob|oac|oo oc acct||coo coo c| ox|coo, a|-
caozaooo tccatuas oc 3+00C.
tccatua. |as a|cac|oocs oo |cosas, ouc ||uco
a uoa tccatua x|a oc -2C, soo ut|||zaoas
co |a so|oaoua b|aooa aouc||as, ouc |o |acco a uoa
tccatua |o|a oc -2C, soo aa so|oaoua
|uctc. |oouoab|ccotc, |a tccatua oc taba,o
ocbc sc |o|c|o a |a tccatua oc |us|oo oc| cta|
basc.
|stas ba,as tccatuas oc taba,o c|tco c| uso
oc cstc t|o oc occo||cotos oc so|oaoua sobc
atc|a|cs su,ctos a cab|os cstuctua|cs o c|ccto
oc a|tas tccatuas.
!.!2.3. Lxp|lcacln oe |os proceolmlentos
|os occo||cotos soo |oo|a|cotc uo occ-
so ox|-acct||co|co. || |otcoso ca|o oc |a ||aa ox|-acct|-
|co|ca c|cva |a tccatua oc| cta| basc o |cza a uo
aoo ta|, ouc c|tc ouc c| cta| co |us|oo, ovco|cotc
oc| cta| oc aotac|oo, ||ua |c||cotc, |ua| coo c|
aua coc co uoa |aca oc v|o|o |||o.
|| cta| basc oo ||ca a |uoo|sc, co c| cta| oc
aotac|oo ||uc |uoo|oo sobc |a suc||c|c ocb|oacotc
ca|cotaoa ou||cacotc |||a, |cotas ouc uoa oc|a-
oa c||cu|a oc cta| oc aotc cs aastaoa |ac|a c| |otc-
|o oc |as suc||c|cs o atacc|oo ca||a, c|t|cooo c|
co||a|coto oc| cta| basc |asta ouc c| cta| oc aotc sc
so||o|||ouc, sc oouc| uoa ||a oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a cotc
cta| basc cta| oc aotc.
|a |oa, co ouc c| cta| oc aotc ||uc o sc o||uooc
o coc|a oc| cta| basc, ouc sc cocucota co |as cooo|-
c|oocs aoccuaoas, cs coooc|oa coo o,aoo oc| cta|
basc o |ucctac|oo.
|sta |ucctac|oo occooc oc |a oatua|cza oc |os c-
ta|cs a uo| oc su cstaoo suc||c|a|. |as c||cu|as oc
cootacto cotc c| ||ou|oo so||oo ocbco csta ||bcs oc
|uczas.
|o |a ct|ca cas| s|cc sc cscotao |as suc||c|cs co
cstaoo coota|oaoo, cs occ| cub|ctas oc ox|oo o asa
ouc ||oco c| o,aoo.
/bos ascs sc czc|ao co ooc|oocs ao|a-
oas co uo so|ctc occtaoo coostu|oo co |oa ta|,
ouc c| so|oaoo t|coc |a os|b|||oao oc cu|a o co|c-
to |a ||aa, a,ustooo|a a |as occcs|oaocs oc| taba,o.
Sc cscota uoa ||aa norma| o neutra ||. 2-),
cuaooo sc a||cota coo |ua|cs vo|ucocs oc ox|coo
acct||coo, s| sc aucota |a ooc|oo oc acct||coo, sc
|oa uoa ||aa ocoo|oaoa carburante o reouctora. `
a |a |ovcsa, s|cc coo c|ccoc|a a uoa ||aa ocuta, s|
sc aucota |a ooc|oo oc ox|coo, sc obt|coc uoa ||a-
a ox|oaotc. /bas t|coc caactc|st|cas a||cac|oocs
cc|sas ouc cs occcsa|o tcoc cscotc.
!.!2.2. Proceolmlentos baslcos en |a so|oa-
oura oxl-acetl|nlca
|o |a so|oaoua ox|-acct||co|ca oocos o||ccoc|a 2
occo||cotos, ouc soo |os s|u|cotcs:
So|oaoura por Pusln.- Sc ||aa as|, cuaooo oos
|czas ct||cas sc ,uotao cuaooo |os boocs co
cootacto sc |uooco o co|o oc |a ||aa ox|-
acct||co|ca. |os boocs co |us|oo ||uco ,uotos |asta
ouc caoa uoo sc |uooc co|ctacotc, coo o s|o
aotac|oo oc uo cta| co |us|oo ovco|cotc oc uoa
va|||a oc so|oa. Lcsucs oc ouc c| cta| sc |a co||a-
oo, c| csu|taoo sc uo so|o tazo coot|ouo oc cta|.
|o |a so|oaoua o |us|oo, c| cta| basc |a va|||a oc
so|oa ocbco tcoc, co |a ao|a oc |os casos, |a |s-
a coos|c|oo, o c,c|o, a| so|oa ||co |uoo|-
oo sc ut|||za uoa va|||a tab|co oc ||co |uoo|oo. Lc
|ua| aoca sc a| so|oa acco ou|cc, acco |oox|-
oab|c, cobc, o|ouc|, a|u|o|o, ctc.
So|oaoura Puerte y So|oaoura 8|anoa.- a o-
cco||cotos aa uo| |czas ct||cas, s|o occcs|-
oao oc ||ca a |a |us|oo oc| cta| basc ouc, s|o
cbao, ooucco ,uotas oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a.
|stos occo||cotos cc|bco |as ocoo|oac|oocs
3az|o o So|oaoua |uctc So|oc|o o So|oa-
oua 3|aooa. |a o||ccoc|a bs|ca cotc abos cs |a
37 38
||. 23.- |ou|oa oc So|oaoua aa |occso T|C
||. 2-.- |a So|oaoua Ox|-acct||co|ca
|os c|ccotos ouc coota|oao |as suc||c|cs, ucoco
sc ascosos, ||ou|oos o so||oos.
|aa obtcoc csu|taoos sat|s|acto|os, cs occcsa|o c-
cub| o occaa |as suc||c|cs coo |uoocotcs |||aoocs.
|a a|ta cs|stcoc|a cooscu|oa coo cstc occso sc ocbc
a |as s|u|cotcs azoocs:
/ocs oc |a acc|oo oc o,aoo co |a zooa oc cootacto
oc| cta| basc coo c| atc|a| oc aotc, sc ooucc
tab|co uoa ||ca |otca|cac|oo oc |os c|ccotos
coost|tucotcs oc| cta| basc oc| cta| oc aotc.
|a acc|oo oc| cta| oc aotc abc, |asta c|cto uo-
to, |a cstuctua aou|aoa oc| cta| basc, c|t|co-
oo ouc coctc o cotc |os |||tcs oc| aoo. Ta-
tooosc, o c,c|o, oc ||co |uoo|oo, accc ouc
ocua ouaotc |a so|oaoua c| csac|o ||bc oc,aoo
o ox|oac|oo oc a|uoas oc |as ||oas o coos oc
cabooo ||bc o a||tos oc ||co |uoo|oo ca||cotc.
!.!2.4. Llmpleza oe |as super|lcles
|a |||cza oc |as suc||c|cs t|coc o ob,cto c|||-
oa |os c|ccotos cxtaos, ouc |as ccubco c ||oco |a
|ucctac|oo o o,aoo oc| cta| oc aotc.
Sc ucoc ut|||za oos occo||cotos:
|||cza cco|ca
|||cza ou||ca
|sta |||cza ocbc tab|co a|caoza a |as zooas ox|-
as a |a uo|oo.
!.!2.5. Punoentes
|o |a so|oaoua o |us|oo, as| coo co c| occso
'3az|o', sc c|cao octc|oaoos acotcs |||aoocs,
||aaoos |uoocotcs.
|os |uoocotcs csto ocst|oaoos a o|so|vc o csco|||ca
|os ox|oos, ouc sc |oao co |a suc||c|cs oc o|vcsos
cta|cs ouaotc c| ca|cota|coto oc |os |sos, o b|co
aa |co| |a |oac|oo oc o|c|os ox|oos.
|os |uoocotcs sc cscotao co |oa oc o|vo, asta
, co a|uoos casos, coo ||ou|oos.
|stos |uoocotcs t|coco uoa tccatua oc |us|oo s
ba,a ouc |a oc| cta| oc aotc, a|caozaoa csta tccatu-
a, |ucctao |a suc||c|c co uo ca aooc s|vco a su
vcz coo uoto oc c|ccoc|a |oo|caoo oc tccatua)
aa |a a||cac|oo oc| cta| oc aotc.
|o cx|stc uo |uoocotc uo|vcsa| aa tooos |os usos,
o cuaoto |os ox|oos oc |os o||ccotcs cta|cs a|cac|o-
ocs va|ao uc|o coo csccto a sus o|coaocs ||s|cas
ou||cas. Caoa cta| basc o caoa va|||a oc aotac|oo c-
ou|cc oc uo |uoocotc cscc|a|, scuo sus o|coaocs ca-
actc|st|cas.
Coo csccto a |os |uoocotcs, |a ooa bs|ca cs: Usa
s|cc c| |uoocotc aoccuaoo aa c| taba,o o va|||a ouc
sc c|cc. |a c|ccc|oo oc| |uoocotc sc |acc coosu|taooo c|
Cat|oo O||||KO|.
!.!2.6. varl||as oe aportacln
Scuo |a oatua|cza oc| cta| basc, |os cta|cs o
a|cac|oocs, ut|||zaoos coo aotc co |a so|oaoua |uctc,
ucoco sc c|as|||caoos coo s|uc:
Cobc uo.
/|cac|oocs a basc oc |ata.
/|cac|oocs a basc oc cobc.
/|cac|oocs a basc oc a|u|o|o.
!.!2.7. Lqulpos
|| cou|o aa so|oaoua ox|-acct||co|ca |oc|uc:
|| so|ctc, boou|||as ao|tacoto oc cotc.
|aoucas oc ox|coo acct||coo.
|cu|aoocs oc ox|coo acct||coo.
Uo c|||ooo oc ox|coo uo c|||ooo oc acct||coo.
Uo cao aa |os c|||ooos oc|ooa|).
L| Sop|ete Stanoaro.- |ucoc sc oc t|o cob|oaoo, usa-
oo aa so|oa cota. |os ascs soo czc|aoos ocoto
oc| so|ctc. Uoa v|vu|a oc au,a coo too|||o oc a|osa
cooto|a |a caot|oao oc |os ascs ouc cotao co |a caa
czc|aooa. |aa c| cotc uoa v|vu|a t|o a|aoca coo-
to|a c| ||u,o oc ox|coo.
Sc c|cao o||ccotcs t|os taaos oc boou|||a
,uoto coo c| so|ctc aa a||cac|oocs cscc|||cas oc so|oa-
oua cotc. || cou|o ooa| t|coc tcs o s boou|||as.
Uoa boou|||a ocas|aoo couca ocoa cxccs|vaco-
tc o |acc |os|b|c |a |us|oo oc| cta| basc. Uoa boou|||a
ocas|aoo aooc ucoc tcoc coo csu|taoo |a ouca-
oua oc| cta| basc. |os |ab|caotcs cco|cooao c|ctos
t|os oc boou|||as aa cta|cs cscsocs cscc|||cos.
Los Pegu|aoores oe Gas.- |aot|coco |a cs|oo coostao-
tc oc| as, ascuaooo uo vo|uco cstab|c c |ua| ca||oao
oc |a ||aa. |a ao|a oc |os cu|aoocs soo oc oos
aouac|oocs t|coco oos co|oocs, uoo |oo|ca |a c-
s|oo co c| c|||ooo c| oto |a cs|oo ouc cota co |a
aouca.
Las Mangueras oe Gas.- |ucoco csta scaaoas o uo|oas.
Tab|co ucoco csta coc|otaoas aa cv|ta ouc sc coc-
oco. |a aouca vcoc o azu|) cs aa ox|coo |a o,a o
oaao,a) aa acct||coo. |os o||cs oc coocx|oo oc| ox|coo
t|coco |as oscas |ac|a |a occc|a |os oc| acct||coo |ac|a |a
|zou|coa.
Los Gases.- |aa cstc occso soo ox|coo , |oc|a|-
cotc, acct||coo. |aa a||cac|oocs cscc|||cas sc c|cao
otos ascs, |oc|uso ||oocoo, as oatua|, oaoo, ctc.
S|o cbao, o su ao tccatua oc 3+00C, c|
acct||coo sc |a coovct|oo co c| cobust|b|c aa tooo o-
os|to co cstc occso. || acct||coo cs |oco|oo, co t|coc
uo o|o caactc|st|co octcctab|c.
Los Cl|lnoros oe Gas.- |aa acct||coo coot|coco atc|a|
ooso satuaoo coo acctooa. |o v|sta oc ouc c| acct||coo
||bc oo ucoc, coo scu|oao, sc co||oo a s oc
+5 |bs/u|
2
, sc cocucota o|suc|to co acctooa, ouc |o
aot|coc cstab|c c|tc uoa cs|oo oc 250 |bs/u|
2
.
|a caac|oao oc |os c|||ooos oc ox|coo va|a oc 60 a
300 |cs cub|cos, coo cs|oocs |asta 2 -00 |bs/u|
2
.
L| Carro para |os Cl|lnoros.- /ocs oc ooc|ooa
ov|||oao, ||oc ouc |os c|||ooos oc as sc ca|ao |os
aot|coc vct|ca|cs. Lcb|oo a |a acctooa co |os c|||ooos
oc acct||coo, cs occcsa|o ouc s|cc cstco vct|ca|cs.
Las Precauclones oe Segurloao.- S|cc soo |otao-
tcs, cuaooo sc tata oc as ba,o cs|oo, oc| ox|coo oc |a
||aa. Cuaooo cstos tcs |actocs sc cocucotao cob|oa-
oos, |as ccauc|oocs oc scu|oao cou|cco coos|ocac|oo
cscc|a|.
||. 25.- T|os oc ||aa /||cac|oocs s Couocs
39 40
||. 26.- /cc|oo Ca||a aa c| |o,aoo o ucctac|oo
1.13. Recargue de superficies por
proyeccin y difusin
|| occo||coto coos|stc co ccub| |a suc||c|c oc
cua|ou|c t|o oc |ca|cota o cooocotc ct||co coo
o|vos ct||cos oc o|coaocs u cscc|||cas, o co|o
oc uo so|ctc cscc|a|cotc ocsao||aoo aa cstc oos|to.
|| so|ctc cs a||cotaoo o uoa czc|a coovcoc|o-
oa| oc ox|coo-acct||coo. |a a|cac|oo oc ccauc cs o|vo
ct||co ||oacotc u|vc|zaoo, c| cua| cs aastaoo o |a
|ucza oc| as occtaoo coota |a suc||c|c oc |a |cza a
ccaa, ooooc sc |uooc, |a uo|oo oc| o|vo oc ccauc
coo c| cta| basc sc ooucc o o||us|oo oc |as o|ccu|as
oc cstc, cuaooo aoou|cc su tccatua oc |us|oo co |os
|otcst|c|os ca||acs co |a co c|sta||oa oc| cta| basc.
|as vcota,as oc cstc occso soo va|as:
Una |lga per|ecta sobre |a pleza oe trabajo.- Ob-
tco|cooosc uoa ocos|oao oucza c|cvaoa co |a su-
c||c|c oc ccauc.
Sencl||ez.- |os so|ctcs soo oc |c|| aoc,o. ao
s|oo o|scaoos aa uoa v|oa ut|| oc uc|os aos.
Preclsln.- || occso ucoc sc ca||zaoo coo u
bucoa cc|s|oo sobc suc||c|cs |aoas o cuvas,
sobc boocs sobc c,cs. |a a|cac|oo ucoc sc
ocos|taoa ocsoc caas u oc|aoas |asta cscso-
cs oc va|os |||ctos.
Lconomla.- |s a||cab|c so|o |a caot|oao couc|oa.
|| aou|oaoo oc acabaoo sc coucc a uo |o|o
a|oooosc t|co atc|a|
Sc|ccc|ooaooo c| t|o aoccuaoo oc a|cac|oo sc ucoc
obtcoc cxcc|cotcs o|coaocs co |as suc||c|cs coota
|as s va|aoas |oas oc ocsastc, coo soo:
Lucza co coca|.
Lucza a a|ta tccatua.
|cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc o ||cc|oo |otcct||ca, auo
a a|tas tccatuas.
|cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc co cooo|c|oocs a|tacotc
abas|vas.
|cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo, auo co co|os co ouc |os
accos |oox|oab|cs soo atacaoos.
|cs|stcoc|a a |a ox|oac|oo a c|cvaoas tccatuas.
Su sc|ccc|oo occooc oc:
Coos|c|oo oc| cta| basc.
Cooo|c|oocs oc taba,o oc |a |cza.
/|cac|oo oc| o|vo cta||zaoo.
|scso x|o a||caoo.
Tcco|ca oc ccauc as aoccuaoa.
|| s|stca oc cta||zac|oo o occc|oo o||u-
s|oo s|vc taoto aa ccuca |czas ouc |ao su||oo ocs-
astc, coo aa otcc oucvas |czas aotcs ouc cstas
cotco co scv|c|o, oc ooo oc o|ooa su v|oa ut||.
|o coca|, |os o|vos cta||zaoocs ucoco sc a||-
caoos sobc accos a| cabooo, a| caoo, | oox| oab| c,
suca|cac|oocs oc o|ouc|, |uoo|c|oo.
1.14. Corte de meta|es con e|ectrodos
met|icos
|s os|b|c cota, c|oa, acaoa|a b|sc|a cta|cs,
|uoo|cooo c| cta| co|aotc c| |otcoso ca|o oc uo aco
c|cct|co ouc sc cstab|ccc cotc uo c|cctooo cscc|a| |a
|cza. Uo c|oo oc as a ao cs|oo, ouc caoa oc |a
cobust|oo oc| cvcst||coto cscc|a|, c|oca coo c| bao
oc cta| |uoo|oo octs oc| aco |o cxc|c. |a vc|oc|oao
oc cotc va|a scuo |as cooo|c|oocs oc taba,o.
|a a||cac|oo oc cstos c|cctooos sc ca||za ut|||zaooo
cou|os coovcoc|ooa|cs oc so|oaoua c|cct|ca aoua|, oo
cou||cooo cou|os o acccso|os ao|c|ooa|cs.
!.!4.!. Ap|lcaclones
|| occso oc cotc coo c|cctooos sc ut|||za aa
cota, c|oa, c|||oa sccc|oocs oc|cctuosas, covc
so|oaouas aot|uas, acaoa|a |a a|z, caa b|sc|cs a-
ouas aa |a so|oaoua co tooa c|asc oc cta|cs |cosos
oo-|cosos. || ca oc cotc cs couca , coo c| cta|
sc |a |uoo|oo cs |oacotc cov|oo, c| ca c|cuo-
oaotc oo ||ca a a|tas tccatuas. |sto coucc |a tcooco-
c|a a |a o|stos|oo a,aouas.
!.!4.2. L|ectrooos
|x|stco oos t|os oc c|cctooos aa cstc occso:
Uoo aa cotc c|oaoo: SU|||CO|T|
Oto aa b|sc|aoo acaoa|aoo: C/||||CO|L
|S/CUT.
|os c|cctooos soo |ab|caoos ocsoc 2,5 a 6,3
oc o|cto
ventajas:
Coo |os c|cctooos oc cotc b|sc|aoo ucoc co-
vcsc acco ou|cc a uoa vc|oc|oao oc |asta +0 | o |oa,
|cotas ouc coo uo o|sco csc||aoo oc a|ta vc|oc|oao
so|o sc ||ca a 2 | o |oa x|o.
|cotc a| occso oc cotc coo c|cctooo oc caboo,
t|coc |a vcota,a oc oo couc| oc cou|os ao|c|ooa|cs oc
a|c co||oo sus o|vcsos acccso|os, c|||oooosc
tab|co c| ota-c|cctooo cscc|a| ouc sc cou|cc aa
c| cotc coo caboo.
||. 2.- |ccauc oc Suc||c|cs o |occc|oo L||us|oo
S| coaaos coo c| cotc ox|acct||co|co, obsc-
vaos ouc cstc occso cst |||taoo a| cotc oc accos
ou|ccs s||ccotc, co cab|o, coo c|cctooos ct||-
cos cscc|a|cs aa c| caso cs os|b|c cota, c|oa, ctc.
cua|ou|c t|o oc acco |a|oaoo, |uoo|oo o |o,aoo, coo
tab|co |as o||ccotcs c|ascs oc ||co |uoo|oo accos
|oox|oab|cs, as| coo c| cobc, boocc, a|u|o|o cua|-
ou|c cta| o a|cac|oo oo-|cosa.
SUPLPCOPTL
Cortar y Per|orar
|stc c|cctooo O||||KO| c|tc cota |aoc|as
oc o|vcsos cscsocs, acc|ooooo|o a |o |ao oc |a ||oca
oc cotc coo s| |uca uo scuc|o.
|aa c|cctua c| cotc cs occcsa|o c,ccc uo ov|-
|coto coo sc |oo|ca co |a ||. 28, oc aoca ouc c| c-
ta| |uoo|oo |a csco|a ucoao cscu|sc |uca oc |a zooa
oc cotc.
|aa c|oa o|||c|os oc o|ctos coucos co
|aoc|as oc|aoas, sc cstab|ccc c| aco sc cs|ooa c|
c|cctooo |ac|a aba,o |asta oouc| c| au,co, auco-
taooo, oc sc occcsa|o, |uco su o|cto ||. 2).
CHAMPLPCOPD y LXSACUT
8lse|ar y Acana|ar
Coo cstc c|cctooo sc b|sc|a acaoa|a cua|ou|c c-
ta| o a|cac|oo ct||ca. Tab|co c|tc covc atc|a|
|at|aoo o ocos|tos oc|cctuosos oc cta| oc aotc.
|aa c|cctua aouas o caoa|cs, o b|co aa caa
b|sc|cs, c| c|cctooo sc aoc,a coo |a tcco|ca sca|aoa co |a
||. 30. Coo uo buco aoc,o ocbc obtcocsc caoa|cs coo
c| ouc sc |oo|ca co |a ||. 3+.
Coo |a acc|oo ocsc|ta co |a ||. 30, c| cta| |uoo|oo
|a csco|a soo cu,aoos o c| c|oo oc ascs, coo
s| |uca uo c|occ| o csco|o.
|o abos c| cctooos -SU|||CO|T|
C/||||CO|L- c| ouc|co ct||co oc| c|cctooo oo cs
taos|c|oo co |oa oc otas a tavcs oc| aco aa sc
ocos|taoo co c| cta| basc, s|oo ouc cs |uoo|oo ao,aoo
o c| c|oo oc ascs, coo,uotacotc coo c| atc|a| ouc
cst c|||oooosc.
4! 42
||. 28
||. 30 ||. 3+
||. 2
43
CAPlIULO ll
Materiales de Aporte
para 5oldadura
CAPlIULO ll
Moter|o|es de Aporte poro
So|dodoro
2.0. Genera|idades
|os atc|a|cs oc aotc soo o|acotc |os c|cc-
tooos, va|||as, a|abcs, ||u,os, ctc. ouc coost|tuco c|
cta| oc aotac|oo co |a so|oaoua.
Tcco|cacotc sc|a u coo|uso uc|as vcccs
|os|b|c sc|ccc|ooa c| atc|a| oc aotc cotc |a ao
va|coao oc acas t|os aoccuaoos aa caoa taba,o,
occso oc so|oaoua cta| basc, s| oo cx|st|cao aoc-
cuaoos s|stcas oc ooa||zac|oo aa cstos atc|a|cs.
||.UU. t|coc |as |oas /\S, /|cao|a |as |o-
as L||, aoo |as |oas |S, |o|atca |a |oa 3S,
|us|a |a |oa COST, |uoa |as |oas ||
|a |oa Tcco|ca oc ao o||us|oo oc c|co
s coca||zaoo cs |a cstab|cc|oa o |a /c|cao \c|-
o|o Soc|ct - /\S Soc|coao /c|caoa oc So|oaoua),
coo |a ouc ooa|cotc uoa aca co caoa a|s cstab|ccc
|as cscct|vas cou|va|coc|as oc sus oouctos. |sta |o-
a oos scv| oc u|a aa uo cstuo|o csouct|co oc |os
atc|a|cs oc aotc co |os occsos oc so|oaoua oc ao
c|co co c| a|s. Uoa |o|oac|oo octa||aoa ucoc obtc-
ocsc o |a /\S, Sc|c /5., ouc |asta + 3 cootaba
coo 22 cscc|||cac|oocs oc atc|a|cs oc aotc aa so|-
oaoua.
2.1. 5o|dadura e|ctrica manua|
2.!.!. Los L|ectrooos meta|lcos
Coost|tuco uo |acto oc ao |otaoc|a aa ob-
tcoc bucoos csu|taoos co |a so|oaoua.
|sto coucstos oc uo ouc|co ct||co uo cvcs-
t||coto ou||co.
L| Nuc|eo cs uoa va|||a ct||ca coo uoa oc||o|oa
coos|c|oo ou||ca aa caoa cta| a ouc cst ocst|oa-
oo c| c|cctooo. |os o|vcsos c|ccotos cooocotcs oc|
ouc|co, coo c| ||co, cabooo, aoaocso, s|||c|o, |os-
|oo, azu|c otos, ooc|ooao o||ccotcs o|coaocs
caactc|st|cas a |a ,uota so|oaoa.
|| ouc|co ct||co coost|tuc |a basc oc| atc|a| oc
aotc, ouc cs taos|c|oo a |a |cza co |oa oc otas,
|u|saoo o |a |ucza oc| aco c|cct|co.
L| Pevestlmlento, ouc sc a||ca co tooo oc| ouc|co c-
t||co, cs uo coucsto oc coos|c|oo ou||ca oc||o|oa
aa caoa t|o oc c|cctooo.
2.!.2. Punclones oe| revestlmlento
Cu|c |uoc|oocs |oo|scosab|cs occ|s|vas co |a c,c-
cuc|oo ca||oao oc |a so|oaoua. |stas |uoc|oocs oocos
c|as|||ca|as co:
A) Punclones e|ctrlcas
|c|t| c| c|co oc |a co|cotc a|tcoa. Coo cs
sab|oo, |a co|cotc a|tcoa cab|a oc o|a|oao +20
vcccs o scuooo, ccaooo co coosccucoc|a uoa
ao |ocstab|||oao co c| aco. |stc ob|ca |a s|oo
so|uc|ooaoo, acaooo a| cvcst||coto a|uoos c|c-
cotos ou||cos ouc, a| oucasc co c| aco, o-
oucco ascs cscc|a|cs |oo|zaoos ouc aot|coco |a
coot|ou|oao oc| aco. Cua|ou|c c|cctooo aa co-
|cotc a|tcoa ucoc sc c|caoo tab|co coo
co|cotc coot|oua, co oo tooos |os c|cctooos
|ab|caoos aa co|cotc cot|oua ucoco sc ut|||za-
oas coo co|cotc a|tcoa.
|ac|||ta c| coccoo|oo oc| aco aotcoc|o coo
|ac|||oao ouaotc |a c,ccuc|oo oc |a so|oaoua.
8) Punclones meta|urglcas
|otcc c| cta| |uoo|oo oc |os ascs oa|oos oc|
a|c. /|uoos c|ccotos oc| cvcst||coto |oao,
a| oucasc, uoa caa oc ascs ouc ooca a| aco,
otc|cooo a |as ||o|s|as otas oc cta| ouc soo
occtaoas o c| aco coota c| cootacto coo c|
a|c, as| coo a| cta| |uoo|oo oc| c|aco oc |us|oo.
|| a|c coot|coc ox|coo o|tocoo co aoocs cao-
t|oaocs, |as ouc a| cob|oasc coo c| cta| |uoo|oo
|oao ox|oos o|tuos ocb|||tooo|o, |ac|cooo|o
ooso, ||| coos cs|stcotc a |a tacc|oo a|
|acto.
|oa |a csco|a otcctoa oc| cta| ca||cotc. C|c-
tas atc|as oc| cvcst||coto sc |uooco sc cz-
c|ao coo c| cta| oc so|oaoua vao cco|cooo |as
|uczas oc| cta|, |ac|cooo|as ||ota co |a suc-
||c|c oc| cta| |uoo|oo. /s| sc |oa |a csco|a ouc
otcc a| coooo ca||cotc, ctaoaooo su co||a|co-
to, aa ouc oo ||cuc a tc|asc o c| cootacto
v|o|coto coo c| a|c ||o, c|t|cooo ouc |os ascs
cscaco oc| cta|.
44
Ca|c|ta CO3Ca)
|aocs|ta CO
3
|)
Lo| o| ta CO
3
)2|
Cc|u|osa
||T/||S
|coaoaocso
|o|vo oc ||co
|coa|cac|oocs oo-|cosos
La bas|c|oao a |a csco|a - /cotc
ox|oaotc
La bas|c|oao a |a csco|a
La bas|c|oao a |a csco|a
|coucto - La cs|stcoc|a a| c-
vcst||coto
|cooc |o a| bao
Cocosa |a co|oa oc |os c|ccotos ouc, o ac-

c|oo oc |a a|ta tccatua oc| aco c|cct|co, t|cooco
a ocsaaccc ouaotc c| occso oc |us|oo. |os c|c-
cotos oc cocosac|oo c,oao uc|as vcccs c|
cta| ocos|taoo |c oao caactc|st|cas cco|cas
suc|ocs a| cta| basc.
/ota c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo aa obtcoc o|c-
oaocs caactc|st|cas octc|oaoas co c| cta| oc-
os|taoo.
C) Punclones mecanlcas
|| cvcst||coto t|cooc a |uoo|sc |oco|atacotc
ocsucs ouc c| ouc|co ct||co, |oaooo uoa coo-
cav|oao, oc |oa ta| ouc c| cvcst||coto c|ta
o||| |a |ucza oc| aco |as otas oc| cta| |uoo|oo
co |a o|ccc|oo ocscaoa.
|sta |uoc|oo ouc cu|c c| cvcst||coto cs oc ao
ut|||oao, sobc tooo co os|c|oocs |ozaoas.
|c|t| c| ocos|to oc coooocs, 'aastaooo' c|
c|cctooo. |o uc|os casos, c| cvcst||coto cstab|c-
cc cootacto coo |a |cza, cuaooo sc cst so|oaooo. |o
ca||oao, c| cvcst||coto, ouc sobcsa|c oc| ouc|co,
cstab|ccc |a scaac|oo cotc |a |cza c| cxtco oc|
ouc|co ct||co cotooccs c| aco aoc ocoto oc |a
coocav|oao |oaoa o c| cvcst||coto.
2.!.3. Composlcln genrlca oe| revestl-
mlento
|o c| cvcst||coto oc uo octc|oaoo t|o oc c|cc-
tooo ucoco |otcvco| +0 o s cooocotcs ou||-
cos. Caoa c|ccoto t|coc uo c|ccto c||,aoo, o va|os a |a
vcz, co c| ocoto oc so|oa co |os csu|taoos ||oa|cs.
|os c|ccotos, ouc |otcv|coco co |a coos|c|oo oc
|os cvcst||cotos, soo |oca|cs, s|||catos, c|oos, |uooco-
tcs, bascs, sustaoc|as oo|cas , o |os c|cctos ouc o-
oucco o o |a |uoc|oo ouc ocsccao, oocos c|as|-
||ca|os co - uos |oc|a|cs:
L|ementos o materla|es lonlzantes.- uc |ac|||tao
c| coccoo|oo aotco||coto oc| aco c|tco
ouc cstc aoa cstab|ccotc, oc ooo ta| ouc |as otas
oc cta| ovco|cotcs oc| c|cctooo ||uao |ac|a c|
cta| basc oc aoca suavc uo||oc.
L|ementos generaoores oe gases protectores.- uc
a| aoc ooucco ascs otcctocs oc| aco |oc|-
a|cotc CO
2
oo c|tco ouc c|ccotos cxtaos
cotco co |a coos|c|oo oc| cta| |uoo|oo, |o ouc
|a|a ouc cstc |coa sus o|coaocs caactc|st|cas.
/|uoas vcccs actuao co |oa oc cub|cta o cscuoo o
tab|co cob|oooosc coo c| ox|coo c| o|tocoo.
L|ementos proouctores oe escorla.- Su |s|oo
coos|stc co otcc c| atc|a| |uoo|oo coota |a
cotaoa oc ox|coo o|tocoo oc| a|c, |o ouc sc
coos|uc taaooo c| bao oc |us|oo co|aotc uoa
caa oc csco|a, ouc as||so ocbc ctasa |a so-
||o|||cac|oo oc| atc|a| , co coosccucoc|a, cvco|
uo tc|c oo ocscaoo , a| |so t|co, |ac|||ta |a
c|us|oo cxu|s|oo oc |os ascs oc| cta| |uoo|oo.
L|ementos aportantes oe materla|es oe a|eacln.-
/ctuao co oos scot|oos: o b|co sc czc|ao coo c|
cta| |uoo|oo co |oa oc cooocotcs oc |a a|ca-
c|oo ct||ca o b|co actuao coo ocsox|oaotcs
ocso|taoocs aa c,oa |a ca||oao oc |a a|cac|oo.
|o|coaocs coo |a cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo, |a
oucza, cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo, ctc. ucoco sc
c,oaoas co|aotc |a |ocooac|oo oc couc
tos ct||cos co c| cvcst||coto.
PUNC|ON PP|NC|PAL
/cotc ox|oaotc - L caactc|st|cas oc
ac|ocz a| cvcst||coto
|oa csco|a - |stab|||za c| aco
|oa csco|a
||u|o|||ca csco|a - La bas|c|oao
|oa csco|a
|oa csco|a
|oa csco|a
|oa csco|a - La cs|stcoc|a a| cvcs-
t||coto
|stab|||za aco - |oa csco|a - /o|o-
ca
|oa csco|a - /o|oca
PUNC|ON SLCUNDAP|A
|stab|||za c| aco
|stab|||za c| aco - La
cs|stcoc|a a| cvcst||coto
|stab|||za c| aco
La otccc|oo ascosa - |stab|||za c| aco
La otccc|oo ascosa - |stab|||za c| aco
La otccc|oo ascosa
La otccc|oo ascosa
|oa csco|a - |coucto
/ucota c| coo||coto
/otao c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo
2.!.5. L|ctrooos baslcos oe oob|e reves-
tlmlento
|| |oc||o oc taba,o oc cstos oucvos oouctos
coos|stc co cxtu| sobc c| ouc|co ct||co oos t|os o||c-
cotcs oc cvcst||coto, |os ouc t|coco |uoc|oocs cscc|||-
cas co|ccota|as, |oaooo uo aco suavc, s|o co|-
oa o sa||caouas, csco|a oc |c|| coc|oo uo buco
acabaoo oc| coooo, caactc|st|cas ouc sat|s|acco |os c-
ouc||cotos oc| so|oaoo s cx|cotc.
2.!.5.!. ventajas oe| oob|e revestlmlento
|aa ac|aa |as vcota,as oc cstc oucvo t|o sc cou|c-
c cota a| cao oc |os sccctos oc| cvcst||coto. To-
cos coo c,c|o c| ccoccoo|oo. |stc occooc bs|-
cacotc oc su cootco|oo oc ut||o T|O2) ||co co o|vo
|c). Uo a|to cootco|oo oc cstos cooocotcs aaot|za c|
ccoccoo|oo, azoo o |a ouc |os c|cctooos coo cvcst|-
|coto ut|||co o oc ||co co o|vo c||coo |oo) o-
scco csta caactc|st|ca.
|os c|cctooos coo cvcst||coto bs|co ba,o ||oo-
coo) oo oscco occota,cs a|tos oc| ut||o ||co co
o|vo, o cstc ot|vo c| coccoo|oo ccoccoo|oo so|o
sc |oa coo |ucotcs oc ooc ouc tcoao uoa c|cvaoa tco-
s|oo co vac|o 0 - 5 \). /o|c|ooa|cotc oocos a||-
a ouc cs |os|b|c c|cva a vo|uotao c| |c c| T|O
2
, a
ouc cstos |oc|oco co c|ac|oo o|ccta co |os va|ocs cc-
o|cos. |a tccoo|o|a ocsao||aoa o O||||KO| c|-
tc cooccota cstos cooocotcs co uoo oc sus oos cvcs-
t||cotos, |oaooo as| |os s|u|cotcs csu|taoos:
/co cstab|c coo c|cctooos oc cvcst||coto bs|co
So|oa coo C./. tcos|oo co vac|o c|at|vacotc
ba,a 60 \).
|os|b|||oao oc taba,a co os|c|oocs |ozaoas ,uo-
tas cstcc|as, s|o ouc -ocb|oo a| ba,o aca,c- cx|s-
ta tcoococ|a a casc.
|os|b|||oao oc a,usta aca,cs ba,os co accos
austco|t|cos, |os ouc -ocb|oo a |a ba,a cooouct|v|oao
oc |a austco|ta-coooucco a uo oo|o|o uc|o a-
o oc| bao oc |us|oo.
So|oa o uotos coo c|cctooos bs|cos.
2.!.5.2. Nuevos e|ectrooos baslcos oe oob|e reves-
tlmlento
T||/C|TO 60 C|/S| /\S | 0+8 - C
T||/C|TO 65 C|/S| /\S | 0+8 - C
T||/C|TO 0 C|/S| /\S | 80+8 - C
T||/C|TO 5 C|/S| /\S | +00+8 - C
2.2. Normas para |as so|daduras
2.2.!. Norma AWS oe e|ectrooos para
aceros oe baja a|eacln
Toaooo coo c,c|o |os c|cctooos | 60++ C|-
||OCO|L /|), | 0+0 C|||OCO|L 0), | 0+8 SU-
|||C|TO) | ++0+8 T||/C|TO ++0), oocos |otc-
cta |a |oa, u|ooooos o |as Tab|as |o. + 2.
||T|||||T/C|O| L| |/ |O||/
a ) |a |cta | ocs|oa c| ooucto: ||cctooo aa so|oa-
oua c|cct|ca aoua|.
b) |os |cos 2 o||tos -co uo ouco oc - o||tos-
o 3 o||tos -co uo ouco oc 5 o||tos- sca|ao |a
cs|stcoc|a |o|a a |a tacc|oo, s|o tata|coto tc-
|co ost so|oaoua:
| 60 62 000 |bs/u|
2
|o|o
| 0 0 000
| ++0 ++0 000
c ) || u|t|o o||to, |ot|acotc c|ac|ooaoo coo c| c-
ou|t|o, cs |oo|cat|vo oc| t|o oc co|cotc c|cct|ca
o|a|oao co |a ouc c,o taba,a c| c|cctooo c
|ocot|||ca a su vcz c| t|o oc cvcst||coto, c| ouc cs
ca||||caoo scuo c| ao occota,c oc atc|a |-
a cootco|oa co c| cvcst||coto, o c,c|o c|
c|cctooo |-60+0 t|coc uo a|to cootco|oo oc cc|u|o-
sa co c| cvcst||coto aox|aoacotc uo 30% o
s, o c||o cs ouc a cstc c|cctooo sc |c c|as|||ca
coo uo c|cctooo oc t|o cc|u|os|co. S|||a c|a-
s|||cac|oo sc oa co |os otos c|cctooos.
MATLP|AS PP|MAS
|||||/||S
Ox|oo oc ||co
|ut||o T|O2)
Cuazo S|O
2
)
|U|L||T|S
||uo|ta
Cao| | o
Ta| co
|c|ocsato
/|aoto
S|||cato oc otas|o
S|||cato oc soo|o
45 46
|/T|||/S O|C/||C/S
2.!.4. Pesumen oe |as |unclones oe a|gunas materlas prlmas
o) || tccc o||to |oo|ca |a os|c|oo co |a ouc sc ucoc
so|oa sat|s|acto|acotc coo uo c|cctooo. |o
c,c|o, c| ouco + co c| c|cctooo | 60++ s|-
o|||ca ouc c| c|cctooo cs ato aa so|oa co tooa
os|c|oo |aoa, vct|ca|, sobccabcza |o|zoo-
ta|). || ouco - co uo c|cctooo | 0-8 |oo|ca ouc
c| c|cctooo cs coovco|cotc aa os|c|oo |aoa
tab|co aa os|c|oo vct|ca| ocsccoocotc.
2.2.2. Norma AWS oe e|ectrooos para
aceros lnoxloab|es
|| s|stca oc c|as|||cac|oo oc cstos c|cctooos ta-
b|co cs ouc|co. /otcs oc cx||ca c| s|stca cs coovc-
o|cotc ac|aa, ouc |os accos |oox|oab|cs |aoc|as, tubos,
ctc.) soo |ocot|||caoos o uo ouco sca|aoo o |a /|S|
oc acucoo a su coos|c|oo ou||ca, as| o c,c|o c|
acco |oox|oab|c /|S| 3+0 cocsoooc a uo acco, cua
coos|c|oo cs oc 25% oc coo 20% oc o|ouc| cotc
sus c|ccotos |oc|a|cs.
|a cx||cac|oo oc| s|stca cs |a s|u|cotc:
Tocos coo c,c|o c| c|cctooo Oc|||oo
'||O /\', cua c|as|||cac|oo scuo /\S cs | 308|-+6
c| c|cctooo Oc|||oo '||O C\', cua c|as|||cac|oo
/\S cs | 3+0-+6.
a || c||,o | s|o|||ca ouc c| ooucto cs uo c|cctooo
aa so|oa.
b |as 3 |cas c||as |oo|cao c| ouco ouc cocs-
oooc a |a C|asc /|S| oc acco |oox|oab|c, aa c|
cua| cst ocst|oaoo c| c|cctooo, oc acucoo a |o
|oo|caoo, c| '||O /\', cua c|asc /\S cs c| |
308-+6, cst |oo|caoo aa c| acco |oox /|S| 30-
c| '||O C\', cua c|asc cs | 3+0-+6, cst sc-
a|aoo aa c| acco |oox /|S| 3+0.
c || cou|t|o ouco |oo|ca |a os|c|oo co ouc ucoc
ut|||zasc c| c|cctooo. /s| tcocos ouc c| + co |os
c,c|os sca|aoos cst |oo|caooo, ouc c| c|cctooo
cs aa tooas |as os|c|oocs | 308-+5 3+0-+6).
o || u|t|o ouco co |os c,c|os 5 6 | 308-+6
| 3+0-+6), sca|a c| t|o oc cvcst||coto, |a c|asc oc
co|cotc |a o|a|oao a ut|||zasc, co |a |oa s|-
u|cotc:
|| 5: |,c|o | 308|-+6 '||O /\' s|o|||ca, ouc
c| c|cctooo t|coc uo cvcst||coto a|ca||oo ouc ocbc
ut|||zasc uo|cacotc coo co|cotc coot|oua, coocc-
tooosc c| cab|c oc| ota-c|cctooo a| o|o os|t|vo
o|a|oao |ovct|oa).
|| 6: |,c|o | 3+0-+6 '||O C\' s|o|||ca ouc c|
c|cctooo t|coc uo cvcst||coto oc t|tao|o, ouc uc-
oc c|casc coo co|cotc a|tcoa o coo co|cotc
coot|oua. |o caso oc ut|||zasc |a co|cotc coot|oua,
ocbc coocctasc c| cab|c oc| ota-c|cctooo a| o|o
os|t|vo o|a|oao |ovct|oa).
|OT/: || |oo|cc ao|c|ooa| ||C, ouc cocootaos co
a|uoos t|os oc c|cctooos -c,c|o c| '||O 3\
||C', cua c|asc /\S cs | 3+6-+6 ||C- s|o|||ca
ouc c| ocos|to oc| c|cctooo t|coc uo ba,o cootco|-
oo oc cabooo |: cxta, |: ba,o |o), C: cabooo).
2.2.3. Norma AWS oe c|asl|lcacln oe |os
e|ectrooos para meta|es no |errosos
|| s|stca oc c|as|||cac|oo oc cstos c|cctooos cs s|-
bo||co, cs occ| ouc sc |oo|ca c| s|bo|o ou||co oc| c|c-
coto o c|ccotos ct||cos coo|oaotcs co c| ao||s|s
oc| ouc|co ct||co oc| c|cctooo.
|| s|stca cs c| s|u|cotc:
Tcocos coo c,c|o c| c|cctooo Oc|||oo 'C|-
TO3|O|C|', cua c|asc /\S cs | Cu So /.
a || c||,o | s|o|||ca ouc c| ooucto cs uo c|cctooo
aa so|oa.
b |o c| c,c|o | Cu So / 'C|TO3|O|C|', |os s|-
bo|os |oo|cao, ouc c| c|cctooo cst coucsto b-
s|cacotc oc cobc Cu) cstao So).
2.2.4. Colgo oe co|ores LXSA para loen-
tl|lcacln oe |os e|ectrooos
|S/ |a cstab|cc|oo uo Coo|o oc Co|ocs aa
caoa c|asc oc c|cctooos, coo c| ||o oc ooc |ocot|||ca
coaa c|cctooos oc o||ccotcs acas coo caoa C|a-
sc /\S cx|stcotc.
|sta |ocot|||cac|oo sc ca||za a tavcs oc co|ocs
o|st|ot|vos, ub|caoos co |os |uacs ouc sc |oo|cao co c|
csouca:
2.2.!.!. Tlpo oe corrlente y revestlmlento segun norma
Poslcln oe so|oeo
segun AWS
|,\,O,
|,\,O,
-||||ctc
|
|,\,O,
|,\,O,
|,\,O,
-||||ctc, |
-||||ctc
|
-||||ctc, |
|,\,O,
|,\,O,\-Lcscco.
Tlpo oe Pevestlmlento
/|ta cc|u|osa, soo|o
/|ta cc|u|osa, otas|o
/|to t|tao|o, soo|o
/|to t|tao|o, otas|o
/|to ox|oo oc ||co
||co co o|vo, t|tao|o
ba,o ||oocoo, soo|o
3a,o ||oocoo, otas|o
3a,o ||oocoo, otas|o, ||co co o|vo
3a,o ||oocoo, ||co co o|vo
|co co o|vo, t|tao|o
/|to ox|oo oc ||co, ||co co o|vo
3a,o ||oocoo, otas|o,
||co co o|vo
3a,o ||oocoo, otas|o,
||co co o|vo
Scuo |as ooas /\S |as os|c|oocs oc so|oco soo:
| ~ |aoa, ~ |o|zoota|, - |||ctc ~ |||ctc |o|zoota|, \-Lcsccoo. \-ooo) ~ vct|ca|
ocsccoocotc, \ ~ vct| ca| , O ~ sobccabcza.
|as ooas /\S /5.+ /\S /5.5 sca|a otas o|coaocs oc cstos c|cctooos, cscc|a|co-
tc co cuaoto a caactc|st|cas ||s|cas a |a coos|c|oo ou||ca, ouc ocbco tcoc |os ocos|tos
oc so|oaoua c|cctuaoos coo cstos c|cctooos.
|| su||,o |,c|o | /+) |oo|ca c| occota,c aox|aoo oc a|cac|oo co c| ocos|to oc so|oaoua
So|acotc sc cou|cc uo c|ccoto oc csta sc|c aa a|caoza |a c|as|||cac|oo C.)
/+ 0,5% |o
3+ 0,5% C, 0,5% |o
32 +,25% C, 0,5% |o
33 2,25% C, +,0% |o
3- 2,0% C, 0,5% |o
35 0,5% C. +,0% |o
C+ 2,5% ||
C2 3,25% ||
C3 +,0% ||, 0,35% |o, 0,+5% C
L+ L2 0,25-0,-5% |o, +,5% |o
C 0,5% |o. ||, 0,3% |o. C, 0,2% |o. |o,0,+% |o. \, +,0% |o. |o
C|asl|lca-
cln AWS
| 60+0
| 60++
| 60+2
| 60+3
| 6020
| 0+-
| 0+5
| 0+6
| 0+8
| 0+8|
| 02-
| 02
| 028
| 0-8
47 48
Corrlente e|ctrlca
CC )
C/ o CC )
C/, CC -)
C/, CC ) o CC -)
C/, CC -)
C/, CC ) o CC -)
C/, CC ) o CC -)
CC)
C/ o CC )
C/ o CC )
CC )
C/, CC ) o CC -)
C/, CC -)
C/, CC ) o CC -)
C/ o CC)
C/ o CC)
2.2.5. Norma AWS oe a|ambres y ||ujos para arco sumergloo
|a |oa oc |otccta |a |oa cs |a s|u|cotc:
AWS
ALAM8PL
|| 8
|| 8 K
|| +2
|| 5 K
|| +2
|| +2 K
|| +3 K
|| +5 K
| +-
C/|3O|O
a 0,+0
a 0,+0
0,0-0,+5
0,06
0,0-0,+5
0,0-0,+5
0,0-0,+
0,+2-0,20
0,+0-0,+8
OT|OS
0,5
0,5
0,5
S|||C|O
0,05
0,+0-0,20
0,05
0,--0,
0,05
0,+5-0,35
0,-5-0,0
0,+5-0,35
0,05
|/|C/||SO
0,30-0,55
0,30-0,55
0,35-0,60
0,0-+,-0
0,85-+,25
0,85-+,25
0,0-+,-0
0,85-+,25
+,5-2,25
COMPOS|C|ON QU|M|CA - Porclento %
o u|t|o, |a |cta K s|o|||ca ouc c| ooucto cs obtco|-
oo oc uo acco ca|aoo a| S|||c|o.
Para |unoentes
a ) Sc |acc uso oc uo c||,o, |a |cta |, ouc s|o|||ca ||u,o.
b) / coot|ouac|oo sc acao oos o||tos, ouc ccsco-
tao |os va|ocs co|os oc cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo
su cscc|||cac|oo ba,o cooo|c|oocs oc |acto, sc-
u|oo oc cuato o||tos ao|c|ooa|cs, ouc ccscotao
c| c|cctooo usaoo co |a cob|oac|oo aa octc|-
oa |as o|coaocs.
2.2.5.!. Norma para a|ambres oe aceros oe bajo
carbono
|| |c s|bo|o: |cta | - ||cctooo aa aco c|cct|co.
|| scuooo s|bo|o: |ctas | - | ccscotao c| coo-
tco|oo oc |aoaocso.
| - ba,o cootco|oo oc aoaocso
| - co|aoo cootco|oo oc aoaocso
- a|to cootco|oo oc aoaocso
|| tccc o||to: Uoo o oos oucos ccscotao c| cootc-
o|oo oc Cabooo co|o.
AWS
PLU[OS
|60-
|6+-
|62-
|63-
|6--
|0-
|+-
|2-
|3-
|--
|cs|stcoc|a a |a
Tacc|oo s|
62 000
a
80 000
2 000
a
5 000
|||tc oc ||ucoc|a
0,2%) s|
50 000
60 000
||ooac|oo
co 2 %
22
22
C|a-\
|c/|b.
|o cou|cc
20 a 0|
20 a 20|
20 a -0|
20 a 60|
|o cou|cc
20 a 0|
20 a 20|
20 a -0|
20 a 60|
2.2.6. Norma AWS oe a|ambres oe acero
oe bajo carbono para so|oaoura a|
arco con gas
Soo oos t|os:
a ) |os c|cctooos so||oos | S-) |os c|s|vos
soo c|as|||caoos sobc |a basc oc su coos|c|oo
ou||ca, su |oa oc caac|oo oc |as o|coaocs
cco|cas oc| cta| ocos|taoo vc Tab|a 2.2.).
b) |os c|cctooos coucstos | 0 T-) soo c|as|||caoos,
sobc |a basc oc| as otccto c|caoo, |a os|b|||oao oc
uso co a||cac|oocs oc asc s||c o u|t||c |as o|c-
oaocs cco|cas oc| cta| ocos|taoo vc |tc s|u|cotc).
2.2.7 A|ambres maclzos, emlslvos y tubu|ares
||. 32.- |o||ucoc|a oc |o|o |os|t|vo |o|o |cat|vo sobc |a |coctac|oo |a |oa oc Costua.
AWS
C|asl|lcacln
| 60S-+
| 60S-2
| 60S-3
| 0S--
| 0S-5
| 0S-6
| 80S-C
| 0S - +3
| 0S - C3
| 0 U-+
| 0T-+
| 0T-2
| 0T-3
| 0T--
| 0T-5
| 0T-C
Co|cotc
|o|a|oao
C.C.
|o|a|oao
|ovct|oa
|o cscc|||ca
CC-|o|a|oao
|ovct|oa
|o cscc|||ca
C.C.
|o|a|oao
L|ccta
C.C.
|o|a|oao
|ovct|oa
|o cscc|||ca
|cs|stcoc|a a
|a Tacc|oo
62 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
2 000
C|U|O / - /|/|3||S L| /C||O L| 3/O C/|3O|O
C|U|OS 3 - /|/|3||S L| 3// /||/C|O|
/|/|3||S TU3U|/||S
C|U|O C - /|/|3||S |||S|\O
Cas
|otccto
/oo-+a5%O2
/oo-+a5% O
2
o
CO
2
CO
2
|o cscc|||ca
CO
2
|o cscc|||ca
/oo-+a 5% O2
o
/oo
CO2
||ouoo
CO2
||ouoo
|o cscc|||ca
49 50
2.2.5.2. Normas para ||ujos
2.2.8 Gases protectores para so|oaoura a| arco con gas a) C|ase oe equlpo o maqulna oe so|oar
|os cou|os oc so|oa oc t|o |cct|||caoo oc t|o
|oto - Ccocaoo ooc|ooao co|cotc coot|oua.
|o cab|o, |os cou|os oc t|o Taos|oaoo o-
oc|ooao co|cotc a|tcoa aa so|oa. Otos cou|-
os, coo |os oc t|o Taos|oaoo-|cct|||caoo, oao
co|cotc coot|oua o a|tcoa.
/|oa b|co, octc|oaoos c|cctooos taba,ao sat|s-
|acto|acotc so|o coo co|cotc coot|oua sus csu|-
taoos soo ocat|vos, cuaooo sc c|cao coo co|co-
tc a|tcoa. Ta| cs c| caso oc |os c|cctooos ctcoc-
c|cotcs a |a C|asc | +0 | +5.
||cctooos O||||KO|, ouc so|acotc taba,ao coo
co|cotc coot|oua:
o) Lspesor y olmenslones oe |a pleza oe trabajo
|stc |acto sc coos|oca, cuaooo t|coc ouc c|c|sc c|
o|cto oc| c|cctooo a c|ca co uo octc|oa-
oo taba,o. |as coos|ocac|oocs aa octc|oa c|
o|cto ao|aoo soo |as s|u|cotcs:
|scso oc |a |cza: |uoca sc|ccc|ooa uo o|-
cto ao ouc c| cscso oc |a |aoc|a o c-
||| a so|oasc.
T|o oc uo|oo: uota a toc, co ou|o o so|aa-
oo, ctc.
T|o oc c|a||o o caac|oo oc |a |cza: |o \,
co , co U, ctc.
Cuo oc| c|cctooo a c|ca: Cc|u|os|co,
ut|||co, oc ||co co o|vo, ctc.
|os|c|oo oc so|oa: ||aoa, |o|zoota|, vct|ca| o
sobccabcza.
C|asc oc taba,o a ca||zasc: So|oaoua oc uo|oo
o c||coo oc uoa ,uota caaoa o b|co oc uoa
suc||c|c ocsastaoa.
e) Aspecto oeseaoo oe| coron
|| va|o oc vcota oc c|ctos oouctos occooc oc
su aa|coc|a, c| asccto oc| coooo oc so|oaoua
ucoc |o||u| co cstc asccto.
Coooocs oc asccto ||so, uo||oc b|co |oa-
oo sc obt|coco coo c|cctooos oc ||co co o|vo,
co cscc| a| coo c| '||||OC| TO 2-' c|
'||||OC|TO 2'.
|os c|cctooos ut|||cos tab|co cscotao coooocs
oc u bucoa aa|coc|a, co cscc|a| |os ouc ctc-
occco a |a C|asc | 60+3, coo c| 'O\||CO|L',
c| 'O\||CO|L S'. S|o cbao, uo so|oaoo coo
ct|ca ucoc c,ccuta coooocs b|co cscotab|cs
co su |oa asccto coo c|cctooos cc|u|os|cos, as|
coo tab|co coo c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo.
|) C|ase oe escorla y aoberencla a| meta|
|a c|asc oc csco|a ouc uo c|cctooo ooucc su
ao|ccoc|a a| coooo c,ccutaoo ucoc |o||u| co |a
sc|ccc|oo oc| c|cctooo, o |as azoocs s|u|cotcs:
Uoa csco|a ucsa c|tc uo c,o co||a-
|coto oc coooo, cv|taooo as| ouc c| cta|
ocos|taoo sc coouczca buscacotc o c|
v|o|coto cootacto oc| coooo ca||cotc coo c|
a|c ||o oc| ab|cotc.
g) Propleoaoes especl|lcas que oebe poseer e|
coron oe so|oaoura
|as o|coaocs cscc|||cas, a ouc oos c|c|os,
soo cc|sacotc |as o|coaocs cco|cas ouc
ocbc tcoc c| cta| ocos|taoo.
|o uc|os taba,os sc cx|c, ouc csas o|coaocs
cco|cas scao s|||acs o c,ocs ouc |as oc| cta|
basc o |cza, co co otos taba,os oo cx|stco a-
ocs cx|coc|as, buscooosc uo|cacotc uoa buc-
oa uo|oo oc |as |czas.
|a ooa /\S cscc|||ca |os ascs otcctocs.
/ coot|ouac|oo sc octa||ao suc|otacotc a|uoas caactc|st|cas oc |os s c|caoos.
Cas
|otccto
/|CO|
|||O
/|CO| |||O
20-80% a 50-50%)
/|CO| C|O|O
C| co tazas)
||T|OC||O
/|CO|-25 a 30% |
2
/|CO|-+ a 2% O
2
/|CO|-3 a 5% O
2
/|CO|-20 a 30% CO2
/|CO|-5% O
2
-+5% CO2
CO
2
Coota|coto
u||co
|octc
|octc
|octc
|scoc|a|cotc
|octc
|coucto
|coucto
Ox|oaotc
Ox|oaotc
Ox|oaotc
Ox|oaotc
Ox|oaotc
2. 2. 9. L|ecto oe |os gases sobre |a |orma oe| coron
2.3. Factores a considerar para se|ec-
cionar e| e|ectrodo ms adecuado
|ccucotccotc ucoco cscotasc ouoas sobc |a
ca||oao oc uo c|cctooo, cuaooo |a uo|oo so|oaoa o o-
|acotc c| coooo ocos|taoo oo cscotao csu|taoos
sat|s|acto|os. S|o cbao, sc ucoc cooba ouc co |a
ao|a oc |os casos o|c|os csu|taoos ucoco tcoc su
o|co co uoa a|a sc|ccc|oo oc| c|cctooo o b|co co uoa
oc||c|cotc a||cac|oo oc| |so, ,uoto a uoa tcco|ca |oaoc-
cuaoa oc so|oa.
|os csu|taoos sat|s|acto|os co uoa so|oaoua occo-
oco co ao atc oc |a aoccuaoa sc|ccc|oo oc| c|cctooo
aa c| taba,o a ca||za. |sta sc|ccc|oo ucoc |accsc,
tco|cooo co cucota |os |actocs s|u|cotcs:
C|||OCO|L |
C|||OCO|L 0
C|||OCO|L |-T
C|||OCO|L 0-T
C|||OCO|L 0 C-T
||O /\
||O /\ Cb
C/||||CO|L
C|TOC|O| +3-
C|TO3|O|C|
C|TO3|O|C| ||
C|TO3|O|C| /|
|S/ 206
|| so|oaoo s|cc ocbc c|ca |a c|asc oc co|co-
tc sca|aoa aa c| t|o oc c|cctooo, ccooaooo ta-
b|co ouc a| usa co|cotc coot|oua, c| c|cctooo ocbc
sc coocctaoo a| o|o os|t|vo o|a|oao |ovct|oa) o
a| o|o ocat|vo o|a|oao o|ccta) scuo |oo|cac|oo
oc su c|as|||cac|oo /\S a |a ouc c| c|cctooo ctcoc-
cc, o scuo ccocooac|oo oc| |ab|caotc.
b) C|ase oe materla| a so|oarse
|aa so|oa accos oc ba,o cootco|oo oc cabooo
ucoc ut|||zasc cua|ou|ca oc |os c|cctooos ouc c-
tcoccco a |os Cuos: Cc|u|os|co, |ut|||co, |co co
|o|vo o oc 3a,o |oocoo.
Tatooosc oc accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo a|ta cs|stco-
c|a a |a tacc|oo, ouc cscotao octc|oaoos ob|c-
as oc so|oab|||oao, cs occcsa|o a||ca c| c|cctooo
aoccuaoo aa c| t|o oc acco o a|cac|oo.
Lc |ua| aoca, co |a so|oaoua oc ||co |uoo|oo,
oc accos |oox|oab|cs, oc cta|cs oo-|cosos o co |a
a||cac|oo oc ccub||cotos ouos, cs occcsa|o sc-
|ccc|ooa c| c|cctooo aoccuaoo aa c| atc|a| ouc
sc va a so|oa o ccub|.
c) Poslcln oe |a so|oaoura
|a ao|a oc |os c|cctooos taba,ao ooa|cotc
co |as o|vcsas os|c|oocs oc taba,o, co a|uoos
oc c||os csto |oo|caoos so|o aa os|c|oo |aoa
|o|zoota| o |aoa uo|cacotc.
Coo a v|os, a| cstuo|a c| s|o|||caoo oc |a C|asc
/\S a ouc ctcoccc uo c|cctooo, |a os|c|oo oc
taba,o oc| c|cctooo cst octc|oaoa o |a cou|-
t|a c||a oc| ouco cs |c|| octc|oa |a os|-
c|oo oc taba,o oc uo c|cctooo, s|u|cooo |a |oo|ca-
c|oo oc |a c|taoa ooa.
5! 52
Usos
Obscvac|oocs
|aa so|oa o|vcsos cta|cs, cxccto accos.
|aa a|cac|oocs oc a|u|o|o cobc. |c,o coctac|oo
|o||za |a oos|oao.
/|cac|oocs oc a|u|o|o cobc aa |o||za |a oos|-
oao. || aco cs s suavc cstab|c ouc coo c||o so|o.
/|cac|oo oc a|u|o|o. |coucc |a oos|oao.
|o cobc - aco u otcotc. Usaoo s co |uoa.
|o cobc - aco s otcotc, co taba,a s suavc oa
s |c|| cooto| ouc coo |2 so|o. |u usaoo co |uoa.
/ccos |oox|oab|cs oc ba,a a|cac|oo. |cou|cc c|cctooo
ocsox|oaoo.
/ccos a| cabooo, a|caoos c |oox|oab|cs. |cou|cc c|cc-
tooo ocsox|oaoo.
\a|os accos. Sc usa coo aco co cotoc|cu|to.
\a|os accos. |cou|cc a|abc ocsox|oaoo. Usaoo |o-
c|a|cotc co |uoa.
/ccos a| cabooo oc ba,a a|cac|oo. ||cctooo ocsox|oaoo
cs cscoc|a|.
/|uoas oc |as o|coaocs, ouc sc busca obtcoc co
|os ocos|tos oc so|oaoua, soo:
|cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo.
||ooac|oo.
Tcoac|oao.
|cs|stcoc|a a| |acto o o|cs.
|aou|oab|||oao, o sca |a |ac|||oao oc taba,asc co
tooo, |csa, cc|||o, ctc.
|cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc o abas|oo o oza|co-
to ct||co, ctc.
Coooc|cooo |as caactc|st|cas oc |os c|cctooos sus
o|vcsas a||cac|oocs, cs os|b|c octc|oa cocc-
tacotc c| c|cctooo s aoccuaoo aa caoa taba,o.
b) Aprobacln oe |os e|ectrooos
|aa |oa uoa ao aaot|a co octc|oaoas
coostucc|oocs ct||cas, sc cx|c ouc |os c|ccto-
oos |aao s|oo aobaoos cv|acotc o uoa |o-
t|oao |otcoac|ooa| oc /obac|oocs oc ccoooc|oo
cst||o. Ta| cs c| caso aa coostucc|oocs oava|cs,
so|oaoua oc tubc|as oc cs|oo, ca|ocas, ctc.
Tatooosc oc |a coostucc|oo oava|, co c| |cu |os
c|cctooos a ut|||zasc ocbco sc aobaoos o
||oo's |c|stc o| S|||o, /o /c|cao 3ucau o|
S|||o /o Ccao|sc|c ||oo. |stos oao|sos
tcco|cos sca|ao |os t|os oc c|cctooos acas, ouc
ucoco sc c|caoos co |as coostucc|oocs oava|cs.
Uo |acto oc sc|ccc|oo oc c|cctooos aa coostuc-
c|oocs oava|cs cs, ucs, |a aobac|oo otoaoa o
cstas |ost|tuc|oocs, ocsucs oc |uosas |ouc|o-
sas ucbas.
||cctooos O||||KO| aa coostucc|oocs oava-
|cs, aobaoos o ||oo's |c|stc o| S|||o,
/c|cao 3ucao o| S|||o Ccao|sc|c ||oo.
Lc a|ta coctac|oo: C|||OCO|L |
Caoo 3)
C|||OCO|L /|
Caoo 3)
Lc co|aoa coctac|oo: O\||CO|L |
O\||CO|L |
O\||CO|L
/C/CO|L
Lc ||co co o|vo: ||||OC|TO 2-
||||OC|TO 2
Caoo 3)
Lc ba,o ||oocoo: SU|||C|TO
Caoo 3)
53 55
CAPlIULO lll
Icnica
de la 5oldadura
por Arco
CAPlIULO lll
7co|co de |o
So|dodoro por Arco
3.0. Genera|idades
|x|stc ao va|coao oc t|os oc ,uotas soo va|as |as
os|c|oocs, co |as cua|cs ucoc ca||zasc uoa so|oaoua. |a
||ua ao,uota ucsta |a va|coao oc ,uotas ta| coo aa-
ccco co |os taba,os oc so|oaoua.
||. +.- L|vcsas uotas |os|c|oocs oc So|oaoua
3.1. Posiciones de |a 5o|dadura
|os taba,os oc so|oaoua, o s o|acotc |a c,c-
cuc|oo oc |os coooocs, ucoco ca||zasc co |as os|c|oocs
s|u|cotcs:
Poslcln p|ana.- |s occ|, sobc uo |aoo |o|zoota|.
|a c,ccuc|oo oc coooocs co csta os|c|oo cs s
|c|| ccooo|ca. |o |o os|b|c, |a |cza ocbc co|o-
casc oc ta| |oa, ouc c|ta |a c,ccuc|oo oc |os
coooocs co csta os|c|oo.
||. 2.- So|oaoua co |os|c|oo ||aoa
Poslcln vertlca|.- |as |aoc|as a so|oa sc cocuco-
tao co os|c|oo vct|ca| |os coooocs tab|co sc
c,ccutao s|u|cooo |a o|ccc|oo oc uo c,c vct|ca|. |a
so|oaoua ucoc |accsc co |oa asccoocotc ta-
b|co co scot|oo ocsccoocotc.
Poslcln borlzonta|.- |as |aoc|as csto co|ocaoas
vct|ca|cotc c| coooo sc c,ccuta |o|zoota|cotc,
ta| coo |oo|ca |a ||ua.
e|lmlnaoa
56
Poslcln sobrecabeza.- |s occ|, |as |aoc|as csto
co|ocaoas |o|zoota|cotc |a so|oaoua sc c,ccu-
ta o ocba,o. |s uoa os|c|oo |ovcsa oc |a os|c|oo
|aoa.
||. 3.- So|oaoua co |os|c|oo \ct|ca|
La so|oaoura oe tuberlas.- |s uoa cob| oac| oo
oc | as o| |ccotcs os| c| oocs.
|o |os taba,os, ouc sc ca||zao co c| ta||c o co c|
cao, sc cscotao s|tuac|oocs o|vcsas, ta| coo |as o-
s|c|oocs |oo|caoas, as| coo os|c|oocs |otcco|as.
||. 6.- So|oaoua oc Tubos
3.2. Preparacin de |as juntas para |a
so|dadura
La juntas.- |a uota cs |a atc a c||coa oc cta| s|tuaoa
cotc 2 o s |aoc|as o |czas, ouc t|coco |os boocs
coovco|cotccotc caaoos. |as ||uas s|u|cotcs ucs-
tao |as |oas |uooacota|cs oc ,uotas.
Plna|loao oe |a junta.- |a ||oa||oao oc |a caac|oo oc |a
,uota cs ascua |a coctac|oo ocscaoa co |a so|oaoua
||. .- |caac|oo oc uotas aa |a So|oaoua
|ac|||ta |a ocac|oo oc so|oa coo |as a obtcoc uoa
uo|oo oc cxcc|cotc ca||oao.
L|eccln oe| tlpo oe junta.- Uoa cucst|oo oc sua |o-
taoc|a co c| taba,o oc so|oa o aco cs |a sc|ccc|oo oc|
c,o s aoccuaoo t|o oc ,uota a ut|||za co caoa
a||cac|oo cooccta.
|a c,o ,uota cs |a ouc, coo uo |o|o costo, sat|s|acc
tooas |as cooo|c|oocs oc scv|c|o. /| sc|ccc|ooa |a ,uota,
ocbco toasc co cucota tcs |actocs:
|a caa sus caactc|st|cas, cs occ| s| |a caa cs oc
tacc|oo o oc cocos|oo s| cx|stc a|uoa cob|-
oac|oo oc cs|uczos oc oob|aoo, |at|a o c|oouc.
57 58
||. -.- So|oaoua co |os|c|oo o|zoota|
||. 5.- So|oaoua co |os|c|oo Sobccabcza
|a |oa co ouc |a caa cs a||caoa, o sca s| su
acc|oo cs coot|oua, va|ab|c o |ostaotoca.
|| costo oc caac|oo oc |a c,ccuc|oo, o|a-
cotc o|c|a oc |a so|oaoua.
Otos ascctos, ouc ocbco tcocsc co cucota, soo |os c|cc-
tos oc| a|abco, |a cooo|oao aa so|oa |a uo||o|oao
aa|coc|a oc |a so|oaoua.
3.2.!. [untas a tope
3.2.!.!. [unta a tope
Sat|s|acto|a aa tooas |as caas co|cotcs.
|cou|cc |us|oo co|cta tota|.
|ccocooab|c aa cscsocs coocs oc 6 .
|caac|oo scoc|||a.
|a scaac|oo oc |os boocs occooc oc| cscso oc
|as |aoc|as.
|| costo oc caac|oo cs ba,o, so|o cou|cc c| cac,a-
|coto oc |os boocs oc |as |aoc|as a so|oa.
3.2.!.2. [unta a tope en v
/o|aoa aa tooas |as cooo|c|oocs oc caa.
/||cab|c co |aoc|as oc 5 a +2 , oo s|cooo u
co|cotc a||ca|a co cscsocs coocs.
|| ou|o oc |a ,uota cs oc 60.
|a caac|oo oc |a ,uota cs s caa ouc aa |a ,uota a
toc s||c.
3.2.!.3. [unta a tope en Dob|e v o X
Sat|s|acto|a aa tooas |as cooo|c|oocs ooa|cs oc
caa.
|aa |aoc|as oc uo cscso ao oc +2 |asta 20 ,
s|cc cuaooo sca os|b|c so|oa o abos |aoos.
|a ,uota co coosuc s o coos |a |tao oc c|cctooos
ouc |a ,uota a toc co \, co co cab|o cs s costosa su
caac|oo.
3.2.!.4. [unta a tope en U slmp|e
|aa taba,os oc |a s a|ta ca||oao.
/o|aoa aa tooas |as cooo|c|oocs oc caa.
Sust|tuc a |as ,uotas co \ o co |a uo|oo oc |aoc|as
oc uo cscso cotc +2 a 20 .
|sta ,uota coosuc coos c|cctooos ouc |a ,uota co \ o
, co su costo oc caac|oo cs uc|o s c|cvaoo.
|a so|oaoua sc ca||za o uo so|o |aoo, coo cxccc|oo oc
uo uo|co coooo ouc sc a||ca a| ||oa| o c| |aoo oucsto.
3.2.!.5. [unta a tope en Dob|e U
Sat|s|acto|a aa tooas |as caas.
|aa |aoc|as oc cscso suc|o a 20 , s|cc
cuaooo sca os|b|c so|oa o abos |aoos.
|sta ,uota coosuc coos c|cctooos ouc uoa ,uota co U
s||c.
|| costo oc su caac|oo cs uc|o s c|cvaoo ouc co
tooos |os ocs t|os oc ,uota cstuo|aoos.
3.2.!.6. Otros tlpos oe juntas a tope
3. 2. 2. 2. [unta en T con boroe en v
/ta aa soota aocs caas ouc |a ,uota oc booc
|aoo, a ouc |as tcos|oocs csto c,o o|st|bu|oas.
||caoa usua|cotc aa |aoc|as oc +2 o
coos, cuaooo |as |czas ucoco so|oasc so|o o
uoa caa.
Coosuc coos c|cctooos ouc |a ,uota oc booc |aoo,
co |a caac|oo oc |os boocs cs oc uo costo ao.
3.2.2.3. [unta en T con boroes en oob|e v
Usaoa aa |a uo|oo oc |aoc|as ucsas, cuaooo |as
|czas ucoco so|oasc o abos |aoos.
/o|aoa aa soota aoocs cs|uczos oc cotc,
|oo|tuo|oa|cs o taosvcsa|cs.
|| aou|oaoo cs s cao ouc aa |a ,uota co \, co c|
coosuo oc c|cctooos cs coo ouc co |a ,uota oc bo-
ocs |aoos aa |ua|cs cscsocs oc |aoc|a.
|o cou|cc ccao|zaoo a|uoo aa |a caa-
c|oo oc |os boocs oc |as |aoc|as. Sc usa aa tooas
|as |aoc|as oc cscsocs co|cotcs.
|scc|a|cotc aa taba,os co ouc |as caas soc-
tao a |a so|oaoua a uo cs|uczo cotaotc |oo|tuo|oa|.
Lc tooos |os t|os oc ,uotas co T, csta cs |a ouc coosuc
ao caot|oao oc c|cctooos, |o ouc cs cocosaoo o
c| ba,o costo oc |a caac|oo.
59 60
||. 8.- uota a Toc
||. .- uota a Toc co \
||. +0.- uota a Toc co Lob|c \ o ||. +3.- uota co \ |couc|oa
||. +2.- uota a Toc co Lob|c U
||. ++.- uota a Toc co 'U' S||c
||. +-.- uota co |couc|oa
||. +5.- uota co \ /s|ct|ca coo /oo aa So|oaouas
co \ct|ca|
||. +6.- uota co \ /s|ct|ca aa So|oaoua o|zoota|
||. +6a.- uota co U aa So|oaoua o|zoota|
||. +.- uota co T coo 3ooc ||aoo
||. +8.- uota co Tcoo 3ooc co \
||. +.- uota co T coo 3ooc co Lob|c \
||. 20.- uota co T coo 3ooc co
3.2.2. [unta en T - Tlpos olversos oe so|-
oaoura en angu|o
3.2.2.!. [unta en T" con boroe p|ano
3.2.2.4. [unta oe so|ape oe rlncn slmp|e
Usaoa coo uc|a |ccucoc|a.
|o cou|cc caac|oo a|uoa co |os boocs oc |as
|aoc|as.
S| |as caas a soota oo soo aoocs, cstc t|o oc ,uota
csu|ta ao|aoa aa so|oa |aoc|as oc tooos |os csc-
socs, co cuaooo cx|stco cs|uczos oc |at|a o oc |-
acto, ocbc cstuo|asc octco|oacotc |a o|st|buc|oo oc
|as tcos|oocs.
3.2.2.5. [unta oe so|ape oe rlncn oob|e
/o|aoa aa cooo|c|oocs s scvcas oc caas
ouc |as ouc ucoco sat|s|accsc coo |a ,uota aotc|o.
|aa caas u csaoas ocbc usasc |a ,uota a toc.
3.3. lnicio de |a so|dadura
3.3.!. Cmo encenoer e| arco e|ctrlco
Sabc coccooc c| aco aotcoc su coot|ou|oao cs
uoa oc |as bascs oc |a so|oaoua c|cct|ca. Sc coc|cooc c|
aco, cuaooo |a co|cotc c|cct|ca cs ob||aoa a sa|ta c|
csac|o cx|stcotc cotc |a uota oc| c|cctooo c| cta|
basc, aotco|cooo uoa |oo|tuo aoccuaoa, ouc c|ta |o-
a uo buco coooo oc so|oaoua.
Uo ctooo aa c| coccoo|oo oc| aco cs c| s|u|cotc:
Sc ucvc c| c|cctooo sobc |a |aoc|a, |oc||oooo|o
||cacotc, coo s| sc asaa uo |os|oo.
Cuaooo |a uota oc| c|cctooo toca |a |aoc|a, c| aco
sc coc|cooc.
Cuaooo c| aco sc |a coccoo|oo, sc ct|a uo oco c|
c|cctooo, aa |oa uo aco ||cacotc |ao
|uco cstab|ccc c| aco oc |oo|tuo ooa|, aox|-
aoacotc |ua| a| o|cto oc| ouc|co oc| c|cctooo.
3.3.2. Cmo ejecutar un coron oe so|-
oaoura
||aaos coooo a| ocos|to coot|ouo oc cta| oc
so|oaoua |oaoo sobc |a suc||c|c oc| cta| basc.
|| coooo o uoa sc|c oc coooocs, coucsto oc
cta| basc cta| oc aotac|oo ovco|cotc oc| c|ccto-
oo, cs o|acotc |a so|oaoua.
|| occo||coto aa |a c,ccuc|oo oc uo coooo cs
c| s|u|cotc:
|cu|a |a co|cotc c|cct|ca oc acucoo a| o|cto
oc| c|cctooo sc|ccc|ooaoo.
|occooc c| aco c|cct|co.
|aotcoc c| c|cctooo ccoo|cu|a a| cta| basc,
coo uo ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo acooc coo |a os|c|oo
oc so|oco co o|ccc|oo oc avaocc.
|aotcoc uo aco oc uoa |oo|tuo oc +,5 a 3
ovc c| c|cctooo sobc |a |aoc|a a uoa vc|oc|oao
uo||oc aa |oa c| coooo.
/ co|oa ouc c| aco va |oaooo c| coooo, obsc-
va c| ctc oota coo |a |ucza oc| aco cxcava c|
cta| basc ocos|ta c| cta| oc aotac|oo.
Lcos|ta coooocs oc - a 6 c oc |ao aaa
c| aco.
|occooc oc oucvo c| aco ocos|ta oto coooo,
as| succs|vacotc |asta co|cta |a uo|oo so|oaoa.
3.3.3. Cmo reanuoar e| coron
Uo coooo ocbc caouoasc, s|o oc,a |oos o abu|-
ta|cotos ouc ocsc,oao su asccto uo||o|oao.
|a ct|ca coot|oua oc |as |oo|cac|oocs s|u|cotcs
c|t| caouoa c| coooo cocctacotc:
|aotcoc c| c|cctooo co os|c|oo ccoo|cu|a coo
uo ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo acooc coo |a os|c|oo oc
so|oco co o|ccc|oo oc avaocc.
|occooc c| aco a uoos 5 c oc|aotc oc |a occs|oo
o ctc oc,aoo o c| coooo aotc|ocotc |otc-
u|oo.
|ccsa a| ctc ovc c| c|cctooo ocoto oc
cstc |asta c||coa|o |uco scu| aoc|aotc coo |a c,c-
cuc|oo oc| coooo.
3.3.4. Cmo re||enar un crater a| |lna| oe|
coron
/| tc|oa uo coooo aaa c| aco, s|cc sc
ooucc uoa cootacc|oo, coooc|oa coo c| oobc oc c-
tc. |os ctccs causao zooas oc tcos|oocs soo |os |uacs
s ocb||cs oc |a so|oaoua o c||o, ocbco c||coasc
ocb|oacotc.
|| c||coo oc| ctc ucoc |accsc co |a |oa s|-
u|cotc:
Cuaooo c| coooo ||ca a| booc oc |a |aoc|a, ocbc
|cvaotasc c| c|cctooo |cotacotc, ov|cooo|o |a-
c|a ats sobc c| coooo a c,ccutaoo.
Oto ctooo coos|stc co aaa c| aco a uoa o|stao-
c|a oc 2 a 5 oc| ||oa| oc| coooo o cxtco oc |a
uo|oo, caouoa c| aco co c| booc oc |a oba, aa
c,ccuta uo coooo co scot|oo coota|o a| a ca||za-
oo. Coot|oua so|oaooo |asta c| ctc oc| |c co-
ooo aaa c| aco, cuaooo |os boocs s a|tos oc
caoa ctc sc ,uotco.
Oto ctooo coos|stc co:
3a,a c| c|cctooo co os|c|oo vct|ca| |ac|a c| cta|
basc.
Tao ooto coo |a uota oc| c|cctooo toouc |a |c-
za, sc |c ct|a ocotocacotc |asta |oa uo
aco |ao |uco, |oco|atacotc, sc ba,a a |a |oo|-
tuo ooa|, ouc c|ta c,ccuta uo uoto oc so|oa-
oua o uo coooo. Obscvc |a ||ua ouc cocsoo-
oc a cstc ctooo.
|o abos ctooos ocbc cv|tasc, ouc c| c|cctooo
sc cuc a |a |aoc|a. S| csto ocu|ca, sc oa a| c|cctooo
uo t|oo |oo co scot|oo coota|o a| avaocc, a ||o oc
ocsca|o.
S| oo sc ocscaa, sc occcsa|o ocscooc c| c|cc-
tooo oc| ota-c|cctooo.
6! 62
||. 2+.- uota oc So|ac oc ||ocoo S||c
||. 22.- uota oc So|aa oc ||ocoo Lob|c
||. 23a.- |occoo|oo oc| /co - |ctooo \ct|ca|
||. 2-.- |c||coo oc| Ctc
||. 23.- |occoo|oo oc| /co - |ctooo o |ascaoo
||. 25.- |caouoac|oo oc| Coooo
||. 26.- |c||coaoo oc Ctc
3.3.5. Movlmlentos oscl|atorlos comunes
Coooocs aoc|os b|co |oaoos sc coos|uco o-
v|cooo c| c|cctooo oc |aoo a |aoo co scot|oo taosvcsa|
|cotas sc avaoza. |stos ov||cotos osc||ato|os soo
ostaoos co |a ||ua ouc s|uc:
3.3.6. Cmo re||enar una super|lcle p|ana
|a ccoostucc|oo oc uoa |cza astaoa o |a c-
aac|oo oc uo co oc aou|oaoo ob||ao uc|as
vcccs a c||coa coo uoa o s caas co uoa suc||c|c
octc| oaoa.
|stc c||coo ucoc |accsc ocos|taooo coooocs
cctos, s|o ov||coto taosvcsa| a|uoo, o coo ov||co-
tos osc||ato|os, coo |os a|ba |oo|caoos.
3.4. 5o|dadura e|ctrica en posicin
p|ana
|actocs aa |oa uo buco coooo:
Coccta cu|ac|oo oc| aca,c.
/ou|o ao|aoo oc| c|cctooo.
|oo|tuo aoccuaoa oc| aco.
\c|oc|oao coccta oc avaocc.
3.4.!. [untas oe angu|o en poslcln p|ana
/ coot| ouac| oo oaos a| uoas | oo| cac| oocs a|
csccto:
Lcos|ta uo coooo a |o |ao oc |a |cza, s|u|co-
oo uoa ||oca ccta.
u|ta |a csco|a aotcs oc c,ccuta c| coooo s|-
u|cotc.
Lcos|ta uo scuooo coooo aa|c|o a| |co
so|aooo|o co uo tcc|o oc su aoc|o.
Lcos| ta | os coooocs succs| vos co | a | sa
|oa |asta obtcoc uoa suc||c|c ||sa oc cta|
ocos| taoo.
|uco oc |abc ocos|taoo |a |ca caa, ocbc
covcsc |as cscaas c| ox|oo oc |a suc||c|c usao-
oo uoa |cota cc|||o oc a|abc.
Lcos|ta |a scuooa caa, cuzaoa a 0 coo |a |-
ca, s|u|cooo s|cc |as |oo|cac|oocs a aootaoas.
Coot| oua c| c| | coo |asta a| caoza c| cscso
ocscaoo.
3.3.7. Cmo re||enar un eje.
Cuaooo sc c||coa uo c,c, cv|acotc ocbc cooo-
ccsc coo cxact|tuo |a c|asc oc a|cac|oo coo ouc cst
|ab|caoo, a ||o oc usa c| c|cctooo occo||cotos
aoccuaoos.
Lcbco toasc |as x|as ccauc|oocs, aa cv|-
ta ouc c| c,c sc oc|oc, c| c|co oc| ctooo |oo|caoo
co |a ||ua cs atc cscoc|a| oc csas ccauc|oocs.
3.4.2. [unta oe so|ape en poslcln p|ana
Obscva |a o|sos|c|oo c| ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo oc|
c|cctooo.
Obscva |a o|sos|c|oo oc |as |czas c| ou|o oc |oc||oa-
c|oo oc| c|cctooo.
63 64
||. 2.- |c||coaoo oc Ctc
||. 28.- |ov||coto Osc||ato|os Couocs
||. 2.- |c||coo oc Suc||c|cs ||aoas
||. 30.- |c||coaoo oc uo |,c
||. 32.- uotas oc So|ac co |os|c|oo ||aoa
||. 3+.- uotas oc /ou|o co |os|c|oo ||aoa
Mtooo oescenoente: Obscva |os ov||cotos
ccocooaoos |os ou|os oc |oc||oac|oo oc| c|cc-
tooo a |a |cza.
3. 6. 3. [untas a tope en poslcln vertlca|
Mtooo ascenoente: Obscva |os ov||cotos c-
cocooaoos, as| coo c| ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo oc|
c|cctooo coo csccto a |a |cza.
3.4.3. [untas a tope en poslcln p|ana
Obscva |a |oc||oac|oo ou|o) oc| c|cctooo coo cs-
ccto a |as |czas ouc sc cst so|oaooo.
horizonta|
Pactores para |ograr un buen coron:
|cu|ac|oo oc |a co|cotc: Scuo c| cscso oc| atc-
|a| a so|oa, c|asc oc atc|a|, o|cto oc c|cctooo,
ctc., s|cooo c| aca,c ||cacotc coo ouc c| usa-
oo co |ua|cs cooo|c|oocs aa os|c|oocs |aoas.
/ou|o oc| c|cctooo: Scu| co ou|o oc 65 - 80.
|oo|tuo oc| aco: |s occcsa|o aotcoc uo aco
coto, oo ao oc +/8.
Pecomenoaclones Genera|es:
|| ov||coto oc| c|cctooo ocbc sc oocaoo, a
||o oc oo sobcca|cota |a |aoc|a cv|ta ouc c| co-
ooo sc c|occ.
|os coooocs ocbco sc oc c|ccoc|a aoostos oo
aoc|os, a ||o oc |oa uo coooo oc buco asccto.
|as u|t|as asaoas ucoco |accsc coo uoa osc||a-
c|oo, coo |a |oo|caoa co |a ||. 3-.
||. 3-
vertica|
Pactores que oeben consloerarse para esta poslcln:
Pegu|acln oe |a corrlente: /ca,c ||cacotc
coo ouc co os|c|oo |aoa.
Angu|o oe| e|ectrooo: || |oo|caoo co |as ||uas.
ve|ocloao oe avance: || avaocc sc |coto, co c|
ov||coto osc||ato|o ocbc sc s ||co.
