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brew);} {\- f297\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f299\fbidi \from an\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f300\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fpr q2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f301\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Ibrani);} {\f302\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f303\fbidi \f roman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f304\fbidi \froman\fcharset163 \fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f636\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Camb ria Math CE;} {\- f302\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Arabic);}{\f303\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f304\fbidi \froman\fcharset 163\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Vietnamese);}{\f636\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;} {\f637\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f639\fbidi \froman\fc harset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f640\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambr ia Math Tur;}{\f643\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;} {\- f637\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f639\fbidi \froman\ fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f640\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cam bria Math Tur;}{\f643\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;} {\f644\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f666\fbidi \ fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f667\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Cali bri Cyr;}{\f669\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;} {\- f644\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math ( Vietnamese);}{\f666\fbid i \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f667\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 C alibri Cyr;}{\f669\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;} {\f670\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f673\fbidi \fswiss\fcharse t186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f674\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietn amese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;} {\- f670\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f673\fbidi \fswiss\fchar set186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f674\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri ( Vi etnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE; } {\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajo r\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f3151 2\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;} {\- flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\floma jor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31 512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;} {\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fl omajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomaj or\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;} {\- flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Hebrew);}{ \flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Arabic);}{\fl omajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;} {\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);} {\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor \f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;} {\- flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Vietnamese );}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbma jor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;} {\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbma jor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f3152

3\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);} {\- fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdb major\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31 523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Ibrani);} {\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fd bmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor \f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);} {\- fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Arabic);}{ \fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbma jor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Orang Vietnam);} {\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\ fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fch arset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;} {\- fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f3152 9\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\f charset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq 2 Cambria Tur;} {\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31 536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbid i \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;} {\- fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f 31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria ( Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\f bidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;} {\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajo r\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f3154 2\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;} {\- fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbima jor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31 542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;} {\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fb imajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimaj or\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;} {\- fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Hebrew);}{ \fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Arabic);}{\fb imajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;} {\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);} {\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor \f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;} {\- fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Vietnamese );}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomi nor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;} {\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomi nor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f3155 3\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);} {\- flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flo minor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31 553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Ibrani);} {\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fl ominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor \f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);} {\- flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman ( Arabic);}{

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\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstar t1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnind ent720\pnhang \- pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\ pntxtb (}{\ pntxta )}}{\*\ pnseclvl7\p nlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\ pntxtb (}{\ pntxta )}}{\*\ pnseclvl8\pnlclt r\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\ pntxtb (}{\ pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnst art1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faa uto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9399831 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\ fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 {\- pntxtb (}{\ pntxta )}}\ pard\plain \ ltrpar\ql \ li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefau lt\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9399831 \ rtlch\fcs1 \ af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ ltrch\fcs0 \ f31506\fs22\lang1057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1057\langfenp1033 {\ rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af293\afs36 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\fs36\insrsid9399831 5 Indonesia\rquote s pro tracted \- ab\af293\afs36 \ ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\fs36\insrsid9399831 5 Indonesia\rquote s memperpanjang \par decentralization \- desentralisasi persamaan \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs32\insrsid9399831 Contested reforms and their \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs32 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs32\insrsid9399831 Contested ubah dan mereka \par unintended consequences \- konsekuensi-konsekuensi persamaan yang tak sengaja \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af294\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs28\insrsid9399831 Marco B\'fcnte \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ai\af294\afs28 \ ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs28\insrsid939 9831 Marco B\'fcnte \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af293\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\fs20\insrsid9399831 INTRO DUCTION \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ab\af293\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\fs20\insrsid939 9831 INTRODUCTION \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Since the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Since }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\r tlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 nancial crisis and subsequent fall of long-term ruler Suharto from nancial krisis dan [musim] gugur berikut dari [penguasa/penggaris] yang jangka panjang Suharto dari \par power in May 1998, Indonesia\rquote s political system has witnessed dramat ic \- menggerakkan persamaan Pada Bulan Mei 1998, Indonesia\rquote s sistem politik sudah menyaksikan dramatis \par change. The most profound impact has come from the twin processes of \- persamaan berubah. Dampak paling dalam sudah datang dari proses-proses yang k

embar dari \par democratization and decentralization initiated in 1998 and 1999. Democratic \- demokratisasi persamaan dan desentralisasi memulai dalam 1998 dan 1999. Demok ratis \par reforms have dismantled the neo-patrimonial system from the top, stripping \- ubah persamaan sudah melucuti sistim neo-patrimonial dari kepala, pengulitan \par Suharto and his cronies from power. Decentralization has further eroded \- persamaan Suharto dan teman karib nya dari kuasa(tenaga. Desentralisasi sudah lebih lanjut longsor \par the institutions of centralized authoritarianism created during Suharto\rqu ote s \- persamaan lembaga; institusi authoritarianism yang dipusatkan diciptakan sela ma Suharto\rquote s \par long period of rule. In one of the most radical attempts ever to overhaul \- periode lame persamaan dari aturan. Dalam sebuah dari usaha-usaha paling radi kal pernah; selalu untuk memeriksa secara seksama \par the centralistic polity, Indonesia embarked on an ambitious decentralizatio n \- persamaan pemerintahan yang centralistic, Indonesia menaikkan di satu desentr alisasi yang ambisius \par programme in 1999. In order to prevent national disintegration and foster \- program persamaan dalam 1999. Untuk mencegah disintegrasi nasional dan memban tu perkembangan \par democracy, Indonesia devolved political power and responsibilities to the \- demokrasi persamaan, Indonesia menyerahkan kuasa(tenaga dan tanggung-jawab po litis kepada \par several hundred elected district governments. Given the urgent need for a \- persamaan beberapa ratus pemerintah-pemerintah daerah yang dipilih. Dengan ke butuhan yang mendesak untuk a \par reorganization of central local relations after democratization, Indonesia \- reorganisasi persamaan hubungan-hubungan lokal pusat setelah demokratisasi, I ndonesia \par opted for a fast implementation. Within only two years all major responsibi lities \- persamaan memilih karena suatu puasa implementasi. Di dalam hanya dua tahun s emua tanggung-jawab yang utama \par of the central state were to be transferred to the urban and rural \- persamaan dari status(negara yang pusat adalah untuk ditransfer ke pedesaan d an berkenaan dengan kota \par districts. These were endowed with new }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fc s0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20 \insrsid9399831 scal resources to deliver public services \- daerah-daerah persamaan. Ini diberkati dengan yang baru }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af29 2\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ l trch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 scal sumber daya untuk kirim jabatan dalam p emerintahan

