1.

FAMILY TREE
Introduction
In logical reasoning, it is one of the scoring topics as it is easier to understand the blood relations of ones family & apply them to the question. But to make the data crisp & clear the family relation are depicted in a tree form so that the relations do not confuse. Certain symbols are used as a common language for depicting relations in family tree.

Symbolic representation of a family tree

To build a family tree, certain symbols are used to make it as a common language to denote relationships. You may use any other symbol to denote the family relationships.

Relations
A is male A is female Gender is not known A & B are married to each other A & B are siblings A & C are Bs children

Symbolic representation

A A
A A=B A B A C B A A B B

A is the uncle/ aunt of B

B is the only child of A

Understanding terms in Blood Relations

Brother in law Brother of ones spouse The husband of ones Sister The husband of the sister of ones spouse Sister in law The sister of ones spouse The wife of ones brother The wife of the brother of ones spouse

Mother in law The mother of ones spouse Father in law The father of ones spouse Son in law The husband of ones daughter Daughter in law The wife of ones son Grand Parents Parents of the parents Sibling Person having one or both parents in common with another (a brother or sister) Cousin A child of ones aunt or uncle Second Cousin A child of a first cousin of ones parents Uncle The brother of ones mother or father The husband of ones aunt Aunt The sister of ones father or mother The wife of ones uncle Nephew Son of ones brother or sister Niece Daughter of ones brother or sister Maternal Related through ones mother Paternal Related through ones father NOTE- Blood Relation-based Questions 1. One of the keys to solve blood relation-based problems is to identify the married couples, the number of which would be mentioned in the question. 2. Understand the genders & generations. Do not assume the genders from the names, if the names are unisex. E.g. Kamal, Snehal can be names of both males & females. Try to use family tree symbols & develop the tree on page than mere imagination.

3.

Solved Examples
1) A & B are married couple, X & Y are brothers, and X is the brother of A. How Y is related to B? a) Brother b) Brother-in-law c) Son d) Son-in-law Solution: A & B are couple. We dont know their gender individually. A=B

X
We get, B=A

Brother in - law. Hence, [b]. 2) As mother is sister of B & has a daughter C. How can A be related to B from among the following? a) Niece b) Uncle c) Daughter d) Father Solution: As mother is sister of B.

A A Daughter C, its redundant. Among the following option, A is the Niece of B. Hence, [a]. 3) If A+B means B is the brother of A, A*B means B is the husband of A, A-B means A is the mother of B, A/B means A is the father of B, which of the following relations shows that Q is the grandmother of T? a) Q-P+R/T b) P*Q/R-T c) P*Q/R-T d) P+Q/R-T e) None of these Solution: Q - P means Q is the mother of P. P + R means P is the brother of R. R T means R is the father of T. So, combining all these sentences, we come to know that Q is the mother of Ts father, R. Hence, [a]. 4) Pointing to Gopi, Nalni says, I am the daughter of the only son of his grandfather. How Nalni is related to Gopi? a) Niece b) Daughter c) Sister d) Cannot be determined e) None of these Solution: From her statement, we can say that Gopis father is the only son of his grandfather. And, Nalni is the daughter of Gopis father. So, Nalni is the sister of Gopi. Hence, [c].

5) Pointing to a photograph Anjali said, He is the only son of my grandfather. How is the man in the photograph related to Anjali? a) Brother b) Uncle c) Son d) Data is inadequate e) None of these Solution: The person in the photograph is Anjalis father. Hence, [e]. 6) A & B are children of D. Who is the father of A? To answer this question which of the statements I & II is necessary? I C is the brother of A & the son of E. II F is the mother of B. a) Only I b) Only II c) Either I or II d) I & II both e) None of these Solution: The sentence A & B are children of D means that D is the parent of A, may be father or mother. From II, we can say that F is the mother of A. Hence, D has to be the father. Hence, [b]. 7) Introducing a woman, Shashank said, She is the mother of the only daughter of my son. How that woman is related to Shashank? a) Daughter b) Sister-in-law c) Wife d) Daughter-in-law e) None of these Solution: From Shashanks statement we can conclude that the woman is the mother of Shashanks granddaughter i.e. Shashank is the paternal grandfather to the daughter of the woman (whom he is introducing). Hence, [d].