3.6.!. Mtooos oe so|oaoura en poslcln
vertlca|
Mtooo ascenoente: || coooo oc so|oaoua sc |o-
a asccoo|cooo, o sca sc c|cza co |a atc |o|c|o
sc tc|oa co |a atc suc|o oc |a uo|oo.
|o cstc ctooo sc |oa uoa c,o coctac|oo
ao ocos|to oc atc|a| o asaoa.
Mtooo oescenoente: || coooo oc so|oaoua sc
ca||za ocsoc a|ba |ac|a aba,o. |stc ctooo sc
c|ca aa so|oa |aoc|as oc|aoas, oc coo
cscso ouc 5 .
|a coctac|oo c| ocos|to oc atc|a| cs coo.
3.6.2. [untas oe so|ape y oe angu|o en posl-
cln vertlca|
Mtooo ascenoente: Obscva |os ov||cotos c
cocooaoos |os ou|os oc |oc||oac|oo oc| c|cc-
tooo a |a |cza.
3.5.!. [untas oe so|ape en poslcln borl-
zonta|
|a ,uota oc so|ac oc |a ||. / cs s|||a a| so|ac co
os|c|oo |aoa. |a ,uota oc so|ac oc |a ||. 3 cs s|||a a|
so|ac co os|c|oo sobccabcza.
3.5.2. [untas a tope en poslcln borlzonta|
65 66
||. 33.- uotas a Toc co |os|c|oo ||aoa
||. 36.- uotas oc /ou|o co |os|c|oo o|zoota| ||. 3.- |ctooo /sccoocotc
||. 38.- |ctooo Lcsccoocotc
||. 3.- |ctooo /sccoocotc
||. / ||. 3
||. 35
3.8.2 Ljecucln oe So|oaoura a tope en
poslcln vertlca| ascenoente
|a so|oaoua vct|ca| asccoocotc oc |as tubc|as cs
s|||a a |a ca||zaoa co |aoc|as, co coos|ocab|cco-
tc s cx|cotc.
|aa |oa ,uotas c|cctas sc cou|cc ao |ab|||-
oao ac|coc|a.
|| ctooo oc ocos|ta c| coooo oc |a |ca a-
saoa cs coo s|uc:
Sc ouca co |a |sa ,uota uo au,co oc o|cto
a|o ao ouc c| oc| c|cctooo, aa obtcoc su||-
c|cotc coctac|oo.
Sc osc||a c| c|cctooo ocoto oc| au,co, aa soca-
va c| booc suc|o co o|ccc|oo oc avaocc, |co-
tas c| cta| |uoo|oo ocos|ta uo coooo co o|cc-
c|oo oucsta.
Scu| cstc occo||coto |asta co|cta c| coooo.
Mtooo oescenoente: || ov||coto oc| c|ccto-
oo, |a |oo|tuo oc| aco c| ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo
oc| c|cctooo coo csccto a |a |cza s|uco s|co-
oo, coca|cotc, |os |sos coo co |as ,uotas
oc so|ac.
|uc|as vcccs sc c|ca cstc ctooo aa |a u|t|a
asaoa co |aoc|as ucsas, oaooo as| a| coooo uo
asccto s ||so.
\c ||ustac|oo 'uotas a So|ac'ctooo asccoocotc)
sobrecabeza
|actocs ouc ocbco toasc co cucota aa obtcoc
uoa bucoa so|oaoua:
Pegu|acln oe |a corrlente: Sc |oo|ca uo aca,c
||cacotc s a|to ouc aa os|c|oo vct|ca|, a ||o
oc |oa uoa |ucza oc| aco ouc c|ta taos|c| c|
cta| oc| c|cctooo a| cta| basc.
Angu|o oe| e|ectrooo: || ouc sc |oo|ca co |as ||uas
oc cstc ac|tc.
ve|ocloao oe avance: |s |oa ouc co os|c|oo
vct|ca|, tataooo oc ||| |a |sa vc|oc|oao
coo aa os|c|oo |aoa.
Pecomenoaclones Genera|es:
Uo aco coto |os ov||cotos aoccuaoos cv|tao
ouc c| coooo sc c|occ.
Sc cco|cooa c,ccuta coooocs cctos coo c|c-
coc|a a coooocs aoc|os.
3.7.!. [untas oe so|ape y oe angu|o
|aa cstc t|o oc uo|oo, c| c|cctooo ocbc tcoc uoa
|oc||oac|oo |ua| a |a |tao oc| ou|o |oaoo o |as |ao-
c|as a so|oa, uoa |oc||oac|oo ao|c|ooa| co scot|oo oc avao-
cc oc aox|aoacotc 80 - 85.
\c ||.-0)
3.7.2. [untas a tope
Tooos |os t|os oc ,uotas a toc ucoco so|oasc co
os|c|oo sobccabcza.
|aa cstas ,uotas cs c|c|b|c ocos|ta va|os co-
ooocs aoostos, coo uoos ocos coooocs aoc|os.
\c ||ua . s|u|cotc)
3.8. 5o|dadura e|ctrica de tuberia
|a so|oaoua oc tubc|a cou|cc aa su coccta c,c-
cuc|oo oc uc|a ocstcza ac|coc|a.
|as tubc|as coooucco ||ou|oos, ascs auo so||oos
czc|aoos coo ||u|oos , o csta azoo, |as uo|oocs so|oa-
oas ocbco sc cs|stcotcs a |a cs|oo s|o |a||as.
3.8.! Ljecucln oe juntas, con rotacln
oe| tubo
|ocootooosc c| tubo co os|c|oo |o|zoota|, c| c|cc-
tooo ocbc aotcocsc |oc||oaoo co o|ccc|oo oc| avaocc,
ta| coo |oo|ca |a ||. |a cuvatua oc| tubo cx|c aotc-
oc cstc ou|o. S| sc |oc||oa c| c|cctooo ocas|aoo, |a
|ucza oc| aco t|cooc a so|a c| cta| oc aotc |ac|a
a|uca. || coooo sc c,ccuta a co|oa ouc c| tubo va |ao-
oo sobc oo|||os o at|ocs.
67 68
||. -0.- uotas oc So|aa /ou|o
||. -+.- uotas a Toc
||. -2.- uota coo |otac|oo oc Tubo.
3.8.3 [untas a tope, en poslcln borlzonta|
|a caac|oo oc |os boocs cs |ua| coo co c|
caso aotc|o.
|| coooo oc |a |ca asaoa cs oc aastc o ao-
tco|cooo uo aco coto.
|os coooocs s|u|cotcs soo coooocs cctos.
Coo cstc occo||coto oc so|oa, coo |a |aoc|a co
occ||vc, sc coos|uc:
|ao vc|oc|oao oc ocos|c|oo.
|coo tcoococ|a a c|oa |a |aoc|a.
|a so|oaoua oc |a ,uota sc s |aoa oc c,o
asccto.
3.10 Factores fundamenta|es para ob-
tener una buena so|dadura
|os s|u|cotcs |actocs soo octc|oaotcs aa obtc-
oc uoa bucoa ,uota co |a so|oaoua c|cct|ca:
||cctooos ao|aoos aa c| taba,o, sccos b|co
cooscvaoos.
/ca,c coccto.
|oo|tuo aoccuaoa oc| aco.
/o|aoo ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo oc| c|cctooo.
/o|aoa vc|oc|oao oc avaocc.
uotas |||as, ||bcs oc ox|oo, acc|tc asa.
L|ectrooos aproplaoos para e| trabajo
|s u |otaotc sc|ccc|ooa cocctacotc c| t|o
o|cto oc| c|cctooo ao|aoo aa c| taba,o a
ca||zasc.
|aa octc|oa c| t|o aoccuaoo oc| c|cctooo, oc-
bco coooccsc b|co |os '||cctooos O||||KO| aa
So|oaoua ||cct|ca'. |sta octc|oac|oo ocbc |a-
ccsc s|u|cooo |as |oo|cac|oocs oaoas co |a u|t|a
atc oc| Ca|tu|o ||, '/occuaoa Sc|ccc|oo oc| ||cc-
tooo aa |os Taba,os a |ca||zasc'.
Amperaje correcto para so|oar
|a cu|ac|oo oc |a ou|oa cs oc occ|s|va |o-
taoc|a aa obtcoc bucoas ,uotas oc so|oaoua.
/ caoa o|cto oc |os c|cctooos cocsoooc
octc|oaoa csca|a oc aca,c, ocsoc uo aca,c
|o|o |asta uo aca,c x|o. || so|oaoo
ocbc cocoota c| aca,c aoccuaoo aa su ta-
ba,o, cu|aooo |a ou|oa cotc aca,c |o|-
o x|o sca|aoo o c| |ab|caotc aa caoa
t|o oc c|cctooo.
Un amperaje lnsu|lclente.- L|||cu|ta aotcoc c|
aco, ooucc abu|ta|coto oc| atc|a| a|a
coctac|oo.
Un amperaje exceslvo.- T|coc coo coosccucoc|a
uo coooo c|ato coo oos|oaocs, ooucc cca|co-
ta|coto oc| c|cctooo uc|a sa||caoua.
|aa octc|oa c| o|cto ao|aoo oc| c|ccto-
oo, |a s|u|cotc |sca|a s|vc oc o|cotac|oo:
3.9 5o|dadura de p|anchas con arco
e|ctrico
Precauclones
|as |aoc|as oc uo cscso coo oc 2 sc ||a-
ao ||oas. |a ao|a cs oc acco ou|cc. S| soo ccu-
b|ctas oc uoa oc|aoa c||cu|a oc ox|oo oc z|oc sc ||aao
|aoc|as a|vao|zaoas.
|aa |a so|oaoua oc cstas |aoc|as ocbc tcocsc co
cucota |o s|u|cotc:
|| aca,c t|coc ouc sc c| aoccuaoo: Uo aca,c
ocas|aoo ba,o oo coccooc c| aco, uo aca,c
ocas|aoo a|to c|oa |a |aoc|a.
|a o||atac|oo cootacc|oo ooucco coosccuco-
c|as s sc|as, o csta azoo ocbco a||casc |as
c|as oaoas co 3.++ 'L||atac|oo Cootacc|oo oc
|os |cta|cs co |a So|oaoua', coo c| ao cu|oaoo.
|a caac|oo cscotac|oo oc |as |aoc|as ocbc
|accsc cu|oaoosacotc. |as ,uotas s|cc ocbco
sc b|co cscotaoas ||,aoas o uotos coo cxact|-
tuo, aotcs oc occoc coo |a so|oaoua.
|os c|cctooos cscc|a|cotc |oo|caoos aa so|oa
||oas soo |os s|u|cotcs:
L|ectrooos OLPL|KON recomenoaoos:
C|asc /\S |-60+2: O\||CO|L |
C|asc /\S |-60+3: O\||CO|L
O\||CO|L S
|s os|b|c so|oa ||oas co|aotc aco c|cct|co |asta c|
ca||bc +6, ta| coo |oo|ca |a tab|a s|u|cotc:
Ca||bc US/
oc |as ||oas
+ +
+ 2
+ 3
+ -
+ 6
|scso co
aox.
3, 03
2, 65
2, 30
+, 8
+, 5+
L|cto ccocooaoo
aa c| c|cctooo
+/ 8
+/ 8
3/ 32
3/ 32
+/ +6
/ca,c suc|oo
cv|o cosao
0 - +00
80 - +00
-5 - 65
25 - -5
20 - 30
|stos c|cctooos c|tco aotcoc uo aco coto,
coo c| cvcst||coto cas| ozaooo |a |aoc|a. |a taos|c-
coc|a oc| cta| |uoo|oo ovco|cotc oc| c|cctooo sc o-
oucc co |oa oc uo oc|aoo suavc.
Pecomenoacln genera|
|o |o os|b|c, |as ||oas a so|oasc ocbco sc co|o-
caoas co |a |oa ouc |oo|ca |a ||ua.
+/+6
a
3/32
3/32
+/8
a
5/32
+/8
5/32
a
+/-
5/32
3/+6
a
3/8
5/32
a
3/+6
+/-
a
+/2
3/+6
a
+/-
3/8
a
3/-
+/-
|scso oc| |atc|a| a So|oasc
Longltuo aoecuaoa oe| arco
|a |oo|tuo oc| aco, auoouc oo cs os|b|c octc|-
oa|a co o |acc|oocs oc u|aoa, sc |oc o |os
csu|taoos oc ocos|c|oo oc| cta|, o sca o |a |o-
a oc| coooo tab|co o c| coota|coto oc|
aco.
Una |ongltuo muy corta.- |ooucc coooocs coo
so|aouas c |oc|us|oocs oc csco|a, oc oca cocta-
c|oo, ucsos c |cu|acs. || aco sc |otcuc c|
c|cctooo ucsta tcoococ|a a casc a| cta| basc.
Una |ongltuo muy |arga.- Tac coo coosccucoc|a
uo acc|ab|c aucoto oc sa||caouas, |a cocta-
c|oo cs |osu||c|cotc, c| coooo cscota sobcootas
cs oc uo aoc|o |oocscab|c. /ocs, co uc|os
casos c| coooo csu|ta ooso.
Aproplaoo angu|o oe lnc|lnacln oe| e|etrooo
|| ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo oc| c|cctooo coo csccto
a |a |cza oc taba,o |o||uc sobc |a |oa asccto
oc| coooo tab|co sobc su coctac|oo, oc a|| |a
occcs|oao oc taba,a coo uo ou|o oc |oc||oac|oo
coccto.
Un angu|o oemaslaoo cerraoo.- Tac coo coo-
sccucoc|a uoa ocos|c|oo cxccs|va oc cta| oc ao-
tc, a|a coo|oac|oo oc| coooo coctac|oo
|oaoccuaoa.
Un angu|o oemaslaoo ablerto.- |oouc| ooou|a-
c|oocs oouoc|aoas co c| coooo coo |oac|oo oc
ccstas. || coooo csu|ta |cu|a, oouc o ac-
c|oo oc| so|aoo |a csco|a cs cxu|saoa oo ccubc
b|co.
Aproplaoa ve|ocloao oe avance
Uoa |cota o cxccs|va vc|oc|oao oc avaocc oc| c|cc-
tooo ooucc oc|cctos co |a so|oaoua, azoo aa
busca uo avaocc ao|aoo ouc oouzca bucoas
,uotas so|oaoas.
Una ve|ocloao muy |enta.- |ooucc abu|ta|coto
oc| cta| oc ocos|c|oo, ocsbooooosc sobc |a
|aoc|a. |ucoc sc causa oc |ocustac|oocs oc csco-
|a co |a ,uota so|oaoa.
L|cto oc| ||cctooo
69 70
||. -3.- uota oc Tubo co |os|c|oo \ct|ca| /sccoocotc
||. -5.- So|oaoua oc ||oas
||. --.- uotas a Toc co |os|c|oo o|zoota|
||. -6.- Lc|cctos ouc sc |cscotao o |a|a |cu|ac|oo oc |os |actos oc So|oaoua
Una ve|ocloao exceslva.- |ooucc uo coooo oc|-
aoo, oc asccto ||boso, coo oca coctac|oo, oc-
||c|cotc |us|oo oc| cta| uc|as oos|oaocs.
3.11. Di|atacin y contraccin de |os
meta|es en |a so|dadura
Tooos |os cta|cs a| ca|cotasc aucotao oc taao
sc coucco a| co||asc. |stc |coocoo sc cooocc coo
o||atac|oo cootacc|oo, cscct|vacotc. Luaotc c| o-
ccso oc |a so|oaoua, c| ca|o oouc|oo o c| aco t|cooc
a ca|cota |a |cza , o |o taoto, a o||ata|a. Uoa vcz tc|-
oaoa |a so|oaoua, |a |cza sc co||a co coosccucoc|a, t|co-
oc a cootacsc.
|a o||atac|oo cootacc|oo oc |as |czas ouc sc suc|-
oao tac coo coosccucoc|a:
|a oc|oac|oo oc |as |czas so|oaoas.
|a |oac|oo oc tcos|oocs |otcoas, ouc ocb|||tao |a
,uota so|oaoa.
|o sc ucoc cv|ta |a o||atac|oo cootacc|oo, co
cs os|b|c auoa a cvco| sus c|cctos co|aotc |a a||ca-
c|oo oc |as c|as s|u|cotcs:
|coucc|oo oc |as |uczas causaotcs oc |a cootacc|oo.
Ut|||zac|oo oc |as |uczas ouc causao |a cootacc|oo,
aa couc| |as oc|oac|oocs.
|ou|||ba |as |uczas oc cootacc|oo o co|o oc
otas |uczas.
|coucc|oo oc |as |uczas causaotcs oc cootacc|oo.
|co| aotc | a a| | cac| oo oc | as s| u| cotcs c| as
cs os|b|c o|s|ou| c| ca|cota|coto oc |as |c-
zas sus c|cctos:
a) Utl|lzar e| menor numero poslb|e oe pa-
saoas o coroones. - |v| ta ocos| ta va-
| os coooocs coo c| cctooos oc| aoos
c| c| ocos coooocs coo c| cctooos
oc ao o| cto.
|o |a caac|oo oc |a ,uota sc ocbco obscva
|os ou|os cocctos aa c| ac|a||aoaoo a,b)
|a scaac|oo oc boocs c) |a a|tua oc a|z
o ta|oo o), tco|cooo cscotc ouc cstos va|o-
cs csto co |uoc|oo oc| cscso oc |a |cza c),
t|o oc c|cctooo atc|a| basc.
e) Ljecutar |a so|oaoura por retroceso.- S| uoa ,uota
|aa cou|cc uo coooo coot|ouo, cs os|b|c
couc| |a cootacc|oo so|oaooo o ctoccso.
|| scot|oo oc avaocc ucoc sc |ac|a |a |zou|c-
oa, co caoa coooo ac|a| ocbc c,ccutasc oc
|zou|coa a occc|a, coo |oo|ca |a ||ua.
Ut|||zac|oo oc |as |uczas causaotcs oc cootacc|oo
aa couc| |a oc|oac|oo.
|as s|u|cotcs c|as c|tco cu|| coo cstc ob-
, ct| vo:
a) Presentar |as plezas |uera oe poslcln.- /| c-
scota |as |czas ta| coo |oo|ca |a ||ua, o sca
oo a||ocaoas, |uco oc c,ccuta c| coooo |a |uc-
za oc cootacc|oo |as a||oca.
|as ||uas oao c,c|os aa |a a||cac|oo oc
csta c|a.
b) Separar |as plezas para equl|lbrar |a contraccln.-
|a scaac|oo oc oos |aoc|as, aotcs oc so|-
oa|as, s|vc aa ouc sc coota|ao a co|oa
ouc |a so|oaoua avaoza, coo |oo|ca |a ||ua.
c) Curvaoo prevlo oe| |aoo opuesto a| oe so|oa-
oura.- |a |ucza oucsta o |as aas coota-
csta |a tcoococ|a oc| cta| oc so|oaoua a coo-
tacsc, ob||ooo|o a cst|asc. /| ct|a |as
aas, |a |ucza oc cootacc|oo a||oca |a |cza.
b) No oebe oeposltarse materla| exceslvamente.-
`a ouc oo sc oouc||a ao cs|stcoc|a co |a
,uota, a| coota|o, |a |cza sc ca||cota s sc
c|ca as atc|a| oc aotc t|co.
c) Pea|lzar so|oaouras a|ternaoas.- / couoo
cs os|b|c ocos|ta |as 2/3 atcs oc| cta| oc
aotc, obtco|cooo |ua| cs|stcoc|a. |o c||o, s|
cs os|b|c sc c||cc uoa so|oaoua a|tcoaoa
aotcs ouc uoa coot|oua.
o) Preparar |a pleza aoecuaoamente.- |s os|-
b|c couc| |a |otcos|oao oc |a cootacc|oo, c-
aaooo |a |cza co |oa aoccuaoa.
|ou|||b|o oc |as |uczas oc cootacc|oo coo otas
|uczas.
|as c|as |oo|caoas a coot|ouac|oo ucoco auoa a
cu|| coo cstc ob,ct|vo:
a) Lqul|lbrar |as |uerzas oe contraccln con otras
|uerzas.- Uo ooco aoccuaoo co |a a||cac|oo
oc coooocs cou|||ba |os cs|uczos ouc sc
oouzcao. Obscvc |as |oo|cac|oocs oaoas o
|as ||uas.
b) Ap|lcar |a so|oaoura a|ternaoamente para evl-
tar |a contraccln.- || c,c|o s c|ao oc
csta c|a sc t|coc co |a so|oaoua oc uo c,c, ouc
ocbc sc c||coaoo co |a |oa |oo|caoa aa
cv|ta |a oc|oac|oo.
Otas c|as soo:
|at|||aoo oc| coooo.
||co oc aas.
Uso oc oota,cs oc su,cc|oo.
||co oc ac||oas.
7! 72
||. -
||. -8
||. -
||. 50
||. 5+
||. 52
||. 53
||. 5-
||. 55.- So|oaoua /|tcoaoa
||. 56.- So|oaoua oc |,cs
\|stas co |aota occc|oo
vct| ca| oc coooocs oc
so| oaoua ocos| taoos co
cooo|c|oocs va|ab|cs.
A /ca,c, vo|ta,c
vc|oc|oao ooa|cs
/ca,c u ba,o
C /ca,c u a|to
D \o|ta,c u ba,o
F \o|ta,c u a|to
F /vaocc u |coto
G /vaocc u |oo
3.12. 5op|o magntico
Qu es e| sop|o magntlco?
|| so|o aoct|co cs uo |coocoo, ouc ocas|ooa
ouc c| aco oo sc o||c |ac|a ooooc ocb|ca, s|oo ouc sc
aoc|aota o atasa ouc tab|co |acc ouc |a so|oaoua sa||-
ouc uc|o. ||. 5)
|os acstos so|oaoocs, ouc cooocco c| so|o a-
oct|co, oo occcs|tao uoa ocsc|c|oo, ucs |a cxc|coc|a
oc so|oa coo |a cscoc|a oc uo so|o aoct|co cs |oo|v|-
oab|c.
|| so|o aoct|co sc ooucc, o |o coca|, a| |o-
c||o o a| ||oa| oc |as ,uotas, co |as ,uotas csou|oaoas c|a||a-
ocs o|uooos cscc|a|cotc cuaooo sc usao aca,cs a|-
tos a| so|oa |aoc|as ucsas. L|||cu|ta uc|o |a so|oaoua,
coucc |a vc|oc|oao oc avaocc o|s|ouc |a ca||oao oc |a
|sa.
Qu es |o que causa e| sop|o magntlco?
|| so|o cs oouc|oo o |uczas aoct|cas ouc
actuao sobc c| aco, ocs|azooo|o oc su cuso ooa|. |o
tooo c|ccoto coooucto oc co|cotc sc o||oao ao|||os
cooccot|cos, coooc|oos coo ||ocas oc |ucza o ||u,o a-
oct|co. ||. 58).
|stas ||ocas o |uczas c||cco scu| o uo cuco
ct||co co vcz oc o c| a|c, ouoca sc tocao c,ccco
uoa |ucza, cuaooo sc aox|ao uoas a otas. |sta |ucza
cs ooc|ooa| a |a caot|oao oc co|cotc ouc ||cva c| coo-
oucto.
Co|oca |a toa oc t|ca tao |c,os oc |a ,uota a so|-
oa coo sca os|b|c.
S| c| aco so|a co o|ccc|oo coota|a a| avaocc,
ooa |a coocx|oo a t|ca a| ||oa| oc |a so|oaoua.
|oo||c c| cab|c oc t|ca sobc c| taba,o |aa asa
co|cotc o cstc co scot|oo ta| coo aa coca
uo cao aoct|co, ouc ocuta||za c| cao a-
oct|co cocaoo o c| so|o.
|aotcoa uo aco tao coto coo sca os|b|c, aa
ouc |a coc|a oc| aco cootacstc c| so|o.
S| |a ou|oa oc so|oa cs oc| t|o ouc ooucc a-
bas co|cotc, |a a|tcoa |a coot|oua, cab|c a |a co-
|cotc a|tcoa.
|stc u|t|o coosc,o cou|cc uoa cx||cac|oo. |a co-
|cotc a|tcoa coucc coos|ocab|ccotc c| c|ccto oc| so-
|o oc| aco, c|||oaooo ct|cacotc |a |ucza oc| ||u,o.
Coo co|cotc a|tcoa, |a co|cotc asa o c| uoto ocuto
+20 vcccs o scuooo. |sto s|o|||ca, ouc |as ||ocas oc| ||u-
,o sc ooucco aou|ao +20 vcccs o scuooo, couc|co-
oo co ao atc c| so|o oc| aco co uc|os taba,os
|asta |o c|||oao.
3.13. Nociones de inspeccin de |as
so|daduras
Tooa ,uota oc so|oaoua ocbc c,ccutasc cocctaco-
tc, ou|cc occ| ouc |a ,uota, aocs oc cu|| c||c|cotc-
cotc su |uoc|oo, ocbc sc c,ccutaoa coo c| coo costo
os|b|c. || coo costo |oc|uc ccooo|a co c| t|co oc
c,ccuc|oo oc |a so|oaoua atc|a| oc aotc, cotc otos
|actocs.
|a c,ccuc|oo oc uoa so|oaoua cou|cc oo so|acotc
sabc ccooocc |os occo||cotos aoccuaoos, s|oo ta-
b|co sabc |osccc|ooa |as ,uotas so|oaoas.
|| so|oaoo ocbc sc caaz oc ,uza uoa ,uota oc
so|oaoua, ccooocc sus oc|cctos o |a||as, coo as||s-
o |as causas so|uc|oocs.
|a |osccc|oo ucoc c,ccutasc ouaotc c| occso
oc |a so|oaoua a| tc|oa |a ,uota so|oaoa.
|nspeccln ourante e| proceso
Cocooc |a coobac|oo oc |os ascctos s|-
u|cotcs:
|caac|oo oc |os boocs.
T|o oc c|cctooo usaoo.
L|cto oc| c|cctooo.
/ca,c oc |a co|cotc.
\c|oc|oao oc avaocc oc| c|cctooo.
|nspeccln oe |a junta so|oaoa
|x| stco uc|os ctooos oc coobac| oo o
cosao oc |as ,uotas so|oaoas. |o cstc ac|tc tatacos
uo|cacotc |a obscvac|oo oc| asccto oc| coooo.
Uo buco asccto oc |a suc||c|c oc| coooo cs octc-
|oaoo o |os |actocs s|u|cotcs:
/uscoc|a oc socavac|oocs sc|as.
/uscoc|a oc |ctas.
Coooo s|o sobcootas.
S|o oos suc||c|a|cs c |oc|us|oocs oc csco|a.
Coooo coo aoc|o ooou|ac|oo uo||ocs.
/o|aoo cscso oc| coooo.
Coo vccos s aoc|aotc, cua|ou|ca oc cs-
tas |a||as ucoc sc ooucto oc |os |actocs s|u|cotcs:
|o|a|oao |oaoccuaoa.
|a|a caac|oo oc |as |aoc|as.
/ca,c |oaoccuaoo.
|oao|aoa vc|oc|oao oc avaocc otos |actocs.
Uoa |osccc|oo v|sua| c||c|cotc oc |as ,uotas so|oaoas
cs ooucto oc uoa aoccuaoa caac|tac|oo aa |a obsc-
vac|oo ouaotc c| taba,o a| tc|oo oc |a ,uota so|oaoa.
Uo so|oaoo ucoc ||ca a c|cto aoo oc caac|tac|oo
co |a |osccc|oo, obscvaooo cu|oaoosacotc |as o|vcsas
ocac|oocs oc so|oaoua ouc ca||za co su taba,o.
|| csccto ooa| oc |as ||ocas oc |ucza cs o|st|bu|-
oo co c| cxtco oc |a ,uota, ooooc c| ||u,o sc aua oco-
to oc| aco co vcz oc scu| o c| a|c s a|| oc| cxtc-
o oc |a ,uota. Uo csccto o||ccotc, acc|oo a| oc |os
cxtcos oc |a || 5, cs coosccucoc|a oc |as cooccota-
c|oocs oc| ||u,o co |os cxtcos oc |a ,uota.
|o cstas zooas oc cooccotac|oo, |as ||ocas oc |ucza
sc ,uotao c,ccco uoa |ucza sobc c| aco, cu,ooo|o.
Sc ooucc uoa s|tuac|oo s|||a, cuaooo sc oob|a c|
coooucto ||. 60). |as ||ocas oc |ucza sc auao ocs-
v|ao c| aco. / csto sc ||aa '||ccto oc |asa' o '||ccto oc
T|ca', oouc |a o|ccc|oo oc| so|o ucoc a|tcasc,
cab|aooo oc os|c|oo |a aa oc t|ca.
/| so|oa, cstos oos |coocoos ocuco s|u|toca-
cotc, auoouc ocbc ootasc, ouc c| c|ccto oc asa cs s
ocb|| ouc |as cooccotac|oocs tc|oa|cs oc |as ||ocas oc
|ucza o|s|ouc auo s su c|ccto a co|oa ouc auco-
ta c| taao oc| cta| basc.
Cmo reouclr e| sop|o magntlco
|aa couc| c| so|o aoct|co ocbc c|||oasc sus
causas, cs occ| c|||oa o cootacsta |a |otcos|oao oc |a
|ucza o couc| |as cooccotac|oocs oc| ||u,o. |as s|u|co-
tcs soo a|uoas co|oas cocct|vas, ouc ucoco sc oc
ut|||oao aa couc| o c|||oa cstc |coocoo:
|couc| c| aca,c.
So|oa co o|ccc|oo a uo uoto ucso oc so|oaoua
o |ac|a uo coooo a |cc|o.
Uso oc| ctooo oc so|oaoua o ctoccso co |as
so|oaouas |aas.
73 74
||. 5.- So|o |aoct|co
||. 58.- ||ocas oc ||u,o |aoct|co
||. 5.- ||ocas oc ||u,o |aoct|co
||. 60.- Cooccotac|oo oc |as ||ocas oc ||u,o |aoct|co
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3.15. Defectos que pueden compro-
meter |a resistencia de |a unin
Socavaclones:
Cuaooo soo cxccs|vas, cooctco |a cs|stcoc|a
oc |as ,uotas so|oaoas, cuaooo soo |cvcs, soo coos|ocaoas
coo oc|ccto oc asccto.
Porosloaoes:
Uoa oos|oao auoouc |cvc, a cs uo oc|ccto |ocoo-
vco|cotc. Cuaooo |a oos|oao cs oucosa, t|cooc a co-
octc |a cs|stcoc|a oc |a cstuctua.
Pusln oe|lclente:
Lc|ccto ouc cooctc avccotc |a cs|stcoc|a.
Ma|a penetracln:
Cooctc sc|acotc |a cs|stcoc|a oc |a ,uota.
Lscorlaclones:
Cuaooo soo avcs, cooctco |a cs|stcoc|a co
|oa u sc|a. |as csco|ac|oocs auoouc |cvcs ocsc,o-
ao c| asccto.
Grletas:
T|cooco a cooctc |a cs|stcoc|a. Soo c| coc-
|o ouco U|O oc |as ,uotas so|oaoas.
3.16. 5imbo|os de so|dadura - 5us
ap|icaciones
|a so|oaoua cs uo occso o ctooo oc |ab|cac|oo
cco|ca cou|cc, o |o taoto, oc co|os aa couo|-
ca a| so|oaoo, oc atc oc| o|scaoo, c| t|o oc so|oaoua
a c|ca.
|aa |oa csa couo|cac|oo, sc |a caaoo uo s|s-
tca oc s|bo|os oc |os t|os oc so|oaoua, ouc s|vc aa
|oo|ca co |os o|bu,os o |aoos oc ta||c |as so|oaouas c-
ouc|oas.
|os s|bo|os c |ostucc|oocs ouc cscotaos co csta
|ccc|oo |ao s|oo ccocooaoos o |a /c|cao \c|o|o
Soc|ct- /\S Soc|coao /c|caoa oc So|oaoua) aa uso
|ooust|a|.
Lcb|oo a| couc|oo csac|o co cstc |aoua|, so|o |o-
o|caos |os s|bo|os c |o|oac|oocs ouc ucoco a||ca-
sc o|cctacotc aa |a so|oaoua c|cct|ca o aco.
L|c|os s|bo|os soo |oco||cos, cs occ| ||ustao
c| t|o oc so|oaoua couc|oo, ucoco sc cob|oaoos
aa |oo|ca coo ocbco coostu|sc |as uo|oocs oc so|oa-
oua u|t||cs.
|co|aotc cstos s|bo|os cs os|b|c octc|oa:
|a ub|cac|oo oc |a so|oaoua.
|| taao oc |a so|oaoua cscso ut|| oc| coooo,
su |oo|tuo, scaac|oocs).
T|o oc so|oaoua |oa oc |a so|oaouas, caa-
c|oo oc |a |cza scaac|oo).
|o|oac|oocs cscc|a|cs c|ccotcs a |as cscc|||ca-
c|oocs |oo|v|oua|cs oc caoa so|oaoua.
77 78
||. 6+.- Lc|cctos ouc |ucoco Cooctc |a |cs|stcoc|a oc |a Uo|oo.
SCCAVACICNFS
FUSICN DFFICIFN1F MALA PFNF1RACICN
PCRCSIDADFS
INCLUSICN DF FSCCRIA GRIF1AS
3.!6.!. Porma baslca oe| slmbo|o oe so|oaoura
3.!6.2. Slmbo|os oe so|oaouras oe arco y oe gas
Tlpos oe so|oaoura
3.!6.3. Pepresentacln oe juntas o cba||anes
79 80
3.!6.4. Ublcacln oe |as olmenslones en |os slmbo|os oe so|oaoura
||. 6-.- |oo|tuo Scaac|oo oc |as So|oaouas |otc|tcotcs /|tcoaoas
||. 63.- |oo|tuo Scaac|oo oc |as So|oaouas |otc|tcotcs Oucstas
||. 62.- |oo|tuo Scaac|oo oc |as So|oaouas |otc|tcotcs
||. 65.- S|bo|o oc |a So|oaoua Cob|oaoa |otc|tcotc Coot|oua
||. 66.- S|bo|o oc |a So|oaoua a Toc s|o C|a||o co c| |aoo |ox|o a |a ||cc|a
||. 6.- S|bo|o oc |a So|oaoua a Toc s|o C|a||o oc| |aoo Oucsto a |a ||cc|a
8! 82
||. 68.- S|bo|o oc |a So|oaoua a Toc s|o C|a||o oc /bos |aoos oc |a ||cc|a
||. 6.- So|oaoua co /ou|o Coot|ouo
||. 0.- |oo|tuo oc uoa So|oaoua co /ou|o
||. +.- L|cos|oocs oc uoa So|oaoua co /ou|o oc uo so|o Coooo
||. 2.- L|cos|oocs oc Los Coooocs |ua|cs oc uoa So|oaoua co /ou|o
||. 3.- L|cos|oocs oc| Coooo oc |aoos Lcs|ua|cs co uoa So|oaoua co /ou|o
||. -.- So|oaoua Cob|oaoa |otc|tcotc Coot|oua |aoos Oucstos oc uota)
||. 5.- S|bo|o oc |a So|oaoua a Toc coo C|a||o co c| |aoo |ox|o a |a ||cc|a
83 84
3. !6. 5. Ublcacln oe |os slmbo|os para |as caras a ras y convexas para so|oaouras con
cba||an
3.!6.6. Ljemp|os oe acotaoo
||. 6.- S|bo|o oc |a So|oaoua a Toc s|o C|a||o oc| |aoo Oucsto a |a ||cc|a
||. .- S|bo|o aa |a So|oaoua a Toc coo C|a||o oc /bos |aoos oc |a ||cc|a
85 86
3.!6.7. So|oaoura oe tapn y ranura
87 88
3.17. 5ugerencias para reducir costos
|a so|oaoua coost|tuc c| ctooo s ccooo|co
aa uo| cta|cs, s|o cbao, s|cc ocbc tatasc oc
a|oa t|co atc|a| aa |acc|a s vcota,osa.
/ coot|ouac|oo sc oao a|uoas succoc|as ouc auoa-
o a couc| c| costo oc |as so|oaouas.
C|ase oe materla|.- S|cc ouc sca os|b|c, ut|||za
atc|a|cs |c||cs oc so|oa ouc oo cou|cco o-
cco||cotos oc so|oco co||caoos.
Porma oe |a junta.- |o atc|a|cs oc cscsocs uc-
sos, |os b|sc|cs oob|cs ccooo|zao coos|ocab|c cao-
t|oao oc so|oaoua. |o suucsto, cs occcsa|o ooc
so|oa o abos |aoos.
Presentacln aoecuaoa oe |as juntas.- Uoa scaa-
c|oo ocas|aoo aooc cotc |os boocs oc |as |czas
a so|oa a|asta cta| oc so|oaoua. |aa aotcoc
|a cs|stcoc|a oc |a uo|oo oo cs occcsa|o c,ccuta uo
coooo abu|taoo.
Poslcln oe so|oar.- S|cc ouc sca os|b|c ocbc
c|casc |a os|c|oo |aoa. |s |a os|c|oo s c||-
c|cotc, oouc c|tc c| uso oc c|cctooos s uc-
sos |a c,ccuc|oo oc |a so|oaoua cs s |c|| co-
ooa aa c| so|oaoo.
Dlametro oe| e|ectrooo.- S|cc ouc sca os|b|c,
ut|||za c| c|cctooo oc ao o|cto. /otao
ao caot|oao oc atc|a| oc so|oaoua auco-
tao |a vc|oc|oao oc avaocc oc |a |sa.
Longltuo oe| arco.- |aotcoc c| aco co |oo|tuo
aoccuaoa. |sto cooccota tooa |a co|cotc oc so|oa
co |a ,uota o|s|ouc |as sa||caouas.
Tlpo oe e|ectrooo.- Sc|ccc|ooa |os c|cctooos oc
s a|to coo||coto aa couc| costos. |stos soo
|os c|cctooos, cuo cvcst||coto coot|coc ||co
co o|vo.
Cabos o co|l||as.- Coosu| |os c|cctooos |asta
oc,a uo cabo oc 2 coo x|o.
Longltuo y ca|lbre oe| cab|e.- Uo cab|c oc o|cto
couco sc ca|cota |oacotc. |stc ca|o cc-
scota co|oa, ucs c| ca|o cocaoo cs oa|oo. |os
cab|cs cxccs|vacotc |aos ocsco|c|ao coc|a
ooucco ca|oa oc vo|ta,c co |os otac|cctooos, |o
|so succoc cuaooo sc suc|oa coo |os cab|cs co
cstaoo coo||aoo. |o |as azoocs |oo|caoas sc c-
co|cooa usa |os ca||bcs ao|aoos aotcoc
|a |oo|tuo aoccuaoa oc| cab|c.
Conexlones ||ojas.- |as coocx|oocs ||o,as o a|a-
bcs at|oos ucstao uotos ca||cotcs, ouc astao
co|cotc |out||cotc, o |o ouc ocbco caasc tao
ooto sc cocucotco.
3.18. Normas de seguridad
|aotcoc c| cou|o oc so|oa co c|cctas cooo|c|o-
ocs, |||o scco.
/scuasc ouc tooas |as coocx|oocs c|cct|cas cstco
||cs |||as sccas.
Lcscooccta |a co|cotc c|cct|ca oc| cou|o aotcs
oc |||a |acc a,ustcs.
/scuasc ouc |os cab|cs, ota-c|cctooos coocx|o-
ocs cstco ocb|oacotc a|s|aoos.
|o cab|a |a o|a|oao |cotas ouc |a ou|oa cstc
taba,aooo aco coccoo|oo).
|aotcoc c| ca oc so|oa s|cc |||a scca.
|ct|a o otcc ocb|oacotc |os atc|a|cs |o||a-
ab|cs ouc sc cocucotco co c| ca oc so|oa.
|o so|oa ccca oc ascs o ||ou|oos vo|t||cs o |o||a-
ab|cs.
|o so|oa cc||cotcs coo ba||cs, tabocs o tao-
oucs |asta csta scuo oc ouc oo cx|stc c||o oc
|occoo|o o cx|os|oo.
Co|oca |os cabos oc c|cctooos co cc||cotcs ct-
||cos.
|uoca oouc| uo aco c|cct|co ocoto oc c|||ooos
oc as co||oo.
||ca s|cc scaas coo |uoas otcctoas
ao|aoas |cotas sc cstc so|oaooo.
Usa aotco,os otcctocs a| covc |a csco|a.
Usa uaotcs oc cuco cub| sus oas coo oc|ao-
ta|, aoas, ctc. aa otccsc coota |os aos oc|
aco |as c||sas. /boc|csc c| cuc||o oc |a ca|sa.
|otcc a otas csooas, ouc ucoao csta co c| ca
oc so|oa, c|caooo cot|oas oc atc|a| ao|a-
oo, ouc oo c||c,co |os aos oc| aco.
/scuasc oc ouc cx|sta aoccuaoa vcot||ac|oo co c|
ca oc taba,o. S|cc cs occcsa|o bastaotc a|c
|csco, s auo cuaooo sc suc|oa coo |oo, z|oc,
cobc o cao|o.
89 9!
CAPlIULO lV
5oldabilidad
de los Aceros
al Carbono y
Baja
Aleacin
CAPlIULO lV
So|dob|||dod de |os Aceros o|
Corbooo , de ojo A|eoc|o
4.1. E| acero
|| acco cs bs|cacotc uoa a|cac|oo oc ||co, ca-
booo otos c|ccotos, c| cabooo cs uoo oc sus |oc|-
a|cs c|ccotos ou||cos, ouc |o||uc coos|ocab|ccotc
sobc sus o|coaocs caactc|st|cas.
|a so|oab|||oao oc |os accos occooc co a|to aoo
oc| occota,c oc cabooo ouc cootcoao. / ao cao-
t|oao oc cabooo cscotc co |a a|cac|oo sc o|||cu|ta |a
so|oaoua, a coo cabooo aucota |a so|oab|||oao
oc| atc|a|.
4.!.!. C|asl|lcacln oe |os aceros
/ccos a| cabooo
/ccos a|caoos
4.!.!.!. Aceros a| carbono
Soo ocoo|oaoos s||ccotc accos a| cabooo,
cuaooo oo sc cscc|||cao o| sc aaot|zao otos c|ccotos
a|caotcs ouc uo|cao cootcoc. |stos accos obt|coco sus
o|coaocs cscc|||cacotc oc su cootco|oo oc cabooo.
Sc c|as|||cao, scuo c| occota,c oc cabooo, co:
a) Aceros oe bajo carbono.- Soo tooos |os t|os oc acco
ouc coot|coco cotc 0,05 0,30% oc cabooo. |o oucs-
to co|o soo coooc|oos coo accos ou|ccs o s|-
|ccotc coo ||co ou|cc o ||co.
b) Aceros oe meolano carbono.- Soo tooos |os t|os
oc acco ouc coot|coco cotc c| 0,30 - 0,-5% oc
cabooo.
c) Aceros oe a|to carbono.- Soo tooos |os t|os oc
acco ouc oscco cotc 0,-5 0,0% oc cabooo.
o) Aceros oe berramlentas.- Soo |os accos ouc oscco
cotc c| 0,0 c| +,50% oc cabooo, coca|cotc
a coot|coco otos c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo, ouc |cs
ooc|ooao o c,oao sus o|coaocs.
4.!.!.2. Aceros a|eaoos
Coo cstc oobc coc|co soo coooc|oos tooos |os
accos ouc, aocs oc cootcoc uo octc|oaoo occota-
,c oc cabooo, s|||c|o, aoaocso, azu|c, |os|oo, ||co,
t|coco otos c|ccotos ouc |acco ouc c| acco aoou|ca
o|coaocs caactc|st|cas ouc couocotc oo oscco
|os accos oo|oa|os a| cabooo.
|os accos a|caoos sc ucoco c|as|||ca co 2 uos,
scuo |a sua tota| oc |os c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo ouc coo-
tcoao, co |a |oa s|u|cotc:
a) Aceros oe baja a|eacln.- Soo tooos |os accos,
cua sua tota| oc c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo oo sobc-
asao c| +0%, s|cooo ||co c| cstaotc. /|uoos oc
cstos accos soo: acco oava|, Co-Tco, T-+, C+320,
3+20, |25+, ctc.
b) Aceros oe a|ta a|eacln.- Soo tooos |os accos, cua
sua tota| oc c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo sobcasa c| +0%,
||caooo co a|uoos casos |asta occota,cs suc|o-
cs a| -0%, ta| cs c| caso oc |os accos |oox|oab|cs.
4.2. Designaciones numricas de| American
lron and 5tee| lnstitute - A.l.5.l. - Para
aceros a| carbono y aceros a|eados, gra-
do maquinaria
|| uso oc oucos aa ocs|oa o||ccotcs coos|-
c|oocs ou||cas aoos) co |a c|as|||cac|oo oc accos oo-
a|cs, sc cx||ca a coot|ouac|oo. |as sc|cs oc cuato o||-
tos sc c||cco a accos a| cabooo accos a|caoos co c-
|ac|oo a |os |||tcs oc sus cooocotcs ou||cos. |stas sc-
|cs soo cscoc|a|cotc |ua|cs a| s|stca o||oa|cotc
ut|||zaoo o |a Soc|ct o| /utoot|vc |o|occs, |oc. - S./. |. -,
c|caooo |os |sos oucos oc |ocot|||cac|oo aa
coos|c|oocs ou||cas s|||acs, co |ac|cooo cxtco-
s|vo cstc s|stca aa abaca otos accos aoo aou|-
oa|a. |as sc|cs oc c|oco o||tos sc ut|||zao aa ocs|oa
c|ctos t|os oc accos a|caoos.
|os 2 |cos o||tos |oo|cao c| t|o oc acco, |os
oos u|t|os o||tos co |as sc|cs oc cuato soo |oo|cat|vos, co
tc|oos coca|cs, oc |a caot|oao co|a cotc |os |||tcs oc
cootco|oo oc cabooo, o c,c|o: 2+ ccscota uo ao-
o oc 0,+8 a 0,23%, s|o cbao, csta c|a sc oo|||ca,
|otcca|aooo oucos co c| caso oc a|uoos accos a| ca-
booo, as| coo o va|ac|oocs co c| cootco|oo oc aoa-
ocso, azu|c, |os|oo, coo otos c|ccotos.
|os oos |cos o||tos bs|cos aa |as sc|cs oc
cuato co va|os accos a| cabooo a|caoos su s|o|||-
caoo sc ucstao a coot|ouac|oo.
90 92
Serles Tlpos y C|ases
+0xx /ccos a| cabooo oo csu||u|zaoos.
++xx /ccos a| cabooo csu||u|zaoos.
+2xx /ccos a| cabooo, c|os|o|zaoos csu|-
|u|zaoos.
+3xx +,5% oc aoaocso.
23xx 3,50% oc o|ouc|.
25xx 5,00% oc o|ouc|.
3+xx +,25% oc o|ouc| 0,65 a 0,80% oc coo.
33xx 3,50% oc o|ouc| +,55% oc coo.
-0xx 0,25% oc o||bocoo.
-+xx 0,50 a 0,5% oc coo 0,+2 a 0,20%
oc o||bocoo.
-3xx +,80% oc o|ouc|, 0,50 a 0,80% oc coo
0,25% oc o||bocoo.
-6xx +,55 o +,80% oc o|ouc| 0,20 a 0,25% oc
o||bocoo.
-xx +,05% oc o|ouc|, 0,-5% oc coo 0,25%
oc o||bocoo.
-8xx 3,50% oc o|ouc| 0,25% oc o||bocoo.
50xx 0,28 a 0,-0% oc coo.
5+xx 0,80, 0,0, 0,5, +,00 a +,05% oc coo.
52xx +,00% oc cabooo - 0,50, +,00 a +,-5%
oc coo.
6+xx 0,80 o 0,5% oc coo 0,+0 a 0,+5%
|o|o oc vaoao|o.
86xx 0,55% oc o|ouc|, 0,50 a 0,65% oc coo
0,20% oc o||bocoo.
8xx 0,55% oc o|ouc|, 0,50% oc coo 0,25%
oc o||bocoo.
2xx 0,85% oc aoaocso 2,00% oc s|||c|o.
3xx 3,25% oc o|ouc|, +,20% oc coo 0,+2%
oc o||bocoo.
-xx +,00% oc aoaocso, 0,-5% oc o|ouc|,
0,-0% oc coo 0,+2% oc o||bocoo.
xx 0,55% oc o|ouc|, 0,+% oc coo 0,20%
oc o||bocoo.
8xx +,00% oc o|ouc|, 0,80% oc coo 0,25%
oc o||bocoo.
3U /ccos cootco|cooo boo.
3U /ccos cootco|cooo boo-vaoao|o.
\ /ccos oc |ca|cotas cooucc|b|cs a| aua.
S /ccos oc |ca|cotas cs|stcotcs a| o|c.
O /ccos oc |ca|cotas cooucc|b|cs a|
acc| tc.
/ /ccos oc |ca|cotas cooucc|b|cs a| a|c.
L /ccos oc |ca|cotas coo a|to cabooo
a|to coo.
/ccos oc |ca|cotas aa taba,o co
ca||cotc.
T /ccos oc |ca|cotas oc a|ta vc|oc|oao a
basc oc tuostcoo).
| /ccos oc |ca|cotas oc a|ta vc|oc|oao a
basc oc o||bocoo).
| /ccos oc |ca|cotas aa oos|tos
cscc| a| cs.
| /ccos oc |ca|cotas a| cabooo-tuostcoo.
| /ccos aa o|ocs.
su c|co ocsoc |a |ab|cac|oo oc c,as uctas |asta ca|-
ocos, cstuctuas, bacos, to|vas, caos taosotaoocs
oc |oca|, tubc|as o|vcsas, ucotcs, bascs oc ou|oas,
cou|os a|co|as, cou|os ca|ocos, c|as|s, caocc-
|as, taooucs, vaoocs |cov|a|os, uc||cs, ctc.
|aa cstos accos, c|as|||caoos coo accos a| cabo-
oo oc ba,a a|cac|oo, |S/ S./. - L|\|S|O| SO|L/LU-
|/S |ab|ca uoa ao va|coao oc c|cctooos aa so|oaou-
a o aco c|cct|co aoua|.
Tooos cstos c|cctooos |os oocos c|as|||ca co -
uos |oc|a|cs, ouc soo:
||cctooos cc|u|os|cos.
||cctooos ut|||cos.
||cctooos oc ||co co o|vo.
||cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo.
Caoa uo oc c|cctooos oscc octc|oaoas ca-
actc|st|cas coca|cs, coo vccos s aoc|aotc a| ca-
||za uo cstuo|o coaat|vo oc |os o|vcsos uos.
|os tc|oos cc|u|os|co, ut|||co, ||co co o|vo
ba,o ||oocoo sc c||cco a| atc|a| coo|oaotc co c|
cvcst||coto oc| c|cctooo. |stc atc|a| coo|oaotc
octc|oa c| t|o oc cvcst||coto a su vcz |as caactc|s-
t|cas coca|cs oc| uo.
Cuaooo uoa so|oaoo |aoca ca||za uo taba,o, |-
co ocbc cscoc c| uo, sca cstc cc|u|os|co, ut|||co,
||co co o|vo o ba,o ||oocoo. |sta sc|ccc|oo sc |acc
tco|cooo co cucota |as caactc|st|cas coca|cs oc| taba,o
o |as cx|coc|as ouc |aotca |a oba, o b|co |os csu|taoos
ouc csca obtcoc. Lctc|oaoo c| uo, c| so|oaoo ocbc
sc|ccc|ooa c| c|cctooo ocoto oc| uo ouc s sc aoc-
cuc a |as cx|coc|as at|cu|acs oc |a oba o oc |a ou|oa
oc so|oa.
|s u |otaotc cooocc |as caactc|st|cas oc caoa
uo, |os casos oc a||cac|oo coca| |as o||ccoc|as cotc
uo uo oto. Lc| |so ooo ocbco coooccsc |os
c|cctooos ouc ctcoccco a caoa uo. |stc coooc||co-
to sc |ac|||ta coo |a |cctua oc| Cat|oo, ooooc sc ocsc|bc
co octa||c caoa c|cctooo, coo |oo|cac|oo oc su uo.
4.3.!. L|ectrooos ce|u|slcos
|| cvcst||coto oc cstos c|cctooos coot|coc uoa
aoccuaoa ooc|oo oc c|ccotos ou||cos oc oatua|c-
za cc|u|os|ca.
Luaotc c| coccoo|oo aotco||coto oc| aco, |a
cc|u|osa sc ocscoooc co CO2 vao oc aua, |oao-
oo oc csta aoca uoa ao caot|oao oc ascs ouc, a| bus-
ca |oa sa||oa o c| cxtco oc| c|cctooo, ooucc uo
c|ccto oc c|oo, s|||a a| ouc ooucc uo co|ctc o ,ct.
2 /ccos |oox|oab|cs a| coo-o|ouc|-ao-
aocso.
3 /ccos |oox|oab|cs a| coo-o|ouc|.
- /ccos |oox|oab|cs a| coo.
5 /ccos oc ba,o coo cs|stcotcs a| ca|o
/|S| so|acotc) - /ccos oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a
a|ta tccatua.
60 /ccos oc ba,a a|cac|oo atcos|t|cos.
6+ /ccos cooucc|b|cs coo atcos|ta sccuo-
oa| a.
62 /ccos a| coo atcos|t|cos.
63 /ccos cooucc|b|cs coo cc||tac|oo taos-
|oac|oo sc|-austco|t|ca.
65 /ccos austco|t|cos cooucc|b|cs o a| ta-
ba,o co 'ca||cotc-||o'.
66 /|cac|oocs austco|t|cas a basc oc ||co.
6 /|cac|oocs austco|t|cas a basc oc coba|to.
68, 6 /|cac|oocs austco|t|cas a basc oc o|ouc|.
Slstema A|S| para |a oenomlnacln oe |os Aceros
Slgnl|lcaoo oe |as |etras oe| pre|ljo y su|ljo
|a |ucza oc |os ascs cxcava c| atc|a| ca||cotc
c|tc ouc |a czc|a |uoo|oa oc| cta| basc oc| c|ccto-
oo coctc a uoa ao o|uoo|oao.
/c|aaoo c| c|ccto oc |a cc|u|osa, cocoocos a|o-
a su c|ac|oo coo |a coctac|oo o|uooa, ouc cs |a caac-
tc|st|ca coo|oaotc oc cstos c|cctooos.
Caracterlstlcas genera|es oe |os e|ectrooos ce|u|slcos:
|coctac|oo o|uooa.
/co otcotc cstab|c.
Ca||oao oc| ocos|to a ucba oc aos .
So||o|||cac|oo |oa oc |os coooocs, |o ouc c|tc
su c|co c||c|cotc co tooas |as os|c|oocs oc so|oa-
oua.
|oca| aa os|c|oocs |ozaoas, auo co atc|a|cs su-
c|os u ox|oaoos.
|sco|a ||v|aoa.
L|ectrooos OLPL|KON oe| grupo ce|u|slco:
C|||OCO|L | C|asc /\S | 60+0
C|||OCO|L /| C|asc /\S | 60++
C|||OCO|L 0 C|asc /\S | 0+0-/+
|OT/: |ucstos c|cctooos csto aobaoos o |as s|-
u|cotcs cot|oaocs oc ca||||cac|oo |otcoac|ooa|: ||O`L'S ||-
C|ST|| O| S|||||C, /||||C/| 3U||/U O| S||-
|||C C|||/||SC|| ||O`L.
4.3.2. L|ectrooos rutl|lcos
|os c|ccotos ut|||cos co c| cvcst||coto c|-
tco uo |c|| coccoo|oo aotco||coto oc| aco, s|cooo
cstos c|cctooos |os s ao|aoos aa so|oaoocs
|oc||aotcs u oca|os coo oca cxc|coc|a co so|oa-
oua c|cct|ca.
|a coctac|oo ouc sc |oa coo cstos c|cctooos cs
co|aoa. |sta caactc|st|ca cs oc |otaoc|a cuaooo sc
suc|oao |aoc|as, c|||cs tubos oc cscsocs oc|aoos.
|a |oa asccto s v|stoso oc| coooo, |a csco|a
||v|aoa |c|| oc ocscooc, as| coo |a a|ta ||u|ocz oc| c|cc-
tooo coccoo|oo sc ocbco a |a aoccuaoa ooc|oo oc
ut||o ouc oscco cstos c|cctooos.
Caracterlstlcas genera|es oe |os e|ectrooos rutl|lcos:
|co|aoa coctac|oo.
Coooocs oc buco asccto.
|xcc|cotc ca||oao oc |os ocos|tos oc so|oaoua.
|ac|||oao oc coccoo|oo aotco||coto oc| aco
c|cct|co.
|sco|a ||v|aoa |c|| oc ocscooc.
||u|ocz a|ocz oc |us|oo oc| c|cctooo.
4.3. E|ectrodos para so|dar aceros a|
carbono y de baja a|eacin
|os accos a| cabooo |os accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo
soo |os oc uso s coca||zaoo co |a |ooust|a, abacaooo
93 94
Prefijo
/
3
C
L
|
TS
|
5ufijo
/
3
C
L
|
|
C
T
\
S|o|||caoo
/cco a|caoo bs|co, |ab|caoo co |ooos oc
|oa ab|cto.
/cco a| cabooo c|oo, |ab|caoo co |ooos
3csscc.
/cco a| cabooo bs|co, |ab|caoo co |ooo
oc |oa ab|cto.
/ccos a| cabooo c|oo, |ab|caoo co |ooo
oc |oa ab|cto.
/cco bs|co, |ab|caoo co |ooo c|cct|co.
/ccos oc staooao tcotat|vo.
Ca||oao |o,aoa, o couc||cotos cscc|a|cs.
||ootcs oc ca||oao c|a|oaoa.
S|o|||caoo
Coos|c|oo ou||ca cst|o|oa.
/ccos oc co,|octcs.
|||tcs aaot|zaoos oc sccac|oo.
|scc|||cac|oo abaooooaoa.
|obcta aco-atacaoa o c|oo
Ca||oao oc tabo oc |||c.
Taao |||taoo oc| aoo austco|t|co.
|ooucc||coto aaot|zaoo.
|x|coc|as sobc |oc|us|oocs oo ct||cas.
|obcta oc |acto.
|obcta oc tacc|oo.
Ca||oao acoout|ca - o coo aoa||ux.
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
L|ectrooos OLPL|KON oe| grupo rutl|lco:
O\||CO|L | C|asc /\S | 60+2
O\||CO|L C|asc /\S | 60+3
O\||CO|L S C|asc /\S | 60+3
4.3.3. L|ectrooos oe blerro en po|vo
|| cvcst||coto oc cstos c|cctooos oscc uoa caot|-
oao acc|ab|c oc ||co ||oacotc u|vc|zaoo. /| so|oa
coo cstos c|cctooos, |asta +/3 oc| cta| ocos|taoo o-
v|coc oc| cvcst||coto 2/3 oc| ouc|co ct||co.
|a |ab|cac|oo oc cstos c|cctooos |avoccc a||a-
cotc a |a |ooust|a, oouc coo su a||cac|oo sc |oa uoa
ao ocos|c|oo oc| atc|a| co coo t|co oc |abo
oc| so|oaoo, csta coucc|oo oc| t|co oc taba,o tac coo
coosccucoc|a uoa coucc|oo oc |os costos oc |a oba ouc sc
ca||za.
|| ao coo||coto, ouc sc |oa coo cstos c|cc-
tooos, cs c| csu|taoo oc |a ut|||zac|oo s c||c|cotc oc|
ca|o cocaoo o c| aco c|cct|co. |a a|ta tccatua
cocaoa o c| aco |uooc s|u|tocacotc |a |cza a so|-
oa, |a va|||a oc| c|cctooo tab|co c| ||co co o|vo oc|
cvcst||coto. Coo coosccucoc|a sc ocos|ta ao cao-
t|oao oc atc|a| o caoa ac|o ouc cs ut|||zaoo o |a
ou|oa oc so|oa, a|oooosc coc|a c|cct|ca.
Caracterlstlcas genera|es oe |os e|ectrooos oe blerro
en po|vo:
|c||coo |oo oc |as ,uotas.
|coctac|oo oocaoa.
/co suavc cstab|c.
3ucoa ca||oao oc |a so|oaoua.
|sco|a abuooaotc ouc sc ocscooc o s| so|a a|
co||asc.
Coooocs oc c|ccto acabaoo, s|||acs a |os ouc sc
coos|uco o so|oaoua autot|ca.
L|ectrooos OLPL|KON oe| grupo blerro en po|vo:
||||OC|TO 2- C|asc /\S | 02-
||||OC|TO 2 C|asc /\S | 602
4.3.4. L|ectrooos oe bajo blorgeno
/|uoos accos oc co|aoo a|to cabooo, |os acc-
os oc ba,a a|cac|oo , co coca|, tooos |os accos coo a|to
cootco|oo oc azu|c t|cooco a a|ctasc o b|co a cscota
zooas |||cs co c| ocos|to oc so|oaoua.
|| a|cta|coto cs ocb|oo a ouc c| ||oocoo oc|
a|c o c| ||oocoo ovco|cotc oc| cvcst||coto a|ccta a|
cta| cuaooo cst co cstaoo sc|-||u|oo.
a|cotc o |a c|asc oc uo|oo, os|c|oo oc so|oaoua
costo.
Tooos |os accos oc ba,o cabooo soo so|oab|cs coo
aco c|cct|co, co s| c| cootco|oo oc cabooo cs oca-
s|aoo ba,o, oo csu|ta coovco|cotc a||ca so|oaoua oc
a|ta vc|oc|oao, cscc|a|cotc co aouc||os accos ouc t|c-
oco coos oc 0,+3% oc cabooo 0,30% o aoaocso,
co v|tuo a |o ouc t|cooco a ocsao||a oos|oao |otcoa.
4.4.!. Proceolmlentos oe so|oar
Sc c|cao |as tcco|cas ooa|cs oc so|oaoua, ob-
scvaooo |as ccocooac|oocs oc bucoa ||,ac|oo oc |a |c-
za, suc||c|cs |||as, ctc.
Uo cca|cota|coto oo cs occcsa|o, auoouc co c||-
as ||os |a |aoc|a ocbc oocsc a tccatua oc 25 -
30C, co cab|o, |as |aoc|as ucsas oc uo cscso a-
o oc 25 o ,uotas u ||oas s| cou|cco cca|cota-
|coto.
|s s|cc ccocooab|c oo so|oa |aoc|as uc-
sas, cuaooo |a tccatua cstc o ocba,o oc 0C, a oo
sc ouc |as |aoc|as scao ca|cotaoas a s o coos 5C.
4.4.2. Pecomenoaclones para so|oar aceros
tlpo A|S|
4.4.2.!. Tlpos A|S| C !008 a| !0!0
Soo accos oc ba,a cs|stcoc|a a |a tcos|oo oucza,
co oc ao ouct|||oao |uctc cs|stcoc|a a| |acto. |o
soo atos aa so|oa a ao vc|oc|oao, oouc coot|coco
cabooo aoaocso 0,+3% C, 0,30% |o). Su tco-
ococ|a a |a oos|oao |otcoa ucoc couc|sc ba,aooo |a
vc|oc|oao oc so|oa co uo +0%.
|aa cootacsta csc c|ccto ooc|vo oc| ||ooc-
oo a| so|oa |os accos a|ba coc|ooaoos, sc |ab|cao
c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo, ouc coot|coco uoa |o|-
a ooc|oo oc ||oocoo co su cvcst||coto.
|oscco, aocs, oos c|ccotos co su cvcst||co-
to, ouc c,oao |a ca||oao oc |a so|oaoua. |stos c|cco-
tos soo c| cabooato oc ca|c|o |a ||uo|ta. || cabooato
oc ca|c|o, a| aoc, sc ocscoooc co ox|oo oc ca|c|o
as caboo|co. || as CaO sc cob|oa coo |as |uczas,
coo c| |os|oo azu|c, co|cooosc co |oa oc csco-
|a, oucoaooo co coosccucoc|a c| cta| ocos|taoo ||bc
oc |uczas. || as caboo|co actua coo otccto oc|
cta| co |us|oo. |a ||uo|ta sc ocscoooc a| aoc co
ca|c|o Ca) ||uo |). || ||uo sc cob|oa coo c| ||ooc-
oo |oaooo as ||uo||o|co |). |stc as oc coos|-
c|oo ou||ca u cstab|c sc cscaa ocsaaccc oc| acc-
o ouc sc |a so|oaoo, oc,aooo oc csta aoca uo ocos|-
to cas| ||bc oc ||oocoo. Ota |uoc|oo oc| cabooato oc
ca|c|o oc |a ||uo|ta cs c| a||oa|coto oc| aoo ct||co
oc| ocos|to, oucoaooo oc csta aoca uo ocos|to oc
cta| s c|st|co.
|o |a actua||oao, |as |aotas s|ocu|cas |ab|cao uoa
ao va|coao oc accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo |a |ooust|a c-
uaoa, a| |ua| ouc |a cuoca, ,aoocsa ootcac|caoa,
caoa o|a c|ca ao caot|oao va|coao oc cstos acc-
os, s|cooo as| occcsa|o ccu| a |os c|cctooos oc ba,o
||oocoo, a ||o oc |oa so|oaouas s cs|stcotcs sc-
uas oc ao aaot|a.
Caracterlstlcas genera|es oe |os e|ectrooos oe bajo
blorgeno:
|coctac|oo co|aoa.
|o|coaocs cco|cas cxccc|ooa|cs.
Lcos|tos oc u a|ta ca||oao.
L|ectrooos OLPL|KON oe| grupo oe bajo blorgeno:
a) 8aslcos oe revestlmlento slmp|e
U||\||S C|asc /\S | 0+6
SU|||C|TO C|asc /\S | 0+8
U||\||S C| C|asc /\S | 0+6-33
T||/C|TO 80 C|asc /\S | 80+8-C3
T||/C|TO ++0 C|asc /\S | ++0+8-C
b) 8aslcos oe oob|e revestlmlento
T||/C|TO 65 C|asc /\S | 0+8-C
T||/C|TO 5 C|asc /\S | +00+8-C
4.4. 5o|dabi|idad de |os aceros de bajo
contenido de carbono
|stos accos ucoco so|oasc coo cua|ou|ca oc |os
occsos coooc|oos, cua c|ccc|oo cst octc|oaoa |oc|-
|stos accos sc suc|oao s|u|cooo |as tcco|cas coo-
vcoc|ooa|cs. Sc c|cao |os c|cctooos O||||KO|: C|-
||OCO|L 0, ||||OC|TO 2-, SU|||C|TO, T||/-
C|TO 80, T||/C|TO ++0, T||/C|TO 5.
4.4.2.3. Tlpos A|S| C !025 a| C !030
|stos accos soo usaoos co taba,os, ooooc sc cx|c
s cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo s ||ucoc|a.
|aa so|oa cstc t|o oc accos sc ocbc usa uo aco
coto, couc|cooo |a co|cotc, s| |ucsc occcsa|o. Sc cco-
|cooa c|ca |os c|cctooos oc| t|o cc|u|os|co: C|-
||OCO|L |, C|||OCO|L /|, as| coo |os c|cctooos
oc t|o ut|||co O\||CO|L S.
4.4.2.2. Tlpos A|S| C !0!5 a| C !024
Soo accos ccocooaoos aa taba,os va|aoos,
coo |os ouc sc cou|cco co taooucs, tubc|as, bascs oc
ou|oas, ctc.
0,30-0,60
0,60-0,0
0,30-0,60
0,60-0,0
0,0-+,00
0,30-0,60
0,60-0,0
0,0-+,00
0,30-0,60
+,35-+,65
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,+3-0,+8
0,+3-0,+8
0,+5-0,20
0,+5-0,20
0,+5-0,20
0,+8-0,23
0,+8-0,23
0,+8-0,23
0,20-0,25
0,+-0,25
/cco
/|S|
C +0+5
C +0+6
C +0+
C +0+8
C +0+
C +020
C +02+
C +022
C +023
C +02-
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,30-0,60
0,60-0,0
+,20-+,50
0,60-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,22-0,28
0,22-0,28
0,22-0,2
0,25-0,3+
0,28-0,3-
/cco
/|S|
C +025
C +026
C +02
C +02
C +030
Soo accos oc bucoa so|oab|||oao, auoouc co |os t|-
os oc s cootco|oo oc cabooo ucoc cscotasc uoa
tcoococ|a a |a ||suac|oo, c|||cooosc cotooccs so|oa
coo |os c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo, coo SU|||C|-
TO, T||/C|TO ++0, U||\||S C|, T||/C|TO 80,
T||/C|TO 65, T||/C|TO 5.
4.5. 5o|dabi|idad de |os aceros de me-
diano y a|to contenido de carbono
|os accos oc co|aoo cabooo soo aouc||os, ouc
coot|coco oc 0,30 a 0,-5% oc cabooo. / co|oa ouc au-
cota |a ooc|oo oc cabooo, aucota tab|co su caa-
c|oao oc tc|ab|||oao. Soo ut|||zaoos |oc|a|cotc aa |a
|ab|cac|oo oc c,cs, coaoa,cs, c|avctas, |oocs, ctc.
|os accos oc a|to cabooo t|coco oc 0,-5 a +,0% C.
|s s o|||c|| so|oa|os ouc |os oc co|aoo cootco|oo oc
cabooo. |oscco ao cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo ao
oucza, soo tc|ab|cs. Sc c|cao co |a |ab|cac|oo oc c-
sotcs, bocas, |ocas, s|cas, ctc.
|os accos oc ao cootco|oo oc cabooo >
0,65%) soo ut|||zaoos, o su a|ta cs|stcoc|a oucza, co
95 96
0,25-0,50
0,30-0,60
0,30-0,60
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0,+2
0,050
0,050
0,060
0,+0 x.
0,08-0,+3
0,+3 x.
/cco
/|S|
C +0+0
C +008
3 +0+0
Ca booo |aoaocso |os| oo /zu| c
|a |ab|cac|oo oc |ca|cotas, at|ccs, ctc. |o azoo a su
ao cootco|oo oc cabooo, su so|oab|||oao coo c|cc-
tooos couocs cs obc, occcs|tooosc c|ca c|cc-
tooos cscc|a|cs.
4.5.!. C|asl|lcacln A|S|
|| cca|cota|coto oc |a |cza c| c|co oc c|cctooos
oc ba,o ||oocoo, cscc|a|cotc |ab|caoos, coucco csta
tcoococ|a a| |o|o. || a|to cootco|oo oc cabooo coot|-
buc tab|co a |a cocac|oo oc oos , co a|uoos casos,
oc ascczas co |a suc||c|cs oc |a so|oaoua.
|o tooos |os ot|vos |oo|caoos, co |a so|oaoua oc
cstos accos ocbco obscvasc ccauc|oocs cscc|a|cs,
cuaooo aaccco oos o a,aouas o cuaooo sc ao|||csta
uoa tcoococ|a a zooas ouas oucbao|zas co |as zooas ao-
accotcs a |a uo|oo so|oaoa.
/| so|oa cstos accos, |a tccatua oc cca|cota-
|coto sc aot|coc ouaotc tooo c| occso oc so|oaoua
, a| tc|oa c| taba,o, sc ocbc co||a |a |cza co |oa
|cota uo||oc |asta |a tccatua oc uo ab|cotc cc-
aoo, cs occ| s|o co|cotcs oc a|c ||o.
|| co||a|coto |coto oc |czas coucas sc ucoc
cooscu|, ccub|cooo cstas coo acoa, ca|, asbcsto, ctc.
Cuaooo sc cscotao zooas ouas, ucoc ccoccsc
c| acco a uoa tccatua oc 50 a 650C o s.
4.5.6. L|ectrooos que oeben utl|lzarse para
so|oar |os aceros oe meolano y a|to
carbono
/ coot|ouac|oo sc oao a|uoas o|cotac|oocs aa c|
c|co oc |os c|cctooos, scuo c| caso o ob|cas ouc
sc cscotco.
a ) Tatooosc oc |aoc|as oc|aoas, oc 2 o coos,
sc suc|oao |c||cotc s|o ccauc|oocs cscc|a|cs
coo |os c|cctooos s|u|cotcs: O\||CO|L |,
O\||CO|L S, ||||OC|TO 2, U||\||S, SU-
|||C|TO
b) S| |as |czas o |aoc|as oc acco oc aocs cscso-
cs accco |c||cs oc so|oa, ocsucs oc uoa ucba
oc so|oab|||oao, sc ucoco c|ca |os occo||co-
tos ooa|cs oc so|oaoua, ut|||zaooo |os c|cctooos
aba, o | oo| caoos: ||||OC| TO 2-, U|| \||S,
SU|||C|TO.
c) Cuaooo sc tcoa occcs|oao oc c|ca |os c|ccto-
oos oc coctac|oo o|uooa, coo soo |os cc|u|os|cos
C|||OCO|L |, C|||O|O|L /| ` C|||OCO|L
0), c| so|oaoo ocbc a||ca uoa tcco|ca oc aco co-
to ov|cooo c| c|cctooo co |oa |otc|tcotc
acccooosc a a|c,ooosc, s|o |otcu| c| aco).
|a occcs|oao oc ut|||za cstos c|cctooos ucoc c-
scotasc co |os taba,os oc os|c|oocs |ozaoas o |uca
oc os|c|oo, taoto co obas oc oota,c o caac|oocs.
o) Cuaooo sc cscotao ob|cas oc ||suac|oo
a,aouas o zooas ouas oucbao|zas cccaoas a|
/| csta ca||cotc tooa |a |aoc|a o |cza, sc cv|ta ouc
|as zooas ||as absobao v|o|cotacotc c| ca|o oc |a
zooa so|oaoa, co||ooo|a |oacotc , co coosc-
cucoc|a, oouc|cooo zooas ouas oucbao|zas.
/| csta ca||cotc tooa |a |aoc|a co c| ocoto oc
tc|oasc |a so|oaoua, c| co||a|coto oc tooa |a
|cza cs uo||oc co tooo c| coo,uoto sc ooucc
co |oa |cota, a ouc oo cx|stc absoc|oo oc ca|o
oc |a zooa so|oaoa o |as zooas ||as oc| csto oc |a
|cza.
4.5.3. Temperaturas oe preca|entamlento
Lspesor oe |a pleza a so|oar en mm
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0, 0-0
0,60-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,0-+,00
0,60-0,0
0,0-+,00
0,60-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,0-+,00
0,30-0,60
0,60-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,0-+,00
0,60-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,50-0,80
0,60-0,0
0,-0-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,50-0,80
0,-0-0,0
0,30-0,60
0,60-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,0-+,00
0,30-0,50
0,60-0,0
0,30-0,50
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,050
0,28-0,3-
0,32-0,38
0,32-0,38
0,35-0,-2
0,3-0,--
0,3-0,--
0,-0-0,-
0,-0-0,-
0,-3-0,50
0,-3-0,50
0,-3-0,50
0,-6-0,53
0,-8-0,55
0,-8-0,55
0,50-0,60
0,55-0,65
0,60-0,0
0,60-0,0
0,65-0,5
0,65-0,5
0,0-0,80
0,0-0,80
0,2-0,85
0,5-0,88
0,80-0,3
0,80-0,3
0,80-0,3
0,85-0,8
0,0-+,03
/cco
/|S|
+030
+035
+03
+038
+03
+0-0
+0-2
+0-3
+0--
+0-5
+0-6
+0-
+050
+053
+055
+060
+06-
+065
+06
+00
+0-
+05
+08
+080
+08-
+085
+086
+00
+05
|stos accos, o c| |cc|o oc tcoc ao coo-
tco|oo oc cabooo, sc coouccco |c||cotc a| co||a-
sc. /| so|oa cstos accos sc ucoc obscva, ouc uo
co||a|coto sub|to oc |a |aoc|a ca||cotc ucoc oa
o|co a uoa zooa u oua oucbao|za co |a c|oo
oc |a so|oaoua, u cscc|a|cotc co |os accos oc
a|to cabooo. |aa cv|ta ta| c|ccto cs occcsa|o uo||o-
|za c| ca|cota|coto oc |a |aoc|a ctaoa |a vc|o-
c|oao oc co||a|coto co|aotc c| cca|cota|coto
ost-ca|cota|coto oc |a |sa.
4.5.2. Preca|entamlento
Coos|stc co ||cva |a |cza a uoa tccatua oc-
tc|oaoa, aotcs oc |o|c|a |a so|oaoua o|acotc
o|c|a. Sc coos|uco |oc|a|cotc oos c|cctos, ouc
os|b|||tao |a c,ccuc|oo oc uoa bucoa so|oaoua:
S/|
+030
+035
+0-0
+0-5
+050
+052
+055
+060
+065
+00
+080
+085
+00
+05
2 , 5
60C
+0C
200C
2-0C
280C
320C
330C
380C
-00C
-+0C
-20C
5
+30C
2-0C
20C
300C
320C
3-0C
30C
380C
-20C
--0C
-50C
-60C
+0
0C
+-0C
2-0C
300C
330C
3-0C
350C
30C
-00C
-+0C
-50C
-60C
-0C
-80C
25
+80C
220C
20C
3-0C
360C
30C
380C
-00C
-30C
--0C
-0C
-80C
-0C
500C
50
220C
260C
320C
360C
380C
30C
-00C
-20C
--0C
-50C
-80C
-0C
500C
5+0C
250
250C
20C
330C
30C
30C
-00C
-+0C
-30C
-50C
-60C
-0C
500C
5+0C
520C
Cuaooo sc suc|oao |aoc|as oc aoocs o|cos|oocs
o |czas oc ao vo|uco, ouc cou|cco cca|cota|co-
to, oo cs occcsa|o cca|cota tooo c| atc|a|, cs su||c|co-
tc |a a||cac|oo |oca| ocs|va oc ca|o co uo ca ouc
cocooc aox|aoacotc +00 a abos |aoos oc|
coooo oc so|oaoua.
4.5.4. Postca|entamlento
|s uo tata|coto, ouc coos|stc co a||ca ca|o a |as
|czas ocsucs oc |abc s|oo so|oaoas. |stc tata|coto
ucoc tcoc va|os ||ocs, coo soo: ccocac|oo oc a-
oo, a||oa|coto oc aoo, a||v|o oc tcos|oocs, ctc. |co |o-
c|a|cotc sc a||ca cstc tata|coto aa |oa uo a||v|o
oc tcos|oocs.
Coo |a tccatua oc| ostca|cota|coto cst co
|uoc|oo oc| cscso oc |a |aoc|a, o|sco oc |a ,uota, o|-
cos|oo oc |a |cza occota,c oc cabooo, cs coovc-
o|cotc toa coo tccatua c|ccoc|a| |os 650C.
4.5.5. So|oabl|loao
|o |os accos oc ao cootco|oo oc cabooo ucoc
cscotasc uoa tcoococ|a a |as ||suas o a,aouas co c| cta|
basc, u cscc|a|cotc tatooosc oc |aoc|as ucsas.
uoto oc so|oaoua, ocbco c|casc o|cctacotc
|os c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo: SU|||C|TO,
T||/C|TO 80, T||/C|TO ++0, T||/C|TO 5.
|stos c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo soo csc-
c|a|cotc |oo|caoos aa cvco| ||suas ocba,o oc|
coooo, ocb|oas a |a|||oao causaoa o |a acc|oo
oc| ||oocoo: coot|buco a cvco| |as ||suas co
|a so|oaoua o coooo ocos|taoo.
c) S| a| usa |os c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo tooav|a
sc cscotao ||suas, sc |acc occcsa|o c| cca|cota-
|coto oc |a |cza a tccatuas ouc va|ao scuo c|
t|o oc acco aoo oc cabooo) scuo c| cscso
oc |a |cza ocsoc 0 a 800| 2+ - -2C).
|) |o |os casos ooooc ocuco a,aouas o |ctas sca
|act|cab|c c| cca|cota|coto o |os|b|c ||cva-
|o a cabo o |a oatua|cza oc |a |cza, sc ccuc a |os
c|cctooos s|u|cotcs:
||O C\ 25% oc coo
20% oc o|ouc|
||O 2/ 2% oc coo
|S/ +06 % oc o|ouc|
|os tcs c|cctooos soo oc acco |oox|oab|c autcot|co,
cuos ocos|tos oo sc coouccco. |as vcota,as ouc sc
obt|coco coo |as |sas oc uo c|cctooo oc ba,o
||oocoo, coo c| acaoo oc ouc c| ocos|to cs
s ouct|| tcoaz oo sc coouccc o co||a|coto
sub|to.
) S| toaooo |as ccauc|oocs |oo|caoas auo s|uco sub-
s|st|cooo |as ||suas, sc cco|cooa cca|cota |a |c-
za so|oa coo |os c|cctooos |oox|oab|cs a|ba co-
c|ooaoos.
4.5.7. So|oabl|loao oe |os aceros a| carbo-
no resu||urlzaoos
|stos accos oscco uo ao cootco|oo oc azu|c
ouc |os accos couocs. Sc usao cxtcosacotc co |a |ab|-
cac|oo oc c|ccotos, cua aou|oab|||oao cs |a caactc-
|st|ca |uooacota|.
|| a|to cootco|oo oc azu|c t|cooc a oouc| oo-
s|oao coos|ocab|c co |as so|oaouas aucota |a suscc-
t|b|||oao a a,aouas.
|| c|co oc c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo c|tc
c|||oa v|tua|cotc |a oos|oao o ||suac|oo, obtco|co-
oo a| |so t|co uoa ao vc|oc|oao oc ocos|c|oo.
|os c|cctooos O||||KO| oc ba,o ||oocoo ouc
ccocooaos aa so|oa cstc t|o oc accos, soo:
97 98
SU|||C|TO, U||\||S C|, T||/C|TO 80, T||/C|-
TO 65, T||/C|TO 5.
4.6. 5o|dabi|idad de |os aceros de baja
a|eacin
Sc oa c| oobc oc accos a|caoos a |os accos, cu-
as o|coaocs caactc|st|cas soo ocb|oas a |a cscoc|a
oc otos c|ccotos, aocs oc| cabooo, ocoo|oaoos
c|ccotos a|caotcs, /uoouc tooos |os accos oo|oa|os a|
cabooo coot|coco coucas caot|oaocs oc aoaocso |as-
ta uo 0,0% aox|aoacotc) oc s|||c|o |asta uo
0,30% aox|aoacotc), oo sc coos|ocao coo acc-
os a|caoos, a ouc |a |uoc|oo |oc|a| oc cstos c|ccotos
cs actua coo ocsox|oaotcs, cob|oooosc coo c| ox|-
coo c| azu|c, couc|cooo |os c|cctos c,uo|c|a|cs oc
cstos c|ccotos.
Coo |a ao|c|oo oc c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo a| acco sc
ctcooc cooscu| o|vcsas ||oa||oaocs, ocstacaooo cotc
c||as, o su |otaoc|a, |as s|u|cotcs:
Uo aucoto oc tc|ab|||oao.
|c,oa |a cs|stcoc|a a tccatua ab|cotc.
|c,oa |as o|coaocs ||s|cas a cua|ou|c tcca-
tua, a|ta ba,a.
Cooscu| uoa tcoac|oao c|cvaoa coo uo |o|o oc
oucza o cs|stcoc|a.
/ucota |a cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc.
/ucota |a cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo.
|c,oa |as o|coaocs aoct|cas.
4.6.!. Aceros a| manganeso (menos oe
2% Mn)
|| aoaocso, uoo oc |os c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo
s baatos, aaccc ct|cacotc co tooos |os accos,
ocb|oo a ouc sc aaoc coo ocsox|oaotc. Uo|cacotc
cuaooo c| cootco|oo oc aoaocso oc uo acco cs suc-
|o a| +%, sc ucoc c|as|||ca o|c|o acco coo a|caoo.
|| aoaocso |o||uc ootab|ccotc co |a cs|stcoc|a
oucza oc |os accos, auoouc co coo aoo ouc c| ca-
booo, s|cooo s accotuaoa su |o||ucoc|a co |os accos
a|tos co cabooo cstc c|ccoto t|coc oca tcoococ|a a
|oa cabuos c,ccc uoa |o||ucoc|a oocaoa sobc
|a tc|ab|||oao. |ua| ocuc coo c| o|ouc|, c| aoaocso
|acc ocsccooc |as tccatuas c|t|cas o|s|ouc c|
cootco|oo oc cabooo oc| acco cutccto|oc.
C|||OCO|L 0, ||||OC|TO 2, U||\||S, SU|||-
C|TO, T||/C|TO ++0, U||\||S C|.
4. 6. 2. Aceros a| nlque|
|| cootco|oo oc o|ouc| co cstos accos aucota |as
o|coaocs c|st|cas oc| atc|a|, s|o ao a|tcac|oo
oc otas caactc|st|cas o o|coaocs cco|cas.
|| o|ouc| co |os aoos |oo|caoos aucota |a cs|stco-
c|a a |a tacc|oo |a oucza, s|o coos|ocab|c coucc|oo oc
|a c|ast|c|oao, sc aoao vcota,as co tcoac|oao, ouct|||oao
cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo, s|o su|| o|s|ouc|oo co |a so|-
oab|||oao cocsooo|cotc.
4.6.2.!. C|asl|lcacln SAL
0,30-0,60
0,0-+,00
0,0-+,00
0,60-0,0
+,00-+,30
0,0-+,00
+,35-+,65
0,08-0,+3
0,+3
0,+3
0,+3-0,+8
0,+--0,20
0,+8-0,23
0,2-0,3-
/cco
/| S|
C+++0
3+++2
3+++3
C+++5
C+++
C++20
C++32
0,0-0
0,0-0,+2
0,0-0,+2
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,08-0,+3
0,+6-0,23
0,2--0,33
0,08-0,+3
0,08-0,+3
0,08-0,+3
0,08-0,+3
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
+,6-+,
+,6-+,
+,6-+,
+,6-+,
0,+8-0,23
0,28-0,23
0,33-0,38
0,38-0,-3
+320
+330
+335
+3-0
S/| C |o S|
S/|
+320
+330
+335
+3-0
250
2-0C
280C
300C
3-0C
2,5
+00C
+0C
+0
+30C
+80C
260C
25
+50C
230C
20C
3+0C
50
2+0C
260C
20C
320C
|os c|cctooos | 60+2 | 60+3 soo usaoos uc|as
vcccs co |aoc|as oc|aoas co |os aoos oc ba,o
cabooo, oouc coctao coos ouc |os c|ccto-
oos coc|ooaoos a|ba t|coco uo c,o asccto
s coovcxo).
Cuaooo sc cscotao ||suas, sc ocbc usa c|cctooos
oc ba,o ||oocoo | +5, +6, +8. |stos soo c-
oca|cotc c|cct|vos co couc| |as ||suas sc uc-
oco a||ca coo oca coctac|oo, c| ba,o cootco|oo
oc ||oocoo |acc |a ,uota coos |||.
|o |os taba,os, ooooc c| cca|cota|coto oo sca
ct|co, |os c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo sco u ut|-
|cs, oouc co coca| ucoco sc usaoos coo uoos +50C
coos oc cca|cota|coto ouc |os ocs c|cctooos,
coo |cos aootaoo aotc|ocotc.
4.6.2.4. L|ectrooos para so|oar aceros a| nlque|
|os c|cctooos O||||KO| ccocooaoos aa so|-
oa cstc t|o oc accos soo: C|||OCO|L 0, O\||-
CO|L |, O\||CO|L S, SU|||C|TO, T||/C|TO 80,
T||/C|TO ++0, T||/C|TO 0, |S/ 80+8 C2.