\par and generate local development, with 2.4 million civil servants to be \- pengembangan persamaan dan menghasilkan lokal, dengan 24 juta pegawai sipil s emestinya \par transferred to the local level. Due to the far-reaching changes amounting t o \- persamaan mentransfer ke tingkatan yang lokal. Karena perubahan-perubahan yan g berjangkauan luas berjumlah \par nothing less than a complete overhaul of the political system within a shor t \- persamaan tidak kurang dari suatu perbaikan menyeluruh yang lengkap dari sist em politik di dalam suatu celana pendek \par time, this process has been called \lquote big bang decentralization\rquote (Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 mann \- persamaan waktu, proses ini sudah disebut \lquote dentuman besar decentraliz ation\rquote ( Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399 831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 mann \par and Kaiser 2002). What started with a big bang approach remained highly \- persamaan dan Kaiser 2002). Apa yang yang dimulai dengan suatu pendekatan den tuman besar tinggal sangat \par contested in the following years. Decentralization ran into serious trouble s \- persamaan mengadakan perlombaan di dalam tahun yang berikut. Desentralisasi m enumbuk gangguan-gangguan serius \par after the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 rst years of implementation resulting in a reformulation of the \- persamaan setelah }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsi d9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 rs t tahun implementasi menghasilkan suatu perumusan kembali \par decentralization law in 2004. Yet even the law revision did not end the pol itical \- hukum desentralisasi persamaan dalam 2004. Namun bahkan revisi hukum tidak be rakhir yang politis \par bickering among major state actors. Even nearly a decade after the \- persamaan yang bertengkar antar para aktor status(negara yang utama. Bahkan h ampir suatu dekade setelah \par beginning of democratic decentralization, there seems to be no consensus \- permulaan persamaan desentralisasi yang demokratis, di sana sepertinya tanpa konsensus \par within Indonesia\rquote s state elite on how to distribute political power between the \- persamaan di dalam Indonesia\rquote s menyatakan pilihan di bagaimana caranya mendistribusikan kuasa(tenaga politis antara \par centre and the regions. Moreover, the devolution of state power has been \- pusat persamaan dan daerah-daerah. Lebih dari itu, peralihan kuasa(tenaga sta tus(negara mempunyai \par accompanied by a series of unintended consequences such as an increase

\- persamaan yang disertai oleh satu rangkaian konsekuensi-konsekuensi yang tak sengaja seperti satu peningkatan \par in ethnic and communal con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20 \insrsid9399831 fl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid93998 31 icts, greater competition over scarce natural \- persamaan di dalam con}{\rtlch\fcs1 komunal dan yang kesukuan \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 icts, kompetisi lebih besar (di) atas langka alami(wa jar \par resources, a surge in local corruption and greater administrative and polit ical \- sumber daya persamaan, suatu gelombang di dalam kebusukan lokal dan politis d an administratif lebih besar \par fragmentation. Decentralization has further aggravated the weakness of the \- pemecahan menjadi kepingan persamaan. Desentralisasi sudah lebih lanjut menje ngkelkan kelemahan dari \par Indonesian state. What went wrong with Indonesia\rquote s decentralization? This \- status(negara persamaan Indonesia. Apa yang pergi bersalah dengan Indonesia\r quote s desentralisasi? Hal ini \par chapter will explore why decentralization faced such enormous di}{\rtlch\fc s1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\af s20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 culties \- bab persamaan akan menjelajah mengapa desentralisasi menghadapi di}{\rtlch\fc s1 yang mahabesar seperti \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 culties \par and caused so many problems. It will be argued that decentralization has be en \- persamaan dan menyebabkan begitu banyak permasalahan. Akan berargumentasi bah wa desentralisasi mempunyai \par a protracted process that was confronted at every stage with vested and wel lconnected \- persamaan suatu proses yang diperpanjang yang dihadapkan pada setiap langkah? tahap dengan wellconnected dan yang tetap, bagi pribadi \par interests at both the central and the local level. Lacking both a \- minat persamaan pada kedua-duanya yang pusat dan tingkatan yang lokal. Kekura ngan kedua-duanya a \par serious discussion at the initiation stage and strong political leadership during \- diskusi persamaan serius di langkah?tahap inisiasi dan kepemimpinan politis k uat selama \par the phase of implementation, powerful groups at the national and local \- persamaan tahap implementasi, kelompok-kelompok tangguh di nasional dan lokal \par level derailed the decentralization process. While the nationalist elite an d the \- mengukur persamaan yang digelincirkan proses desentralisasi. Sementara piliha n nasionalis dan

\par army feared the disintegration of the nation-state and therefore attempted to \- pasukan; bala tentara persamaan menakutkan disintegrasi status(negara bangsa dan oleh karena itu dicoba ke \par preserve the unitary state, regional groupings tried to extend their power base. \- persamaan memelihara negara kesatuan, pengelompokan-pengelompokan regional ya ng dicoba untuk meluas dasar kuasa(tenaga mereka. \par In the absence of a strong rule of law, the legal framework was often abuse d \- persamaan In ketidakhadiran dari suatu kepastian hukum yang kuat, kerangka ya ng hukum sering disalah-gunakan \par by newly formed alliances of politicians, bureaucrats and private interests for \- persamaan oleh persekutuan-persekutuan yang dibentuk yang baru-baru saja dari politikus-politikus, minat birokrat-birokrat dan pribadi untuk \par rent-seeking activities. It will be shown that the degree of decentralizati on \- aktivitas pencarian sewa persamaan. Akan ditunjukkan bahwa derajat tingkat de sentralisasi \par was often determined by a series of political bargains within and between \- persamaan sering ditentukan oleh satu rangkaian tawaran-tawaran politis di da lam dan antara \par national and regional actors. To illustrate the political economy of democr atic \- nasional persamaan dan para aktor regional. Untuk menggambarkan ekonomi negar a dari yang demokratis \par decentralization, the process will be elucidated on two levels. On the }{\r tlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af 291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 rst, the \- desentralisasi persamaan, proses itu akan diterangkan di dua tingkatan. Di }{ \ rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs 1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 rst, \par dynamics involved in the power struggle between the central government \- dinamika persamaan melibatkan di dalam perjuangan kuasa(tenaga antara pemerin tah pusat \par ministries and the local governments will be depicted. It will be shown tha t \- kementerian(pendeta-kementerian(pendeta persamaan dan pemerintah-pemerintah y ang lokal akan dilukiskan. Akan ditunjukkan itu \par most ministries were averse to decentralization and only reluctantly took \- persamaan kebanyakan pelayanan rohani menentang kepada desentralisasi dan han ya dengan rasa segan mengambil?membutuhkan \par steps to support it. This resulted in a protracted decentralization, where the \- langkah-langkah persamaan untuk mendukung nya. Hal ini menimbulkan suatu dese ntralisasi yang diperpanjang, di mana \par formal rules of the decentralization game were heavily contested among the