Exercise - 1
Directions Q.1-5: i. A, B, C, D, E and F are six members of a family. ii. There are two married couples among them. iii. C is the mother of A and F. iv. E is the father of D. v. A is the grandson of B. vi. The total number of female members in the family is three. 1. Which of the following pairs is one of the married couples? a) EF b) BD c) EB d) AF Who is the wife of E? a) B b) C How is B related to F? a) Sister b) Grandmother How is F related to A? a) Sister b) Brother

e) None of these

2.

c) D

d) F

e) None of these

3.

c) Wife

d) Daughter

e) None of these

4.

c) Daughter

d) Mother

e) None of these

5.

Which of the following is group of female members? a) BDE b) AFB c) DCF d) BCF

e) None of these

Directions Q.6 - 8: Read the information given below to answer these questions. Roma and Mohan is a married couple having two daughters named Smita and Devika. Devika is married to Aman who is the son of Madhu and Jeewan. Romila is the daughter of Aman. Krishna who is Amans sister is married to Sunil and has two sons Anuj and Ankur. Ankur is the grandson of Madhu and Jeewan. 6. How is Krishna related to Devika? a) Sister-in-law b) Sister d) Cannot be determined e) None of these What is the relationship between Anuj and Romila? a) Uncle-Niece b) Husband-Wife d) Cousins e) None of these

c) Aunt

7.

c) Father-Daughter

8.

Which of the following is true? a) Anuj is the son of Smita b) Romila is the cousin of Krishna d) Jeewan is Devikas maternal uncle e) None of these

c) Madhu is Sunils mother-in-law

9.

Sita is Niece of Ashok. Ashoks mother is Lakshmi, Kalyani is Lakshmis mother. Kalyanis husband is Gopal. Parvathi is the mother-in-law of Gopal. How is Sita related to Gopal? a) Great grandsons daughter b) Gopal is Sitas father c) Sita is Gopals great grand -daughter d) Grand Niece e) None of these

10. If A is Bs sister, C is Bs mother, D is Cs father and E is Ds mother, then how A is related to D? a) Grandfather b) Daughter c) Grandmother d) Grand-daughter e) None of these

Exercise - 2
1. Introducing a man, a woman said, He is the only son of the mother of my mother. How is the woman related to the man? a) Mother b) Sister c) Niece d) Maternal aunt e) None of these Deepak said to Nitin, That boy playing with the football is the younger of the two brothers of the daughter of my fathers wife. How is the boy playing football related to Deepak? a) Son b) Brother c) Cousin d) Brother-in-law e) None of these Introducing a boy, a girl said, He is the son of the daughter of the father of my uncle. How is the boy related to the girl? a) Brother b) Nephew c) Uncle d) Son-in-law e) None of these If A+B means A is the brother of B. A*B means A is the wife of B. And A/B means B is the daughter of A. Then which of the following means M is the maternal uncle of N? a) M+O*N b) M/O*N+P c) M+O/N d) N+O*M+P

2.

3.

4.

e) None of these

5.

A is the son of C; C and Q are sisters; Z is the mother of Q; P is the son of Z. which of the following relation is true?

a) P and A are cousins d) C and P are sisters

b) P is maternal uncle of A e) None of these

c) Q is the maternal grandfather of A

Directions Q.6-10: Read the information given below to answer these questions. i. There is a family of six persons A, B, C, D, E and F. They are Lawyer, Doctor, Teacher, Salesman, Engineer and Accountant (not in the same order). There are two married couples in the family. ii. D, the salesman, is married to the Lady Teacher. iii. The doctor is married to Lawyer. iv. F, the Accountant, is the son of B and brother of E. v. E is the unmarried Engineer. vi. A is the grandmother of F. 6. How is E related to F? a) Brother b) Sister

c) Cousin Brother

d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

7.