4.6.3. Aceros a| cromo-nlque|
|o cstos t|os oc acco, |a ooc|oo cotc c| cootco|-
oo oc o|ouc| c| oc coo cs aox|aoacotc oc 2,5
atcs oc o|ouc| o + atc oc coo. |a ao|c|oo oc s oc
uo c|ccoto oc a|cac|oo a| acco ooa| suc|c coo|c| a
cstc a|uoas caactc|st|cas oc caoa uoo oc c||os. |o taoto,
c| c|ccto oc| o|ouc|, ouc oa |ua a uo aucoto oc |a tcoac|-
oao ouct|||oao, sc cob|oa coo c| c|ccto oc| coo, coo-
s|stcotc co uoa c,oa oc |a tc|ab|||oao cs|stcoc|a a|
ocsastc. /|oa b|co, coov|coc tcoc cscotc, ouc c| c|ccto
cob|oaoo oc oos o s c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo sobc |a
tc|ab|||oao cs ooa|cotc ao ouc |a sua oc |os
c|cctos ocb|oos a caoa uoo oc c||os o scaaoo.
|os accos a| coo-o|ouc| coo ba,os occota,cs oc
cabooo sc c|cao aa cccotac|oo. || coo oo-
c|ooa cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc a |a caa oua, co taoto ouc
abos c|ccotos c,oao |a tcoac|oao oc| ouc|co. |os acc-
os coo +,5% oc o|ouc| 0,60% oc coo sc ut|||zao aa
|a |ab|cac|oo oc too|||os s|o ||o, uoocs oc |c oc b|c|a,
ctc. |o |os accos ocst|oaoos a |a |ab|cac|oo oc |czas so-
ct|oas a taba,os u ouos, ta|cs coo coaoa,cs, c,cs
|cvas oc av|ac|oo, c| cootco|oo co o|ouc| aucota a 3,5%
c| oc coo a +,5%. |os accos a| coo-o|ouc| coo
cootco|oos co|os oc cabooo sc c|cao co |a |ooust|a
autoot|z, |a |ab|cac|oo oc b|c|as c,cs oc otocs.
Lc |os accos a| coo-o|ouc| oc a|ta a|cac|oo ta-
tacos ostc|ocotc.
4.6.2.3. So|oabl|loao
S| c| cabooo cootco|oo co cstos accos, coo 3 a
3,5% oc o|ouc|, oo cxccoc 0,25%, oo cs occcsa|o tata-
|coto tc|co a|uoo. S|, o c| coota|o, t|coco s oc
0,25% oc cabooo, cs cc|so cca|cota|os oc +50 a
3+5C. /ocs, o tcoc tcoococ|a a tc|asc a| a|c,
cstos accos ocbco sc co||aoos u |cotacotc coo c|
ob,cto oc cooscva |as o|coaocs ||s|cas ocscaoas.
|x|stco - t|os coca|cs oc c|cctooos ouc sc usao
couocotc co accos oc a|cac|oo a| o|ouc|, ouc soo:
||cctooos ouc ocos|tao cta| oc ao||s|s |ua| a|
oc| cta| basc, sc ut|||zao cuaooo |a ,uota so|oaoa
ocbc cs|st| uo scv|c|o a ba,a tccatua, sc ucoc
c|ca |os c|cctooos |80+8 C+ |80+8 C2.
Taba,os ooooc sc cx|c uoa tacc|oo |ua| a |a oc |a
|aoc|a, sc ucoc ut|||za |os c|cctooos oc a|ta tac-
c|oo | 0+0, | 020 | 030 co |os aoos s
ba,os oc cabooo. |o |as sccc|oocs ouc sobcasao
+/2 oc cscso, sc cco|cooa c| cca|cota|coto
co tooos |os aoos oc cabooo.
S/| C |o S| ||
23+
2330
23-0
23-5
25+5
0,+5-0,20
0,28-0,33
0,38-0,-3
0,-3-0,-8
0,+2-0,+
0,-0-0,60
0,60-0,80
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,-0-0,60
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
+0
++0C
20C
330C
S/|
23+
2330
23-0
23-5
25+5
250
230C
20C
360C
30C
2-0C
2,5
60C
+80C
230C
20C
25
+-0C
20C
330C
30C
+60C
50
200C
20C
350C
380C
220C
4.6.2.2. Temperaturas oe preca|entamlento
Lspesor oe |a Pleza a so|oar en mm.
3,25-3,5
3,25-3,5
3,25-3,5
3,25-3,5
-,5-5,25
99 !00
/cco Coos|c|oo, % o cso
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
4.6.!.!. C|asl|lcacln SAL
4.6.!.2.Temperaturas oe preca|entamlento
4.6.!.3. So|oabl|loao
|os accos coo c| s ba,o cootco|oo oc cabooo
co cstc uo ucoco sc so|oaoos coca|cotc coo |os
occo||cotos staooao, coo bastaotc |ac|||oao, co cs
c|a c| cca|cota|coto, coo ccauc|oocs cscc|a|cs
co accos coo s oc 0,25 % oc cabooo.
|os c|cctooos coo o||bocoo oc |a c|asc |0+0-
/+ sc usao co so|oaouas, ooooc uoa tacc|oo uo |||tc
oc ||ucoc|a aox|aoos a |os oc |a |aoc|a scao couc|-
oos. |o v|sta oc ouc c| | 0+0-/+ cs oc a|ta coctac|oo,
sc ocbc cu|oa oc oo czc|a cxccs|vacotc c| cta| oc
ocos|to coo c| cta| basc. S| oo sc co||a |cotacotc |a
|aoc|a, |a uo|oo sc oua os|b|ccotc tab|co |||,
o ta| azoo cs costubc c| cca|cota|coto oc |a |cza
aa so|oa coo cstc c|cctooo.
|o aoocs cstuctuas coo |aoc|as c|at|vacotc
oc|aoas, ta|cs coo co coostucc|oo oc cou|os oc ca-
os aa |coca||cs ooooc c| cca|cota|coto oo cs
ct|co, sc usao |os c|cctooos | 60+2 o tcoc coos
tcoococ|a a ||suas.
S| sc cscotao ||suas coo |os c|cctooos a|ba c|ta-
oos, cs u obab|c ouc |os c|cctooos oc ba,o ||ooc-
oo scao |os s sat|s|acto|os aa |a so|oaoua oc cstos
accos a| aoaocso. |os costos ||cacotc s a|tos
oc |os c|cctooos ucoco sc cocosaoos |c||cotc coo
c| c|co oc tccatuas s ba,as oc cca|cota|co-
to. |stas tccatuas ucoco sc ba,aoas co +50C oc |a
ouc usua|cotc sc c|ca, cuaooo sc usao cstos c|ccto-
oos oc ba,o ||oocoo.
4.6.!.4. L|ectrooos para so|oar aceros a| manganeso
|os c|cctooos O||||KO| s ao|aoos aa
so|oa cstc t|o oc accos soo:
Lspesor oe |a pleza a so|oar en mm.
4.6.4.9. Usos y caracterlstlcas oe so|oabl|loao
|a ao|c|oo oc o||bocoo co |os accos t|cooc a au-
cota |a cs|stcoc|a a |a cs|oo tccatuas c|cvaoas.
|stos accos soo usaoos co taba,os ouc t|coco ouc cs|st|
a|tas tccatuas co c| scv|c|o, as| coo a|tas cs|oocs.
|| c|co s couo oc cstos accos cs co |a |ab|-
cac|oo oc tubc|as oc cs|oo.
|| o||bocoo t|cooc, as||so, a o|st|bu| |a |a|||-
oao oc| acco tc|aoo, azoo o |a ouc cs u c|ca-
oo aa obtcoc uoa oucza uo||oc co sccc|oocs co-
||caoas oc |czas tataoas a| ca|o.
|o cstc uo cx|stco o||ccotcs t|os oc acco, coo
|os accos a| cabooo-o||bocoo, a| coo-o||bocoo, a|
o|ouc|-coo-o||bocoo, a| o|ouc|-o||bocoo tco|co-
oo caoa cua| uoa a||cac|oo o||ccotc.
coo, o coo abos s|u|tocacotc. |o c| cccotaoo
aucota |a cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc oc |a caa oua |a tcoac|-
oao oc| ouc|co. |os accos a| coo-o|ouc|-o||bocoo coo
uo cootco|oo co|o oc cabooo cscotao uoa tc|ab|||oao
u c|cvaoa soo u ut|||zaoos co |a |ooust|a acoout|ca
aa |a cstuctua oc |as a|as, |usc|a,c tco oc atc|za,c.
Sc cco|cooa cca|cota |as |czas oc acco a|
o||bocoo aa so|oa|as, va|aooo |as tccatuas co-
tc 38 - -82C, scuo c| cscso oc |a |cza scuo c|
cootco|oo oc cabooo. / coo cscso coo cootc-
o|oo oc cabooo, tab|co coo tccatua oc cca-
|cota|coto, a aocs cscsocs cootco|oos oc ca-
booo, tab|co aocs tccatuas. Ta| cs c| caso oc|
acco /-068 ouc cou|cc 50| 300C) aa +/- oc
cscso, 00| -82C) aa 2 oc cscso, a ouc cstc
acco coot|coc uo oco|o oc 0,68% oc cabooo.
/ocs, co cstos accos cs occcsa|o uo |coto co||a-
|coto oc |a |cza, a ||o oc cooscva |as o|coaocs ||s|cas.
4.6.4.!0. L|ectrooos para so|oar aceros a| mo|lb-
oeno
U||\||S |stos c|cctooos c|tco obtcoc
SU|||C|TO uo|oocs so|oaoas oc ao cs|s-
U||\||S C| tcoc|a aaot|a, oouc t|cooco
T||/C|TO ++0 a couc| |a ||suac|oo ouc oo|a
T||/C|TO 80 cscotasc ouaotc o ocsucs oc |a
so|oaoua.
C|||OCO|L 0 |s uo c|cctooo ouc coot|coc o||b-
ocoo, ouc, ouc |o |acc ao|aoo
aa so|oa cstos accos cuaooo o-
scco coos oc| 0,30% oc cabo-
oo, coo cs c| caso oc tubc|as.
||O C\ ||cctooos oc acco |oox|oab|c c-
cocooaoos aa taba,os oc c-
||O 2/ aac| oo, cuaooo c| cabooo
|S/ +06 sobcasa 0,-5%.
4.6.5. Aceros a| cromo
|| coo aucota |a cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo, |a
oucza co c|cto aoo |a cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo
atos|c|ca oc |os accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo.
Cuaooo c| cabooo cst o ocba,o oc 0,+8%, |os
accos a| coo soo |c||cotc so|oab|cs, coo |as c-
cauc|oocs ooa|cs coota |as ||suas. |a a|cac|oo oc
coo a|to cabooo causa cooucc||coto occcs|ta-
cca|cota|coto a vcccs ost-ca|cota|coto aa
cvco| |a |a|||oao co |os ocos|tos oc so|oaoua
zooas a|cctaoas o c| ca|o.
+,+0-+,-0
+,+0-+,-0
+,+0-+,-0
+,+0-+,-0
+,+0-+,-0
+,+0-+,-0
+,+0-+,-0
+,+0-+,-0
+,65-2,00
3,25-3,5
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
S/| C |o S| || C
3++5
3+20
3+30
3+35
3+-0
3+-+
3+-5
3+50
32-0
33+0
0,+3-0,+8
0,+-0,22
0,28-0,33
0,33-0,38
0,38-0,-3
0,-3-0,-8
0,-3-0,-8
0,-8-0,53
0,3-0,-5
0,08-0,+3
0,-0-0,60
0,60-0,80
0,60-0,80
0,60-0,80
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,-0-0,60
0,-5-0,60
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0.35
0,20-0,35
0,55-0,5
0,55-0,5
0,55-0,5
0,55-0,5
0,55-0,5
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-+,20
+,-0-+,5
+0
+00C
200C
260C
320C
330C
360C
30C
3-0C
320C
S/|
3++5
3+20
3+30
3+35
3+-0
3+-+
3+-5
3+50
32-0
33+0
250
2-0C
20C
3+0C
3-0C
380C
30C
-+0C
--0C
-00C
380C
2 , 5
+-0C
+50C
250C
300C
220C
+50C
5
0C
+80C
20C
280C
330C
360C
300C
280C
25
+60C
220C
20C
3+0C
350C
360C
30C
-20C
380C
360C
50
220C
250C
20C
330C
30C
380C
-00C
-30C
30C
30C
|os c|cctooos | 0+0, +5, +6, +8 aouc||os oc
ao tacc|oo ucoco sc usaoos aa obtcoc uoa cs|s-
tcoc|a a |a tacc|oo ouc sc aox|c a |a oc |a |aoc|a oc
|os aoos s ba,os oc cabooo.
|as |aoc|as oc ao cabooo a|ba oc 0,-0%)
oo soo tao |c||cs oc so|oa, co, s| cs occcsa|o, sc ucoc
|acc c| taba,o coo c|cctooos oc acco |oox|oab|c oc |os
t|os 25/20 o 2/. |a uo|oo sc tcoaz ouct||, co |a
zooa oc |us|oo ucoc sc |||, c| |cc|o oc ouc |a uo|oo
sca ouct|| c|tc co coca| ouc ccoa uo oco, co s|o
cx|| ocas|aoo oob|a|coto co |a zooa |||.
4.6.3.4. L|ectrooos para so|oar aceros a| cromo-
nlque|
|os c|cctooos O||||KO| s ao|aoos aa so|-
oa cstos t|os oc acco soo: SU|||C|TO, U||\||S, T|-
|/C|TO 80, ||O C\, ||O 2/, T||/C|TO 5.
4.6.4. Acero a| mo|lboeno
|stc c|ccoto c,ccc uoa ao |o||ucoc|a co |a tc|a-
b|||oao , coo c| coo, aucota |a cs|stcoc|a oucza
oc |os accos co ca||cotc. || o||bocoo sc suc|c c|ca
coo uc|a |ccucoc|a co cob|oac|oo coo c| o|ouc| o c|
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
S/| C |o S| |o
-023
-02
-032
-03
-0-2
-0-
-063
-068
0,20-0,25
0,25-0,30
0,30-0,35
0,35-0,-0
0,-0-0,-5
0,-5-0,50
0,60-0,6
0,6--0,2
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,5-+,00
0,5-+,00
0,5-+,00
0,5-+,00
0,5-+,00
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
4.6.4.2. Temperatura oe preca|entamlento
25
+80C
2+0C
250C
20C
3-0C
360C
--0C
-50C
+0
0C
++0C
+50C
2-0C
300C
3-0C
-20C
-30C
S/|
-023
-02
-032
-03
-0-2
-0-
-063
-068
250
250C
20C
20C
330C
30C
30C
-60C
-0C
2,5
+30C
200C
3-0C
360C
5
+30C
2-0C
300C
30C
-00C
50
230C
250C
280C
320C
360C
380C
-50C
-60C
+0
+50C
2+0C
230C
330C
360C
30C
-20C
S/|
-++
-+25
-+30
-+3
-+-0
-+-5
-+50
250
300C
320C
330C
380C
-20C
--0C
-0C
2,5
+50C
250C
3+0C
350C
5
++0C
++0C
280C
330C
30C
-00C
25
250C
280C
20C
360C
30C
-20C
-50C
50
280C
300C
3+0C
30C
-00C
-30C
-60C
0,+-0,22
0,23-0,28
0,28-0,33
0,35-0,-0
0,38-0,-3
0,-3-0,-8
0,-8-0,53
0,-0-0,60
0,-0-0,60
0,80-+,+0
0,80-+,+0
0,80-+,+0
0,80-+,+0
0,80-+,+0
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
S/| C |o S| C |o
-++
-+25
-+30
-+3
-+-0
-+-5
-+50
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,-0-0,60
0,0-0,0
0,5-+,00
0,5-+,00
0,5-+,00
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,+5-0,25
0,+5-0,25
0,+5-0,25
0,+5-0,25
0,+5-0,25
4.6.4.5. C|asl|lcacln SAL aceros a| nlque| - cromo -
mo|lboeno
0,+-0,22
0,38-0,-3
+,65-2
+,65-2
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
S/| C |o S| || C |o
-320
-3-0
0,-5-0,65
0,60-0,80
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,-0-0,60
0,0-0,0
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
+0
260C
-20C
S/|
-320
-3-0
250
3-0C
-0C
2 , 5
350C
350C
5
+80C
-00C
25
3+0C
-50C
50
330C
-60C
5
20C
+0
0C
+00C
320C
+05C
+0C
S/|
-6+5
-620
-6-0
-8+5
-820
250
250C
20C
380C
260C
3+0C
2 , 5
+30C
25
+0C
220C
350C
230C
20C
50
230C
2-0C
30C
250C
20C
Lspesor oe |a Pleza a so|oar en mm
4.6.4.3. C|asl|lcacln SAL aceros a| cromo mo|lboeno
Lspesor oe |a pleza
4.6.4.7. C|asl|lcacln SAL aceros a| nlque| - mo|lboeno
+,65-2,00
+,65-2,00
+,65-2,00
3,25-3,5
3,25-3,5
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
S/| C |o S| || |o
-6+5
-620
-6-0
-8+5
-820
0,+3-0,+8
0,+-0,22
0,38-0,-3
0,+3-0,+8
0,+8-0,23
0,-5-0,65
0,50-0,65
0,60-0,80
0,-0-0,60
0,50-0,0
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
0,20-0,30
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
S/| C |o S| C
0,0-0,0
0,80-+,+0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
+,30-+,60
5+20
5+30
5+-0
5+50
52+0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,25-0,-5
0,+-0,22
0,+8-0,33
0,38-0,-3
0,-8-0,53
0,5-+,+0
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
!0! !02
4.6.8.!. Composlcln qulmlca
|a so|oaoua oc cstos accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo coo a|ta
cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo accc sc, a |ca v|sta, uo asuo-
to u co||caoo. S|o cbao, a csa oc| ao ouco
oc ao||s|s ou||cos o||ccotcs, cx|stco a|uoos occsos oc
so|oaoua o aco ouc sc c|cao couocotc aa so|-
oa cstos accos.
|| ob|ca sc coucc a sabc, ouc occo||coto
ocbc usasc o ouc cob|oac|oo oc |os ctooos usua|cs
oa c,o csu|taoo.
|| coosc,o couo aa |a so|oaoua oc cstos accos cs
c| c|co aoccuaoo oc |os c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo. ||
ocos|to oc cstos c|cctooos t|coc uoa ao cs|stcoc|a a|
|acto ouc c| ocos|to oc |os c|cctooos couocs.
Cuaooo sc cscotao |ctas o ||suas, c| coosc,o cs:
|cca||cotc |a |cza suc|oc coo uo c|cctooo oc ba,o ||oo-
coo. || t|o oc c|cctooo oc ba,o ||oocoo ocbc sc cs-
co|oo, tco|cooo co cucota |as o|coaocs cco|cas oc|
cta| basc, as|, aa uo acco T-+ ut|||cc uo Tcoac|to ++0.
4.6.8.3. L|ectrooos para so|oar estos tlpos oe acero
|os c|cctooos O||||KO| ccocooaoos aa so|-
oa cstos t|os oc acco soo: SU|||C|TO, U||\||S C|,
T||/C|TO 80, T||/C|TO 60, T||/C|TO 65 ` T|-
|/C|TO 0.
4.7. 5o|dadura de aceros a| carbono
y de baja a|eacin mediante pro-
ceso oxiaceti|nico
|stc occo||coto cs a||cab|c a |os accos a| cabooo
oc ba,a a|cac|oo, |oc|a|cotc sc c|ca cuaooo |as
|czas a so|oa soo tubc|as oc o|cto couc|oo o |ao-
c|as oc|aoas, cuos cscsocs scao coocs a 6
ocbao sc so|oaoas co os|c|oocs |ozaoas.
4.7.!. varl||as oe acero para so|oaoura
oxlacetl|nlca
4.6.7.!. Composlcln qulmlca
|os accos oc |os aoos / 36, / 283, / 5+5 / 5+6 soo
|c||cs oc so|oa coo |os occo||cotos ooa|cs oc so|oaoua.
|os coo|os oc taba,o cscc|||cao, ouc c| cta| oc-
os|taoo o |os c|cctooos ocbc tcoc |as o|coaocs
scuo |as occcs|oaocs couc|oas. Coo |os c|cctooos cc|u-
|os|cos sc ucoc so|oa co tooas |as os|c|oocs. Cuaooo sc
tcoa ouc so|oa co os|c|oo |aoa co b|sc| o|uooo, c-
ou||cooosc a|ta vc|oc|oao oc ocos|c|oo ,uotas oc ao
ca||oao ba,o costo, ocbc c|casc c| ||||OC|TO 2.
Cuaooo |as |aoc|as asao oc +/2 oc cscso, cs occcsa-
|o c| c|co oc c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo aa cou-
c| o c|||oa c| cca|cota|coto.
|as tccatuas cocctas oc cca|cota|coto s| |uc-
sc occcsa|o) ucoco ca|cu|asc co c|ac|oo coo |a coos|-
c|oo oc| cta|, c| cscso oc |a |aoc|a c| o|sco oc |a ,uota.
|os c|cctooos C|||OCO|L |, C|||OCO|L /|
C|||OCO|L 0 soo c|caoos aa so|oaouas |uca oc
os|c|oo. |os c|cctooos ||||OC|TO 2- ||||OC|TO
2 soo c|caoos aa so|oaouas co os|c|oo |aoa, aa
a|tas vc|oc|oaocs.
S| c| occota,c oc cabooo cs c|cvaoo co a|uoos oc
cstos accos, cs c|c|b|c ut|||za |os c|cctooos U||-
\||S, SU|||C|TO T||/C|TO 80 aa cvco| |as
||suas.
/| so|oa cstos accos sc ocbc cu|oa, ouc |a tcc-
atua oc| cta| basc oo cstc o ocba,o oc 0C.
/s||so, sc ocbc tcoc c| cu|oaoo oc c|||oa |a
casca|||a oc |a|oac|oo ouc sc cscota co su suc||c|c.
4.6.8. Aceros oe baja a|eacln y a|ta resls-
tencla a |a traccln
|stos accos soo |ab|caoos co ao ouco, coo
va|aoos ao||s|s ou||cos soo vcoo|oos ba,o oobcs
cocc|a|cs cscc|||cos, coo |os |oo|caoos co c| cuaoo
ouc s|uc.
/|uoos oc cstos accos soo a|o s|||acs a |os acc-
os oc ba,a a|cac|oo t|o /|S|, co oo cocsoooco cxac-
tacotc a o|c|a c|as|||cac|oo.
|stos accos oscco uoa ouct|||oao bastaotc bucoa uoa
a|ta cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo, auoouc c| cootco|oo oc cabooo
cs bastaotc ba,o, |o ouc, s|o cbao, auoa a |a so|oab|||oao.
|os accos a| coo-vaoao|o, ba,os co cabooo, sc
ut|||zao aa cccotac|oo, |ab|cooosc coo c||os bu|oocs
c|uca|cs. |os accos a| coo-vaoao|o, coo uo cootc-
o|oo co|o oc cabooo, cscotao uoa ao tcoac|oao
cs|stcoc|a c|cvaoa, c|cooosc co |a |ab|cac|oo oc c,cs
uc||cs. |os accos oc cstc t|o, a|tos oc cabooo, sc
caactc|zao o su ao oucza cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc,
ut|||zooosc aa |a coostucc|oo oc ooa|cotos |ca-
|cotas.
|| cootco|oo oc coo-vaoao|o aucota |a cs|s-
tcoc|a a |a tacc|oo |a oucza, ooc|ooaooo uoa cs-
tuctua oc aoo ||oo, |o cua| cs oc va|o co c|ctos aoos
oc cooucc||coto oc| atc|a|.
|a so|oaoua oc ooucc|oo oo cs ccocooab|c,
cuaooo c| cabooo cxccoc 0,30%. |o caso oc occcs|oao,
cuaooo ocbc so|oasc accos coo ao cootco|oo oc ca-
booo oc| |oo|caoo, sc ucoc usa |os c|cctooos |oox|oa-
b|cs 25/20 2/, ouc oao uoa ,uota ouct||, auoouc |a
zooa oc |us|oo ucoc sc |||, a oo sc ouc sc usc uo
cca|cota|coto ostca|cota|coto |coto.
Cuaooo sc cx|c c|cctooos oc coctac|oo co |os
accos oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo, sc ucoc usa c| c|cc-
tooo | 0+0-/+ cabooo-o||bocoo), coo cca|cota-
|coto oc acucoo a| t|o oc acco.
4.6.5.4. L|ectrooos para so|oar aceros a| cromo
|os c|cctooos OLPL|KON ccocooaoos aa
so|oa |os accos a| coo soo:
C|||OCO|L 0 cabooo-o||bocoo)
||O C\ 25 C - 20 ||
||O 2/ 2 C - ||
SU|||C|TO 3a,o ||oocoo
U||\||S C| 3a,o ||oocoo
T||/C|TO ++0 3a,o ||oocoo
T||/C|TO 80 3a,o ||oocoo
4.6.6. Aceros a| vanaolo
|stc t|o oc accos t|coc uoa ao tcoococ|a a |oa
cabuos, |os cua|cs ||oco c| ccc||coto oc aoo. |a
ao|c|oo oc coucas caot|oaocs oc vaoao|o a| acco, aox|-
aoacotc oc uo 0,05%, |avoccc |a obtcoc|oo oc ||oo-
tcs saoos, |oococos oc aoo ||oo. |stc c|ccoto,
cuaooo sc cocucota o|suc|to, |o||uc ootab|ccotc co |a
tc|ab|||oao, obtco|cooosc uoas caactc|st|cas cco|-
cas u c|cvaoas co |os co||a|cotos a| a|c. |aa c||o,
cstos accos sc ut|||zao co |a |ab|cac|oo oc aoocs |czas
|o,aoas, ta|cs coo c|ccotos oc ou|oas otocs
ouc ostc|ocotc sc ooa||zao.
T | | O |S/|OT /-+C
C|/S| /\S |C - -5
/|/||S|S U|||CO C 0,+2
S| 0,+0
|o 0,50
||S|ST||C|/ / |/ T|/CC|O|
|bs/u|
2
-5 000 - 50 000
|/
2
3+ - 35
25
+80C
250C
330C
-00C
520C
5
230C
3-0C
-0C
50
230C
280C
3-0C
-+0C
530C
250
250C
300C
360C
-20C
5-0C
+0
0C
+0C
280C
30C
500C
2 , 5
20C
--0C
S/|
5+20
5+30
5+-0
5+50
52+0
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
0,+0
0,+0
0,+5
0,+5
/6++
/6+20
/6+-5
/6+50
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,20-0,35
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
0,0-0
Coos|c|oo, % o cso
S/| C |o C \ |.S. S|
c/u
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,80-+,+0
0,80-+,+0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,0-0,0
0,+5-0,20
0,+-0,22
0,-3-0,-8
0,-8-0,53
|stc atc|a| sc coouccc uc|o a| a|c co |os aoos
oc cabooo |oo|caoos co c| cuaoo o c||o sc cco|co-
oa uo c ca|cota|coto cotc 0C -25C aa |oa
csu|taoos sat|s|acto|os.
|o |os casos, co ouc sc cx|,a uo ocos|to oc so|oaoua
s|||a a |a coos|c|oo oc| cta| basc, ocbc usasc uo
c|cctooo ouc ocos|tc cta| oc| ao||s|s cx||oo. Sc ocbc
usa |os c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo, cuaooo oo cs cx||oo
uo ocos|to coo ao||s|s ou||co s|||a a| oc |a |aoc|a.
Cuaooo sc c|cco ccauc|oocs coota |as ||suas
, a csa oc c||as, |as so|oaouas t|cooao a a,asc, sc ocbc
usa |os c|cctooos oc acco |oox|oab|c austco|t|co, t|o
25/20 o 2/.
|os c|cctooos O||||KO| s ao|aoos aa
so|oa cstos t|os oc acco soo |os oc ba,o ||oocoo |os
oc acco | oox| oab| c austco| t| co, coo: ||O C\,
||O 2/, |S/ +06.
4.6.7. Aceros estructura|es a| carbono:
ASTM
|stos accos soo |os ouc sc c|cao couocotc
aa |a |ab|cac|oo oc ca|ocas, ucotcs, cc||cotcs
otas cstuctuas. Tooos cstos accos soo |c||cotc so|-
oab|cs, taoto o so|oaoua aoua| coo o c| ctooo
autot| co.
S| | | c| o
0,+5-0,-0
0,+5-0,30
0,+5-0,30
/zu|c
0,05
0,05
0,0-
0,0-
|os|oo
0,0-
0,0-
0,035
0,035
|aoaocso
0,80-+,20
0,0
0,60-+,20
Cabooo
0,25-0,2
0,20-0,33
0,+8-0,26
/ST|
/ 36
/ 283
/ 5+5
/ 5+6
|obc
oc| C C |o S| | Cu
acco
0,25-0,50
0,5
0,0
0,+0-0,20
0,+5-0,20
0,+5-0,20
0,+5-0,35
Co-Tco
Coaos||
|ao-Tco
Cab-|o||b
S-+
S-2
T-+
0,+0
0,+5
0,25
0,30
0,+-
0,30
0,+0-0,20
0,25-0,55
0,20 |o.
0,30 x.
0,30
0,+5-0,50
0,0-0,+5
0,05
0,-0 x.
0,20-0,50
+,35
+,+0-+,60
0,30-0,60
0,0-0,0
+,20-+,60
0,60-+,00
0,30-+,25
0,50
0,+2
0,-0-0,80
!03 !04
4. 7. 4. So|oabl|loao oe |os aceros oe baja
a|eacln meolante e| proceso oxl-
acetl|nlco
|os uotos |otaotcs a coos|oca a| so|oa cstos
accos soo cscoc|a|cotc su at|tuo a| tc|c, oc uoa a-
tc, , oc ota su at|tuo a| ccc||coto oc |os aoos, |coo-
coos ouc sc ooucco o c| c|ccto oc| c|c|o tc|co
|ucsto o c| occso ox|acct||co|co.
Tooo c||o |acc, ouc co |a zooa a|cctaoa o c| ca|o
oc| cta| basc sc cscotc uoa |ctcococ|oao oc cstuc-
tuas, |o ouc o||oa, a su vcz, uoa |ctcococ|oao oc o-
|coaocs oc cs|stcoc|a ouct|||oao.
/|uoos oc |os accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo ouc soo so|-
oab|cs, ocoto oc| uo oc |os accos oc a|to |||tc c|s-
t|co, soo:
/ccos a| aoaocso |o +,2 a +,5%, C coos oc|
0, +5%)
/ccos a| coo C 0,20 a 0,-0%, coos oc|
0, +5%)
/ccos a| coo- C. 0,8 a 0,+2%, |o 0,+5 a
o| | bocoo 0,30% C 0,2+ a 0,28%)
/ccos a| coo- C +,25 a +,50%, |o 0,8 a
+%, \ 0,2 a 0,3% C 0,+0 a
0, +6%)
|aa so|oa |os accos a| |o a| C sc ut|||zao va|||as
t|o /-2 C/| o cta|cs oc aotc oc |a |sa coos|c|oo
ou||ca ouc |os accos a| |o C.
|aa |os accos a| C-|o C-|o-\ sc ocbc c|ca
va|||as coo uoa cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo |o|a oc 50 |/
2
,
coo cs c| caso oc |a va|||a |S/|OT /-2 |o. Cuaooo
c| cta| ocos|taoo va a sc so||c|taoo a |a cs|stcoc|a oc|
cta| basc, sc ocbc ut|||za va|||as oc |a coos|c|oo
ou||ca s|||a a |a oc| cta| basc.
4.8. 5o|dadura de aceros a| carbono y de
baja a|eacin mediante |os proce-
sos semiautomticos con proteccin
gaseosa
|a ba,a cotaoa oc ca|o ouc sc oa, c|caooo c| o-
ccso oc so|oaoua |/C, cscota uoa |o|a o|stos|oo co
|a so|oaoua oc |os accos a| cabooo oc ba,a a|cac|oo,
aocs, s|cooo cstc occso oc a|ta vc|oc|oao, sc c|tc
couc| c| t|co oc so|oaoua co uo 60% coaaoo coo
c| ctooo coovcoc|ooa| oc |a so|oaoua ox|acct||co|ca.
|stc occso sc c|ca aocotc co |aoc|as
oc|aoas ocsoc + . oc cscso, aa os|c|oocs |oza-
oas, aa so|oa |czas oc cscsocs o||ccotcs, tubc|as
aocotc co tooa |ooust|a oc |ab|cac|oo ooooc sc
busca |os |o|os costos.
8. /| ||ca a| booc ||oa|, ct|a |cotacotc |a ||aa.
. S|cc ouc sc usc va|||as oc a|cac|oocs oc cobc,
c|ca c| |uoocotc aoccuaoo a caoa va|||a.
+0. |cc s|cc, aotcs oc a||ca cua|ou|c va|||a, |as |os-
tucc|oocs oc| |ab|caotc.
4.7.3. So|oabl|loao oe |os aceros a| carbo-
no meolante e| proceso oxlacetl|nlco
|| coota|coto ouaotc |a so|oaoua oc |os acc-
os a| cabooo cs |o||ucoc|aoo, ocsoc uo uoto oc v|sta oc-
ato|o, o su tcoo co cabooo, cstc tcoo, a su vcz, oos
ooc|ooa coo oato c|ccoc|a| |a |oo|cac|oo, s| c| acco
cs ca|aoo o c|cvcsccotc.
|a c|cvcsccoc|a sc ocbc a |a coucc|oo, o c| ca-
booo, oc| ox|oo oc ||co o|suc|to co c| acco cuaooo cst
co cstaoo ||ou|oo, csto coooucc a |a |oac|oo oc so|aou-
as oos|oaocs.
|| |o coucc co atc c| ox|oo oc ||co, |o ouc o|s-
|ouc |a tcoococ|a oc| acco a |a c|cvcsccoc|a. || S| actua
s coc|cacotc, su||cooo tooa |a c|cvcsccoc|a
coov|ctc c| acco co tota|cotc ca|aoo.
Luaotc |a so|oaoua, |a c|cvcsccoc|a sc ooucc s
|c||cotc, cuaoto s ox|coo cstc cscotc ocas|ooaoo
a|uoas vcccs o a|a cu|ac|oo oc |a ||aa ox|acct||co|ca:
||aa ox|oaotc, oouc c| so|ctc cstc ocas|aoo |c,os oc
|as |czas a so|oa o oouc |a so|oaoua sc ca||za ocas|a-
oo |oa, csto |acc ouc |a ||aa oo ucoa couc| |os ox|-
oos), co cuo caso c| bao oc |us|oo sc so||o|||ca co |oa
s |oa. |at|cu|acotc sc cscota cstc |coocoo co
|os accos ouc t|coco coos oc 0,+2% oc cabooo ba,o
tcoo oc c|ccotos ocsox|oaotcs.
Sc ucoc coc| cstc |ocoovco|cotc, ut|||zaooo uoa
va|||a oc acco ca|aoo ouc cootcoa s|||c|o, coo cs c|
caso oc |a so|oaoua |S/|OT /-+ C.
|os accos a| cabooo, coo s oc 0,25% oc ca-
booo, soo ca|aoos, o |o ouc |os |csos oc so|aouas
soo aos, aa so|oa cstc t|o oc acco sc ocbc c|ca
uo cta| oc aotc ca|aoo, coo cs c| caso oc |a va|||a
|S/|OT /-2 C.
Cuaoto ao cs c| tcoo oc cabooo, c| acco cs
s scos|b|c a| tc|c. Coo |a vc|oc|oao oc co||a|coto
cs |cota co |a so|oaoua ox|acct||co|ca, |os |csos oc tc|c
soo oco accotuaoos.
Uoa ocsvcota,a oc cstc occso cs |a caococ|a
oc |a |cza a tccatuas c|cvaoas, a ouc tac coos|o c|
|coocoo oc sobcca|cota|coto, cstc coca c| ccc|-
|coto oc |os aoos, |o ouc csu|ta s cv|ocotc, cuaoto
ao cs |a asa oc |as |czas. Tooo csto sc ocbc tcoc
u co cucota, cuaooo sc tata oc accos coo s oc
0,25% oc cabooo.
4.8.!. A|ambre para so|oar |os aceros a|
carbono y oe baja a|eacln
|| a|abc O||||KO| aa so|oa cstc t|o oc acc-
os a| cabooo ba,a a|cac|oo cs c| C/|3O||| |S-6 CC
/\S || 0S-6, a|abc so||oo aa so|oa ba,o atos|ca
oc CO2, cobcaoo. Sc cscota co cactcs cscc|a|cs, sc-
uo |oa L|| 855.
4.9. 5o|dadura de |os aceros a| carbono y de
baja a|eacin mediante e| proceso de
so|dadura autoprotegida con a|ambres
tubu|ares
|| occso oc so|oaoua, ouc usa a|abcs tubu|acs,
cst cc|azaooo a |os c|cctooos cvcst|oos co |a so|oa-
oua oc |os accos a| cabooo oc ba,a a|cac|oo.
|o |a so|oaoua oc cstos accos sc c|cao oos ctooos:
L| proceso oe so|oaoura con a|ambre con protec-
cln gaseosa.- |c|tc uo a|to aoo oc ocos|c|oo,
so|oaouas oc ca||oao ao|o||ca, ||sas oc coc-
tac|oo o|uooa, coo uo cta| ocos|taoo oc a|ta
ca||oao.
L| proceso oe so|oaoura con a|ambre tubu|ar
autoprotegloo (arco ablerto).- Coo cstc ctooo
sc |oao so|oaouas oc s ba,o costo ouc coo c|
ctooo aotc|o, o oo couc| |os acccso|os aa
c| cou|o ao|c|ooa| c| su|o|sto oc| as. |c|tc
coctac|oocs oocaoas sc ucoc oca co co-
|cotcs oc a|c. |stc ctooo sc c|ca co |os casos,
ooooc oo sc cx|c ca||oao ao|o||ca. |aa so|oa
|os accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo sc c||cc usa a|abcs
tubu|acs a|caoos, coo otccc|oo ascosa.
4.9.!. A|ambres tubu|ares
|stc t|o oc atc|a| oc aotac|oo coosta oc uoa
sccc|oo tubu|a coot|oua ouc coot|coc o|vcsos c|cco-
tos coucstos, ouc c,ccco acc|oocs s|||acs a |as
oc| cvcst||coto co |os c|cctooos, coo soo: |oa-
oo oc csco|a, |oaoo oc as otccto, ao|c|oo oc
c|ccotos a|caotcs, ctc. Su a||cac|oo cs va|aoa , ocb|-
oo a su ao cotab|||oao, cst a|caozaooo caoa vcz ao
|otaoc|a.
|S/ TU3 - | 0T--
|S/ TU3 ++ | +T ++ /utootc|oos
|S/ TU3 + | +T-+ Coo otccc|oo
|S/ TU3 8+ ||+ | 8+T+||+ ascosa
!05 !06
Caracterlstlcas
\a|||as oc acco, oo a|caoo, aa uso coca| co
||oas, baas, tubos o|vcsos c|||cs oc accos cou-
ocs. Ut|| coo atc|a| oc uo|oo o oc c||coo.
T | | O |S/|OT /-2 C
C|/S| /\S |C - 60
/|/||S|S U|||CO C 0, +-
S| 0, -6
|o +,0
||S|ST||C|/ / |/ T|/CC|O|
|bs/u|
2
60 000 - 65 000
|/
2
-2 - -6
Caracterlstlcas
\a|||as oc acco oc ba,a a|cac|oo ao|aoas aa so|oa
|osta|ac|oocs oc a|c acooo|c|ooaoo, cstuctuas, tubc|as oc
as otos ||u|oos.
T | | O |S/|OT /-2 |o
C|/S| /\S |C - 65
/|/||S|S U|||CO C 0,+2
S| 0,+0
|o +,0
|o 0,5
||S|ST||C|/ / |/ T|/CC|O|
|bs/u|
2
6 000 - 2 000
|/
2
- - 50
Caracterlstlcas
|aa |a uo|oo oc accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo, cs|stcotcs
a| ca|o. |o |a coostucc|oo caac|oo oc ca|ocas
tubc|as coo tccatuas oc scv|c|o |asta 500C.
4.7.2. Proceolmlento oe So|oaoura
+. 3|sc|a |os boocs co caso occcsa|o.
2. Tooas |as suc||c|cs o atcs a uo| ocbco csta
||bcs oc tooo c|ccoto cxtao ouc ucoa c,uo|-
ca |a uo|oo.
3. /,usta |a ||aa oc| so|ctc a uoa ||aa ocuta ||c-
acotc cabuaotc.
-. |cca|cota |a |cza oc taba,o o cta| basc, co caso
occcsa|o, a |a tccatua aoccuaoa aa a||ca |a
va| | | a.
5. ||,a |os boocs coo uotos oc so|oaoua.
6. So|oa c| 'ta|oo'.
. So|oa oc occc|a a |zou|coa o oc |zou|coa a occ-
c|a, oc aba,o |ac|a a|ba, scuo c| caso.
o| | bocoo-vaoao| o
4.10. 5o|dadura de aceros a| carbono y de baja
a|eacin mediante e| proceso por arco
sumergido
|a so|oaoua o aco suc|oo cs s |oa ouc
coo c|cctooos cvcst|oos c|tc uo|oocs oc cxcc|cotc
ca||oao bucoa aa|coc|a, cs c| occso |oo|caoo aa ca-
||za so|oaouas autot|cas sc|-autot|cas, |oc|a|-
cotc coo |os accos a| cabooo oc ba,a a|cac|oo.
4.!0.!. L| |unoente
/ou| sc |a oc tcoc co cucota ouc |as o|coaocs
tccoo|o|cas oc uo coooo oc so|oaoua o aco suc|-
oo occooco ootab|ccotc oc |a cob|oac|oo a|abc-
||u,o |O|) c|c|oa, as| coo oc |os actos oc |a so|-
oaoua. Sc |a oc tcoc co cucota sobc tooo, ouc co |a
so|oaoua oc uo so|o asc c| occota,c oc| cta| basc co
c| vo|uco tota| oc| coooo ucoc sc oc |asta c| 0%. |o
|a so|oaoua u|t|asc, c| occota,c oc| cta| basc acoas
cs ootab|c. Scuo csto, co |a so|oaoua oc uo asc sc |a oc
c|c| a|abcs oc a|ta a|cac|oo, as| coo o|vos u a|ca-
b|cs coo aoaocso, o c| coota|o, co |a so|oaoua u|-
t|asc soo occ|s|vas |as o|coaocs oc| atc|a| oc so|-
oaoua ua oc |a cocsooo|cotc cob|oac|oo a|a-
bc-||u,o.
|a va|ac|oo oc| cootco|oo oc aoaocso, oouc|oa
o c| occota,c oc aoaocso co c| |uoocotc, c,ccc |a
ao |o||ucoc|a sobc |a cs|stcoc|a ouc sc ucoc obtcoc.
Coo uo octc|oaoo t|o oc a|abc sc ucoc cooscu|
o||ccoc|as oc |a cs|stcoc|a co c| atc|a| oc so|oaoua, ut|-
||zaooo, o uoa atc, ||u,o coo a|to occota,c oc aoa-
ocso o, o ota atc, ||u,o coo coo occota,c oc ao-
aocso. /ocs, tab|co cx|stc uoa c|cta |o||ucoc|a o c|
c|ccto oc |a a|cac|oo oc| ||u,o coo csccto a| s|||c|o a|
cabooo. S|o cbao, |a cccus|oo sobc |a cs|stcoc|a
cs ootab|ccotc coo, coaaoa coo c| c|ccto oc a|ca-
c|oo oc| aoaocso co c| ||u,o coo csccto a| s|||c|o a|
cabooo.
|os va|ocs ouc sc ucoco obtcoc aa |a tcoac|oao,
|oc|a|cotc |a cs|stcoc|a a tccatua ab|cotc o a
ba,a tccatua, occooco co |oa occ|s|va oc| ||u,o ut|-
||zaoo. |os ||u,os oc so|oa, ocsoc c| uoto oc v|sta cta|u-
|co, ooucco uo a|to cootco|oo oc ox|coo o |oc|us|o-
ocs oo ct||cas, coo c| aucoto oc| cootco|oo oc ox|-
coo ccoa |a tcoac|oao.
|o coca|, sc cot|cooc o ||u,os c|oos ocutos
aouc||os, ouc oao o csu|taoo uo atc|a| oc so|oaoua
coo va|ocs oc cs|||coc|a ba,os co|os, coo |os ||u,os
ocoo|oaoos bs|cos sc obt|coc, o c|a coca|, a|tos
va|ocs oc cs|||coc|a.
4.!0.3. So|oabl|loao oe |os aceros a| carbo-
no no a|eaoos meolante e| proceso
por arco sumergloo
|| ctooo oc so|oaoua o aco suc|oo cs u
cxtcosacotc c|caoo aa |a so|oaoua oc |os accos a|
cabooo co sus t|os ba,os, co|o a|to cabooo.
|a scu|oao co |a so|oaoua oc cstos accos occo-
oc uc|o oc| cootco|oo oc cabooo. /| aucota c| ca-
booo co c| cta| basc aucota c| c||o oc ||suac|oo. |as
||suas ucoco aaccc co |a so|oaoua coo ||suas co
ca||cotc o co |a zooa oc taos|c|oo.
|o csto, |os accos oc a|to cabooo oo sc ucoco
so|oa s|o ||suas, s| cs ouc aotcs oo |ao s|oo cca|cotaoos.
|a tccatua oc cca|cota|coto aucota coo c| csc-
so oc |as |aoc|as, sc ocbc couc| |a vc|oc|oao oc co-
||a|coto oc |as |aoc|as so|oaoas. Tab|co sc ucoc
c,oa ootab|ccotc |a caac|oao oc oc|oac|oo c-
o|aotc uo tata|coto oc cvco|oo.
4.!0.3.!. A|ambres y |unoentes para so|oar |os ace-
ros oe bajo carbono
Lc c|ccoc|a sc ocbc c|ca:
|S-+ |O| +00
|S-+ |O| +85
|S-+ |O| +80
|S-+ |O| +5
|aa |os accos oc co|aoo a|to cabooo sc c|cao:
|S-2 |O|+00
|S-2 |O|+85
|S-2 |O|+80
|S-2 |O|+5
|aa |a so|oaoua o aco suc|oo coo a|abc,
OLPL|KON |ab|ca sus o|os ||u,os aa so|oa, coo
soo:
POP !00 (AWS P6XX-LXX)
|s uo ||u,o a|ocaoo oc t|o bs|co, ouc c|tc
a|caoza uoa |uctc ao|c|oo oc aoaocso uo cou-
c|oo aucoto oc s|||c|o co c| atc|a| ocos|taoo.
POP !85 (AWS P7XX-LXX)
|s uo ||u,o a|ocaoo oc caactc|st|ca bs|ca. Sc
caactc|za o |a ao|c|oo oc uo a|to occota,c oc
aoaocso a| ocos|to oc so|oaoua, ot|vo o c|
cua| sc cco|cooa c|ca|o co cob|oac|oo coo
a|abcs oc ba,a a|cac|oo oc aoaocso.
|S/ t|coc tab|co oos a|tcoat|vas aa so|oa acc-
os coovcoc|ooa|cs, |O|+5 |O|+80
4.!0.2. L| a|ambre
|os c|ccotos, ouc coo|oao |os cou|os oc aco
suc|oo, c|tco c|ca uo |||taoo ouco oc o|-
ctos oc a|abc. || cab|o oc a|abc ucoc cx|| c|
uso oc uoa oucva |sto|a a|tcac|oo oc |os ccao|sos
oc a||cotac|oo.
So|acotc |os o|ctos oc +,6, 2,0, 2,5, 3,5
-,0 soo c|caoos co |a so|oaoua sc|-autot|-
ca. || o|cto oc a|abc oc +,6 cs usaoo aa
ca||za so|oaouas co |||ctc a uoa a|ta vc|oc|oao co acc-
os coo cscsocs ocsoc 2 a 6 .
|| o|cto oc 2,0 cs c|caoo aa so|oaoua
co |||ctc, tas|aaoa a toc sobc |aoc|as oc 2,5 o
s, cuaooo |a |sto|a cs ocaoa aoua|cotc. || o|-
cto oc 2,5 cs usaoo |oc|a|cotc, cuaooo |a
|sto|a cs ocaoa cco|cacotc. |stc u|t|o o|cto
sc ucoc oca aoua|cotc, co |a tcoac|oao oc| a|a-
bc t|cooc a oa ao ||ocz a| cab|c |acc o|s|ou| |a
ao|oba||oao oc |a |sto|a.
|a so|oaoua tota|cotc autot|ca ob||a, coc-
a|cotc, a c|ca a|abcs ocsoc 2 |asta 6 .
|aa |ac|||ta a| coosu|oo |a sc|ccc|oo oc uo oc-
tc|oaoo a|abc, co |a tab|a s|u|cotc sc sca|a |as caac-
tc|st|cas aa caoa uoo oc |os t|os oc a|abc oc so|oa.
\a|ocs oo|oa|cs)
/| abcs |o a C | o S | | o
|S-05 /\S || 8 0,08 0,3 0,06
|S-+ /\S || +2 0,+2 0,5 0,+0
|S-2 /\S || +2K 0,+- +,0 0,-6
|S-2 |o L|| S2 |o 0,+2 +,0 0,+0 0,5
4.!0.2.!. Denomlnacln y composlcln oe a|ambres
4.!0.4. So|oabl|loao oe |os aceros a|eaoos
meolante e| proceso por arco su-
mergloo
|aa |a so|oaoua oc |os accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo, c-
|caooo c| occso oc aco suc|oo, sc ocbc tcoc co
cucota ouc t|coco coo cooouct|v|oao tc|ca ao
caac|oao oc o||atac|oo ouc |os accos oc ba,o cabooo.
|sto oa |ua a aocs tcos|oocs ouaotc c| co||a-
|coto. Coo co||a|coto u |oo sc |oao cstuctu-
as ouas, ouc ucoco |o||u| ocs|avoab|ccotc sobc |a
caac|oao oc oc|oac|oo oc |a uo|oo so|oaoa.
|stc t|o oc acco cs u suscct|b|c a |a |oac|oo
oc ||suas co |a zooa oc taos|c|oo.
4.!0.4.!. A|ambres y |unoentes para so|oar |os ace-
ros a|eaoos
|a cs|stcoc|a oc |a so|oaoua sc coos|uc o a|ca-
c|oo coo octc|oaoos c|ccotos, coo c| |o |o, sc-
uo |as o|coaocs oc| acco c| ocst|oo aa c| ouc sc |a
cv|sto. |a a|cac|oo oc |a so|oaoua ucoc occoc oc|
a|abc o oc| ||u,o. |o |a ct|ca sc cootao b|co |os
o|vos bs|cos oc ba,o cootco|oo oc s|||c|o, ta|cs coo c|:
|O| +00 |S-+
|O| +85 |S-+
|a so|oaoua oc uo|oo ocbc ca||zasc oo co boocs
cctos s|oo co \ o co , cstos aaot|zao |a |o|a |us|oo
oc| atc|a| basc. |s c|c|b|c |a so|oaoua oc va|as a-
saoas u|t|asc).
!07 !08
e|lmlnaoa
!09
CAPlIULO V
El Acero Fundido
y su 5oldabilidad
|stos c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo soo |oo|caoos
aa cvco| ||suas a,aouas co c| coooo oc so|oaou-
a. || ||oocoo ovco|cotc oc| a|c o c| ||oocoo o-
vco|cotc oc| cvcst||coto, cuaooo oo sc c|cao cstos
t|os oc c|cctooo, a|ccta a| cta| cuaooo cst co cstaoo
sc|-||u|oo. |aa cootacsta csc c|ccto ooc|vo oc| ||-
oocoo a| so|oa |os accos oc co|aoo a|to cabooo,
sc c|cao |os c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo, ouc bs|ca-
cotc coot|coco uo occota,c |o|o oc cstc c|ccoto
co su cvcst||coto, aocs oc cootcoc otos c|ccotos
coo c| cabooato oc ca|c|o |a ||uo|ta, ouc coo sus
cacc|oocs ocuta||zao c| c|ccto ooc|vo oc| ||oocoo.
Lc sc occcsa|o c| cca|cota|coto oc |a |cza, cstc
ocbc |accsc a |as tccatuas ao|aoas, scuo c| aoo
o occota,c oc cabooo cscotc co c| acco c| cscso
oc |as |czas o |aoc|as a so|oa.
|| s|u|cotc cuaoo ucoc o|cota a| so|oaoo co |a
octc|oac|oo oc |as tccatuas oc cca|cota|coto.
TLNAC|TO 65 C|/S| /\S | 0+8 - C
TLNAC|TO 75 C|/S| /\S | +00+8 - C
LXSA !06 C|/S| /\S | 3+2 - +6
|NOX CW C|/S| /\S | 3+0 - +6
2,5
---
---
---
60C
+0C
200C
2-0C
280C
320C
330C
380C
+0
0C
+-0C
2-0C
300C
330C
3-0C
350C
30C
-00C
-+0C
-50C
25
+80C
220C
20C
3-0C
360C
30C
380C
-00C
-30C
--0C
-0C
50
220C
260C
320C
360C
380C
30C
-00C
-20C
--0C
-50C
-80C
250
250C
20C
330C
30C
30C
-00C
-+0C
-30C
-50C
-60C
-0C
% oc
Cabooo
0,30
0,35
0,-0
0,-5
0,50
0,52
0,55
0,60
0,65
0,0
0,80
|scso oc |a |cza a so|oa co
|os c|cctooos oc acco |oox|oab|c austco|t|co, ouc
|oo|caos aa so|oa |os accos |uoo|oos oc co|o o a|to
cabooo, sc ut|||zao co caso ouc sc cscotco a,aouas o
|ctas sca |act|cab|c c| cca|cota|coto o |os|-
b|c oc ||cva|o a cabo o |a oatua|cza oc |a |cza.
5.1. E| acero fundido
|| tc|oo oc acco |uoo|oo sc a||ca a aouc||as |c-
zas, ouc sc obt|coco vct|cooo acco co |us|oo a uo o|oc
aoccuaoo, oc ooo ouc c| cta| a so||o|||caoo tcoa |a
|oa couc|oa, s|o ouc sc occcs|tc o|ouoa ota oca-
c|oo oc coo|oaoo o o|oco, cxcctuaooo ou|zs c| aca-
baoo o aou|oaoo oc a|uoas oc sus caas o suc||c|cs.
|| acco |uoo|oo sc ascc,a a| ||co |uoo|oo so|a-
cotc co c| occso oc |ab|cac|oo oc |as |czas, oo as| co
su coos|c|oo caactc|st|cas.
|| acco |uoo|oo t|coc |os |sos cooocotcs ou|-
|cos oc uo acco |a|oaoo, sca oc ba,o, co|o o a|to
cabooo, coo |a cxccc|oo oc ouc cs |uoo|oo vac|aoo co
o|ocs aa obtcoc |a |oa ocscaoa.
|| acco |uoo|oo t|coc a|ta so||ocz, bucoa cs|stcoc|a a
|os o|cs, ouct|||oao tcoac|oao coos|ocab|cs. |o oscc
cstas o|coaocs cocucota ao acctac|oo co |a |ab|ca-
c|oo oc uc|as |czas.
|| acco |uoo|oo sc o|st|ouc oc| ||co |uoo|oo o:
Su suc|o tcoac|oao.
|| aoo s ||oo ouc sc obscva co |a |actua.
|| |cc|o oc ouc, soct|oo a| cotc o c|occ| o co-
ta||o, sc obscva uoa v|uta s ouct|| coot|oua.
|| ao b|||o ct||co ouc cscota.
|| soo|oo o||ccotc.
|a c||sa ouc ocscooc a| sc csc||aoo.
|| asccto |a |oa oc |a |cza |uoo|oa, ctc.
|os taba,os oc so|oaoua, ouc ooa|cotc sc c-
scotao co |czas oc acco |uoo|oo, coos|stco co |a caa-
c|oo oc |czas otas o c| c||coo oc au,cos u otos oc|cc-
tos, ouc ucoco oouc|sc ouaotc c| occso oc co|aoa
oc |a |cza.
Ota a||cac|oo oc |a so|oaoua co accos |uoo|oos cs
|a ccoostucc|oo oc suc||c|cs ocsastaoas, ut|||zaooo a-
tc|a|cs oc aotc coo ccub||coto otccto.
5.2. La so|dadura de |os aceros fundidos
Tatooosc oc accos |uoo|oos, sc ocbc scu| |as |oo|-
cac|oocs oaoas aa so|oa |os accos |a|oaoos oc |ua| co-
os|c|oo ou||ca, c|caooo oc c|ccoc|a |os c|cctooos
oc ba,o ||oocoo oc acco |oox|oab|c austco|t|co:
5
---
---
+30C
2-0C
20C
300C
320C
3-0C
30C
380C
-20C
e|lmlnaoa
!!0
+)2167 8
| Acero food|do , so So|dob|||dod
|os ocos|tos oc |os c|cctooos oc acco |oox|oab|c
coc|ooaoos soo s ouct||cs tcoaccs ouc |os ca||zaoos
coo c|cctooos oc ba,o ||oocoo oo sc coouccco o
uo co||a|coto busco.
5.3. Acero fundido a| 13 de manga-
neso
|stc acco sc caactc|za o tcoc o|coaocs u
o||ccotcs a |as ouc oscco |a ao|a oc |os accos oc uso
|ooust|a|.
|s oc ao ut|||oao aa octc|oaoas a||cac|oocs,
ocb|oo |oc|a|cotc a su ao cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc a|
auto-cooucc||coto ouc cxc|cota co |a suc||c|c coo
coosccucoc|a oc |os |uctcs o|cs oza|cotos ouc soota.
5.3.!. Mlcroestructura oe |os aceros a| man-
ganeso
|aa cooscu| a tccatua ab|cotc uoa |cocs-
tuctua austco|t|ca oc |a x|a tcoac|oao, ouc cs |a ouc
cocsoooc a |os aocs a|aa|cotos, |a ouc ca|co-
ta c| acco |asta |a austco|zac|oo co|cta aox. +050C)
|uco ca||za c| co||a|coto |oo, s|cooo cas| s|cc
occcsa|o co||a co aua.
|o cab|o, cuaooo c| co||a|coto cs |coto, a| ocs-
ccooc |a tccatua, |a austco|ta sc taos|oa co otos
coost|tucotcs |a |cocstuctua ||oa| aaccc |oaoa
o austco|ta ctco|oa, |c|ta cabuos, co caot|oaocs va-
|ab|cs, scuo |a vc|oc|oao oc co||a|coto, oaooo coo
coosccucoc|a va|ocs oc a|aa|coto occotua| |o|c|ocs
a |os ouc cocsoooco a |a cstuctua austco|t|ca.
5.3.2. Mool|lcaclones mlcroestructura|es
por ca|entamlento a temperaturas
varlab|es entre 200 y 800`C
|a ao|a oc |os accos, a| sc ca|cotaoos a tcc-
atuas o ocba,o oc 2C, sc ab|aooao o cooc su
tcoac|oao aucota. |os accos austco|t|cos, a| sc ca|cota-
oos a tccatua ccc|cotc, sc vao vo|v|cooo caoa vcz s
|||cs o c|ccto oc |a aa|c|oo oc cabuos, |os cua|cs sc
cc||tao co |os |||tcs oc aoo oc |a austco|ta.
|| acco austco|t|co t|coc |a o|coao oc coouccc-
sc o taba,o co ||o s ouc o|ouo oto acco. || taba,o
co ||o oc|oa |os aoos austco|t|cos sc |oao ||ocas
oc oc|oac|oo co |a |cocstuctua. |xc|cota|cotc
sc |a coobaoo ouc, ocsucs oc uoa coucc|oo oc scc-
c|oo co ||o oc 80%, |a oucza oc| acco |occcota oc
200 a 560 3 uo|oaocs 3|oc|| oc oucza).
5.3.4. So|oabl|loao
|| scccto oc uoa ocac|oo cx|tosa sobc cstc acco
coos|stc co |oa ouc |as atcs, ouc |ocv|tab|ccotc ocbco
ca|cotasc o c|ccto oc| aco c|cct|co, sc ca||cotco |o
coos os|b|c caoczcao a csta tccatua ouaotc
uo c|ooo oc t|co u coto. |aa |oa cstc ob,ct|vo
ocbco tcocsc co cucota |as s|u|cotcs obscvac|oocs:
|uoca cca|cota, cocoza a so|oa s|cc coo
|a |cza |o s ||a os|b|c.
S| sc ut|||zao c|cctooos oc ao o|cto, tata oc
couc| c| aotc tc|co, avaozaooo coo |as so|oa-
ouas co |oa |oa coostaotc.
|| at|||aoo suc|c acoosc,asc aa couc| tcos|o-
ocs, co ocbc a||casc coo c|tc|o so|o co so|oa-
oua oc ccauc.
|a sccucoc|a oc so|oaoua ocbc octc|oasc oc ta|
aoca ouc sc cv|tc ca|cota|cotos |oca||zaoos, bus-
caooo uoa aoccuaoa o|st|buc|oo oc |as tcos|oocs c-
ocaoas.
Cuaooo sc a||ca s oc uoa caa oc so|oaoua, coo-
v|coc ouc |os coooocs oc |a scuooa caa cucco
taosvcsa|cotc |os oc |a |ca, as| succs|vacotc.
|ucoc ccu|sc a s|stcas oc co||a|coto |ozaoo
ouaotc |a so|oaoua, coo aua o a|c, tco|cooo |a c-
cauc|oo occcsa|a aa cv|ta ouc cstos ||u|oos cotco
co cootacto coo c| cta| oc so|oaoua.
|o |a so|oaoua oc uo|oo cotc accos |ua|cs o coo
accos a| cabooo ocbc sc ut|||zaoo c| C|TO|||| 80+.
Cuaooo sc tcoa ouc c|cctua so|oaouas oc cca-
uc sobc |czas oc acco a| |o ocsastaoas, sc c-
co|cooa |a a||cac|oo oc C|TO|/|C/|, cv|o
co,|o aot|uaoo oc ||O /\.
!!! !!2
C|sta|cs oc austco|ta cootoocaoos o uoa co oc cabuos,
obtco|oa o ca|cota|coto a 650C oc uoa ucsta cv|acotc
ca|cotaoa a + 050C co||aoa co aua.
\a|ac|oo oc| a|aa|coto oc uo acco austco|t|co a| |o,
cuaooo ocsucs oc sc ca|cotaoo a +050C cs co||aoo
coo vc|oc|oaocs va|ab|cs.
||cocstuctua oc uo acco austco|t|co a| |o, ca|cotaoo a+
050C |uco co||aoo co aua.
|| |so acco, |uco oc sc oc|oaoo co ||o o cst|a-
oo, coo uoa coucc|oo oc sccc|oo oc| 25%.
5.3.3. Lnoureclmlento oe| acero austenltl-
co por oe|ormacln
!!3
CAPlIULO Vl
CAPlIULO Vl
| f|erro food|do , so
So|dob|||dod
6.0. Genera|idades
|os ||cos |uoo|oos soo a|cac|oocs oc ||co, cabo-
oo s|||c|o, co |as ouc coca|cotc tab|co csto csco-
tcs c|ccotos coo |os|oo, azu|c, aoaocso, ctc. Su
cootco|oo oc cabooo ooa|cotc cs ao a| 2%, cs-
taooo cocoo|oo cotc 2,5 a -,5%. Sc caactc|zao
o aoou|| su |oa oc||o|t|va o|cctacotc o co|aoa,
oo uo|cooosc soctc cstas a|cac|oocs a occsos oc
oc|oac|oo |st|ca co ||o o| ca||cotc. |o soo ouct||cs o|
a|cab|cs aocs, taoco soo |o,ab|cs o| |a|oab|cs.
6.1. C|asificacin de |as fundiciones
C|as|||cacos |as |uoo|c|oocs ocsoc oos uotos oc
v|sta:
a. oc acucoo a su |actua
b. oc acucoo a su |cocstuctua
Por e| aspecto oe su |ractura:
Lc acucoo a| asccto ouc cscota |as |czas |uoo|-
oas ocsucs oc otas, sc c|as|||cao co:
|uoo|c|oo |s |s oscuo).
|uoo|c|oo b|aoca b|aoco b|||aotc).
|uoo|c|oo atuc|aoa |scco).
a ouc tcoc co cucota ouc |a vc|oc|oao oc co||a-
|coto t|coc ao |o||ucoc|a sobc |a |oac|oo oc uoa u
ota |uoo|c|oo. Coo co||a|coto |coto sc vc |avocc|oa |a
|oac|oo oc |uoo|c|oo |s, c| co||a|coto |oo oou-
cc |uoo|c|oo b|aoca.
|| tooo |s ouc cscotao |as |uoo|c|oocs |scs
atuc|aoas sc ocbc a |a cscoc|a oc uoa ao caot|oao oc
a||to |a|oa.
Por su mlcroestructura:
Lc acucoo a su |cocstuctua, sc ucoco c|as|||-
ca co tcs uos:
|uoo|c|oocs co |as ouc tooo c| cabooo sc cocucota
cob|oaoo |oaooo cccot|ta ouc a| oc c-
scota |actua oc |uoo|c|oo b|aoca.
Tooo c| cabooo sc cscota co-
b|oaoo.
|atc oc| cabooo sc cscota co-
b|oaoo atc co |oa oc ||oas
oc a||to.
|U|L|C|O||S CO| C|/||TO || |O||/ |OLU|/| O |S|||O|L/|
|U|L|C|O||S S|| C|/||TO
|uoo|c|oo b|aoca:
+) |ccutcct|ca
|uoo|c|oo b|aoca:
2) |ccutcct|ca
+) Cccot|ta |a|a co |oa
oc au,as o baooas ccco-
t|ta sccuooa|a c||ta.
2) Cccot|ta sccuooa|a c-
||ta.
|U|L|C|O||S CO| C|/||TO || |O||/ L| |/|||/S
|uoo|c|oo atuc|aoa:
|u o|||c|| oc ccao|za.
|uoo|c|oo c||t|ca: /|ta cs|stcoc|a.
|uoo|c|oo |s oo|oa|a u |c|| oc
ccao|za oc ba,a cs|stcoc|a.
Ca||to, cccot|ta c||ta.
Ca||to c||ta.
Ca||to, c||ta |c|ta.
|| a||to sc cscota co |oa oc
a|| to ooou| a.
Tco|cacotc, c| cabooo ocb|a oc
|abc ocsaacc|oo o ocscabua-
c|oo. |o |a ct|ca oucoa a|o co |o-
a c||t|ca a|o co |oa ooou|a.
|| cabooo sc cscota co |oa oc a-
||to cs|co|oa| co |oa oc cabooo
cob|oaoo.
|ooo oc cscotasc c| cabooo C|asc oc |uoo|c|oo Coost|tucotcs
|c|ta a||to ooou|a. / vcccs ta-
b|co a|o oc cccot|ta c||ta ouc oo
|ao ||caoo a taos|oasc co a||to.
Tco| cacotc, so| o |c| ta. |o | a
ct|ca suc|c oucoa a|o oc a-
||to co ooou|os a vcccs a|o oc
cccot|ta c||ta s|o taos|oa.
|c|ta, a||to co |oa cs|co|oa|
c||ta. / vcccs tab|co atcos|ta c-
vco|oa.
|uoo|c|oo a|cab|c oc coazoo oco:
/|ta cs|stcoc|a bucoa tcoac|oao.
|uoo|c|oo a|cab|c oc coazoo b|aoco:
3ucoa cs|stcoc|a bucoa tcoac|oao.
|uoo|c|oocs cscc|a|cs coo a||to co |o-
a cs|co|oa| |ab|caoas coo cc|o o
aocs|o): /|ta cs|stcoc|a u bucoo
tcoac|oao.
e|lmlnaoa
!!4
|uoo|c|oocs co |as ouc tooo c| cabooo cst co csta-
oo ||bc, |oaooo a||to.
|uoo|c|oocs co |as ouc atc oc| cabooo cst ||bc co
|oa oc a||to atc cob|oaoo co |oa oc cc-
cot|ta.
6.2. Caracteristicas
6.2.!. Plerro |unoloo b|anco
|a |uoo|c|oo b|aoca sc caactc|za o |a cscoc|a
oc| coucsto |otcst|c|a| ouo |||, ocoo|oaoo ca-
buo oc ||co o cccot|ta o c| co|o oc sus suc||c|cs
|actuaoas. Coo |uoo|c|oo b|aoca coot|coc caot|oaocs
c|at|vacotc a|tas oc cccot|ta, csta |uoo|c|oo oscc ao
oucza cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc, s|cooo u ||| o|||c||
oc aou|oa.
|sta |a|||oao |a|ta oc aou|oab|||oao |||ta su ut|||-
zac|oo |ooust|a|, oucoaooo couc|oo su c|co a u|as oc
|a|oaooas, o||oos oc bo|as, cstaas oc cst|a bo-
ou|||as oc cxtus|oo, ctc., co coca| |czas su,ctas a| ocs-
astc.
Tab|co sc usa co aoocs caot|oaocs coo atc|a|
oc at|oa aa |a |ab|cac|oo oc |uoo|c|oo a|cab|c.
|aa cv|ta |a |oac|oo oc |ctas o ||suas ouaotc
c| ocsao||o oc uoa uo|oo so|oaoa, coo coosccucoc|a
oc |as tcos|oocs oc cootacc|oo, cs cscoc|a| ouc taoto c|
cta| basc coo c| cta| oc aotc oscao ouct|||oao. /|
caccc |a |uoo|c|oo b|aoca oc csta o|coao, sc cot|cooc
ouc so|oa cstc atc|a| cs o|||cu|toso.
|a cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo oc |as |uoo|c|oocs |scs
cs |uoc|oo oc |a cstuctua oc |a at|z, co |a ouc sc cocuco-
ta c| a||to o|scso co |oa |a|oa.
S| |a coos|c|oo ou||ca |a vc|oc|oao oc co-
||a|coto soo ta|cs ouc |a cccot|ta sc a||t|za, |a
at|z cscota uoa cstuctua |c|t|ca, c||t|ca. |a
coost|tuc|oo oc |a at|z ucoc va|a oc |c||ta ua a
|c|ta ua, asaooo o uoa sc|c oc czc|as oc |c-
||ta |c|ta co o|st|otas ooc|oocs.
6.2.2. Plerro |unoloo grls
|stc t| o oc | uoo| c| oocs cs oc uso s o| -
| uoo| oo. Su oobc sc ocbc a| co| o | s ouc
cscotao sus suc| | c| cs | actuaoas, | as cua| cs
aoc|ao oc oco | os ocoos cuaooo cstas su-
c||c|cs otas soo |otaoas, |o ouc cs ocb|oo a |a
cscoc| a oc at| cu| as oc cabooo co cstaoo
| | bc a| | to).
||. +.- |uoo|c|oo 3|aoca
||. 2.- |uoo|c|oo C|s |c|t|ca
||. 3.- |uoo|c|oo C|s |c||t|ca
|a |uoo|c|oo |s |c|t|ca, sc caactc|za oouc |as
||oas oc a||to sc cocucotao sobc aoos oc |c|ta,
|cotas ouc co |a |uoo|c|oo |s c||t|ca, |as ||oas oc
a||to sc |a||ao sobc |oooo c||t|co oscuo), coo |a
cscoc|a oc a|uoos aoos oc |c|ta b|aoco).
|as |uoo|c|oocs |scs sc c|as|||cao co s|ctc t|os scuo
/ST| oucos 20, 25, 30, 35, -0, 50 60), |os cua|cs
cxcsao co ||cs oc ||bas o u|aoa cuaoaoa |a |o|a
cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo oc| atc|a|. |a tab|a ao,uota c-
scota |a caactc|st|ca t||ca oc |a |uoo|c|oo |s co cstaoo
buto oc |uoo|c|oo.
|a cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo t|coc ao |otaoc|a co |a
c|ccc|oo oc |a |uoo|c|oo |s aa |a |ab|cac|oo oc |czas,
ouc co scv|c|o csto soct|oas oc aoca |oo|ccta a ca-
as cstt|cas oc tacc|oo o ||cx|oo. |otc cstas oocos
coc|ooa, sootcs, v|vu|as, acccso|os oc oota,c a-
|aocas.
|o |as |uoo|c|oocs |scs |a cs|stcoc|a a |a coc-
s|oo t|coc ao |otaoc|a cs uc|o ao ouc |a
cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo, cstc atc|a| sc c|ca aa |a
coostucc|oo oc bascs o baocaoas oc ou|oas cstuctuas.
Lcsoc uo uoto oc v|sta ct|co ucoc cstab|cccsc,
ouc co |as |uoo|c|oocs |a cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo co|oc|oc
coo c| |||tc c|st|co, |o ouc s|o|||ca ouc c| atc|a| oo sc
oc|oa |st|cacotc ouc, o coos|u|cotc, cs c| cta|
oc aotac|oo c| ouc ooa|cotc ocbc 'absobc' |as
tcos|oocs oc cootacc|oo o||oaoas a| so|oa.
6.2.3. Plerro |unoloo ma|eab|e
|stc t|o co |as |uoo|c|oo sc obt|coc a| a||ca|c a| ||c-
o |uoo|oo b|aoco uo tata|coto oc ccoc|oo, ca|coto-
oo|o a uoa tccatua cocoo|oa cotc 850 50C,
coo c| ob,cto oc ocscoooc |a cccot|ta, oucoaooo c|
cabooo ||bc co |oa oc ooou|os |cu|acs, ocoo|oa-
oos ooa|cotc cabooo oc cvco|oo. |ucoco o||oasc
oos t|os o||ccotcs:
|| |co cs oc| t|o 'cuoco' ouc sc obt|coc ca||-
zaooo c| tata|coto a|ba coc|ooaoo ouaotc uoo
o oos o|as co cscoc|a oc ox|oo |c|co, ouc ox|oa
c| cabooo suc||c|a|cotc, coo |a oatua| coucc|oo
oc| occota,c oc| |so co |a coos|c|oo ||oa|. |o
|a ||ua ao,uota ucoc vcsc c| |oooo c||t|co c|
cabooo cvco|oo uo||occotc o|st|bu|oo.
|| scuooo t|o cs |a ||aaoa '|uoo|c|oo a|cab|c
ac|caoa', ouc sc obt|coc o|ooaooo c| ccoc|-
oo, a vcccs |asta oc|o o|as, coo uoa cstuctua oc
|oooo |c|t|ca, co |a ouc |os ooou|os |cu|acs oc|
cabooo oc cvco|oo csto uo||occotc o|st|bu|-
oos, coo ucoc obscvasc co |a ||ua ao,uota.
T|o
/ST|
20
25
30
35
-0
50
60
|cs|stco-
c|a a |a
tacc|oo,
| /
2
+5,-0
+8,20
2+,0
25,55
2,5
36,5
-3,5
|cs|stcoc|a a
|a
coc-
s|oo, //
2
58,+0
6,0
6,30
86,80
8,00
++-,80
+3+,25
|oou|o oc c|ast|c|oao
co ||cs oc |/
2
Tcos|oo Tos|oo
|||tc a |a
|at|a o
||cx|oo
a|tcoaoa
|/
2
,00
8,05
,80
++,20
+2,5
+5,05
+,+5
2,3 - 3,2
3,22 - -,20
3,6- - -,62
-,06 - -,83
-,-8 - 5,-6
5,0- - 5,60
5,-6 - 5,5
6,2 - ,80
8,50 - +0,36
,+0 - ++,-8
+0,+5 - +2,0-
++,20 - +-,00
+3,+6 - +5,6
+-,28 - +6,-5
|cs|stcoc|a
a|
c|za||acoto
o tos|oo
|/
2
+8,20
22,-0
28,00
33,5
3,0
5+,+0
6+,5
|cs|stcoc|a
taosvcsa| oc uoa
baa oc +,2
u|aoas oc
o|cto +8 oc
|oo|tuo co |.
83, 0
8, -5
++-6, 35
+23, 0
+--+, -5
+63-, -0
+6, 80
3|
+56
+-
20+
2+2
235
262
302
Caracterlstlcas mecanlcas tlplcas oe |as probetas norma|es
oe |unolcln grls en estaoo bruto oe |unolcln
||. 5.- |uoo|c|oo |a|cab|c /c|caoa)
|o |a |cocstuctua aotc|o, sc obscva |a |c|ta
coo |oooo b|aoco) a||to cst|aoo coo |oooo oco).
|as a||cac|oocs s co|cotcs oc |as |uoo|c|oocs
a|cab|cs soo:
|noustrla automotrlz: Ca,as oc| ucotc ostc|o
o||ccoc|a|, bo|cs oc |cva c|uca|cs.
Pabrlcacln oe equlpos oe transporte: |ucoas oco-
taoas, cs|aboocs oc caocoas, sootc oc |os c|cvaoo-
cs.
Construccln oe e|ementos oe maqulnas:
C|||ooos aa |a|oa, bobas, |cvas, ba|aoc|ocs.
Pabrlcacln oe armamentos.
Construccln oe numerosas berramlentas pequeas: ||a-
vcs |o|csas, at|||os, cosas oc aoo, t|,cas, ctc.
||. -.- |uoo|c|oo |a|cab|c |uoca)
!!5 !!6
|uoo|oo co c| uooo soo oc |uoo|c|oo |s, s|o cbao, |a
|uoo|c|oo a|cab|c |a |uoo|c|oo ooou|a vao aoaooo
caoa o|a uo ao tccoo co c| cao oc |as |ab|cac|o-
ocs o |uoo|c|oo.
Lcsoc c| uoto oc v|sta oc |a so|oab|||oao oocos
|oo|ca |o s|u|cotc:
|a |uoo|c|oo b|aoca cscota u sc|os ob|cas
aa so|oa|a.
|a |uoo|c|oo |s cs so|oab|c coo |os ctooos ao-
|aoos aa so|oa ||co |uoo|oo su c,ccuc|oo cs uo
|cc|o co|cotc co |a |ooust|a.
|a |uoo|c|oo a|cab|c tab|co cs so|oab|c, co s|
oo sc toao |as ocb|oas ccauc|oocs, c| c|ccto oc|
tata|coto tc|co o ccoc|oo -ouc sc act|ca
aa obtcoc aouc| ||co a|cab|c- oucoa sc|a-
cotc cooct|oo. |a tcco|ca oc so|oa |oo|ca
ut|||za c| |so occo||coto toa |as |s-
as ccauc|oocs ouc aa |a |uoo|c|oo |s, co
sca|a ouc |a |cza ocbc sc |otoouc|oa |uco co uo
|ooo oc ccoc|oo, coo c| ob,cto oc cootacsta
|os cab|os oc tccatua ouc |ub|csc oo|oo
ocas|ooa |a so|oaoua.
Uo ctooo ct|co oc so|oa |a |uoo|c|oo a|cab|c,
cuaooo oo |otccsa c| co|o oc |a so|oaoua, cs c|
c|co oc va|||as oc a|cac|oocs oc cobc, o sca |a
so|oaoua |uctc baz|o).
|a |uoo|c|oo ooou|a, ouc v|coc c|cooosc caoa o|a
co ao ooc|oo co oucsto co|o, cs tab|co
so|oab|c, cuaooo sc obscvao |as |ostucc|oocs ouc
aa c| c|ccto sc |oo|cao.
Lcoto oc tooas |as c|ascs oc |uoo|c|oo, ouc cstaos
v|cooo, cx|stco t|os oc |uoo|c|oo ouc, |oc|uso c|caooo
|os co|os ao|aoos, soo cs|acotc so|oab|cs su
so|oab|||oao cs |s|oo oc| so|oaoo. Ta|cs atc|a|cs soo,
o c,c|o, |a |uoo|c|oo oucaoa, o sca |a ouc |a cstaoo
uc|o t|co a tccatuas c|cvaoas cca|cota|coto
o vao o |uco ab|cto). Taoco cs so|oab|c c| ||co
|uoo|oo ouc |a cstaoo cxucsto ouaotc uc|o t|co a
|a |ucoao, c|oos, ctc., as| coo |as |czas coo|oas
|uctccotc ox|oaoos.
6.3.!. Prob|emas tlplcos a| so|oar e| |lerro
|unoloo grls
Cuaooo sc suc|oa c| ||co |uoo|oo |s, c| cabooo -
a sca co cstaoo ||bc o co cstaoo cob|oaoo- sc o|suc|vc
co c| cta| |uoo|oo. /| ocsaaccc c| ca|o oc |a so|oaoua
sc ooucc uoa |oa so||o|||cac|oo oc| ||co ocas|ooaoa
o c| c|ccto c|caotc oc |a asa c|at|vacotc ||a ouc
c|cuooa a| bao |uoo|oo, suaoo a| c|ccto c||caotc oc|
a|c co cootacto coo |a so|oaoua. / causa oc| |oo
co||a|coto, uoa ao ooc|oo oc| cabooo cob|oa-
oo oucoa ctco|oo, csu|taooo as| uo cta| cooucc|oo co
|a zooa oc |a so|oaoua. |stc c|ccto c,uo|c|a| ucoc cou-
c|sc ctaoaooo |a vc|oc|oao oc co||a|coto, coo cca-
|cota|coto oc |a |cza.
Cuaooo oo sc act|ca c| cca|cota|coto, ocbc to-
asc |a ccauc|oo oc oo ca|cota ocas|aoo |a |cza, o|
ctcoc c| c|cctooo o uc|o t|co co c| uoto oc |u-
s|oo oc |a so|oaoua. |o cstc caso cs c|c|b|c ocos|ta |a
so|oaoua o atc|a| oc aotc co coucos coooocs,
oc,aooo ouc |a |cza sc co||c ocsucs oc caoa coooo ao-
tcs oc coot|oua coo c| s|u|cotc, |asta ouc |a ocac|oo
oucoc cooc|u|oa.
Oto ob|ca ouc sc cscota cs c| s|u|cotc:
Cuaooo sc suc|oa uoa atc oc |a |cza , co coosc-
cucoc|a, sc ca||cota o|c|a zooa oc| ||co |uoo|oo, c|
atc|a| sc o||ata, |o ouc ucoc causa tcos|oocs coos|-
ocab|cs co a|uoa ota atc oc |a |cza. Coo c| ||co
|uoo|oo oscc oca ouct|||oao oo sc a|aa, |a tcos|oo
ocas|ooaoa ucoc sc su||c|cotc aa oc|o co |a atc
coos ca|cotaoa. || |so c|ccto, causaoo o |a o||a-
tac|oo oc| atc|a|, ucoc ocas|ooasc o |a cootac-
c|oo a| co||asc |a |cza.
|as tcos|oocs |otcoas oouc|oas o |a o||atac|oo |a
cootacc|oo ucoco sc aou|aoas, cuaooo sc ooucc uoa o|-
|atac|oo oc tooa |a |cza |uco uoa cootacc|oo |ua|, cs
occ| cca|cotaooo tooa |a |cza a uoa tccatua octc-
|oaoa, aotco|cooo o|c|a tccatua ouaotc tooo c| o-
ccso oc so|oaoua |uco co||aooo |cotacotc tooo c| coo-
,uoto coo uo||o|oao. || co||a|coto |coto uo||oc uc-
oc obtcocsc, a|s|aooo |a |cza oc |as co|cotcs oc a|c o oc
uo ab|cotc ||o, oc c|ccoc|a ccub|cooo|a coo |aoc|as
oc asbcsto, ca| co o|vo o cco|zas ca||cotcs, o b|co |otoou-
c|cooo |a |cza co uo |ooo ca||cotc.
6.3.2. Mtooo para |a so|oaoura oe| |lerro
|unoloo grls
|o |a so|oaoua oc| ||co |uoo|oo |s |os occo|-
|cotos s usua|cs soo:
So|oaoua ox|-acct||co|ca.
So|oaoua a| aco c|cct|co coo cca|cota|coto so|-
oaoua co ca||cotc).
So|oaoua a| aco c|cct|co s|o cca|cota|coto so|-
oaoua co ||o).
|a so|oaoua ox|-acct||co|ca cs as |oo|caoa aa so|-
oa |czas oc coucas o|cos|oocs. |a so|oaoua o aco
c|cct|co sc c||cc aa cucos vo|u|oosos oc ac-
ocs ucsas, cv|a caac|oo oc |os boocs a uo|.
|o |a so|oaoua c|cct|ca cs occcsa|o o|st|ou| |uo-
oacota|cotc |a so|oaoua coo cca|cota|coto so|-
Propleoaoes oe |a |unolcln ma|eab|e
Coo cstas |uoo|c|oocs a|cab|cs sc ||ca a cooscu|
|a |sa cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo ouc coo |os accos ou|-
ccs uo a|aa|coto a|o coo, coo sc ucoc ac-
c|a co |a tab|a ao,uota.
|| cootco|oo oc cabooo co |a |uoo|c|oo ooou|a cs
|ua| a| oc |a |uoo|c|oo |s. |as at|cu|as oc a||to cs|c-
o|oa| sc |oao ouaotc |a so||o|||cac|oo, ocb|oo a |a c-
scoc|a oc coucas caot|oaocs oc a|uoos c|ccotos |o-
aoocs oc ooou|os, coo c| aocs|o cc|o.
Lc aou| sc ocoucc, ouc cstc t|o oc |uoo|c|oocs cs
s |c|| oc so|oa ouc |a |uoo|c|oo |s |a tcco|ca oc so|oa-
oua a c|ca cs |a |sa ouc ocsc|b|cos s aoc|ao-
tc aa csta u|t|a.
Uo ca|cota|coto so|o ocotoco o ocba,o oc
00C oo oo|||ca |a cstuctua oc cstos t|os oc |uoo|c|oo.
6.2.4. Plerro |unoloo noou|ar
|stc t|o oc |uoo|c|oo sc ||aa tab|co '|uoo|c|oo
ouct||' '|uoo|c|oo coo a||to cs|co|oa|'. Sc caactc|za
oouc co c||a aaccc c| a||to co |oa cs|co|oa| o oc
|obu|os |ouscu|os.
/| cocootasc c| a||to co |oa cs|co|oa|, |a coot|-
ou|oao oc |a at|z sc |otcuc uc|o coos ouc cuao-
oo sc cocucota co |oa |a|oa, csto oa |ua a uoa cs|s-
tcoc|a a |a tacc|oo tcoac|oao ao ouc co |a |uoo|c|oo
|s oo|oa|a.
Propleoaoes oe |a |unolcln ma|eab|e
/|aa|coto,
% co 2 u|.