\- persamaan formal peraturan tentang game desentralisasi dengan berat mengadaka n perlombaan di antara \par major political players. After decentralization had encountered }{\rtlch\fc s1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs 20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 rst serious \- pemain-pemain persamaan politis utama. Setelah desentralisasi telah bertemu } {\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fc s1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 rst serius \par problems, the Megawati administration introduced a new decentralization \- permasalahan persamaan, administrasi Megawati memperkenalkan suatu desentrali sasi yang baru \par law that curtailed the scope of local governments\rquote autonomy. After d escribing \- hukum persamaan bahwa membatasi lingkup dari otonomi governments\rquote lokal . Setelah menguraikan \par the regional autonomy policy and its implementation, the focus will turn \- persamaan kebijakan otonomi yang regional dan implementasi nya, fokus itu aka n putaran \par to the unintended consequences that accompanied the process. This second \- persamaan kepada konsekuensi-konsekuensi yang tak sengaja bahwa menyertai pro ses. Detik/second ini \par section will look at the consequences of the reorganization of patrimonial \- bagian persamaan akan melihat konsekuensi-konsekuensi dari reorganisasi yang patrimonial \par networks at the regional and local levels.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs12 \ltrch \fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\f s20\insrsid9399831 It will illustrate the severe fragmentation \- jaringan persamaan di levels}{\rtlch\fcs1 lokal dan regional \ af291\afs12 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 1 }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Itu akan menggambarkan pemecahan menjadi kepingan yan g parah; sulit; keras; berat \par of the Indonesian state manifesting itself in power struggles between \- persamaan dari status(negara Indonesia itu yang menyatakan diri sendiri dalam kuasa berjuang antara \par various state elites and the mobilization of ethnic and religious identitie s. \- persamaan berbagai pilihan-pilihan status(negara dan pengerahan identitas-ide ntitas religius dan yang kesukuan. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af293\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\fs20\insrsid9399831 PROTR ACTED AND HIGHLY COMPETITIVE: \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ab\af293\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\fs20\insrsid939 9831 PROTRACTED AND HIGHLY COMPETITIVE: \par DISMANTLING THE NEO-PATRIMONIAL REGIME AND \- PERLUCUTAN persamaan REZIM NEO-PATRIMONIAL DAN \par REDESIGNING THE CENTRALISTIC STATE \- persamaan YANG MERANCANG KEMBALI STATUS(NEGARA CENTRALISTIC \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Historical

ly, the Indonesian state\rquote s centralistic administration has served \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Historically, administrasi state\rquote centralistic s Indonesia itu sudah melay ani \par the purpose of the various authoritarian governments of holding the nations tate \- persamaan tujuan dari berbagai pemerintah-pemerintah otoriter tentang pemilik an nationstate \par together and controlling the ethnically heterogeneous population of the \- persamaan bersama-sama dan mengendalikan populasi secara etnis heterogen \par archipelago. In particular, under Suharto\rquote s New Order regime the cen tralistic \- kepulauan persamaan. Secara khusus, di bawah Suharto\rquote s Order Baru rezi m yang centralistic \par structure was integral in consolidating the power of the neo-patrimonial \- struktur persamaan integral di dalam memperkuat kuasa neo-patrimonial \par regime, as it served as a means to control society and direct resources fro m \- rezim persamaan, karena bertindak sebagai bermakna untuk mengendalikan masyar akat dan sumber daya langsung dari \par the regions to the capital and into the hands of the ruling clique. After \- persamaan daerah-daerah itu kepada modal dan ke dalam tangan-tangan dari pers ekongkolan yang penguasa. Setelah \par Suharto\rquote s downfall, decentralization began to become a major issue o f the \- persamaan Suharto\rquote s hujan lebat, desentralisasi mulai menjadi suatu is u yang utama dari \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af294\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 Conte sted reforms and their unintended consequences }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 103 \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ai\af294\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid939 9831 Contested ubah dan konsekuensi-konsekuensi mereka yang tak sengaja }{\ rtlc h\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 103 \par democratization agenda. The dismantling of the neo-patrimonial regime and \- agenda demokratisasi persamaan. Perlucutan rezim neo-patrimonial dan \par the redesigning of the state have been highly competitive processes since t hey \- persamaan merancang kembali status(negara telah proses-proses sangat kompetit if karena mereka \par involved a readjustment of political power between diverse political player s at \- persamaan melibatkan suatu penyesuaian ulang dari kuasa(tenaga politis antara pemain-pemain politis yang berbeda pada \par the national and local level. As such, the decentralization process became as \- persamaan nasional dan tingkatan lokal. Dengan demikian, desentralisasi mempr oses menjadi seperti