20 - +0
+6 - 2
|||tc c|st|co
ct|co, |/
2
22,--2,3
3+,5 - 0
|cs|stcoc|a
a |a atacc|oo,
|/
2
35 - -2
-5,5 - 8-
3|
++0 - +56
+63 - 26
T|o
|c|t|ca
|c||t|ca
|as |uoo|c|oocs ooou|acs, a| |ua| ouc |as aotc|ocs, |a-
cco uso oc c|ccotos a|caotcs, coo c| ||o oc oo|||ca
a|uoa o|coao cco|co-||s|ca o ou||ca co oo cs
cstuctua ||oa|.
|o |a tab|a a coot|ouac|oo sc ucoco acc|a a|uoas o-
|coaocs cco|cas oc a|uoos t|os oc |uoo|c|oo ooou|a.
||. 6.- |uoo|c|oo |oou|a
Caracterlstlcas mecanlcas oe |os tlpos |unoamenta|es oe |unolcln noou|ar
|c|t|ca 3a,o 38,5 2-,5 25 +30
/|to 63,0 -,0 +2 2+0
|c||t|ca 3a,o 56,0 -2,0 +0 200
3a,o +,0 63,0 25
/|to +,0 ,0 2 25
Cootco|oo
oc a|cac|oo
3|
|cs|stcoc|a
a |a tacc|oo
|/
2
/|aa|coto
% co
2 T|o
|||tc c|st|co
ct|co.
|/
2
|a |uoo|c|oo ooou|a sc ut|||za a||acotc co o|vcsas |o-
oust|as. |otc sus a||cac|oocs s |otaotcs oocos
coc|ooa: |ab|cac|oo oc |czas oc tactocs aa aou|-
oa|a a|co|a, c|uca|cs, |stoocs cu|atas co |a |ooust|a
autoot|z. |o |a coostucc|oo oc acccso|os c|cct|cos:
Ca,as oc bobco, cacaza oc otocs, c|ccotos oc o|suo-
tocs. |o |a |oc|a: |aa |a |ab|cac|oo oc tabocs oc
ua, o|cas ot|ccs, vo|aotcs, ,au|as oc ootacaa, ctc.
|o s|ocu|ca: |aa c|||ooos oc |a|oac|oo, uctas oc |ooos.
|o |a |ab|cac|oo oc cstaas at|ccs: |aa |a obtcoc|oo
oc ||avcs |o|csas, a|aocas, too|||os oc baoco, aou|-
tos, ota-|ca|cotas at|ccs o|vcsas aa c| cs-
taaoo oc |czas oc acco, a|u|o|o, booccs, |ato-
ocs, ctc.
6.3. 5o|dabi|idad de |os diferente tipos
de fierro fundido
Lc tooas |as c|ascs oc ||co |uoo|oo ouc sc |oo|cao,
sc ca|cu|a ouc c| 0% oc |as |czas |ab|caoas oc ||co
!!7 !!8
Ota a|tcoat|va cs |acc c| ocos|to oc |os coooocs
cotos co|aotc c| occo||coto oc 'aso oc cc|oo'
||. | 8).
So|oa coo coooocs coot|ouos s|o at|||aoo.
|o||a |cotacotc, ocoto oc| |ooo o ba,o ca|, cco|-
za o cub|cooo |a |cza coo asbcsto, |asta ouc ||cuc
a tccatua ab|cotc.
|| c|cctooo a c|casc, cuaooo oo sc cou|cco
ocos|tos aou|oab|cs, cs c| ||||OCO|L U, ouc oos oa
coooocs ||bcs oc oos|oao coo |o|a tcoococ|a a
a,aouas. Su cta| oc aotc sc cob|oa co |oa ot|a
coo c| cta| basc t|coc caactc|st|cas cco|cas suc-
|ocs ouc cstc.
/| tcoc ouc uo| c| ||co |uoo|oo coo acco, c|
c|cctooo |oo|caoo cs c| C|TO|O|T|, cua coos|-
c|oo oc| a|abc cs oc 6% oc o|ouc|, oa uo ocos|tos
coo uoa ao ouct|||oao ouc |a oc| ||co |uoo|oo, c-
|t|cooo |a uo|oo coo c| acco, ouc t|coc ao coc||-
c|cotc oc o||atac|oo.
8. Mtooo oe so|oaoura con gas en ca|lente
|stc ctooo cscota aoocs vcota,as. S| sc ca||za
co |as cooo|c|oocs ocb|oas, ucoco obtcocsc uo|oocs oc
|a |sa cstuctua, co|o caactc|st|cas u s|||acs
a |as oc| cta| basc.
|o v|sta oc ouc c| ca|o aotaoo ucoc oa |ua a |a
|oac|oo oc |uoo|c|oo b|aoca, cs a||caoo aa |a ca-
ac|oo oc |czas oco vo|u|oosas, ouc c|tco |c||-
cotc uo cca|cota|coto.
|aa so|oa c| ||co |uoo|oo, sc ucoc c|ca va|-
||as oc va|os t|os oc a|cac|oocs:
a) varl||as oe a|eaclones oe bronce
|a vcota,a oc| uso oc |as va|||as cscc|a|cs |S/|OT
++0, |S/|OT 2+0, |S/|OT 00| ao|ca co |a ba,a
tccatua oc a||cac|oo, oo s|cooo occcsa|o |uoo| c|
cta| basc, a ouc actuao o ca||a|oao.
|aa su a||cac|oo sc c|ca c| s|u|cotc occ-
o| | coto:
|||cza cst|cta oc |a suc||c|c.
/c|a||aoa coo c| c|cctooo oc b|sc|aoo C/||||-
CO|L, |S/CUT, /|C/||.
|cca|cota co |ooo o coo so|ctc a uoa
tccatua oc aox. 300C.
|aotcoc |a tccatua oc cca|cota|coto ou-
aotc tooo c| occso oc so|oaoua. ||.
||. 8
Llmpleza oe| coron oe so|oaoura.- |o cuaoto sc
tc|oa oc ocos|ta uo coooo oc so|oaoua, sc ocbc
c|||oa |os cs|ouos oc csco|a aotcs oc |o|c|a c|
coooo s|u|cotc.
Martl||aoo.- |at|||a c| coooo |cotas ouc cstc
ca||cotc, |asta ouc a|caocc |a tccatua ab|cotc,
coo |a ||oa||oao oc ouc c| coooo sc cst|c, cv|tooosc
as| |os c|cctos oc |as tcos|oocs oc cootacc|oo , a |a
vcz, c| a|cta|coto oc |a |cza o |a ||suac|oo oc|
coooo.
Coo c| at|||aoo sc ca||za a uoa tccatua |o|c-
|o a |a oc| o,o, c| cta| cs taba,aoo co ||o, coo |o
cua| |a oucza aucota, co c| ca|o aotaoo a| oc-
os|ta c| coooo s|u|cotc v|coc a cootacsta cstc
c|ccto coooucc a |a obtcoc|oo oc uo aoo ||oo co c|
coooo at|||aoo.
Deposltanoo un coron oe so|oaoura.- Lcbc oc-
,sc|c co||a tota|cotc aotcs oc ocos|ta c| co-
ooo s|u|cotc. |a tccatua oo ocbc cxccoc aouc-
||a ouc |a aoo sootc a| toca |a |cza / 65C).
Ln|rlamlento |ento.- |c|t| ouc |a |cza sc co||c
|cotacotc, oo|cooo|a co uo cc||cotc cub|cto coo
ca|, asbcsto, cco|za, ctc.
|a ca| o cco|za ocbc sc cca|cotaoa, aotco|cooo |a
tccatua a uoos 20 - 25C tccatua ab|cotc).
|stc cs c| ctooo s c|caoo aa |a caac|oo
oc |czas oc||caoas, coo o c,c|o: b|oc|s oc
otocs, cu|atas, cacazas, so|oaoua, coaoa,cs, ctc.
6.3.2.2. Mtooo oe so|oaoura con preca|entamlento
|aa a||ca cstc ctooo oc so|oco, ocbc cca|co-
tasc |a |cza a 250C, tccatua ouc sc ocbc aotcoc
ouaotc tooo c| occso aa cv|ta os|b|cs ||suas, taoto
co c| cta| basc coo co c| cta| ocos|taoo.
|| cca|cota|coto ocbc sc a||caoo oc acucoo a
|as o|cos|oocs oc |a |cza. S| csta cs oc coucas o|co-
s|oocs, ocbc a||casc a tooa |a |cza, s| cs aooc, so|o
|oca|cotc, cca|cotaooo uoa ca oc -00 a|coc-
oo oc |a costua.
||.
|aa cv|ta |os cs|uczos oc cootacc|oo co |a |cza
ouaotc su co||a|coto, ouc oo|ao oc|a, c| at|||a-
oo ocbc |accsc co ca||cotc.
|o cstc ctooo sc c|cao |os |sos c|cctooos
oc| ctooo co ||o, coo c| C|TO|O|T| SU||||O|-
T|, c|cctooos oc ||, |os ouc oos oc,ao uo ccub||coto
|oococo u ||oo c|cctacotc aou|oab|c.
6.3.2.3. Mtooo oe so|oaoura en ca|lente
|a so|oaoua 'co ca||cotc' oos oa c,ocs va|ocs
cco|cos uoa cstuctua s |avoab|c, obtco|cooosc
ocos|tos oc ca||oao, oaoo ouc c| coooo oc so|oaoua sc
aot|coc s t|co co cstaoo ||ou|oo |ac|||ta c| ocsco-
o||coto oc |os ascs |oaoos, ucs, cuaoto ao sca c|
t|co ouc taoc co so||o|||ca, coo sc |a oos|oao
ouc aaczca co c| coooo. /s||so, sc taba,a s|o c||o
oc ||suas, a |a vcz ouc sc ||bca |a |cza oc |as tcos|oocs
|otcoas. |o tooo cso cs ouc sc c|ca, cuaooo cs cx||oa
uoa so|oaoua oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a o cuaooo |a |cza cst so-
ct|oa, ouaotc c| taba,o, a coostaotcs osc||ac|oocs oc tc-
catua.
|| ctooo oc so|oa o aco 'co ca||cotc' sc c||c-
c so|o aa cucos vo|u|oosos oc acocs ucsas.
|o cab|o, |as |czas oc|aoas oc oco cso sc suc|oao
c,o coo as.
A. Mtooo oe so|oaoura por arco en ca|lente
Coos|stc co:
|cca| cota | a | cza a| o, o, oc -50 a 650C,
coo so|ctc o co uo |ooo.
Luaotc |a ocac|oo oc so|oaoua, |a |cza t|coc
ouc sc aotco|oa a |a tccatua oc cca|cota-
|coto |asta ||oa||za tota|cotc |a caac|oo.
oaoua co ca||cotc) |a so|oaoua s|o cca|cota|coto
so|oaoua co ||o). |a so|oaoua co ca||cotc cs oc a|ta
ca||oao, |a so|oaoua co ||o ocbc toasc coo uo
occo||coto aux|||a, cuaooo o azoocs oc taba,o c|
cca|cota|coto oo csu|tc |act|b|c.
|a so|oaoua oc| ||co |uoo|oo t|coc |otaoc|a so|o
co caac|oocs, oo sc |a ut|||za aa occsos oc |ab|ca-
c|oo o oc uo|oo oc |czas |uoo|oas.
|a |ooust|a ccooo|za aoocs caot|oaocs oc o|oco,
ut|||zaooo |a so|oaoua aa caac|oo oc |czas |uoo|oas
otas, ocsastaoas o s||ccotc oaaoas.
6.3.2.!. Mtooo oe so|oaoura en |rlo por arco
e|ctrlco
|stc ctooo sc c|ca aa caac|oocs oc |czas
so|oaoua oc ||suas, co ouoca aa |a coostucc|oo oc
|czas oucvas.
|stc ctooo cv|ta |as oc|oac|oocs co |czas co-
||caoas, a ouc ucoco obtcocsc ocos|tos aou|oab|cs,
aa |o cua| sc c|cao c|cctooos cscc|a|cs oc| t|o C|-
TO|O|T| o SU||||O|T|, |S/||U|| |c, ouc c-
|tco taba,a coo ba,os aca,cs, oooooos ocos|tos
oc so|oaoua ||bcs oc oos|oao a,aouas, coo uoa cs|s-
tcoc|a a |a tacc|oo uoa ouct|||oao ao ouc |a oc| cta|
basc, oaoo ouc oo sc |oao cabuos coo co |os c|cc-
tooos oc a|a oc acco.
|aa so|oa co ||o cs occcsa|o scu| |os s|u|cotcs
asos:
Llmpleza oe| materla|.- S| |as |czas a so|oa coot|c-
oco acc|tc o asa, cv|acotc ocbco sc tataoas
coo uo o|so|vcotc coo c| tctac|ouo oc cabooo
ocsucs, aotcs oc so|oa, sc ocbc ca|cota|as |o su-
||c|cotc aa ouc |os os|b|cs cstos oc acc|tc sc ouc-
co. /| oo |acc csto, coo c| ca|o oc| aco c| acc|tc
|co| |a ca||zac|oo oc uoa so|oaoua saoa.
Pea|lzar coroones cortos y a|ternaoos.- Lc oo s
oc 5 c. oc |oo|tuo, c|ccotccotc s|o ov||co-
to, aa cv|ta ouc |a |cza sc ca||cotc cxccs|vacotc
coo c|cctooos oc couco o|cto. S| |a |cza sc
ca||cota cxccs|vacotc o ut|||za c|cctooos u
ucsos o coooocs u |aos, a| co||asc co c| a|c
|o |acc coo ao a|ocz, o||oaooo |uctcs tcos|o-
ocs oc cootacc|oo ouc ucoco oc |a |cza o
||sua c| coooo ||. | ).
Lcbco ocos|tasc coooocs cotos co |czas ||-
oas. |ua|cotc cs coovco|cotc ca||za c| taba,o co o-
s|c|oo sc|-vct|ca| asccoocotc co |a |oa ouc |oo|ca |a
||. .
!!9 !20
/||ca c| |uoocotc co |a zooa oc so|oa.
Lcos|ta coooocs coot|ouos.
/||ca a uoa tccatua oc uo ostca|cota|coto
uo||oc co tooa |a |cza, 50C o coc|a oc |a
tccatua oc cca|cota|coto.
|o||a |cotacotc co |ooo, asbcsto, ca| cco|za, ctc.
|as va|||as s aoccuaoas aa so|oa soo oc uoa a|ca-
c|oo oc boocc t|o Tob|o, coo |a ///| 22+0, oc a|to
coo||coto, bucoa ||u|ocz ba,o costo, ouc ooucc oc-
os|tos oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a coos|ocab|c ouct|||oao.
b) varl||as oe |lerro |unoloo
Sc c|cao co |a ccoostucc|oo oc |czas oc |uoo|-
c|oo |s. |a tccatua oc cca|cota|coto sc cocucota
co -50 600C.
Sc suc|oa coo va|||as oc| t|o /\S |C|, |C|-/ ouc
oc,ao uo ocos|to ||ab|c ||bc oc oos, oc |ua| co|o
cstuctua ouc c| cta| basc.
6.3.3. So|oabl|loao oe| |lerro noou|ar
|stc t|o oc |uoo|c|oo oo cs so|oab|c +00%, co uc-
oc obtcocsc bucoos csu|taoos a||caooo |as |sas tcco|-
cas c|caoas aa so|oa |a |uoo|c|oo |s obscvaooo
|uosacotc |as ccocooac|oocs oaoas a| csccto.
Cuaooo sc c|ca c| occso oc aco c|cct|co a-
oua| soo ccocooab|cs |os s|u|cotcs c|cctooos:
O||||KO| ||O C\
O||||KO| ||O 2/ o |S/ +06
|stos c|cctooos ocbc a||casc coo c| aca,c s
ba,o os|b|c s|cc toaooo |as ccauc|oocs |oo|ca-
oas aa |a so|oaoua oc| ||co |uoo|oo.
|o oucsto co|o |ooust|a| sc |ao ca||zaoo o|vcsas
ucbas coo oucstos c|cctooos a|ba sca|aoos, oaooo
bucoos csu|taoos, |o ouc coucba |a so|oab|||oao oc|
||co |uoo|oo ooou|a, s|o ouc ccscotc uo costo c|cva-
oo. || uo|co |ocoovco|cotc ouc ucoc ootasc cs, ouc c|
co|o oc| atc|a| ocos|taoo oo aoo|za co|ctacotc
coo c| cta| basc, cuaooo |as suc||c|cs soo aou|oaoas.
!2! !23
CAPlIULO Vll
+)2167 811
So|dob|||dod de |os
Aceros loox|dob|es
7.0. Genera|idades
|a ocs|oac|oo /cco |oox|oab|c cs c| tc|oo o-
u|a usaoo aa cscc|||ca aouc||os accos a|caoos ouc
t|coco ao cs|stcoc|a coota acotcs coos|vos, coo c|
aua, c| aua a|oa, |a atos|ca o c| co|o ab|cotc |as
so|uc|oocs sa||oas, c|oas, ctc. co o||ccotcs aoos oc coo-
ccotac|oo, |as o|coaocs oc cstos accos sc obt|coco o
a|cac|oo coo o|st|otos cooocotcs, co cscc|a| c| coo,
as| coo c| o|ouc|, o||bocoo, aoaocso, s|||c|o, cobc,
t|tao|o, o|ob|o, ctc.
|a cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo ov|coc oc uoa c||cu|a
oc ox|oo, ouc sc |oa co |a suc||c|c oc| cta| ouc
coot|coc ootab|cs caot|oaocs oc coo. Lc oo cx|st| csta
c||cu|a, c| cta| oucoa cxucsto a uoa coos|oo |oa
coo |a oc| acco ou|cc. |stc ox|oo otccto ocbc cootc-
oc coo |o|o +2% oc coo. Taoto |os accos |oox|-
oab|cs oc cstuctua austco|t|ca coo |os oc cstuctua |c-
|t|ca absobco ox|coo coo |a |sa a|ocz coo c| acco
ou|cc, co csta vc|oc|oao o|s|ouc |oacotc a co|-
oa ouc sc |oa |a caa oc ox|oo, actuaooo csta coo |o||-
b|oo oc| |so, su otua -sca o co|os ||s|cos o ou|-
|cos- oa o|co a uoa |otcosa coos|oo |oca||zaoa.
7.1. C|asificacin de |os aceros inoxidab|es
|os accos |oox|oab|cs cscotao coos|c|oocs ou|-
|cas o|vcsas, ouc |ao s|oo ocsao||aoas oc acucoo a |as
cx|coc|as cscc|||cas oc |as cooo|c|oocs oc taba,o, |o ouc
o|||cu|ta uo oco su c|as|||cac|oo ba,o cstc uoto oc v|sta.
|co, oaoo ouc |a cstuctua oc cstos accos occooc oc |a
sua oc |os c|cctos oc sus c|ccotos cooocotcs, ooc-
os c|as|||ca |os accos |oox|oabcs, co basc a su cstuctu-
a, co tcs aoocs uos:
+) /UST|||T|CO:
T|o |oox|oab|c a| coo-o|ouc|
T|o |oox|oab|c a| coo-o|ouc|-aoaocso
2 ) |||||T|CO
T|o |oox|oab|c a| coo
3) |/|T||S|T|CO
T|o |oox|oab|c a| coo
|sta va|coao oc t|os oc acco |oox|oab|c |acc ouc,
aa ca||za |a so|oaoua, sc cou|cc tab|co uoa ao
va|coao oc cta|cs oc aotc. O||||KO| t|coc uoa ||oca
co|cta oc atc|a|cs oc aotc, ocst|oaoos a |a so|oaou-
a oc accos |oox|oab|cs, cuo ocos|to cs oc |as |sas
caactc|st|cas o suc|ocs ouc |as oc| cta| basc. Lc
caactc|st|cas suc|ocs o sobco|cos|ooaoos so|o
ucoc |ab|asc co octc|oaoos casos, co otos oo sc|a
|oo|caoo, oouc cstc tc|oo cs so|o acctab|c ocsoc c|
uoto oc v|sta oc |a so|oab|||oao cs|stcoc|a cco|ca, a
ouc ocbc tcocsc co cucota co cstos t|os oc acco c| c|ccto
oc |os acotcs coos|vos.
|o coos|u|cotc, O||||KO| t|coc sus c|cctooos
ooa||zaoos scuo /\S /c|cao \c|o|o Soc|ct) L||
Lcutsc|c |ooust|c |oco), |o ouc oos c|tc c|c| c|
c|cctooo s ao|aoo aa caoa t|o oc cta| basc
ooc|ooa, a |a vcz, |as caactc|st|cas cco|cas |a co-
os|c|oo ou||ca oc| ocos|to oc so|oaoua, |o|oac|oo
ouc oos c|tc c,ccuta uo|oocs ccaucs sat|s|acto|os.
7.2. ldentificacin de |os aceros inoxi-
dab|es
|as cot|oaocs '/c|cao |oo aoo Stcc| |ost|tutc' /|S|)
'Soc|ct o| /utoot|vc |o|occs' S/|), co c| |otccs oc
ooa||za |os accos |oox|oab|cs, |ao cstab|cc|oo c| s|s-
tca oc c|as|||cac|oo ouc a coot|ouac|oo sc |oo|ca:
Deslgnacln numrlca
Sc c|ca c| s|stca ouc|co aa |ocot|||ca |os t|os
|oox|oab|cs |os cs|stcotcs a| ca|o, coo|oc a cuato
uos coca|cs. |o |os accos oc tcs o||tos, c| |co
cs |oo|cat|vo oc| uo a ouc ctcoccco |os oos u|t|os
sc c||cco a| t|o. |aa cxcsa oo|||cac|oocs oc |os
t|os sc acao |ctas.
DLSCP|PC|ON GPUPO
e|lmlnaoa
!24
NUMLPO
DL SLP|L
/UST|||T|CO 2 /C||OS /| C|O|O-||U||-|/|C/||SO, oo aou|oab|cs,
austco|t|cos oo aoct|cos.
/UST|||T|CO 3 /C||OS /| C|O|O-||U||, aou|oab|cs, austco|t|cos oo aoct|cos
.
|/|T||S|T|CO - /C||OS /| C|O|O, aou|oab|cs, atcos|t|cos aoct|cos.
|||||T|CO - /C||OS /| C|O|O, oo aou|oab|cs, |c|t|cos aoct|cos ba,o
cabooo)
|/|T||S|T|CO 5 /C||O /| C|O|O, oc ba,o coo cs|stcotcs a| ca|o
/|S|
20+
202
30+
302
302 3
303
303 Sc
30-
30- |
305
308
30
30 S
3+0
30+ S
3+-
3+6
3+6 |
3+
32+
322
325
3-
3-8
7.3. Aceros inoxidab|es austeniticos
|os accos |oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos coost|tuco c|
x|o tooc|a,c oc accos |oox|oab|cs oc uso |ooust|a|.
|stos accos |oox|oab|cs, ouc coot|coco coo o|ouc|
coo |os |oc|a|cs c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo, soo oc cs-
tuctua coo|oaotc austco|t|ca. |a |c|ta, oto coost|-
tucotc ao, cst cscotc co coocs caot|oaocs, |o
ouc occooc oc| cou|||b|o oc |a a|cac|oo, cscc|a|cotc
co cuaoto a |a c|ac|oo coo-o|ouc|.
|as o|coaocs oc cstos accos occooco oc |as cao-
t|oaocs c|at|vas oc coo o|ouc| cscotcs co c| acco
sc oo|||cao o |a ao|c|oo oc otos c|ccotos a|caotcs,
coo co|ub|o, t|tao|o, o||bocoo tuostcoo.
|os accos |oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos sc caactc|zao o su
cxcc|cotc cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo ox|oac|oo. |sta c-
7. 3. 2. So|oabl|loao oe |os aceros lnoxloa-
b|es austenltlcos
7.3.2.!. Prob|emas oe tlpo |lslco
|a so|oaoua o aco c|cct|co a||cab|c a |os accos
|oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos, aa ouc tcoa bucoos csu|taoos,
ocbc scu| uoa tcco|ca a|o o||ccotc oc |a c|caoa aa
|os accos couocs, tco|cooosc co coos|ocac|oo |os s|-
u|cotcs ascctos:
Conouctlbl|loao trmlca.- |os accos |oox|oab|cs
austco|t|cos t|coco uoa cooouct|b|||oao tc|ca scos|-
b|ccotc coo ouc |os accos couocs.
|o c| caso oc |os accos oc |a sc|c 300 accos aus-
tco|t|cos) sc ||ca s |oacotc a tccatuas
s c|cvaoas o a tccatuas a|tas cooccotaoas co
suc||c|cs c|at|vacotc couc|oas. Cuaooo sc suc|-
oa |aoc|as oc|aoas, cx|stc c| c||o oc ouca|as o
c|oa|as.
Coe|lclente oe ol|atacln.- |os accos |oox|oab|cs
oc |a sc|c 300 a| coo-o|ouc| t|coc uo coc||c|cotc
oc o||atac|oo cotc 50 60% ao ouc |os accos
couocs. |sta o|coao oc |os accos austco|t|cos,
,uoto coo su cooouct|b||oao tc|ca couc|oa, |acc
ouc a| sc so|oaoos |os |sos tcoao tcoococ|a a
oc|oasc a ctcoc tcos|oocs cs|oua|cs.
Punto oe |usln.- || uoto oc |us|oo oc |os accos
|oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos cs a|o s ba,o ouc c| oc |os
accos couocs, s|cooo occcsa|o, o |o taoto, uo
coo aotc oc ca|o aa so|oa|os.
Peslstencla e|ctrlca.- |a cs|stcoc|a c|cct|ca oc |os
accos |oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos cs u suc|o a |a oc
|os accos couocs, oc 8 a vcccs co c| caso oc |os
accos |oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos a| cstaoo ccoc|oo
auo s, cuaooo cstos |ao s|oo cooucc|oos o c|
taba,o co ||o.
7.3.2.2. Prob|emas oe tlpo meta|urglco
|uc|os aoos oc acco |oox|oab|c austco|t|co, csc-
c|a|cotc |os t|os 30+, 302, 30-, 308, 3+6 3+, csto
su,ctos a cc||tac|oo oc cabuos, s| c| atc|a| sc aot|coc
cotc -2 8+C. || aoo oc |a cc||tac|oo oc cabuos
occooc oc| t|co oc cxos|c|oo co c| aoo oc |a tcc-
atua aotcs |oo|caoa oc| t|o cscc|||co oc |os accos |oox|-
oab|cs austco|t|cos oc ouc sc tata. |a cc||tac|oo oc cabu-
os |a csu|taotc co|oa oc cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo uc-
oco ocu| co c| atc|a| basc, co |a zooa a|cctaoa o c|
ca|o, co c| ocos|to oc so|oaoua o co tooas cstas cas,
coo coosccucoc|a oc |a aa|c|oo oc zooas cobcc|oas
co coo o ocba,o oc| o|vc| c|t|co -coos oc +2% oc
coooc cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo.
|a cc||tac|oo oc cabuos sc coov|ctc co ob|c-
a, cuaooo c| co|o coos|vo ataca sc|cct|vacotc |as
zooas cobcc|oas co coo, |oca||zooosc co |os ||-
|tcs oc aoo.
Como olsmlnulr e| e|ecto oe |a preclpltacln oe
carburos
Lmp|eo oe aceros lnoxloab|es oe bajo carbono y
e|ectrooos lnoxloab|es oe bajo carbono.- |o cstos
accos |oox|oab|cs t|o | -c,c|o /|S| 3+6 |-
atc|a|cs oc aotc oc so|oaoua coo ba,o cootco|-
oo oc cabooo t|o ||C -c,c|o ||O 3\ ||C-
c| ba,o cootco|oo oc cabooo 0,0-% x|o) |acc
ouc oo sc cscotc coos|oo |otcaou|a, ocb|oo
a ouc oo |a cabooo su||c|cotc aa ouc sc oouz-
ca |a cc||tac|oo oc cabuos coo c| coos|u|cotc
cobcc||coto co coo.
Lmp|eo oe so|oaouras con a|to contenloo oe cro-
mo.- Cuaooo |a caot|oao oc coo aucota, sc uc-
oc ao|t| s cabooo s|o |cso oc coos|oo |o-
tcaou|a, o c,c|o coo uo 22% oc coo sc
ucoc ao|t| 0,065 oc cabooo. 3a,o cstc |oc|-
|o sc c|cao oucstos c|cctooos |oox C\25
C/20|| ).
Lmp|eo oe aceros lnoxloab|es establ|lzaoos y ma-
terla|es oe aporte oe so|oaoura establ|lzaoos.- ||
uso oc accos |oox|oab|cs cstab|||zaoos -c,c|o /|S|
3-- atc|a|cs oc aotc cstab|||zaoos -c,c|o |oox
/\ Cb- su|o ocb|oo a |a o|||cu|tao ouc cscota c-
ouc| c| cootco|oo oc cabooo o ocba,o oc 0,0-%.
|sto |a cooouc|oo a |ab|ca accos |oox|oab|cs austco|-
t|cos coo c|ccotos cstab|||zaoocs, ouc co c| caso oc |os
accos soo c| t|tao|o o o|ob|o co c| caso oc |os atc|a-
|cs oc aotc a| co|ub|o.
|a cc||tac|oo oc cstos t|os oc cabuos T|, Cb)
||oc |a |oac|oo oc cabuos oc coo, ocb|oo
a |a ao av|ocz oc| cabooo o c| o|ob|o o co-
|ub|o t|tao|o ouc o c| coo, cv|taooo |a coo-
s|u|cotc ocsco|zac|oo co |os boocs oc aoo.
Lmp|eo oe so|oaoura que contlene mo|lboeno.- || uso
oc atc|a|cs oc aotc oc so|oaoua ouc coot|coco o-
||bocoo c|tc ctasa |a cc||tac|oo oc cabuos.
Lvltar a| maxlmo poslb|e |os rangos oe tempera-
turas crltlcas oe preclpltacln.- Coo co uc|os
casos oo cs os|b|c cv|ta |a cc||tac|oo oc cabu-
os, csto |acc occcsa|o ca|cota c| atc|a| |asta
|os + 050C aa co|so|vc |os cabuos |oaoos
ostc|ocotc co||a|o asaooo |oacotc o
c| aoo c|t|co oc tccatua aotcs |oo|caoo.
|o c| caso oc tatasc oc cstuctuas so|oaoas |a ouc
tcoc co cucota c| cooto| oc |as oc|oac|oocs.
7.3.3. Proceolmlento oe so|oaoura
|a so|oaoua oc |os accos |oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos
cou|cc toa co coos|ocac|oo |os cooo|c|ooa|cotos
s|stcoc|a cs |at|oa o c| coo. |a caot|oao oc coo
a|caoo co cstos accos va|a oc +2-30%, |o ouc occooc
oc| t|o cscc|||co oc acco.
|| cootco|oo oc o|ouc| oc cstos accos ||ca a caot|oa-
ocs su||c|cotcs aa ocsao||a aotcoc uoa cstuctua
austco|t|ca a tccatua ab|cotc. |a caot|oao oc o|ouc|
cootco|oa co o|c|os accos va|a oc 6-30%, |o ouc ta-
b|co occooc oc| t|o cscc|||co oc acco. |o a|uoos acc-
os |oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos, c| aoaocso cscotc cs sus-
t|tu|oo o o|ouc|, s|cooo |os c|cctos |oc|a|cs oc| o|ouc|
/o oc| aoaocso co cstos accos:
/ucota |a cs|stcoc|a a tccatuas c|cvaoas.
/ucota |a cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo.
|at| uo c,o cou|||b|o oc |as o|coaocs c-
co|cas, cscc|a|cotc oc |a ouct|||oao.
7.3.!. Aceros lnoxloab|es a| cromo-nlque| austenltlcos
|o|ax.)
5,5-,5
,5-+0
2,00
2,00
+,50
2,00
2,00 |x
2,00
+,50
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
2,00
2, 00
2, 00
2, 00
2, 00
2, 00
2, 00
2, 00
2, 50
2, 00
S||ax.)
+,00
+,00
+,00
+,00
2,0-3,0
+,00
+,00
+,00
2,00
+,00
+,00
+,00
+,00
+,50
+,50
+,5-3,0
+,00
+,00
+,00
+,50
+,50
+,0-2,0
+, 50
+, 00
||ax.)
0,06
0,06
0, 0-5
0, 0-5
0, 0-5
0,20 |ax.
0, 20
0, 0-
0,0-
0, 0-5
0, 0-5
0, 0-5
0,0-
0, 0-5
0,0-5
0,0-5
0, 0-5
0, 0-5
0,0-5
0, 0-5
0, 0-5
0,0-5
0,03
0,03
S/|
3030+
30302
30303|
3030-
30305
0308
3030
303+0
303+6
303+
3032+
30325
303-
C
0,+5 |ax.
0,+5 |ax.
0,+5 |ax.
0,+5 |ax.
0,+5 |ax.
0,+5 |ax.
0,+5 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
0,03 |ax.
0,+2 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
0,20 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
0,25 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
0,25 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
0,03 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
0,+2 |ax.
0,025 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
0,08 |ax.
C
+6-+8
+-+
+6-+8
+-+
+-+
+-+
+-+
+8-20
+8-20
+-+
+-2+
22-2-
22-2-
2--26
2--26
23-26
+6-+8
+6-+8
+8-20
+-+
+6- +8
-+0
+- +
+- +
||
3,5-5,5
--6
6-8
8-+0
8-+0
8-+0
8-+0
8-+2
8-+2
+0-+3
+0-+2
+2-+5
+2-+5
+-22
+-22
+-22
+0-+-
+0-+-
++- +5
-+2
6 - 8
+- 23
-+3
-+3
S|ax.)
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,+5 ||o
0,06
0,03
0,0-
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,03
Otos
|-0,25 |ax.)
Z-o |o-0.60 x.
|o-0,5 |ax.)
Cu-0,50 |ax.)
Sc-0,+5 ||o.)
|o-2,00-3,00
|o-2,00-3,00
|o-3,0--,0
T|-5 x C.||o)
T|-+,00-/|-+,00
Cu-+,00-+,50
Cb-Ta-+0xC||o.)
Ta-0,+0|ax.)
|O |S /|S| ST/|L/|L - T/|3||| CO|OC|LO CO|O ||O|L/3|| \
|O |S /|S| ST/|L/|L
!25 !26
Cb-Ta-+0xC||o.)
|ucoao o c| cvcst||coto oc |os c|cctooos ucoc
ocas|ooa oos|oaocs ||suac|oocs co c| cta| oc-
os|taoo.
Usar e|ectrooos oe olametro |o mas oe|gaoo poslb|e
para mantener en un mlnlmo |a aportacln oe| ca|or.-
/s| |so cv|ta |a osc||ac|oo cxccs|va oc| c|cctooo, a
||o oc cv|ta c| sobcca|cota|coto |oca||zaoo.
Mantener e| arco |o mas corto poslb|e.- |aa c,o-
a |a ca||oao oc| ocos|to oc so|oaoua |o||za
|as co|oas oc c|ccotos a|caotcs.
7.4. Aceros inoxidab|es ferriticos
|os accos |oox|oab|cs |c|t|cos soo a|cac|oocs oc
||co, coo cabooo coo o s|o ao|c|oocs coucas oc
otos c|ccotos, c| coo cs c| uo|co c|ccoto |otao-
tc. |stos accos t|coco |a caactc|st|ca couo oc sc a-
oct|cos oc cooscva su cstuctua |c|t|ca, s|o ouc |a |s-
a sca a|cctaoa o c| tata|coto tc|co. || cooucc|-
|coto o taba,o co ||o cs bastaotc |||taoo. |a cs|stco-
c|a cco|ca oc cstos accos cs c|at|vacotc a|ta co cs-
taoo ccoc|oo soo u ouct||cs. Su cs|stcoc|a a| ataouc
coos|vo cs u c|cvaoa, sobc tooo a |a ox|oac|oo o-
ouc|oa a a|tas tccatuas.
|os accos |oox|oab|cs |c|t|cos t|coco oc +3-+ %
oc coo cs|stcotcs a| ca|o |asta 2%) uo cootco|oo
aox|aoo oc 0,0% oc cabooo.
|os accos |oox|oab|cs |c|t|cos cocucotao a||o
uso, ac|as a su cxcc|cotc cs|stcoc|a a |a ox|oac|oo co-
os|oo. |stos accos soo cscc|a|cotc aoccuaoos aa
casos, co ouc ta|cs |uczas ocstuct|vas t|coco ouc coba-
t|sc a tccatuas c|cvaoas. |otc |as uc|as a||cac|o-
ocs |ooust|a|cs tcocos:
|atcs oc |ooos, |otccab|aoocs oc ca|o, o|-
ocs, cou|o oc occsa|coto ou||co, cou|os aa |a
|ooust|a a||cot|c|a, so|oaoua oc autoov||cs, taba,os
oc aou|tcctua, taba,os oc cca,c|a, ctc.
7.4.2. So|oabl|loao oe |os aceros lnoxloa-
b|es |errltlcos
|ua| ouc |os accos |oox|oab|cs austco|t|cos, |os acc-
os oc t|o |c|t|co cscotao s|||acs ob|cas oc t|o
||s|co ouc |os aotc|ocs.
Conouctlvloao trmlca.- |os accos |c|t|cos t|c-
oco cooouct|v|oao tc|ca oc aox|aoacotc
50% coo ouc |os accos oo a|caoos. |o |o taoto,
cuaooo sc suc|oa cstos accos, |a a||cotac|oo oc|
ca|o ocbc sc coo ouc co c| caso oc |os accos oo
a|caoos. |o c|ccto oc| occso oc so|oaoua sc ||cva
c| atc|a| basc a tccatuas c|cvaoas co zooas
cooccotaoas coucas.
Coe|lclentes oe ol|atacln.- || coc||c|cotc oc o||ata-
c|oo oc |os aoos oc |a sc|c -00 cs aox|aoa-
cotc |ua| o a|o |o|c|o a| oc |os accos couocs.
La reslstencla e|ctrlca.- |a cs|stcoc|a c|cct|ca oc
|os accos |oox|oab|cs |c|t|cos cs oc 6 a 8 vcccs
ao ouc co |os accos couocs.
7.4.2.2. Prob|emas oe tlpo meta|urglco y proceol-
mlentos oe so|oaoura.
|os accos |oox|oab|cs |c|t|cos ocbco so|oasc coo
c|cctooos coo cvcst||coto bs|co ca|cco oc t|o ||O
/\, ||O /\ Cb. |aa cv|ta coooocs |||cs, co |o
os|b|c ocbc so|oasc coo atc|a|cs oc aotc austco|t|cos
c|cctooos oc sc|c | 3-+5 | 3-+6), s|cc ouc
oo |aa azoocs coota|as, coo |a coos|oo. |os accos
|c|t|cos soo u scos|b|cs a |as cota||aouas. |o |a so|oa-
oua |a ouc ||,asc, ouc |a taos|c|oo oc| coooo a| atc|a|
basc sca ||bc oc cota||aouas. |as cota||aouas coctaotcs
o |os coooocs ocas|aoo c|cvaoos ocbco sc csc||a-
oos, s| |ucsc occcsa|o.
/ tccatuas aocs ouc 00C co|coza co |os
accos |c|t|cos |a |oac|oo oc aoo ucso, o sca, a|
costaoo oc |os coooocs oc so|oaoua ucoco |c||cotc
cscotasc zooas oc aoo ucso ouc soo u |||cs.
|sto sc ucoc cooto|a, c|caooo c|cctooos oc
couco o|cto, oc aoca ouc taoto c| cta| basc coo
c| cta| oc aotc ucoco ba,a |oacotc oc |a tcc-
atua oc ccc||coto oc aoo.
|os accos |c|t|cos coo uo cootco|oo oc +2% C o
s t|coco tcoococ|a a |a |a|||oao co |os aoos oc tcc-
atuas oc -00 a 550 C ocoo|oaoa '|a|||oao oc
-5C'). |a causa oc csta |a|||oao cs |a |oac|oo oc
coos|c|oocs co|c,as co c| c|sta| oc |c|ta. |sta |a-
|||oao sc c|||oa co|aotc c| ccoc|oo a 550-00C.
|os accos |c|t|cos coo as oc +8% C aoou|cco
uoa |a|||oao ao|c|ooa| a tccatuas cotc 600-850C.
L|c|a |a|||oao sc ocoo|oa |a|||oao oc |a |asc s|a.
Su causa cs |a c|||oac|oo oc |a a|cac|oo |c-C co |os
|||tcs oc |os aoos. |o ca|cota|coto a 00C sc uc-
oc aou|a |a |asc s|a. Taoto |a |a|||oao oc -5C
coo |a |a|||oao oc |a |asc s|a, ucoco sc ocas|ooa-
oas o c| |so ca|o oc |a so|oaoua.
|aa cv|ta ouc |os accos |c|t|cos a| C sc vuc|vao
|||cs, |a ouc tata oc o|s|a c| ca|o oc |a so|oaoua |o
s |oo os|b|c. |s occcsa|o aotcoc |as tccatu-
as ba,as co |as caas |otcco|as, |os c|cctooos ouc sc
c|cao oo ocbco sc u ucsos.
|os accos |oox|oab|cs |c|t|cos coot|coco, o |o
coca|, cabuos ouc aucotao |a scos|b|||oao oc| acco a
|a coos|oo |otcc|sta||oa. |o cstos accos cx|stc cscc|a|
scos|b|||oao ocsucs oc |a so|oaoua.
S| cx|stc c||o oc |a coos|oo |otcc|sta||oa, sc |acc
occcsa|o uo bcvc ccoc|oo a 650C ocsucs oc |a so|oa-
oua. |o cstc caso cs coovco|cotc c|ca accos cstab|||-
zaoos coo o|ob|o so|oa|os coo c|cctooos cstab|||zaoos
coo co|ub|o. / couoo cs os|b|c so|oa |os accos |oox|-
oab|cs |c|t|cos coo cta|cs oc aotc austco|t|cos, |os |s-
os ouc t|coco ao cs|stcoc|a.
S| ocsucs oc |a so|oaoua sc cou|cc uo ccoc|oo,
co ta| caso ocbc c|casc c|cctooos oc t|o austco|t|co
cstab|||zaoos. Lcbc tcocsc cscotc, ouc ta|cs cta|cs oc
aotc soo suscct|b|cs a |a |a|||oao oc |a |asc s|a a tc-
catuas cotc 600 850C , aocs, |a uoa o||ccoc|a
oc co|o cotc c| cta| basc |c|t|co c| cta| oc aotc
austco|t|co.
|o |a ao|a oc |os casos, |os accos |c|t|cos a| co-
o oo ocbco so|oasc cxc|us|vacotc coo cta|cs oc ao-
tc austco|t|cos, a ouc coo |ccucoc|a ucoc cscotasc
coos|oo, ocb|oo a ascs su||uosos oc cobust|oo o a-
scs oc cabuac|oo. asta uo cootco|oo oc 25% oc coo
sc ucoc a||ca cta|cs oc aotc austco|t|co-|c|t|cos oc
uoa a|cac|oo oc| t|o C|TOC|O| +3-. |o caso oc acc-
os cs|stcotcs a| ca|o coo s oc 30% oc C, o |o c-
oos |a |ca caa ocbc so|oasc coo cta| s|||a a| oc |a
|cza.
7.5. Aceros inoxidab|es martensiticos
|os accos atcos|t|cos a| coo t|coco uo cootco|-
oo oc +3-+%C |a |uoo|c|oo oc acco t|coc coo x|-
o 30%) uo cootco|oo oc 0,+0-+,00% C |a |uoo|c|oo
oc acco |asta +,6%). |stos accos t|coco cstuctua taos-
|oab|c ucoco tc|asc.
|os accos atcos|t|cos coo uo x|o oc 0,20 %
oc cabooo ucoco c|casc co cstaoo ccoc|oo. T|coco
uoa cstuctua |c|t|ca o |c|t|ca-c||t|ca.
|os accos a| coo coo as oc 0,20% oc cabo-
oo sc su|o|stao co cstaoo oc ccoc|oo, co cou|cc
ouc aa c| taba,o scao tc|aoos.
couoc|aoos co c| |tc aotc|o. /o|c|ooa|cotc |a ouc
toa otas ccauc|oocs aa |a obtcoc|oo oc uoa ,uota
so|oaoa sat|s|acto|a.
Lcoto oc cstas ccocooac|oocs oocos c|ta:
Llmpleza oe |a junta.- |||a cu|oaoosacotc |a
,uota aa c|||oa cs|ouos oc atc|a| caboooso u
otas at|cu|as cxtaas ouc ucoco a|tca c| cootc-
o|oo oc cabooo co c| ocos|to oc so|oaoua o coo-
t|bu| a |a |oac|oo oc |oc|us|oocs. a ouc tcoc
cscc|a| cu|oaoo oc oo ut|||za at|||os, cscob|||as,
o|scos oc csc|| u otas |ca|cotas oc |||cza
ouc ucoao oc,a cs|ouos cabooosos.
/s| |so sc ocbc tcoc cscc|a| cu|oaoo co co-
vc |a |ucoao ab|cota| oc |as acocs oc |a ,uota,
a ||o oc cvco| |a |oac|oo oc oos.
A|lneamlento y apunta|aoo.- Uoa oc |as |oc|a|cs
ccauc|oocs ouc |a ouc tcoc co cucota cs c| a||oca-
|coto auota|aoo, ocb|oo a |as a|tas oc|oac|oocs
ouc cscota cstc atc|a| ouaotc c| occso oc so|oco.
|o caso oc |aoc|as coocs oc 6, auota|a caoa
38, tco|cooo co cucota |a sccucoc|a oc| auota|aoo.
|o caso oc |aoc|as aocs oc 6 , auota|a
caoa +00, |ua|cotc tco|cooo co cucota |a sc-
cucoc|a, coo ||oa||oao oc cv|ta a|tas oc|oac|oocs.
Abertura oe ralz.- ||,asc ouc |as abctuas oc a|z
scao |as aoccuaoas aa cocosa |a cxaos|oo tc-
|ca oc| acco |oox|oab|c austco|t|co, |a cua| cs 2 o
3 vcccs ao ouc |a oc| acco a| cabooo, tco|cooo
cscotc, aocs, |a uo||o|oao oc |a uo|oo. Cuaoto
s oc|aoas soo |as |aoc|as, s cstcc|a ocbc sc
|a abctua oc |a a|z.
Uso oe olslpaoores oe ca|or.- |ucoco usasc o|s|a-
oocs oc ca|o oc cobc aa covc c| ca|o oc|
ca oc so|oaoua aa auoa a couc| a| |o|o
|a o|stos|oo.
Usar e|ectrooos oe acero lnoxloab|e que ban sloo
a|macenaoos en |orma aproplaoa.- |a absoc|oo oc
7.4.!. Aceros lnoxloab|es a| cromo |errltlcos
!28
A|S| SAL C Mn Cr P Otros
-05 - 0,08 +,00 +-+ - S|-0,0-+,5
/|-0,0-+,2
-30 5+-30 0,+2 +,00 +--+8 0,0- S|-+,00 x.
S -0,03
-30| 5+-30| 0,+2 +,25 +--+8 0,06 S|-+,00 x.
|,S,Sc-0,0x.
|o o Z-0,60
- - 2 5+--2 0, 20 2, 00 +8- 23 0, 0-5 S|-+,00 x
S -0,03 x.
- - 6 5+--6 0, 20 +, 50 23- 2 0, 0- S| - +,00 x.
| - 0,25 x.
|x) |x.)
!27
|os cabuos oc coo cscotcs co c| cta| cco-
c|oo o||oao uo cobcc||coto oc coo co |a asa, |o
ouc coucc |a cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo.
|os accos a| coo coo s oc 0,20% oc cabo-
oo o||oao uo cobcc||coto oc coo co |a asa, |o
ouc coucc |a cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo.
|os accos a| coo cooucc|b|cs oc cstc t|o co-
cucotao a||o uso, ac|as a su cxcc|cotc caac|oao oc
cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc, |a ox|oac|oo |a coos|oo. L|c|os
accos soo cscc|a|cotc a||cab|cs aa scv|c|o a tcc-
atuas c|cvaoas, ac|as a ouc aot|coco su cs|stcoc|a a |a
tacc|oo su |||tc oc ||ucoc|a a tccatuas oocaoa-
cotc c|cvaoas. |aa c,oa |as o|coaocs cco|cas
oc cstas a|cac|oocs sc ucoc ao|c|ooa o||bocoo. |a sc-
|ccc|oo coccta oc uo acco a| coo cs o|ctaoa o |a
oos aa caoa t|o oc acco |oox|oab|c, |os accos |oox|-
oab|cs t|o 30+, 302, 303, 30- 308 sc suc|oao tooos
coo c| c|cctooo | 308|-+6, co v|sta oc ouc tooos cstos
accos csto cocoo|oos ba,o c| t|o +8/8.
Coo c|as bs|cas co |a sc|ccc|oo oc| c|cctooo
aa so|oa acco |oox|oab|c sc |oo|ca |o s|u|cotc:
/scuasc ouc c| c|cctooo ocos|tc uo atc|a| oc
ao||s|s ou||co s|||a a| oc| cta| basc.
|o |oc||o oo cs coccto, ouc |os c|cctooos oc
ao cs|stcoc|a ucoao cc|aza a |os c|ccto-
oos oc coo cs|stcoc|a.
|o s|cc cs os|b|c c|ca uo c|cctooo cstab|-
||zaoo, s| c| acco oo cs cstab|||zaoo.
|o |ua| |oa ouc c| aotc|o caso, taoco sc uc-
oc so|oa co tooos |os casos uo acco |oox|oab|c t|o
C || coo uo c|cctooo C || |o. |o cscoc|a oc
c|ctos co|os, uo atc|a| ocos|taoo coo cootco|-
oo oc |o ucoc su|| uoa coos|oo s |oa ouc
uo atc|a| ||bc oc |o.
|sta ooa oo cs cst|cta co a|uoos casos, oouc
uo c|cctooo oc ao cootco|oo oc coo o|ouc| uc-
oc sc c|caoo aa uo acco ouc tcoa coo occo-
ta,c oc coo o|ouc|. Ta| cs c| caso oc| c|cctooo ||O
C\, ouc ctcoccc a |a c|as|||cac|oo /\S | 3+0-+6 ouc
coot|coc 25% oc coo 20% oc o|ouc|, uo|cooosc
c|ca aa accos |oox|oab|cs oc coo cootco|oo oc
coo o|ouc|.
|stas c|as bs|cas ocbco cu||sc cst|ctacotc,
oo ocb|cooo c|casc o o|ouo ot|vo uo c|cctooo
oc coo cootco|oo oc coo o|ouc| co c| caso oc
accos coo uo ao cootco|oo oc cstos c|ccotos. /s|-
|so, c|ca uo c|cctooo oc ao cootco|oo oc
cabooo aa uo acco |oox|oab|c | o ||C oc ba,o ca-
booo) oo cs ccocooab|c, oouc ucoc ocas|ooa c-
c||tac|oo oc cabuos.
x
|os accos |oox|oab|cs atcos|t|cos coo a|to cootco|oo
oc coo ucoco coos|ocasc coo uoa so|a |a|||a.
|ooccoo|cotc oc |a cooo|c|oo cstuctua|, tooos t|cooco a
cooucccsc ouaotc |a so|oaoua, oouc cstos accos
oscco oouoc|aoas o|coaocs oc cooucc||coto a|
a|c , aocs, sc cocucotao coca|cotc co cstaoo co-
oucc|oo, csto s|o|||ca ouc t|coco ba,a ouct|||oao.
/| a||ca ca|o ccot|oacotc a uo ca |oca||zaoa
coo succoc co |a so|oaoua o aco, |uco co||a csta
ca |oacotc, ucoco ocu| a,aouas. || ca ca|co-
taoa sc cootac o|||c||cotc o c| co||a|coto |a |a|ta oc
ouct|||oao co c| cta| aoaccotc oo ucoc soota |a tco-
s|oo oc cootacc|oo. |o |o taoto, |os accos atcos|t|-
cos oo soo tao ao|aoos aa so|oa|os.
|os accos coo uo cootco|oo oc cabooo |asta 0,2%
ocbco cca|cotasc cotc 300 -00C. Lc csta aoca
sc o|s|ouc |a o||ccoc|a oc tccatua cotc c| cta|
basc c| cta| oc aotc, couc|cooosc co coosccucoc|a
|as tcos|oocs oc cootacc|oo. / |a vcz, c| cca|cota|coto
coucc tab|co |a suscct|b|||oao a| cota||aoo.
|| so|oaoo ucoc o|s|ou| auo s uo os|b|c a|c-
ta|coto, usaooo ,uotas co oob|c \.
|oco|atacotc ocsucs oc |abc|as so|oaoo, |a ouc
oa|cs uo tata|coto tc|co oc a||v|o oc tcos|oocs , scuo
|os casos, |ab ouc |acc uo oucvo tc|aoo. |o c| caso cs-
cc|||co oc |os accos a| coo coo uo cootco|oo oc s oc
0,25% oc cabooo, |a so|oaoua oo cs ccocooab|c.
7.6. 5e|eccin de| e|ectrodo ms ade-
cuado para e| trabajo
|os c|cctooos O||||KO| aa accos |oox|oab|cs
cocsoooco a |a c|as|||cac|oo oc| acco |oox|oab|c a| ouc
sc ocst|oao, o sca ouc uo t|o oc acco |oox|oab|c /|S| 3-
ocbc so|oasc coo c| c|cctooo C|/S| /\S | 3--+6
||O /\ Cb).
/s||so cabc ac|aa ouc, s| b|co cs c|cto ouc sc |a
|ab|caoo ct|cacotc uo octc|oaoo t|o oc c|ccto-
7.5.2. So|oabl|loao oe |os aceros lnoxloa-
b|es martensltlcos
Coe|lclente oe ol|atacln.- /| |ua| ouc |os accos
|oox|oab|cs |c|t|cos, |os accos atcos|t|cos t|coc
uo coc||c|cotc oc o||atac|oo oc| |so va|o o a|o
|o|c|o a| oc |os accos couocs.
La conouctlvloao trmlca.- cs s|||a a |a oc |os
accos |c|t|cos.
tccatua ocat|va |a cooo|c|oo coos|va a ouc c|
acco cst cxucsto.
|os accos coo ba,os cootco|oos oc coo +0-+-%)
sc c|cao a||acotc co:
Lcst||aoocs co |c||oc|as oc |cto|co, tubos a|caoos
a| coo, |stoocs, va|||as oc bobco, bo|cs oc
boba, ctc.
|os accos |oox|oab|cs atcos|t|cos cob|oao buc-
oas o|coaocs cco|cas coo cxcc|cotc cs|stco-
c|a a |a coos|oo, |ac|cooo|os cscc|a|cotc aoc-
cuaoos aa a||cac|oocs ta|cs coo:
/|abcs oc tub|oa cvcst||coto oc as|coto oc
v| vu| as.
7.5.!. Aceros lnoxloab|es a| cromo martensltlcos
x
Peslstencla e|ctrlca.- |os accos |oox|oab|cs a-
tcos|t|cos t|coco uoa cs|stcoc|a c|cct|ca u suc-
|o a |a oc |os accos couocs oc 6 a 8 vcccs).
Magnetlsmo.- |o cootastc coo |os accos |oox|oa-
b|cs austco|t|cos, |os accos atcos|t|cos soo aoc-
t|cos csto su,ctos a| so|o oc| aco coo |os accos
a| cabooo.
7.5.2.2. Prob|emas oe tlpo meta|urglco y proceol-
mlento oeso|oaoura.
Lcsoc c| uoto oc v|sta oc |a so|oaoua, |os accos
cs|stcotcs a| ca|o coo ba,o cootco|oo oc coo, as| coo
x.
Ca||oao Tub|oa |o cs /|S| Staooao
/|S| S/| C |o S| C || | S Otos
-03 0,0+5x. +,00 0,50 ++,5-+3,0 0,0- 0,03
-+0 5+-+0 0,+5 x. +,00 +,00 ++,5-+3,5 0,0- 0,03
-+- 5+-+- 0,+5 x. +,00 +,00 ++,5-+3,5 +,25-2,5 0,0- 0,03
-+6 0,+5 x. +,25 +,00 +2,0-+-,0 0,06 0,+5|o. |o-0,60x
-+6Sc 0,+5 x. +, 25 +, 00 +2, 0- +-, 0 0, 06 0, 06 Sc-0,+5|o.
Z-0,60x.
-+8 0,+5 x. 2, 00 +, 00 +2, 0- +-, 0 0, 0-5 0, 03
-20 5+-20 0,+5o s) +,00 +,00 +2,0-+-,0 0,0- 0,03
-20| 5+-20| 0,30-0,-0 2,00 +,00 +2,0-+-,0 0,20 0,+5|o.
-22 0,22 0,65 0,36 +2,00 0,0 |o-+,00
\-+,00
\-0,25
- 2 2 | 0, 28 0, 8- 0, 25 +2, 00 0, 20 |o- 2, 25
\- +, 0
\- 0, 50
- 3 + 5 + - 3 + 0,20 x. +, 00 +, 00 +5, 0- +, 0 +,25-2,5 0, 0- 0, 03
-36 0,+5 +3,00 2,00 \-3,00
--0/ 5+--0/ 0,6-0,5 +,00 +,00 +6,0-+8,0 0,0- 0,03 |o-0,5x.
--03 5+--03 0,5-0,5 +,00 +,00 +6,0-+8,0 0,0- 0,03 |o-0,5
-00C 5+--0C 0,5-+,20 +,00 +,00 +6,0-+8,0 0,0- 0,03 |o-0,5
--0| 5+--0| 0,5-+,20 +,25 +,00 +6,0-+8,0 0,06 x. 0,+5|o. |o-Z-0,5 x
50+ 5+50+ 0,+0o s) +,00 +,00 -,0-6,0 0,0- 0,03 |o-0,-0-0,65
502 0,+0 x. +,00 +,00 -,0-6,0 0,0- 0,03 |o-0,-0-0,65
!29 !30
7.6.!. Casos especla|es oe ap|lcacln oe e|ectrooos lnoxloab|es OLPL|KON
Ap| l cacl n L|ectrooo Aproplaoo
- So|oa uoa |cza oc acco |oox|oab|c coo ota oc acco a| cabooo. ||O 2/, |S/ +06
||O C\, ||O 30 ||C
- So|oa |czas oc acco a| aoaocso. ||O /\
C|TO|||| 80+
- So|oa acco oc |ca|cotas, accos oc co|aoo a|to cootco|oo oc cabooo. ||O 2/
|S/ +06
- So|oa ||co |uoo|oo coo acco |oox|oab|c. C|TO|O|T|-|S/||U|||c
- So|oa accos oc a|cac|oo ocscoooc|oa. ||O 2/, |S/ +06
||O C\
- So|oa cua|ou|c acco |oox|oab|c, cxccto |os accos oc ba,o cootco|oo oc cabooo. ||O C\
- /ccos co coca| ||O 2/, |S/ +06
- Co,|o aa cvcst||cotos ouos. ||O /\
||O 30 ||C
- ||czas soct|oas a tccatuas c|cvaoas. ||O C\
||O 30 ||C
- So|oa accos a| coo o||bocoo. C|O|OCO|L 502
- So|oa accos oc ba,o cabooo coo accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo. ||O 30 ||C
- So|oa accos oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a coo accos a| aoaocso. ||O /\
- Co,|o aa ccub||cotos u ouos co accos aa |ca|cotas oc cotc. ||O 2/
|S/ +06
- Coo ccub||coto otccto co accos oc co|aoo cabooo So|oaoua oc c,cs). ||O 3\ ||C
7.6.2. L|ectrooos OLPL|KON para |a so|oaoura oe |os aceros lnoxloab|es
Ace L|ectrooos Denomlnacln Numero oe L|ectrooos
Tlpo A|S| D| N Materla| D|N OLPL|KON
202 8 C|o|| +8 +.-3+ ||O /\
30+ +2 C|| + +.-3+0 ||O /\
302 +2 C|| +8 8 +.-300 ||O /\
303 +2 C||S +8 8 +.-305 |o ao|aoo aa sc so|oaoo
303 Sc
30- 5 C|| +8 +.-30+ ||O /\
30- | 2 C|| +8 +.-306 ||O /\
3 0 5 ||O 30 ||C
308 ||O /\
3 0 +5 C||S| 20 +2 +. -828 ||O 30 ||C
30 S ||O 30 ||C
3+0 +5C||S| 25 20 +.-8-+ ||O C\
3+0 S ||O C\
3+- +5C||S| 25 20 +.-8-+ ||O C\
3+6 5 C|||o+8 +0 +.--0+ ||O 3\ ||C
3+6 | 2 C|||o+8 +0 +.--0- ||O 3\ ||C
3+ 5 C|||o + +3 +.--- ||O 3\ ||C
32+ +0 C||T| +8 +.-5-+ ||O /\Cb
322 ||O 3\ ||C
3- +0 C|||b +8 +.-550 ||O /\Cb
3-8 ||O /\Cb
-05 C/| +3 +.-002 ||O /Cb
-30 8 C + +.-0+6 ||O /\
-03 C +3 +.-00 C|TOC|O| +3-
-+0 +0C +3 +.-006 C|TOC|O| +3-
-+- C|TOC|O| +3-
-20 20C +3 +.-02+ C|TOC|O| +3-
-3+ 32C|| + +.-05 ||O /\Cb
||O /\
50+ +0C /| +.-+3 ||O 25--
502 +0C /| +.-+3 ||O 25--
|aocs |o|ocs sobc caoa t|o oc c|cctooo co c| cat|oo O||||KO|.
||cctooo a |ab|ca ba,o co|oo.
PPOP|LDADLS DLL DLPOS|TO DL
SOLDADUPA
!3! !32
7.6.3. Caracterlstlcas oe |os e|ectrooos lnoxloab|es OLPL|KON
LLLCTPODO CLASL APL|CAC|ON
AWS
||O /\ | 308-+6| || cctooo /ustco| t| co ouc ocos| ta coooocs |ccoostucc| oo oc at| ccs boocs oc
|aoos ||sos oc u buco acabaoo. |cs|stcotc cuc|aoocs oc oaa.
|asta 300C oc tccatua oc taba,o. 3asc oc ccub||coto otccto. Uo|oo oc
accos |oox|oab|cs oc| uo +8/8 +/.
||O /\ Cb | 3--+6 Lcos|tos oc ao cs|stcoc|a a |a ox|oac|oo co |a |aa |a coostucc|oo caac|oo oc cou|os
|otcc|c ba,o ascs ox|oaotcs oc cobust|oo co |os|ta|cs, |cc|c|as, ccvccc|as co |a
|asta 800C. 3ucoa cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo |otc- |ooust|a a||cot|c|a co coca|.
c|sta||oa ac|as a |a cscoc|a oc co|ub|o. So|oaoua oc |czas oc |otccab|aoocs oc
ca|o, atcs oc oto a cacc|oo.
||O 3\ | 3+6-+6 Lcos|to oc ao cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo |oca| aa so|oa accos +8/+2 |o aa
ox|oac|oo. || ocos|tos oc cstos c|cctooos uo|oo o ccub||coto oc accos ouc
coot|coc |o |o cua| o|s|ouc |a tcoococ|a a |a taba,ao co co|os coos|vos couctocs.
cc||tac|oo oc cabuos, cs|stcotc a |a ocs|o- |ab|cac|oo aotco||coto oc tub|oas,
tcac|oo |otcc|sta||oa |asta 300C. bobas, taooucs. |o |a |ooust|a ou||-
ca, tcxt||,ctc.
||O 3\ ||C | 3+6|-+6 |os ocos|tos oc cstc c|cctooo cscotao So|oaoua oc accos +8 C-+2 ||-2,5 |o
uoa cxcc|cotc cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo |otc- ||C, cxcc|cotc |cotc a| ataouc coo-
aou|a ac|as a| ba,o cootco|oo oc cabooo s|vo |otcoso a |a coos|oo o |caoua
|a cscoc|a oc |o. |tt|o), |czas su,ctas a| ataouc oc sa-
|cs o ataoucs oc c|oo co |a |ooust|a
ou||ca.
C|TO|||| 80+ | 30-+6 ||cctooo austco|t|co, cuo ocos|to sc auto- |oca| aa |oa ,uotas oc a|ta cs|stco-
coouccc coo c| taba,o. |oscc cxtaoo|oa|a c|a, saoas |oococas cxccotas oc
tcoac|oao ao cs|stcoc|a a |a ||cc|oo ct||ca. a|cta|cotos, co accos a| cabooo oc
Soota a|tas tccatuas oc scv|c|o sobc aoocs cscsocs, auo co cxtcas
|os 800C. cooo|c|oocs oc ||ocz. |aa so|oa o|vc-
sos t|os oc accos |oox|oab|cs. /|S|
2, 3, -, 5). |aa c||coa
so|oa |czas oc acco a| aoaocso,
atcs ocsastaoas v|as |ccas, atcs
oc o||oos u|vc|zaoocs, ctc.
||O 30 | 30-+6 ||cctooo coo ocos|to oc a|to cootco|oo oc So|oaoua oc accos a| cabooo coo
c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo. |xcc|cotc aa so|oa acco |oox|oab|c.
co os|c|oo vct|ca| asccoocotc. Taooucs aa sooa caust|ca, cvcst||coto
oc tocs oc cac||o, cxtactocs oc
vao c|oo.
||O 30 ||C | 30|-+6 ||cctooo ouc oa uo ocos|to oc| t|o austcoo- /o|aoo aa so|oa c|ccotos oc
|c|t|co ouc |o |acc |oscos|b|c a |a ||suac|oo acco ou|cc o taooucs ccvcccos oc
co ca||cotc. su ba,o occota,c oc |c|ta o|s|- acco |oox|oab|c.
ouc |os |csos oc |a|||zac|oo o |asc s|a. Taooucs oc tata|coto tc|co coo
aa coooucc|oo oc ||u|oos coos|vos.
C|O|OCO|L | 502-+6 ||cctooo oc c|cvaoa cs|stcoc|a a |a ||ucoc|a Sc usa co cou|os tubc|as oc c||oc|a
5 0 2 |asta 650C. oc cto|co.
|xcc|cotc cs|stcoc|a a |a ox|oac|oo co ca||cotc. |aa tubc|as oc vao oc a|ta tcc-
/occuaoo a|cctooo aa |as |cas caas oc atua cs|oo.
a|z co accos a| C-|o. |aa so|oa accos a| C-|o.
||O 2/ | 3+2-+6 Su a|to cootco|oo oc |c|ta co c| ocos|to oc So|oaoua oc accos oc obc so|oab|||-
cstc t|o oc c|cctooo |o |acc tota|cotc |o- oao co taba,os oc aotco||coto, cuao-
scos|b|c a |a ||suac|oo co ca||cotc c|tc oo sc ocscooocco sus coos|c|oocs
aotcoc su cstuctua |xta auo co |os casos ou||cas. Tab|co sc usa co accos tc-
oc cxccs|va o||uc|oo coo c| cta| basc. || cta| |ab|cs cuaooo oo cs os|b|c cca|cota.
ocos|taoo t|coc uoa a|ta cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo |aa so|oa accos, |oox|oab|cs oc |as
cxcc|cotc ouct|||oao auo a c|cvaoas tcc- sc|cs /|S| 2, 3, -, accos
atuas |o ouc cv|ta |a coctac|oo oc tco- oc a|ta tc|ab|||oao S/| 52+00, 6+,
s|oocs co |a zooa so|oaoa. 2.
|aa so|oa c||coa c,cs, at|ccs
|ca|cotas.
|csotcs, |o,as oc uc||cs, caocoas |-
u|soas s|o ||o. Cucos oc aou|oa|a
csaoa, ctc.
||O C\ | 3+0-+6 || ocos|to oc cstos c|cctooos cscota uoa ||oc|a|cotc usaoo co tubc|as, |otc
a|ta cs|stcoc|a a |a ox|oac|oo a c|cvaoas tc- cab|aoocs oc ca|o, taooucs oc a|a-
catuas + 200C) ocb|oo a ouc |a cstuc- ccoa|coto co coca| co s|t|os ouc
tua ouc cscota, cs tota|cotc austco|t|co, taba,ao a a|ta tccatua.
oo cs suscct|b|c a| tc|c. Uo|oo oc acco |oox|oab|c ||co ou|cc.
|caac|oo oc at|ccs.
C|TOC|O| | -+0 || |o |os ocos|tos ca||zaoos coo cstc c|cctooo |aa ccoostu| acccso|os oc tub|oas
+ 3 - sootao co|os a|tacotc coos|vos auo |c|too.
a c|cvaoas tccatuas820C). T|coc bucoa |aa so|oa accos CO| +3- tooo
caac|oao a soota ocsastc o cos|oo t|o oc |ootub|oas.
cav| tac| oo. |aa so|oa accos t|os /|S| -+---+6--20
|c||coo oc |czas ocsastaoas o co-
os|oo causaoa o c|oo.
C|TOC|O| -+0- +5 |os ocos|tos oc cstc t|o oc c|cctooo soo |scc|a| aa caac|oo ccoostuc-
+ 3 oc cstuctua atcos|t|ca sc coouccco a| c|oo oc cuc|aas, au,as acccso|os oc
a|c, cscotao uoa c|cvaoa cs|stcoc|a a| ata- tub|oas.
ouc coos|vo |otcoso co co|os c|oos o |aa so|oa accos t|o /|S| -03, -05,
oc a|tas tccatuas. -06, -+0.
|cscotao uoa bucoa cs|stcoc|a a |a cav|tac|oo. |ccoostucc|oo oc tub|oas |c|too aa
|a |ooust|a ou||ca c||oc|as.
LLLCTPODO CLASL APL|CAC|ON
AWS
PPOP|LDADLS DLL DLPOS|TO DL
SOLDADUPA
!33 !35
CAPlIULO Vlll
Recubrimientos
Protectores
+)2167 8111
Recobr|m|eotos
Protectores
8.0. Genera|loaoes
|| ccauc o ccub||coto otccto coos|stc co c|
ocos|to oc uoa o va|as caas oc so|oaoua oc caactc|st|-
cas u cscc|a|cs co |as suc||c|cs oc |czas ocsastaoas
o octc|oaoas, cv|tooosc oc csta aoca c| costoso c-
c|azo oc |a |cza.
Cac|as a |as caas oc ccauc o ccub||coto o-
tccto, ouc sc a||cao a |as |czas co|aotc c|cctooos oc
so|oaoua c|cct|ca, va|||as oc so|oaoua ox|-acct||co|ca,
a|abcs tubu|acs u otos occo||cotos, cs os|b|c:
|ccuca |czas ocsastaoas o octc|oaoas.
|caa c|ccotos oc ou|oa.
|otcc |as suc||c|cs oc |as |czas o c|ccotos
su,ctos a |uctc ocsastc, o|ooaooo su v|oa ut||.
Coostu| |czas coo atc|a|cs s baatos, a||cao-
oo c| ccauc otccto so|o co |as suc||c|cs ouc
cou|cco otccc|oo.
|os ccub||cotos otcctocs sc c|cao, cuaooo
|as |czas ocbco oscc uoa o va|as oc |as o|coaocs
s|u|cotcs:
|a abas|oo cs oouc|oa o ||cc|oo oc |a |cza coo
ocas, acoa, casca,o, t|ca o cua|ou|c atc|a oo
ct||ca.
|cs|stcoc|a a| oza|coto ct||co, c| cua| cs o-
ouc|oo o |a ||cc|oo oc |a |cza coo |a suc||c|c
ct||ca oc ota |cza o c|ccoto cco|co.
|cs|stcoc|a a| |acto o c|ooucs buscos c |otc-
cst|vos.
|cs|stcoc|a a |a ox|oac|oo.
|cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo causaoa o acc|oo oc
sa|cs, c|oos u otos c|ccotos.
|cs|stcoc|a a ca|o c|cvaoo va|ac|oocs oc tcc-
atua, ctc.
|o suucsto, cua|ou|ca oc |as |czas ucoc couc-
| va|as oc |as o|coaocs |oo|caoas, oc aoca ouc c|
atc|a| oc ccauc o ccub||coto otccto ocbc
oscc |as o|st|otas cua||oaocs occcsa|as.
|oa|cotc oo cs os|b|c cocoota uo c|cctooo
oc ccauc o ccub||coto otccto, ouc cuoa a| x|-
o co |oa coo,uota a tooas |as o|coaocs sca|aoas.
S|o cbao, sab|cooo sc|ccc|ooa c| c|cctooo aoccua-
oo, sc ||ca a obtcoc uo csu|taoo sat|s|acto|o.
|a oucza |oc|c|| o 3|oc||) oc| cta| ocos|taoo
o uo c|cctooo oc ccub||coto otccto cs |a, ouc
coca|cotc sc toa coo |oo|cac|oo oc |as cua||oaocs
oc cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc. S|o cbao, |o ouc c| aoo oc
oucza ca|cotc oos ooc|ooa cs uoa o|cotac|oo so-
bc |as o|coaocs oc| atc|a| ocos|taoo, a ouc atc-
|a|cs o||ccotcs coo c| |so aoo oc oucza ucoco tc-
oc cacc|oocs co|ctacotc o|st|otas a| soctc|os a |as
o||ccotcs cooo|c|oocs oc ocsastc o oc scv|c|o.
|uc|os oc |os ccub||cotos otcctocs oscco
c|cct|vacotc uoa ao oucza, oc a||| |a cxcs|oo c-
cub||coto ouo. |stc tc|oo sc |a |cc|o u co-
uo, s|o cbao, oo cs coccta |a cxcs|oo co tooos
|os casos. |o |otaotc co uoa caa oc ccub||coto
cs ouc tcoa |as o|coaocs occcsa|as, |as cua|cs u-
c|as vcccs oo co|oc|oco coo va|ocs oc oucza at|cu-
|acotc c|cvaoos.
8.1. E| desgaste - 5u natura|eza
Lcsastc cs |a co|oa oc at|cu|as ct||cas oc |a
suc||c|c oc uoa |cza o acc|oo o|ccta o o cob|oa-
c|oo oc uoa sc|c oc |actocs.
|| cstuo|o o |ovcst|ac|oo oc cstos |actocs oos c-
|tc octc|oa c| t|o oc ocsastc a ouc cst su,cta |a |c-
za. |otc cstos |actocs tcocos:
Abrasln.- Lcc|os ouc uoa |cza sc ocsasta o
abas|oo, cuaooo sc cocucota co coostaotc ||c-
c|oo coo |coas, casca,o, aco|||a, t|ca, acoa
otos atc|a|cs so||oos oo ct||cos. |a abas|oo
ooucc cos|oo, o||oo, asaoo o cav|tac|oo oc
|a |cza, |o ouc sc taoucc co uo ocsastc o octc|o-
o oc |a |sa.
Ccoca|cotc |os ccub||cotos otcctocs o
so| oaoua, ouc ocbco cs| st| c| ocsastc o
abas|oo, ocbco sc oc uoa ao oucza, co co
uc|os casos cstos ocbco sc |o su||c|cotccotc
tcoaccs aa aucota su cs|stcoc|a a c|ooucs o
|actos a ouc csto su,ctas c|ctas |czas, coo
cs c| caso oc |os o|cotcs oc |as a|as cco|cas.
Pozamlento meta|lco.-Cuaooo uo cta| oza coo
oto cta|, taoc o tcaoo su|c uo ocsastc oc-
b|oo a ouc uoo oc |os cta|cs cs s ouo ouc c|
oto. |a cs| oo oc| oza| coto c| ca| cota-
!36
|coto subs|u|cotc s|cc ooucco ocsastc
cstc sc ao, s| cs ouc |a suc||c|c oo sc otcc
coo caas oc 'ccauc o ccub||coto otccto'
coo uo c|cctooo ao|aoo.
Corrosln.- |s c| c|ccto oc su|co |as |czas cuaooo
soo atacaoas o ||ou|oos o so||oos ouc actuao co |o-
a ou||ca, coo cs c| caso oc ataoucs o sa|cs,
c|oos u otos acotcs ou||cos. |a coos|oo cs uo
ob|ca avc, ouc caoa ao causa aoocs oaos
c,u|c|os ccooo|cos a |as ccsas ouc usao o o-
oucco oouctos ou||cos, coo soo |a |ooust|a oc|
,cbc, cucos, tcxt||cs, |ct|||zaotcs, ac|cs, a||cotos,
cto|co |a |sa |ooust|a ou||ca. |as causas oc
|a coos|oo soo tao oucosas, ouc |co |ab
ouc octc|oa c| uso ||oa| oc |a |cza, aotcs oc o-
oc sc|ccc|ooa c| ccub||coto ao|aoo ouc ocbc
otcc |a |cza.
|os c|cctooos oc acco |oox|oab|c a|cac|oocs
s|||acs sc csto ut|||zaooo co |oa ccc|cotc aa
otcc |as |czas coota |a coos|oo.
Cavltacln.- |s c| ocsastc ouc su|c c| cta| o
acc|oo oc ||ou|oos ouc csto co ov||coto. |stc
ov||coto oo s|cc t|coc uo ||u,o |a|oa s|oo |a
ao|a oc vcccs t|cooc a tcoc uo ||u,o tubu|coto
ouc, a| |oa co||oos ucoc a|ccta c| cta| o-
ouc|cooo coucas cavcoas. Cuaooo cstas sc |aao
|oaoo, |a tubu|coc|a aucota tab|co aucota-
|a scvc|oao oc| ocsastc co |a atc |otcoa oc |a
|cza. || c,c|o s ootab|c |o cocootaos co |os
|abcs o a|ctas oc tub|oas ||ou||cas.
Cboques e lmpacto.- |os o|cs sub|tos v|o|cotos
causao otua, a|cta|coto o ocsastc oc |as |c-
zas. || ocsastc cs csu|taoo |oc|a|cotc oc| c|cc-
to oc o||oo ouc c,ccc c| c|oouc o |acto sobc
|a suc||c|c oc |a |cza. |o c| taba,o oc |as caotcas
cs u couo cocoota ou|oas |czas ouc c-
ou|cco otccc|oo coota c| |acto, coo o
c,c|o co c| caso oc uo at|||o oc t|tuaooa,
ooooc c| C|TO|/|C/| |a obaoo sc c| o-
oucto s aoccuaoo oo so|o aa cs|st| a o|cs o
|actos, s|oo tab|co o ocos|ta uo cta| su||-
c|cotccotc ouo aa cs|st| c| ocsastc abas|vo.
|o |a ao|a oc |os taba,os sc cscotao s oc
uoo oc |os t|os oc ocsastc , o ta| ot|vo, |a
sc|ccc|oo coccta oc uo c|cctooo oc ccauc o
ccub||coto otccto ocbc |accsc coo c|tc|o
oc |a |otaoc|a c |o||ucoc|a oc caoa |acto co c|
occso oc ocsastc o octc|oo oc |a |cza.
8.2. 5e|eccin de| e|ectrodo ms ade-
cuado para e| recubrimiento pro-
tector
|a sc|ccc|oo oc| c|cctooo aoccuaoo sc |o|c|a coo c|
ccoooc||coto oc |os |actocs ouc actuao co c| ocsastc
oocaoo. Su ocos|to cs uoa cxcc|cotc basc aot|ua-
ooa, o co,|o, aa ccub||cotos oc ao oucza.
C|TODUP 600.- |xcc|cotc aa otcc |czas su,ctas
a ocsastc o c|ccto cob|oaoo oc |a abas|oo, oza-
|coto ct||co, o|cs c |actos.
|x|stc c| c|cctooo C|TOLU| 600 |o coo caactc|st|-
cas s|||acs co |a |oc|a oc| oo.
C|TODUP !000.- Sus ocos|tos sootao |a abas|oo
c| oza|coto ct||co scvco, auo a tccatuas c|cva-
oas co cscoc|a oc ab|cotcs coos|vos. |o ocbco
soctcsc a o|cs c |actos co o|ouo caso.
C|TOMANGAN.- Soota ocsastc o abas|oo scvc-
a, as| coo o |uctcs o|cs. |scc|a| aa |czas oc
acco oc +3% oc aoaocso. Su ocos|to sc autocoouc-
cc coo c| taba,o.
TOOLCOPD.- ||cctooo cscc|a| aa ccoostu| |os
|||os oc |ca|cotas cotaotcs tab|co aa |ab|ca
|ca|cotas oc cotc sobc cua|ou|c t|o oc acco.
|ucoc a||casc coo ccub||coto otccto co |as
suc||c|cs soct|oas a ocsastc, a ouc o|ccc cs|stcoc|a a
|a coos|oo, a| |acto scvco, c| oza|coto ct||co a|
ca|o.
Sc obt|coc ao oucza soct|cooo c| ocos|to a
tata|coto tc|co.
8.4. A|gunas indicaciones para |a ap|i-
cacin de |os recubrimientos pro-
tectores
a ouc ooc atcoc|oo aa |oa uoa suc||c|c
oc| cta| basc b|co |||a, aotcs oc ocos|ta c| a-
tc|a| oc ccauc. |s occcsa|o covc |a |cu-
bc, |as cscaas oc ox|oo, |as asas |a suc|coao
ouc ucoa tcoc.
|sta |||cza sc c|cctua c|ccotccotc co|aotc
c| csc||aoo, co s| csto oo |uca os|b|c, oo
|accsc coo cc|||os oc a|abc.
Cuaooo |a ouc a||ca c| ccub||coto otccto
a aouas o acaoa|aouas, |ocoocs, a caotos c|at|-
vacotc oc|aoos, cs occcsa|o cooooca sus bo-
ocs o uotas, aa cv|ta uo sobcca|cota|coto |o-
ca||zaoo o c| coucaoo oc boocs caotos.
|o | a ao| a oc | os casos oo sc cou| cc uo
cca|cota|coto oc |as |czas aa ocos|ta uo
buco ccauc. S|o cbao, c| cca|cota|coto cs
ocscab|c, cuaooo |a oc so|oasc accos coo uo coo-
tco|oo oc cabooo ao a| 0,-5%. |a cxccc|oo
oc csta c|a soo |os accos |uoo|oos coo a|to ao-
aocso, ouc s|cc ocbco aotcocsc ||os ou-
aotc |a so|oaoua.
a ouc cst su,cta |a |cza, as| coo oc |as cx|coc|as oc
taba,o a ouc csta soct|oa.
|sta octc|oac|oo |o|c|a| sc co|ccota coo c| cs-
tuo|o oc |os ascctos s|u|cotcs:
|o||ucoc|a oc |a abas|oo, oza|coto, coos|oo ctc.
co c| ocsastc o octc|oo ouc su|c |a |cza, cs occ|
|as causas sccuooa|as o aa|c|as.
|cccs|oao oc aou|oaoo o |o,aoo oc| ocos|to oc
so|oaoua.
Coos|c|oo cooo|c|oo oc |a |cza a ccub|.
S| |as caactc|st|cas ||s|cas oc |a |cza a ccub| oo sc
a|tcao |uctccotc o c| ca|cota|coto /o co||a-
|coto busco.
S| |a |cza cs|stc cab|os oc tccatua v|o|cotos
|oca||zaoos, s|o a|ctasc o ocsc.
|scso oc| cta| a ocos|ta, a ouc ocbc cv|tasc |a
ocos|c|oo oc ocas|aoas caas coo octc|oaoos
c|cctooos, co coca| ouoca ocos|ta s oc 3 caas
oc cua|ou|c ccauc o ccub||coto otccto.
|a scuooa |asc co |a sc|ccc|oo oc| c|cctooo cs a,us-
ta |as caactc|st|cas cooo|c|oocs sca|aoas oc| taba,o a
|as caactc|st|cas o|coaocs oc |os c|cctooos.
|aa |a csooa csoosab|c oc| taba,o cs |otccsaotc
sabc, co ouc co|oa |os o|vcsos c|cctooos cu|co coo
|as cx|coc|as couc|oas.
8.3. Materia|es de aporte para recubri-
mientos protectores de piezas
sujetas a desgaste
|o c| cao oc |os c|cctooos aa ccub||coto
otcctocs, |S/ |ab|ca uoa ao va|coao oc t|os, tao-
to coovcoc|ooa|cs coo cscc|a|cs.
|atua|cotc cx|stco c|cctooos |S/, ouc cubco
oos o s t|os oc ocsastc, co ,as sc ctcooc ouc
uo so|o c|cctooo cuba tooas |as o|vcsas |oas oc ocs-
astc o cx|coc|as ouc sc cscotao.
|o ta| ot|vo, ocbc aoa||zasc cu| cs c| |acto oc
ocsastc s |otaotc ouc ocbcos cv|ta, a ||o oc |a-
cc |a sc|ccc|oo s coccta oc| c|cctooo. |o a|uoos
casos |ab ouc sac|||ca a|uoas oc |as caactc|st|cas oc
cs|stcoc|a. |o c,c|o, cuaooo c| atc|a| cst su,cto a
|acto cob|oaoo coo abas|oo coo cs c| caso co |as
uas oc |as a|as, ooocos uo c|cctooo ouc, auoouc oo
cs|sta taoto |a abas|oo, taoco sca oucbao|zo ucoa
cs|st| c| |acto.
8.3.!. Pecubrlmlentos protectores conven-
clona|es
C|TODUP 350.- /||cab|c cuaooo |a |cza su|c ocsastc
o o|cs c |actos, as| coo o oza|coto ct||co
|s occcsa|o ooc uo cu|oaoo cscc|a| co |a co-
c|oo oc |a csco|a oc |a caa oc so|oaoua a tc|-
oaoa, aa cv|ta ouc |a |sa oucoc ataaoa o
|as caas subs|u|cotcs o coot|uas.
S| sc c|ca c| occo||coto coccto aa so|oa,
oo |ab occcs|oao oc ccu| a| c||coo o ac|aoo
oc |as caas ocos|taoas. |o caso oc ouc sca occcsa-
|o |acc ta| ocac|oo, ocbc |accsc |cotas ouc c|
cta| ocos|taoo cstc auo ca||cotc. S| sc |a oc,aoo
co||a, aotcs oc occoc a su c|cooo, |ab ouc
ca|cota oucvacotc |a |cza, a ouc co caso coota-
|o oo|ao oouc|sc |ctas.
||ca uo aco coto s|o toca c| bao oc |us|oo.
|os va|ocs oc aca,c, ouc sc sca|ao aa caoa
o|cto oc |os o|vcsos t|os oc c|cctooos, ocbco
obscvasc cst|ctacotc, s|cc ouc sca os|b|c
ocbco ut|||zasc |os va|ocs oc co|cotc o aca,c
s ba,os.
/| so|oa coo aco c|cct|co cx|stc |a tcoococ|a oatua|
ouc c| booc ocos|taoo oucoc oo o cooooca-
oo. S| csta c|cuostaoc|a oo cs ocscab|c, sc ucoco
ut|||za baas |||taooas |cc|as coo a||to o cobc
aa oa |oa a| cta| aotaoo.
/otcs oc a||ca |os o|vcsos t|os oc c|cctooos, sc
cco|cooa |cc s|cc |as |otucc|oocs cocsoo-
o|cotcs, o cuaoto su a||cac|oo ucoc couc| oc
|oo|cac|oocs s cc|sas octa||aoas ouc |as aou|
oaoas. |stas |ostucc|oocs sc cocucotao co c| 'Cat-
|oo O||||KO| aa so|oaouas cscc|a|cs'.
8.5. E| cojin o base amortigadora
/| a||ca uo ccub||coto otccto ocbco |abc
uoa c|ac|oo cotc c| cscso oc| cta| basc c| cta| oc
aotc. Coo c|a coca| |c, ouc sc ocbc a||ca c|
ccub||coto otccto |asta uoos 6 +/-) oc csc-
so aa obtcoc c,ocs csu|taoos co cuaoto a su oua-
c|oo, a ouc a| ut|||za cscsocs aocs oo|a ocas|ooa
uoa sc|c oc a,aouas o |ctas, ouc o|c|ao c| ocsco-
o||coto oc| cta| ocos|taoo.
|as |czas ocsastaoas co uo cscso ao ouc 6
+/-) t|coco ouc sc ccoostu|oas |asta su co|oa
o||oa| coos 6 . |sta ccoostucc|oo ocbc |accsc
coo c|cctooos, ouc ocos|tao uo atc|a| oc coo ouc-
za, coo o c,c|o c| SU|||C|TO, T||/C|TO ++0,
U||\||S C|, T||/C|TO 80, o b|co coo uo c|cctooo
aa ccub||coto otccto oc coo oucza, coo c|
C|TOLU| 350. Scuo c| atc|a| a ccub|sc, tab|co
ucoc sc occcsa|o ut|||za uo c|cctooo oc acco |oox|-
oab|c, coo c| ||O /\ ouc taba,a taoto coo co|cotc
coot|oua coo coo co|cotc a|tcoa. |o |os o||ccotcs
!37 !38
casos oc c|co oc |os c|cctooos |oo|caoos, c| atc|a|
ocos|taoo s|vc, aocs coo co,|o o basc oc aot|-
uac|oo aa atc|a|cs oc ao oucza, |o ouc cv|ta,
cotc otos ascctos, ouc c| atc|a| ouo sc ocscooa, sc
a,c o ast|||c co c| taba,o.
|a |uoc|oo oc| co,|o o basc aot|uaooa ucoc cx-
||casc co |a |oa s|u|cotc:
|o s|cc uo atc|a| oc ao oucza c,c|o c|
C|TOLU| +000) sc 'ao||cc' ||ccotc a| cta|
basc. Sc cou|cc oc uo atc|a| oc oucza |otcco|a
ouc s|va oc 'aac o cs|aboo' cotc uoo oto, cs
occ| cotc c| cta| basc c| atc|a| oc ccub||co-
to oc ao oucza, a ||o oc o|s|ou| c| c|ccto oc o||u-
c|oo. Lc oo oocsc c| co,|o aot|uaoo cs u
os|b|c, ouc c| atc|a| oc ao oucza tcoa tco-
ococ|a a ocscoocsc aotcs o co c| o|o taba,o.