\par protracted as the democratization process itself. Decentralization met }{\r tlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af 291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 erce \- persamaan memperpanjang sebagai demokratisasi memproses diri sendiri. Desentr alisasi jumpa }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid939983 1 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 erce \par resistance from the entrenched elite, itself comprised of many of the eleme nts \- pembalasan persamaan dari pilihan yang kukuh, diri sendiri terdiri atas banya k dari unsur-unsur \par that had made up the Suharto elite. This was particularly true of the burea ucracy, \- persamaan bahwa telah menyusun pilihan Suharto. Inilah terutama sekali benar dari birokrasi, \par where the patrimonial style of governance typical of the New Order \- persamaan di mana gaya yang patrimonial dari khasnya penguasaan dari Order Ba ru \par continued to prevail. The decentralization of the political system ultimate ly \- persamaan tetap berlaku. Desentralisasi sistem politik pada akhirnya \par resembled a slow learning process, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af294\afs20 \ltrch\fcs 0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 The Jakarta Post }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 describing it as \lquote building \- persamaan menirukan suatu proses pelajaran yang lambat, }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ai\a f294\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 The Jakarta Post }{\ rtlch\f cs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 itu menguraikan seperti (ketika \lquote bangunan \par a ship while sailing\rquote (21 December 2000). \- persamaan suatu kapal selagi sailing\rquote (21 Desember 2000). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af293 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\insrsid9399831 Administrative a nd political centralism as the backbone of the \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ab\af293 \ ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\insrsid9399831 Admini strative dan centralism politis seperti(ketika tulang punggung dari \par neo-patrimonial regime \- persamaan neo-patrimonial rezim \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Indonesia has always been characterized by extreme centralism. The centralistic \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Indonesia yang telah selalu ditandai oleh centralism yang ekstrim. Yang centrali stic \par administrative structure of the Indonesian state served as the backbone \- struktur persamaan administratif dari status(negara Indonesia itu bertindak s ebagai tulang punggung \par of the various authoritarian regimes. An enduring element of colonial rule, \- persamaan dari berbagai rezim-rezim otoriter. Satu yang kronis unsur aturan k olonial, \par it was used by the authoritarian governments to bind the nation together \- persamaan yang digunakan oleh pemerintah-pemerintah otoriter untuk mengikat b

angsa tersebut bersama-sama \par and to ensure control over the highly diverse population of the archipelago . \- persamaan dan untuk memastikan kendali (di) atas populasi sangat berbeda kepu lauan. \par Consequently, the administrative structure changed relatively little betwee n \- persamaan Consequently, struktur yang administratif berubah secara relatif ke cil antara \par 1950 and the late 1990s. Both Sukarno\rquote s \lquote Guided Democracy\rqu ote (1957\endash 65) and \- persamaan 1950 dan 1990s yang terlambat; almarhum. Keduanya Sukarno\rquote s \lquote Guided Democracy\rquote (1957\endash 65) dan \par Suharto\rquote s New Order (1966\endash 98) were centralized, authoritarian regimes in \- persamaan Suharto\rquote s Order Baru (1966\endash 98) dipusatkan, rezim-rezi m otoriter di dalam \par which regionalist movements were considered a major threat to Indonesia\rqu ote s \- persamaan yang regionalist gerakan-gerakan dipertimbangkan suatu ancaman yang utama ke(pada Indonesia\rquote s \par survival as a unitary state. The New Order in particular used the centralis tic \- survival persamaan sebagai suatu negara kesatuan. Order Baru khususnya menggu nakan centralistic \par administrative structure to enforce its government policies down to the vil lage \- struktur persamaan administratif untuk menguatkan/menyelenggarakan kebijakankebijakan pemerintah nya hingga [menuju] ke [desa/kampung] \par level and to control all avenues of dissent. Uniform administrative structu res \- tingkatan persamaan dan untuk mengendalikan semua jalan lebar/rindang dari be rselisih paham. Struktur-struktur administratif yang seragam \par throughout the whole archipelago replaced traditional village structures \- persamaan sepanjang keseluruhan kepulauan menggantikan struktur-struktur [des a/kampung] tradisional \par and long-existing forms of community participation and leadership. Whereas \- wujud-wujud persamaan dan yang ada panjang(lama dari keikutsertaan masyarakat dan kepemimpinan. Sedangkan \par formal institutions were highly centralistic, informal institutions were pa trimonial \- lembaga; institusi persamaan formal adalah lembaga; institusi sangat centrali stic, yang informal patrimonial \par in character. President Suharto had the formal power to appoint the \- persamaan sifatnya. Presiden Suharto mempunyai kuasa(tenaga yang formal untuk menugaskan \par governors, while the district heads were appointed by the Ministry of Home

\- para gubernur persamaan, selagi daerah memimpin ditugaskan oleh Ministry dari home \par A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlc h\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 airs. With the help of a direct line of command and close administrative \- persamaan A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 udara-udar a. Dengan bantuan dari suatu garis komando yang langsung dan menutup administrat if \par supervision, the centre exercised a tight control over the policies of loca l \- pengawasan persamaan, pusat berlatih suatu kendali yang ketat (di) atas kebij akan-kebijakan dari yang lokal \par governments. Informal relations in the neo-patrimonial regime were more \- pemerintah-pemerintah persamaan. Hubungan-hubungan yang informal di dalam rez im neo-patrimonial lebih \par pyramidal; at the apex of the pyramid stood Suharto, backed by the regime \- persamaan berbentuk piramid; di puncak kulminasi dari piramida berdiri Suhart o, yang didukung oleh rezim \par coalition of the central bureaucracy and the army. The neo-patrimonial netw orks \- kesatuan persamaan birokrasi yang pusat dan pasukan; bala tentara. Jaringan n eo-patrimonial \par spun down to the provincial, district, sub-district and village levels, \- persamaan memutar hingga [menuju] ke yang provinsial, daerah, kecamatan dan [ desa/kampung] mengukur, \par with o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 cials at each le vel owing allegiance to those directly above them while \- persamaan dengan o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid 9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ci als pada masing-masing tingkatan yang berhutang kesetiaan kepada mereka secara l angsung di atas mereka selagi \par also having responsibility for ensuring compliance from those below. The \- persamaan juga mempunyai tanggung jawab untuk memastikan pemenuhan dari merek a di bawah. \par neo-patrimonial triumvirate of Golkar, bureaucrats and military o}{\rtlch\f cs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\a fs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 cers replicated \- persamaan neo-patrimonial tiga serangkai dari Golkar, birokrat-birokrat dan m iliter o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 cers meniru \par itself at every territorial level and ensured that the policies of the \- persamaan diri sendiri pada setiap tingkatan wilayah dan memastikan bahwa keb ijakan-kebijakan dari \par regime were enforced in every corner of the archipelago. Golkar represented \- rezim persamaan dikuatkan/dipaksa di dalam setiap sudut kepulauan. Golkar mew akili

\par the regime\rquote s interest in local parliaments whilst military o}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291 \afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 cers were placed \- persamaan regime\rquote s tertarik akan parlemen-parlemen lokal [sedang;selag i] militer o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 f fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 cers ditemp atkan \par in key governmental positions both at the central and the local level. In 1 970, \- persamaan di dalam posisi-posisi kunci bidang pemerintahan kedua-duanya di pu sat dan tingkatan yang lokal. Dalam 1970, \par 104 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af294\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 M arco B\'fcnte \- persamaan 104 }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ai\af294\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrs id9399831 Marco B\'fcnte \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 20 out of the country\rquote s 26 governors and 60 per cent of the district chiefs \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 20 karena country\rquote s 26 gubernur dan 60 per sen dari pemimpin-pemimin daer ah \par were military o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid939 9831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 cers \e ndash these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi }{\rtlch\fcs1 \- persamaan adalah militer o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20 \insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid93 99831 cers \endash ini semua }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs2 0\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 gures decreased slightly by t he end of the 1980s \- af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 gures berkurang sedikit pa da akhir 1980s \par but remained at around 50 per cent since then (Malley 1999: 76). The regime \- persamaan yang tetapi tinggal pada di sekitar 50 per sen sejak itu (Malley 19 99: 76). Rezim \par coalition could orchestrate the elections for governors and district chiefs ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 2 \- kesatuan persamaan bisa mengarang musik pemilihan-pemilihan untuk para gubern ur dan daerah chiefs,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs12 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid 9399831 2 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 bring thro ugh their candidates and ensure central control over local a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292 \afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 menyelamatkan calon-calon mereka dan memastikan kendali pusat (di) atas a}{\rtlc h\fcs1 lokal \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs 1 \ af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 airs. \- f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 udara-udara.

\par The army with its vast network of territorial representation suppressed \- persamaan Pasukan; bala tentara dengan jaringan yang sangat banyak nya dari p enyajian wilayah menindas \par all forms of dissent. Civil servants were forced to join Golkar and show \- persamaan semua wujud dari berselisih paham. Pegawai sipil [wajib/ terpaksa] ber/menggabung dengan Golkar dan pertunjukan \par undivided loyalty to the regime. The regime coalition used its in}{\rtlch\f cs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\af s20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 uence for \- kesetiaan persamaan yang sepenuhnya kepada rezim. Kesatuan rezim menggunakan in}{\rtlch\fcs1 nya \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fl}{\rt lch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 uence untuk \par rent-seeking and to build up new business networks, and for that purpose th e \- pencarian sewa persamaan dan untuk membangun jaringan bisnis baru, dan untuk bahwa bermaksud \par regime coalition also reached out to small entrepreneurs and petty criminal s \- kesatuan rezim persamaan juga menggapai ke luar kepada wirausaha kecil dan pe njahat-penjahat picik \par in the underworld. These ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs2 0\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399 831 a-like networks shored up the position of local \- persamaan di dalam dunia bawah tanah. Ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 ini \ af292\afs20 \ ltr ch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f2 91\fs20\insrsid9399831 seperti atas jaringan shored posisi yang lokal \par strongmen and contributed to a climate of fear and intimidation at the loca l \- persamaan strongmen dan mendukung suatu iklim dari ketakutan dan intimidasi d i yang lokal \par level (Hadiz 2003, Sidel 2004: 64}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2 92\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrs id9399831 .). Communities had only scarce opportunities \- tingkatan persamaan (Hadiz 2003, Sidel 2004: 64}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \ f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 .).Masyarakat-masyarakat hanya mempunyai peluang lang ka \par to participate in local politics as political organizations were not allowe d \- persamaan untuk mengambil bagian di dalam politik lokal sebagai organisasi-or ganisasi politis tidaklah diizinkan \par to function below the district level and villagers were considered a \lquot e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fl}{\rtlch\fc s1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 oating \- persamaan untuk berfungsi di bawah tingkatan daerah dan orang desa dipertimba ngkan a \ lquote }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid939 9831 fl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 sejeni s gandum \par mass\rquote of politically quiescent people. In this way, the regime achie ved stability

\- persamaan mass\rquote dari secara politis diam orang-orang. Dengan cara ini, rezim mencapai stabilitas \par and curtailed participation down to the village level. For more than 40 yea rs \- persamaan dan membatasi keikutsertaan hingga [menuju] ke tingkatan [desa/kamp ung]. Untuk lebih dari (sekedar) 40 tahun \par the periphery has been totally subordinate to the centre with no in}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\ afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 uence \- persamaan batas luar mempunyai secara total bawahan;subordinat kepada pusat t anpa adanya in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 uence \par over government policies and no power to control local a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af29 2\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrc h\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 airs. Local politics \- persamaan (di) atas kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintah dan tidak ada kuasa(tenaga untuk mengendalikan a}{\rtlch\fcs1 lokal \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\ insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399 831 udara-udara. Politik lokal \par re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fl}{\rtl ch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ected the interests o f the regime coalition and the centre rather than those \- persamaan re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid939983 1 fl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ected min at dari kesatuan rezim dan pusat dibanding mereka \par in the regions. In the end, the chances for the introduction of a real devo lution \- persamaan di dalam daerah-daerah. Pada akhirnya, kesempatan-kesempatan untuk pengenalan tentang suatu peralihan yang riil \par of power were extremely limited since it was closely connected to the \- persamaan dari kuasa(tenaga adalah sangat dibatasi karena itu lekat disambung kan ke \par overall leitmotif of the Suharto regime, namely economic development and \- persamaan menyeluruh leitmotif dari rezim Suharto, yakni pembangunan ekonomi dan \par political stability (Kahin 1994: 211). \- stabilitas persamaan politis (Kahin 1994: 211). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af293 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\insrsid9399831 Signalling refor m: The initiation of decentralization \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ab\af293 \ ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\insrsid9399831 Signal ling ubah: Inisiasi desentralisasi \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 The fall o f Suharto ushered in an era of reforms (named }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af294\afs20 \ltr ch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 reformasi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\f cs0 \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Kejatuhan Suharto mengumumkan satu zaman dari perubahan-perubahan ( yang dinamai }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ai\af294\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 reform asi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0