Ta| coo su oobc | o | oo| ca, co, | o o basc
aot|uaooa cs c| atc|a| oc so|oaoua ocos|ta-
oo cotc c| cta| basc |a caa oc ao oucza,
t|cooc a absobc aot|ua o|cs, c|ooucs o
|actos ouc csta u|t|a caa csta|a cxucsta,
cv|tooosc as| ouc c| ocos|to oc a,c, ast|||c o ocs-
cooa.
Tatooosc oc |czas oc acco a| cabooo o oc ba,a
8.6. 5o|daduras especia|es para recu-
brimientos protectores
8.6.!. Pecubrlmlentos protectores oe
acero lnoxloab|e
Lctc|oaoos c|cctooos oc acco |oox|oab|c uc-
oco sc ut|||zaoos, co a|uoos casos ocbco sc occcsa|a-
cotc c|caoos, coo ccub||cotos otcctocs.
|stos c|cctooos sc ucoco ccocooa, cuaooo |a
|cza ouc va a ccub|sc cscota uoa o va|as oc |as s|-
u|cotcs cooo|c|oocs:
Cuaooo |a coos|c|oo ou||ca oc| cta| basc as| |o
cx|c, cs occ| cuaooo |a |cza cs oc acco |oox|oab|c.
Cuaooo c| cta| basc a ccub| cs uoa a|cac|oo csc-
c|a| |os c|cctooos aa ccub||cotos otcctocs
coovcoc|ooa|cs oo oao csu|taoos sat|s|acto|os.
a|cac|oo, coo atc|a| oc ccoostucc|oo, ouc a |a
vcz s|vc oc co,|o o basc aot|uaooa, ocbc c-
|casc uoo oc |os s|u|cotcs c|cctooos:
T||/C|TO 80, U||\||S C| o C|TOLU| 350 aa
|czas, ouc |uco sco ccub|ctas coo c|cctooos
oc uoa ao oucza.
Tatooosc oc accos a|caoos, coo co c| caso oc
|os accos |uoo|oos coo a|to aoaocso, |os c|ccto-
oos ccocooaoos coo atc|a| oc ccoostucc|oo,
a |a vcz oc 'co,|o o basc aot|uaooa', soo c|
||O /\ o c| ||O 30.
8.5.!. Cuaoro oe orlentacln para |a ap|l-
cacln oe |as so|oaouras convenclona-
|es para recubrlmlentos protectores
Uoa octc|oac|oo cuaot|tat|va cxacta oc |as o|vcsas
o|coaocs oc uo c|cctooo cs ct|cacotc |os|b|c,
a ouc so|o |a oucza cs vcoaocacotc cosuab|c, |o
|o taoto, |as |oo|cac|oocs oaoas co |a Tab|a a coot|ouac|oo
ocbco sc toaoas uo|cacotc coo o|cotac|oo cua||tat|-
va a basc oc oucos, cuo s|o|||caoo cs coo s|uc:
5 - |u bucoo 2 - |o ccocooab|c
- - 3ucoo + - Coota|oo|caoo
3 - |cu|a
Cuaooo |a |uoc|oo ouc ocscca |a |cza o |as
cooo|c|oocs co ouc taba,a, cx|co uo c|cctooo oc
|as caactc|st|cas, ouc so|acotc o|ccc uo c|cctooo
oc acco |oox|oab|c.
Cuaooo |a so|oaoua ocbc c|cctuasc coo |os aca,cs
s ba,os, s|o c,u|c|o oc |a bucoa |uoc|oo.
|as cxtaoo|oa|as o|coaocs cco|cas, ouc c-
scotao |as so|oaouas O||||KO| oc accos |oox|oab|cs
cscc|a|cs, as| coo |a |ac|||oao oc su a||cac|oo |os s
ba,os aca,cs ouc cou|cco, c|tco obtcoc uoa caa
oc ocos|to oc ccub||coto otccto oc ao c||ca-
c|a coo||coto, co uc|os casos co ouc |os c|cctooos
otcctocs coovcoc|ooa|cs oo oao |os csu|taoos ouc sc
cscao.
|stos c|cctooos soo |os s|u|cotcs:
C|TODUP
350
C |o
C 2,%
2--0
2
2
3
5
2
2
5
5
3
TOOLCOPD
C |o S|
|o C \ \
6--66
coo tata.
tc|co
5
-
5
5
-
-
2
5
C|TODUP
600
C |o
C 6,8%
5-62
3
-
-
-
2
3
2
5
3
C|TODUP
!000
C |o S|
C 36%
62-65
2
5
-
2
5
5
2
2
3
C|TOMANGAN
C S | S|
|o +3,2 %
50 - 60
autocooucc|oo
2
-
2
5
2
2
2
3
5
L|ectrooos
OLPL|KON
||ccotos oc
a|cac|oo co c| ocos|to
Lucza
|oc|c|| C
|aa |||os cotaotcs
|cs|stcoc|a a abas|oo
|cs| stcoc| a a oza-
|coto ct||co
|cs|stcoc|a a o|cs c
|actos
|cs|stcoc|a a atos|c-
as coos|vas
|cs|stcoc|a a| ca|o
|aou|oab|||oao
|o,ab|||oao
|ooucc||coto co c|
o|o taba,o
So|oaouras OLPL|KON
Sus componentes baslcos
O||||KO| ||O 2/
|S/ +06
C 30 %
|| +0 %
|o +,8 %
C 0,+2 %
S| 0,6 %
O||||KO| ||O C\
C 25 %
|| 20 %
C 0,+0 %
S| 0,55 %
C|TO|||| 80+
C +, %
|| ,5 %
|o 2, %
|o +, %
C 0,8 %
S| 0,- %
C|TOC|O| +3-
C +3 %
|| - %
|o 0,50 %
|o 0,68 %
C 0,+ %
S| 0,+ %
Propleoaoes oe| oepslto
oe so|oaoura
|cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo, coos|oo, ca|o, ocs-
astc, |acto a |as oucbaouas.
/||cab|c co accos oc cua|ou|c aoo oc ca-
booo, accos oc ba,a a|cac|oo acco |oox|-
oab|c /|S| 3+2
/| ta cs| stcoc| a a| ca| o |asta + 200C
2 200|). |cs|stcoc|a a |a ||cc|oo, |ac-
to, coos|oo ox|oac|oo co cua|ou|c t|o
oc acco a| cabooo oc accos oc ba,a a|ca-
c|oo, as| coo acco |oox|oab|c /|S| 3+0.
|aa so|oa ccub| |czas oc acco a| ao-
aocso.
/|ta cs|stcoc|a a |a ||cc|oo ct||ca, a |a tac-
c|oo, a| |acto, a |a coos|oo, abas|oo a
|as a|tas tccatuas suc|ocs a 800C
+ -2|)
|cs| stcoc| a a| ataouc coos| vo causaoo
taoto o c|oos coo o a|tas tcca-
tuas suc|ocs tab|co o uoa cav|tac|oo
u scvca.
|| cta| ocos|taoo cs atcos|t|co sc au-
tocoouccc a| a|c.
Ap|lcaclones o trabajos tlplcos que
pueoen rea|lzarse
|aa so|oa c||coa c,cs, at|ccs, |c-
a|cotas, csotcs,|o,as oc uc||cs, ca-
ocoas, taooucs oc cs|oo, |u|saoocs,
cucos oc aou|oa|a csaoa, ctc.
|aa |otccab|aoocs oc ca|o, caa-
c|oo oc at|ccs, caac|oo oc cou|os
oc |oc|a, cto|co |coca||cs. |aa
ccub| accos co coca| auo ||co
|uoo|oo.
|aa ccub| atcs ocsastaoas oc v|as |c-
cas, aoas, cab|os cuccs, tab|co
aa |ab|os oc ba|ocs oc oaa, o|cotcs oc
cxcavaooas, atcs oc o||oos u|vc|-
zaoocs, v|vu|as tub|oas oc aua.
|scc|a| aa caac|oocs ccoostuc-
c|oocs oc cuc|aas, au,as acccso|os oc
tub|oas, o c,c|o tub|oas |c|too.
Tab|co aa |ooust|as ou||cas c||oc-
|as. |aa accos |oox|oab|cs t|os /|S| -03,
-05, -06, -+0, -+-, -6+ -20.
!39 !40
8.6.2. Pecubrlmlentos protectores oe
a|eaclones especla|es
8.6.2.!. Lstructura reslstentes a| oesgaste
|a cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc oc cta|cs a|cac|oocs cst
co |uoc|oo oc |a |cocstuctua oc| cta|. |sta, a su vcz,
occooc oc |a coos|c|oo ou||ca oc| c|c|o tc|co
|ucsto.
|as tcs cstuctuas cta|u|cas s |otaotcs,
cscotcs co |os ocos|tos oc so|oaoua aa |ccub||co-
tos |otcctocs |scc|a|cs, soo: |atcos|ta, /ustco|ta Ca-
buos. |sta u|t|a cstuctua ucoc cocootasc co |oa
o|scsa o co |oa oc co. /s| |so t|coco o||ccotcs
o|coaocs, oucstas so|oaouas aa |ccub||cotos
|otcctocs |scc|a|cs |acco uso oc c||as aa obtcoc |a
c,o cob|oac|oo os|b|c oc o|coaocs aa |os casos
cscc|||cos oc a||cac|oo.
Martenslta
|s |a cstuctua s couo s a||acotc usaoa
co |os ocos|tos oc |ccub||cotos |otcctocs, cs cs|s-
tcotc a tooos |os t|os oc cooo|c|oocs suavccotc abas|-
vas a|uoos ab|cotcs scvcacotc abas|vos.
|a atcos|ta t|coc uoa a|ta oucza, ouc aucota coo
c| |occcoto oc| cabooo. |os ocos|tos atcos|t|cos t|c-
oco oocaoa ouct|b|||oao co|aoa cs|stcoc|a a| |ac-
to. |a atcos|ta o|ccc vcota,as a| sc usaoa coota co|os
oc abas|oo o aaoo, cooo|c|oo ouc ucoc coos|ocasc
oocaoa. |as atcos|tas coo s a|to occota,c oc ca-
booo cscotao cxcc|cotc cs|stco|ca a |a abas|oo o csc-
||aoo.
||. +.- ||cocstuctua oc |atcos|ta x+00)
Austenlta
|a austco|ta cs b|aooa ouct||, sc autocoouccc |oa-
cotc ouaotc c| taba,o coo |acto oscc bucoas cua||oa-
ocs oc cs|stcoc|a a |a abas|oo o asaoo. |os ocos|tos aus-
tco|t|cos t|coco uo ouc|co tcoaz ouct||, ouc soota uoa caa
suc||c|a| ouc sc coouccc ouaotc c| taba,o.
|a austco|ta cs tab|co uoa |asc u |otaotc co
ocos|tos oc a|to cabooo ouc coot|coco cabuos s|vc
aa |at| c|cta ouct|||oao a |os |sos. |os ocos|tos
austco|t|cos soo cxcc|cotcs coo co,|ocs aot|uaoo-
cs, aotcs oc a||ca |as caas ouas sobcucstas.
Carburos en reo
|a co oc cabuos sc |oa o cc||tac|oo a a-
t| oc uoa |us|oo oc a|to cabooo, o||oaooo as| co coo-
t|oua co c| cta| so|o|||caoo. |stc t|o oc cabuo cs uoa
cstuctua cxtcaoacotc oua |||, coo ba,a cs|s-
tcoc|a a| |acto. |o cstos ocos|tos |a cstuctua oc cabu-
o ooca |a |asc oc at|z, ouc coca|cotc cs austco|t|ca.
|os cabuos co co aucotao |a cs|stcoc|a a| ocs-
astc, tab|co soo c|cct|vos coota |a abas|oo o csc|-
|aoo scvco,s|cc ouc c| cabuo tcoa ao oucza
ouc c| abas|vo. || aucoto oc |a cs|stcoc|a a| ocsastc cs
ooc|ooa| a |a caot|oao oc cabuo cscotc, uo|cooo
a|caoza c| ocos|to o satuac|oo, |as o|coaocs oc| ca-
buo ouc soo: a|ta oucza ba,a ouct|||oao, |o ouc ocas|o-
oa ocos|tos |||cs suscct|b|cs a a,aouas.
Carburos olspersos
|os cabuos o|scsos csto oocaoos o cta| oc
||acoto. Uo occota,c c|at|vacotc a|to ucoc csta
cootco|oo co uo ocos|to oc so|oaoua, aotcs ouc |a cs|s-
tcoc|a ouct|||oao oc| ocos|to a|caocco |os va|ocs oc| ca-
buo, |a ao o|scs|oo oc| cabuo co c| ocos|to oc
so|oaoua c||c,a |as o|coaocs oc| cta| oc ||a, cs occ|
oc |a at|z. Soo o|coaocs oc |a at|z |as ouc cooto-
|ao c| c|co oc| cabuo o|scso. /| c|ca aoccuaoa-
cotc |os ocos|tos coo cabuos o|scsos sc obt|coc
c,ocs csu|taoos coota tooos |os t|os oc ocsastc, auo
|os cob|oaoos.
8.6.2.2. Pecubrlmlentos protectores especla|es
|| cx|to ccooo|co oc |os |ccub||cotos |otcc-
tocs |scc|a|cs occooc a couoo oc uoa a||cac|oo sc-
|cct|va oc |as so|oaouas c|at|vacotc caas a cta|cs
c|at|vacotc oco costosos.
|aa c| c|tc|o sc|cct|vo ocbcos tcoc cscotc:
|| ao coo| | coto oc | as so| oaouas aa
|ccub||cotos |otcctocs |scc|a|cs, c| |so
ouc ||uctua cotc +5% 235%.
|| cta| ocos|taoo cst coost|tu|oo o a|cac|oocs
so||st|caoas, caaccs oc soota |as s cx|cotcs
cooo|c|oocs oc taba,o.
C|c|o oc ooucc|oo oc caoa |cza, s ccooo|cos.
|coocs t|cos uctos o caac|oocs.
|uoc|ooa|coto oc |as |czas otc|oas coo so|oa-
ouas, s c||c|cotcs,
To|caoc|as oc |ab|cac|oo s cst|ctas, o c|ccto
oc |os ccub||cotos otcctocs cscc|a|cs.
|s oc cca|ca ouc oo s|cc uo a|to va|o oc ouc-
za cs uo acto |oo|cat|vo oc bucoa cs|stcoc|a a octc-
|oaoo t|o oc ocsastc, s |otaotc cs c| t|o oc cs-
tuctua cscotc co c| ocos|to oc so|oaoua.
|os ccub||cotos otcctocs O||||KO| csto
coacaoos ocoto oc cstc oucvo cooccto tccoo|o|co
ac|as a |a cstuctua cscotc co su ocos|to.
| | O L U C T O
ZUC/|C|TO
/|cac|oo oc ||co
|uoo|oo a| C, coo
cootco|oo oc |b
|/LU| -3
/|cac|oo cscc|a| a|
C, C, |b
|S/ 2+
/|cac|oo cscc|a| coo
cabuos oc Tuostcoo
/ | | | C/ C| O|| S
|aa |a so|oaoua oc c||coo oc ta|c|cs
oc ||co |uoo|oo |s co |a |ooust|a azuca-
ca, tab|co sc ucoc c|ca aa c|
c||coo oc at|||os oc o||oo, ocs||ba-
oocs oc caa, ctc.
|| ta|c|c ucoc sc ccaaoo cuaooo c|
cou|o csta aaoo o co |uoc|ooa|coto,
oo cou|cc c| uso oc uoa caa co,|o.
|ccub||coto otccto cxtaouo aa
|czas soct|oas a uo ocsastc o abas|oo
cxtcaoacotc scvca coo o|cs ooc-
aoos co cscoc|a x|a oc tccatua
oc -50C. Too|||os cosa: |b|ca oc |ao|-
||os, |ao|||os c|acta|os. |a|ctas oc cz-
c|aooas. Too|||os taosotaoocs.
|aa |a so|oaoua oc ccauc oc c|cco-
tos oc ou|oas soct|oas a uo |uctc ocs-
astc o abas|oo: |ca|cotas oc c|o-
ac|oo, t|cooos oc c|oac|oo, cstab|||-
zaoocs, soooas saca tcst|os usaoos cx-
tusocs, usaoos taosotaoocs, |u|-
socs cacazas oc boba oc cccoto,
|csas coo|cas |aoas, ctc.
|oca| aa |a |ooust|a ctoou||ca, |oous-
t|a |oca, |ooust|a oc |a coostucc|oo,
|ooust|a oc| cccoto, |aotas oc coouc,
|oas oc caboo, ctc.
!4! !42
8.6.2.3. Cuaoro oe orlentacln para |a ap|lcacln oe |as so|oaouras especla|es para recubrlmlentos protectores
||. 2.- ||cocstuctua oc /ustco|ta +00)
||. 3.- |oto|coa||a |ostaooo Cabuos co |co
||. -.- |oto|coa||a |ostaooo Cabuos L|scsos
C/|/CT| || S T| C/S
|| T/| U|C| C/S
/|cac|oo oc cabuos oc coo o|sc-
sos co uoa at|z oc atcos|ta |c|ta.
Su ocos|to cs cs|stcotc a |a abas|oo,
coos|oo oocaoo |acto.
3ucoa ao|ccoc|a a| cta| basc co coo-
o|c|oocs ost|cas coo soo cscoc|a
oc aua, baazo, ,uo oc caa, ctc.
/| a||casc sobc asa oc o||oos oc
ta|c|cs |c c,oa su v|oa ut|| oc,a uo
ocos|to oc botoocs o|scsos uo||o-
ccotc coo uoa suc||c|c sca |o
ouc |c |occcota c| aastc oc |a caa,
cv|ta ouc csta at|oc sc ucoa auco-
ta |a vc|oc|oao oc |o |occcotaooo
|a ooucc|oo ouaotc |a o||cooa.
|stuctua austco|t|ca coo cabuos oc
C, |b- oucza co 2oa. caa: 55|c.
Coc||c|cotc oc ucba a |a abas|oo:+.
|o aou|oab|c.
||cctooo tubu|a ccub|cto o |oc-
s|oo, c||coo coo at|cu|as t|tuaoas oc
cabuos oc tuostcoo coo taao oc aoo
cooto|aoo c|as|||caoo coo a||a.
|| cta| ocos|taoo csta coo|oaoo o
cabuos oc tuostcoo uo||occotc o|s-
t|bu|oos co uoa at|z oc accos a| ca-
booo, cs oo aou|oab|c sc cco|cooa
ca||za uo so|o asc.
|cscota x|a cs|stcoc|a a |a abas|oo
scvca abas|oo ua)
|s ccocooab|c ut|||za uoa caa co,|o
oc |S/ +06, |oox 2/, |oox 30 ||C,
|oox /\, co |uoc|oo oc| cta| basc.
8.6.3. Pecubrlmlentos protectores para pro-
cesos oe so|oaoura semlautomatlcos
|S/, ocoto oc su ||oca oc oouctos aa occso
oc /co /b|cto, t|coc c| uo oc a|abcs tubu|acs aa
so|oa o c| occo||coto s|o as otccto. || ouc|co oc
cstos a|abcs coot|coc substaoc|as ouc ooucco o s|
so|as as otccto ouaotc su ocs|otcac|oo co c| aco
vo| ta| co.
Su cao oc a||cac|oo cs u va|aoo ocb|oo a su
cotab|||oao, cstc occo||coto cst a|caozaooo caoa vcz
ao |otaoc|a, s|cooo sus |oc|a|cs caos oc a||-
cac|oo c| tata|coto coota c| ocsastc co |a |ooust|a oc |a
coostucc|oo, |oc|a, co c| tata|coto oc avas |oc-
a|cs, co |a |ooust|a oc| cccoto, caac|oo oc |czas oc
|o c| cscotc cuaoo oocos acc|a |a vc|oc|-
oao oc| occso , oo so|o |a vc|oc|oao oc a||cotac|oo oc|
a|abc, s|oo tab|co |a vc|oc|oao oc ocos|c|oo oc c-
ta| oc so|oaoua.
Tooos |os a|abcs tubu|acs a|caoos oc aco ab|cto
sc c|cao coo co|cotc coot|oua o|a|oao |ovct|oa
ocao ocoto oc uoa ao va|coao oc vo|ta,cs coo cua|-
ou|c |ucotc oc ooc coovcoc|ooa|.
|o coca|, cuaoto s a|ta cs |a vc|oc|oao oc co||a-
|coto, ao sc |a oucza. a ouc obscva |as c-
cauc|oocs ooa|cs c|ccotc a| c ost-ca|cota|coto.
ou|oas vc||cu|os acc|ooaoos o caocoas, c|||oa-
c|oo oc oaos oouc|oos o cav|tac|oo cos|oo co
ou|oas ||ou||cas, |uoo|c|oocs oc acco, s|ocu|-
cas, ctc, tooo c||o ocb|oo a uoa vc|oc|oao oc ocos|c|oo
oc oos a cuato vcccs ao ouc |a so|oaoua coo c|cc-
tooos cvcst|oos.
8.6.3.!. A|ambres tubu|ares para recubrlmlentos
protectores
|| o|cto oc ao uso co oucsto co|o cs oc
2,8 c| cso oc |os o||os cs co 20 |. |stos o||os
v|coco co bo|sas oc |st|co, covasaoos a| vac|o co ca-
as oc atos|ca cooto|aoa otc|oas cxtc|ocotc
coo uoa ca,a oc catoo.
|os t|os ouc sc |ab|cao soo:
8.6.4. Pecubrlmlentos protectores para e|
proceso oe arco sumergloo
|a a||cac|oo oc ccub||cotos otcctocs c-
o| aotc c| occso oc /co Suc| oo a suc|| c| cs
ct| | cas, o| ccc cooo| c| oocs | avoab| cs ocsoc uo
uoto oc v| sta ccooo| co cta| u| co, tooo c| | o
o | a coot| ou| oao oc| occso, ao coc|| c| cotc oc
|us|oo, os|b|||oao oc |acc u|t||cs cob|oac|oocs
oc a|abcs-|uoocotcs aa |oa uoa a|cac|oo ot|-
a a |as occcs|oaocs oc caoa caso, uo|cooosc |oa
a|tas o ba,as ouczas, |a ||. 5 ccscota |a oucza
obtco|oa coo - ||u,os o|st|otos oc ccub||cotos o-
tcctocs.
/o||s|s u||co oc| |cta| Lcos|taoo
C |o S| C || \
+,30
+,-
+,+
0,80
0,-0
0,60
0,-5
,00
26,5
0,8
0,35
0,0
0,60
3,2
Lucza oc| Lcos| to - |oc|c| | C
|S/TU3 350-O
|S/TU3 600-O
|S/TU3 +000-O
+c. |asc 2oo. |asc 3c.|asc
S/|-+020
26
52
56
S/|-+020
28
52
5-
S/|-+020
30
52
56
8.6.3.2. Pecomenoaclones para |a ap|lcacln oe |os
a|ambres tubu|ares
|aa |oa bucoas so|oaouas sc cco|cooa uoa cxtco-
s|oo oc a|abc ||bc 'a|abc c|cct|zaoo') oc 35.
|a tab|a ouc s|uc |a s|oo ca|cu|aoa coo uoa cxtco-
s|oo oc a|abc oc 35 ocsoc c| cxtco oc |a boou|-
||a. Coo uo aucoto oc |a cxtcos|oo oc| a|abc auco-
ta |a vc|oc|oao oc ocos|c|oo sc coucc |a coctac|oo
oc| aco.
/ca,c oc
So| oaoua
2 \)
25 a.
325 a.
35 a.
-25 a.
\c|oc|oao oc| /|abc
u|/|o c/|o
5 2-0
+30 330
+65 -20
200 5+0
\c|oc|oao oc Lcos|c|oo
|b/| |/|
++ 5
+5 6,8
+ 8,6
23 +0,-
||. 5.- Luczas Obtco|oas coo ||u,os Oc|||oo /|abc |S +
|o |o coca|, |os atc|a|cs soct|oos a |uctc ocs-
astc coot|coco uo c|cvaoo occota,c oc cabooo. / causa
oc| ccc|cotc c||o oc ||suac|oo ouc |a co cstos atc|a-
|cs, |as so|oaouas ocbco |accsc coo cscc|a| cu|oaoo.
|a so|oaoua o aco suc|oo |cotc a otos o-
ccsos oc so|oaoua, t|coc |a vcota,a oc su oca tcoococ|a a
|a ||suac|oo ba,o c| coooo. S| aaccco ||suas co c| cta|
ocos|taoo, cstas sc s|tuao co |a atc suc|o oc| coooo.
Sc ucoc cv|ta cstas ||suas coo bastaotc scu|oao.
Ut|||zaooo a|abcs oc a|to cootco|oo oc aoaocso
o||bocoo.
|| caooo uo |uoocotc | o s | oscos| b| c a | a
!43 !44
T| o oc
/ | a b c
|S/TU3 350-O
|S/TU3 600-O
|S/TU3 +000
T| o oc
/ | a b c
|o coca| cs ccocooab|c cca|cota tooa |a |cza a
260C. Sc oao casos co ouc c| cca|cota|coto ocbc sc
ao co c|ctas atcs c|t|cas oc uoa |cza, s|o cbao
csta ocac|oo cscota o|||cu|taocs a| ocscooc |a csco-
|a oc |a |cza, cuaooo |a tccatua sobcasa |os 650C.
Uoa |oa oc a|ca c| cta| ocos|taoo cs c|cao-
oo |uoocotc aa ccub||cotos otcctocs cscc|a|cs,
soo |uoocotcs a|ocaoos ouc coot|coco |coa|cac|oocs.
|as cacc|oocs ou||cas co c| aco soo u v|o|cotas |a
ao atc oc |os cooocotcs oc a|cac|oo sc ocos|tao
co |a so|oaoua. Coo ||u,os o |uoocotcs aa ccub||co-
tos otcctocs a|caoos sc ucoc obtcoc |a oucza ouc sc
ocscc.
|as cscct|vas ccooo|cas soo u|t||cs, oouc
sc ucoc c|ca co vcz oc a|abcs a|caoos caos, a|a-
bcs oo a|caoos ccooo|cos.
8. 6. 5. Se|eccln oe| ||ujo y a|ambre para |os
recubrlmlentos protectores (ver ta-
b|as aojuntas)
|a sc|ccc|oo oc| ||u,o s c| a|abc aa ccub|-
|cotos otcctocs occooc oc| uso ouc sc ou|ca oa a|
c||coo a||caoo, o cx|coc|a oc scv|c|o ouc csta |a
|cza, uo|cooo sc cstas cx|coc|as |as ouc sc |oo|cao co
c| ac|tc 8.0 oc| cscotc ca|tu|o.
||suac|oo, o c,c|o |os |uoocotcs bs|cos, |os
|sos ouc oao uo ocos|to u tcoaz c |oscos|-
b|c a |a ||suac|oo, cs coovco|cotc, s|o cbao,
c| cctua cosaos cv| os aa | oa | a c, o
cob|oac|oo a|abc-|uoocotc aa caoa caso.
|s occcsa|o ocos|ta, aotcs oc |a caa cs|stcotc
a| ocsastc, uoa caa aot| uaooa, oc csta
aoca sc cv|ta uoa taos|c|oo busca cotc atc-
|a| basc ccub||coto otccto aot|-ocsastc,
sobc tooo co |os casos ooooc |a coos|c|oo oc|
cta| basc cs u o|st|ota a |a caa cs|tcotc a|
ocsastc.
|uooacota|cotc, co c| c||coo oc |czas oc acc-
os a| cabooo, sc cco|cooa ouc |a |ca caa
sc czc|c u oco coo c| cta| basc, |a so|oa-
oua ocbc tcoc uoa coctac|oo |aoa aoc|a.
Uoa scu|oao ao|c|ooa| coota |a ||suac|oo co
ca||cotc sc a|caoza co |a so|oaoua o aco su-
c|oo coo c| cca|cota|coto. |sto ocbc |a-
ccsc sobc tooo co c| caso oc |czas oc a|to coo-
tco|oo oc cabooo. |a tccatua sc ucoc oc-
tc|oa coo su||c|cotc cxact|tuo co|aotc |a s|-
u|cotc |ou|a:
|ou|va|cotc C ~ C% |o% ||% |o% C%
6 +5 - 5
|ou|va|cotc C ~ 0,-5, s|o cca|cota|coto
|ou|va|cotc C ~ 0,-5-0,60, cca|cota a +00-200C
|ou|va|cotc C ~ 0,60, a s cca|cota a 200-350C
PLU[OS Y ALAM8PLS PAPA PLCU8P|M|LNTOS PPOTLCTOPLS LN ACLPO |NOX|DA8LL
APCO SUMLPG|DO
/| | c a c | oocs
|c||coo oc |czas oc acco
|oox +/ t|o ||C, +8/8 |b
aa scv|c|o co tccatu-
as sobc |os -00C.
/ccos |oox|oab|cs a| C, cx-
ccto co atos| cas
su||uosas.
/ccos oc co|aoo cabo-
oo.
|oox +8/8, cxccto co at-
os| cas | uctccotc
ox|oaotcs.
|oox|oab|c +8/8 |o +8/8
|o/|b
|oox a| C, cxccto cuaooo
|a |cso oc coos|oo co
ab|cotcs su||uosos.
/| ab cs
||O
|S +/
||O
|S +/+2/3
|| u, os
|O| 0 C
|O| 0 C
/o||s|s u||co oc| |cta| Lcos|taoo
Ot os
S| 0,0-0
|o +,-
|o %
- 0,50
2, 60
|| %
+0
++
C %
20
+8
C %
-0, 025
-0, 02
Lu cz a
80|3
82|
3
|O| 0 C
|O| 0 C
|O| 0 C
|O| 0 C
||O
|S 2/
||O
|S-+3C
||O
|S-+8/8 |o
||O
|S-+8/8C|o
0, 0
0,3
0,08
0,+5
3 0
+3.5
+8
+8
-0.30
8
8
- 0,-0
- 0,50
- 0,80
|o +,5
|o 0,30
|o ,0
|o ,0
5|3
50|
C
5|3
5|3
a| C ba,a a|cac|oo su,ctas a
ocsastc cta|/cta| o c-
s|stcotcs a| ca|o.
|c||coo oc |czas su,ctas a
|uctc ocsastc, abas|oo
cav|tac|oo.
|c||coo oc |czas aa c| ta-
ba,o co ca||cotc.
|c||coo oc |czas su,ctas a
ocsastc abas| vo
cav|tac|oo.
|c||coo oc |czas aa c| ta-
ba,o co ca||cotc.
CAPACTLP|ST|CAS COMPAPAT|vAS DL LOS PLU[OS Y ALAM8PLS
OLPL|KON PAPA PLCU8P|M|LNTOS PPOTLCTOPLS - APCO SUMLPG|DO
C%
0, +5
0, 25
0, -0
0, +8
0, 2+
0, 36
|o%
+, 50
+, -0
+, 30
2, +8
2, +-
+, 0
S| %
0, 60
0, 0
0, 0
+, 06
+, +3
+, 38
C %
+, 50
3, 00
-, 50
+, 8
2, 86
5, -3
|o%
0, 20
0, -0
0, -0
0, 2-
0, --
0, -6
+ |.
2-- 25
2- 28
2 +
- 0
5 6
2 |.
2+- 22
35- 36
-3- --
3 6
-
5 8
3 |.
2--32
3--2
-5-50
-8
-
60
Luczas |oc|c| | C
|| u, os
|O| 250/
|O| 350/
|O| -50/
|O| 250/
|O| 350/
|O| -50/
/| abcs
|S-+
|S-+
|S-+
|S-2
|S-2
|S-2
|aou| oab| | | oao
3ucoa
Coo ast|||a
cabuaoa
|o
aou|oab|c
|o
aou|oab|c
/| | cac| oocs
Co,|oaot|uaoo-
Lcsastccta|-cta|
3ucoa cs|st.
|acto cxcc|cotc
cs|st.abas|oo
|xccc|ooa| cs|st.
abas|oo
|c,o caactc|st|cas
oc abas|oo c
|acto ouc usaooo
c| a|abc |S+
/o||s|s ou||co oc| cta| ocos|taoo
Luczas a|caozaoas sobc cta| basc S/| +0+2
!45 !46
|| u, os
|O| 250/
|O| 350 /
|O| -50/
/| abcs
|S-+
|S-+
|S-+
o )
2,5
3,+5
-
5
2,5
3,+5
-
5
2,5
3,+5
-
5
Co|cotc |o|a|oao
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
/c a, c
600
600
600
\o| t a , c
32
32
32
\c| oc| oao
50c/ | o
50c/|o
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PAPAMLTPOS DL SOLDADUPA PLCOMLNDADOS APCO SUMLPG|DO
PLCU8P|M|LNTOS PPOTLCTOPLS
A|ambres s|loos oe acero
/o| | s| s u| | co oc| |cta| Lcos| taoo
Sc obt|coc uo c||coo oc suc||c|c ||sa s| |os o|st|otos
coooocs sc sobcooco uo 50%. || c,c oc| a|abc sc
co|oca o|cctacotc sobc |a zooa oc taos|c|oo oc| coooo
so|oaoo aotc|ocotc.
||. 6.- |os|c|oo oc| ||cctooo co |a So|oaoua o /co Suc|oo
|s oc x|a |otaoc|a ouc |as suc||c|cs a c-
caa sc |||co cu|oaoosacotc oc tooa suc|coao.
Coo sc o|,o aotcs |a |uctc coctac|oo ouc cs ca-
actc|st|ca oc cstc occso |a oocos cootacsta co
a|uoos casos c|caooo c| o|o ocat|vo coocctaoo a|
a|abc, oc csta |oa sc coos|uc a |a o|s|ouc|oo oc |a
coctac|oo uoa ao ca oc |us|oo |a ||. ucsta |a
caactc|st|ca oc csta a||cac|oo.
8.6.6. La tcnlca oe |a so|oaoura oe recu-
brlmlentos protectores
|a tcco|ca oc taba,o occooc oc |a |oa taao
oc |os c|ccotos a c||coa. |as suc||c|cs |aoas cx|co
otas cooo|c|oocs ouc |os cucos c|||oo|cos co cstas u|-
t|as ,uca ac| |otaotc c| o|cto.
Cuaoto ao sca |a |otcos|oao o |o taoto c|
coc||c|cotc oc |us|oo, taoto aocs sco |as co|oas o
cobust|oo oc |os c|ccotos oc a|cac|oo. Oto |ocoovc-
o|cotc cs |a |uctc czc|a oc| cta| oc aotc cta| basc
coo coosccucoc|a oc |a |uctc coctac|oo . / c||o sc
aaoc c| c|cvaoo aotc oc ca|o co c| cta| basc |as
tcos|oocs cs|oua|cs ouc actuao ocs|avoab|ccotc sobc
c| atc|a| a|caoo, o csta azoo oo cs ao ouc aacz-
cao otuas co |czas coo oo|||os, c,cs ucoas. |aa
c|||oa |as tcos|oocs c|t|cas ocbc sc co uc|os casos
cca|cotaoa |a |cza. |o |ua| |oa sc ocbc tcoc csco-
tc |a vc|oc|oao oc co||a|coto csta |a aotc|o coos|oc-
ac|oo occooco oo so|o oc| t|o oc a|c|ac|oo oc |a |cza
s|oo tab|co oc |as o|cos|oocs |oa oc |as |czas.
|| cscso oc| c||coo ,uca uo ac| |otaotc. |o
|czas coucas |uctccotc ocsastaoas cs occcsa|o |o-
tcu| c| occso oc so|oaoua. Sc cv|ta as| uoa ao-
tac|oo cxccs|va oc ca|o co |a |cza ouc ucoc a su vcz
coca c|cvaoas tcos|oocs coo c||o oc otua tota| oc
|a |cza.
||. .- ||cctos oc |a |o|a|oao co |a So|oaoua o /co Suc|oo
|a o||uc|oo oc| cta| basc coca|cotc csu|ta so-
bc c| |c asc oc uo ocos|to oc ccub||coto o-
tccto, |o ouc cs s oouoc|aoo co |a so|oaoua o aco
suc|oo, o |o ouc ob||a a c|cctua u|t|ascs aa
|oa |as o|coaocs ouc sc ocscco.
Uoa |oa oc a|ca c| cta| ocos|taoo cs c|cao-
oo |os ||u,os a|caoos coo a|abcs oo a|caoos oc acco oc
ba,o cabooo o a|abcs a|coos, tooo c||o co |otccs oc
|oa octc|oaoa coos|c|oo co c| cta| ocos|taoo.
|aa c||o sc ucoc cob|oa va|os ||u,os a|caoos coo va-
|os t|os oc a|abcs ouc suaoo a uo aoo va|ab|c oc
actos oc so|oaoua occo||cotos, sc ucoc |oa
uo a||o aoo oc o|coaocs co c| cta| ocos|taoo.
|| uso oc uo ||u,o a|ocaoo a|caoo, coo |os
|O| ocsao||aoos o O||||KO|, ooc|ooa c| c-
tooo s ||cx|b|c coos costos aa cooto|a |a co-
os|c|oo ou||ca oc| cta| ocos|taoo co |os ccub||co-
tos otcctocs.
!47 !48
ALAM8PLS SOL|DOS DL ACLPO |NOX|DA8LL
/| ab cs
||O
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CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
CC C/
/c a, c
350--50
-00-500
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350--50
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Lc a|ta a|cac|oo.
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a|cac|oo |os % oc cabooo usaooo a|abcs oc acco
ou|cc t|os |S oc Oc|||oo ||u,os a|ocaoos a|caoos):
L|s|oucooo c| aca,c oc so|oaoua.
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ccub||coto otccto, sc ocbc cooo|oa cu|oaoosacotc
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!5!
+)2167 1:
So|dob|||dod de |os Meto|es
oo ferrosos
9.1. E| a|uminio y sus a|eaciones - 5u
so|dabi|idad
9.!.! Caracterlstlcas
|| a|u|o|o cs uo cta| ||v|aoo, u cs|stcotc a |a
coos|oo, oc a|ta cooouct|b|||oao ca|o|||ca c|cct|ca, u
aou|oab|c o|ocab|c, oscc uc|as otas o|coaocs
oc ao |otaoc|a co |a c|v|||zac|oo oocoa.
3s|cacotc oocos o|st|ou| oos t|os oc a|u|o|o:
a) A|umlnlo |amlnaoo, co |oa oc |aoc|as, ||oas,
tubos, c|||cs o|vcsos ou|os, ouc |uooacota|-
cotc t|coco |as |sas caactc|st|cas co cuaoto a
so|oab|||oao.
b) A|umlnlo |unoloo, ouc sc cscota co |oa oc |c-
zas o|ocaoas oc o||ccotc coo|oac|oo ouc soo
o| acotc a| c| ac| oocs oc a| u| o| o cua
so|oab|||oao ucoc o||c| oc uoa |cza a ota.
9.!.2. So|oabl|loao
|o|c|a|cotc sc ut|||zaba c| a|u|o|o cas| uo, cua
a||cac|oo |ooust|a| cs u couc|oa. |ostc|ocotc sc ocs-
cub|o ouc, a|cooo|o coo otos c|ccotos, c,oabao sus
o|coaocs o sc a||abao sus caactc|st|cas, |ab|cooo-
sc co coosccucoc|a a|cac|oocs o|vcsas aa oucosos ||-
ocs cscc|a|cs.
/ctua|cotc cocootaos uoa ao va|coao oc a|ca-
c|oocs oc a|u|o|o, aatc oc| a|u|o|o oc a|ta ucza oc|
a|u|o|o cocc|a|.
Lcoto oc |as a|cac|oocs oc uso s coca|, tcoc-
os |as s|u|cotcs:
A|eacln a|umlnlo-manganeso.- ||caoa cuao-
oo sc cou|cc uoa cs|stcoc|a ccco|ca suc-
|o a |a oc| a|u|o|o uo cocc|a|. |stc a|u-
|o|o cs so|oab|c coo c|cctooos oc a|cc|oo oc
a|u|o|o s|||c|o. |o cs tatab|c tc|cacotc.
A|eacln a|umlnlo-magneslo.- |stc atc|a| o-
scc caactc|st|cas cco|cas u suc|ocs a
|as oc |a a|cac|oo a|u|o|o-aoaocso. |s s
scos| b| c a | a a| | cac| oo oc| ca| o, cuaooo | a
so|oaoua sc co||a, ucoco oouc|sc otuas
ocb| oo a | a cootacc| oo. |o obstaotc, coo | os
c|cctooos oc a|u|o|o-s|||c|o coo uoa tcco|ca
ao|aoa sc ucoc c|||oa cstc |ocoovco|cotc. |o
cs tatab|c tc|cacotc
A|eacln a|umlnlo-sl|lclo-magneslo.- |a cs|stco-
c|a oc cstas a|cac|oocs cst basaoa co c| aoccuaoo
tata|coto tc|co. /| so|oa|as, c| c|ccto oc| ca-
|cota|coto co||a|coto ucoc ocstu| sus ca-
actc|st|cas, ocb|oo a ouc a|tca c| c|ccto oc| ta-
ta|coto tc|co o||oa|cotc cc|b|oo. |a so|-
oaoua c|cct|ca coo c|cctooo ct||co cs uo o-
cco||coto, ouc sc ucoc c|ca ba,o c|ctas c-
cauc|oocs aa oo ca|cota a |cza ocas|aoo. Sc
ut|||za uo c|cctooo oc a|cac|oo a|u|o|o-s|||c|o.
A|eaclones a|umlnlo-cobre-magneslo-manganeso.-
|a cs| stcoc| a cco| ca oc cstas a| cac| oocs cs
|occcotaoa a| x|o o c| tata|coto tc|-
co. |o sc suc|c so|oa|as, a ouc csta ocac|oo
coucc su cs|stcoc|a cco|ca su cs|stcoc|a a |a
coos|oo. S|o cbao, cuaooo |as tcos|oocs oc sc-
v|c|o soo ba,as, sc ucoc so|oa|as o aco c|cct|co.
/ocs oc |as coc|ooaoas cx|stc uoa ao va|c-
oao oc a|cac|oocs oc a|u|o|o aa uo ao ouco oc
oouctos a||cac|oocs o|vcsas, aa ocs|oa|as sc
c|ca uo s|stca staooao oc |ocot|||cac|oo.
9.!.3. L|ectrooos para a|umlnlo y sus a|ea-
clones
|aa so|oa a|u|o|o sus a|cac|oocs so|oab|cs sc
cco|cooa ut|||za c|cctooos cooucso cvcst||co-
to oc |uoocotc. |stc cvcst||coto oc| c|cctooo ocbc sc
caaz oc o|so|vc tooo c| ox|oo oc a|u|o|o ouc ucoa
|oasc ouaotc |a ocac|oo oc so|oaoua.
|| cvcst||coto ocbc |oa, as||so, uoa csco-
|a u |uoo|b|c ouc, cub|cooo c| coooo oc so|oaoua
c,ccutaoo, |o otc,a coota |a ox|oac|oo |cotas sc co||a.
9.!.4. Proceolmlento oe so|oaoura
/|uoas c|as a tcoc co cucota:
|aa so|oa a|u|o|o coo c|cctooos cvcst|oos sc
cou|cc uoa ou|oa oc co|cotc coot|oua, usao-
oo o|a|oao |ovct|oa, coo c| c|cctooo co c| o|o
os| t| vo.
|| o|cto aoccuaoo oc| c|cctooo occooc oc|
ca||bc o cscso oc |a |aoc|a o |cza.
|o cs ccocooab|c so|oa |aoc|as o aco c|cc-
t|co cuaooo t|coco coos oc +/8 oc cscso.
|a c|cvaoa vc|oc|oao oc |us|oo oc| c|cctooo oc a|u|-
o|o cx|c uoa ao vc|oc|oao oc ocos|c|oo, |o ouc
co ocas|oocs ucoc coost|tu| c|cta o|||cu|tao aa
!52
a|caoza su||c|cotc tccatua co |a |cza. |o csta
azoo ucoc sc occcsa|o cca|cota |a |cza, co
a|uoos casos, scuo cscso, cotc 20- 2+6C.
Uo ca|cota|coto oc||c|cotc sc taoucc co oos|oao
a |o |ao oc |a ||oca oc |us|oo, as| coo co uoa |a|sa
ao|ccoc|a oc| cta| oc aotc a| cta| basc.
|o uo|oocs |aas sc cco|cooa uoa so|oaoua |o-
tc|tcotc. S| sc tata oc |aoc|as oc|aoas, |a ouc
o|s|ou| au|at|oacotc c| aca,c caoa c|cto
ouco oc ocos|c|oocs.
|| c|cctooo sc ocbc aotcoc co os|c|oo cas| c-
coo|cu|a a |a |cza.
|| aco ocbc o|||sc oc ta| aoca, ouc abos bo-
ocs oc |a ,uota oc so|oa sc ca||cotco aoccuaoa
uo||occotc.
|a vc|oc|oao oc so|oa ocbc sc ta|, ouc oc coo
csu|taoo uo coooo uo||oc.
/otcs oc ccza coo uo c|cctooo oucvo, ocbc c||-
|oasc |a csco|a oc| ctc co aox. + oc |oo|tuo
octs oc o|c|o ctc. /| cocoza coo c| oucvo
c|cctooo, c| aco ocbc coccoocsc co c| catc oc|
coooo aotc|o aa |uco ctoccoc |oacotc
sobc |a so|oaoua a ocos|taoa o +/2, uoa vcz
ouc c| ctc cst tota|cotc |uoo|oo oc oucvo sc
os|uc coo |a so|oaoua |ac|a aoc|aotc.
|o coca|, aa c|||oa |a csco|a sc co|coza o
oc|a cco|cacotc co tozos, ocsucs sc c-
aa |a so|oaoua coo uoa so|uc|oo ca||cotc oc c|oo
o|t|co a| 3% o coo uoa so|uc|oo ca||cotc oc c|oo
su||u|co a| +0% ouaotc coto t|co, ||oa|cotc
sc co,uaa |a so|oaoua coo aua ca||cotc.
|aa cv|ta oc|oac|oocs, |ccucotccotc sc c-
|cao ||,aoocs aa sostcoc |a |cza |acas oc co-
bc co c| ooso oc |a ,uota.
|aa so|oa cua|ou|c ||oa, sca a toc, so|aa o co
'T', co tooo t|o oc ,uota cs occcsa|o |||a |ca-
cotc |a sccc|oo ooooc va a so|oasc, s| cs os|b|c coo
uo acotc |||aoo, a ||o oc c|||oa tooo cs|ouo oc
acc|tc o asa ouc uo|cao c,uo|ca |a so|oaoua.
9.2. E| cobre - 5u so|dabi|idad
9.2.!. L| cobre y sus caracterlstlcas
|| cobc cs uo cta| oc uo o,o caactc|st|co, oscc cs|s-
tcoc|a ouct|||oao, as| coo a|ta cooouct|b|||oao c|cct|ca
ca|o|||ca, coo cxcc|cotcs cooo|c|oocs aa cs|st| |a coos|oo.
|| cobc cs uoo oc |os cta|cs ouc cocc|a|cotc
sc vcooc co |oa s ua.
Lcsoc c| uoto oc v|sta oc |a so|oab|||oao, tata-
cos aou| so|o oos t|os oc cobc: || cobc c|ccto-
||t|co c| cobc ocsox|oaoo.
aocso, cobc coo a|u|o|o, cobc coo bc|||o, cobc coo
o|ouc|, ctc.
|o c| cocc|o, |as a|cac|oocs s couocs soo: c|
boocc |os|ooso, boocc a| aoaocso, boocc a| a|u|-
o|o, boocc couo, ctc.
|a SO|L/3|||L/L oc |os |atoocs booccs oo
coost|tuc o|ouo ob|ca sc|o. |os ob|cas ouc
ucoco cscotasc soo so|uc|ooaoos, obvscvaooo |as
ccauc|oocs ooa|cs |oo|caoas aa |a so|oaoua oc|
cobc. || c|co aoccuaoo oc c|cctooos cscc|a|cotc
|ab|caoos aa csta ||oa||oao c|tc obtcoc so|oaouas
oc ot|as caactc|st|cas cco|cas.
9.2.3. L|ectrooos para |atones y bronces
C|TO3|O|C|: |aa uso coca| co booccs |atoocs.
C|TO3|O|C| ||: |aa boocc a| || |o.
C|TO3|O|C| /|: |aa boocc a| a|u|o|o.
|stos ||cctooos O||||KO| oscco cxcc|cotcs ca-
actc|st|cas oc so|oab|||oao sus ocos|tos cuoco bucoas
o|coaocs cco|cas.
/atc oc| uso a|ba sca|aoo sc ucoco uo| o|st|otos
cta|cs a|cac|oocs, auo cuaooo o|||cco aooccotc co
sus cscsocs. Obscvaooo |as ccauc|oocs occcsa|as cs
os|b|c uo| |os s|u|cotcs cta|cs a|cac|oocs: Cobc, boo-
cc, |atoo, boocc |os|ooso, ||co a|vao|zaoo accos,
tco|cooo s|cc cscotc ouc, ocb|oo a sus o||ccotcs co-
os|c|oocs, o|ccco o|coaocs o|st|otas.
9.2.4. A|gunas reg|as para so|oaoura oe|
cobre y sus a|eaclones
Usa so|acotc ou|oa oc co|cotc coot|oua, coo
o|a|oao |ovct|oa.
|o |czas oc couco cscso usua|cotc oo sc c-
ou|cc cca|cota|coto. |o cstas |czas cs cco-
cooab|c a||ca coooocs cotos c |otc|tcotcs.
Coo|oc vaa aucotaoo c| ca|o oc |a |cza, ocbc
o|s|ou|sc c| aca,c.
|o | czas oc cscsocs aocs sc cou| cc
cca| cota| coto cotc 300 3+6C. |stc
cca|cota|coto cs |oo|scsab|c, co v|sta oc ouc c|
ca|o |o|c|a| t|cooc a cocsc co |a asa, ocb|oo a |a
a|ta cooouct|b|||oao ca|o|||ca oc| cobc.
|| cca|cota|coto oc |a |cza ucoc |accsc coo
so|ctc ox|-acct||co|co.
|aa ascua uoa bucoa ,uota cs occcsa|o uoa bucoa
|||cza oc |a |cza, aotcs oc ccza coo |a so|oaou-
a. |as c||cu|as oc acc|tc o asa sc ucoco c|||oa
coo uoa so|uc|oo ca||cotc oc c|oo su||u|co a| +0%.
|aa so|oa sc ocbc c|ca uoa c|cvaoa vc|oc|oao,
aoccuaoa aa obtcoc ocos|tos oc bucoa ca||oao.
|a cooouct|v|oao tc|ca |a o||atac|oo oc| cobc
soo aocs ouc co |os ocs cta|cs cocc|a-
|cs. |o ta| ot|vo, |os cs|uczos cs|oua|cs ocas|o-
oaoos o |a so|oaoua |a os|b|c oc|oac|oo oc
|a |cza soo s |uctcs ouc |os ouc sc cscotao co
c| acco. |o o|c|os |actocs cs occcsa|o toa
ccauc|oocs cscc|a|cs aa cv|ta |a oc|oac|oo
oc |a |cza.
|o uc|os casos sc |acc occcsa|o c| c|co oc
csa|oos oc cobc o caboo a| ooso oc |as ,uotas a
so|oa, aa cv|ta ouc c| cta| |uoo|oo sc cscua.
|a cs|stcoc|a a |a tacc|oo oc| cobc o|s|ouc a
a|tas tccatuas, oc a|| ouc sc ocbc cv|ta ov|-
|cotos buscos oc |a |cza a| so|oa|a, |os ov|-
|cotos buscos ucoco ocas|ooa ||suas o otuas
oc |a |cza.
Cobre e|ectro|ltlco.- |oo|aos occ| ouc cs uo cobc
uo ouc coot|coc cotc 0,0+ a 0,08% oc ox|coo, co
|oa oc ox|oo cuoso. |sta couc|s|a caot|oao oc
ox|coo c,ccc oca |o||ucoc|a sobc |as o|coaocs c|cc-
t|cas ||s|cas oc| cta|, co |a su||c|cotc aa ocas|ooa
|ocoovco|cotcs ocsoc c| uoto oc v|sta oc so|oab|||oao.
|| ox|oo cuoso t|coc uo uoto oc |us|oo ||caco-
tc |o|c|o a| oc| cobc uo, o |o taoto, cuaooo c| cobc
c|ccto||t|co cst ||caooo a |a tccatua oc |us|oo, c| ox|-
oo cuoso a sc |a |uoo|oo, ocas|ooaooo coo coosc-
cucoc|a |a|||oao co |as zooas aoaccotcs a |a |us|oo, |o ouc
oo|a sc |a causa o |a ouc c| cta| sc vuc|va oucbao|-
zo.
|| cobc c|ccto||t|co ucoc sc so|oaoo o aco
c|cct|co coo c|cctooo ct||co, s|cc cuaooo sc usc
c| t|o aoccuaoo.
Cobre oesoxloaoo.- |aa cv|ta |os co|c|osos c|cctos
oc| ox|oo cuoso, c| cobc ucoc sc ocsox|oaoo c-
o|aotc ao|c|oo oc |os|oo, aoaocso, s|||c|o o boo. |stc
cobc sc oc,a so|oa coo uc|a ao |ac|||oao ouc c|
cobc c|ccto||t|co , a |a vcz, sus ,uotas soo uc|o s
cs|stcotcs ouct||cs, co oc coo cooouct|b|||oao c|cc-
t|ca.
9.2.2. Latones y bronces
|| cobc |ccucotccotc cs a|caoo coo otos cta-
|cs, coo c| z|oc, cstao, o|ouc|, a|u|o|o, aoaocso, ||c-
o, cao|o |oo.
Latones.- |stos atc|a|cs coost|tuco |as a|cac|oocs co-
cc|a|cs s couocs oc| cobc. 3s|cacotc soo a|ca-
c|oocs oc cobc coo z|oc, co c|ctas ocas|oocs, aa c-
,oa o a|tca |as o|coaocs, sc ao|c|ooao coucas cao-
t|oaocs oc otos cta|cs.
|a ao|c|oo oc z|oc oa coo csu|taoo uo atc|a| s
baato, oc ao oucza cs|stcoc|a ouc c| cobc uo,
cooscvaooo a |a vcz |as tao acc|aoas cua||oaocs oc a-
|cab|||oao, ouct|||oao cs|stcoc|a a |a coos|oo.
/|uoos oc |os |atoocs s coooc|oos soo: || |atoo
aa|||o, c| |atoo b|aoco, c| |atoo o,o, ctc.
8ronces.- |stas a|cac|oocs csto coost|tu|oas bs|cacotc
oc cobc cstao. S|o cbao, |a ocoo|oac|oo boocc
sc oa a uoa ao va|coao oc a|cac|oocs oc cobc coo otos
c|ccotos.
|o v|sta oc |a occcs|oao oc coota co |a |ooust|a coo
a|cac|oocs oc va|aoas caactc|st|cas cco|cas, ouc oo-
a|cotc oo sc cocucotao co cooo|c|oocs ccooo|cas co
|os cta|cs uos, |a su|oo uoa o|vcs|oao oc a|cac|oocs
oc cobc coo cstao, cobc coo s|||c|o, cobc coo ao-
!53 !54
!55
CAPlIULO X
Procedimiento
Brazing
(5oldadura Fuerte)
+)2167 :
roz|og ,
So|dodoro roz|og
10.1. Exp|icacin de| procedimiento
|| 3az|o |oc|uc a uo uo oc occsos oc so|oa-
oua ouc ooucco |a coa|cccoc|a oc |os atc|a|cs ca-
|cotooo|os a |a tccatua 3az|o co cscoc|a oc uo
atc|a| oc aotc coo uoa tccatua oc |us|oo o
coc|a oc -50C o ocba,o oc |a tccatua oc
|us|oo oc| cta| basc.
|| cta| oc aotc cs o|st|bu|oo cotc |as suc||-
c|cs oc |a ,uota, |as cua|cs sc cocucotao co cstcc|o
cootacto, o acc|oo ca||a.
|a so|oaoua 3az|o ut|||za tab|co atc|a|cs oc
aotc coo tccatua oc |us|oo suc|o a |os -50C
c |o|c|o a |os oc |os atc|a|cs basc a uo|.
/ o||ccoc|a oc| 3az|o, co |a so|oaoua 3az|o c|
cta| aotaoo oo cs o|st|bu|oo.
|| 3az|o |a so|oaoua baz|o ucoco sc a||caoos
ut|||zaooo uoa ||aa ox|acct||co|ca.
10.2. Natura|eza de| meta| de aportacin
|as va|||as ut|||zaoas aa so|oa co|aotc c| 3a-
z|o so|oaoua 3az|o soo oc a|cac|oocs oc cobc
a|cac|oocs oc |ata, |oc|a|cotc.
La a|eacln oe cobre.- Coot|coc coca|cotc uo
a|to occota,c oc cstc cta| uo acc|ab|c o-
ccota,c oc z|oc cs csta a|cac|oo |a ouc ooucc
uoa cob|oac|oo ot|a oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a a |a
tacc|oo ao ouct|||oao.
Coo sc cou|cco c|ccotos ao|c|ooa|cs co |as
va|||as oc so|oa, o c,o o|c|o co c| cta| oco-
s|taoo a| |ab|ca |as va|||as cstas ocbco tcoc cao-
t|oaocs ao|c|ooa|cs oc cstao, ||co, o|ouc|, ao-
aocso, |ata s|||c|o.
Las a|eaclones oe p|ata.- Coot|coco, o |o coc-
a| o|st|otos occota,cs oc |ata, cobc z|oc. Ta-
b|co sc |a acaoo co occota,c va|aoo c|cco-
tos coo cao|o, |os|oo, cstao, ctc., scuo |as
occcs|oaocs oc caoa caso, aa obtcoc octc|oa-
oas o|coaocs oc ao ||u|ocz so|oab|||oao
ooc ocst|oa|as a octc|oaoas a||cac|oocs.
10.3. Fundentes
|o c| 3az|o |a so|oaoua 3az|o sc c|cao oc-
tc|oaoos acotcs |||aoocs, ocoo|oaoos |uoocotcs.
|os |uoocotcs csto ocst|oaoos a o|so|vc o aas-
ta |os ox|oos, ouc ouaotc su ca|cota|coto sc |oao
co |a suc||c|c oc |os o|vcsos cta|cs, aa as| cv|ta
|a |oac|oo oc o|c|os ox|oos.
|o cx|stco uo '|uoocotc uo|vcsa|' aa tooos |os
usos, co v|sta oc ouc |os ox|oos oc |os o||ccotcs cta|cs
a|cac|oocs va|ao aooccotc co sus o|coaocs
||s|cas ou||cas.
Caoa cta| basc caoa va|||a oc aotac|oo c-
ou|cc oc uo |uoocotc cscc|a|, oc acucoo a sus o|as
caactc| st| cas.
|aa |a a||cac|oo oc |os |uoocotcs |a c|a |uooa-
cota| coos|stc co: Usa s|cc c| |uoocotc aoccuaoo
aa c| taba,o o |a va|||a a ut|||zasc. |a c|ccc|oo oc|
|uoocotc sc |acc coosu|taooo c| Cat|oo Oc|||oo.
10.4. Meta|es so|dab|es mediante e|
procedimiento Brazing: Venta-
jas y desventajas de| mtodo
|| 3az|o |a so|oaoua 3az|o ucoc c|ca-
sc aa cua|ou|c cta| o a|cac|oo, c|tc so|oa c|
||co |uoo|oo, c| acco, cobc, boocc, |atoo, o|ouc| ,
aocs, uo| cotc s| cta|cs o|s|||cs, coo cta|cs
|cosos coo oo |cosos, ctc.
|otc |as vcota,as oc| ctooo oocos aoota
ouc, o couc| uoa tccatua s ba,a, |a c-
oo octc|oo o ca|cota|coto oc| cta| a so|oasc
ouc c| occo||coto uc|as vcccs cs s |oo
ouc |a so|oaoua o |us|oo, coo c| coos|u|cotc a|o-
o oc t|co oc coosuo oc as aa c| taba,o. |as
vcota,as s csa|taotcs ucoco obscvasc co |czas,
cuas o|coaocs sc coc|ao a tccatuas c|cva-
oas o o c| o|o ca|o oc |a ocac|oo oc |a so|oa-
oua o |us|oo, |ua|cotc |as |czas ||oas oucoa|ao
a|cctaoas co sus o|coaocs cco|cas, |oa oc cs-
tuctua, ctc., o c| ca|o oc |us|oo.
|otc |as ocsvcota,as ucoco sca|asc |a o||cco-
c|a oc co|o cotc c| cta| ocos|taoo c| cta| basc,
|a o||ccoc|a oc o|coaocs ouc oo|a su| cotc c|
cta| basc c| cta| oc aotc , as||so, |a |o-
s|b|||oao oc soctc |as |czas so|oaoas a tccatu-
as s c|cvaoas ouc c| uoto oc |us|oo oc| cta| oc
aotc.
!56
10.5. La ||ama oxiaceti|nica y sus
ap|icaciones
|ucoco usasc |os tcs t|os oc ||aa ox|acct||co|-
ca aa uoa ao caot|oao oc atc|a|cs. Coo auoa oc
|a Tab|a cs os|b|c octc|oa c| t|o c|c|oo oc |a
| | aa.
Cuaooo uo tcco|co cscc|||ca |a so|oaoua ox|a-
cct||co|ca o uo so|oaoo co|coza uo taba,o oc so|oa-
oua ox|acct||co|ca, abos ocbc|ao oasc cucota ouc
c| taba,o ucoc ucoc ca||zasc c|caooo uoa oc |as
tcs | | aas ox| acct| | co| cas. |oa| cotc c| tcco| co
oo sc ccata oc csta ||cx|b|||oao oc |a ||aa ox|acct|-
| co| ca , co coosccucoc| a, aa c| s| o| || cao oco o
oaoa |a ||aa ocuta, cabuaotc |a ||aa ox|oaotc.
Uo so|oaoo sabc oc |os tcs t|os oc ||aa, co coo
|ccucoc|a oo sabc, cu| cs |a ||aa c|c|oa aa uo
atc|a| ouc oo cooocc u b|co.
|stas bcc|as u couocs co c| cotcoo||coto
co|cto oc |a so|oaoua ox|acct||co|ca soo |a azoo
oc| o|aaa acoaaotc sobc |a ||aa ox|acct||c-
o|ca sus a||cac|oocs.
|as caactc|st|cas ou||cas oc |a ||aa ox|acc-
t||co|ca su c|ccto csu|taotc sobc c| cta| |uoo|oo
ucoco sc va|aoos co aoo coos|ocab|c, s||cco-
tc co|aotc uo a,ustc oc |a czc|a ox|coo-acct||coo.
S| |a c|ac|oo ox|coo/acct||coo cs oc + : +, sc
ooucc uoa ||aa ocuta. |sta cs |a ||aa ouc ao-
cotc sc c|ca co |a a||cac|oo oc |a so|oaoua ox|a-
cct||co|ca. /ucotaooo |a caot|oao oc acct||coo co |a
czc|a, |a ||aa sc vuc|vc 'cabuaotc', ||aa ouc cs
c|c|oa aa ocac|oocs baz|o coo a|cac|oocs oc
| ata.
10.6. A|gunas reg|as para |a tcnica
Brazing
Tooas |as suc||c|cs o aouc||as atcs oc |a |cza
o cta| basc, ouc sco soct|oas a |a so|oaoua,
ocbco |||asc cu|oaoosacotc, ou|taooo tooa
|a |cubc, cscaas oc ox|oo, acc|tc, asa u
otos atc|a|cs cxtaos.
|ccucotccotc, |a |||cza cco|ca oc |as su-
c||c|cs oo |oa covc octc|oaoas sustao-
c|as, oc a|| |a occcs|oao oc uoa |||cza ou||ca
co|aotc c| |uoocotc ao|aoo, cstaooo u-
c|a atcoc|oo a csta ocac|oo.
/,usta |a ||aa oc| so|ctc cst|ctacotc a |as oc-
ccs|oaocs oc| taba,o, s|u|cooo |as |oo|cac|oocs
oc| |ab|caotc oc |a va|||a.
|as c||as oaoas co |a tab|a a coot|ouac|oo sc basao co c|
taba,o oc so|oaoocs oco|o ba,o cooo|c|oocs oc-
o|o oc taba,o, |ab|cooosc, co coosccucoc|a, |oc|u|oo to|c-
aoc|as aa co|oa oc t|co, ctc. |as caot|oaocs oc ox|-
Ca| cota | a | cza oc taba, o o cta| basc a | a
tccatua aoccuaoa aa c| uso oc | a va| -
| | a. S| sc a| | ca aotcs oc ouc c| cta| basc cstc
su| | c| cotccotc ca| cotaoo, c| cta| oc aotc
oo coc o | a suc| | c| c oc | a | cza, o
oto | aoo, s| | a | cza |a s| oo ca| cotaoa oca-
s| aoo, | a va| | | a | uoo| oa cscota | a tcoococ| a a
|cv| .
Lc ao |otaoc|a cs uo buco 'cstaaoo oc |a
suc||c|c' aotcs oc a||ca |as s|u|cotcs caas o
asaoas, s| |ucsco occcsa|as.
/otcs oc ccza a so|oa oc sc occcsa|o,
ocbco b|sc|asc |os boocs oc |a uo|oo.
Ut|||za s|cc c| |uoocotc aoccuaoo aa |a va-
|||a ouc sc cst c|caooo.
|ca s|cc |as |ostucc|oocs oaoas o c| |ab|-
caotc, aotcs oc usa uoa va|||a oc so|oa.
||CO|||L/C|O|: Cuaooo sc usa | | aa ox| -
acct||co|ca, |a ,uota cou|cc cscuu|osa |||cza
coo ac| csc|| o |aoa oc acco, aa cub||a
|uco coo c| |uoocotc aoccuaoo a |a a|cac|oo ouc
sc va a c|ca.
Coov|coc s |acc uo ca|cota|coto cxtcoso,
oo so|o |oca||zaoo, ut|||zaooo |a boou|||a ao|a-
oa. || cooo |otc|o oc |a ||aa ocbc oucoa a uoa
o|staoc|a oc |a |cza |o|a oc 25 . |s vcota-
,osa |a ||aa cabuaotc, co ocbc o|||sc a| s|-
t|o oc |a so|oaoua so|o o uo ocoto. S| sc usa
||aa ox|oaotc, aotco|cooo c| so|ctc ocas|a-
oo ccca a |a |cza o sobc |a so|oaoua, sc c,u-
o|ca |a ,uota.
10.7. Costo estimado para |a so|da-
dura oxiaceti|nica manua|
/| ub||ca |os oatos aa c| costo cst|aoo cs
occcsa| o cstab| ccc cooo| c| oocs oco| o, cotco-
o| cooosc c|cctacotc ouc sc cocoota uc|as
va| ac| oocs ba, o | as cooo| c| oocs ca| cs oc taba, o.
|a ca| | oao caot| oao oc | a so| oaoua oouc| oa oc-
cooc oc |a |ab|||oao cxc|coc|a oc| so|oaoo, uo
| acto ooa| aa uc|as occa| oocs aoua| cs.
|| taba,o oc| |oc||aotc cs |coto oc ca||oao ouoo-
sa. S| uo so| oaoo taba, a uo| cacotc co uoa so| a
ocac| oo oc so| oaoua, o | o coca| ocsao| | a uo
a| to aoo oc |ab| | | oao ouc, a| coaa| a coo otos
t aba, o ca| | zaoos o so| oaoocs coos |b| | cs,
| oo| ca uoa vc| oc| oao oc ooucc| oo o coc| a
oc| oco| o.
coo, acct||coo, va|||as usaoas c| taao oc |a boou|||a
occooco a||acotc oc |a |ab|||oao vc|oc|oao oc|
so|oaoo |oo|v|oua|, o csta azoo, |as |oo|cac|oocs |ao
s|oo oaoas aa cstos |actocs.
SO|L/LU|/ O|/C|T|||||C/
SO|L/U|/ L| |||||O
||co |uoo|oo: \a|||as oc ||co |uoo|oo, |uoocotc, cca|cota|coto.
||co |uoo|oo a|cab|c: So|oab|c coo c| ||co |uoo|oo b|aoco aotcs oc |a
a|cab|||zac|oo, va|||as oc ||co |uoo|oo, cca|cota|coto.
||co |o,aoo: \a|||as oc ||co oc ba,o cabooo, va|||as oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a.
||||O ` /C||O-SO|L/LU|/ |U||T| O SO|L/LU|/ L| |/TO|
||co |uoo|oo: \a||||as oc |atoo, |uoocotc, ||co cca|cota|coto.
||co |uoo|oo a|cab|c: \a|||as oc |atoo,|uoocotc, s|o cca|cota|coto.
||co |o,aoo: |ucoc |accsc |ab|cac|oocs coo so|oaoua oc boocc.
/cco |uoo|oo: \a|||as oc |atoo, |uoocotc, s|o cca|cota|coto.
/C||OS /| C/|3O|O-SO|L/LU|/
\a|||as oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a:
3a,o cabooo: |asta 0,+0%C
|co|o cabooo: cotc 0,+0 0,25%C
/|to cabooo: cotc 0,25% 0,55%C
/C||O |U|L|LO-SO|L/LU|/
\a|||as oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a.
/C||O /||/LO-SO|L/LU|/
\a|||as cscc|a|cs oc acco a|caoo, |uoocotc, cca|cota|coto /o ooa||zac|oo:
/ccos a| o|ouc|.
/ccos a| coo.
Otos accos S/| so|oab|cs:
/ccos a| coo-o||bocoo, a| coo-o|ouc|, coo-vaoao|o, ctc.
||CU3||||||TOS ||OT|CTO||S /C||OS ||O|L/3||S - SO|L/LU|/
T|os:
Coo: +2-+6-+8-25%C
Coo-o|ouc|: +8-25%C, -+2%||
CO3|| L|SO|L/LO - SO|L/LU|/
\a|||as oc cobc ocsox|oaoo, |uoocotc:
CO3|| ` /||C|O||S-SO|L/LU|/ |U||T| O SO|L/LU|/ L| |/TO|
\a|||as cscc|a|cs, |uoocotc:
||aoc|as oc |atoo: S|o cca|cota|coto.
|atoo |uoo|oo: |cca|cota|coto a ba,a tccatua.
3 | O|C| - S O| L/ LU| /
\a|||as oc a|ta cs|stcoc|a, |uoocotc, cca|cota|coto.
/ | U|| || O- S O| L/ LU| /
\a|||as oc a|u|o|o, |uoocotc:
||oa oc a|u|o|o: S|o cca|cota|coto
/|u|o|o |uoo|oo: |cca|cota|coto a ba,a tccatua.
|| U| | - S O| L/ LU| /
\a|||as oc o|ouc|, |uoocotc:
||oa oc o|ouc|.
||ouc| |uoo|oo.
|O|| | - S O| L/ LU| /
\a|||as oc ooc|, |uoocotc, cca|cota|coto oc |uoo|c|oocs.
||CU3||||||TO CO| 3|O|C| |/C||S|O-SO|L/LU|/
\a|||as oc aocs|o, |uoocotc, cca|cota|coto oc |uoo|c|oocs |o,aoos.
||/|/
||UT|/
|occso oc
ao uso
aa tooos
|os cta|cs
!57
!58
||/|/ CO|
|C|SO L|
/C|T||||O
|occso
su|ccota|o
vcota,oso, s|
csu|ta c|
| oo| caoo
||/|/ CO|
|C|SO L|
O| C||O
|occso
su|ccota|o
vcota,oso s|
csu|ta c|
| oo| caoo
PARIE ll
ELECIRODO5
Y VARlLLA5
PARA ACERO5
!58 !59
CAPlIULO Xl
1.
5oldaduras para
Aceros al
Carbono
y de Baja
Aleacin
!60 !6!
!62
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: |xtooo : --
C|s c|ao Co|o|os|co a||caoo so|o coo co|ooto coot|ooa |ooto : --
Coo : --
CLLOCORD P
Ce|o|s|cos Cooveoc|ooo|es
Normas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 256O
| 6O+O | +3 +3 C + | +3 2 C +6
Ana|lsls Qulmlco C |o S| | S
oe| Meta| O,O8 - O,+5 O,+O - O,6O O,+8 - O,25 O, O+ O, O+
Loos|taoo '):
Caracterlstlcas:
||octooo oo t|o co|o|os|co oo ao oootac|oo.
|soc|a| aa os|c|oo vot|ca| ascoooooto.
looa| aa so|oaooa oo tobo|as y oo|t|aso oo ostoctoas oo acoo a| cabooo.
|aa |aoc|as a|vao|zaoas |asta oo ososo oo 8 oo.
Loos|tos aobaoos o ayos .
Pesecaoo:
|ooa|oooto oo oocos|ta osocaoo.
Aprobaclones:
/3S, ||S, C| Caoo 3)
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas:
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to C| \ ||ooac|oo oo 2
Tacc| oo ||ast|co -2OC
+5O - 55O |/oo > 36O |/oo
65 OOO a 8O OOO |b/o| > 52 OOO |b/o| > O 22 - 3O'
|os|c|ooos oo So|oa:
|, H, Sc, \a.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 5O 8O +OO ++O +9O
/o. oax. 8 O +3O 2OO 23O 25O
/||cac|ooos:
/coos oo coostocc|oo oo a|oaoos ostoctoa|os).
|aa so|oa acoos oo ba,o cabooo, coaooo so oosoa oootac|oo o|oooa, oca osco|a y
cooooos oo abo|taoos.
|ab|cac|oo oo ooob|os oota||cos, catos, oosa, otc.
Ca|oto|a oota||ca ||v|aoa.
|ab|cac|oo oo ooctos oo voot||ac|oo.
|aa |a so|oaooa oo tooas |as oo|ooos o too ooo ooo|ooo ooa boooa oootac|oo oo o|
|oo aso.
|aa |a o,ococ|oo oo oo|ooos oo tobos oo acoos oo ba,o cabooo.
!63
CLLOCORD AP
C|s c|ao Co|o|os|co oo|vosa| |ooto : /zo|
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 256O
| 6O++ | +3 +3 C + | +3 2 C +6
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| | S
oo| |ota| O,O8 - O,+5 O,+O - O,6O O,+8 - O,25 O, O+ O, O+
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo oo oootac|oo o|oooa y oo||ooo, o|soaoo aa oso coo co|ooto a|tooa o coot|ooa.
So aco otooto y ooy ostab|o oooco ooos|tos oo ooy boooa ca||oao.
|s acooso,ab|o:
- |aa |a o,ococ|oo oo asos oo a|z oo o| |oooo oo oo c|a||ao, oo |as oo|ooos a too.
- |aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo oo coa|oo|o os|c|oo, oo osoc|a| aa vot|ca| ooscoooooto, ascoooooto
y sobocaboza.
|osocaoo:
|ooa|oooto oo ooo|oo osocaoo.
/obac|ooos:
/3S, ||S, C| Caoo 3)
/3S Sooo /\S /5.+-9+)
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to C| \ ||ooac|oo oo 2
Tacc| oo ||ast|co -2OC
+5O - 55O |/oo > 36O |/oo > O 22 - 3O'
65 OOO a 8O OOO |b/o| > 52 OOO |b/o|
|, H, Sc, \a, |o.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto coot|ooa/co|ooto a|tooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo / LC||
+/+6 3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
+,6 oo 2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 3O 5O 8O ++5 +5O +O
/o. oax. +5 8O ++O +5O +O 25O
/||cac|ooos:
So|oaooa ocoooooab|o aa acoos oo too|ab|os acoos oo|cos), coo oo oax|oo oo O,25' C.
Ca|oto|a oota||ca.
|stoctoas y bast|ooos aa oaoo|oas.
|ab|cac|oo oo taoooos, osovo|os y tobo|as.
Coostocc|ooos oava|os.
!64
PUN7O AZUL
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo co|o|os|co oo oootac|oo aa |a so|oaooa |xtooo : --
C|s c|ao oo ostoctoas ||v|aoas y taba,os oo ca|oto|a |ooto : /zo|
oota||ca oo acoos oo ba,o cabooo. Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||/S|/-5.+-9+ Ll| +9+3
| 6O++ | +3 32 C +
oo| |ota| O, +O O, 5O O, 3O O, O+5 O, O+5
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo oo oootac|oo oo||ooo, o|soaoo aa oso coo co|ooto a|tooa o co|ooto coot|ooa.
|osoota oo aco ostab|o y oo||ooo coo ao |ac|||oao oo o| oocooo|oo y o| ooocooo|oo oo|
o|octooo, aoooas, osoota |ac|| oooc|oo oo so osco|a.
|osoota boooa so|oab|||oao sobo soo||c|os ||oaoooto cootao|oaoas coo ox|oos.
|| oota| ooos|taoo so||o|||ca coo a|ooz |o ooo |o coo||oo |ac|||oao aa oa||za so|oaooas
oo tooas os|c|ooos.
|osocaoo:
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to C| \ ||ooac|oo
Tacc| oo ||ast|co -29C
! +++ |/oo ! 33+ |/oo ! 3O ! 22'
! 6O OOO |b/o| ! +8 OOO |b/o|
|, ||, H, \a, \o, Sc.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
Co|ooto /|tooa - Co|ooto Coot|ooa ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo
2,5Ooo ) 3,25 oo +,OO oo )
|oo|too 35O oo 35O oo 35O oo
/o. o|o. 5 O 8 O ++5
/o. oax. 8 O ++O +5O
|osootac|oo |ata oo 2O | |ata oo 2O | |ata oo 2O |
) So |ab|ca so|o ba,o oo|oo
/||cac|ooos:
L|soaoa oxc|os|vaoooto aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo oo acoos oo ba,o cabooo: o|||os,
aoo|os, |at|oas, otc. oo o| socto coa,oo.
looa| aa taba,os oo |ab|cac|oo oo Ca|oto|a |ota||ca oo oooa| y |ab|cac|oo oo ostoc-
toas ||v|aoas.
So ocoo|oooa aa |a |ab|cac|oo oo ootas, vootaoas, otooos, caoco|as, otc., coo oo
||o|to oo ||oooc|a oo +8 OOO |b/o|.
!65
AZULl7O
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo co|o|os|co oo a|ta oootac|oo y ao |xtooo : --
C|s c|ao ooo|o|ooto aa |a so|oaooa oo acoos oo ba,o |ooto : /zo|
cabooo Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||/S|/-5.+ - 9+
| 6O++
oo| |ota| O,+O - O,+5 O,3O - O,6O O,+5 - O,3O O, O+5 O, O+5
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo co|o|os|co o|soaoo aa so|oaso coo co|ooto a|tooa o co|ooto coot|ooa.
|osoo oo aco otooto, ooa boooa ostab|||oao oo| aco y o| oota| ooos|taoo so||o|||ca coo
a|ooz, caacto|st|cas ooo |o oo|to so|oa oo tooas |as os|c|ooos, obtoo|ooooso cooooos
oo so|oaooa oo boooa aa|ooc|a y a|ta oootac|oo.
So catacto|za o so ao |ac|||oao aa o| oocooo|oo y ooocooo|oo oo| o|octooo, aoooas,
osoota oca osco|a y os oo |ac|| oooc|oo.
|oooo a||caso coo ox|to sobo soo||c|os ||oaoooto ox|oaoas.
|osocaoo:
Tacc| oo ||ast|co -29C
! +++ |/oo ! 33+ |/oo ! 3O ! 22'
! 6O OOO |b/o| ! +8 OOO |b/o|
|, ||, H, \a, \o, Sc.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
Co|ooto /|tooa - Co|ooto Coot|ooa ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo
/o. o|o. /o. oax. |osootac|oo
2,9O oo 8 O ++O |ata oo + +OO va|||as Cootos oo 35 va|||as)
/||cac|ooos:
L|soaoo aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo oo acoos oo ba,o cabooo o acoos oo|cos, cooo
o|||os, aoo|os, |at|oas, baas, otc.
looa| aa taba,os oo Ca|oto|a |ota||ca oo oooa| y |ab|cac|oo oo ostoctoas ||v|aoas oo
o| socto coa,oo, coo oo ||o|to oo ||oooc|a oo +8 OOO |b/o| |ab|cac|oo oo ootas, voo-
taoas, otooos, otc.
!66 !67
CLLOCORD 70
|osaoo Co|o|os|co oo oxco|ootos caacto|st|cas oocao|cas |ooto : /zo|
Coo : 3|aoco
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.5 - 96 lSO 256O
| O+O-/+ | +3 2 C +6
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| |o | S
oo| |ota| O,+2 O,6O O,+O O,55 O,O+ O,O+
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo co|o|os|co, coyo ooos|to os ooa a|oac|oo oo acoo a| oo||boooo, |o ooo |o coov|oto
oo o| t|o ao|aoo aa oa||za so|oaooas oo tooa os|c|oo, osoc|a|oooto oo acoos oo a|ta
os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo.
|osocaoo:
|ooa|oooto oo ooo|oo ocaoo.
Tacc|oo ||ast|co 2OC oo 2
52O - 55O |/oo > +OO |/oo
5 OOO a 8O OOO |b/o| > 58 OOO |b/o| > 8O ! 22 '
|, H, Sc, \a.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 6O 5 9O ++O +9O
/o. oax. 9O +3O +8O 22O 325
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos a| oo||boooo, t|os S/| +O+O, otc.
|aa So|oa acoos a|oaoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo coo oooos oo O,3O' oo C.
So|oaooa oo o|ooooctos, asooooctos, taoooos.
|ab|cac|oo oo oaoo|oa|as, ca|ooas, otc.
CLLOCORD P - 7
Ce|o|s|cos spec|o|es
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: Co|o|os|co aa tobo|as |xtooo : --
\ooo |s ||oo aso |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ L|l +9+3 lSO 256O
| 6O+O | +3 +3 C + | +3 2 C +6
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '):
C |o S| | S Co
O, +O O,+2 - O,O O,3O oax O,O5 oax O,O5 oax O,O5oax
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo oo oootac|oo o|oooo y oo||ooo.
|a o||oooc|a a| | 6O+O coovooc|ooa| os |a boooa ooat|v|oao oo |a os|c|oo vot|ca| ooscoooooto.
looa| aa asaoa oo a|z oo |a so|oaooa oo o|ooooctos, ooooo |a a|ta vo|oc|oao, o| cooto| oo|
aco y |a a|oa so||o|||cac|oo oo |a osco|a soo sooa |ootaoc|a.
|osocaoo:
/obac|ooos:
/3S, ||S, C|. Sooo /\S /5.+ - 9+
Tacc| oo ||ast|co - 29C oo 2
+3O - +O |/oo > 35O |/oo
62 OOO a 68 OOO |b/o| > 52 OOO |b/o| > +O > 2+'
|, H, Sc, \o.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/+8 5/32
3,25 oo +,O oo
/o. o|o. 8 5 ++O
/o. oax. +3O +5
/||cac|ooos:
|soc|a| aa tobo|as oo oto|oo o|ooooctos) oo |os t|os /|l 5| +2, +6, 52, aa aso
oo a|z.
Taoooos oo a|oacooao|ooto.
|oc||ootos a os|oo.
Tobo|as oo oooa|.
CLLOCORD 70 - 7
CLLOCORD 70 - G7
\ooo |s aso oo ca||ooto |ooto : --
Coo : --
C|s o||ooo y acabaoos |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.5 - 96 lSO 256O
| O+O - /+ | 5+3 C +
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| |o | S
oo| |ota| O,O5 - O,O9 O,+2 - O,O O,3O oax O,+O - O,6O O,O25 oax O,O25 oax.
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|o sos osoc|a|os caacto|st|cas y so|oab|||oao o|||oo oo| C|||OCO|L O oo ooo so oooo
so|oa tobo|as oo os|c|oo vot|ca| ooscoooooto.
|xco|ooto o|octooo aa sooooa asaoa o aso oo ca||ooto oo |a so|oaooa oo tobo|as a os|oo,
ya ooo |a| otooto acc|oo oo| aco oo|to boa tooas |as oacas aoo tac| y |a osco|a oo|
|oo aso.
|osocaoo:
/obac|ooos:
/3S, ||S, C|. Sooo /.\.S. /5.5 - 96
Tacc|oo ||ast|co 29C oo 2
5OO |/oo > +OO |/oo
O OOO a 9 OOO |b/o| > 58 OOO |b/o| > +O > 29'
|, H, Sc, \a.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
5/32 3/+6
+,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. +OO ++O
/o. oax. +9O 23O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo a| oo||boooo.
/coos oo ba,a a|oac|oo coo oooos oo O,3' oo cabooo.
|aa acoos /|l 5| +2, +6, 52.
|ooas: /\S//S||: /5.5 - 96 lSO 256O
| O+O - C | ++3 C +6
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| |o Co S
oo| |ota| O,O5 - O,O9 O,+2 - O,O O,+5 oax O,2O o|o O, +O O,O25 oax.
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo osoc|a|oooto |ab|caoo aa ooos|ta caas oo o||ooo y acabaoo oo so|oaooas oo
tobo|as oo o|oooocto.
|a |ooza oo| aco oaot|ooo |a osco|a a|o,aoa oo| cato, oo|t|oooo a| ooaoo obsova so
taba,o.
|s oo o|octooo aoocoaoo aa tooa os|c|oo oo taba,o, oo osoc|a| vot|ca| ooscoooooto.
|osocaoo:
/obac|ooos: /3S, ||S, C|. Sooo /.\.S. /5.5 - 96
Tacc|oo ||ast|co - 29C oo 2
5OO |/oo > +OO |/oo
O OOO a 9 OOO |b/o| > 58 OOO |b/o| > 8O > 2+'
|, H, Sc, \o.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/8 5/32 3/+6
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 9 O +OO ++5
/o. oax. +5O 2OO 23O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa tobo|as oo acoo a| oo||boooo O,5' |o).
|aa tobo|as oo ozos oto|oos.
|aa tobo|as oo oaaoo.
|aa acoos /|l 5| +2, +6, 52. |o asos oo o||ooo y acabaoo.
!68 !69
ZLCORD 0
|ectrodo oo A|eodo coo Revest|m|eoto Ce|o|s|co
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo co|o|os|co osoc|a|oooto o|soaoo aa looot|||cac|oo
C|s ,asoaoo a||cac|ooos oo so|oaooa oo tobo|as oo oos|oo |aca oo o|
ascoooooto y ooscoooooto ovost|o|ooto
ZLCORD 70
|ooas:
/\S / 5.5 lSO 256O) || +99
| O+O /+ | 5+ 33 C + | 38 2 C25
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '):
C |o S| |o | S
O,+O O,+O O,2O O,+O O,O2O O,O+2
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coo ovost|o|ooto co|o|os|co t|o | O+O-/+.
|soc|a|oooto o|soaoo aa so|oaooa oo os|c|oo vot|ca| y sobocaboza.
|xco|ooto caacto|st|cas ooat|vas: ba,os aooa,os y a|ta vo|oc|oao oo ooos|c|oo.
|oy boooa os|stooc|a oo| ovost|o|ooto a va|oos a|tos oo aooa,os.
|oy boooa ostab|||oao oo aco.
Ooa aoocoaoaoooto oo o|a|oao LC|| y LC||.
Caaz oo oooc| ooos|tos oo boooa ca||oao ao|oa||ca.
|ab|caoo ba,o oo s|stooa oo ca||oao cot|||caoo sooo |os oooo|o|ootos oo lSO 9OO2.
|O| |/S C/|/CT||lSTlC/S |||ClO|/L/S |ST| |||CT|OLO S| |||L| |S/| |/|/
|/S| L| |/lZ, |/S| || C/|l||T| ` |/S|S L| ||||||O//C/3/LO || SO|L/L||/ L|
T|3||l/S
Tacc|oo ||ast|co - 3OC oo 2
56O ||a +5O ||a +5 25 '
|, H, Sc, \a, \o.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto coot|ooa - ||octooo a| os|t|vo o ooat|vo
+/8 5/32 3/+6
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 8 5 ++O ++O
/o. oax. ++O +6O +O
||oc|a|os /||cac|ooos oo /coos:
So|oaooa oo tobo|as coss coooty aoo |o-|aot |o o|o|o).
Caoos /|l 5| +2, 5| +6, 5| 52 y 5| 56.
|oooo so osaoo oo asos oo a|z oo tobo|as oo aoo oayo oo a|ooas c|coostaoc|as.
Tobo|as oo ba,a a|oac|oo a| |o.
|oc||ootos a os|oo.
So|oaooa oo oaac|oo.
!70 !7!
|ooas:
/\S /5.+ Ll| +9+3 Ll| || +99
| 6O+O | +3 33 C + | 32 2 C25
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '):
C |o S| | S
O, +O O, 6 O, 2 O, O2 O, O+2
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coo ovost|o|ooto co|o|os|co t|o | 6O+O.
||octooo oo a|oa so||o|||cac|oo y osco|a ||oa.
3oooa os|stooc|a oo| ovost|o|ooto a va|oos a|tos oo aooa,os.
|oy boooa ostab|||oao oo aco.
T|3||l/S.
|os|stooc|a a |a Tacc|oo ||o|to ||ast|co C| \ ||ooac|oo oo 2
+8O |/oo
2
++O |/oo
2
O a - 2OC 28 '
+OO a 2OC
|, H, Sc, \a., \o.
C||Tl|lC/ClO|: C|||/|lSCH|| ||O`L. /\S /5.+:| 6O+O
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
Co|ooto a|tooa /C/ "# Co|ooto coot|ooa o|octooo a| o|o os|t|vo / LC||
+/8 5/32 3/+6
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 8 5 ++O ++O
/o. oax. +3O +6O 2OO
||oc|a|os /||cac|ooos:
So|oaooa oo tobo|as coss coooty aoo |o-|aot |o o|o|o).
Caoos /|l 5| +2, 5| +6, 5| 52.
|oooo so osaoo oo asos oo a|z oo tobo|as oo aoo oayo oo a|ooas c|coostaoc|as.
|oc||ootos a os|oo.
ZLCORD 80
|ooas:
/\S /5.5 lSO 256O)
| 8O+O - C | 5+ 33 C +
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '):
C |o S| | S || |o
O,+3 O,8O O,2O O,O+8 O,O+2 O,O O,3O
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coo ovost|o|ooto co|o|os|co t|o | 8O+O-C.
|oy boooa os|stooc|a oo| ovost|o|ooto a va|oos a|tos oo aooa,os.
|ac|| oaoo,o o so oxco|ooto ostab|||oao oo aco.
T|3||l/S.
Tacc| oo ||ast|co -3O C oo 2
58O ||a 5+O ||a +5 2O '
|, H, Sc, \a., \o.
C||Tl|lC/ClO|: C|||/|lSCH|| ||O`L,/\S | 8O+O
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto coot|ooa - ||octooo a| os|t|vo o ooat|vo
+/8 5/32 3/+6
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 85 ++O +5O
/o. oax. ++O +3O +O
||oc|a|os /||cac|ooos oo /coos:
Caoos /|l 5| 56, 5| 6O y 5| 65.
|oc||ootos a os|oo.
Tobo|as oo a|ta os|oo.
ORCORD M
Rot/||cos
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: |ot|||co oo booo acabaoo |xtooo : --
||ooo asoaoo y boooa os|stooc|a |ooto : 3| aoco
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 256O
| 6O+2 | +3 22 | C) 3 | +3 2 | +2
oo| |ota| O, O8 O, 55 O, +O O, O+ O, O2
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo osoc|a|oooto oosao||aoo aa ooos|ta cooooos oo oo|ooos oo |||oto oo os|c|oo
|o|zoota|, coaooo so ooo|oo aa|ooc|a y acabaoo o|octo.
Lob|oo a so |ooo|a o|octaoooto ooo|||baoa, o| aco os soavo y s||ooc|oso, oo |ac|| aaoooo oo
| |o y oooc|oo oo osco|a.
|ocoooooab|o aa so|oaooos oo oca oxo|ooc|a.
Soo|oa oo tooa os|c|oo.
So|oaooa oo boooa aa|ooc|a oo vot|ca| ooscoooooto aa |aoc|as oo|aoas.
|osocaoo:
|ooa|oooto oo ooo|oo ocaoo. osoca + | a +OO - ++OC).
/obac|ooos:
/3S, ||S, C| Caoo +)
+5O - 56O |/oo > 36O |/oo
65 OOO a 8O OOO |b/o| > 52 OOO |b/o| > 5O > 22'
|, H, Sc, \a, \o.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto a|tooa o coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o ooat|vo
+/+6 3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
+,6 oo 2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 3 5 5 O O ++O ++O 2+O
/o. oax. 6 O 8 O +2O +6O 22O 3OO
/||cac|ooos:
Ca|oto|a oota||ca coo |ao|oas oo|aoas.
|oc||ootos a os|oo.
|ab|cac|oo oo ooob|os oota||cos, ootas y vootaoas.
|ocoooooab|o cooo o|t|oa asaoa oo acabaoo.
|o so|oaooas ooooo so ooo|oo booo acabaoo oo os|c|oo vot|ca| ooscoooooto.
!72 !73
ORCORD
Rot/||cos
Caoo|a y oxco|ooto os|stooc|a |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S|| /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 256O
| 6O+3 | +3 22 | C) 3 | +3 2 | 2
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| Co S
oo| |ota| O, O8 O, 5O O, +O O, O+ O, O2
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coo ovost|o|ooto ot|||co, coyo aco os otooto y ooy ostab|o: oo |ac|| oaoo,o oo
o||oootos os|c|ooos.
|| oota| ooos|taoo os oo ot|oa ca||oao, |os cooooos soo oo asocto |ooooooo y |a osco|a
oo |oto||oo coo o| aco oo o|ooo oooooto, oo|t|oooo oaotooo|o coto y ||bo oo c||sootoo.
So vo|oc|oao oo avaoco os a|ta y |a caot|oao oo oota| ooos|taoo coosoooo a| O' oo| oso
tota| oo| a|aobo.
|osocaoo:
|ooa|oooto oo oocos|ta osocaoo. osoca + | a +OO - ++OC)
/obac|ooos:
/3S, ||S, C| Caoo +)
/3S Sooo /\S /5.+-9+)
+5O - 55O |/oo > 36O |/oo > 6O > 22'
65 OOO a 8O OOO |b/o| > 52 OOO |b/o|
|, H, Sc, \a.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 6 O 9 O ++O +8O 25O
/o. oax. 8 5 +2O +8O 2+O 3O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oaooas oo ooa o oas asaoas oo c|aas y o|||os oo acoo oo|co.
Taoooos, ooctos oo a|o acooo|c|ooaoo.
Cab|ootos o||oaooos.
|stoctoa oota||ca, otc.
!75 !74
ORCORD S
Rot/||cos
||ooo asoaoo y boooa os|stooc|a |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S|| /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 256O
| 6O+3 | 5+ 2+ || 6 | 5+ + || 2
oo| |ota| O,O8 O,5O O,6O O,O+ O,O2
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo ot|||co oo ovost|o|ooto ooso aa oooc| cooooos y ,ootas oo |||oto oo oxtaoo|
oa|o asocto y coo caacto|st|cas oocao|cas sobosa||ootos.
|| oocooo|oo oo| aco os |oooo|ato a| toca coo o| o|octooo |a |oza a so|oa y os oxcoc|ooa|
oooto s||ooc|oso y soavo.
|a oootac|oo a ba,o aooa,o os |o|o|o a |a baso ooo so obt|ooo coo otos o|octooos oo
|oa|os cooo|c|ooos, |o ooo coost|toyo ooa voota,a aa so|oa |aoc|as oo|aoas.
|a oooc|oo oo osco|a os sooaoooto |ac||.
|aa o|so|oo| o| oca|ootao|ooto ososo o| o|octooo o aasto.
|osocaoo:
|ooa|oooto oo oocos|ta osocaoo. osoca + | a +OO - ++OC)
Tacc| oo ||ast|co 2OC oo 2
5+O - 6+O |/oo > 38O |/oo > 6O > 22'
6+ OOO a 8O OOO |b/o| > 55 OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a, ||.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
5/6+ 3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. + 5 5 5 9 O ++O +9O 2+O
/o. oax. 6 O 8 5 +6O +9O 26O 32O
/||cac|ooos:
|soc|a| aa so|oa |aoc|as oo|aoas.
|oob|os oo acoo.
So|oaooa oo o|t|oa asaoa aa obtooo oo ||oo acabaoo.
\|as.
looost|a oava|.
|aoo|oa|a a|co|a.
!76
fRROCl7O 24
H|erro eo Po|vo
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo a|to ooo|o|ooto |xtooo : --
\ooo C|ao |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 358+
| O2+ | 5+ 32 || ++ +6O | 5+ 3 || +6O 32
oo| |ota| O, O8 O, 8O O, 35 O, O+ O, O2
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo oo ovost|o|ooto ooso, |co oo ||oo oo o|vo: osoc|a| aa so|oaooas a|oas y
sooas.
Lo aco soavo, oo ao ooo|o|ooto y coo oscaso c||sootoo, oaooo cooo oso|taoo ooos|tos
oo ot|oa ca||oao.
|ooo|o|ooto aox|oaoo +5O '.
|| aco so |o|c|a |ostaotaooaoooto a| s|o|o cootacto y os ooy ostab|o.
|a osco|a t|oooo a oosooooso o s| so|a.
|osocaoo:
Coaooo o| o|octooo |a ostaoo oxoosto oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a +OO - ++OC
ooaoto + |oa.
/obac|ooos:
/3S, ||S,C| Caoo +)
+9O - 56O |/oo > 38O |/oo > 6O > 22'
+ OOO a 8+ OOO |b/o| > 55 OOO |b/o|
|, ||,
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao: |aa co|ooto a|tooa o coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o ooat|vo
+/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. +3O +8O 2OO 3OO
/o. oax. +6O 22O 28O 35O
/||cac|ooos:
|soc|a|oooto |oo|caoo coaooo so bosca, aoooas oo |a ca||oao oo| ooos|to, a|ooz oo |a
o,ococ|oo y a|to ooo|o|ooto.
Coostocc|ooos oota||cas.
|ab|cac|oo oo taoooos, ca|ooas, oootos.
So|oaooas oo |||oto.
!77
fRROCl7O 27
H|erro eo Po|vo
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo a|to ooo|o|ooto |xtooo : --
\ooo Oscoo y oxco|ooto acabaoo |ooto : || ata
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 256O
| 6O2 | +3 +3 /| +6O | +3 3 / +O 35
oo| |ota| O, O8 O, O O, 3O O, O+5 O, O2
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo oo aasto oo ovost|o|ooto ooso, coo a|to cootoo|oo oo ||oo oo o|vo.
|sto o|octooo |a s|oo oosao||aoo aa o|octoa so|oaooas oo a|ta vo|oc|oao coo a|ta ooos|c|oo
oo oato|a|.
|ooo|o|ooto aox|oaoo +O'.
Sos cooooos soo oo o|octo acabaoo, sooo,aotos a |os oa||zaoos o so|oaooas aotooat|cas.
|osocaoo:
Coaooo o| o|octooo |a ostaoo oxoosto oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a +OO -++OC
ooaoto |oa.
/obac|ooos:
/3S, ||S,C| Caoo 3)
Tacc| oo ||ast|co - 2OC oo 2
++O - 56O |/oo > 36O |/oo > 6O > 22'
6+ OOO a + OOO |b/o| > 52 OOO |b/o|
|, ||.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. +3O +8O 2OO 3OO
/o. oax. +6O 22O 28O 35O
/||cac|ooos:
- Taoooos a os|oo - |oootos
- Coostocc|ooos oava|os - |aoo|oa|a a|co|a
- |oosas - Toos y boobas oo o|oac|oo
- Looos oo ca|ooas - |aoo|oa|a o|ooa
- 3asos oo oaoo|oas - Coas
- C|as|sos osaoos - |xcavaooas, otc.
- /|aoaooas
SUPRCl7O
os|cos de ojo A|eoc|o Revest|m|eoto S|mp|e
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo bas|co oo ba,o ||ooooo oo |xtooo : --
C|s oxtaoo|oa|as caacto|st|cas |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 358O
| O+8 | 5+ 55 3 +O | 5+ + 3 26 H)
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S|
oo| |ota| O, O8 +, 2O O, 5O
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo bas|co coo ba,o tooo oo ||ooooo, ooo otoa a| oato|a| ooos|taoo boooas o|o-
oaoos oocao|cas.
So cootoo|oo oo ||oo oo o|vo oo,oa |a so|oab|||oao, aooootaooo |a oootac|oo, ooos|c|oo
y oo,oaooo a| o|soo t|ooo so coootao|ooto oo o|st|otas os|c|ooos.
|ooo|o|ooto oo 98'.
|osocaoo:
Coaooo o| o|octooo |a ostaoo oxoosto oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a 25O - 35OC
ooaoto 2 |oas.
/obac|ooos:
/3S, ||S, C| Caoo 3`)
/3S Sooo /\S /5.+-9+)
Tatao|ooto |os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co C| \ ||ooac|oo
Too|co Tacc| oo -2OC oo 2
S|o 5+O-6+O |/ oo > 38O |/oo > ++O 2+'
+ OOO a 88 OOO|b/o| > 55 OOO |b/o|
/||v|o oo Toos|ooos +8O-58O |/oo > 38O |/oo > ++O 2+'
|ooa| | zaoo +2O-52O |/oo > 29O |/oo > ++O 26'
|aa |a ca||||cac|oo /3S sooo /\S |a ooba oo |oacto os a -29C
|, H, Sc, \o.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto a|tooa o coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo
5/6+ 3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,O oo 2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. + 5 O +OO ++O +9O 26O
/o. oax. 6 O 9 O ++O 2OO 25O 3+O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa acoos oo a|to cootoo|oo oo cabooo, a|ta os|stooc|a y ba,a a|oac|oo.
|aa acoos oo a|to cootoo|oo oo azo|o y |ac|| |osaoo.
|aa acoos |ao|oaoos a| ||o.
|o sos caacto|st|cas oo os|stooc|a a |a oo|ooac|oo a a|tas toooatoas y so |ac|| oaoo,o, osoc|a|oooto
aoocoaoo aa:
- So|oaooas oo tobo|as oo vao. - |o|oos oo at|co|os oo caoc|o coo a|to
- Ca|ooas oo a|ta os|oo. tooo oo azo|o.
- /coos a|oaoos a| oo||boooo. - ||ozas oo oaoo|oa|a osaoa.
- losta|ac|ooos oo |a looost|a |oto|oa - /coos coo os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo
y |otooo|o|ca. |asta 85 OOO |b/o|.
!78 !79
UNlRS
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: |xco|ooto ooos|to oo acoos |ooo|oos a| cabooo |xtooo : --
C|s Oscoo y oo ba,a a|oac|oo |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 256O
| O+6 | +3 55 3 +O | 5+ + 3 2+ H)
oo| |ota| O, O8 +,OO-+,3O O, 3O O, O+ O, O+
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo oo ovost|o|ooto |ootooooto bas|co, oo a|tas o|ooaoos oocao|cas, ooo cobo |as
c|as|||cac|ooos /\S | 6O+5/+6 y | O+5/+6.
So oa||za coaooo ocoo a,aooas o oos|oaoos oo acoos oo aoa||s|s |oo|a, osoc|a|oooto
oo aooo||os ooo t|oooo a|to cootoo|oo oo azo|o.
|| ba,o cootoo|oo oo ||ooooo ov|ta |os oos, ||soas, |actoas y oo|to a so voz obtooo oo
ooos|to oaoo|oab|o ooo o|oco ao ooct|b|||oao.
|osocaoo:
ooaoto 2 |oas.
Tatao|ooto |os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to C| \ ||ooac|oo
Too|co Tacc| oo ||ast|co -2OC oo 2
S|o +3O-53O |/ oo > 36O |/oo > +6O 26'
62 OOO a OOO |b/o| > 52 OOO |b/o|
/||v|o oo Toos|ooos +OO-5OO |/oo > 36O |/oo > +6O 26'
|ooa| | zaoo 3O-+O |/oo > 26O |/oo > +6O 26'
|, H, Sc, \o.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 6 O 8 O ++O +9O 23O
/o. oax. 8 5 +5O +9O 25O ++O
/||cac|ooos:
|so oooa| oo acoos oo obo so|oab|||oao, ya soao |ooo|oos o |ao|oaoos oo ||o.
|aa so|oa acoos a| oaoaooso oax. 2').
|aa so|oa acoos a| s|||c|o oax. O,5').
|aa so|oa acoos a| cooo oax. O,+').
So a,osta a |as osoc|||cac|ooos /-+ y |-+, Socc|oo l oo| Coo|o /S|| aa ca|ooas.
/oocoaoo aa asos oo a|z oo |ab|cac|ooos ||oas oo socc|oo oosa.
!8! !80
UNlRS CR
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: Loos|to oo acoo a| C - |o |xtooo : --
C|s |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.+ - 9+ Ll| +9+3 lSO 358O
| 9O+6 - 33 | C |o 2 3 26 | 2 C |o 3 26 H)
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C |o
oo| |ota| O, +O O, 9O O, 5O 2,OO - 2,5O +, OO
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|a osooc|a oo C |o |o otoa oxco|ootos o|ooaoos oocao|cas.
So cooos|c|oo oo|o|ca y ba,o cootoo|oo oo ||ooooo oo|to a||ca|o coo oayo soo|oao y
coo||aoza oo o|vosos t|os oo acoo.
Sos sobosa||ootos caacto|st|cas oo so|oab|||oao oo|too a||ca oo oo|t|aso s|o oayo |oto|o-
ooc|a oo |a osco|a.
|osocaoo:
ooaoto 2 |oas.
Too|co Tacc| oo ||ast|co -2OC oo 2
S|o 62O |/ oo > +82 |/oo +'
9O OOO |b/o| > O OOO |b/o|
/||v|o oo Toos|ooos 55-65 |/oo > ++O |/oo > +2O 2O'
|ooa| | zaoo 5OO - 6 OOO |/oo > 35O |/oo > ++O 2+'
|, H, Sc, \a.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
5/6+ 3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,O oo 2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 5 O 6 5 8 O ++O +9O 23O
/o. oax. 6 5 8 O +3O +8O 25O +OO
/||cac|ooos:
|aa acoos o|acta|os oo ca|ooas y tobo|as |asta 6OOC)
|aa so|oa acoos oo cooootac|oo y o|toac|oo oo tataoos, |asta ooa os|stooc|a oo 98O |/oo
|aa so|oa acoos Ll| ++55: +O C |o 9+O: +O C S| |o \ +: +2 C S| |o 8: +O C \ 63: 8
T| +: CS-+2 C |o 9+O.
/coos /lSl: /-+++8: /-++3O: /-++35: /-++3: /-+++2: /-+++: /-++5O.
|aa so|oa v|as |ooas.
7NACl7O 80
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo vosat|| aa so|oa |xtooo : |oo
C|s Oscoo /coo oo a|ta os|stooc|a |ooto : |oo
Coo : \ooo
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.5 - 96 Ll| 8529
| 8O+8 - C3 ` 69 5 |o 2 ||C|o 3 H5
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| || C |o
oo| |ota| O, O6 +, 5O O, 3O 2, OO O, 5O O, 35
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|| oato|a| ooos|taoo coosoooo oo cooos|c|oo oo|o|ca oo ba,a a|oac|oo a| o|ooo|.
|ota| ooos|taoo bastaoto os|stooto a |as ||soas oo ||o y ca||ooto.
Sos ooos|tos soo oo oxco|ooto ca||oao ao|oa||ca oo coa|oo|o os|c|oo.
|osocaoo:
Coaooo o| o|octooo |a ostaoo oxoosto oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a 3OOC ooaoto
2 |oas.
Too|co Tacc| oo ||ast|co 2OC oo 2
S|o 5O-85O |/ oo >2O |/oo > ++O +6 - 2O'
+O8 OOO a +28 OOO |b/o| >+O+ OOO |b/o|
/||v|o oo Toos|ooos 68O-8O |/oo >66O |/oo > ++O +O - +6'
|, H, Sc, \a.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32
2,5oo 3,25 oo +,O oo
/o. o|o. O ++O ++O
/o. oax. +OO +6O 2OO
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos t|o T+: T+/: T+3.
/coos oo coostocc|oo oo aoo ||oo y a|taoooto os|stooto, |asta 35 |/oo oo ||o|to oo
a|aao|ooto o|o|oo.
/coos CO|-T|| oo sos o||oootos aoos.
|aa so|oa va|||as oo acoo aa coostocc|oo
/coos |-/-T|/ 3O, |-/-T|/ 5: HS3 \.
Cooo co,|o aoot|oaoo o caa oo baso aa ocob|o|ooto otoctoos.
7NACl7O !!0
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: Loos|tos oo a|t|s|oa |xtooo : --
C|s Oscoo os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.5 - 96 Ll| 8529
| ++O+8 - C ` 69 5 |o 2 ||C|o 3 H5
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| |o ||
oo| |ota| O, O6 +, 5O O,25 - O,5O O, 2O +, OO
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coo cootoo|oo oo ||oo oo o|vo oo so ovost|o|ooto.
Loos|to oo 3a,o H|ooooo, coo a|ta os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo aoo a toooatoas ba,o coo.
|o|oo oo,oaoo oo o|st|otas os|c|ooos.
|os cooooos ooos|taoos osooooo a |as |ooas aa |osocc|oo o |ayos .
|osocaoo:
Coaooo o| o|octooo |a ostaoo oxoosto oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a 3OO - 35OC
ooaoto 2 |oas.
Tacc| oo ||ast|co 2OC oo 2
82O - 882 |/ oo 65 - 8O5 |/oo > ++O +5 - +8 '
++9 OOO a +++ OOO a
+28 OOO |b/o| ++ OOO |b/o|
|, H, Sc, \o.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 5 9 O ++O +6O 23O
/o. oax. 9 O +6O 23O 3+O ++O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos oo a|ta os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo.
|aa so|oa acoos T|o T+ /, T+3.
|aa acoos S|oooo Caoo 6O.
T|,oa|os.
Cooo baso oo ocob|o|ooto otocto.
!82 !83
7NACl7O 5
os|cos de ojo A|eoc|o Dob|e Revest|m|eoto
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo bas|co oo a|ta os|stooc|a, aa so|oa |xtooo : --
C|s acoos oo aoo ||oo y oo a|ta os|stooc|a. |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||/S|/-5.5 Ll| 8529
| 9O+8-C-H+ | S` 55 6 |o + |||o 3 H5
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '): C |o S| |o ||
O,O5 +,5O O,3O O,35 +,2O
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo bas|co oo a|ta os|stooc|a a |a ||soac|oo, o|soaoo aa so|oa acoos ostoctoa|os oo
aoo ||oo y a|ta os|stooc|a.
|osoota oo aco ostab|o, |o ooo |o oo|to oa||za coo |ac|||oao asos oo a|z y so|oaooas oo
os|c|ooos |ozaoas.
Too|co Tacc| oo ||ast|co 2OC -6OC | ~5o)
S|o 63O 2O |/oo
2
>56O |/oo
2
+6O O 2O 2+'
/||v|o oo Toos|ooos 62O 2O |/oo
2
>55O |/oo
2
+5O 55 > 2O'
|ooa| | zaoo 52O 62O |/oo
2
>35O |/oo
2
>+3O > 22'
|, ||, H, \a, Sc.
|osocaoo:
So oobo osa so|o o|octooos socos.
|o caso oo ooo |os o|octooos |ayao ostaoo oxoostos oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca
ooto 3OO a 35OC / 2 |oas.
T|o oo Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 65 9O ++O +8O
/o. oax. 95 ++O +8O 2+O
L|aootos, /ooa,os y |osootac|oo:
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos ostoctoa|os oo aoo ||oo, acoos oo ooo|aoo cabooo y acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo y a|ta os|stooc|a.
|aa so|oa acoos a| cabooo oso||o|zaoo oo| t|o C+++O, C+++2, C+++3, C+++5, C+++, C++32.
|aa so|oa acoos oo| t|o S/|: 23+, 233O, 23+O, 23+5, 25+5: tooa oo cooota oooo|o|ootos oo oca-
|ootao|ooto: 6O a 2+OC, sooo o| ososo.
|aa so|oa acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo a| C-||, a| ||-|o y a| ||-C-|o: tooa oo cooota oooo|o|ootos oo oca|oo-
tao|ooto: O a 38OC, sooo o| ososo.
!84 !85
7NACl7O 75
os|cos de ojo A|eoc|o Dob|e Revest|m|eoto
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: Loos|to oo a|ta os|stooc|a y |xtooo : --
C|s boooa o|ast|c|oao |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: /5.5 - 96 Ll| 855
| +OO+8 - C - H+ | `69 5 |o2||C|o 3 H5
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C || |o
oo| |ota| O, O6 +, 5O O, 2+ O, +9 2, + O, 28
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo bas|co ooy os|stooto a ||soac|ooos, o|soaoo aa so|oa acoos ostoctoa|os oo a
oo ||oo y a|ta os|stooc|a.
|ac|| oo so|oa oo tooas |as os|c|ooos.
|os o|aootos |asta 3,25 oo. T|oooo, ac|as a so oob|o ovost|o|ooto, a oo aco ooy ostab|o y
soo, o coos|o|ooto, ooy aoocoaoos aa aso oo a|z y so|oaooas oo os|c|ooos |ozaoas.
|oca sa||caooa c||sootoo), ooy |ac|| oosooo|o|ooto oo osco|a y coooo oo||ooo.
|sa so|aoooto o|octooos socos.
|osocaoo:
Coaooo o| o|octooo |a ostaoo oxoosto oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a 3OO - 35OC
ooaoto 2 |oas.
Too|co Tacc|oo ||ast|co 2OC oo 2
S|o OO - 8OO |/ oo > 68O |/oo > +2O +8 - 22'
+O+ OOO a ++6 OOO |b/o| > 98 OOO |b/o|
/||v|o oo 68O - 8O |/oo > 66O |/oo > +2O +8'
Toos|ooos
|, H, Sc, \a.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,5oo 3,25 oo +,O oo. 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 6 5 9 O ++O +8O 2+O
/o. oax. 9 5 ++O +85 2+O 32O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos ostoctoa|os oo,oaoos oo aoo ||oo, o o,oo|o |-/-T|/ 65, |-/-
T|/ O, T+, T+/, T+3, HS3 ooto otos. |o caso oo o|ovaoa ootaoa oo ca|o y/o ococ|oo
aa a||v|a oo toos|ooos aooos ososoos oo aoo) oooo so oocosa|o osa o| Tooac|to 8O.
|aa so|oa acoos oo coostocc|oo SlL|| ||||, Caoo 6O.
|aa so|oaooa oo acoos ostoctoa|os oo|oaoos oo |a oaac|oo oo ooo|os oo oooc|oo oo
t|oa.
|aa oo|oo oo |aoc|as ostoctoa|os oo ba,a a|oac|oo osaoas oo ooo|os o|ooos to|vas, |a|cos,
|aca oo oosasto aa coc|aooos, otc.)
|aa acoos |ooo|oos oo ooo|aoo ocoota,o oo C y oo ba,a a|oac|oo.
|aa ooota,o oo t|,oa|os.
Cooo co,|o aoot|oaoo sobo acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo, ooooo so a||caa oo ocob|o|ooto
otocto.
!86 !87
5oldaduras Especiales
CAPlIULO Xll
fRROCORD U
|ectrodos poro f|erro food|do
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: |aa ||oo |ooo|oo |xtooo : |aao,a
C|s C|ao Loos|to oo oaoo|oab|o |ooto : --
Coo : |oo
|ooas:
/\S /5.+5-9O Ll| +9+3
| St | +3 55 3 +O
oo| oota| O, +5 O, 6O O, 3O O,O+ O,O+
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coo ovost|o|ooto bas|co aa so|oaooa oo oaoo|oab|o oo ||oo |ooo|oo.
|as so|oaooas oa||zaoas coo osto o|octooo ostao ||bos oo oos|oaoos.
|| oato|a| ooos|taoo so a|oa oo |ooa ot|oa coo o| oota| baso y osoo a|tas caacto|st|cas
oocao|cas.
|aa obtooo ooa boooa ||a os ocoooooab|o ooovo tooa taza oo |otoa, asa, |ob|caoto o
ostos oo soc|ooao.
So ocoo|oooa o| oat|||oo oosoos oo caoa coooo aa o|so|oo| |as toos|ooos os|ooa|os oo |os
ooos|tos oo so|oaooa.
|o os ocoooooab|o o|octoa ooos|tos oo so|oaooa coot|ooaoos, s|oo cooooos cotos y a|tooaoos.
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co ||ooac|oo
Tacc|oo oo 2
3O - +8O |/oo >26O |/oo 26 - 28'
53 OOO a O OOO |b/o| >3 5OO |b/o|
|, H, Sc, \a
|osocaoo:
|s |ootaoto o| oso oo o|octooos socos.
|o caso oo ooo |os o|octooos |ayao ostaoo oxoostos oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otoo|o, osoca a
2OOC/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo
/o. o|o. 5O 8O ++5
/o. oax. 8O ++O +5O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa oo| acoos a| cabooo coo ||oo |ooo|oo.
|aa oaa b|oooos oo ootoos y coooosoas.
|aa osaoos oo o,aooas y so|aooas, o||oa|os o ob|ooas oo |ooo|c|oo.
|aa ocoostocc|oo oo o|ootos oo ooaoa,o.
|aa o||ooo oo aoas ooy oxtoosas, coo |a ||oa||oao oo ba,a |os costos oo oaac|oo oo |ozas oo
||oo |ooo|oo.
|aa ocooa ca,as oo booba oo ||oo |ooo|oo.
So oooo oo|oa cooo baso oo |ooo|c|ooos cootao|oaoas, aotos a||ca o|octooos oaoo|oab|os.
|aa taba,os oo a|ta osoosab|||oao y |ozas oo ao ososo so oooo osa osto o|octooo coo |a
toco|ca oo| os|c|aoo.
Cl7OfON7
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo ||ooo| |xtooo : --
|aoo Oscoo aa so|oaooa oo ||oo |ooo|oo |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+5-9O Ll| 853
| ||-C| | || 3C 23
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| ||
oo| |ota| O, 3O O, +O O, +5 |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coyo ooos|to os oo a|to cootoo|oo oo o|ooo|.
|os ooos|tos oo so|oaooa soo oaoo|oab|os.
|as so|oaooas oa||zaoas coo osto o|octooo ostao ||bos oo oos|oaoos y ||soas.
|ato|a| oo a|ta ooct|b|||oao, oayo a |a oo |os ||oos |ooo|oos.
|aa obtooo so|oaooas oo ot|oa ca||oao os oocosa|o ||o|a, |a soo||c|o a so|oa, aa ooo
osto oxoota oo |otoa, asa, aco|to, otc.
||octooo ooo ot|||za ba,os ooao,os aa so |os|oo.
|os|stooc|a a |a Looza
Tacc|oo H\
29 |/oo +6O
+3 OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a , Sc
|osocaoo:
|o caso oo ooo |os o|octooos |ayao ostaoo oxoostos oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 5 O 8 O ++O +5O
/o. oax. 8 O ++O +5O +8O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa oo| o o||ooa |ozas oo ||oo |ooo|oo |s, oooo|a o oa|oab|o.
|aa so|oa cacazas, |oo|ootos oo boobas, cooosoas, va|vo|as, ca,as oo oooctoos.
|aa ocooa basos oo oaoo|oa|a y sootos.
|aa oaac|oo oo o|ooootos oo oaoo|oa, catos, baocaoas, co|atas, otc.
|ocoooooab|o aa oo| acoos ostoctoa|os o acoos |ooo|oos coo |ozas oo ||oo |ooo|oo.
|aa ocooa ooaoa,os y oooas oootaoas.
|aa oat|cos oo |ooo|c|oo.
|aa oaa oo|octos y a,aooas oo |ozas oo |ooo|c|oo.
!88 !89
!90
SUPRfON7
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo ||ooo| |xtooo : /oa|||o
C|s Oscoo Loos|to oaoo|oab|o |ooto : |aoo
Coo : 3|aoco
|ooas:
/\S//S||: S|/ - 5.+5 Ll| 853
| ||-C| | || 3C +
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| ||
oo| |ota| O, 3O O, +O O, +5 |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo oo |ooo|a oo,oaoa, coyo ooos|to oo o|ooo| o|oco a|ta oaoo|oab|||oao y va|oos
oocao|cos soo|oos a |os oo| ||oo |ooo|oo.
|| t|o oo ovost|o|ooto osoc|a| oo|to so|oa, coo aooa,os ooooos y oaotooo oo aco
soavo, s||ooc|oso y ostab|o.
Loos|to coo ooy boooas o|ooaoos oocao|cas.
/|to ooo|o|ooto oo oato|a| ooos|taoo oo cooaac|oo coo tooos |os o|octooos coovooc|ooa
|os aa ||oo |ooo|oo.
||octooo oo ooy |ac|| oaoo,o. |oooo oo|oaso oo tooas |as os|c|ooos.
|os|stooc|a a |a Looza ||ooac|oo
Tacc|oo H\ oo 2
++3 |/oo +6O 2O'
6O OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
|o caso oo ooo |os o|octooos |ayao ostaoo oxoostos oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca
a 2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 5O 8O ++O +5O
/o. oax. 8O ++O +5O +9O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa ocooa |ozas oo ||oo |ooo|oo ooooo os |ootaoto o| ooo|o|ooto oo| oato|a| ooos|taoo.
|aa ocooa sootos oo ooo|os o|ooos.
|aa ooaoa,os y oooas oootaoas.
|aa oaac|oo oo |ozas oo |ooo|c|oo oo o|||c|| so|oab|||oao.
|o ocooac|oo oo oat|cos oo |ooo|c|oo
XSANlQUL fe
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo osoc|a| oo |oo-||ooo| oaoo|oab|o |xtooo : --
||ooo Oscoo aa |a so|oaooa oo ||o o ca||ooto oo ||oo |ooo|oo |ooto : --
|s, oooo|a o oa|oab|o Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+5-9O Ll| 853
| || |o-C| | || |o -+ 3C 22
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| |o ||
oo| |ota| +,25 O,25 O,6 +2,O |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo osoc|a| oo |oo-||ooo| |o ooo |o ovoo a|tos va|oos oocao|cos.
|| oota| ooos|taoo os os|stooto a |a ||soac|oo, oaoo|oab|o y ||bo oo oos. So caacto|za o
so oxco|ooto ||o|ooz y aco ostab|o. looa| aa so|oaooa oo| ||oo |ooo|oo s|o oca|ootao|ooto.
|osoota boooa so|oab|||oao sobo soo||c|os cootao|oaoas y os ocoooooaoo aa o||ooo.
So ocoo|oooa cooooos oo so|oaooa cotos 3O a 5O oo oo |oo|too), aa oooc| |a
ootaoa oo ca|o a |a |oza y ov|ta soboca|ootao|ooto oo| o|octooo.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas: |os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co ||ooac|oo Looza
Tacc| oo oo 2
+5O-55O |/oo ! 33O |/oo +5' /ox.+8O-2OO H3
|, ||, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo
/o. o|o. O 9 O +3O
/o. oax. 9 O +2O +O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo oo ||o o ca||ooto oo| ||oo |ooo|oo |s, oooo|a y oa|oab|o, |oc|oso
aa ||oos |ooo|oos coo a|to cootoo|oo oo |os|oo.
|aa |a so|oaooas oo oo|oo ooto ||oo |ooo|oo |s coo acoo.
|aa so|oaooa oo oaotoo|o|ooto y oaac|oo oo atos oo oaoo|oa|a cooo: cacazas y taas
oo boobas, c|aocaooas, ootoos o|oct|cos, otc.: oooob|oc|s, bast|ooos oo oaoo|oas |oa
o|ootas, oazas oo ta|c|o, taoboos oo to|||ac|oo, o,os, otc.
|ocoooooaoos aa so|oa ||oos |ooo|oos |s sooo Ll| +69+: CC-+2, CC-++, CC-+8,
CC-22, CC-26, CC-3O, oooo|a sooo Ll| +693: CCC-38, CCC-+2, CCC-+5, CCC-5O,
CCC-6O, CCC-O, y oa|oab|o sooo Ll| +692: CTS-35, CTS-+5, CTS-55, CTS-65, CTS-O.
!9!
!92
lNOX AW
|ectrodos loox|dob|es Cooveoc|ooo|es
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3O8| - +6 | +9 9 | | 23
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C ||
oo| |ota| O, O3 O, 8 O, + +9, O 9, O
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|ato|a| ooos|taoo oo ostoctoa aostooo-|o|t|ca.
||octooos aa so|oa acoos |oox|oab|os oo ostab|||zaoos oo| oo +8/8 y +9/9.
|| ovost|o|ooto ot|||co ooc|ooa oo oxco|ooto acabaoo, aoooas oo |ac|||ta |a ooac|oo oo|
so|ooo, taoto oo oo|oo cooo oo ocaoos.
|| oato|a| ooos|taoo os oxooto oo oos|oaoos.
|o o||oo a| oso,o |os cooooos ooos|taoos so coo|ooooo coo o| oota| baso +8/8 o +9/9.
|o so ovost|o|ooto t|oooo o|ooootos ostab|||zaooos oo aco ooo aoooas |ac|||tao so ooac|oo
coo co|ooto a|tooa.
|ocosa|aoooto oobo so|oaso coo aco coto y coo o|octooos socos.
|| oso oo osto o|octooo o|so|ooyo |a os|b|||oao oo oc||tac|oo oo caboos.
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co C| \ ||ooac|oo
Tacc| oo 2O C |o 2
55O-65O |/oo > 35O |/oo > 5O > 35'
8O OOO a 9+ OOO |b/o| > 5O OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a , Sc
|osocaoo:
|o caso oo ooo |os o|octooos |ayao ostaoo oxoostos oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a 2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/+6 5/6+ 3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
+,6 oo 2,O oo 2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 2O 3O +O O +OO ++O 2OO
/o. oax. 3O +O 6O +OO +3O +8O 25
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos |oox|oab|os oo ostab|||zaoos, t|os /lSl 3O+, 3O2, 3O+, 3O8, 3O+ |, 3O2 |, 3O+ |, 3O8 |.
|ocoooooaoos aa |a so|oaooa oo |ozas oo acoo a| oaoaooso, ooooo os oocosa|o obtooo
ao os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo.
|aa so|oa c|oto t|o oo oo|ooos oo acoos o|s|o||os.
Cooo baso oo a|ooos ocob|o|ootos otoctoos.
|o |a ocoostocc|oo oo ooo|os oo o|oo|a, cooo o o,oo|o aa ocoosto| booos oo
coc|aooos oo oaa.
|o |a coostocc|oo oo taoooos, tobo|as, ooctos, oo|oaoos oo |a |ooost|a covocoo, |oc|oo,
toxt||, ao|oa, otc.
|o |a |ooost|a oo|o|ca o otooo|o|ca, ooooo oo so osoota coos|oo oxcos|va.
|aa ocooa a|otas y oootos oo tob|oas |aoc|s.
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo |oox|oab|o oo| t|o ot|||co coo ba,o |xtooo : /oa|||o
3o|o ocoota,o oo |o|ta |ooto : --
Coo : /oa|||o
lNOX AW + Cb
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo |oox|oab|o aostoo|t|co ostab|||zaoo |xtooo : /oa|||o
3o|o |ooto : /zo|
Coo : /oa|||o
|ooas:
/\S / /S|| /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3+ - +6 | +9 9 |b | 26
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C || Cb
oo| |ota| O, O6 O, 8 O, +9, O 9, O O, +
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo ooo ooos|ta oo oato|a| ostab|||zaoo coo co|oob|o, ooo so osa aa so|oaooas oo
oo|oo o ocaoo oo acoos t|o +8/8, +9/9 ostab|||zaoos coo t|tao|o.
So ooos|to os os|stooto a |a ox|oac|oo oo |a |otooo|o y ba,o asos ox|oaotos oo coobost|oo
|asta 8OO C.
|a ao|c|oo oo co|oob|o ov|ta |a oo|oa oo cooo oo |a oo|oo, coo |o ooo so coosova |a os|stoo
c|a a |a coos|oo.
|oy boooas caacto|st|cas oocao|cas.
3oooas caacto|st|cas oo so|ooo, |oc|a|oooto coaooo so ooa coo aco coto.
Tacc| oo 2O C |o 2
55O-65O |/oo > 35O |/oo > 5O > 35'
8O OOO a 9+ OOO |b/o| > 5O OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/+6 5/6+ 3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
+,6 oo 2,O oo 2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 2O 3O +O O +OO ++O 2OO
/o. oax. 3O +O O +OO +3O +8O 25
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos ostab|||zaoos oo |os t|os /lSl 32+, 3+.
|aa so|oa acoos oo ostab|||zaoos oo| t|o +8/8, +9/9, ooooo os oocosa|o oooc| |a os|b|||oao
oo coos|oo |otoaoo|a.
|aa oo| acoos oo a|to cabooo coo acoos oo|cos.
|aa |ab|ca o oaa |otocaob|aooos oo ca|o, ocoostocc|oo oo oat|cos aa oato|a|os
|ast|cos y aa oaa |ozas oo ootoos a oacc|oo.
|o|oaoo oo |a |ooost|a a||ooota|a, ao|oa, toxt||, otc.
!93
!94
lNOX W LC
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo |oox|oab|o oo| t|o aostooo |o|t|co |xtooo : --
C|s oo ba,o ' C |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3+6| - +6 | +9 +2 3 | | 23
oo| |ota| O, O3 O, 8 O, +,O - 2O,O +2,O-++,O 2, 5
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|os ba,os toooos oo cabooo O,O3') oo |os ooos|tos o|so|ooyoo |a oc||tac|oo oo caboos,
caacto|st|cas |ootaoto oo |os |oox|oab|os ooo vao a osta oxoostos a ac|oos a|taoooto
coos|vos.
So ostoctoa os aostooo-|o|t|ca, coo |o ooo oo,oa |a os|stooc|a a |a ||soac|oo oo ca||ooto oo |os
ooos|tos.
|| ovost|o|ooto ot|||co oo|to oo booo so|ooo, oo,oaooo o| acabaoo y |a |ac|| oooc|oo oo |a
osco|a.
Tacc|oo 2O C |o 2
56O-66O |/oo > 38O |/oo > 5O > 3O'
8+ OOO a 96 OOO |b/o| > 55 OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. 5O 8O ++O +5O +8O
/o. oax. 6O +OO ++O +8O 2+O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos /lSl 3+6 |, 3+ |, 3+8 |.
|aa |ab|ca oc||ootos, ooctos o tobo|as ooo ostao oxoostos a |os ataooos oo|o|cos o sa|os o
ac|oos, ooooo a |a voz oo os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo so ooo|oo os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo, ox|oac|oo
y/o toooatoa.
|o|oaoo oo |a |ooost|a oo|o|ca, |aoacoot|ca, toxt||, otc.
|saoo cooo baso aa a||ca c|oto t|o oo ocob|o|ootos otoctoos.
Cl7ORlL 80!
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo |oox|oab|o +OO' aostoo|t|co |xtooo : --
||ooo C|ao |ooto : 3|aoco
Coo : /oa|||o
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3O - +6 | +8 8 |o | 26
oo| |ota| O, O8 +, O, + +9, 9, 5 O,5-+,5
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo aostoo|t|co oo t|o +8/8 coo +,' |o.
|| cootoo|oo oo |o oo,oa |a caacto|st|ca oo os|stooc|a a |a ||cc|oo oota||ca, ya ooo o||oa oo
aoto oooooc|o|ooto o o| taba,o |asta 5O H |C.
Loos|to coo oxco|ooto tooac|oao, as| cooo coo a|ta os|stooc|a a| |oacto, abas|oo y coos|oo.
Cao os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo y a| oosasto o a|tas toooatoas.
|oy booo acabaoo, s|o c||sootoo y coo ocas oo|oas o sa||caooas.
|os|stooc|a a |a Tacc|oo ||o|to ||ast|co Looza H|c
/| ooos|taso /otooooooc|oo
>5+O |/oo > 35O |/oo 2+ - 2+ +5 - 5O
> + OOO |b/o| > 5O OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. + O O 9 O +3O
/o. oax. 5 ++O +3O +O
/||cac|ooos:
L|soaoo aa oo| y ocaa |ozas oo acoo a| oaoaooso.
|saoo aa oo| acoos a| oaoaooso coo acoos a|oaoos o acoos a| cabooo.
|aa ocooa |ozas ooo |ao so||oo oosasto o ||cc|oo oota||ca, cooo v|as |ooas, aoas,
caob|os y cocos.
|aa o||ooo oo caoooas, cata||oas soc|ots), taoboos, coooas ooota|os.
|aa booos oo coc|aas oo oaa, o|ootos oo oxcavaooas, atos oo oo||oos y o|vo|zaooos.
|oy osaoo oo |a |ooost|a ao|oa cooo baso aa |os s|o||oos, taosotaooos oo baazo.
|aa |a oaac|oo oo va|vo|as, tob|oas oo aoa, otc.
!95
lNOX 309 LC
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo |oox|oab|o oo| t|o ot|||co |xtooo : --
3o|o |stoctoa aostoo|t|ca |o|t|ca |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3O9| - +6 | 23 +2 | | 23
oo| |ota| O,O+ +, 2 O, 9 22,O - 25,O +2,O - ++,O O, 5
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|ota| ooos|taoo oo caacto|st|cas s|o||aos a oo /lSl 3O9|.
So ooos|to os oo ao os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo y soota toooatoas o|ovaoas.
So ostoctoa os aostooo-|o|t|ca, o |o ooo os os|stooto a |a ||soac|oo oo ca||ooto.
|os ooos|tos oo oxco|ootos o|ooaoos oocao|cas so aotoooooocoo coo o| taba,o.
3oooa os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo.
Tacc|oo 2O C |o 2
5O-6+O |/oo 36O - ++O |/oo > 5O > 3O'
82 OOO a 9O OOO |b/o| 5+ OOO a 63 OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a , Sc
|osocaoo:
|o caso oo ooo |os o|octooos |ayao ostaoo oxoostos oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a 2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. + 5 O +OO +3O
/o. oax. O +OO +OO +8O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos |oox|oab|os /lSl 3O9 | y coa|oo|oa oo| t|o +8/8, ooooo so ooo|oa a|ta
os|stooc|a.
|aa o||ooo oo o,os oo acoo a| cabooo o oo ba,a a|oac|oo, ooooo so oocos|ta, aoooas oo boooa
so||oab|||oao, boooa os|stooc|a a |a ||cc|oo oota||ca.
|aa so|oa y ocob| acoos a| oaoaooso.
|aa oo| acoos a| oaoaooso coo acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo o acoos o| cabooo.
|aa ovost|o|ooto oo toos oo caoooo cac||o).
|ab|cac|oo y oaac|oo oo ca,as aa caboac|oo.
|ab|cac|oo oo tobo|as aa coooocc|oo oo ||o|oos coos|vos.
XSA !09 S
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo aa |a so|oaooa oo acoos |xtooo : --
C|s os|stooto a |a coos|oo. |ooto : --
loox|oab|o s|otot|co oo a|to ooo|o|ooto. Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3O9 |o-26 | 23 +2 3 ||| 36 +6O
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C || |o |o
oo| |ota| O, O+ +, O O, 8 22, O +2, O 2, 8 |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coo ooo|o|ooto oo +6O'
|| oota| ooos|taoo os oo acoo aostoo|t|co a| C-||-|o oo ostab|||zaoo, ocoooooaoo aa
taba,a a toooatoa ooto - +2OC a 3OOC.
|os|stooc|a a |a ox|oac|oo oo a|o o oo atoos|oas ox|oaotos oo asos oo coobost|oo |asta 8OO C.
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co C| \ ||ooac|oo Looza
Tacc|oo 2O C l ~ 5o)
6OO |/oo ! +2O |/oo ! +O ! 3O' /ox.+6O - +9OH3
|, ||, H
|osocaoo:
3OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/8 5/32 3/+6
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. ++O +5O +9O
/o. oax. +5O 225 29O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oaooa oo oo|oo ooto acoos oo ooo|aoo cootoo|oo oo cabooo, acoos a|oaoos coo
tatao|ooto too|cos, acoos |oox|oab|os a| C y acoos a| oaoaooso.
looa| aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo ooto acoo oo ba,o cabooo |o|t|co) y acoo |oox|oab|os
aostoo|t|co).
So|oaooas oo ocaoo sobo acoos a| cabooo y acoos a|oaoos.
|aa so|oa |os s|o|ootos aoos oo acoo sooo \o.: +.++O+, +.++O+, +.++O8, +.+++O, +.++36,
+.++3.
|ocoooooaoo aa oo|ooos oo: cobos oo oaa, |aoooaoo coo |aoc|as aot|abas|vas oo to|va
oo cao|ooos, o||ooo oo o,os, oov|o y asaooos oo caoooa oo ooa, as|ootos oo cooooa,
cooos oo va|vo|as, as|ootos oo va|vo|as, otc.
!96 !97
lNOX 29/9
|ectrodos loox|dob|es spec|o|es
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo |oox|oab|o oo| t|o ot|||co coo |xtooo : \ooo
||ooo ostoctoa /ostooo-|o|t|ca |ooto : |o,o
Coo : /oa|||o
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3+2 - +6 | 29 9 | 23
oo| |ota| O, +O +, O +, + 29, O +O, O O, 5O
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coyo ooos|to t|ooo ooa ostoctoa aostooo-|o|t|ca coo |o|ta > 2O'. losoos|b|o a |a
||soac|oo oo ca||ooto.
|| oota| ooos|taoo osoota ooa a|ta os|stooc|a a |a otoa y os ooy oo|oaoo aa so|oa acoos
oo o|||c|| so|oab|||oao y oo| acoos o|s|o||os.
|| ovost|o|ooto ot|||co oo|to obtooo ooos|tos ||bos oo oos y coo booo acabaoo.
Loos|tos os|stootos a| |oacto, ca|o, coos|oo y a |a ||cc|oo oota||ca.
|os ooos|tos soo oaoo|oab|os.
Tacc| oo oo 2
+O-8+O |/oo 6OO |/oo > 25'
+O OOO a +2+ OOO |b/o| 8 OOO |b/o|
|, H, Sc, \a
|osocaoo:
3OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 5 5 O ++O +6O
/o. oax. 8 5 +2O +5O 2OO
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos a| cabooo coo ob|ooas oo so|oab|||oao.
|aa so|oa ooa ao va|ooao oo acoos: |oao|ootas |oox|oab|os y acoos oo o|||c|| so|oab|||oao.
looa| aa so|oa acoos oos|o||os.
|aa ocooa o,os, oat|cos, |oao|ootas, caoooas, ooaoa,os, a|otas oo a|taooos, cooa||oas
y oo oooa|, |ozas oo a|ta os|stooc|a.
Cooo baso aa ocob|o|ootos otoctoos osoc|a|os.
|aa oaa y cooo baso oo acoos a|oos.
|oy osaoo oo |a |ooost|a s|ooo|ca aa o||ooo oo o,os, oaoo||, otc.
|aa so|oa acoos tataoos too|caoooto, acoos oo a|ta a|oac|oo, otc.
XSA !0
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo aostoo|t|co - |o|t|co aa |a so|oaooa |xtooo : --
Co|osto oo acoos o|s|o||os y acoos oo o|||c|| so|oab|||oao |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3+2 - +6 | 29 9 | 23
oo| |ota| O,+O O,6O O,9 29,O 9,O |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo aostoo|t|co-|o|t|co coo oo cootoo|oo aox|oaoo oo 3O' oo |o|ta.
|| oota| ooos|taoo os os|stooto a |a ||soac|oo, coos|oo, |oacto, ca|o, ||cc|oo oota|-oota|,
os ooy ooct|| y tooaz.
|ac|| oocooo|oo oo| aco, |ooa cooooos |aoos ||bos oo sa||caooa y coo aosooc|a oo ooooooas.
Tacc|oo oo 2
36-8+O |/oo 588 - 683 |/oo 2O - 2+'
|, ||, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
3OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 6O 8O +3O +O
/o. oax. 9O +2O +O 2+O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo y ocaoo oo acoos oo ooo|aoo y a|to cabooo, acoos oo ba,a
a|oac|oo, acoos |oao|ootas, acoos boo|||caoos, acoos a| oaoaooso, acoos a|oos, acoos
oo cooootac|oo y acoos |ooo|oos.
looa| aa |a oo|oo oo acoos o|s|o||os, acoos oo o|||c|| so|oab|||oao y cooo caoa co,|o aa
ocob|o|ootos otoctoos.
|ocoooooaoo aa oo|ooos oo a|ta osoosab|||oao: |ab|cac|oo o oaac|oo oo coc|aas oo
ooo|os o|ooos, o||ooos oo o,os, ocoostocc|oo oo o|ootos oo ooaoa,o, so|oaooas oo ooo||os,
osotos, oo|oos oo |oyocc|oo, too|||os oxtosoos, otc.
!98 !99
lNOX CW
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo |oox|oab|o +OO' aostoo|t|co |xtooo : --
C|s oo ao os|stooc|a a| ca|o |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 3+O - +6 | 25 2O | 26
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C ||
oo| |ota| O, +O 2, 5 O, 5 25, O 2O, O
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coyo ooos|to os +OO' aostoo|t|co.
|os a|tos cootoo|oos oo C/|| 25/2O') oo|too obtooo ooos|tos oo a|ta os|stooc|a a| ca|o
|asta + 2OO C a |a ||cc|oo, |oacto, coos|oo y ox|oac|oo oo coa|oo|o t|o oo acoo a|oaoo.
|o|oa ooy ba,os aooa,os.
|os a|tos cootoo|oos oo C/||, |o coo||ooo cooat|b|||oao coo acoos oo coa|oo|o t|o,
osoc|a|oooto |os |o|t|cos y oatoos|t|cos.
|xco|ooto caacto|st|ca oo so|ooo: aco ostab|o, oco c||sootoo y sa||caooas.
/|ta os|stooc|a oocao|ca.
|ac||oooto oaoo|oab|o.
Tacc|oo 2O C oo 2
5+O-6+O |/oo > 3OO |/oo > 9O > 2O'
8 OOO a 93 OOO |b/o| > +3 OOO |b/o|
|, H, Sc , \a
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. +O 55 8O ++O
/o. oax. 55 8O ++O ++O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos /lSl 3+O.
|aa oo| acoos |oox|oab|os coo acoos a| cabooo.
|aa so|oa y ocooa |ozas oo acoo |ooo|oo oo o|||c|| so|oab|||oao.
|aa ocob| acoos oo oooa|, ooo vao a taba,a a toooatoas |asta oo + 2OO C
|aa |ab|ca y oaa tobo|as, |otocaob|aooos oo ca|o, ooooaooos y taoooos oo
a| oacooao| ooto.
|aa oaa boobas, va|vo|as, o,os.
|aa oaa |ozas oo |ooo, aoc|os, caoast|||as y caoooas aa tatao|ooto too|co.
|aa oaac|oo oo oat|cos.
Cooo baso oo ocob|o|ootos otoctoos osoc|a|os.
|o |a |ab|cac|oo y oaac|oo oo ooo|os o|ooos, otooo|o|cos, |oov|a|os, toxt||os,
a||ooot|c|os, otc.
Cl7OCHROM !34
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: T|o bas|co |xtooo : --
|| ooo |stoctoa |atoos|ta |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||: S|/ - 5.+ Ll| 8556 lSO 358+
| ++O || |o - +5 | +3 + 3 2O | +3 + 3 2O
oo| |ota| O, O+ O, 6 O, 3 ++,O-+3,O +, O O, 5O
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo t|o bas|co aa so|oa y ocob| acoos a| +3' C, y +' ||.
|| oato|a| ooos|taoo os oatoos|t|co y so oooooco a| a|o.
Cao os|stooc|a oo| ooos|to a |os oosastos o oos|oo y cav|tac|oo, as| cooo a |a coos|oo
o ac|oos y a|tas toooatoas ooc|oa oo |os 8OO C.
|o caso oo oato|a|os baso C-||. +3/+ so ocoo|oooa oo oca|ootao|ooto oo +5O C y
toooatoa oo |otoaso oo +O C.
So ocoo|oooa obsova |as osoc|||cac|ooos aa o| oca|ootao|ooto, ostca|ootao|ooto y
tatao|ooto too|co oo| oato|a| baso.
Tacc|oo 2O C oo 2
6O-95O |/oo > 58O |/oo > 55 > +5'
++O OOO a +38 OOO |b/o| > 8+ OOO |b/o|
|, H, Sc, \a, ||.
|osocaoo:
3OO - 35O C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 6 O 8 5 ++O +5O
/o. oax. 8 O +2O +6O +9O
/||cac|ooos:
|saoo aa ocoosto| accoso|os oo tob|oas |o|too, oxoostos a oosastos oo cav|tac|oo y/o
oos|oo.
|aa ocooa |ozas ooo |ao so||oo oosasto o coos|oo a caosa oo ac|oos, as| cooo a |as
a|tas toooatoas.
|soc|a| aa acoos CO| +3+ y tooo t|o oo ||oo-tob|oas.
L|soaoo aa so|oa acoos t|os /lSl +++, ++6 y +2O.
|aa acoos + C || +3 +, C- 5 C |||o +3 +, C- 5 C || +3 6, C- C|||o +2 +, C-
C|||o +3 +.
|aa ocoosto| tob|oas t|o |aoc|s y |o|too.
200 20!
XSA !37
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo oax|oa os|stooc|a a| ataooo coos|vo |xtooo : --
C|s oo ooo|os ac|oos y a|ca||oos |ooto : --
Coo : --
XSA 5!!, XSA 5!2, XSA 52!, XSA 524
|ooas y /oa||s|s oo|o|co oo| oota| ooos|taoo '):
|ooocto |ooa /oa||s|s oo|o|co oo| oota| ooos|taoo ')
/\S Ll| C |o C |o |o S| T| |b \ || Co
|b
|S/ 5++ /5.++-9: Ll| +36:
| || Co- ||-|| Co 3O |o O,O3 - - 2, +,O +,O O,6 - >62,O |osto
|S/ 5+2 /5.6-8+|: Ll| +33:
| || Co ||-Co || 3O |o O,OO6 - - O,8 +, - - - - 29, |osto
|S/ 52+ /5.++-9: Ll| +36:
| || C |o-2 ||-|| C +5 |o |b O,O5 2,O +8,5 9,6 2,9 O,6 - +,5 - |osto -
|S/ 52+ /5.++-9: Ll| +36:
| || C |o-3 ||-|| C 2O |o 9 |b O,O+ 9,5 2+,5 +,O +,O O, - 3,O - |osto -
|S/ + H /5.++-9: Ll| +36:
| || C |o-+ ||-|| |o +5 C +5 \ O, O2 ++, 5 ++, + 6, 5 - - - - +, 2 |osto -
|ooocto |os|stooc|a ||o|to ||ooac|oo C| \ Looza Caacto|st|cas
a |a tacc|oo o|ast|co |~5o) 2OC) H3)
|/oo
2
) |/oo
2
)
|S/ 5++ +OO-5OO 3OO-35O 3O ' >+2O -
|S/ 5+2 358 236 33 ' 82 -
|S/ 52+ 56O-63O +2O 3+ ' 6 -
|S/ 52+ 6O-8OO +2O-52O 3O-35 ' 55-8O -
|S/ + H +O 52O 2 ' - 35-+2O
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas y Caacto|st|cas:
|ectrodo de N|qoe| , A|eoc|ooes
202 203
|| oota| ooos|taoo os oo ||bo
oo oos y os|stooto a oooc-
tos oo|o|cos.
Losao||aoos aa |a |ooost|a
oava|, |aotas oosa||o|zaooas,
otc.
||octooo oo ||/C/|o oo a|to
ooo|o|ooto aa ocaoos oo
acoos y oo|oo oo a|oac|ooos oo
o|ooo| sooot|oas a a|tas tooo-
atoas y coos|oo oo ooo|os
ac|oos.
||octooo oo ||/C/|o os|s-
tooto a |a acc|oo oo aoa oo oa,
a |a coos|oo oo ooo|os ac|oos
y a| ca| | oos, coos| oo | oto-
aoo|a, ba,o toos|ooos, o |-
caooas, ba,o ooo|,as y a|tas
toooatoas.
||octooo aa oo|oo y ocaoo
oo |ozas sooot|oas a a|tas too-
oatoas, |oacto sovoo, coo-
s|oo, ox|oac|oo y abas|oo. |aa
oat|cos ooo taba,ao oo ca||ooto.
|ooas:
/\S /5.+-92 Ll| 8556
| 385 +6 | 2O 25 5 | Co 3 2O
/oa||s|s o|o|co C C || |o Co |o |o
oo| |ota| O, O25 2O, O 25, O +, 5 +, 5 || osto +, 6
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo tota|oooto aostoo|t|co oo| t|o 2O/25/5.
|xtooa os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo oo ooo|os ac|oos y a|ca||oos.
Loos|to coo oxta ba,o cootoo|oo oo cabooo.
|oy os|stooto a |os o||oootos t|os oo coos|oo ooo atacao a |os acoos |oox|oab|os.
|a toooatoa oo taba,o oo |a |oza oo oobo oxcooo |os +5OC.
Tacc| oo 2O C oo 2'
58O |/oo +OO |/oo > 65 >3O'
8+ OOO |b/o| 58 OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a, Sc
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto o coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo
3/32 +/8 5/32
2,5oo 3,25 oo +,O oo
/o. o|o. 6O / 8O / 9O /
/o. oax. 8O / ++O +2O
/||cac|ooos:
||octooo aostoo|t|co aa |a so|oaooa oo tooos |os acoos ooo ostoo cooooo|oos ooto +6'
a 2+' oo C, 22' a 28' oo || y O' a 5' oo |o.
looa| aa |a |ooost|a otooo|o|ca, ao|oa, a||ooot|c|a, o||oo|as oota|o|cas, coostocc|o-
oos oa|oas, otc.
|os|stooto a |os ac|oos so||o|cos, |os|o|co, |oo|co, acot|co, o|t|co, c|o||o|co o ||oox|oo
oo soo|o y a |a coos|oo o |caooas, toos|ooos, ooo|,as, |otoaoo|a, a|vao|ca y oos|oo.
Soota ataooos oo aoa oo oa.
204
|ooocto
Cl7ODUR 350
Recobr|m|eotos Protectores Cooveoc|ooo|es
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo bas|co |xtooo : --
||ooo C|ao Loos|to oaoo|oab|o |ooto : /oa|||o
Coo : --
|ooas:
Ll| 8555
| + - || - +OO
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C
oo| |ota| O, 2 O, 2 O, ++ 2, 9
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo oo ovost|o|ooto bas|co ooo ooos|ta oo acoo oo ba,a a|oac|oo.
Coo boooas caacto|st|cas oo coaoto a ooos|c|oo oo oato|a|: oco c||sootoo, s|o sa||caooas
y coo boooa acabaoo soo||c|a|, oxooto oo oos|oaoos.
||octooo oo ooos|c|oo, a|oa ooo oooco soo||c|os tooacos, oaoo|oab|os y oo oooza
|otoooo|a, oo|t|oooo os|st| o|os y abas|oo ooooaoos.
|os ooos|tos so aotoooooocoo coo o| taba,o oo ||o, obtoo|oooo ooozas oo |asta +O H|c.
|o so cooos|c|oo oo|o|ca osto o|octooo oooo ot|||zaso oo oas oo 3 asos, s|o o||o oo
oosooo|o|ooto o ||soac|ooos, oo caso oo so osaoo cooo baso o co|c|oo.
L|||Z/
|OCK\||| C 2 - 3O
3|l|||| 26 - 3OO
\lCK||S 25 - 3OO
|, H
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 9O ++O +3O +8O
/o. oax. ++O +3O +8O 225
/||cac|ooos:
|o oooa|, aa ocooa |ozas ooo so|oo oosasto o abas|oo y o|os ooooaoos, as|
cooo o ||cc|oo oota||ca.
|saoo cooo baso aa |a a||cac|oo oo a|oo ocob|o|ooto otocto.
|oy osaoo oo atos oo ooo|os osaoos ooo so|oo oosasto aa ocooac|oo oo soc|ots
cata||oas), ca||os, |stas oo oos||zao|ooto, otc.
|o |a o|oo|a t|ooo ooa o|vos|oao oo osos, |oc|a|oooto coaooo so oo|oo ba,a costos oo
ocooac|oo aotos oo a||ca |os ocob|o|ootos osoc|a|os.
Coo |ocoooc|a osaoa oo ocooac|oo oo oooas oo caos o|ooos.
Looto oo |as o|vosas a||cac|ooos tooooos:
|ocoostocc|oo oo o,os, oo|||os, ooas, oooas oootaoas y ooaoa,os, |oo|soos oo boobas,
oo|||os taosotaooos.
205
|S/ 5++ | H \a Sc
|S/ 5+2 | H \a Sc
|S/ 52+ | H \a Sc
|S/ 52+ | H \a Sc
|S/ + H | H - -
Co|ooto, |o|a|oao y L|aootos soo|o|staoos:
L|aootos |o|a|oao
3/32' 2,5O oo) +/8' 3.2O oo)
/o. ||o. /o. oax. /o. ||o. /o. oax.
|S/ 5++ 6O 8O 9O +2O LC||
|S/ 5+2 - - 8O ++O LC||
|S/ 52+ - - ++O ++O LC||, /C
|S/ 52+ - - O ++O LC||
|S/ + H - - ++O +6O LC||, /C
/||cac|ooos: |S/ 5++
|S/ 5+2
|S/ 52+
|S/ 52+
|S/ + H
||octooo osoc|a|oooto o|soaoo aa so|oaooa oo
oooo|, acoos o|s|o||os y |aoooaoo oo acoos.
So|oaooa oo oo|oo y ocaoo oo a|oac|ooos s|o||aos oo
coo-o|ooo|, coo cootoo|oos oo |asta 3O' oo o|ooo|. looa|
aa oo| cobo coo acoos |oox|oab|os.
So|oaooa oo oo|oo oo |ab|cac|oo oo oc||ootos oo o-
s|oo, ca|ooas, aoaooas, oaoo|oas y aaatos. So|oaoo-
a oo oo|oo oo oato|a|os o|vosaoooto a|oaoos y oo aco-
os a| o|ooo| os|stootos a| ||o.
|aa oo| y ocob| acoos os|stootos a |a toooatoa.
/coos oo o|||c|| so|oab|||oao, acoos o|s|o||os y a|oac|o-
oos oo o|ooo| cooo l|CO||| o l|CO|O`. looa| aa
a||cac|ooos ooto +96C |asta 55OC.
|at|cos oo ostaoaoo oo ca||ooto, boobas |oo|ootos,
va|vo|as. So|oaooa oo o|ooootos so,otos a |o||oooc|as to-
o|cas y oo|o|cas, as| cooo a |a abas|oo y coos|oo. |ao-
t|ooo o|ooaoos aoto va|ac|ooos c|c||cas oo toooatoa.
Cl7ODUR 00
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo boooa os|stooc|a a |a abas|oo |xtooo : --
||ooo C|ao o |oacto ooooaoo |ooto : --
Coo : --
Cl7ODUR 00 Mo
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo boooa os|stooc|a a |a abas|oo o |oacto |xtooo : --
||ooo C|ao ooooaoo, o|soaoo aa o|oo|a ao||oa |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
Ll| 8555
| 3 - || - 65
||ooootos o|o|cos C, C, |o, |o, \.
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo ooo ooos|ta ooa ostoctoa o|octaoooto ooo|||baoa oo ooooo oooo|oa |os caboos
oo cooo.
|o so oooza |os ooos|tos oo soo oaoo|oab|os.
L|soaoo aa oosastos oo |ozas ooo taba,ao a| o|o y abas|oo.
/|oac|oo ooy ocoooo|ca, s| cooaaoos o| costo/booo||c|o.
|o o| a|to cootoo|oo oo oaoaooso |os ooos|tos ooooo obtooo oayo oooza o |oactos sovoos.
||octooos ooo taba,aooo coo aooa,os, a|toa oo aco y vo|oc|oaoos oo avaoco aoocoaoas
oobo obtoooso |as oo,oas caacto|st|cas cooo ooos|to.
||octooo osoc|a|oooto oosao||aoo aa boobas oo |avaooos oo oo.
L|||Z/
|OCK\||| C 5+ - 62
3|l|||| 5OO - 68O
\lCK||S 58O - 8OO
|, H
|osocaoo:
+2O - +5O C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 6 O +OO ++O +8O
/o. oax. 9 O +2O +6O 225
/||cac|ooos:
|aa oosasto coob|oaoo: loacto abas|oo.
|ocoooooab|o aa o|octoa oaotoo|o|ooto ovoot|vos oo aooo||as |ozas ooo vao a taba,a oo
cooo|c|ooos oo o|o y abas|oo.
Cao a||cac|oo oo o| socto o|ooo, osoc|a|oooto o|soaoo aa |a o|oo|a ao||oa.
L|soaoo osoc|a|oooto aa o||ooa boobas osaoas oo oxtacc|oo oo o|ooa|os oo |os y |ooaza|os.
Cao a||cac|oo oo socto o|ooo y oo coostocc|oo oo ocooa |ozas oo ooo|os oo oov|o|ooto
oo t|oas.
|o |a |ooost|a oo| cooooto, v|o|o, |ao|||oas y |ast|co t|ooo ao a||cac|oo.
|saoo oo |a ocooac|oo oo |ooos, caoooas, yooooos, a|||as oo zaaooas.
206 207
|ooas:
Ll| 8555
| 3 - || - 6O - 65 - T
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C |o \
oo| |ota| O, 5 O, 3 O, + , O O, 5 O, 5
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo ooo ooos|ta caboos oo cooo o|st|bo|oos oo||ooooooto, coo|||oooo|o |a
caacto|st|ca oo boooa os|stooc|a a |a abas|oo coo o|o ooooaoo.
|as o|ovaoas ooozas ooo so coos|oo 52 - 55 H|c) |acoo ooo sos ooos|tos oo soao
oaoo|oab|os, oo s| ooooo so |o,aoos o too|aoos.
3ooo ooo|o|ooto oo oato|a| ooos|taoo, as| cooo booo acabaoo, ||bo oo oos|oaoos.
L|||Z/S
|OCK\||| C 52 - 55
\lCK||S 56O - 6+O
|, H
|osocaoo:
+2O - +5O C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto a|tooa o coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo y ooat|vo
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 6 O +OO ++O +8O
/o. oax. 8 5 +2O +6O 225
/||cac|ooos:
|o aooo||os oosastos ooooo |ay o|o coob|oaoo coo abas|oo sovoa.
Cooo so|oaooa ovoot|va aa ocob| ooo|os ooovos, ooo vao a osta oxoostos a oosastos
abas|vo coo o|os.
Coaooo so oo|oo obtooo oayoos ooo|o|ootos oo ocob|o|ootos otoctoos osoc|a|os, oooo
ot|||zaso cooo baso.
Coo |ocoooc|a a||cab|o oo |a |ooost|a o|ooa aa ocooac|oo oo ooo|os, |oc|a|oooto oo:
oaas y |ooas, coc||||as oo bo||oozos, oat|||os, |acas y cooos t|toaooos, otc.
|saoo oo |a |ooost|a oo cooooto, |ao|||oas, coostoctoas oo oooa|, |ab|cas oo |ast|cos,
v|o|os, otc.
Looto oo |as va|aoas a||cac|ooos tooooos:
- |ocooac|oo oo |ooos oo caoooa, oat|||os, booos oo yooooos, abo| oo |ovas, o,as oo
aaoos, a|||as oo zaaooas, otc.
Cao a||cac|oo oo o| socto o|ooo-ao||oo.
Cl7ODUR !000
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo aa ocaoo |xtooo : --
||ooo |oozco Cao os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo ox|oac|oo y oosasto |ooto : /zo|
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+3-8O| Ll| 8555
| |o C-/+ | +O - || - 6O CC|Z
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C
oo| |ota| +, O +, + O, 6 36, O
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coyo ooos|to osoota oo a|to cootoo|oo oo caboos oo cooo, o |o ooo so |oa
a|ta os|stooc|a a| oosasto, a |a coos|oo y ox|oac|oo.
So ooos|to os ooa |ooo|c|oo b|aoca coo a|to cootoo|oo oo cooo 36'), o |o ooo so|o os
ocoooooab|o a||ca 2 asos aa ooo o| o||ooo oo so ||soo o oosoooa.
|o |a oayo|a oo |os casos, aa obtooo |as boooas caacto|st|cas oosoaoas, os ocoooooab|o
osa ooa baso ao|aoa aa caoa caso.
Cac|as a so a|to cootoo|oo oo cooo, o| ooos|to coosova |a os|stooc|a a |a abas|oo sovoa aoo
a toooatoas o|ovaoos + OOO C).
|os cooooos ooo ooos|ta soo o|octaoooto ||sos, ||bos oo oos, sa||caooas o |oc|os|ooos oo
osco|a.
|| oato|a| oo aoto oo os oaoo|oab|o, oo oooo so |o,aoo y too|aoo.
L|||Z/
|OCK\||| C 5 - 62
\lCK||S OO - 8OO
|, H
|osocaoo:
3OO - 35O C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 9 O ++O +5O +9O
/o. oax. ++O ++O +9O 25O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa ocooa y ocob| |ozas ooo ostao oxoostas a oosasto o abas|oo sovoa s|o o|o.
|saoo oo |as |ooost|as o|ooa, s|ooo|ca, coostocc|oo, a|co|a y tooas aooo||as ooooo |os
oato|a|os ostao oxoostos a oosasto abas|vo o|ovaoo.
|os osos oas |ocoootos oo |a ocooac|oo soo: o|ootos, ba|oos y cobos oo oaa, s|o||oos oo
taosoto, a|otas oo oozc|aooas, oas oo a|as, o|ootos oo osca|||caooos, boobas oo aooa, otc.
|aa oo|oos y booos oo coc|aas ooo so|oo oosasto o abas|oo oo osco|as a toooatoas
o|ovaoas.
Cl7OMANGAN
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: Loos|to oo /coo a| |aoaooso |xtooo : --
||ooo /otooooooc|b|o |ooto : |o,o
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5.+3-8O| Ll| 8555
| |o |o - 3 | - || - 2OO K|
/oa||s|s o|o|co C S| |o
oo| |ota| +, O O, 5 +2,O - ++,O
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo ooo ooos|ta oo acoo a| oaoaooso coo +2,O - ++,O' |o.
Loos|to aostao|t|co oo ao tooac|oao, |o ooo oo|to absobo |os o|os a ooo ooooo osta
sooot|oas c|otas |ozas ooaoto o| taba,o.
|o |as caacto|st|cas oo osto oato|a|, oocosa|aoooto oobo oxoooso a o|o, aa ooo ||ooo
a ooaoooza ||oa| o|ovaoa 55 H|c).
|s oocosa|a ooa boooa a||cac|oo coaooo so osa oo |ozas oo acoo a| oaoaooso, oob|oo a |a
os|b|||oao oo ||soac|ooos oo ca||ooto y o |as o|ovaoas cootacc|ooos ooo osootao ostos oato|a|os.
Coaooo so tata oo o||ooos coos|ooab|os, os oocosa|o o| oo|oo oo cooooos a|tooaoos, ooo
ooboo oat|||aso o|ootas ostoo tooav|a ca||ootos, coo |a ||oa||oao oo a||v|a toos|ooos.
|ocosa|aoooto |as toooatoas oo taba,o ooboo so ba,as.
L|||Z/S
|OCK\||| C +9 - 28 5O - 6O
3|l|||| 229 -282 -
\lCK||S 23O - 285 525 - OO
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
3OO - 35O C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/8 5/32 3/+6 +/+
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo 6,3O oo
/o. o|o. ++O ++O +8O 28O
/o. oax. ++O +5 23O 3OO
/||cac|ooos:
|aa ocob|o|ooto oo acoos ooo vao a osta oxoostos a oosasto abas|vo coob|oaoo coo
o|os sovoos.
|t|||zaoo coo |ocoooc|a oo ooo|os oo o|oo|a, oov|o|ooto oo t|oa, coostocc|oo y |ooca||.
|aa oo| y o||ooa |ozas oo acoo a| oaoaooso +3')
|as a||cac|ooos |oc|a|os soo:
|o||ooo oo o|ootos oo oxcavaooas, oaoo|bo|as oo t|toaooas, c|||ooos oo ta|c|o, coazoo oo
|o|os, cocos y oosv|os, ba|oos oo oaa, zaatas aa ooas, otc.
Obsovac|oo: || ox|to oo |a a||cac|oo oooooo oo |a |ooa cooo so ooos|to o| ocob|o|ooto
otocto.
208 209
7OOLCORD
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: Loos|to oo acoo |xtooo : --
|| ooo Hoao|oota |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S /5. +3-8O| Ll| 8555
| |o 5 - 3 | + - || - 6O - 65 ST
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| C |o \ \
oo| |ota| O, 9 O, 5 O, 5 +, 2 +, +8 O, 9 +, +
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo coyo ooos|to t|ooo |as caacto|st|cas y o|ooaoos oo oo acoo a|oo'.
Coaooo |a |oza a oaa coo osto oato|a| osta oxoosta a sovoo |oacto, oocosa|aoooto o|
ooos|to oobo so ococ|oo a 56O C, obtoo|ooooso as| oo oato|a| oo o| ooo so coob|oa
oax|oa oooza coo a|ta os|stooc|a.
S| |as |ozas oo soo sooot|oas a tatao|ooto too|co osto|o, so ocoo|oooa oaotooo|as, oosoos
oo so|oaoas, a ooa toooatoa oo 5OO-8OO C y oo,a|as oo||a ooy |ootaoooto.
|os ooos|tos oaot|oooo so oxco|ooto os|stooc|a a |a ||cc|oo sovoa y abas|oo aoo a toooatoas
oo 6OO C.
|aa obtooo oo a|to ooo|o|ooto oo coaoto a os|stooc|a a o|o y abas|oo oobo osaso cooo
baso o| o|octooo loox 29/9 - |S/ +O6.
L|||Z/S
|OCK\||| C 5O - 65 6+ - 66
\lCK||S 525 - 8+O 8+5 - 8O
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/8 5/32
2,5 oo 3, 25oo +,O oo
/o. o|o. 5 +OO +3O
/o. oax. 8 5 +2O +O
/||cac|ooos:
||octooo osaoo oo coa|oo|o t|o oo acoo oxoosto a sovoos oosastos abas|vos coob|oaoos
coo o|os.
|aa ocooa atos oo oaoo|oas |oao|ootas so,otas a oosastos o ||cc|oo sovoa.
|o |a caacto|st|ca oo acoo a|oo os osaoo coo ox|to oo |a ocooac|oo oo |||os cotaotos oo
|oao|ootas, oat|cos, t|,oas, c|oco|os, otc.
|aa a||cac|ooos t||cas oo |a |ooost|a o|ooa, cooootoa, |ao|||oa, coostoctoa, cooo:
- |ocooac|oo oo c|za||as, bocas, o|ootos ost|zos y ||,os oo s|oas, coc||||as oo coto, oat|||o
oo o|oaooos, coc||||as oo caa, |||os s|o||o, taosotaooas oo baazo, |oao|ootas osoc|a|os
aa baooa, otc.
XADUR 43
Recobr|m|eotos Protectores spec|o|es
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo oax|oa os|stooc|a |xtooo : --
|oo a |a abas|oo o |oacto |ooto : --
Coo : --
/oa||s|s o|o|co C C |b |o
oo| |ota| 3, 5 22, O 8, O +, +
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
/|oac|oo a| C, C, |b.
||octooo oo ba,o ||ooooo, coyo ooos|to os oo ocob|o|ooto otocto oo oxco|ootos
caacto|st|cas.
||octooo oo |ac|| a||cac|oo oo os|c|oo |aoa o |oc||oaoa ascoooooto.
Taob|oo os a||cab|o oo os|c|ooos |o|zoota| y vot|ca|.
|oy oca osco|a, |ac|| oo ooovo
|s ocoooooab|o a||ca so|o 2 caas, ya ooo oo oto caso oo|ao osootaso ||soas
taosvosa|os.
|os|stooc|a a |a abas|oo |os|stooc|a a| loacto |ooo|o|ooto
|xcoc|ooa|oooto 3oooa |oooaoa +9O'
|o|ooaoos oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo
|stoctoa |o|ooaoos
/ostoo|ta coo caboos oo |b, C. Looza oo |a 2`. Caa: 63 H|c
Coo||c|ooto oo ooba a |a abas|oo: O,5
|o oaoo|oab|o
|, H
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/8 5/32 3/+6
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 85 ++5 ++O
/o. oax. +OO ++O +85
/||cac|ooos:
|ocob|o|ooto otocto oxta ooo aa so oo|oaoo oo atos sooot|oas a abas|oo
oxtooaoaoooto sovoa, coo |oactos ooooaoos, |asta toooatoas ooo oo oxcooao
|os +5O C.
|aa ocooa too|||os -oosa oo |a |ab|cac|oo oo |ao|||os otacta|os, |ao|||os cooooos,
cooooto, o|oa|oosas.
|aa ocoosto| a|as oo oozc|aooas.
|aa too|||os taosotaooos.
|aa ocoosto| cooos oo t|toaooas y c|aocaooas.
|o oooa| oo|oaoo oo |a |ooost|a o|ooa, ao-|ooost|a|, s|ooo|ca, cooootoa, |ao|||oa, otc.
2!0 2!!
ZUCARCl7O
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo osoc|a| oo a|to ooo|o|ooto |xtooo : --
|| ooo oosao||aoo aa oaac|oo oo oasas |ooto : --
oo ta|c|o Coo : --
/oa||s|s o|o|co C C |b |o S
oo| |ota| 3, 2O 6, 3 O, 8+ O, + O, O2
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
/|oac|oo oo caboos oo cooo o|sosos oo ooa oat|z oo oatoos|ta y |o|ta.
So ooos|to os os|stooto a |a abas|oo, coos|oo y ooooaoo |oacto.
|osoota boooa so|oab|||oao, oo aco oo so|oaooa otooto y oo boooa ostab|||oao |oc|oso oo
soo||c|os |oo|aos y oo oov|o|ooto.
3oooa ao|oooc|a a| oota| baso oo cooo|c|ooos oast|cas cooo soo osooc|a oo aoa, baazo,
,oo oo caa, otc.
/| a||caso sobo oasas oo ta|c|os |o oo,oa so v|oa ot|| y oo,a oo ooos|to oo botooos
o|sosos coo ooa soo||c|o asoa |o ooo |ocoooota o| aasto oo |a caa, ov|ta ooo osta
at|oo y so oooo aoooota |a vo|oc|oao oo |o |ocooootaooo |a ooocc|oo ooaoto |a
oo||oooa.
|o|ooaoos oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo:
|os|stooc|a |os|stooc|a |os|stooc|a Looza
a |a abas|oo a |a Coos|oo a| loacto a||caoo oo H|oo |ooo|oo
|xco|ooto |xco|ooto |oooaoa +o |aso 2oo |aso
52 HC| 5 H|C
|, ||, H, \a
|osocaoo:
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/8 5/32 3/+6
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 9O +2O +6O
/o. oax. +6O +6O 3+O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa |a so|oaooa oo o||ooo oo ta|c|os oo ||oo |ooo|oo |s oo |a |ooost|a azocaoa, taob|oo
so oooo oo|oa aa o| o||ooo oo oat|||os oo oo||oo, oos||baooos oo caa, otc.
|| ta|c|o oooo so ocaaoo coaooo o| ooo|o osta aaoo o oo |ooc|ooao|ooto, oo ooo|oo
o| oso oo ooa caoa co,|o.
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo tobo|a coo cootoo|oo oo caboos |xtooo : --
|oo oo toostooo, aa o| ocaoo oo |ozas sooot|oas |ooto : --
abas|oo sovoa Coo : --
XSA 72!
/oa||s|s o|o|co \C |o
oo| |ota| 6O |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo tobo|a ocob|oto o |ooos|oo, o||ooo coo at|co|as t|toaoas oo caboos oo
toostooo coo taoao oo aoo cooto|aoo y c|as|||caoo coo oa||a.
|osoota boooas caacto|st|cas oo so|oab|||oao.
|| oota| ooos|taoo osta coo|ooaoo o caboos oo toostooo oo||ooooooto o|st|bo|oos oo
ooa oat|z oo acoo a| cabooo, os oo oaoo|oab|o y so ocoo|oooa oa||za oo so|o aso.
|osoota oax|oa os|stooc|a a |a abas|oo sovoa abas|oo oa)
|s ocoooooab|o ot|||za ooa caoa co,|o oo |S/ +O6, loox 29/9, loox 3O9 ||C, loox /\, oo
|ooc|oo oo| oota| baso.
|os|stooc|a |||c|ooc|a |os|stooc|a |os|stooc|a a a|tas Looza oo oo
a |a abas|oo a| coto a| loacto toooatoas so|o aso
|xco|ooto |xco|ooto 3a, o Hasta +5O C O 5 H|c
|, ||, H
|osocaoo:
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3,25 oo +,O oo +,8O oo
/o. o|o. 8 O +OO +2O
/o. oax. +OO +2O +5O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa |a so|oaooa oo ocaoo oo o|ooootos oo oaoo|oa sooot|oas a oo |ooto oosasto o
abas|oo: |oao|ootas oo o|oac|oo, t|cooos oo o|oac|oo, ostab|||zaooos, soooas saca
tost|os, osaoos oxtosoos, osaoos taosotaooos, |oo|soos y cacazas oo boobas oo
cooooto, |osas coo|cas y |aoas, otc.
looa| aa |a |ooost|a otooo|o|ca, |ooost|a o|ooa, |ooost|a oo |a coostocc|oo, |ooost|a
oo| cooooto, |aotas oo coooo, o|oas oo caboo, otc.