\f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ). The \- f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ). \par ultimate goal of the reform movement in its various manifestations has been \- persamaan terakhir sasaran gerakan perubahan dalam berbagai penjelmaan-penje lmaan nya mempunyai \par the democratization of the political system. The main demands, such as \- persamaan demokratisasi sistem politik. Permintaan-permintaan utama, seperti \par reducing corruption and the military\rquote s role in politics, establishin g press \- persamaan yang mengurangi kebusukan dan military\rquote s peran di dalam poli tik, pendirian/penetapan tekan \par freedom and lifting restrictions on political parties, were national in sco pe. \- kebebasan persamaan dan mengangkat pembatasan-pembatasan di para pihak politi s, nasional di dalam lingkup. \par Since local level representatives have been integrated into the neo-patrimo nial \- persamaan Since wakil-wakil tingkatan lokal telah terintegrasi ke dalam neo-p atrimonial \par networks of Suharto, they also came under heavy pressure to resign from \- jaringan persamaan dari Suharto, mereka juga tergolong tekanan berat untuk be rhenti dari \par o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtl ch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ce.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af2 91\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltr ch\fcs0 \- persamaan o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ce}{\rtlc h\fcs1 \ af291\afs12 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 3 }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ a f291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Moreover, regional and local leaders themselves were m ore assertive \- f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Moreover, para pemimpin lokal dan regional sendiri l ebih tegas \par in demanding a change of the overall administrative framework and began \- persamaan di dalam menuntut suatu perubahan dari menyeluruh kerangka administ ratif dan mulai \par voicing their discontent about the perceived excesses of centralized rule a nd \- ketidak puasan penyuaraan persamaan mereka sekitar kelebihan-kelebihan yang d irasa dari aturan yang dipusatkan dan \par demanding greater regional control over political and economic a}{\rtlch\fc s1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs 20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 airs. These \- kendali yang menuntut persamaan regional lebih besar (di) atas a}{\rtlch\fcs1 ekonomi dan politis \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\r tlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 udara-udara. Ini semua

\par calls were especially loud in resource-rich provinces such as Aceh, Riau, E ast \- sebut(panggil persamaan terutama nyaring di dalam provinsi-provinsi sumber da ya kaya seperti Aceh, Riau, Timur \par Kalimantan and Papua. Consequently, decentralization became an important \- persamaan Kalimantan dan Papua. Sebagai konsekwensi, desentralisasi menjadi s atu yang penting \par element of the reform agenda proposed by pro-democracy activists \- persamaan unsur agenda perubahan yang diusulkan oleh para aktivis demokrasi y ang ahli \par (Sulistyanto and Erb 2005: 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs 20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid939 9831 .). Supporters of decentralization equated centralized \-persamaan (Sulistyanto dan Erb 2005: 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \ f291\fs2 0\insrsid9399831 .).Para pendukung desentralisasi menyamakan memusatkan \par governance with the old authoritarian regime and viewed decentralization \- penguasaan persamaan dengan rezim otoriter yang kuno dan memandang desentrali sasi \par as a necessary process by which civil engagement in public a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 airs \- persamaan sebagai suatu proses yang perlu dengan mana perikatan sipil di muka umum a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\r tlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 udara-udara \par could be enhanced (T\'f6rnquist 2006: 227\endash 55). \- persamaan bisa ditingkatkan (T\'f6rnquist 2006: 227\endash 55). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af294\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 Conte sted reforms and their unintended consequences }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 105 \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ai\af294\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid939 9831 Contested ubah dan konsekuensi-konsekuensi mereka yang tak sengaja }{\ rtlc h\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 105 \par The Habibie government (May 1998 to October 1999) responded to these \- persamaan The Habibie pemerintah (Mei 1998 ke Oktober 1999) menjawab ini semu a \par developments with the promulgation of a policy of regional autonomy as \- pengembangan-pengembangan persamaan dengan pengumuman suatu kebijakan otonomi regional seperti(ketika \par part of the broader reform agenda of democratization. By November 1998, \- persamaan bagian dari agenda perubahan yang lebih luas demokratisasi. Pada No pember 1998, \par Habibie had instructed his Minister of Home A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \lt rch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f29 1\fs20\insrsid9399831 airs to put together a team \- persamaan Habibie telah instruksikan Minister dari nya home A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 udara-udara untuk memasang suatu regu

\par of civil servants, academics and advisors (the so-called \lquote Team of 7\ rquote ) to formulate \- persamaan dari pegawai sipil, akademis dan penasehat-penasehat ( yang disebut \lquote Team dari 7\rquote )untuk merumuskan \par a draft of what later became Law 22/1999.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs12 \ltrch\ fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 4 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs 20\insrsid9399831 There has been neither a \- persamaan suatu draft dari apa [yang] yang kemudiannya menjadi Hukum 22/1999} {\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs12 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 4 }{\ rtlch\fc s1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 There mempunyai [bukan/t idak] a \par general discussion about the goals of the decentralization nor an attempt t o \- persamaan umum diskusi tentang sasaran dari desentralisasi maupun satu usaha untuk \par engage other ministries within this project. The President wanted the laws \- persamaan melibatkan pelayanan rohani di dalam proyek ini lain. President ing in hukum \par passed quickly so he could present them to the MPR (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af294 \afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 Majelis Permusyawaratan \- [lulus/lewat] persamaan dengan cepat maka ia bisa menyajikan mereka kepada MP R (}{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ai\af294\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 Maje lis Permusyawaratan \par Rakyat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ) an d the nation in his accountability speech scheduled for late \- persamaan Rakyat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \ f291\fs20\insrsid9 399831 )dan bangsa tersebut di dalam pidato/suara?cara bicara tanggung-jawab nya membuat jadwal akhir \par 1999. Habibie\rquote s move can thus be interpreted as a political manoeuvr e to \- persamaan 1999. Habibie\rquote s gerakan dapat seperti itu ditafsirkan sebaga i suatu manuver politis untuk \par improve his election prospects. Still associated with his former patron \- prospek-prospek pemilihan memperbaiki persamaan nya. meski demikian Yang dihu bungkan dengan pelindung pembentuk nya \par Suharto and the New Order, and lacking a solid support base both within his \- persamaan Suharto dan Order Baru, dan kekurangan suatu dukungan yang padat da sar kedua-duanya di dalam miliknya \par party and the reform movement, Habibie was keen to distance himself from \- pesta(pihak persamaan dan gerakan perubahan, Habibie tekun/tajam kepada jarak dirinya dari \par the Suharto regime and to gain recognition as a political reformer. He also \- persamaan rezim Suharto dan untuk mendapatkan pengenalan sebagai suatu pembah aru politis. Ia juga \par wanted to underline his credibility in the eyes of the international commun ity, \- persamaan ingin menggaris bawahi kredibilitas nya dalam pandangan masyarakat yang internasional,