2!3 2!2
2!4 2!5
||octooo oo ocaoo baso coba|to, aa a||cac|ooos
ooooo |ay abas|oo o oos|oo sovoa, ,ooto coo ca|o y/o
coos|oo coo |oactos ooooaoos. |o oaoo|oab|o.
||octooo oo ocaoo baso coba|to, aa a||cac|ooos
ooooo |ay abas|oo oota|-oota| o |oactos sovoos coo
a|ta toooatoa y/o oo ooo|os coos|vos. |osoota
boooas o|ooaoos |ooto a |a oos|oo y cav|tac|oo. looa|
aa |||os oo coc||||as oo coto oo ca||ooto. |aoo|oab|o.
XSA 72 o, XSA 72 b
||octooos oo ocaoo a baso oo coba|to aa abas|oo, coos|oo y ca|o
|ooocto
XSA 20
So|dodoros de Cobre , A|eoc|ooes
||octooo oo cobo oosox|oaoo, aa oo|oo y ocaoo oo cobo oo
|ooas:
/\S /5.6-8+| Ll| +33
| Co || - Co
/oa||s|s o|o|co Co || |o |o
oo| |ota| 9, 5 +, 5 O, 5 O, 5
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|osoota oo aco ostab|o y o| bao oo |os|oo os c|ao y |ac|| oo obsova.
|ac|| oooc|oo oo osco|a.
|| oota| aotaoo ooooa ||bo oo ||soas, oos y |a|sa |os|oo s| |a s|oo a||caoo o| aoocoaoo
oca|ootao|ooto.
|os|stooc|a a |a Tacc|oo |/oo
2
) ||ooac|oo oo 2' ')
28O 3 +
|, ||, H, \a
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
Co|ooto coot|ooa ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo
+/8' 5/32' 3/+6'
3,25oo +,Ooo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 9O +2O +5O
/o. oax. ++O ++O +O
/||cac|ooos:
So|oaooas oo oo|oo y ocaoo oo cobo ||bo oo ox|ooo.
||oaoo oo acoos.
looa| aa |a ocooac|oo oo |os ota o|octooos oo |a |ooost|a oo| acoo, osaoo oo |as |ozas
oo cobo, otc.
|ooocto
|ooas :
|ooa
/\S /5.+3-8O| Ll| 8555
|S/ 26 a | Co C - C | 2O || 55 - C|STZ
|S/ 26 b | Co C - / | 2O || +O - C|STZ
Looza, Caacto|st|cas
y /||cac|ooos:
|ooocto Looza Caacto|st|cas y /||cac|ooos
H|C)
|S/ 26 a 5+ 58
|S/ 26 b 36 - +O
|, H
|osocaoo:
|o caso oo ooo |os o|octooos |ayao ostaoo oxoostos oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otoo|o, osoca
a 26OC/2 |oas.
Co|ooto, |o|a|oao y
L|aootos Soo|o|staoos:
Co|ooto coot|ooa ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo
L|aootos
+/8' 3,2O oo) 5/32' +,OO oo)
/o. ||o. /o. oax. /o. ||o. /o. oax.
|S/ 26 a 9 O +OO +3O +6O
|S/ 26 b 9 O +OO +3O +6O
2!6
Cl7ORONC
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo 3ooco |xtooo : /oa|||o
|| ooo |stoctoa /ostooo-|o|t|ca |ooto : --
Coo : /zo|
|ooas:
/\S /5.6 - 8+| Ll| +33
| Co So / || - Co So
/oa||s|s o|o|co So | |o Co
oo| |ota| 6,O O,3 O,+ |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|ota| ooos|taoo coo a|tas o|ooaoos oocao|cas, oo boooa a||cac|oo y aco soavo.
|| t|o oo ovost|o|ooto ooc|ooa oax|oa otocc|oo a| oxtao cootoo|oo oo so ooc|oo.
|o|oaooo |os aoocoaoos ootooos, so obt|ooo ooos|tos oo booo asocto, ||bos oo oos y
o|octaoooto oaoo|oab|os.
|aa so|oa, oca|oota -s| |ooso oocosa|o- |asta aox. 26O C.
|a boooa ooac|oo oo osto o|octooo oooooo oo| oso oo |os aooa,os ocoooooaoos.
|a oxco|ooto ||a ooo t|ooo osto oato|a| |o |aco ocoooooab|o aa ocob| ooa ao va|ooao oo
acoos o |ooo|c|ooos.
|s oocosa|o tooo oo cooota |a |oo|too oo| aco aa obtooo ooos|tos oxco|ootos.
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co ||ooac|oo Looza
Tacc|oo oo 2 H3
3OO-35O |/oo +9O-2+5 |/oo 3O - 35' O - +OO
+3 OOO a 5O OOO |b/o| 2 OOO a 35 OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/+8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. +O O +OO +5O
/o. oax. 65 ++O +5O +5O
/||cac|ooos:
/o|aoo aa oo| o ocob| |ozas oo cobo o booco.
|oy osaoo aa oo| oota|os o a|oac|ooos o|s|o||os -aoo coaooo o|||oao oo ososo- oo osoc|a|
||oo |ooo|oo.
|aa so|oa tobo|a, va|vo|as, |o||cos, taoooos.
|o oaac|oo oo co,|ootos, |oo|sos, c|ooacoas.
|saoo oo taba,os ooaooota|os.
Cl7ORONC ll
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo 3ooco |xtooo : /oa|||o
|| ooo a| ||ooo| - |aoaooso |ooto : --
Coo : /zo|
|ooas:
/\S /5.6 - 8+| Ll| +33
| - Co So - C || - Co So ||
/oa||s|s o|o|co || |o So | Co
oo| |ota| 2,O-3,O O,+ - O,5 5,O - ,O O, O9 |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
/|oac|oo oo booco a| o|ooo| y oaoaooso.
|o so cootoo|oo oo ||/|o, o| oato|a| ooos|taoo osoota o|ooaoos osoc|a|os y a|to |oo|co
oo ooo|o|ooto a| soooto o| ooos|to a oosastos ||cc|ooa|.
|xco|ooto acabaoo oo |os ooos|tos oo coa|oo|oa oo |os oota|os a||caoos.
|os ooos|tos soo oaoo|oab|os |o|c|a|oooto y so aotoooooocoo coo o| taba,o.
S|ooo ooboo osaso o|octooos socos.
|os|stooc|a a |a Tacc|oo ||o|to ||ast|co ||ooac|oo oo 2
3OO-35O |/oo ++5-225 |/oo 28 - 3O'
+3 OOO a 5O OOO |b/o| 2+ OOO a 32 OOO |b/o|
Loozas
3|l|||| H3 /| a||ca|o /otooooooc|oo
9O 9O - +5O
|OCK\||| H|3 + + - 82
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/+8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 6 O 8 O ++O +5O
/o. oax. ++O ++O +6O +8O
/||cac|ooos:
|o oooa| so oo|oa aa oo| o oaa cobo, |atoo booco a| o|ooo|.
|xco|ooto aa oo| cobo o a|oac|ooos a |ooo|c|ooos o acoos.
|oooo osaso taob|oo aa ocaoos oo |ooo|c|oo |s o acoos oo coa|oo|o cooos|c|oo.
|aa ocob| atos oo boobas cooos, co,|ootos, o,os)
|aa ocooa |ozas, ooooo so oosoa obtooo a|ta os|stooc|a a| oosasto o ||cc|oo
|saoo oo oaac|ooos oo coc|aas y ao,as oo booco oo ||ooo|oct|cas.
2!7
Cl7ORONC A|
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: 3ooco a| /|oo|o|o |xtooo : --
|| ooo Cao os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo |ooto : --
Coo : --
2!8
|ooas:
/\S /5.6 - 8+| Ll| +33
| - Co /| /2 || - Co /| 9
/oa||s|s o|o|co /| |o Co
oo| |ota| 9,O - ++,O +,5 |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooos oo booco a| a|oo|o|o.
|| oato|a| ooos|taoo osoota a|tos va|oos oocao|cos y a|ta os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo caosaoa
o aoa oa|oa.
Loos|to oo booo acabaoo oo coa|oo|oa oo |os oota|os ooo so a||ooo.
Loos|tos oaoo|oab|os ooo so aotoooooocoo coo o| taba,o, y oo a|ta tooac|oao.
|aa osa osto o|octooo y obtooo oso|taoos oxco|ootos os oocosa|o o| oca|ootao|ooto:
||oo o acoo a|oaoo : 95 - ++9C
3ooco oo oooa| : ++9 - 2O+ C
|atoo oo tooo t|o : 2O+ - 26OC
5OO-65O |/oo +OO-+65 |/oo 2O - 3O'
+ OOO a 9O OOO |b/o| 28 OOO a 3+ OOO |b/o|
Loozas
/| a||ca|o /otooooooc|oo
3|l|||| H3 +35 - ++5 > 22
|OCK\||| H|3 - 8O > 98
|, H, \a, Sc
|osocaoo:
2OO C/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
+/+8 5/32 3/+6
3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 9O +2O +5O
/o. oax. ++O +O 28O
/||cac|ooos:
|saoo aa so|oa, o||ooa y ocoosto| |ozas oo booco a| a|oo|o|o.
|s o| o|octooo coo oo,oos caacto|st|cas aa oo| cobo y sos a|oac|ooos a oota|os |oosos,
|oc|os|vo acoos |oox|oab|os.
|o so a|ta tooac|oao os |ooa| aa oo| boocos ooto s|, aoo oo o||oootos ososoos.
|aa so|oa o,os, |o||cos y otas |ozas o atos oo oaoo|oas oo booco a| a|oo|o|o.
|oy osaoo aa ocoosto| o,os, |o||cos y otas |ozas o atos oo oaoo|oas ooo so|oo oosasto
o||oaoo o aoa oa|oa.
2!9
ALCORD 5 S|
So|dodoros de A|om|o|o , A|eoc|ooes
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo aa /|oo|o|o oo |xtooo : |aoo
|a|| | |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//ST| /5.3 - 9+ Ll| +32
| +O+3 || - /| S| 5
/oa||s|s o|o|co |o S| /|
oo| |ota| O, 8 5 9+, O
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
/|oac|oo oo a|oo|o|o a| s|||c|o oo boooa ||o|ooz.
So ovost|o|ooto |aco os|b|o oaotooo |a |oo|too aoocoaoa oo| aco, o|oc|oooo ooa oao|||ca
ostab|||oao.
|o | a vo| oc| oao, coo ooo so oooo ooos| ta, so oooco a| o| o| oo | as o| stos| ooos y
o|oac|ooos.
3oooa cooooct|v|oao o|oct|ca.
|ooo|oo ba,a ootaoa oo ca|o aa |ooo|.
|s oocosa|o oca|oota |a |oza oo taba,o a toooatoas ooto +5O - 25O C aa oso-
soos > +O oo.
Toooatoa oo ||a soo|o a 2OO C.
Lobo osaso |os o|octooos oo |ooa cas| oooo|co|a a |a |oza y oo|oaooo aco coto.
+2O |/oo 8O |/oo +5'
+ OOO a +2 OOO |b/o|
|, H, \a
|osocaoo:
|osoca ++O - +2O C o 2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/+8 5/32 3/+6
2,5oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. 6 O 8 O ++O +5O
/o. oax. 9 O ++O +5O +9O
/||cac|ooos:
|t|||zaoo oo oaac|ooos oo a|oo|o|o oo y a|oac|ooos oo a|oo|o|o a| s|||c|o, y a|oac|ooos oo /l-
S|-| coo o s|o ao|c|oo oo cobo, ya soa oo ostaoo |ooo|oo, oxto|oo, |o,aoo o |ao|oaoo.
|aa coosto| ca|ooa y taoooos oo |a |ooost|a oo a||oootos.
|o |a ooocc|oo oo oosoos oooost|cos.
|aa oaac|oo oo |ozas oo a|oo|o|o oo ootoos, ca,as aa aco|to, oooos aa |a |ooost|a
|oc|oa, otc.
|o |a |ooost|a oav|oa os osaoo aa |a |ab|cac|oo oo cab|oas y caoaas oo o||oac|oo.
22!
CHAMfRCORD
|ectrodos de Corte , |se|odo
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo aa b|so|a y |xtooo : --
3o|o aooa coa|oo|o oota| |ooto : --
Coo : --
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo o|soaoo aa b|so|a y ac|a||aoa tooos |os oota|os, osaooo coa|oo|o ooo|o
coovooc|ooa| oo aco o|oct|co oo co|ooto coot|ooa o a|tooa.
|o ooo|oo ooo|o oo ox|ooo.
Lo ooy |ac|| a||cac|oo. Lobo co|ocaso oo os|c|oo cas| aa|o|a a |a |oza o |aoc|a ooo so
oosoa b|so|a, cooo so |a|a coo oo |oooo sobo oaooa.
/vaoza coot|ooaoooto aa ov|ta oo soboca|ootao|ooto y obtooo oo caoa| ||o|o, ||sto aa
so|oa.
|a o|ooo|oao oo| caoa| oooooo oo| aoo|o oo ooo so a||ca o| o|octooo: a oayo aoo|o oo
|oc||oac|oo, oayo o|ooo|oao.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
3/32 +/+8 5/32 3/+6
2,5 oo 3,25 oo +,O oo 5,O oo
/o. o|o. +5O +8O 3OO 3+O
/o. oax. +8O 22O 38O +5O oax.
/||cac|ooos:
|aa b|so|a, osco|oa, aooa y acaoa|a coa|oo|o oota|, taoto |ooso cooo oo-|ooso.
|aa oaa socc|ooos a so|oa, o||o|oa ooos|tos v|o,os o oo|octoosos, aooa a,aooas oo
ootoos o oaoo|oa|a osaoa, s|o oocos|oao oo oosooota|a.
Coo ocaoc|ooos os osaoo aa b|so|a |ozas oo ||oo |ooo|oo y acoos |oox|oab|os.
looa| aa o||o|oa oxcosos oo oato|a| so|oaoo o ooac|os.
|o |aoc|as oo acoos a| cabooo coovooc|ooa|os os osaoo aa o||o|oa asos oo a|z oo|octoosos.
|aa b|so|a |ozas o |aoc|as oo acoos a|oaoos ooo oo ooooo so cotaoas coo oaoo|oas oo
ox|-coto.
220
XSA 4043
So|dodoros de A|om|o|o , A|eoc|ooes
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo oo a|oo|o|o a| 5' oo s|||c|o oo boooa |xtooo : |aoo
|a|| | ||o|ooz, aa |a so|oaooa oo| a|oo|o|o y sos a|oac|ooos. |ooto : --
Coo : --
|ooas:
/\S//S||/S|/-5.3 Ll| +32
| +O+3 || - /l S| 5
/oa||s|s o|o|co S| |o Co /|
oo| |ota| +,5 - 6,O O,8 oax. O,3O oax |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
/|oac|oo oo a|oo|o|o a| 5' oo s|||c|o oo ba,o ooto oo |os|oo.
So ooos|to os ||bo oo oos y ||soas.
So aco os ostab|o y osoota a|ta vo|oc|oao oo |os|oo.
|| cootoo|oo oo s|||c|o |o o|ova so os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo, |o oooco so toooatoa oo |os|oo
y |o oo,oa sos caacto|st|cas oo so|oab|||oao |ocooootaooo|o so ||o|ooz.
So ocoo|oooa ||ova o| o|octooo oooo|co|a 9OC) a |a soo||c|o ooo so osta so|oaooo.
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co Looza ||ooac|oo
Tacc| oo l~5o)
+5O - 2OO |/oo 9O - +OO |/oo +O - 55 H3 +5 - 25'
|, ||, H, \a
|osocaoo:
||octooo a|taoooto ||osco|co, os |ootaoto o| oso oo o|octooos socos.
|o caso ooo |os o|octooos |ayao ostaoo oxoostos oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca
ooto ++O a +2OC/2 |oas.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|oo|too /ooa,o/) |osootac|oo
oo) oo) ||o. |ax.
3, 25 35O 8 O +3O |ata oo 5 |
+, OO 35O +OO +6O |ata oo 5 |
/||cac|ooos:
|aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo y o||ooo oo /| oo, /| - S| y /| - S| - |, coo oo cootoo|oo oo s|||c|o
oooo a| ', coo o s|o ao|c|oo oo cobo, ya soao oo ostaoo |ooo|oo, |ao|oaoo o oxto|oo.
|oo|to so|oa a|oac|ooos oo a|oo|o|o o|s|o||os.
looa| aa |a |ab|cac|oo y oaac|oo oo |ozas oo a|oo|o|o cooo oooos oo |oc|o, catos,
oooob|oc|s, cacazas oo ootoos o|oct|cos, caoaas oo o||oac|oo, cab|oas, cooootas,
oo|oos aa |ast|cos, tobo|as, taoooos y ooc|as otas ostoctoas oo a|oo|o|o.
So ocoo|oooa oca|oota |as |ozas a so|oa a ooa toooatoa ooto +5O a 2OOC.
Loaoto o| so|ooo oaotooo o| aco |o oas coto os|b|o y ||ova o| o|octooo oooo|co|a
a |a |oza oo taba,o.
222 223
SUPRCOR7
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo aa o|oa y |xtooo : --
|osaoo cota coa|oo|o oota| |ooto : --
Coo : --
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo o|soaoo aa cota y o|oa tooos |os oota|os, osaooo coa|oo|o ooo|o
coovooc|ooa| oo aco o|oct|co oo co|ooto coot|ooa o a|tooa.
|o ooo|oo ooo|os aox|||aos.
|| ovost|o|ooto osoc|a| ov|ta ooo o| o|octooo so oca||ooto, oo|oooo as| os|st| oaoo
aooa,o ooo o| ocoooooaoo.
Lo ooy |ac|| a||cac|oo: so aovoc|a o| ||o,o oo |os asos o||oaoo o o| ovost|o|ooto oxto|oo,
cooo taob|oo |a os|oo oo |a oaoo.
|oa voz oocooo|oo o| aco, ooo,o y ,a|o, ta| cooo s| ostov|oa cotaooo coo oo sooc|o,
tataooo oo oaotooo oo aoo|o oo +5 ooto o| o|octooo y |a |oza.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|ato|a| a Cota ||octooo /ooa,o
Hasta +/+8 3/32 2,5 oo 8O - +8O
Lo +/8 a + +/8 3,25 oo +5O - 25O
Lo +/+ a +,+/2 5/32 +,O oo 25 - 325
Lo +,+/2 a 3 3/+6 5,O oo 35O oax
3 |asta oas +/+ 6,3 oo 25 - 5OO
/||cac|ooos:
/||cab|o oo tooa os|c|oo sobo oato|a|os o|||c||os o |oos|b|os oo cota coo ooo|o ox|-
acot||oo|co, cooo o o,oo|o ||oo |ooo|oo, acoos |oox|oab|os, o|ooo| y sos a|oac|ooos,
a|oo|o|o, cobo y sos a|oac|ooos, otc.
|aa oooscaoo, oooc|oo oo oo|octos, ooscaboza ooos y ooac|os.
|o|oac|oo y coto oo oooa|.
SUPRCOR7 ll
Co|o oo |ovost|o|ooto: ||octooo aa b|so|a y aooa |xtooo : --
|oo a|oac|ooos |oosas y oo |oosas |ooto : --
Coo : --
Caacto|st|cas:
||octooo aa ac|a||aoa, aooa, cota o ta|aoa tooos |os oato|a|os |ooost|a|os, |oc|oso
|ooo|c|oo oo ||oo y a|oo|o|o s|o |oso||a ox|ooo y a|o.
||octooo osoc|a| oo ooy boooa o|ooao oo so|aoo.
|| oota| |ooo|oo os a|oaoooto so|aoo y osto aaot|za oo asocto |otac|ab|o
|as aooas soo oo||ooos.
|| oota| |ooo|oo y so|aoo so o||o|oa |ac||oooto.
Taba,a taoto coo co|ooto a|tooa cooo coo co|ooto coot|ooa.
Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
|aa co|ooto a|tooa y co|ooto coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo
5/32 3/+6
+,O oo 5,OO oo
/o. o|o. 3OO 35O
/o. oax. +OO 5OO
/||cac|ooos:
/c|a||aoaoo y ||o|oza oo |otas oo ||oos |ooo|oos, acoo, acoo |oox|oab|o, acoos a|
oaoaooso, cobo, boocos, a|oo|o|o y otos oota|os |ooost|a|os.
|||o|oac|oo oo cooooos oo so|oaooa oo|octoosos.
Coto oo |ozas oota||cas.
Varillas Desnudas
y Revestidas
para 5oldadura
oxi-acetilnica
Capitulo Xlll
224 225
ARCAlR
||octooo oo caboo aa coto y b|so|aoo o o| ocoso aco-a|o
Caacto|st|cas :
||octooo oo caboo aa taba,o ocoooo|co oo coto y b|so|aoo. || ocoso aco-a|o
coo|o|oo coo o|octooos oo caboo os ao||aoooto osaoo y oooo so oas ocoooo|co
ooo |os ocosos osoa|os oo ox|coto.
|osootac|oo y
/ooa,o oo Taba,o:
L|aooto ) x |oo|too /ooa,o /)
||o |ax
/|C/l| /' x ++' 6OO + OOO
/|C/l| 3/8' x +2' +OO 6OO
/|C/l| +/+' x +2' 2OO +OO
/|C/l| 3/+6' x +2' +5O 2OO
/|C/l| 5/32' x +2' 9 O +5O
|os|oo oo /|o
Coo|o|oo:
5 6 ba
/||cac|ooos :
|oooo so ot|||zaoo aa:
|oaac|oo oo ,ootas.
|oaac|oo oo oo|octos soo||c|a|os o |otooos ootoctaoos o ao|oa||a.
|||o|oac|oo oo oo|octos oo |ozas |ab|caoas o |ooo|c|oo.
Coto oo oato|a|os ooo oo oooao so taba,aoos coo |os ocosos coovooc|ooa|os oo coto.
|aa o| coto y b|so|aoo oo aooo||os oota|os ooo oo|oao |ooo|so o acc|oo oo| aco o|oct|co.
|s |oo|caoo osoc|a|oooto aa acoos oo ooo|aoo cabooo y acoos a|oaoos, as| cooo a|oo|o|o
y a|oac|ooos oo a|oo|o|o.
|a a|ta cooooct|v|oao oo| cobo y sos a|oac|ooos oobo so tooaoa oo coos|ooac|oo a| taba,aso
coo ostos oato|a|os. So ocoo|oooa o |o taoto, oo oca|ootao|ooto oo |a |oza aotos oo |o|c|a
o| taba,o.
226 227
XSALO7 30!, 302, 302L, 303, 303R, 305, 307,
307R, 308, 308 L, 3!0, 3!4, 3!4R, 3!5, 3!5R,
3!5L
|ooocto )
|ooas y /oa||s|s o|o|co oo| |ota| Loos|taoo '):
|ooa /oa||s|s oo|o|co oo| oota| ooos|taoo ')
/\S /5.8-92 Ll| 85+3 / Zo S| Co So | Co
|S/|OT 3O+ 3 Co | - 3 | - / 5 | 5 - - - - 6 |osto
|S/|OT 3O2, 3O2| 3 Co | - 5 | - / +5 | + 5 - - - - 5 |osto
|S/|OT 3O3, 3O3| 3 / - 28 | - / 2O 2 O 3 5 O, + - - - |osto
|S/|OT 3O5 3 / - 2a | - / 3O Co 3 O 2 + O, 3 2 + - - |osto
|S/|OT 3O, 3O| 3 / - 2 | - / 3+ Co 3 + |osto - 2 O - - 2 2
|S/|OT 3O8, 3O8| 3 / - 8 | - / 2 2 - - - - - |osto
|S/|OT 3+O 3 / - +a | - / 5O Co 5 O +, 5 - +, 5 - - |osto
|S/|OT 3++, 3++| 3 / - | - / 55 So 5 6 + O, 3 - 5 - |osto
|S/|OT 3+5, 3+5|, 3+5| 3 / - + | - / +5 Co + 5 + 8 - 2 O - - |osto
) Loooo: |~ \a|||a ovost|oa coo |oooooto |oo|too ~ 5OO oo.) |~ |ao|oa
|ooocto |os|stooc|a ||ooac|oo Looza Too. lotova|o |oso Cooooct|v|oao
a |a tacc|oo | ~5o) H3) taba,o |os|oo osoc|||co ||oct|ca
|/oo
2
) C) C) /co
3
) So/oo
2
)
|S/|OT 3O+ 25O >8 - +O 65O - 8+O 8,+ 5
|S/|OT 3O2, 3O2| 25O >+O - +O 65O - 8OO 8,+
|S/|OT 3O3, 3O3| 38O-+5O 25 +25 8+O 69O - 8+O 8, +O,6
|S/|OT 3O5 382-++ 3O - 68O 6OO - 69O 9,2 +5
|S/|OT 3O, 3O| +OO-+8O 25 - 6+O 6+O - 68O 9,+ +5
|S/|OT 3O8, 3O8| 3+O-39O + - 8O 9 +O +6,+
|S/|OT 3+O 35O-+OO 29 - 6+O 62O - 6+O 9,5 ++
|S/|OT 3++, 3++| 33O-+9O 25 ++O 65O 62O - 66O 9,+
|S/|OT 3+5, 3+5|, 3+5| ++O-5+O 25 - 62O 62O - 635 9,+ +3,5
|oooto oo Ca|o:
So|oto ox|acot||oo|co ||aoa caboaoto), so|oto a|o-as, |aoaa oo so|oa, |ooo coo
atoos|oa otoctoa, |ooocc|oo oo a|ta |ocoooc|a.
|oooooto |t|||zaoo:
|S/||| 3OO
\a|||a: 3,25 oo
\a|||a: 3,25 oo
|ao|oa: O+5 x 2O oo
\a|||a: 2,5O/ 3,25 oo
\. |ovost|oa: +,6O / 2,5O oo
\a|||a: 2,5O oo
\a| | | a: +,6O/2,5O/3,25oo
\. |ovost|oa: +,6O/2,5O/3,25oo
\a|||a: 2,5O/3,25oo
|ao|oa: +,OO/2,OO/3,OOoo
\a|||a: 6,3O oo
\a| | | a: +,6O/2,5O/3,25oo
\. |ovost|oa: +,6O/2,5O/3,25oo
\a| | | a: +,6O/2,5O/3,25oo
\. |ovost|oa: +,6O/2,5O/3,25oo
|ao|oa: O2Ox2Oo
/|oac|oo oo cobo |os|oo a|
5' oo |ata aa so|oaooa ao-
toooa y TlC, aoto|oooooto so-
bo cobo. |aa oo|ooos ooo
taba,oo sooot|oas a toooa-
toas oo |asta +5O C.
/|oac|oo oo cobo |os|oo a|
+5' oo |ata aa so|oaooa
aotoooa y TlC, aoto|oooooto
sobo cobo. |aa oo|ooos ooo
taba,oo sooot|oas a v|bac|oo,
|at|a too|ca o ba,a toooa-
toa |asta +5O C)
/|oac|oo ocoooo|ca a| 2O '
oo |ata, ||bo oo Caoo|o. |s
|osoos|b|o a| oca|ootao|ooto
y osoota co|oac|oo sooo-
,aoto a| booco.
/|oac|oo a| 3O' oo |ata, oo
ba,a toooatoa oo taba,o.
|osoota boooas caacto|st|cas
oo ||o|ooz y ca||a|oao.
/| oac| oo a| 3+' oo | ata,
osoota boooa ca||a|oao y
so ocoo|oooa so oso aa
oo|ooos ooo taba,oo |asta
+5OC. looa| aa |a |ooos-
t|a oo o||oac|oo.
/|oac|oo a| 2' oo |ata, oo o|o-
vaoa cooooct|v|oao o|oct|ca, ||-
bo oo z|oc y caoo|o, coo boooas
caacto|st|cas oo ||o|ooz. looa|
aa |a ocoostocc|oo o ooo-
|azo oo cootactos o|oct|cos.
/|oac|oo a| 5O' oo |ata, coo
ooooo |otova|o oo |os|oo |o
ooo o|so|ooyo |a os|b|||oao oo
|a vo|at|zac|oo oo |o o|ooootos
a|oaotos. looa| aa so|oa o-
toos oo ,ao|a oo ao|||a.
/|oac|oo a| 56' oo |ata, ||-
bo oo caoo|o, o|soaoa oso-
c|a|oooto aa |a |ooost|a a||-
ooot|c|a: osoota boooa ||o|-
ooz. So co|oac|oo os sooo-
,aoto a| acoo |oox|oab|o.
/|oac|oo a| +5' oo |ata, oo
oxtaoo|oa|a ||o|ooz y ca||a|-
oao, coo ooooo |otova|o oo
|os|oo, os |a a|oac|oo oo oooo
toooatoa oo taba,o. |osoo-
ta boooa oootac|oo oo oo|ooos
oobooaoas. |o |ao|oas so oo-
|oa aa oo| cootactos o|oct|-
cos, ast|||as caboaoas, otc.
|S/|OT 3O+
|S/|OT 3O2, 3O2|
|S/|OT 3O3, 3O3|
|S/|OT 3O5
|S/|OT 3O, 3O|
|S/|OT 3O8, 3O8|
|S/|OT 3+O
|S/|OT 3++, 3++|
|S/|OT 3+5, 3+5|, 3+5|
|ooocto Caacto|st|cas |osootac|oo
Caacto|st|cas,
/||cac|ooos y
|osootac|oo:
A|eoc|ooes de P|oto eo or|||os , Lom|oos (roz|og)
228 229
XSALO7 !!, !!P, !2 P, !4 P
XSALO7 30-40/0, 30-50/50, 30-0/40
/|oac|ooos oo |stao, ||ooo oo \a|||as, caotos y |astas |ota||cas So|oo|o)
|ooocto )
A|eoc|ooes de stoo, P|omo , P|oto eo or|||os ,
Postos Meto||cos (So|der|og)
So|oaooa b|aooa ||bo oo caoo|o
y |ooo coo ooy boooas o-
|ooaoos oo ||o|ooz y oo,aooa.
|a so|oaooa ooaooco b|-
||aoto, aoo oosoos oo |ao
oso oo| ob,oto so|oaoo.
/|oac|ooos aa so|oaooa b|ao-
oa coo boooa ||o|ooz y ca||a|-
oao.
Coot|ooo oo |oooooto coos|-
vo y a|taoooto act|vo. |as so-
o||c|os ostaaoas soo ||sas y
b|||aotos y o|ocoo ooa boooa
otocc|oo coota |a coos|oo.
Coot|ooo o|vo oo ostao oo
||bo oo |ooo) oo oozc|a coo
|oooooto ooy act|vo y coos|-
vo. |as soo||c|os ostaaoas o-
oaoocoo b|||aotos y o|ocoo
boooa otocc|oo a |a coos|oo.
|S/|OT 6++, 6++|
|S/|OT 63O-+O/6O
|S/|OT 63O-5O/5O
|S/|OT 63O-6O/+O
|S/|OT 6+2 |
|S/|OT 6++ |
So| oaooa oo acoo, acoo
|oox|oab|o, cobo y a|oac|ooos
oo cobo. looost|a a||ooot|c|a,
coostocc|oo oo aaatos o|oc-
t|cos, atosao|a y ,oyo|a. So-
||aoo oo |otas oo ||oo |oo-
o|oo oosoos oo obtoa coo
|S/|OT 6+2 |
/|oac|ooos oo ostao-|ooo
aa oo|ooos oo acoo, acoo
|oox|oab|o, cobo y a|oac|ooos,
sooot|oas a ooooos os|oozos.
|ab|cac|oo oo ao|aooos, ooo-
ta,o oo tobo|as, |ooost|a aoto-
oot|z, so|oaooa oo oa||as, |o-
oost|a o|oct|ca y o|octoo|ca.
|staaoo y so|oaooa b|aooa oo
cobo, |atoo, acoo coooo ,
acoo |oox|oab|o, |ooo|c|oo |s
y o|ooo|. Coostocc|oo oo ca-
oco|as, ostaaoo oo cob|o-
tas oo co,|oos, ostaaoo oo |a-
o|oas oo cobo, obtoac|oo oo
|otas oo |ooo|c|oo aotos oo
so||a coo |S/|OT 6++
|staaoo y so|oaooa b|aooa oo
cobo, |atoo, acoo coooo,
acoo |oox|oab|o. |saoo oo |a
|ooost|a a||ooot|c|a y oo ato-
sao|a.
|osootac|oo:
3,+5 x O,5 | caoto)
|ovaso oo + |
3,+5 x O,5 | caoto)
6,3O x 5,O | va|||as)
+,6O x O,5 | caoto)
3,+5 x O,5 | caoto)
6,3O x 5,O | va|||as)
+,6O x O,5 | caoto)
3,+5 x O,5 | caoto)
6,3O x 5,O | va|||as)
|ovaso oo + |
|ovaso oo + |
|S/|OT 6++
|S/|OT 6++ |
|S/|OT 63O-+O/6O
|S/|OT 63O-5O/5O
|S/|OT 63O-6O/+O
|S/|OT 6+2 |
|S/|OT 6++ |
|t|||za |oooootos |S/|||
6OO o |S/||| 6OOc.
|oooo o||o|so oo aoa.
6OO o |S/||| 6OOc.
6OO o |S/||| 6OOc.
6OO o |S/||| 6OOc.
Caacto|st|cas,
/||cac|ooos:
|ooocto Caacto|st|cas /||cac|ooos
Ll| +O / So |b
|S/|OT 6++, 6++| | - So / 5 3- 5 |osto -
|S/|OT 63O-+O/6O | - |b So +O Sb) - 39,5-+O,5 |osto
|S/|OT 63O-5O/5O | - |b So 5O Sb) - 5O |osto
|S/|OT 63O-6O/+O | - So 6O |b Sb) - 59,5-6O,5 |osto
|S/|OT 6+2 | | - So 6O |b - 59,5-6O,5 |osto
|S/|OT 6++ | | - So 99,9 - 99, 9 -
) Loooo: |~ |astas oota||cas
|ooocto |os|stooc|a Looza Too. lotova|o |oso Cooooct|v|oao
a |a tacc|oo H3) taba,o |os|oo osoc|||co ||oct|ca
|/oo
2
) C) C) /co
3
) So/oo
2
)
|S/|OT 6++ + 5 + 5 22+ - , 3 , 5
|S/|OT 6++, 6++| - - 22+ 22O - 2+O , 3 -
|S/|OT 63O-+O/6O 2, 5 + + - +83 - 235 9, 3 6, 2
|S/|OT 63O-5O/5O 28, 5 + 2 - +83 - 2+5 8, 9 6,
|S/|OT 63O-6O/+O 29, 5 + 3 - +83 - +9O 8, 5 , +
|S/|OT 6+2 | 2 9 + 3 +85 +83 - +8 8, 5
|S/|OT 6++ | - - 232 +8 - 232 , 3 -
230 23!
XSA7lG 200, XSALO7 204, XSALO7 2!0,
XSALO7 2!0 R, XSALO7 700 R
\a|||as oo cobo y a|oac|ooos aa ocoso ox|acot||oo|co y TlC
Caacto|st|cas,
/||cac|ooos y
|osootac|oo:
\a|||a oo cobo oosox|oaoo aa so|-
oaooa aotoooa y TlC oo cobo oo.
So ooos|to os |ac||oooto oaoo|oab|o y
so oobo ov|ta oaotooo |as oo|ooos a
a|tas toooatoas aa ov|ta o| ob|ao-
ooc|o|ooto oo| oato|a| baso.
/|oac|oo ocoooo|ca oo cobo |os|oo
aa so|oaooa aotoooa y TlC, aoto|oo-
oooto sobo cobo. |o coot|ooo /. |aa
oo|ooos ooo taba,ao |asta 2OO C. |o-
soota boooa ||o|ooz y ca||a|oao.
\a|||a oo booco osoc|a| aa oo|oo y
ocaoo o ocoso oo so|oaooa ao-
toooa oo a||cac|oo oo|vosa|. |osoota
boooa ||o|ooz y os |osoos|b|o a| soboca-
|ootao|ooto.
\a|||a atootaoa oo booco a| o|ooo| aa
oo|oo y ocaoo sobo boocos, acoos
y ||oos |ooo|oos. |os|stooto a| oosasto
||cc|oo oota|-oota| y aoa oo oa. So
ooos|to os tooaz y oaoo|oab|o.
|S/TlC 2OO
|S/|OT 2O+
|S/|OT 2+O,
|S/|OT 2+O |
|S/|OT OO |
|ooocto Caacto|st|cas y /||cac|ooos |osootac|oo
L|aooto : 3,25 oo
|ovaso : |ata oo 5 |
L|aooto : 2,5O oo
3,25 oo
L|aooto : 2,5O oo
3,25 oo
+,OO oo
L|aooto : 3,25 oo
+,OO oo
5,OO oo
|ovaso : Tobo catoo
oo +|
|oooooto |t|||zaoo oo |ocoso Ox|acot||oo|co:
|S/||| 2OO
/\S Ll| 85+3: / | |o Co So S| Zo ||
|S/TlC 2OO /5.-8+: || Co - - O, O2 - |osto - - - -
|S/|OT 2O+ /5.8-92: 3 Co | - 2 Co | 8 - 8 - |osto - - - -
|S/|OT 2+O, /5.8-92: |3 Co Zo - / | - Co Zo +O - - - 58- 62 O,5 O,+-O,5 |osto -
|S/|OT 2+O |
|S/|OT OO | /5.8-92: |3 Co Zo - L |- Co || +O Zo +2 - - - |osto - O, 2 + + + +
) Loooo: | ~ \a|||a ovost|oa coo |oooooto
|ooocto )
|ooa y /oa||s|s o|o|co oo| |ota| Loos|taoo '):
|ooocto |os|stooc|a ||o|to ||ooac|oo Looza Too. lotova|o Cooooct|v|oao
a |a tacc|oo oo ||oooc|a | ~5o) H3) taba,o |os|oo C) o|oct|ca
|/oo
2
) |/oo
2
) ' C) So/oo
2
)
|S/TlC 2OO 2OO-28O >8O >+8 >6O - +O68-+O8 3O-+5
|S/|OT 2O+ 25O - 5 - +O +O-+O 2.5
|S/|OT 2+O, 35O - 35 ++O 9OO 89O-9OO +5
|S/|OT 2+O |
|S/|OT OO | - - - +8O-22O 9+O 89O-92O -
or|||os de Cobre , A|eoc|ooes
XSAfLUX 200, XSAfLUX 300, XSAfLUX 400,
XSAfLUX 00, XSAfLUX 00c
foodeotes spec|o|es poro So|dodoro Aotgeoo
|oooooto oo asta aa |a so|oaooa coo va|||as oo booco: tao-
b|oo os a||cab|o coo va|||as oo ||oo |ooo|oo y sto|||to, os a|ta-
oooto ||osco|co y osoota boooas o|ooaoos oo |ooocta-
b|||oao y ||o|oza.
|oooooto oo o|vo aa so|oaooa coo va|||as oo |ata, osoc|a|-
oooto o|soaoo aa taba,a coo tooas |as a|oac|ooos oo |ata oo
|S/, |ac|||taooo |a ||o|ooz oo| oato|a| oo aoto y aaot|zaooo
oo|ooos o|octas.
|oooooto oo o|vo aa so|oaooa coo va|||as oo a|oo|o|o, os a|ta-
oooto ||oosco|co y coos|vo.
|oooooto ||oo|oo aa so|oaooas coo a|oac|ooos oo ostao-|ooo,
ostao-|ata. |s a|taoooto coos|vo y ooy act|vo.
|oooooto oo asta aa so|oaooas coo a|oac|ooos oo ostao-|o-
oo, ostao-|ata. So|ob|o oo aoa.
|S/||| 2OO
|S/||| 3OO
|S/||| +OO
|S/||| 6OO
|S/||| 6OOc
|ooocto Caacto|st|cas y /||cac|ooos
|oooootos aa So|oaooa /otoooa
|ooas:
|ooocto |ooa
/\S /3.O Ll| 85++
|S/||| 2OO |3 3 - L | - SH - 2
|S/||| 3OO |3 3 - | | - SH
|S/||| +OO |3 - / | - |H
|S/||| 6OO - | - S\
|S/||| 6OOc - | - S\
Caacto|st|cas, /||cac|ooos:
|osootac|oo:
|S/||| 2OO
|S/||| 3OO
|S/||| +OO
|S/||| 6OO
|S/||| 6OOc
|asco oo 25O
|asco oo 25O
|asco oo 25O
|asco oo 25O
|ata oo 5O
|ooocto |osootac|oo |otas
lotova|o oo toooatoa
taba,o: 5O - + O5O C
taba,o: 55O - 85O C
taba,o: 55O - 66O C
-
-
232 233
234 235
XSALO7 AC, XSALO7 A2C, XSA7lG !03
\a|||as oo acoo a| cabooo y ba,a a|oac|oo aa so|oaooa aotoooa y ocoso TlC
Caacto|st|cas,
/||cac|ooos y
|osootac|oo:
\a| | | a coboaoa aa so|oa-
ooa aotoooa oo acoos oo
ba, o cabooo. |osoota ooy
boooa ||o|ooz. looa| aa a||ca-
c|ooos oota||cas ||oas ooo oo
vao |a so sooot|oas a aooos
so||c|tac|ooos oocao|cas.
\a|||a cobooa aa so|oaooa
aotoooa oo acoos oo ba,o ca-
booo y acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo
sooot|oos a a|tas so||c|tac|ooos
oocao|cas. So ooos|to os ||bo
oo oos. looa| aa so|oaooas
oo tobo|as oo ca|ooos y tobo-
|as oo a|ta os|oo.
\a|||a coboaoa oo acoo a| C-
|o aa ocoso TlC. ||
oota| ooos|taoo os os|stooto a
o|ovaoas toooatoas oas oo
55O C). So ooos|to os oaoo|-
oab|o, ||bo oo oos y ||soas. looa|
aa so|oa tobo|as oo ca|ooos.
|S/|OT /C )
|S/|OT /2C )
|S/TlC O3 )
|ooocto Caacto|st|cas |osootac|oo
L|aooto:
2,5O oo
3,+5 oo
|ovaso: |ata oo 5 |
L|aooto:
2,5O oo
3,+5 oo
|ovaso: |ata oo 5 |
L|aooto:
2,5O oo
3,2O oo
|ovaso: Tobo oo Catoo 5 |
/\S Ll| 85+3 C |o S| |o || C |o
|S/|OT /C /5.2-92: | +5 Ll| 855+: C l O, +2 O,5O O, +O - - - |osto
|S/|OT /2C /5.2-92: | 6O Ll| 855+: C l O, ++ +, O O, +6 - O, +5 - |osto
|S/TlC O3 /5.28-96: || 8OS-32 Ll| 855: SC C |o l O, + O, 6 O, 6O O, 6O - +,5O |osto
|ooocto |os|stooc|a ||o|to ||ooac|oo C| \
a |a tacc|oo o|ast|co | ~5o) 2O C
|/oo
2
) |/oo
2
)
|S/|OT /C 3+O - 3+5 >26O > 25 ' > 3O
|S/|OT /2C +++ - ++8 >3+O > 25' > 5O
|S/TlC O3 6OO - OO >5OO > 2+ > 95
) |t|||za ||aoa ooota
) |t|||za o|a|oao o|octa oo o| ocoso TlC
or|||os poro Acero o| Corbooo
XSALO7 !!0
\a|||a oo ||oo |ooo|oo aa so|oaooa aotoooa oo ||oo |ooo|oo |s y oa|oab|o
|ooas:
/\S /5.+5-9O Ll| 853
| Cl C |t |o C - +
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S| | |o
oo| |ota| 3,3 O,5 3,O O,6 |osto
Loos|taoo '):
Caacto|st|cas:
|| oota| ooos|taoo t|ooo ooa ostoctoa y co|o s|o||a a| ||oo |ooo|oo |s.
|| ooos|to os |ac||oooto oaoo|oab|o y ooooa ||bo oo oos.
|os|stooc|a a |a Tacc|oo |/oo
2
) Looza H3)
2+5-29+ >2OO
|oootos oo Ca|o:
So|oto ox|acot||oo|co coo ||aoa ooota
|oooooto |t|||zaoo:
|S/||| 2OO
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oaooa oo ||oo |ooo|oo |s o oa|oab|o, y oo|ooos o|s|o||os ooto ||oo |ooo|oo |s
coo acoo.
|aa so|oa oooob|oc|s y oo|t||os oo oscao, baocaoas, catos, oooas oootaoas, cacazas,
zaatas oo |ooo y osaoo oo oo|octos oo |ooo|c|oo.
|osootac|oo:
L|aooto: +,OO y 5,OO oo.
|ovaso: |ata oo 5 |.
or|||os de H|erro food|do Gr|s
236 237
XSALO7 72 o, XSALO7 72 b
\a|||a baso coba|to aa so|oaooa
aotoooa o TlC oo ocaoo. looa|
aa a||cac|ooos ooooo |ay abas|oo
o oos|oo sovoa, ,ooto coo ca|o y/o
coos|oo coo |oactos ooooaoos.
|o oaoo|oab|o.
\a|||a baso coba|to aa so|oaooa
aotoooa o TlC oo ocaoo. looa|
aa a||cac|ooos ooooo |ay abas|oo
oota|-oota| o |oactos sovoos coo
a|ta toooatoa y/o oo ooo|os co-
os|vos. |osoota boooas o|ooa-
oos |ooto a |a oos|oo y cav|tac|oo.
looa| aa |||os oo coc||||as oo coto
oo ca||ooto. |aoo|oab|o.
|S/|OT 26 a
|S/|OT 26 b
L|aooto : 3,2O oo
|ovaso : Tobo oo Catoo + |
L|aooto : 3,2O oo
|ovaso : Tobo oo Catoo + |
|ooas :
|ooocto |ooa
/\S /5.+3-8O| Ll| 8555
|S/|OT 26 a | Co C - C C/\SC 2O CO 55 - C|STZ
|S/|OT 26 b | Co C - / C/\SC 2O CO +O - C|STZ
|ooocto lotova|o oo |os|oo C) Looza H|C)
|S/|OT 26 a + 25O - + 3OO 5+-58
|S/|OT 26 b + 3OO - + +OO 36- +O
Caacto|st|cas, /||cac|ooos y |osootac|oo:
|oootos oo Ca|o:
So|oto ox|acot||oo|co ||aoa caboaoto), TlC.
|oooooto |t|||zaoo oo ocoso ox|acot||oo|co:
|S/||| 2OO
or|||os de Ste|||te
\a|||as oo baso coba|to aa abas|oo, coos|oo y a|ta toooatoa
XSALO7 72! , XSALO7 728
\a|||as coo caboos oo toostooo aa so|oaooa aotoooa oo ocaoo
Caacto|st|cas,
/||cac|ooos:
|osootac|oo:
/|oac|oo aa ocaoo, tooaz y
ooy os|stooto a| oosasto. |os a-
oos oo caboo oo toostooo ooo-
s|taoos sobo ooa baso oo acoo
ooy tooaz, ooooao o|st|bo|oos oo|-
|ooooooto ooaoto |a so|oaooa,
obtoo|ooooso soo||c|os ||sas.
|at|co|as oo caboo oo toostooo
oo o|st|ota aoo|ooot|a coo ooa
|ooo,oab|o os|stooc|a a| oosasto
abas|vo, |as coa|os ostao o|st|bo|-
oas sobo ooa a|oac|oo osoc|a| o-
s|stooto a |a coos|oo.
|S/|OT 2+
|S/|OT 28
|ocaoo oo |ozas sooot|oas a
|ooto oosasto o abas|oo, |os-
ta|ac|ooos oocao|zaoas oo ca-
boo, coooo y osco|as, baooas
ocotoas, t|toaooos, cooos
oac|acaooos, as| cooo a|stas
ooo |ao oo soota oo |ooto
oosasto. looost|a oo |a coostoc-
c|oo, otooo|o|ca, coooo|as,
o|oas oo caboo y o|oas oo o-
ooa|.
|ocaoo soo||c|a| oo |oa-
o|ootas aa o|oac|oo oo |a
o|oo|a o |ooost|a oto|oa: os-
tab|||zaooos, |osas coo|cas y |a-
oas, coooas, baooos, otc.
L|aooto: 3,2O oo
|ovaso: |ata oo 5 |
Sooo taoao oo at|co|as:
|S/|OT 28 2/+ : 2-+ oo
|S/|OT 28 +/6 : +-6 oo
|S/|OT 28 6/8 : 6-8 oo
|ovaso: |ata oo 5 |
|sa ||aoa caboaoto.
|soo||a |a soo||c|o oo taba-
,o y ooos|ta ooa caa baso oo
+ o 2 oo. Lo ososo oo
|S/|OT OO |, sobo |a coa| so
ocooo a a||ca |oooo|ataoooto
o| ocaoo |S/|OT 28.
|sa ||aoa ||oaoooto ox|oaoto.
|o, \, C. \a|||a tobo|a oo acoo o||ooos coo aoos
oo caboo oo toostooo. || cootoo|oo oo toostooo os
aox|oaoaoooto oo| 6O'.
6O 65' oo caboo oo toostooo \C) o|st|bo|oos
oo oat|z oo booco a| o|ooo|.
|S/|OT 2+
|S/|OT 28
|ooocto |osootac|oo |otas
or|||os de Corboro de 7oogsteoo
Cooos|c|oo bas|ca:
|ooocto Cooos|c|oo bas|ca
|S/|OT 2+
|S/|OT 28
Caacto|st|cas toco|cas:
|ooocto Looza oo| caboo oo toostooo H|C) Too. taba,o C)
|S/|OT 2+ O - 5 -
|S/|OT 28 O - 5 9+O
PARIE lV
5OLDADURA5
PARA PROCE5O5
AUIONAIlCO5 Y
5ENlAUIONAIlCO5
238 239
Alambres 5olidos
para Arco 5umergido
Arco Somerg|do
240 24!
242 243
PS - !
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.+-89 Ll| 855
||-+2 S+
/oa||s|s oo|o|co C |o S|
oo| a|aobo '): O,+2 O,5 O,+O
Caacto|st|cas:
|sto a|aobo os osaoo oo o| ocoso oo aco sooo|oo coo |os ||o,os |O| oo Oo|||oo
|| a|aobo t|ooo oo ocob|o|ooto a|vao|co soo||c|a| coboaoo), ooo otoo o| a|aobo coota |a
ox|oac|oo, oo,oa o| cootacto o|oct|co y o|so|ooyo o| oosasto oo |os o|ooootos oo|soos oo|
a|aobo.
|as caacto|st|cas oo| oota| ooos|taoo oo |a so|oaooa o aco sooo|oo soo oo||o|oas o o|
a|aobo y vo||ta,o. |sto o|t|oo o| vo|ta,o) |o||oyo ooc|s|vaoooto oo o| aoo oo a|oac|oo obtoo|oo
coaooo so taba,a coo |oooootos aa ocob|otos otoctoos.
/||cac|ooos:
|sto a|aobo so osa oo coob|oac|oo coo |os ||o,os.
|aa oo|oo |aa ocob|o|ooto otocto
|O| +OO |O| 25O /
|O| +8O |O| 35O /
|O| +23 |O| +5O /
|O| +85 -
|ooa oo Soo|o|sto
|o o|aootos oo 2oo, 2,5oo, 3,+5oo, +oo, 5oo y 6oo, oobob|oaoos oo o||os oo 2O |
y 5O |.
|osootac|oo
|o bo|sa oo |ast|co, oovasaoos a| vac|o y oto|oos oo ca,as oo catoo.
A|ombres de Acero o| Corbooo , ojo A|eoc|o
PS - 2
A|ombres de Acero o| Corbooo , ojo A|eoc|o
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.+-89 Ll| 855
||-+2K S2
/oa||s|s o|o|co C |o S|
oo| /|aobo '): O,+O +,O O,+5
Caacto|st|cas:
|s oo a|aobo coboaoo osaoo oo o| ocoso oo aco sooo|oo oo coob|oac|oo coo |os ||o,os
|O| oo Oo|||oo.
|| a|aobo v|ooo coo oo ocob|o|ooto a|vao|co soo||c|a| coboaoo).
|sto otoo o| a|aobo coota |a ox|oac|oo, oo,oa o| cootacto o|oct|co y o|so|ooyo o| oosasto
oo |os o|ooootos oo|soos oo| a|aobo.
|s oo a|aobo oo ooo|aoo cootoo|oo oo oaoaooso.
/| |oa| ooo o| |S-+, |as caacto|st|cas oo| oota| ooos|taoo soo |o||oooc|aoas o o| a|aobo, o|
|oooooto, o| oota| baso, |a vo|oc|oao oo so|oaooa, aooa,o y vo|ta,o.
/||cac|ooos:
|sto a|aobo so osa oo coob|oac|oo coo |os ||o,os.
|aa oo|oo |aa ocob|o|ooto otocto
|O| +OO |O| 25O /
|O| +8O |O| 35O /
|O| +23 |O| +5O /
|O| +85
|O| +2+ TT
|ooa oo Soo|o|sto
|o o|aootos oo 2oo, 2,5oo, 3,+5oo, +oo, 5oo y 6oo, oobob|oaoos oo o||os oo 2O K
y 5O K.
|osootac|oo
|o bo|sa oo |ast|co, oovasaoos a| vac|o y oto|oos oo ca,as oo catoo.
244 245
PS !9/9 lNOX
A|ombres de Acero loox|dob|e
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.9-93 Ll| 8556
||-3O8| || 2 C|| +9 9
/oa||s|s o|o|co C S| |o | S C || |o Co Co |
oo| /|aobo '): O,O6 O,+ +,O O,O25 O,O+5 +9,O 9,O O,5 O,2O O,2O O,O6
Caacto|st|cas:
|s oo a|aobo oo acoo |oox|oab|o oo ba,o cootoo|oo oo caboo ooo so oo|oa oo |a so|oaooa
o aco sooo|oo oo coob|oac|oo coo o| ||o,o |O| O C.
|aaootos oo So|oaooa:
L|aooto oo) /ooa,o \o|ta,o
O,8 8O - ++5 26
+,O +2+ - +3 28
+,6 +6O - 223 28
2,O 25O - 35O 3O
2,5 35O - +5O 3O
3,+5 +OO - 5OO 3+
+,O +5O - OO 3+
5,O OO - + OOO 35
|o|a|oao |ovot|oa C.C. )
/||cac|ooos:
|| |S +9/9 l|O so oo|oa aa |a oo|oo o so|oaooa oo |os acoos |oox|oab|os aostoo|t|cos t|os:
- Ll| 8556 : 5 C|| +8 9
+2 C|| +8 8
/coos a| oaoaooso +2 - ++' |o
- |o acoos |ao|oaoos oo |a coostocc|oo oo oc||ootos aa |a |ooost|a oo|o|ca y s|vo aoooas
aa o| o||ooo oo |ozas cooo so|oaooa oo otocc|oo.
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aootos oo O,8oo, +oo, +,6oo, 2,Ooo, 2,5oo, 3,+5oo, +,OOoo, 5,Ooo.
|osootac|oo oo bo|sa oo |ast|co, oovasaoo a| vac|o y oto|oo oo ca,a oo catoo.
|os o|aootos oo O,8, +,O y +,6 oo so soo|o|stao oo caotos oo |ast|co oo +O| y +5|.
PS 20/!0 Mo lNOX
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.9-93 Ll| 8556
||-3+6| || 2 C|| +9 +2
/oa||s|s o|o|co C C || |o |o
oo| /|aobo '): O,OO25 +8, O ++, O 2, 6 2, 5
Caacto|st|cas:
|s oo a|aobo oo acoo |oox|oab|o aostoo|t|co oo ba,o cootoo|oo oo caboo, oo|oaoo oo |a
so|oaooa o aco sooo|oo oo coob|oac|oo coo o| ||o,o |O| O C.
2,5 35O - +5O 3O
3, +5 +OO - 5OO 3 +
+, O +5O - 6OO 3 +
25, O 5OO - OO 3 5
/||cac|ooos:
|sto a|aobo so osa oo coob|oac|oo coo o| ||o,o |O| O C aa so|oa |os acoos |oox|oab|os
t|o:
- C +8/|| 8, C +8/|| 8 oo ba,o cabooo: C +8/|| 8 ostab|||zaoo, aa toooatoas oo taba,o
|asta oo +OOC.
- /coos |oox|oab|os oo |os t|os C +8/|| 8 |o: C +8/|| 8 |o oo ba,o cabooo y C +8/|| 8 |o
ostab|||zaoos aa toooatoas oo taba,o |asta oo +OOC.
- /coos |oox|oab|os a| cooo oxcoto coaooo ox|sto o| |oso oo coos|oo o azo|o o |ooac|oo
oo casca|||a.
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aootos oo O,8oo, +,5oo, 2,Ooo, 2,5oo, 3,+5oo, +,OOoo, 5,Ooo.
|o o||os oo 2O K y 5O K.
|os o|aootos oo O,8, +,O y +,2: y +,6 oo so soo|o|stao oo caotos oo |ast|co oo +O |.
246
PS !3Cr lNOX
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.9-93 Ll| 8556
||-+2O || 8 C ++
/oa||s|s o|o|co C C |o S| S
oo| /|aobo '): O,O3 +3,+ O,+3 O,22 O,OO+
Caacto|st|cas:
|s oo a|aobo oo acoo |oox|oab|o a| cooo ooo so oo|oa oo |a so|oaooa o aco sooo|oo
oo coob|oac|oo coo o| ||o,o |O| O C.
2, 5 3OO - +OO 3O - +O
3, +5 35O - 55O 3O - +O
+, O +5O - 65O 3O - +O
5, O 5OO - 5O 3O - +O
Co|ooto coot|ooa, o|a|oao o|octa.
/||cac|ooos:
/|aobo oo acoo |oox|oab|o a| C oo|oaoo aa |a so|oaooa o aco sooo|oo.
|aa o| o||ooo otocto oo |ozas oo acoo os|stootos a| oosasto.
|o||ooo otocto oo oo|||os |ao|oaooos oo ca||ooto.
|o||ooo otocto oo va|vo|as y as|ootos oo va|vo|as.
||ozas ooo taba,ao coo a|o oca|ootaoo. |o s|stooas oo oscao oo asos.
|| |S +3 C taob|oo os aoocoaoo aa oota||za.
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aootos oo 2,5 oo, 3,+5 oo, +,O oo, 5,O oo.
|o o||os oo 2O K y 5O K.
|ooocto ooo soa |ab|caoo oxc|os|vaoooto sooo oo|oo
POP !00
||o,os o /coo a| Cabooo y 3a,a /|oac|oo
foodeotes poro Arco Somerg|do
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.+-89 Ll| 32 522: 3/3
|6/O - | 3 /3 + 6 /C +O |
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota| Coo |os a|aobos
ooos|taoo: |S-+ |S-2
C O,O5 - O,O8 O,O5 - O,O8
S| O,3 - O,5 O,3 - O,5
|o O,O9 - +,2 +,+ - +,3
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |O| +OO os oo |oooooto a|oooaoo oo t|o a|oo|oato bas|co, oo|oaoo oo oooa| oo |as
so|oaooas oo acoo ostoctoa|, taoooos oo os|oo, tobos oo acoo, as| cooo so|oaooas sobo
acoos oo aoo ||oo coo os|stooc|as a |a tacc|oo oo |asta +3O |/oo.
|| cootoo|oo oo s|||c|o y oaoaooso oo osto |oooooto ,ooto coo |os a|aobos |S-+ y |S-2 toooa
oo a|to o|octo oo ||o|oza oo |a so|oaooa.
|s oxtaoo|oa|aoooto os|stooto a |as ||soas y oooo tooo |ootaoto caac|oao aa coooosa
|a cootao|oac|oo oo| oota| baso. T|ooo a|tas o|ooaoos oo os|stooc|a a |a toos|oo.
|s ao|aoo aa so|oaooas oo ooa o oas asaoas: o| coooo ooo so obt|ooo os oo||ooo y ||bo
oo oota||aooas: |a osco|a os |ac|| oo oosoooo. So ooooo oa||za so|oaooas c|co|aos oo
oco o|aooto, s|o ooo so oscoa |a osco|a ||oo|oa.
|| |oooooto t|ooo ba,a ooos|oao y coosooo|ootooooto oo ba,o aoo oo coosooo.
|s aoocoaoo aa so|oa taoto oo co|ooto coot|ooa cooo coo co|ooto a|tooa coo aooa,os
oo |asta + OOO/, ot|||zaooo oo so|o a|aobo. Coaooo so oo|oa |a co|ooto coot|ooa, o| a|aobo
soa coooctaoo a| o|o os|t|vo.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas /|aobo |os|stooc|a ||o|to oo ||ooac|oo |os|stooc|a a| |oacto
oo| |ota| Loos|taoo o|o|oa a |a ||oooc|a oo 5Ooo C|ay \ oo|os)
va|oos t||cos): tacc|oo |/oo |/oo ')
|S-+ +2O-52O > 36O > 2+ > 9O > 5O > 35
|S-2 5OO-6OO > +2O > 2+ > 9O > 6O > 3O
/||cac|ooos:
|ato|a|os |o|oo ooo|aoto |o|oo ooo|aoto
so|oaooa o oo|t|caas so|oaooa oo oos caas -
so|oaooa |||oto
/coos ostoctoa|os oo oooa| /|aobo /|aobo
St 3-2, | St 3-2 |S-+ |S-2
| St 3-2, St 3-3 |S-+ |S-2
St ++-2, St ++-3, St 52-3 |S-2 |S-2
Tobo|as oo acoo
St | 2+O-, St | 2+O- |S-+ |S-2
St | 29O-, St | 32O- |S-2 |S-2
St | 36O- |S-2 |S-2
St 35, St 35-+, St 35-8 |S-+ |S-2
St +5, St +5O+, St +5-8 |S-2 |S-2
St 52, St 52-+ |S-2 |S-2
/coos aa Ca|ooas
Hl, Hll |S-+ |S-2
+ |o, +, +9 |o 5 |S-2 |S-2
/coos ostoctoa|os oo aoo ||oo
St | 255 |S-2 |S-2
St | 285 |S-2 |S-2
St | 3+5 |S-2 |S-2
St | 355 |S-2 |S-2
247
POP !75
248 249
|ooa Toco|ca:
|oooooto / /|aobo /\S / /S|| / S|/ 5. + Ll| 32522 / 855
|O| +5 / |S - + |/O - || +2 || ` 38 32 S+ 3/| +88
|O| +5 / || - +2 |/O - || +2 || ` 38 32 S+ 3/| +88
|O| +5 / |S - 2 |/2 - || +2K || ` +2 32 S2 S| 3/| +88
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '): T|o oo a|aobo C |o S| | S
|S - + O,O5 +,3O O,5O O,O25 O,O2O
|| +2 O,O5 +,3O O,5O O,O25 O,O2O
|S - 2 O,O5 +,+O O,6O O,O25 O,O2O
Caacto|st|cas:
|oooooto act|vo aa asos ||o|taoos oo so|oaooa
|aa osos oooa|os, |oc|oyoooo ocoso soo|aotooat|co
/|ta vo|oc|oao oo ooos|c|oo.
3oooa os|stooc|a a |a oos|oao y aso sobo ox|oos
|ac|| oooc|oo oo osco|a y booo acabaoo oo| coooo
|OT/: |aa so|oaooa a too y a |||oto oo oo aso o oo|t|aso sobo |aoc|as oo acoo a| cabooo oo |asta 25 oo +')
oo ososo
|o|ooaoos
oocao|cas oo| oota|
ooos|taoo: T|o oo a|aobo |os|stooc|a a |a Tacc|oo ||o|to oo ||oooc|a loacto lSO-\ )
|/oo
2
) |/oo
2
) 2OC OC -2OC
|S - + >5+O >+OO 8 O + O 2
|| - +2 >5+O >+OO 8 O + O 2
|S - 2 >55O >+5O 9 O + 2 3 +
/||cac|ooos:
|aa so|oa acoos ostoctoa|os oo oooa|:
- St 3-2, | St 3-2, | St 3-2
|aa so|oa ba|ooos oo as
Tobo|as oo acoo:
Coo a|aobo |S - + o ||-+2 Coo a|aobo so||oo |S - 2
St | 2+O-, St | 2+O- St | 29O-, St | 32O-, St | 36O-
St 35, St 35-+, St 35-8 St +5, St +5-+, St +5-8
+2 St 52, St52-3
+6, 52, 56, 6O, 65, O
/coos aa ca|ooas:
Coo a|aobo |S - + o ||-+2 Coo a|aobo so||oo |S - 2
- H l, H ll - + |o +, +9 |o 5
|oooooto a|oooaoo aa so|oaooas oo oo|oo o o| ocoso oo so|oaooa oo /co Sooo|oo S/\)
Coosovac|oo:
|sto |oooooto oobo so coosovaoo oo oo |oa ||o|o y soco. S| os oocosa|o oo|ta |a |ooooao,
osoca a 3OOC - 35OC.
|osocaoo:
|s |ootaoto o| oso oo |oooootos socos.
|| |oooooto oobo so coosovaoo a +5OC.
|o caso oo ooo o| |oooooto |aya ostaoo oxoosto oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a 3OOC
- 35OC o 2 |oas.
|osootac|oo:
|o bo|sas oo |ast|co, so||aoas y oto|oas coo bo|sas oo ao| ooso: caoa bo|sa coot|ooo 25 K.
|o c|||ooos oo +OO K y 2OO K coo taas oo a,osto |ooot|co.
/obac|ooos:
||S C.|. /3S.
|S+/ |O|+OO L, 3|, +T, 3| 2T/ 3| lT/3|
|S2/ |O|+OO L, 3|, +`T, 3`| +`T/3`| +`T, 3`|
POP !80
250 25!
/coos ostoctoa|os oo aoo ||oo:
Coo a|aobo so||oo |S - 2
St |255, \ St | 255
St | 285, \ St | 285
St | 3+5, \ St | 3+5
St | 355, \ St | 355
St | 38O, \ St 38O
St | +2O, \ St +2O
Coosovac|oo:
|| |oooooto oobo so coosovaoo oo |oa ||o|o y soco
|os oovasos ab|otos so ooboo coosova oo |ooo a ooa toooatoa oo +5OC
|osocaoo:
|sa s|ooo |oooootos socos
|o caso oo ooo o| |oooooto |aya ostaoo oxoosto a |a |otooo|o y cataoo |ooooao, osoca a
3OOC o 2 |oas.
|osootac|oo:
|o bo|sas |at|cas so||aoas a| vac|o y oto|oas coo bo|sas oo ao| ooso. Caoa bo|sa coot|ooo
25 |.
||o,o aa /coo a| Cabooo y 3a,a /|oac|oo
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.+-9
|O| +8O/|S - + |O| +8O/|S - 2 | /O ||+2
/oa||s|s o|o|co Coo |os a|aobos
oo| |ota| |S-+ |S-2
Loos|taoo: C O,O O,O6
|o O,98 +,38
S| O,36 O,++
| O,O28 O,O3+
S O,O+5 O,O+6
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |oooooto os oo a|oooaoo o|soaoo aa so|oa taoto coo co|ooto a|tooa cooo coo
co|ooto coot|ooa.
|ovoo ooa oxco|ooto acabaoo soo||c|a| y |a oooc|oo oo osco|a os sooaoooto |ac||.
|s os|b|o oooc| |||otos |o|zoota|os oo |asta 3/8' oo catoto s|o socavac|ooos.
|a osco|a so oosoooo |ac||oooto.
|oooo so osaoo aa so|oaooa oo|t|aso y taob|oo aa so|oaooa coo oos a|aobos oo o|
ocoso.
|s ot|||zaoo aa ocoostocc|oo oo oooas oo caos o|ooos, |aoc|as oava|os, acoos oo
ca|ooas, acoos oo tobo|as y acoos ostoctoa|os, taoooos, otc.
|o|ooaoos oocao|cas /|aobo |os|stooc|a o|o|oa ||o|to oo ||oooc|a ||ooac|oo |os|stooc|a a|
oo| oota| ooos|taoo a |a tacc|oo |/oo |/oo oo 5Ooo ') |oacto C|ay \
va|oos t||cos): |S-+ 5+O +5O 2 8 2 a +8 C
|| - +2 5+O +5O 2 8 2 a +8 C
|S-2 6OO 52+ 2 33 a 29 C
/||cac|ooos:
|ato|a|os |o|oo ooo|aoto |o|oo ooo|aoto
so|oaooa o so|oaooa oo oos
oo|t|caas caas so|oaooa |||oto
St 3-2, | St 3-2 |S-+ |S-2
| St 3-2, St ++-2, St ++-3, St 52-3 |S-2 |S-2
Tobo|as oo acoo
St | 2+O-, St | 2+O- |S-+ |S-2
St | 29O-, St | 32O-, St36O- |S-2 |S-2
St 35, St 35-+, St 35-8 |S-+ |S-2
St +5, St +5-+, St +5-8 |S-2 |S-2
St 52, St 52-3 |S-2 |S-2
+2 |S-+ |S-2
+6, 52, 56 |S-2 |S-2
6O, 65, O |S-2
/coos aa ca|ooas
Hl, Hll |S-+ |S-2
+ |o, +, +9 |o 5 |S-2 |S-2
St | 255 |S-2 |S-2
St | 285 |S-2 |S-2
St | 3+5 |S-2 |S-2
St | 355 |S-2 |S-2
POP !85
252
Coosovac|oo:
|sto |oooooto oobo so coosovaoo oo oo |oa ||o|o y soco.
Coo |a bo|sa ab|ota so oobo coosova a ooa toooatoa oo +2O C aa ov|ta ooo so |ooooozca.
|osocaoo:
|o caso oo ooo o| |oooooto so oocoooto |oooooc|oo o oxos|c|oo a |a |otoo|o so oobo
osoca cooo o|o|oo a 3OO C o 2 |oas.
|osootac|oo:
|o bo|sas oo |ast|co, so||aoas y oto|oas oo bo|sas oo ao| ooso: caoa bo|sa coot|ooo 25 K.
||o,o aa /coo a| Cabooo y 3a,a /|oac|oo
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.+-89 Ll| 32 522: 3/| Taoao oo aoo sooo
| /O - | 3 /| + 88 /C +O SK| Ll| || 6O: 2-2O
/oa||s|s o|o|co Coo |os a|aobos
oo| |ota| |S-+ |S-2
Loos|taoo: C O,O+ - O,O8 O,O+ - O,O8
|o +,2 - +,6 +,+ - +,8
S| O,5 - O,8 O,5 - O,8
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |O| +85 os oo |oooooto a|oooaoo oo t|o a|oo|oato-ot|||co aoocoaoo aa so|oa taoto
coo co|ooto a|tooa cooo coo co|ooto coot|ooa coo aooa,os oo |asta + OOO /, ot|||zaooo oo
so|o a|aobo. Lobo ot|||zaso coo o|a|oao |ovot|oa, a|aobo coooctaoo a| o|o os|t|vo ).
|ocoooooaoo aa so|oa acoos ostoctoa|os, acoos oo ca|ooas, acoos oo tobo|as y oo aoo
||oo coo oo ||o|to oo ||oooc|a oo |asta 355 |/oo oo |a coostocc|oo oo tobo|as y oc||ootos oo os|oo.
|a osco|a os oo ooy |ac|| oosooo|o|ooto y o| ooos|to oso|taoto os oo oo oxco|ooto acabaoo.
|o so at|co|a coootao|ooto, so ooooo oa||za so|oaooa oo oo|t|aso.
/oocoaoo aa so|oaooas oo aoo|o |oto|o |||oto) o o| |ac|| oosooo|o|ooto oo osco|a y
ovacoac|oo oo asos.
|| ooos|to os |osoos|b|o a |a |ooac|oo oo oos ooaoto |a so|oaooa sobo |a soo||c|o coo
|ooozas, cooo |a casca|||a oo |ao|oac|oo. || |oooooto t|ooo oo ba,o oso osoc|||co o so
oxco|ooto aoo|ac|oo: oob|oo a osto oo,oa so oos||zao|ooto y ooo|o|ooto.
Lob|oo a |a ba,a ooos|oao oo| |oooooto, |ooo oayo |oo|too oo so|oaooa ooos|taoa.
|o |a a|ta ooos|c|oo oo S| y |o os os|b|o coob|oa osto |oooooto coo |oso a|aobos |S-+ y |S-2.
|s aoocoaoo aa so|oaooa a|oa coo o| ocoso oo aco sooo|oo coo oos a|aobos, as|
cooo aa |a so|oaooa oo taoooo y oo oo|t|a|aobo.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas /|aobo |os|stooc|a o|o|oa ||o|to oo||oooc|a ||ooac|oo |os|stooc|a a|
oo| |ota| Loos|taoo a |a tacc|oo |/oo oo 5Ooo ') |oacto
va|oos t||cos) |/oo C|ay \
|S-+ 5OO - 6OO > +OO > 2+ > 5O
|S-2 53O - 63O > +2O > 22 > 5O
/||cac|ooos: |ato|a|os |o|oo ooo|aoto |o|oo ooo|aoto
so|oaooa o oo|t|caas so|oaooa oo oos caas
- so|oaooa |||oto
St 3-2, | St 3-2 |S-+ |S-2
| St 3-2, St ++-2, St ++-3, St 52-3 |S-2 |S-2
Tobo|as oo acoo
St | 2+O-, St | 2+O- |S-+ |S-2
St | 29O-, St | 32O-, St36O- |S-2 |S-2
St 35, St 35-+, St 35-8 |S-+ |S-2
St +5, St +5-+, St +5-8 |S-2 |S-2
St 52, St 52-3 |S-2 |S-2
+2 |S-+ |S-2
+6, 52, 56 |S-2 |S-2
6O, 65, O |S-2
/coos aa ca|ooas
Hl, Hll |S-+, |S-2 |S-+, |S-2
+ |o, +, +9 |o 5 |S-2 |S-2
St | 255 |S-2 |S-+, |S-2
St | 285 |S-2 |S-+, |S-2
St | 3+5 |S-2 |S-2
St | 355 |S-2 |S-2
253
Coosovac|oo:
|sto |oooooto oobo so coosovaoo oo oo |oa ||o|o y soco.
|osocaoo:
|| |oooooto oobo so coosovaoo a +5OC.
|o caso oo ooo o| |oooooto |aya ostaoo oxoosto oxcos|vaoooto a |a |otooo|o, osoca a 3OO
- 35OC o 2 |oas.
|osootac|oo:
|o bo|sas oo |ast|co, so||aoas y oto|oas oo bo|sas oo ao| ooso: caoa bo|sa coot|ooo 25 K.
|o c|||ooos oo +OO | y 2OO | coo taas oo a,osto |ooot|co.
/obac|ooos:
||S C.|. /3S.
|S+/ |O|+85 L, 3|, +T, 3| +T/ 2| lT/2|
|S2/ |O|+85 L, 3|, +`T, 2`| +`T| +`T, 2`|
POP 70 Cr
254
||o,os aa /coos loox|oab|os
255
|ooa Toco|ca:
Ll| 32 522: 3|3
3 |3 5 +8+ LC 8 K
/oa||s|s o|o|co /|aobo C ||
oo| oota| |S +9/9 > +8' > 9'
Loos|taoo oo ': |S 25/2O 25' 2O'
|S +3 C +2/ ++' O
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |O| O C os oo ||o,o a|oooaoo, oo caacto|st|ca bas|ca, ooo, a| oo|oa|o coo a|aobo a|
cooo y cooo o|ooo|, ||o|ta taoto |as oo|oas oo ostos o|ooootos cooo |a ao|c|oo oo cabooo
oo o| oota| ooos|taoo.
|ac|| oosooo|o|ooto oo osco|a, osoc|a|oooto aa so|oa |||otos.
|s aoocoaoo aa so|oaooas oo ooa o oas asaoas, taoto oo oo|oo cooo oo o||ooo oo |ozas
coo a|aobos aoocoaoos.
So ot|||za oo co|ooto coot|ooa ) |asta 8OO / aox|oaoaoooto.
|oooco cooooos |aoos y ||o|os, ||bos oo oota||aooas oo taos|c|oo coo o| oato|a| baso.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
oo| |ota| Loos|taoo:
Coo |os a|aobos |os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to oo ||oooc|a ||ooac|oo
tacc|oo K/oo oo 2
K/oo
|S-+9/9 > 55 >32
|S-25/ 2O + > ++ > 35 '
/||cac|ooos:
|o so|oaooas oo oo|oo oo acoos +8/8, +8/+2 y 25/2O cooo-o|ooo|, os|stootos a |a coos|oo,
a |os ac|oos y a| ca|o o|ovaoo, osoct|vaoooto: as|o|soo, aa acoos a| +3' cooo.
Caoo|ooot|a:
- 8 x +8, sooo T`|||
- Ll| 32 522: 2-2O
Coosovac|oo:
loosc|oo|b|o a|oacooao|ooto oo |oaos socos. || ||o,o oo oobo |ooooocoso o| oaotoooso a
|a |otooo|o. |o caso oo oocos|oao oooo o|oooaso ooto 3OO - 35OC.
|osootac|oo:
|o bo|sas oo |ast|co |ooot|caoooto so||aoas y oto|oas o ooa bo|sa oo ao| ooso.
Caoa bo|sa coot|ooo 25 K ootos.
POP 250 A POP 350 A
|ooa Toco|ca:
Ll| 32 522
3 CS 3 9 C C |o /C 8
/oa||s|s o|o|co oo| /|aobo C S| |o C |o
oota| Loos|taoo oo ': |S-+ O, +5 O, 5 +, 5 +, 5 O, 2
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |O| 25O / os oo |oooooto a|ca||oo a|oooaoo, osaoo oo ocob|o|ootos otoctoos ,ooto
coo o| a|aobo |S-+, coyos ooos|tos soo oo a|ta os|stooc|a a| |oacto: o| ooos|to os
oaoo|oab|o y oo ba,o costo.
|os ot|oos aaootos oo so|oaooa so |oao coo oo a|aobo oo +oo oo o|aooto oo|
t|o |S-+ coo 6OO / y 32 \ a vo|oc|oao oo avaoco oo 5O co/o|o.
|| o|octo oo oa|oac|oo oo o| oota| ooos|taoo oooooo |oooaooota|oooto oo |os aaootos oo
so|oaooa.
So ooooo oo|oa coo co|ooto coot|ooa y a|tooa.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas /|aobo Loozas Caa
oo| |ota| Loos|taoo: 3|oo|| |oc|o|| C
|S-+ 25O - 35O 2+ - 32 > 35 '
/||cac|ooos:
|oooas oo caos oota|oos.
|oooas oo oas oooto
Ca||os
|o||oos
|,os
|oo|||os.
Caoo|ooot|a:
8 x +8, sooo T`|||
Coosovac|oo:
|sto ||o,o oobo so a|oacooaoo oo |oa ||o|o y soco.
S| os oocosa|o, aa oo|ta |a |ooooao, osoca a 3OOC.
|osootac|oo:
|o bo|sas oo |ast|co so||aoas a| vac|o y oto|oas oo bo|sas oo ao| ooso: caoa bo|sa coot|ooo
25 K.
|o c|||ooos oo +OO K y 2OO K coo taas |ooot|caoooto a,ostaoas.
|ooa Toco|ca:
Ll| 32 522
3CS 3 9 C C |o /C 8
/oa||s|s o|o|co oo| /|aobo C S| |o C |o|
/|aobo Loos|taoo oo ': |S -+ O, 25 O, 5 +, 3, O O, +
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |O| 35O / os oo |oooooto a|ca||oo a|oooaoo, osaoo coo o| a|aobo |S-+. So |o oo|oa
cooo ocob|o|ooto ooo, otocto sobo |ozas so,otas a oosasto o a|to |oacto y ooooaoa
abas|oo.
|os ot|oos aaootos oo so|oaooa so |oao coo oo a|aobo oo +oo oo o|aooto oo| t|o
|S-+ coo 6OO / y 32 \ a vo|oc|oao oo avaoco oo 5O co/o|o.
So ooooo oo|oa coo co|ooto coot|ooa y a|tooa.
|S-+ 35O - +5O 3 - +2 3a.
/||cac|ooos
|oooas oo caos oota|oos.
Caoooas oo tactoos oo ooa.
|oooas o|a.
||oos.
|oo|||os taosotaooos.
|atos oo aco|ao|ootos, oxtooos oo vastaos oo oobo|os, atos oo oaas.
Caoo|ooot|a:
8 x +8, sooo T`|||
Coosovac|oo:
|sto ||o,o oobo so a|oacooaoo oo |oa ||o|o y soco.
S| os oocosa|o, aa oo|ta |a |ooooao, osoca a 3OO C.
|osootac|oo:
25 K.
||o,os aa |ocob|o|ootos |otoctoos ||o,os aa |ocob|o|ootos |otoctoos
256 257
foodeotes poro Arco Somerg|do foodeotes poro Arco Somerg|do
POP 450 A
Alambres solidos
para Proceso NlG
259
|ooa Toco|ca:
Ll| 32 522
3CS 3 9 C C |o /C 8
/oa||s|s o|o|co oo| /|aobo C S| |o C |o
/|aobo Loos|taoo |S-+ O, +O O, 5 +, 3 +, O O, +
oo ' :
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |O| +5O / os oo |oooooto a|ca||oo a|oooaoo, osaoo coo o| a|aobo |S-+. So |o oo|oa
cooo ocob|o|ooto otocto oo a|ta oooza oo |ozas so,otas a ooy a|ta abas|oo.
|os ot|oos aaootos oo so|oaooa so |oao osaooo oo a|aobo oo +oo oo o|aooto oo| t|o
|S -+ coo 6OO / y 32 \ a vo|oc|oao oo avaoco oo 5O co/o|o.
So oooo oo|oa taoto |a co|ooto ) cooo |a a|tooa.
|S -+ +3O - 55O +5 - 5O 3a.
/||cac|ooos:
||ozas ooo oocos|tao a|ta oooza.
Coc||||os oo ooto o|vo|aooas.
|aot|os oo c|aocaooas |oa|as.
|oooas o|a.
|oo|||os ooo taba,oo a a|ta abas|oo.
Caoo|ooot|a:
8 x +8, sooo T`|||
Coosovac|oo:
|sto |oooooto oobo so a|oacooaoo oo |oa ||o|o y soco.
S| os oocosa|o, aa oo|ta |a |ooooao, osoca a 3OOC.
|osootac|oo:
25 K.
||o,os aa |ocob|o|ootos |otoctoos
258
XSAflL !99
A|ombres S||dos de Acero loox|dob|e
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.9-93 Ll| 8556
|| 3O8| SC C || +9 9
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| /|aobo oo ':
C C || |o S| |o
O, O25 2 O + O O, 5 O, + +, 8
Caacto|st|cas:
/|aobos |oox|oab|os aostoo|t|cos a| cooo o|ooo| coo ba,o cootoo|oo oo cabooo aa so oo-
|oaoo coo o| ocoso |lC. || ba,o cootoo|oo oo cabooo oooco |a os|b|||oao oo |a oc||ta-
c|oo oo caboos oo cooo y aoooota |a os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo |otoaoo|a.
|aaootos
oo So|oaooa: L|aooto oo) /ooa,o \o|ta,o T|o oo /co
O, 6 +O - 6O + - 2O Coto C|co|to
O, 8 6O - +OO +8 - 2+ Coto C|co|to
+, O 5 - ++O +8 - 2+ Coto C|co|to
+, 2 +5O - +9O 25 - 28 /co Say
+, 6 +5 - 25O 25 - 28 /co Say
Cas otocto: / 2' CO
2
/||cac|ooos:
|| |S/|l| +99 so oo|oa aa so|oa |os acoos |oox|oab|os oo |a so|o 3OO coo +8 oo C y
8 oo o|ooo|, as| cooo |os acoos ostab|||zaoos /lSl 3+.
|o|oo oo acoos aostoo|t|cos coo +2-++' oo oaoaooso.
|o |aoc|as oo|aoas os ocoooooab|o |a taos|oooc|a o cotoc|co|to.
|osootac|oo
|o o|aootos oo O,6 oo, O,8 oo, +,O oo, +,2 oo y +,6 oo.
|osootac|oo oo caotos oo |ast|cos coo +O K oo caac|oao, oobo|saoo a| vac|o y oto|oo
coo ca,as oo catoo.
260 26!
CAROflL PS- GC
A|ombres S||dos de Acero o| Corbooo
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.+8-93 Ll| 8559
|| O S - 6 SC2 |2 ` +6 65
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| /|aobo oo ':
C S| |o | S Co
O, O+ O, 858 +,+ - +,8 O, O+O O, O++ O, OO6
Caacto|st|cas:
/|aobos coo a|to cootoo|oo oo oaoaooso |o) y s|||c|o S|), ooo oo|to so|oa coo co|ooto
a|ta coaooo so oo|oa as CO2.
Soo aoocoaoos aa so|oa sobo acoos coo soc|ooao y casca|||a oo |ao|oac|oo oo caot|oao
ooooaoa.
|a ca||oao oo| coooo oo so|oaooa oooooo oo| aoo oo |ooozas oo |a soo||c|o ooo so va a
so|oa.
So oooo oo|oa taob|oo oo os|c|ooos |ozaoas ooo|aoto o| oso oo taos|oooc|a o
cotoc| co| to.
|oo|to |ocoooota |a vo|oc|oao oo ooos|c|oo s|o a|octa |a ca||oao oo| ooos|to oo so|oaooa.
|o|ooaoos oocao|cas
oo| oota| ooos|taoo :
va|oos t||cos) |o|o. |os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co ||ooac|oo
tacc|oo oo 2
|b/o| 2 OOO 6O OOO 22'
||a 5OO +2O
/||cac|ooos:
/coos ostoctoa|os oo a|oaoos:
St 33, St 3, St ++, St 52-3, St 5O-2, St 6O-2.
/coos ostoctoa|os oo aoo ||oo:
St | 255, St | 285, St | 3+5, St | 355, \ St | 255, \ St | 285
Tobos:
St 3,O: St 3, +: St ++,O: St ++,+: St 52,O: St 52,+: St 35,8: St +5,8: St |2+O,: St | 2+O,:
St | 29O,: St | 32O,: St | 36O,.
/coos oava|os /, 3, C, L, |
/coos |ooo|oos CS-38, CS-+5, CS-52
Cooo a||cac|oo osoc|a| osto a|aobo oooo so oo|oaoo oo o| ocoso oo aco sooo|oo oo
coob|oac|oo coo ooosto ||o,o |O| +85 o |O| +82 aa |a ocoostocc|oo oo ooooos y
c|oa|os oo acoo |ooo|oo o |o,aoo.
Sooo o| ososo, oca|oota oosoo +5OC a 3OOC.
/obac|ooos:
/3S C| ||
3S 3S Lvo O, 3|, 3S
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aootos oo O,8oo, +,Ooo, +,2oo, +,6oo oobob|oaoos oo caotos oo +5 |.
lNOXflL PS !3 Cr
XSAflL 20!0Mo
262 263
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.9-93 Ll| 8556
|| 3+6| SC 2C || |o +9 +2
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| /|aobo: C C || |o |o
O,O2 +8 ++ 2,5 2,6
Caacto|st|cas:
|os cooooos oo so|oaooa ooos|taoos coo |S/|l| 2O+O |o t|oooo a|ta os|stooc|a a |a
coos|oo, y so ba,o cootoo|oo oo cabooo oooco |a os|b|||oao oo |ooac|oo oo caboos oo
cooo y coos|oo |otoaoo|a aoo a toooatoas oo 35OC.
L|aooto oo) /ooa,o \o|ta,o T|o oo /co
O, 8 6O +OO +8 2+ Coto C|co|to
+, O 5 - ++O +8 - 2+ Coto C|co|to
+, 2 +5O - +9O 25 28 /co Say
Cas otocto: / 2' CO
2,
/ 2' CO
2
/||cac|ooos:
|| |S/|l| 2O+O |o so oo|oa aa so|oa acoos coo a|ta os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo oxcoto
coaooo |ay osooc|a oo sa|os o ac|oos so||oosos.
|o|oo oo acoos +8' C 8' || ta|os cooo /lSl 3O8 3O8|
|o|oo oo acoos /lSl 3+6 3+6 |.