\par which demanded good governance and political reforms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\a fs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\f cs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Consequently, \- persamaan yang menuntut penguasaan baik dan reforms}{\rtlch\fcs1 politis \ af 291\afs12 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 5 }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Consequently, \par Habibie made democratic elections and local autonomy the cornerstones of \- persamaan Habibie membuat pemilihan-pemilihan demokratis dan otonomi lokal ya ng batu penjuru dari \par his reform agenda. In May 1999 he introduced the decentralization laws into \- agenda perubahan persamaan nya. Di dalam Mei 1999 ia memperkenalkan hukum des entralisasi ke dalam \par parliament, which was still largely composed of the three \lquote o}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291 \afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 cial\rquote parties of \- parlemen persamaan, yang masih sebagian besar terdiri atas ke tiga \lquote o} {\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ffi}{\rtlch\fc s1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 cial\rquote para pihak d ari \par the New Order and of many holdovers from the Suharto era. The decentralizat ion \- persamaan Order Baru dan [tentang] banyak peninggalan dari zaman Suharto. Des entralisasi \par Laws 22/1999 and 25/1999 were passed in great haste and with a \- persamaan Laws 22/1999 dan 25/1999 disilahkan ketergesaan besar dan dengan a \par minimum of public debate. Indeed, no substantial changes were made from \- minimumnya persamaan dari debat yang publik. Sungguh, tidak ada perubahan-per ubahan substansiil dibuat dari \par the government\rquote s original draft legislation (Rasyid 2003: 63). Posse ssing little \- persamaan perundang-undangan draft government\rquote asli s (Rasyid 2003: 63) . Menguasai sedikit \par information about the likely consequences of decentralization, political pa rty \- informasi persamaan tentang mungkin konsekuensi-konsekuensi desentralisasi, p artai politik \par members grabbed at every opportunity to present themselves as reformoriente d. \- para anggota persamaan merebut pada setiap peluang untuk menyajikan diri mere ka sebagai yang reformoriented. \par Even though decentralization stood to threaten their interests as \- persamaan Meskipun desentralisasi berpegang kepada mengancam minat mereka sep erti(ketika \par national-level actors and elites of highly centralized political parties, m ost \- para aktor tingkatan persamaan nasional dan pilihan-pilihan dari sangat memus atkan para pihak politis, hampir semua \par politicians voted for the decentralization laws. Thus, Indonesian decentral

ization \- politikus-politikus persamaan memilih hukum desentralisasi. Jadi; Dengan demi kian, desentralisasi Indonesia \par has been enacted before the clari}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2 92\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrs id9399831 cation, and ultimately against the clear \- persamaan sudah ditetapkan di hadapan clari}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrc h\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f29 1\fs20\insrsid9399831 kation, dan pada akhirnya melawan terhadap membersihkan \par interest of most of the Suharto-era political elite. It has been used as a signal \- persamaan menarik perhatian dari umumnya pilihan Suharto-era politis. Itu sud ah digunakan sebagai suatu isyarat \par to indicate that politicians embraced the reform agenda (Smith 2007). What is \- persamaan untuk menunjukkan bahwa politikus-politikus dipeluk agenda perubaha n (Tukang besi 2007). Apa \par even more remarkable about the early debate of regional autonomy is the \- persamaan lebih yang luar biasa?menarik perhatian lagi sekitar awal debat o tonomi regional adalah \par lack of involvement of local actors. The discourse on decentralization in i ts \- persamaan ketiadaan keterlibatan dari para aktor lokal. Bercakap-cakap desent ralisasi dalam \par initial stage has rather been a bureaucratic process taking place in the ca pital \- persamaan memaraf langkah?tahap mempunyai agak suatu proses yang birokratis b erlangsung di dalam modal \par Jakarta. \- persamaan Jakarta. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af293 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\insrsid9399831 The decentraliza tion legislation: Strengthening the districts, \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ab\af293 \ ltrch\fcs0 \b\f293\insrsid9399831 Perund ang-undangan desentralisasi: Memperkuat daerah-daerah, \par bypassing the provinces \- persamaan membypass provinsi-provinsi \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Laws 22/19 99 and 25/1999 created the framework for Indonesia\rquote s decentralization \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Laws 22/1999 dan 25/1999 yang diciptakan kerangka untuk Indonesia\rquote s desen tralisasi \par programme and resulted in the devolution of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltr ch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291 \fs20\insrsid9399831 scal and political \- program persamaan dan menimbulkan peralihan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ l trch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \ f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 scal dan politis \par power to lower levels of government, especially the district level. The dev