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aootos oo O,6 oo, O,8 oo, +,O oo, +,2 oo y +,6 oo.
|osootac|oo oo caotos oo |ast|cos coo +O K. oo caac|oao, oobo|saoo a| vac|o y oto|oo
coo ca,as oo catoo.
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.9-93 Ll| 8556
|| ++O SC 3 C +3
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| /|aobo oo ': C C |o S| S
O, O3 +3, + O, +3 O, 22 O, OO+
Caacto|st|cas:
|os ooos|tos oo osta a|oac|oo coo +2' oo C soo oooooc|b|os a| a|o. || o y ost-
ca|ootao|ooto os |ootaoto aa coo|o| a| ooos|to |as caacto|st|cas oooo|oas aa |a
aoocoaoa ooct|||oao oocosa|a oo |as o||oootos a||cac|ooos oo |ooo|o|a.
+,O 8O - 2OO 22 - 2
+,2 +OO - 25O 26 - 3O
Cas otocto: / +' O
2
, / +' CO
2
/||cac|ooos:
|a oas coooo a||cac|oo oo osta a|oac|oo os aa so|oa acoos oo cooos|c|oo s|o||a. |,oo|o:
/lSl ++O.
|ocaoo oo acoos a| cabooo aa oo,oa |a os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo, oos|oo o abas|oo.
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aootos oo +,O oo, +,2oo.
|osootac|oo oo caotos oo |ast|cos coo +5 K oo caac|oao, oobo|saoo a| vac|o y oto|oo
coo ca,as oo catoo.
|ooocto aa ooo soa |ab|caoo oxc|os|vaoooto sooo oo|oo.
lNOXflL PS !34
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.9-93 Ll| 8556:
|| ++O |||o SC 2 C|| +3 +
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota| Loos|taoo
C S| |o C |o || S | Co
O,O2 O,+3 O,38 +2,33 O,5 +,5 O,OO O,O+5 O,+6
Caacto|st|cas:
|| l|O|l| |S +3+ ooos|ta oo oota| ooo t|ooo boooa os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo o aoa,
vao y a|o oa|oo.
Sos oxco|ootos va|oos oo |oacto aaot|zao oo ooos|to oo so|oaooa oo a|ta ca||oao.
L|aooto oo) /ooa,o \o|ta,o Cas l / o|o
+,O 8O - 2OO 22 - 2 +2
+,2 +OO - 25O 26 - 3O +2
+,6 +9O -36O 3O - 3+ +5
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
||o|to |os|stooc|a a |a Looza |oo|a ||ooac|oo
||oooc|a tacc|oo 3|oo|| loacto a -2OC oo 2
|/oo) |/oo) H3) C|ay \ )
6+O - 8O 95O-++OO 35O-3O 85-+5O +5-2+'
|oca|ootao|ooto y
Tatao|ooto Too|co:
|oca|ootao|ooto +5OC y toooatoas oo |otoaso oo caso oo |ozas oosas +5OC - +5C.
|ax|oo ca|o oo ootaoa |oat |oot), +5 OOO /co.
Tatao|ooto too|co 58O-62OC /\S /5.+-92).
/||cac|ooos:
|| l|O|l| |S +3/+ os oo a|aobo oo acoo |oox|oab|o aa so osaoo coo o| ocoso |lC
oo |a oo|oo y/o ocob|o|ooto oo acoos |oox|oab|os oaotoos|t|cos oo| t|o /lSl ++O|||o,
Ll| 5 C|| +3 +, C - C||+3 +, C - 5 C|| +3 6
/coos |oox|oab|os /ST| C/6 | |
/coos |oox|oab|os Ll|:
5 C|| +3 +
C - 5 C || +3 +
C- 5 C || +3 6
/coos |oox|oab|os oatoos|t|cos, |o|t|cos, |ao|oaoos, |o,aoos o |ooo|oos.
|oooas |o|too, tob|oas a vao, s|stooas oo oooac|oo oo vao, boobas.
Casos |ocoooooaoos:
/ 2' oo CO
2
/ 2' oo O
2
|osootac|oo:
|obob|oaoo oo caotos oo +O K y +3,6 K, sooo LLl| 8559, oo o|aootos oo O,9 oo,
+,Ooo, +,2oo y +,6oo.
264
/|aobos oo /coo loox|oab|o
XSAflL 400, XSAflL 404, XSAflL 405, XSAflL 407
Caacto|st|cas,
/||cac|ooos y
|osootac|oo:
|ooocto )
265
/|aobos oac|zos oo /|oo|o|o y a|oac|ooos aa so|oaooa o ocoso |lC
/\S /5.+O-92 Ll| +32 |o | S| Co Zo T| |o C /|
|S/|l| +OO || ++OO SC/| 99,8 O,+ O,3 O, O2 O, O6 O,+-O,2 |osto
|S/|l| +O+ || 5356 SC/| | 5 +,5-5,6 O,O5-O,+5 O,+-O,5 O,3 |osto
|S/|l| +O5 || +O+3 SC/| S| 5 +,5-5,5 |osto
|S/|l| +O || +O+ SC/| S| +2 O,5 O,2-O,5 ++-+3, 5 O,O3 O,+5 O,O+-O,+ |osto
|ooocto |os|stooc|a ||ooac|oo lotova|o ||o|to oo ||oooc|a Cooooct|v|oao
a |a Tacc|oo l~5o) ') |os|oo C) |/oo
2
) o|oct|ca
|/oo
2
) So/oo
2
)
|S/|l| +OO 69 88 35 - +2 658 39 - 59 3+ 36
|S/|l| +O+ 2+5 - 255 + 25 55 - 63O > +OO -
|S/|l| +O5 ++8 - ++ +O - + 53 - 625 >+9 2 +
|S/|l| +O >+6 + - 8 53 - 585 >8 2 +
|os|c|ooos oo So|oa: |, ||, H, \a
T|o oo co|ooto , |o|a|oao, |oooto oo |ooo y Cas oo |otocc|oo:
Co|ooto Coot|ooa ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo, \o|ta,o Coostaoto, / 99.95' o|o
A|ombres S||dos de Acero loox|dob|e A|ombres S||dos de A|om|o|o , rooce A|om|o|o
|S/|l| +OO
|S/|l| +O+
|S/|l| +O5
|S/|l| +O
Caoto: O,8oo x 6 K
Caoto: +,Ooo x 6 K
Caoto: +,2oo x 6 K
Caoto: O,8oo x 6 K
Caoto: +,Ooo x 6 K
Caoto: +,2oo x 6 K
Caoto : O,8oo x O.5 K
Caoto: +,2oo x O.5 K
Caoto: O,8oo x 6 K
Caoto: +,Ooo x 6 K
Caoto: +,2oo x 6 K
Caoto: O,8oo x O.5 K
Caoto:+,2oo x O.5 K
Caoto:+,2oo x 6 K
/|aobo oo a|oo|o|o oo, aa |a so|-
oaooa o ocoso |lC oo a|oo|o|o
oo. |oca|oota |as |ozas a +5O C
oo oo aoc|o oo +5 oo. looa| aa so|-
oa oo tooa os|c|oo. |ocoooooab|o
aa aooo|za.
/|aobo oo a|oo|o|o a| | aa |a so|oa-
ooa o ocoso |lC oo a|oo|o|os a|
| y a|oac|ooos sooot|oas a aooos os-
|oozos oocao|cos. |oca|oota |as |ozas
a +5O C oo oo aoc|o oo +5 oo. O|oco
boooa os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo y a| ata-
ooo o aoa oo oa. |ocoooooab|o aa
aooo|za.
/|aobo oo a|oo|o|o a| 5' oo S| aa |a
so|oaooa o ocoso |lC oo a|oo|o|o
|ooo|oo y a|oac|ooos |asta coo ' oo S|.
|oca|oota |as |ozas a +5O C oo oo
aoc|o oo +5 oo. Caob|a oo co|o coo
o| aooo|zaoo.
/|aobo oo a|oo|o|o a| +2' oo S| aa
|a so|oaooa o ocoso |lC oo a|oo|-
o|o |ooo|oo y a|oac|ooos coo oas oo '
oo S|. |oca|oota |as |ozas a +5O C oo
oo aoc|o oo +5 oo.
XSAflL 74
VARlLLA5 5OLlDA5 PARA
PROCE5O IlG
266 267
/|aobo oo booco a| a|oo|o|o oo|t|a|oaoo aa so|oaooa |lC
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S//S||/S|/-5. Ll| +33
|| Co |o || /| SC-Co |o +3 /|
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '): /| |o || |o Co
,O 8,O 2,O +,O +,5 3,O ++,O ++,O |osto
Caacto|st|cas:
|| oota| ooos|taoo os os|stooto a |a coos|oo y ataooo oo aoa oo oa.
|ocoooooab|o aa |ozas ooo taba,ao so,otas s|oo|taooaoooto a| ataooo oo aoa oa|oa,
cav|tac|oo y oos|oo. |osoota boooas o|ooaoos |ooto a| oosasto, ||cc|oo oota|-oota|.
/|aobo |lC coo oxco|ootos caacto|st|cas oo so|oab|||oao.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
|os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo ||o|to o|ast|co ||ooac|oo Looza H3)
|/oo
2
) |/oo
2
) oo 2' ')
59 +62 2 2+5
|os|c|ooos oo So|oa: |, ||, H.
T|o oo Co|ooto , |o|a|oao, |oooto oo |ooo y Cas oo |otocc|oo:
Co|ooto Coot|ooa ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo, \o|ta,o coostaoto, / 99.95' o|o.
/||cac|ooos:
So|oaooa oo oo|oo y ocaoo oo |ozas oo booco, booco a| a|oo|o|o, booco a| a|oo|o|o oo|
t|a|oaoo coo a|to cootoo|oo oo oaoaooso y |ozas |ooo|oas oo booco ooo ostao sooot|oas a|
oosasto.
looa| aa |a |ab|cac|oo y ocoostocc|oo oo |o||cos, boobas, cooootas oo va|vo|as, b|oas y
accoso|os oo oooa| aa |a |ooost|a oava| o |ooost|a oo|o|ca.
|ocoooooaoo taob|oo aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo oo otos boocos a| a|oo|o|o oo a|ta os|s
tooc|a, ososoos oosos y oo ooooo so ooo|oa ooa ,oota os|stooto a| ||soao|ooto.
|aa oa||za so|oaooas oo oo|oo y ocaoo sobo a|oac|ooos oo cobo, acoos oo a|oaoos,
acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo y ||oo |ooo|oo.
|oca|oota |a zooa a so|oa cooo oax|oo a 2OO C. |a toooatoa oo |otoaso oo
oobo oxcooo |os 22O C.
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aooto +,2 oo 3/6+') oobob|oaoo oo caoto oo +2,5O |.
A|ombres S||dos de A|om|o|o , rooce A|om|o|o
268 269
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /S|| S|/ /5.+8-93: Ll| 8559:
|| O S-6 \SC 2 - l` +2 5+
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| /|aobo
Loos|taoo oo ': C S| |o | S
O,O6 - O,+2 O, - +,O +,3 - +,6 O,O25 O,O25
Caacto|st|cas:
\a|||a oo acoo a| cabooo coo a|to cootoo|oo oo oaoaooso y s|||c|o aa so|oa o ocoso
TlC.
|osoota boooa so|oab|||oao, ooc|ooaooo oo c|aco ||o|o coo boooa v|s|b|||oao.
So ooos|to os ||bo oo oos y ||soas.
looa| aa so|oa oo tooa os|c|oo.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
coo /oo:
||o|to oo ||oooc|a |os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo ||ooac|oo ') C|ay \ )
+2O 5OO - 6+O > 22 > 8O
/||cac|ooos:
|aa |a So|oab|||oao oo:
/coos ostoctoa|os: St33, St 3-2 a St 52-3, St 5O-2, St 6O-2, Ll| + +OO.
/coo oo ca|oa|a: Hl, Hll, + |o +, +9 |o5, Ll| ++55
St 3.O a St 52.O, Ll| +628/+63O
St 35.8, St +5.8, Ll| ++5
St 55, St 55.+, Ll| +629
St| 2+O. a St| 36O., Ll| ++2
Lo |a so|o /|l:
+2, +6, /|l-ST/|L/|
/coos oo aoo ||oo
St| 255 a St| 355, Ll| ++O2
\st| 255 a \st| 355
Tst| 255 a Tst| 355
/coo oava|
/, 3, L, |.
/coos |ooo|oos:
CS.38, CS-+5, CS-52.
|oca|oota ooto +5OC y 3OOC.
Casos |ocoooooaoos:
/oo oo
Ho||o.
|osootac|oo:
L|aooto : +,6O: 2,5O y 3,+5 oo.
|ovasos : |atas oo 5 |.
XSA7lG St
or|||os S||dos poro Aceros o| Corbooo
XSA7lG !99
or|||os S||dos poro Aceros loox|dob|es
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /S|| S|/ /5.+9-93: Ll| 8556:
|| 3O8| SC 2 - C|| +9 9
/oa||s|s oo|o|co
oo| a|aobo
ooos|taoo: C || C
O,O25 + O + 9
Caacto|st|cas:
\a|||a aa ocoso TlC coyo ooos|to os oo acoo |oox|oab|o aostoo|t|co oo ba,o cabooo ||C)
oo| t|o C-||
|os ooos|tos t|oooo ooa os|stooc|a a toooatoas |asta oo 35OC oxoostos a| a|o y a asos
ox|oaotos ooocto oo coobost|oo |asta 8OOC.
Ll|: 6 C||T| +8 +O
Ll|: 5 C|||b +8 9
Ll|: 6 C|||b +8 +O
|aa toooatoas oo |asta 35OC, taob|oo |os oato|a|os.
5 C || +8+O
5 C || +8+2
2 C || +9++
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
||o|to oo |os|stooc|a a |a |os|stooc|a a| |oacto ||ooac|oo
||oooc|a tacc|oo C|ay \ 25C) |o~5o)
|/oo) |/oo) oo|os '
> 32O 55O - 65O > 8O >35
/||cac|ooos
So osa aa |os acoos |oox|oab|os ostab|||zaoos o oo ostab|||zaoos oo |a |ao|||a C/||: /lSl 3O+,
3O8, 32+, 3+, otc.
Ll|: 5 C|| +8 8, 5 C|| +8 +O, 5 C|| +8 +2, 2 C|| +9 ++.
Casos |ocoooooaoos:
/oo oo
|osootac|oo
|o va|||as oosoooas oo 5OO oo, oovasos oo 5 K.
L|aootos: O,8 oo, +,O oo, +,2 oo, +,6 oo, 2,O oo, 2,5 oo, 3,25 oo.
|ocosa|aoooto so oobo cooso|ta stoc|)
\a|||as Coboaoas aa So|oa /coos a| Cabooo
XSA7lG 20!0 Mo
XSA7lG !34
270 27!
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /S|| S|/ /5.9-93: Ll| 8556:
|| 3+6| SC 2 C|| +9 +2
/oa||s|s o|o|co
C |o || C
O,O25 2, 8 +2, O +9, O
Caacto|st|cas:
\a|||a aa ocoso TlC coyo ooos|to os oo acoo |oox|oab|o aostoo|t|co oo ba,o cabooo ||C) oo|
t|o C-||-|o.
|os|stooc|a a toooatoas oo |asta 35OC.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
||o|to |os|stooc|a a |a |os|stooc|a a| |oacto ||ooac|oo
oo ||oooc|a tacc|oo C|ay \ 25C) |o~5o)
|/oo) |/oo) oo|os '
> 32O 55O - 65O > 8O >35
/||cac|ooos:
So osa aa |os acoos |oox|oab|os ostab|||zaoos o oo ostab|||zaoos oo |a |ao|||a C/||:
/lSl 3+6, 3+6|
Ll|: 5 C|||o + +2 2: 2 C|||o + +3 2: 2 C|||o +8 ++ 3
5 C|||o + +3 3
6 C|||oT| + +2 2: +O C|||oT| +8 +2
+O C|||o|b +8 +O: +O C|||o|b +8 +2
Casos |ocoooooaoos:
/oo oo.
|osootac|oo:
L|aootos: O,8 oo, +,O oo, +,2 oo, +,6 oo, 2,O oo, 2,5 oo, 3,25 oo.
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /S|| S|/ /5.9-93: Ll| 8556: ||S |oobo
|| ++O || |o SC 2 C|| +3 + S++O86
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo: C S| |o C |o || S | Co
O,O2 O,+3 O,38 +2,33 O,5 +,5 O,OO O,O+5 O,O6
Caacto|st|cas:
\a|||a aa ocoso TlC coyo ooos|to os oo acoo |oox|oab|o oatoos|t|co oo ba,o cabooo
|||C) oo| t|o C-|| +3-+.
|| |S/|l| +3+ ooos|ta oo oota| ooo t|ooo boooa os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo o aoa, vao
y a|o oa|oo.
Sos oxco|ootos va|oos oo |oacto aaot|zao oo ooos|to oo so|oaooa oo a|ta ca||oao.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
||o|to oo ||oooc|a |os|stooc|a a |a Looza 3|oo|| |os|stooc|a a| ||ooac|oo
|/oo) tacc|oo |/oo) H3) |oacto C|ay \ oo 2
25C) oo|os
6+O - 8O 95O - + +OO 35O - 3O 95 - +5O +6 - 22'
|oca|ootao|ooto y
tatao|ooto too|co:
|oca|ootao|ooto +5OC y toooatoas oo |otoaso oo caso oo |ozas oosas: +5OC - +5C.
|ax|oo ca|o oo ootaoa |oat |oot), +5 OOO /co.
Tatao|ooto too|co 58O - 62OC /\S /5.+ - 92).
/||cac|ooos:
|| |S/TlC +3+ os oo a|aobo oo acoo |oox|oab|o aoocoaoo aa so osaoo coo o| ocoso
TlC oo |a oo|oo y o ocob|o|ooto oo acoos |oox|oab|os oatoos|t|cos oo| t|o /lSl: ++O|||o,
Ll|: 5 C|| +3 +, C - C|| +3 +, C - 5 C|| +3 6.
/coos |oox|oab|os /ST| C/6 | |.
/coos |oox|oab|os Ll|:
5 C|| +3 +
C - 5 C || +3 +
C - 5 C || +3 6
/coos |oox|oab|os oatoos|t|cos, |o|t|cos, |ao|oaoos, |o,aoos o |ooo|oos.
|oooas |o|too, tob|oas a vao, s|stooas oo oooac|oo oo vao, boobas.
Casos |ocoooooaoos:
/oo oo.
|osootac|oo:
L|aootos: O,8 oo, +,O oo, +,2 oo, +,6 oo.
XSA7lG !37
272
|ooas:
/\S /5.9-93 Ll| 8556
|| 385 SC 2 || C |o Co 25 2O
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '):
C S| C || |o |o Co |o
O,O25 O,2 2O 25 2,5 +,8 +,5 |osto
Caacto|st|cas:
|xtooa os|stooc|a a |a coos|oo oo ooo|os ac|oos y a|ca||oos.
Loos|to coo oxta ba,o cootoo|oo oo cabooo.
|oy os|stooto a |os o||oootos t|os oo coos|oo ooo atacao a |os acoos |oox|oab|os.
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co C| \ 2O C) ||ooac|oo
Tacc|oo |/oo) ) |o 2' ')
|/oo)
56O 38O 55 35
|osootac|oo:
\a|||a oo 8 2,5O oo, oovaso oo + K.
\a|||a oo 8 3,25 oo, oovaso oo + K.
/||cac|ooos:
looa| aa |a |ooost|a otooo|o|ca, ao|oa, a||ooot|c|a, aa coostocc|ooos oa|oas, otc.
|os|stooto a |os ac|oos so||o|cos, |os|o|co, |oo|co, acot|co, o|t|co, c|o||o|co o ||oox|oo oo
soo|o y a |a coos|oo o |caooas, toos|ooos, ooo|,as, |otoaoo|a, a|vao|ca y oos|oo.
Soota ataooos oo aoa oo oa.
\a|||a oo oax|oa os|stooc|a a| ataooo coos|vo oo ooo|os ac|oos y a|ca||oos aa ocoso TlC
273
\a|||a : +,6O / 2,5O / 3,25 oo.
\a|||a : +,6O / 2,5O / 3,25
oo.
\a|||a : +,6O / 2,5O / 3,25 oo.
Caacto|st|cas,
/||cac|ooos y
|osootac|oo:
XSA7lG 400, XSA7lG 405, XSA7lG 407
|S/TlC +OO
|S/TlC +O5
|S/TlC +O
|ooocto )
\a|||a oo a|oo|o|o oo aa so|oaooa
aotoooa o TlC oo a|oo|o|o y a|ooao.
So ooos|to os oa|oab|o y aooo|zab|o.
\a|||a oo a|oo|o|o a| 5' oo S| aa so|-
oaooa aotoooa o TlC oo a|oo|o|o |oo-
o|oo y a|oac|ooos |asta coo ' oo S|.
|s os|b|o |aco oo|ooos oo a|oo|o|o
oo s|o |ooo| o| oota| baso. Caob|a
oo co|o coo o| aooo|zaoo.
\a|||a oo a|oo|o|o a| +2' oo S| aa
so|oaooa aotoooa o TlC oo a|oo|-
o|os coo oas oo ' oo S| y a|oac|o-
oos oo a|oo|o|o coo oooos oo 2' oo
o|ooootos a|oaotos. |osoota oooo-
o |otova|o oo |os|oo y boooa ||o|ooz.
|o os aooo|zab|o.
\a|||as oo /|oo|o|o y a|oac|ooos aa so|oaooa ox|acot||oo|ca o TlC
or|||os S||dos de A|om|o|o , A|eoc|ooes
/\S /5.+O-92 Ll| +32 |o | S| Co Zo T| |o C /|
|S/TlC +OO || ++OO SC/| 99,8 O, +5 - O, +5 - - - - - >99,8
|S/TlC +O5 || +O+3 SC/| S| 5 O,+ - 5, O - - O,+ - - |osto
|S/TlC +O || +O+ SC/| S| +2 O,+ - ++-+3,5 - - - O,5 - |osto
|ooocto |os|stooc|a ||ooac|oo lotova|o ||o|to oo ||oooc|a Cooooct|v|oao
a |a Tacc|oo |~5o) |os|oo |/oo
2
) o|oct|ca
|/oo) ') C) So/oo
2
)
|S/TlC +OO 69 88 35 - +2 658 39 - 59 3+ 36
|S/TlC +O5 ++8 - ++ +O - + 53 - 625 !+9 2 +
|S/TlC +O >+6 + - 8 53 - 585 >8 2 +
|os|c|ooos oo So|oa: |, ||, H, \a
|oootos oo Ca|o:
So|oto ox|acot||oo|co ||aoa caboaoto), TlC.
|oooooto |t|||zaoo oo |ocoso Ox|acot||oo|co:
|S/||| +OO
ALANBRE5 IUBULARE5
274 275
276 277
XSA7U 7!
Losc|c|oo: || ooocto |S/T|3 +T-+ os oo a|aobo tobo|a aa tooa os|c|oo, o|soaoo aa b|ooa ot|oas
o|ooaoos oocao|cas a| taba,a coo CO2 o oozc|a oo /oo/CO2 cooo as otocto.
|ooas:
/\S//S||/S|/-5.2O
| +T-+
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '): C |o S|
O, O6 +, + O, 6
Caacto|st|cas:
|| ooocto |S/T|3 + oooco 2O' oooos oo |ooos, 5O' oooos oo sa||caooas ooo
a|aobos tobo|aos ooo|va|ootos. |o cooaac|oo coo a|aobos tobo|aos aotooto|oos,
b|ooa boooas o|ooaoos |ooto a| |oacto a ba,a toooatoa y |a aa|ooc|a oo| coooo
os |osooab|o.
|a taos|oooc|a oo| oota| oo aoto os soavo y |a oooc|oo oo osco|a os |ac||, |o coa| |ac|||ta o|
ooos|to oo cooooos oo os|c|oo vot|ca| ascoooooto.
|| cootooo oo |a so|oaooa oo |||oto os |aoo a ||oaoooto coovoxo coo boooa |oooctac|oo oo
|os booos oo |a ,oota. |sto a|aobo to|oa casca|||as y ox|oos ||oos sobo o| oato|a| baso.
|os|stooc|a ||o|to ||ooac|oo |ooocc|oo C| \
a |a Tacc|oo ||ast|co |~5o) oo aoa 22C -+8C
Losoos 593 |/oo
2
52+ |/oo
2
2' 6' 89 +3
oo so|oaoo 86 OOO |b/o|
2
6 OOO |b/o|
2
Coo a||v|o
oo toos|ooos, 52 |/oo
2
5O3 |/oo
2
28' 68' +3 2
8 |oas a 6OOC 83 OOO |b/o|
2
3 OOO |b/o|
2
|, ||, H, \a, \o, Sc
T|o oo Co|ooto, |o|a|oao, |oooto oo |ooo y Cas oo |otocc|oo:
Co|ooto Coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo / CC)
\o|ta,o Coostaoto oo o|oooc|a) o
/ooa,o Coostaoto coo a||oootaoo oo a|aobo.
L|aootos,
/ooa,os L|aooto oo) +,6O
y |osootac|oo: |osootac|oo K) +5 caoto) o 2,2 o||o)
Cas oo otocc|oo +OO' CO2, //CO2 8O/2O o 5/25)
/ooa,o /o.) 2+O 22O 2+O 25 3OO 35O
\o|ta,o \) 2 + 2 5 2 6 2 8 2 8 2 9
\o|oc|oao oo a||oootac|oo 3O2 3+5 3+8 +55 5++ 6+5
oo| a|aobo co/o|o)
\o|oc|oao oo ooos|c|oo |/|) 2,2 2,5 3,5 3,9 +,2 5,3
|ooo|o|ooto ') 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8
/||cac|ooos:
|| a|aobo |S/T|3 + osta o|soaoo aa so|oaooas oo tooa os|c|oo, oo oo so|o aso y/
o oo|t|aso sobo acoos oo ba,o y oo ooo|aoo cabooo y acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo.
|s ooy oo|oaoo oo |a |ab|cac|oo y oaac|oo oo ooo|os oo o|oo|a, to|vas, c|otos, oo||oos,
taoooos, caotas, |aoooos, coc|aas oo a|as y oo caaooos |oota|os, otc.
A|ombres 7obo|ores de Uo|o poro Aceros o| Corbooo
XSA7U 74
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.2O-89:
|O T - +
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| /|aobo
Loos|taoo: C S| |o | S /|
O,2O O,25 +,3 O,OO O,OO2 +,+
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |S/T|3 + os oo a|aobo aa aco ab|oto aotooto|oo. |sta o|soaoo aa cob| |as
oocos|oaoos oo ooac|oo ooooo os |oact|cab|o o| oso oo ooo|os oo otocc|oo oxtooa.
|os cooooootos |otooos soo co|oaoosaoooto ba|aocoaoos aa |oa ooa ooac|oo ostab|o,
os|stooto a |as ||soas y |ac|| oooc|oo oo osco|a.
|sto a|aobo tobo|a os o|soaoo aa ooa ot|oa o||c|ooc|a coo oayo |oo|too oo a|aobo
sa||ooto ooo aooo||os a|aobos tobo|aos coo otocc|oo oxtooa oo| a|aobo o|octooo.
|os cooooos oo so|oaooas soo ||sos, |aoos y coo boooa |oooctac|oo oo |os booos oo |a ,oota.
|S/T|3 + os os|stooto a |a oos|oao coaooo so soo|oa sobo ooa ooooaoa caa oo
soc|ooao y |ao|o|||a, y osta |ab|||taoo aa so oao|o|aoo sobo booos ooso|vo|aoos.
Caacto|st|cas oo Ooac|oo:
|| a|aobo |S/T|3 + o|oco |as s|o|ootos caacto|st|cas oo ooac|oo:
- |o |||oto |o|zoota|, o| a|aobo os o|||oo |ac|a |a |oza |o|o|o a oo aoo|o oo +5 aoos
aox|oaoaoooto y soaaoo oo |a |oza vot|ca| |oa| a oo o|aooto oo| a|aobo.
- |oooo so|oa oo os|c|oo |aoa y |||oto |o|zoota| s|o as otocto oo s|o|o o oo|t|asos.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
|o|oao |os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo ||o|to o|ast|co ||ooac|oo oo 2
|b/o| 8 OOO 6+ OOO 26'
||a 6OO ||a +++
/||cac|ooos:
Sobo acoos oo ba,o y ooo|aoo cootoo|oo oo cabooo oo cooo|c|ooos ooooo oo so ooo|oo
a|tas o|ooaoos oo os|stooc|a a| |oacto.
|stoctoa y coo,ootos o|ac|ooaoos coo cooooootos oo |a coostocc|oo oo oaoo|oa|a, aoto
oov||os, tactoos, vaooos oo |ooca||os y ooo|os osaoos oo coostocc|oo, as| cooo taob|oo
|ab|cac|ooos ostoctoa|os.
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aootos oo +,6oo, 2,+ oo, 2,8 oo y 3,+5 oo osootaoo oo o||os oo |ast|co oo 22,
K 5O |b) y cootoo|oo oo bo|sas oo |ast|co so||aoas a| vac|o.
278
XSA7U 7!!
|ooa Toco|ca:
/\S /5.2O-89:
|+ T - ++
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| /|aobo
Loos|taoo: C S| |o | S /|
O, 25 O, +O O, 65 O, OO O, OO+ 2, +
Caacto|st|cas:
|| |S/T|3 ++ os oo a|aobo tobo|a aotooto|oo o|soaoo aa so|oaooas oo tooas |as
os|c|ooos aa a||cac|ooos oo oo so|o aso y oo|t|aso sobo acoos oo ba,o cabooo.
|s oxco|ooto aa oso oo oo so|o aso o oo|t|aso oo ,ootas a so|ao, |||oto y so|oaooas a too oo
tooa os|c|oo sobo acoos oo ba,o cabooo.
|a acc|oo oo| aco os soavo, y |a osco|a, ooo cobo coo|otaoooto tooo o| aoc|o oo| coooo, os
oo |ac|| oooc|oo. T|ooo ocas sa||caooas.
|| asocto oo| coooo y o| oo |os booos oo |as so|oaooas soo ||sos y oo ooo|ooo as oo
otocc|oo.
|o|ooaoos |ocao|cas
|o|oao |os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to o|ast|co ||ooac|oo
tacc|oo oo 2
|b/o| 65 OOO a 88 5OO 62 5OO a 65 OOO 2+'
||a 6OO a 629 +3+ a ++8
/||cac|ooos:
|s oxco|ooto aa |ab|cac|ooos oota||cas oo oooa|, sobo acoos oo ba,o cabooo, oo ososoos
oo +,6 oo o oas, ooooo |ay ox|ooc|a oo so|oaooa oo os|c|ooos |ozaoas.
|osootac|oo:
|o o|aootos oo +,6 oo, 2,Ooo y 2,5 oo osootaoo oo o||os oo |ast|co oo ++,3 K 25 |b)
y cootoo|oo oo bo|sas oo |ast|co so||aoas a| vac|o.
Cooso|ta coo o| ooataoooto toco|co sobo otas osootac|ooos.
XSA7U 308 L-O
Losc|c|oo: /|aobo tobo|a aotooto|oo coyo oota| ooos|taoo coosoooo a oo acoo |oox|oab|o aostoo|t|co oo
ca||oao /lSl 3O8| |xta |o Caboo - ||C).
|ooas:
/\S//S||/S|/-5.22
| 3O8|TO-3
/oa||s|s oo|o|co
oo| oota|
ooos|taoo '): C |o S| C ||
O, O+5 +, 5 O, 6 2O, 2 9,
Caacto|st|cas:
/|aobo tobo|a oo acoo |oox|oab|o aotooto|oo, o|soaoo aa a||caso ooo|aoto o| o
coso oo /co /b|oto Ooo /c).
|os cooooos oo so|oaooa soo |aoos coo aosooc|a tota| oo ooooooas, oxco|ooto acabaoo y
||bo oo oos.
|osoota oxco|ooto so|oab|||oao, |a taos|oooc|a oo| oota| oo aoto os soavo y |a oooc|oo oo
osco|a os |ac||.
So obt|ooo a|tos |oo|cos oo ooos|c|oo |oa|a, a|ta o||c|ooc|a oo |os|oo y a|ta oooct|v|oao.
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co ||ooac|oo C| \
Tacc|oo |~5o) -6O C
6OO |/oo
2
+OO |/oo
2
3+' 35
8 OOO |b/o|
2
58 OOO |b/o|
2
|os|c|ooos oo So|oa: |, ||, H
T|o oo Co|ooto,
|o|a|oao y Co|ooto Coot|ooa - ||octooo a| |o|o |os|t|vo / CC)
|oooto oo |ooo: \o|ta,o Coostaoto oo o|oooc|a) o
L|aootos,
/ooa,os y
|osootac|oo: L|aooto oo) +,6O 2,+O
|osootac|oo |) +5 caoto) 25 o||o)
/ooa,o /) +5O 28O 2OO 35O
\o|ta,o \) 2+ 28 22 28
\o|oc|oao oo ooos|c|oo |/|) 2,6 +,9 +,2 6,
|ooo|o|ooto ') 8+ 8+ 8O 83
/||cac|ooos:
|aa |a so|oaooa oo oo|oo y o||ooo oo acoos |oox|oab|os ostab|||zaoos y oo ostab|||zaoos
oo| t|o /lSl 3O+, 3O2, 3O+, 3O+|, 3O8, y 3O8|. looa| aa so|oa acoos |oox|oab|os oo|
t|o /lSl 32+ y 3+.
looa| aa |aboos oo |ab|cac|oo, oaac|oo y oaotoo|o|ooto sobo acoos aostoo|t|cos a| oao-
aooso, acoos oo ba,a a|oac|oo, acoos oo a|ta a|oac|oo y so|oaooa oo oo|oo oo acoos a| oaoa-
ooso coo |aoc|as aot|abas|vas T+, T+/ / 3, Cotoo, T2+, Haoox +OO / 5OO, /| +OO / 5OO,
otc.), oo to|vas, c|otos, oo||oos, taoooos, caotas, |aoooos, coc|aas oo a|as y oo caaooos
|oota|os, otc., oo |a |ooost|a o|ooa, |ao|||oa, cooootoa y otas.
|ocoooooaoo cooo caoa co,|o' aa |a osto|o a||cac|oo oo ocob|o|ootos ooos.
A|ombres 7obo|ores de Acero loox|dob|e
279
XSA7U 309L G-!
Losc|c|oo: /|aobo tobo|a aotooto|oo coyo oota| ooos|taoo coosoooo a oo acoo |oox|oab|o aostoo|t|co oo
ca||oao /lSl 3O8| |xta |o Caboo - ||C).
A|ombres 7obo|ores de Acero loox|dob|e
Losc|c|oo: Loos|to oo ba,a a|oac|oo, aa ocoostocc|oo oo cooooootos oo acoo a| cabooo.
|oooo so oo|oaoo cooo baso ocoooo|ca aa ocob|o|ootos ooos o cooo ocoostocc|oo o|ooos|ooa| y co|c|oo
oo cooooootos so,otos a |ootos caas cooos|vas.
XSA7U 350-O
A|ombres 7obo|ores poro Recobr|m|eotos Protectores
/oa||s|s oo|o|co
oo| oota|
ooos|taoo '): C |o S| C |o
O, +5 2, O O, 5 +, 6 O, 35
Caacto|st|cas:
/|aobo tobo|a aotooto|oo aa ocoostocc|oo oo cooooootos oo acoo a| cabooo.
looa| cooo caoa co,|o aa |a a||cac|oo oo ocaoos ooos o aa ocoostocc|oo o|ooos|ooa|.
|o so o|ovaoa os|stooc|a a |a cooos|oo oooo so osaoo cooo co|c|oo oo |ozas so,otas a
|ootos caas cooos|vas.
|aoo|oab|o coo |oao|ootas oo acoo a|oo o oota| ooo.
|o ocoooooab|o aa oo|ooos.
|o|ooaoos
oo| oota|
ooos|taoo. |os|stooc|a a |a |os|stooc|a a| |os|stooc|a Looza
/bas|oo loacto: a |a Cooos|oo H|3)
|oooaoa |xco|ooto |xco|ooto 28O-32O
|os|c|ooos oo So|oa: |, H, ||
\ot|ca| ascoooooto o ooscoooooto |asta +5
T|o oo Co|ooto y
|o|a|oao:
L|aootos,
/ooa,os y
|osootac|oo: L|aooto oo) +,6O 2,OO 2,+O
|osootac|oo |) +5 Caoto) +5 Caoto) +5 Caoto)
/ooa,o /) +5O - 35O 2OO +OO 2OO +5O
\o|ta,o \) 26- 3O 26 3O 26 3O
|oo|too oo a|aobo o|oct|zaoo 25 - 5O 25 5O 25 5O
St|c| oot oo)
Cas oo otocc|oo ||oooo ||oooo ||oooo
/||cac|ooos:
|t|||zaoo aa o||ooos o ocob|o|ootos ooos oo atos so,otas a| oosasto oota|-oota| y aba-
s|oo ooooaoa.
|ocoostocc|oo oo cooooootos y atos ooaotos oo tactoos y ooo|os oo oov|o|ooto oo
t|oa y o|oo|a, o,os y ooaoa,os oo acoo, oooas oo oootos oa, oo|||os oo s|ooo|a, oo-
oas oo caos o|ooos, atos oo oaas y oozc|aooas, aco|os oo tooos.
280 28!
|ooas:
/\S//S||/S|/-5.22
| 3O9|T+-+/+
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '): C S| C ||
O, O O, 8 23, O +3, O
Caacto|st|cas:
|| ooocto |S/T|3 3O9|C-+ oooco 2O' oooos oo |ooos, 5O' oooos oo sa||caooas
ooo a|aobos tobo|aos ooo|va|ootos. |o cooaac|oo coo a|aobos tobo|aos aotooto|oos,
b|ooa boooas o|ooaoos |ooto a| |oacto a ba,a toooatoa y |a aa|ooc|a oo| coooo os
|osooab|o.
|a taos|oooc|a oo| oota| oo aoto os soavo y |a oooc|oo oo osco|a os |ac||, |o coa| |ac|||ta o|
ooos|to oo cooooos oo os|c|oo vot|ca| ascoooooto.
|| cootooo oo |a so|oaooa oo |||oto os |aoo a ||oaoooto coovoxo coo boooa |oooctac|oo oo
|os booos oo |a ,oota. |sto a|aobo to|oa casca|||as y ox|oos ||oos sobo o| oato|a| baso.
|os|stooc|a a |a ||o|to ||ast|co ||ooac|oo |ooocc|oo C| \
Tacc|oo /
5
'j oo aoa 2OC -+8C
Losoos 593 |/oo
2
52+ |/oo
2
2' 6' 89 +3
oo so|oaoo 86 OOO |b/o|
2
6 OOO |b/o|
2
Coo a||v|o 52 |/oo
2
5O3 |/oo
2
28' 68' +3 2
oo toos|ooos, 83 OOO |b/o|
2
3 OOO |b/o|
2
8 |oas a 6OOC
|os|c|ooos oo So|oa: |, ||, H, \a, \o, Sc
T|o oo Co|ooto,
|o|a|oao, |oooto
oo |ooo y Cas oo
|otocc|oo: Co|ooto Coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo / CC )
L|aootos, /ooa,os
y |osootac|oo: L|aooto oo) +, 6O
|osootac|oo K) +5 caoto) o 2,2 o||o)
Cas oo otocc|oo +2 - +5 |/o|o) +OO' CO
2
, //CO
2
8O/2O o 5/25)
/ooa,o /o.) 2+O 22O 2+O 25 3OO 35O
\o|ta,o \) 2 + 2 5 2 6 2 8 2 8 2 9
\o|oc|oao oo a||oootac|oo
oo| a|aobo co/o|o) 3O2 3+5 3+8 +55 5++ 6+5
\o|oc|oao oo ooos|c|oo |/|) 2, 2 2, 5 3, 5 3, 9 +, 2 5, 3
|ooo|o|ooto ') 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8
/||cac|ooos:
|| a|aobo |S/T|3 3O9|C-+ osta o|soaoo aa so|oaooas oo tooa os|c|oo, oo oo so|o aso
y/o oo|t|aso.
|o|oaoo oo |as oo|ooos o|s|o||os sobo acoos oo ba,o y oo ooo|aoo cabooo y acoos oo ba,a
a|oac|oo.
283
XSA7U !000-O
Losc|c|oo: /|aobo tobo|a aa o| ocoso oo aco ab|oto, ooos|ta ooa |ooo|c|oo coo a|to cootoo|oo oo caboos
oo cooo. |ocoooooaoo aa |a a||cac|oo oo |ozas so,otas a sovoa abas|oo o |oacto ooto ba,o y ooooaoo.
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '): C C |o S|
5, O 2 3, O +, 8
Caacto|st|cas:
/|aobo tobo|a oo ocaoo aa o| ocoso oo /co /b|oto.
/|oac|oo coo a|to cootoo|oo oo caboos oo cooo |oa|os oooto oo ooa oat|z aostoo|t|ca
ooct||
||o|taoo a 3 asos, s|o oobao, oo|t||os asos ooooo so a||caoos coo |a toco|ca oo caas oo
b||ooa,o oo|oaooo oo acoo |oox|oab|o cooo caa |otoooo|a.
|| oota| ooos|taoo os oo oaoo|oab|o y oo |o,ab|o.
|a osooc|a oo ||soas taosvosa|os a |os cooooos os oooa| y s|voo aa a||v|a toos|ooos.
|o|ooaoos
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo: |os|stooc|a |os|stooc|a |os|stooc|a Looza coo 3
a |a abas|oo a |a coos|oo a| |oacto asos oo
/coos a| Cabooo
|xco|ooto 3oooa |oooaoo 58 - 62 H|C
T|o oo Co|ooto y
|o|a|oao:
L|aootos, /ooa,os y
|osootac|oo: L|aooto oo) +,6O 2,+O
|osootac|oo |) +5 Caoto) +5 Caoto)
/ooa,o /) +5O - 35O 25O - +5O
\o|ta,o \) 2+ - 35 26 - 35
|ooo|o|ooto ') 9O 9O
|oo|too oo a|aobo o|oct|zaoo - 25 - 5O 25 - 5O
St|c| oot oo)
Cas oo otocc|oo ||oooo ||oooo
/||cac|ooos:
|t|||zaoo aa ocob|o|ootos ooos oo atos so,otas a| oosasto abas|vo oooaoo o t|oa,
aooa o o|ooa|os abas|vos.
Cooo oo c|aocaooas, |ooost|a oo| cooooto, cooos oo boobas oo oaas, atos oo oaas oo
aooa, too|||os oxtosoos y taosotaooos, atos oo oo||oos, ooo|os o|ooos y oo oov|-
o|ooto oo t|oa, caoaoas oo a|to|ooo, oat|||os oo caa oo azoca, oo|||os y oosas oo oo||-
oos oo caboo, oat|||os oo coooo, otc.
282
XSA7U 00-O
/|aobo tobo|a aotooto|oo aa ocoostocc|oo y ocaoo. Loos|ta caboos oo cooo o|st|bo|oos oo||o-
oooooto oo ooa oat|z oatoos|t|ca, osoota boooa os|stooc|a a |a abas|oo sooaoa a a|tas caas cooos|vas y
oo |oacto y oaot|ooo |a ooaza |asta toooatoas oo 5OO C.
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '): C |o S| C |o \
O, 5 2, 5 O, 6 6, O +, 6 +, 3
Caacto|st|cas:
/|aobo tobo|a aa ocoostocc|oo y ocaoo o o| ocoso oo /co /b|oto.
|| ooos|to oaot|ooo |a Looza |asta |os 5OO 'C y os oo oaoo|oab|o.
|os ososoos oo| ooos|to ooboo so ||o|taoos.
So ooo|oo oca|oota aa obtooo ooos|tos ||bos oo ||soas, o| o|vo| oo oca|ootao|ooto os
|ooc|oo oo| taoao, oooot|a y cooos|c|oo oo|o|ca oo| cooooooto ocob|oto.
Caooos ocob|o|ootos ooboo so tataoos aa a||v|o oo toos|ooos.
|o|ooaoos
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo:
|os|stooc|a a |a |os|stooc|a a| Looza a |os|stooc|a Looza
abas|oo |oacto a|tas a |a H|C)
toooatoas cooos|oo
3oooa |oo|aoa Hasta 5OO'C |xco|ooto 52 - 56
T|o oo Co|ooto y
|o|a|oao: Co|ooto Coot|ooa - ||octooo a| o|o os|t|vo / CC)
L|aootos, /ooa,os
y |osootac|oo:
L|aooto oo) +,6O 2,OO 2,+O
/ooa,o /) +5O - 35O 2OO - +OO 2OO - +5O
\o|ta,o \) 26- 3O 26 - 3O 26 - 3O
|oo|too oo a|aobo o|oct|zaoo - 25 - 5O 25 - 5O 25 - 5O
St|c| oot oo)
/||cac|ooos:
|o |ozas ooo taba,ao a a|tas caas cooos|vas y abas|oo ooooaoa o oosastos oota| - oota|,
coob|oaoos coo c|oooos oocao|cos |oacto) y/o c|oooos too|cos.
|ocoostocc|oo oo oo|||os oo |ao|oac|oo, oooas oo oooto oa, oaoo||os oo oxtos|oo oo
ca||ooto, oat|||os oo t|toaooas, t|,oas oo c|za||as, o|oas, otc.
284 285
XSA7U MoCr-O
Losc|c|oo: /|aobo tobo|a aotooto|oo, a|oac|oo aostoo|t|ca C |o coo oxco|ooto os|stooc|a a| |oacto, oooo
so ot|||zaoo oo |a so|oaooa oo |os acoos a| oaoaooso, oo |a oaac|oo oo cooooootos |oov|a|os
/oa||s|s o|o|co
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo '): C |o S| C
O,+ ++,O O,5 ++,5
Caacto|st|cas:
/|aobo tobo|a oo|t|oos|to aa ocaoo y oo|oo.
Loos|to aostoo|t|co ooo osoota oxco|ootos o|ooaoos oo oooooc|o|ooto ooo ooooooa oo
|as caas oo |oacto a |as coa|os o| cooooooto osto sooot|oo.
|aa ocaoo oo socc|ooos ooo taba,ao coo a|tos |oactos y caas cooos|vas.
|oooo so osaoo sobo acoos |o|t|cos y aostoo|t|cos |oc|o|oo o| /coo a| |aoaooso Hao||o|o).
|o|ooaoos
oo| |ota|
Loos|taoo: |os|stooc|a a| |os|stooc|a Looza
loacto a |a Coos|oo /| ooos|taso |ooooc|oo oo o| | taba,o
H|3) H|C)
|xco|ooto 3oooa 2+O - 2+O +5-55
T|o oo Co|ooto y |o|a|oao:
L|aootos, /ooa,os
y |osootac|oo: L|aooto oo) +,6O 2,OO 2,+O
/ooa,o /) +5O - 35O 2OO-+OO 25O - +5O
\o|ta,o \) 2+ - 35 26 - 35 26 - 35
|oo|too oo a|aobo o|oct|zaoo -
St|c| oot oo) 25 - 5O 25 - 5O 25 - 5O
/||cac|ooos:
|t|||zaoo oo |o|os y caob|os oo o|occ|oo oo |ooca||os, oo|||os y oat|||os oo oo||oos, t|to-
aooas y c|aocaooas, oo|||os oo s|ooo|a y tooos |os cooooootos ooo ooo|oao a|ta os|s-
tooc|a a| |oacto.
Densloao
(20`C)
2,
6, 68
5, 2
2, O
3, 5
9, 8
3, 33
3, ++
8, 6+
+, 55
2, 25
+, 5O
)
8, 9
8, 92
6, 92
, 2
2, 6
+, 695
)
+, 82
5, 9
O, O9
)
, 86
O, 53+
+, +
, 2
+3, 55
+O, 2
8, 9
+, 25
)
+9, 25
+, +29
)
++, 9
+O, 5
2+, +5
++, 3+
O, 86
+, 26
2, +
O, 9
++, 8+
6, 2+
+, +
+9, 3
+9, O
6, O
+, 93
, +
Punto oe Pusln
(`C)
658
63O
6+5 sob|
++2, 8
+O
2+
23OO
, 3
32+
85O
3652 sob|
+OO, 5
++92
+O8+
+92O
23+, 8
5
2+8
++, +
29, 5
262
+535
+9
65
+22+
38, 8
2622
++53
2+O, 5
+O63
2+8,
+555
96O
+3
32
63. 5
22O
++++
9,
3O3
+52
+8OO
338O
+689
+26
++3, 6
++9, +
Punto oe
Lbu||lcln (`C)
2O5
+38O
+++, 6
+++O
+56O
255O
58, 8
6
+2+O
3+, 6
29OO
2336
2+8O
22O
++5O
+88
28O
+983
252, 8
3OOO
+336
++O
+9OO
356, 58
+8OO
29OO
+95, 8
26OO
+82, 68
22OO
+95O
+3OO
+62O
6O
688
2355
88O
++5
+39O
3OOO
59OO
3OOO
+8+, 35
9O
Numero
Atml co
+ 3
5 +
3 3
+ 6
5 6
8 3
5
3 5
+ 8
2 O
6
+
2
2 9
2 +
5 O
3 8
9
+ 5
3 +
+
2 6
3
+ 2
2 5
8 O
+ 2
2 8
9
8
+ 6
+
8
8 2
+ 9
3 +
+ +
+ +
8 +
5 2
2 2
+
9 2
2 3
5 3
3 O
Slmbo|o
/|
Sb
/s
S
3a
3|
3
3
Co
Ca
C
C|
Co
Co
C
So
S
|
|
Ca
H
|o
||
|
|o
H
|o
||
|
/o
O
|o
/
|t
|b
K
So
S|
|a
T|
To
T|
\
|
\
l
Zo
Peso
Atml co
26, 98+5
+2+, 5
+, 92+6
32, O6+
+3, 3+
2O8, 98O
+O, 8++
9, 9O9
++2, +O
+O, O8
+2, O+++5
35, +53
58, 9332
63, 6+
5+, 996
++8, 69
8, 62
+8, 998+
3O, 938
69, 2
+, OO9
55, 8+
6, 939
2+, 3+2
5+, 938+
2OO, 59
95, 9+
58, +
++, OO6
+96, 96
+5, 999
+O6, +
+O, 8O
+95, O9
2O, +9
39, +O2
8, 96
28, O86
22, 9898
2O+, 3
+2, 6O
+, 9O
+83, 85
238, O9
5O, 9+2
+26, 9O+O
65, 3
L|emento
/|oo|o|o
/ot|ooo|o
/soo|co
/zo|ooob)
3a| o
3|sooto
3ooc|st.)
3ooo
Caoo| o
Ca| c| o
Caboooa||to)
C| oo
Coba|to
Cobo
Cooo
|stao
|stooc|to
||oo
|os|oob|aoco)
Ca| | o
H|ooooo
H| oo
||t|o
|aoos|o
|aoaooso
|oco|o
|o||boooo
||ooo|
||toooo
Oo
Ox|ooo
|a| ao| o
|| ata
|| at| oo
|| ooo
|otas| o
So|oo|o
S|||c|oc|st.)
Soo|o
Ta| | o
To|o|o
T|tao|o
Toostooo
|ao|o
\aoao|o
`ooo
Z| oc
|o|o|oo a |a oasa atoo|ca oo| caboooC~+2)
/ |a toooatoa oo 33,6'Cj
9/| oo cooo|c|ooos oooa|os)
286 287
Tab|a oe L|ementos Qulmlcos |mportantes
+3, 8
6,
2, ++
, +
+6, 5
++,
++, 9
+6, 6
+, 5
+2, +
9, 8
9, 6
, 8
, 2
6, O
6, 6
6, 8
6,
+6, +
+6, +
++, 3
+2, 8
3, +
, 8
+3,
, +
+O,
+, 9
3, 5
+O, 6
6,
6,
6,
6,
6,
6,
9, 3
++,
+, O
2, 2
5, 6
+8, O
59, O
+, O
+, 5
+, 3
26, O
+5, O
25, O
25, O
3+, O
55, O
+6, O
+OO,O
+, O
, 8
2, 9
+, 5
+5, O
8, O
8, O
3, O
35, O
35, O
3, 6
+, 5
+8, 8
8, 3
+5, O
+, 6
+O6,O
++, 5
++, 5
++, 5
+6,
2,O
+3, 5
3+, O
3O, O
+3, OOO
+O, OOO
6, OOO
6O, OOO
5+, OOO
9, 2OO
35, OOO
32, OOO
55, OOO
+, OOO
85, OOO
25, OOO
5, OOO
38, OOO
+O, OOO
2, 5OO
3, OOO
25, OOO
+3O, OOO
++O, OOO
5, OOO
O, OOO
+6, OOO
58, OOO
2+, OOO
23, OOO
6O, OOO
8+, OOO
98, OOO
++8, OOO
+O5, OOO
2, OOO
85, OOO
3, +3O
5OO, OOO
2O, OOO
A|umlnlo, 99%
Antlmonlo
Arsnlco
8lsmuto
Latn,amarl||o
8ronce,A|umlnlo
8ronce,Manganeso
8ronce,Tobln
Caomlo
Cromo
Coba|to
Cobre
Lverour
Oro
|ncone|
Hlerro, |unoloo
Hlerro, ma|eab|e
Hlerro, puro
Hlerro, |orjaoo
P|omo, qulmlco
P|omo,Te|urlo
Magneslo,99%
Manganeso
Mo|lboeno
Mone|
Nlcromlo
Nlque|,99%
P|ata Nlque| !8
P|atlno
Sl|lclo
P|ata
Acero,0,!5C
Acero,0,30C
Acero,0,50C
Acero,Manganeso
Acero,Nlque|(2330)
Acero, |unoloo
Acero |nox.(304)
Lsta|o (|unoloo)
Tltanlo
Tungsteno
vanaolo
Zlnc
+65
++
36
6+2
535
+8+
522
535
5+O
++9
55O
55
53+
+2O+
53+
+5O
+62
+9O
+8O
+O
O
+O8
+5
65+
55+
5+
556
5+6
+33O
++
655
+9O
+9O
+9O
+95
+9O
+9O
+95
+58
28+
++9+
38O
++
2, 2
6, 6
5, 2
9, 8
8, 6
,
8, 38
8, 6
8 +
6,
8, 8
8, 93
8, 5
+9, 3
8, 5
, 22
, +2
, 86
, 6
++, +
++, 3+
+, +
, 3
+O, 3
8, 8+
8, +9
8, 9+
8, 5
2+, +
2, 3+
+O, 5
, 85
, 85
, 83
, 93
, 85
, 85
, 93
, 28
+, 5
+9, +
6, O
, ++
Propleoaoes oe |os Meta|es
+22O
++66
++9
52O
+66O
+9O5
+598
+625
+6+O
2+O
2OO
+98+
+866
+9+5
25+O
23OO
23OO
295
25O
62O
62O
+2+O
22+6
+532
2+OO
2+6O
265O
2O3O
32+8
2588
+62
2OO
26OO
25OO
2+5O
26OO
26OO
255O
+5O
32O
6+52
3+82
86
5, OOO
+8, OOO
3O, OOO
25, OOO
2+, OOO
+O, OOO
2O, OOO
35, OOO
3, 5OO
+9, OOO
2, OOO
+, 9OO
2, 2OO
+3, OOO
+OO,OOO
35, OOO
5O, OOO
8, 5OO
2O, OOO
+O, OOO
8, OOO
+O, OOO
52, OOO
2, OOO
5, OOO
8+, OOO
+O, OOO
35, OO
+, +O
35,
6O,
55,
3O,
+O,
2O,
+O,
5O,
+5,
+5,
O,5
22,
+5,
++,
5O,
+5,
+,
6O,
+O,
5,
28,
+O,
2+,
5O,
35,
2+,
26,
22,
25,
26,
55,
O,
6O,
2 3
3 O
9
6 O
+25
+OO
+OO
2 O
35O
+25
3 O
9 5
2 5
+5O
+8O
++O
6
9o+O5
5
6
+ O
2OO
++
+25
+O
8 5
9 O
2 5
3 O
+3O
+O
2O+
3OO
2+
++O
+6O
5, 9
23O
35,
+O, 2
++, 2
+, 6
++, O
+5,
+5,
+5,
, +
+5, 8
+5, O
+3,
3O,
+3,
+2, 5
3O, +
29, O
2,
2,
6, 5
5O, 2
26,
3O,
+8, 5
2+,
+6, 5
+O, 5
3O, O
3O, O
3O, O
29, O
3O, O
3O, O
29, O
, +
+2, +
5+,
+8, 5
+5O
+3
OO
8+O
268O
2OOO
+2O
3+O
+O
++8
2+O
2+O
+O9O
+8O
+35
55
23O
+8O
29OO
+6O
+6O
+6O
+OO
+55
+, 6
6O
+O,
8O,
+2,
+2,
+O, +
++, 6
+OO,
+OO
5,
8,
+2+,
+2+,
2,
29,
29,
29O
65
5,
+, 5
6+,
65O,
9, 6
2, O
2, O
2, O
6O,
+6O,
69,
33, +
3 +
||ooac|oo oo 8 o|.
|vooo-o|coo|o: |acas o|staoas
Meta|
o
A|eacln
Peso
pl
cub.
Graveo.
especl|.
Punto
Pusln
P
Peslst.
a punto
ceoente
Mou|o
L|astlc.
!0` psl
Dureza
8rlne||
L|on-
gacln
Peslst.
a |a
traccln
Conouc-
tlvloao
trmlca
8tu/ple
b/P/pu|g.
Conouc-
tlvloao
e|ectrlc.
%
Cobre
Peslst.
especl|.
e|ctrlc
Obms
cm|
Coe|l-
clente
expan-
sln
Px!0
-6
A|macenaje y reaconolclonamlento oe |os e|ectrooos
oe mayor consumo
Co|o|os|cos
|ot|||cos
|+O
|++
|+2
|+3
C|asl|lcacln Proouctos Lnvase ablerto
AWS OLPL|KON mantenlmlento
en borno
Co||ocoo |/O
Co||ocoo /|
Ovocoo |/|
/acoo/Ovocoo/S
6O 'C+5
8O'C+5 ++5'C+5
Los |oas |oa |oa
Tota|: 3 |oas
H|oo oo |o|vo
|++
|2+
|2
6O'C+5
|ooc|to 2+
|ooc|to 2/2C
8O'C+5 ++5'C+5
Los |oas |oa |oa
Tota|: 3 |oas
H|oo oo |o|vo
3a,o H|ooooo
|+8
Sooc|to/Tooac|to 8O
2O+'C3O
8O'C+5 3+'C55
Los |oas |oo|a |oa
Tota|: Los |oas y ooo|a
3a,o H|ooooo
|+5
|+6
2O+'C3O |o|vos/C|
8O'C+5 3+6'C55
Los |oas |oo|a |oa
3a,o H|ooooo
/|ta |os|stooc|a
|+5
|+8
Tooac|to ++O 2O+'C3O
8O'C+5 3+'C55
Los |oas |oo|a |oa
3a,o H|ooooo
Lob|o |ovost|o|ooto
| O+6
| O+8-C
| 9O+8-C
| 8O+8-C
| +OO+8-C
Soz|a|
Tooac|to 6O
Tooac|to 65
Tooac|to O
Tooac|to 5
2O+'C3O
8O'C+5 3+'C55
Los |oas |oa |oa
/|oac|ooos |soc|a|os
loox|oab|os
loocoo|
|ooo|/||ooo|
|atooos
3oocos
Soo||c|os ooas
C|to|ooto
C|tobooco/ll//| ++O'C25
8O'C+5 +'C3O
|oa |oa |oa |oa
Tota|: Los |oas
||o,os aa
/co Sooo|oo
|OT/: |o acoos oo a|ta os|tooc|a, oos oo o|octooos |oox|oab|os y oo |os ovost|o|ootos oo C|aso, +5 y +6 oooo
oo|t|so ooa oayo o||oooc|a aa |os oooo|o|ootos oo |a toooatoa oax|oa aa o| ococ|oo ooo |a |oo|caoa.
|O|-+OO/+8O/25O/
35O/+5O
+'C25
3+'C55
|oa |oa
Tota|: |oa |oa
|o ooo|oo
Peaconolc.
Paso !
L|ectrooos a|ectaoos por bumeoao
Pecocloo
Paso 2
288 289
HPC
!50 kg
6
6 6
6 5
6 +
6 3
6 2
6 +
6 O
5 9
5 8
5
5 6
5 5
5 +
5 3
5 2
5 +
5 O
+ 9
+ 8
+
+ 6
+ 5
+ +
+ 3
+ 2
+ +
+ O
3 9
3 8
3
3 6
3 5
3 +
3 3
3 2
3 +
3 O
2 9
2 8
2
2 6
2 5
2 +
2 3
2 2
2 +
2 O
+ 9
+ 8
+
+ 6
+ 5
+ +
+ 3
+ 2
+ +
+ O
9
8
Datos Promeolo oe Costos para |a So|oaoura Oxlacetl|nlca oe|

Hlerro y Acero
a Too octo
a Too octo
a Too octo
a Too octo
a Too octo
9O'ooa so|a \
9O'ooa so|a \
9O'ooa so|a \
9O'ooa so|a \
6O'ooa so|a \
6O'ooa so|a \
6O'ooa so|a \
+/32
+/32
+/+6
3/32
+/8
3/+6
3/+6
+/+
+/+
+/+
5/+6
5/+6
5
5-6O
6O-56
6O-5+
56-53
53-+9
+9-++
++-+O
+3-36
+O-36
36-32
32-3O
O,O3
O,O5-O,O+
O,+3-O,++
O,36-O,3O
O,8O-O,68
2,36-2,O8
+,5O-2,86
,+O-6,O5
++,+2-9,+3
++,65-9,O
2+,+O-+6,+2
36,6O-26,+6
O,O3
O,O5-O,++
O,+3-O,++
O,36-O,3O
O,-O,65
2,2-2,OO
+,33-3,2
,++-5,82
++,O-8,8O
++,2-9,33
2O,3O-+5,9
35,2O-25,+
26,O-3O,O
22,O-25,O
+8,O-2+,O
++,O-+,O
++,O-+3,O
,5-8,5
6,O-,O
+,5-5,5
+,O-5,O
5,O-6,O
3,5-+,5
2,5-3,5
O,O+3
O,O3O
O,O53
O,+5O
O,265
O,+++
O,59
O,63
O,82
+,3O
O,23-O,2
O,+2-O,5+
O,58-O,69
+,+3-+,28
+,59-+,86
+,8-2,28
2,39-2,98
2,9O-3,+8
3,O6-3,92
3,2-+,5
O,
+,O
2.+
5,+
8,8
+,
2,O
33,O
+5,
58,2
3,8
9+,5
Lspe-
sor
Acero
+/6+
+/32
+/+6
3/32
+/8
3/+6
+/+
5/+6
3/8
+/2
5/8
3/+
Dlam.
L|ctr.
Pu|g.
Preparacln
oe [unta sln
Separacln
Oxlgeno
por
bora
Per|or.
8oqul||a
tamao
Ace-
tl|eno
por
bora
O,
+,O
2,3
+,9
8,5
+,O
26,O
32,O
++,O
56,O
+,O
88,O
Ples C-ub.por
ple |lnear
so|oaoo.
ve|ocloao
ples por
Hora
Llbras oe varl||a
Por Hora Por ple
Peso Aproxlmaoo oe| Meta| oe So|oaoura en [untas en
v S|MPLL oe 60 y 90
O,O++2
O,O255
O,O+59
O,O+6
O,+O3+
O,++O+
O,+83
O,232O
O,286
O,3+69
O,++3+
O,+8+
O,562O
O,6+5+
O,3+5
O,9292
+,++5
+,288+
+,653+
+/+
3/8
+/2
5/8
3/+
/8
+
+ +/8
+ +/+
+ +/8
+ +/2
+ 3/8
+ 3/+
+ 2/8
2
2 +/+
2 +/2
2 3/+
3
O,O+O5
O,O2+O
O,O+32
O,O86
O,O93
O,+325
O,+3+
O,2+9O
O,2O
O,325
O,3899
O,+58
O,53O6
O,6O9+
O,693+
O,83
+,O83+
+,3+O9
+,56++
O,O++
O,O392
O,OOO
O,+O92
O,+5+
O,2++2
O,28OO
O,35+2
O,+3+
O,5292
O,63OO
O,382
O,85+
O,98+2
+,+2OO
+,+++
+,5OO
2,+++
2,52OO
O,O+6
O,O39
O,OO9
O,++O5
O,+593
O,2+68
O,2833
O,358+
O,++25
O,5355
O,635
O,+8O
O,865
O,9958
+,+332
+,+3++
+,O
2,++23
2,5+9
O,O+9
O,O+O5
O,O23
O,++28
O,+625
O,22++
O,289O
O,3656
O,+5+5
O,5+63
O,65O3
O,53O
O,885O
+,O+59
+,+56O
+,+63O
+,8O83
2,+95+
2,6O+O
O,O+98
O,O++6
O,O96
O,+2++
O,+89
O,2+35
O,3+82
O,+O26
O,+9+
O,6O++
O,+6O
O,8+O+
O,9++
+,++85
+,228
+,6+O8
+,9888
2,+O63
2,8638
O,O+8
O,O+2+
O,O5+
O,++2
O,+689
O,2298
O,3OO+
O,38O+
O,+69O
O,568
O,66O
O,932
O,92OO
+,O56O
+,2O+8
+,52O9
+,88
2,22O
2,O+O
O,O35
O,O8O
O,+++
O,225
O,32+
O,+++
O,5
O,29
O,9O+
+,O9O
+,296
+,523
+,68
2,O28
2,3O6
2,92O
3,8O6
+,383
5,+98
O,O+O+
O,O232
O,O++
O,O65+
O,O93
O,+25
O,+668
O,2+O
O,26O+
O,3+5+
O,352
O,++O2
O,5O9+
O,586+
O,663
O,8+39
+,O+22
+,26+O
+,5O+
O,OO99
O,O22
O,O+O8
O,O638
O,O9+8
O,+25O
O,+635
O,2O66
O,2553
O,3O88
O,368
O,+3+5
O,5OO3
O,5+6
O,6539
O,823
+,O2+6
+,236+
+,+2+
O,OO98
O,O22+
O,O+O3
O,O63O
O,O9O
O,+235
O,+6+6
O,2O++
O,2523
O,3O52
O,363+
O,+265
O,+9+5
O,569
O,6+62
O,8+6
+,6O9
+,22+
+,+5+9
Peso oe Meta| oe So|oaoura en Longltuo oe !
oe [unta oe 60` en v, en Lbs.
Plerro
Armco
Acero
|noxlo.
Hoja oe
8ronce
Acero Nlque|
Meta| oe
So|oaoura
en Lg.
! v oe
60` Pu|g
3
|ota| oo
So| oaooa
oo |.
+ \oo
9O |o|.
3
Lspesor
Met a|
Pu| g.
Peso oe Meta| oe So|oaoura en Longltuo oe !
oe [unta en v oe 90` en v, en Lbs.
Acero
Plerro
Armco
Acero
|noxlo.
Nlque|
Hoja oe
8ronce
O,O62
O,++O
O,25O
O,39O
O,562
O,65
+,OOO
+,265
+,562
+,89O
2,25O
2,6+O
3,O62
3,5+5
+,OOO
5,O62
6,25O
,562
9,OOO
|os oatos oo |as Tab|as a|ba |oo|caoos, coos|ooao o| oota| \ oosoo oo so|o |aoo oo |a oota s| o| oota| t|ooo \' oosoo
aobos |aoos oo |a oota, o| vo|oooo y oso oo| oota| oo so|oaooa oooo|oo os |a o|tao oo |as c||as a|ba |oo|caoas.
Tab|a oe Comparacln entre Dureza Pockwe||, 8rlne|| Sbore vlckers
y Peslstencla a |a Traccln
|os|stooc|a a |a tacc|oo |/oo
2
Dureza
8rlne||
H8
kg/mm
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|OT/: |as oo|oaoos oas osoa|os ostao oaoas oo |os aootos|s.
292 293
Tab|a oe Converslones
o|
2
o
2
6,+5+ 6OO x +O
-+
|o
2
o
2
9,29O 3O+ x +2
-2
yaoa
2
o
2
8,36+ 2+ x +O
-+
/||/ o|
2
oo
2
6,+5+ 6OO x +O
2
|o
2
oo
2
9,29O 3O+ x +O
+
aco o
2
+,O+6 83 x +O
3
L||SlL/L |b - oasa/o|
3
|/o
3
2,6 99O x +O
+
|b - oasa/|o
2
|/o
3
+,6O+ 8+6 x +O
||||Cl/ L| |o x |b-| +,355 8+8
T|/3/O, C/|O| |o x ooooa| +,2++ O++ x +O
-2
` ||||Cl/ L| 3T| +,O5+ 35O +O
-3
l||/CTO Ca| o| as +,+8+ OOO
\att x Hoa
-
3,6OO OOO +O
3
||||Z/ K||oaoo |ooza | 9,O86 65O
||ba |ooza | +,++8 222
o|aoa o 2,5+O OOO x +O
-2
|o o 3,O+8 OOO x +O
-+
|O|ClT|L yaoa o 9,+++ OOO x +O
-+
vaa o 5,O29 2+O
o| | | a | o +,+59 39O x +O
||ba oasa | +,535 92+ x +O
-+
|/S/ tooo|aoa oot|ca) | +,OOO OOO x +O
3
tooo|aoa cota, 2 OOO |b. oasa) | 9,O+ 8+ x +O
2
s|o | +,+59 39O x +O
Ml|lmetro
+, +6
+6, 86
+8, 26
+8, 65
+9, O5
+9, +5
+9, 8+
2O, 2+
2O, 6+
2+, O3
2+, +3
2+, 83
22, 22
22, 62
23, O2
23, +2
23, 8+
2+, 2+
2+, 6+
25, OO
25, 5+
Tab|a oe Lqulva|enclas: Pu|gaoas - Ml|lmetros
Practlona|
|ncb
+/ 6+
+/ 32
3/ 6+
+/ +6
5/ 6+
3/ 32
/ 6+
+/ 8
9/ 6+
5/ 32
++/ 6+
3/ +6
+3/ 6+
/ 32
+5/ 6+
+/ +
+/ 6+
9/ 32
+9/ 6+
5/ +6
2+/ 6+
++/ 32
Ml|lmetro
O, +O
O, 9
+, +9
+, 59
+, 98
2, 38
2, 8
3, +8
3, 5
3, 9
+, 3
+, 6
5, +6
5, 56
5, 95
6, 35
6, 5
, ++
, 5+
, 9+
8, 33
8, 3
Declma|
|ncb
, O+6
, O3+
, O+
, O63
, O8
, O9+
, +O9
, +25
, +++
, +56
, +2
, +88
, 2O3
, 2+9
, 23+
, 25O
, 266
, 28+
, 29
, 3+3
, 328
, 3++
Practlona|
|ncb
++/+6
+5/ 6+
23/ 32
+/ 6+
3/ +
+9/ 6+
25/ 32
5+/ 6+
+3/+6
53/ 6+
2/ 32
55/ 6+
/8
5/ 6+
29/ 32
59/ 6+
+5/+6
6+/ 6+
3+/ 32
63/ 6+
Practlona|
|ncb
23/ 6+
3/ 8
25/ 6+
+3/ 32
2/ 6+
/+6
29/ 6+
+6/ 32
3+/ 6+
+/ 2
33/ 6+
+/ 32
35/ 6+
9/+6
3/ 6+
+9/ 32
39/ 6+
5/ 8
++/ 6+
2+/ 32
+3/ 6+
Ml|lmetro
9, +3
9, 53
9, 92
+O, 32
+O, 2
++, ++
++, 5+
++, 9+
+2, 3O
+2, O
+3, +O
+3, +9
+3, 89
++, 29
++, 68
+5, O8
+5, +8
+5, 88
+6, 2
+6, 6
+, O
Declma|
|ncb
, 359
, 35
, 39+
, +O6
, +22
, +38
, +52
, +69
, +8+
, 5OO
, 5+6
, 53+
, 5+
, 563
, 58
, 59+
, 6O9
, 625
, 6++
, 656
, 62
Declma|
|ncb
,688
, O3
, +9
, 3+
, 5O
, 66
, 8+
, 9
, 8+3
, 828
, 8++
, 859
, 85
, 89+
, 9O6
, 922
, 938
, 953
, 969
, 98+
+, OOO
Pu|gaoas
oeclma|es
Pracclones
oe pu|gaoa
Ml|lmetros
Pracclones oe
Pu|gaoa
Pu|gaoas
Declma|es
Pracclones oe
Pu|gaoa
Pu|gaoas
oeclma|es
||||ootos
294 295
caba||o oo |ooza \ ,+56 999 x +O
-+
55O | o | b-|/s)
caba||o oo |ooza \ ,+6O OOO x +O
2
|OT||Cl/ o|oct|co)
3T| o|o \ +,5 25O x +O
ca| o| a \ 6,93 333 x +O
-2
|o x |b-|/o|o \ 2,259 69 x +O
-2
|||SlO| ` |b-|/o|
2
| a 6,89+ 5 x +O
3
|S||||ZO 3a | a +,OOO OOO +O
5
atoos|oa | a +,O+3 25O x +O
5
Co|s|os,t
c
K t
|
~ t
c
23,+5
|aoo|o|t, t
|
K t
|
~t
|
+59,6)/+,8
T|||||/T||/ |ao||oo, t
|
K t
|
~t
|
/+,8
|aoo|o|t, t
|
C t
c
~t
|
-32)/+,8
Ko|v|o,t
|
C t
c
~t
|
-23,+5
\||OClL/L ||| ao/s +,O+ +98 x +O
-+
/|C||/| aoos/o|o ao/s 2,9O8 882 x +O
-+
||| oo/o|o 3,6OO OOO x +O
2
o|/o|o o/s +,233 +98 x +O
-+
\||OClL/L |o/o|o o/s 5,+8O OOO x +O
-3
|l||/| o|/o|o oo/s +,233 333 x +O
-+
|o/o|o oo/s 5,O8O OOO
o| | | as/|oa Ko/| +,6O8 3++
o|
3
o
3
+,638 O6 x +O
-5
|o
3
o
3
2,83+ 685 x +O
-2
yaoa
3
o
3
,6+5 5+9 x +O
-+
o|
3
oo
3
+,638 O6 x +O
+
\O||||| |o
3
oo
3
2,83+ 685 x +O
+
o|
3
||to +,638 O6 x +O
-2
|o
3
||to 2,83+ 685 x +O
a| oo ||to 3,85 ++2
Ml|lmetros
Ml|lmetros
296 297
Tab|a oe Conversln entre N/mm
2
vs |b/pu|g
2
N/mm
2
|b/pu|g
2
+ O ++5O
2 O 29OO
3 O +35O
+ O 58OO
5 O 25O
6 O 8OO
O +O+5O
8 O ++6OO
9 O +3O5O
+OO ++5OO
++O +595O
+2O ++OO
+3O +885O
++O 2O3OO
+5O 2+5O
+6O 232OO
+O 2+65O
+8O 26+OO
+9O 255O
2OO 29OOO
2+O 3O+5O
22O 3+9OO
23O 3335O
2+O 3+8OO
25O 3625O
26O 3OO
2O 39+5O
28O +O6OO
29O +2O5O
3OO +35OO
3+O ++95O
32O +6+OO
33O +85O
3+O +93OO
35O 5O5O
36O 522OO
3O 5365O
38O 55+OO
39O 5655O
+OO 58OOO
++O 59+5O
+2O 6O9OO
+3O 6235O
++O 638OO
+5O 6525O
+6O 66OO
+O 68+5O
+8O 696OO
+9O +O5O
5OO 25OO
N/mm
2
|b/pu|g
2
5+O 395O
52O 5+OO
53O 685O
5+O 83OO
55O 95O
56O 8+2OO
5O 8265O
58O 8++OO
59O 8555O
6OO 8OOO
6+O 88+5O
62O 899OO
63O 9+35O
6+O 928OO
65O 9+25O
66O 95OO
6O 9+5O
68O 986OO
69O +OOO5O
OO +O+5OO
+O +O295O
2O +O++OO
3O +O585O
+O +O3OO
5O +O85O
6O ++O2OO
O +++65O
8O ++3+OO
9O +++55O
8OO ++6OOO
8+O +++5O
82O ++89OO
83O +2O35O
8+O +2+8OO
85O +2325O
86O +2+OO
8O +26+5O
88O +26OO
89O +29O5O
9OO +3O5OO
9+O +3+95O
92O +33+OO
93O +3+85O
9+O +363OO
95O +35O
96O +392OO
9O ++O65O
98O ++2+OO
99O ++355O
+OOO ++5OOO
N/mm
2
|b/pu|g
2
6, 9 +OOO
+, 2 25OO
3+, 5 5OOO
5+, 5OO
69, O +OOOO
82, 8 +2OOO
96, 6 ++OOO
++O, 3 +6OOO
+2+, + +8OOO
+3, 9 2OOOO
+5+, 22OOO
+65, 5 2+OOO
+9, 3 26OOO
+93, + 28OOO
2O6, 9 3OOOO
22O, 32OOO
23+, 5 3+OOO
2+8, 3 36OOO
262, + 38OOO
25, 9 +OOOO
289, +2OOO
3O3, + ++OOO
3+, 2 +6OOO
33+, O +8OOO
3++, 8 5OOOO
35+, 5+OOO
358, 6 52OOO
365, 5 53OOO
32, + 5+OOO
39, 3 55OOO
386, 2 56OOO
393, + 5OOO
+OO, O 58OOO
+O6, 9 59OOO
++3, 8 6OOOO
+2O, 6+OOO
+2, 6 62OOO
+3+, 5 63OOO
+++, + 6+OOO
++8, 3 65OOO
+55, 2 66OOO
+62, + 6OOO
+69, O 68OOO
+5, 9 69OOO
+82, 8 OOOO
+89, +OOO
+96, 6 2OOO
5O3, + 3OOO
5+O, 3 +OOO
5+, 2 5OOO
N/mm
2
|b/pu|g
2
52+, + 6OOO
53+, O OOO
53, 9 8OOO
5++, 8 9OOO
55+, 8OOOO
558, 6 8+OOO
565, 5 82OOO
52, + 83OOO
59, 3 8+OOO
586, 2 85OOO
593, + 86OOO
6OO, O 8OOO
6O6, 9 88OOO
6+3, 8 89OOO
62O, 9OOOO
62, 6 9+OOO
63+, 5 92OOO
6++, 6 93OOO
6+8, 3 9+OOO
655, 2 95OOO
662, + 96OOO
669, O 9OOO
65, 9 98OOO
682, 8 99OOO
689, +OOOOO
696, 6 +O+OOO
O3, + +O2OOO
+O, 3 +O3OOO
+, 2 +O+OOO
2+, + +O5OOO
3+, O +O6OOO
3, 9 +OOOO
++, 8 +O8OOO
5+, +O9OOO
58, 6 ++OOOO
5, 9 ++25OO
93, + ++5OOO
8+O, 3 ++5OO
82, 6 +2OOOO
8++, 8 +225OO
862, + +25OOO
89, 3 +25OO
896, 6 +3OOOO
9+3, 8 +325OO
93+, O +35OOO
9+8, 3 +35OO
965, 5 ++OOOO
982, 8 ++25OO
+OOO, O ++5OOO
+O3+, 5 +5OOOO
Tab|a oe Comparacln oe Durezas
8P|NLL POCKWLLL v|CKLPS
H8 HP8 HPC Hv
8 O 36, + 8 O
8 5 +2, + 8 5
9 O +, + 9 O
9 5 52, O 9 5
+OO 56, + +OO
+O5 6O, O +O5
++O 63, + ++O
++5 66, + ++5
+2O 69, + +2O
+25 2, O +25
+3O +, + +3O
+35 6, + +35
++O 8, + ++O
++5 8O, + ++5
+5O 82, 2 +5O
+55 83, 8 +55
+6O 85, + +6O
+65 86, 8 +65
+O 88, 2 +O
+5 89, 6 +5
+8O 9O, 8 +8O
+85 9+, 8 +85
+9O 93, O +9O
+95 9+, O +95
2OO 95, O 2OO
2O5 95, 8 2O5
2+O 96, 6 2+O
2+5 9, 6 2+5
22O 98, 2 22O
225 99, O 225
23O +9, 2 23O
235 2O, 2 235
2+O 2+, 2 2+O
2+5 22, + 2+5
25O 23, O 25O
255 23, 8 255
26O 2+, 6 26O
265 25, + 265
2O 26, 2 2O
25 26, 9 25
28O 2, 6 28O
285 28, 3 285
29O 29, O 29O
295 29, 6 295
3OO 3O, O 3OO
3+O 3+, 5 3+O
32O 32, 32O
33O 33, 8 33O
3+O 3+, 9 3+O
35O 36, O 35O
8P|NLL POCKWLLL v|CKLPS
H8 HP8 HPC Hv
359 3, O 36O
368 38, O 3O
36 38, 9 38O
385 39, 8 39O
392 +O, +OO
+OO ++, 5 ++O
+O8 +2, + +2O
++5 +3, 2 +3O
+23 ++, O ++O
+3O ++, 8 +5O
+5, 5 +6O
+6, 3 +O
+, O +8O
+, +9O
+8, 8 5OO
+9, O 5+O
+9, 8 52O
5O, 3 53O
5O, 9 5+O
5+, 5 55O
52, + 56O
52, 5O
53, 3 58O
53, 8 59O
5+, + 6OO
5+, 9 6+O
55, + 62O
55, 9 63O
56, + 6+O
56, 9 65O
5, + 66O
5, 9 6O
58, + 68O
58, 9 69O
59, 3 OO
6O, 2 2O
6+, + +O
6+, 9 6O
62, 8O
63, 5 8OO
6+, 3 82O
65, O 8+O
65, 86O
66, 3 88O
66, 9 9OO
6, 5 92O
68, O 9+O
*1*1/4).1)
|aooa| oo So|oaooa |S/-O|||lKO| |o|c|oo + 995.
Cata|oo |S/ - O|||lKO| ||octooos y va|||as aa acoos.
Cata|oo |S/-O|||lKO| So|oaooas |soc|a|os.
/S|-H/|L3OOK
\o|o|o 3az|o aoo So|oo|o.
||||o |ota| Soc|||cat|oos /oo|cao \o|o|o Soc|oty.
\o|o|o Haooboo|.
/oo|cao \o|o|o Soc|oty.
Haooboc| Sc|| 3zosatzo|sto||o.
|aooa| oo so|oaooas Soo|aotooat|cas |lC/|/C |S/-O|||lKO|.
298 299
Tab|a oe Conversln para Cauoa| oe Gas
Meoloas |ng|esas vs Meoloas Mtrlcas
ples
3
/br Cauoa| |/mln
2, +2 + O, +2
+, 2+ 2 O, 9++
6, 36 3 +, ++6
8, +8 + +, 888
+O, 6O 5 2, 36O
+2, 2 6 2, 832
++, 8+ 3, 3O+
+9, 96 8 3, 6
+9, O8 9 +, 2+8
2+, 2O + O +, +9
23, 32 + + 5, +9+
25, ++ + 2 5, 66+
2, 56 + 3 6, +35
29, 68 + + 6, 6O
3+, 8O + 5 , O9
33, 92 + 6 , 55+
36, O+ + 8, O23
38, +6 + 8 8, +95
+O, 28 + 9 8, 96
+2, +O 2 O 9, +39
++, 52 2 + 9, 9++
+6, 6+ 2 2 +O, 383
+8, 6 2 3 +O, 855
5O, 88 2 + ++, 32
53, OO 2 5 ++, 99
ples
3
/br Cauoa| |/mln
55, +2 2 6 +2, 2+
5, 2+ 2 +2, +3
59, 36 2 8 +3, 2+5
6+, +8 2 9 +3, 686
63, 6O 3 9 ++, +58
65, 2 3 + ++, 63+
6, 8+ 3 2 +5, +O2
69, 96 3 3 +5, 5+
2, O8 3 + +6, O+6
++, 2O 3 5 +6, 5+8
6, 32 3 6 +6, 99O
8, ++ 3 +, +62
8O, 56 3 8 +, 93+
82, 68 3 9 +8, +O6
8+, 8O + O +8, 88
86, 92 + + +9, 35O
89, O+ + 2 +9, 822
9+, +6 + 3 2O, 29+
93, 28 + + 2O, 66
95, +O + 5 2+, 238
9, 52 + 6 2+, +O
99, 6+ + 22, +82
+O+, 6 + 8 22, 653
+O3, 88 + 9 23, +25
+O6, OO 5 O 23, 59
ples
3
/br Cauoa| |/mln
+O8, +2 5 + 2+, O69
++O, 2+ 5 2 2+, 5++
++2, 36 5 3 25, O+3
+++, +8 5 + 25, +85
++6, 6O 5 5 25, 95
++8, 2 5 6 26, +29
+2O, 8+ 5 26, 9O+
+22, 96 5 8 2, 33
+25, O8 5 9 2, 8+5
+2, 2O 6 O 28, 3+
+29, 32 6 + 28, 89
+3+, ++ 6 2 29, 26+
+33, 56 6 3 29, 33
+35, 68 6 + 3O, 2O5
+3, 8O 6 5 3O, 6
+39, 92 6 6 3+, ++9
++2, O+ 6 3+, 62+
+++, +6 6 8 32, O9
++6, 28 6 9 32, 56+
++8, +O O 33, O36
+5O, 52 + 33, 5O8
+52, 6+ 2 33, 98O
+5+, 6 3 3+, +52
+56, 88 + 3+, 92+
+59, OO 5 35, 396
ples
3
/br Cauoa| |/mln
+6+, +2 6 35, 868
+63, 2+ 36, 3+O
+65, 36 8 36, 8+2
+6, +8 9 3, 28+
+69, 6O 8 O 3, 56
++, 2 8 + 38, 228
+3, 8+ 8 2 38, OO
+5, 96 8 3 39, +2
+8, O8 8 + 39, 6++
+8O, 2O 8 5 +O, ++3
+82, 32 8 6 +O, 58
+8+, ++ 8 ++, O6O
+86, 56 8 8 ++, 532
+88, 68 8 9 +2, OO3
+9O, 8O 9 O +2, +5
+92, 92 9 + +2, 9+
+95, O+ 9 2 +3, ++9
+9, +6 9 3 +3, 89+
+99, 28 9 + ++, 363
2O+, +O 9 5 ++, 835
2O3, 52 9 6 +5, 3O
2O5, 6+ 9 +5, 8
2O, 6 9 8 +6, 25+
2O8, 88 9 9 +6, 23
2+2, OO +OO +, +95
3osoooo| caooa| a so coovot|oo oo |as co|oooas coota|os. S| o| caooa| osta oo |os
3
/|, |oa |a coovos|oo a |/o|o oo |a
co|oooa oo |a oooc|a. S| o| caooa| osta oo |/o|o |oa |oa |a coovos|oo a |os
3
/| oo |a co|oooa oo |a |zoo|ooa.
|,oo|o:
2 |os
3
/| ~ O,9++ |/o|o
2 |/o|o ~ +2+ |os
3
/|
300 29!

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