olution \- kuasa(tenaga persamaan kepada tingkat yang lebih rendahnya dari pemerintah, t erutama tingkatan daerah. Peralihan \par deliberately bypassed the provinces and strengthened the district level \- persamaan dengan sengaja; seksama membypass provinsi-provinsi dan memperkuat tingkatan daerah \par below. Under Laws 22/1999 and 25/1999 the central government was to cede \- persamaan di bawah. Di Bawah Hukum 22/1999 dan 25/1999 pemerintah pusat itu u ntuk menyerahkan \par 106 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af294\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrsid9399831 M arco B\'fcnte \- persamaan 106 }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ ai\af294\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \i\f294\fs20\insrs id9399831 Marco B\'fcnte \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 authority to regional governments in all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20 \insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid93998 31 \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 otoritas kepada pemerintah-pemerintah regional di dalam semua }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ a f292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 elds except foreign policy, defence, elds kecuali politik luar negeri:, pertahanan, \par security, monetary policy, the legal system and religious a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \a f292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \l trch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 airs. The central \- keamanan persamaan, tindakan keuangan, sistim yang hukum dan a}{\rtlch\fcs1 r eligius \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ a f291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 udara-udara. Yang pusat \par government also retained a number of speci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch \fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\f s20\insrsid9399831 c functions, such as national \- pemerintah persamaan juga menyimpan sejumlah speci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fc s0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 c berfungsi, seperti nasional \par planning and the supervision of technical standards. Thus, the district gov ernments, \- perencanaan persamaan dan pengawasan patokan-patokan teknis. Jadi; Dengan dem ikian, pemerintah-pemerintah daerah, \par who had previously been limited to a handful of functions, were \- persamaan yang telah sebelumnya dibatasi pada segenggam penuh fungsi-fungsi, adalah \par now to take over full responsibility for important areas such as education, \- persamaan sekarang untuk mengambil alih tanggung jawab penuh untuk bidang-bid ang yang penting seperti pendidikan, \par environment, health, labour, natural resource management and public works. \- lingkungan persamaan, kesehatan, tenaga kerja, manajemen sumber daya alami da n pekerjaan umum.

\par Provincial and local parliaments were given the power to elect and dismiss \- persamaan Provincial dan parlemen-parlemen lokal diberi kuasa(tenaga itu untu k memilih dan memecat/membubarkan \par regional and local heads of government and to determine budgets and the \- kepala-kepala persamaan lokal dan regional dari pemerintah dan untuk menentuk an anggaran-anggaran dan \par organizational structure of the bureaucracy. The role of the provinces was \- struktur organisasi persamaan birokrasi. Peran dari provinsi-provinsi itu ada lah \par con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rt lch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ned to such areas su ch as mediating disputes between districts, facilitating \- persamaan con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid93998 31 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ned kepa da bidang-bidang seperti itu seperti menengahi perselisihan-perselisihan antara daerah-daerah, kemudahan \par cross-district development and representing the central government \- persamaan melintasi pengembangan daerah dan mewakili(menggambarkan pemerintah pusat \par within the region. Provincial legislatures, therefore, could elect governor s \- persamaan di dalam daerah. Badan pembuat undang-undang provinsial, oleh karen a itu, bisa memilih para gubernur \par but Jakarta\rquote s approval was required before a governor could be insta lled or \- persamaan tetapi Jakarta\rquote s persetujuan diperlukan sebelum seorang gube rnur bisa diinstall atau \par removed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs12 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9399831 6 \- persamaan removed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs12 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs12\insrsid9 399831 6 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 The ration ale for strengthening the district level and bypassing the provinces \-persamaan }{\ rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 Dasar pemikiran untuk memperkuat tingkatan daerah dan membypass provinsi-provins i \par remained unclear. One argument in the public arena justi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af29 2\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrc h\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ed this by \- tinggal persamaan yang belum jelas. Satu argumentasi di dalam gelanggang yang publik justi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid9399831 fi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 ed hal ini oleh \par referring to Indonesian history, arguing that provinces were created by the \- sejarah yang mengacu pada persamaan Indonesia, membantah bahwa provinsi-provi nsi diciptakan oleh \par Dutch and had no real roots in Indonesian tradition (Ferrazzi 2000: 69). Th e \- persamaan Belanda dan akar riil yang tidak mempunyai di dalam tradisi Indones ia (Ferrazzi 2000: 69).

\par architects of the decentralization laws also argued that shifting authority to \- arsitek-arsitek persamaan dari hukum desentralisasi juga berargumentasi bahwa otoritas pergeseran untuk \par the districts would help to bring democracy closer to the people and enhanc e \- persamaan daerah-daerah itu akan membantu ke arah membawa demokrasi semakin d ekat kepada orang-orang dan meningkatkan \par political participation. Local communities would be encouraged to participa te \- partisipasi politik persamaan. Masyarakat-masyarakat lokal akan didorong untu k mengambil bagian \par more in local a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af292\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f292\fs20\insrsid939 9831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af291\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insrsid9399831 airs tha n at national or provincial level. Political participation \- persamaan lebih di dalam a}{\rtlch\fcs1 lokal \ af292\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f29 2\fs20\insrsid9399831 ff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ af291\afs20 \ ltrch\fcs0 \f291\fs20\insr sid9399831 udara-udara dibanding pada nasional atau tingkatan provinsial. Partis ipasi politik \par of these communities would thus be eased while local politicians could \- persamaan masyarakat-masyarakat ini akan seperti itu ditenangkan selagi polit ikus-politikus lokal bisa \par be held accountable for their actions. There also seemed to have been a fea r \- tindakan-tindakan bertanggung jawab untuk diselenggarakan persamaan mereka. D i sana juga sepertinya akan telah suatu ketakutan \par among the architects of the decentralization laws that giving larger units more \- persamaan di antara arsitek-arsitek dari hukum desentralisasi bahwa memberi u nit-unit lebih besar lebih \par power might have generated or fuelled separatist tendencies, particularly i n \- kuasa(tenaga persamaan mungkin telah menghasilkan atau kecenderungan-kecender ungan separatis fuelled, terutama sekali di dalam \par resource-rich or ethnically distinct areas. According to this argument, sep aratist \- bidang-bidang sumber daya persamaan terpisah; jelas secara etnis atau kaya. M enurut argumentasi ini, separatis \par sentiments had always had a focus on the provincial level, especially \- pendapat; perasaan persamaan mempunyai selalu mempunyai suatu berfokus kepada tingkatan yang provinsial, terutama \par when there were one or two dominant ethnic groups in the provinces. The \- persamaan ketika ada satu atau dua kelompok etnik yang dominan di dalam provi nsi-provinsi. \par several hundred districts were much smaller territorial units than the prov inces \- persamaan beberapa ratus daerah unit-unit wilayah jauh lebih kecil dibanding provinsi-provinsi

\par and were thus less likely to be viewed by their inhabitants as viable \- persamaan dan seperti itu lebih sedikit nampaknya a