Which of the following is the profession of B? a) Teacher b) Doctor c) Lawyer Which of the following is the profession of A? a) Lawyer b) Teacher c) Doctor Which of the following is one of the couples? a) FD b) DB c) EA

d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

8.

d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

9.

d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

10. How is D related to F? a) Grandfather b) Father

c) Uncle

d) Brother

e) None of these

Exercise - 3
1. If P$Q means P is the brother of Q; P#Q means P is the mother of Q; P*Q means P is the daughter of Q; in A#B$C*D, who is the father? a) D b) B c) C d) Data is inadequate e)None of these Pointing towards a girl, Abhishek says, This girl is the daughter of only child of my father. What is the relation of Abhisheks wife to that girl? a) Daughter b) Mother c) Aunt d) Sister e) None of these If A+B means A is the brother of B, A/B means A is the father of B and A*B means A is the sister of B. Which of the following means M is the uncle of P? a) M/N*P b) N*P/M c) M+S/R/P d) M+K/T*P e) None of these Pointing towards a man, a woman said, His mother is the only daughter of my mother. How is the woman related to the man? a) Mother b) Grandmother c) Sister d) Daughter e) None of these Pointing to Varman, Madhav said, I am the only son of one of the sons of his father. How is Varman related to Madhav? a) Nephew b) Uncle c) Father or Uncle d) Father e) None of these

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

If A+B means A is the brother of B; A-B means A is the sister of B and A*B means A is the father of B. Which of the following means that C is the son of M? a) M-N*C+F b) F-C+N*M c) N+M-F*C d) M*N-C+F e) None of these

Directions Q.7 & 8: Each of these questions is based on the following information: i. AB means A is the mother of B. ii. AB means A is the sister of B. iii. A*B means A is the father of B. iv. AB means A is the brother of B. 6. Which of the following means that Q is the grandfather of P? a) PN*M*Q b) Q*N*MP c) QMN*P d) Q*MNP Which of the following means that N is the maternal uncle of M? a) NPLEM b) NYAM c) MY*PN

e) None of these

7.

d) NCF*M

e) None of these

Directions Q.9 & 10: Each of these questions is based on the following information: i. P+Q means P is the sister of Q. ii. P-Q means P is the mother of Q. iii. P*Q means P is the brother of Q. iv. P/Q means P is the father of Q. 8. Which of the following means that M is the maternal uncle of R? a) M*T-R b) M/T-R c) M+T/K-R d) M/N+J-R To answer the above question which of the statements is surplus? a) Only (ii) b) Only (iii) c) Only (i)

e) None of these

9.

d) Only (iv) & (i)

e) None of these

Exercise - 4
1. I. A3P means A is the mother of P. II. A4P means A is the brother of P. III. A9P means A is the husband of P. IV. A5P means A is the daughter of P. Which of the following means that K is the mother-in-law of M? a) M9N3K4J b) M9N5K3J c) K5J9M3N d) K9N3K4J 2. To answer the above question, which of the statements is not necessary? a) Only III b) Only I c) Only III or I d) Only II

e) None of these

e) None of these

3.

P is the mother of Q who is the husband of R and S who is the sister of Q, is the daughter of T. Which of the following relations is not true? a) T is the father of Q b) S is the daughter of P c) R is the daughter-in-law of T d) P is the wife of T e) None of these Pointing to a boy in the photograph Reena said, He is the only son of the only child of my grandmother. How Reena is related to that boy?

4.

a) Mother 5.

b) Sister

c) Aunt

d) Cannot be determined

e) None of these

Pointing to a girl Sandeep said, She is the daughter of the only sister of my father. How is Sandeep related to the girl? a) Uncle b) Cousin c) Father d) Grandfather e) None of these A and B are children of D. who is the father of A? to answer this question which of the statements I and II is necessary? a) Only I b) Only II c) Either I or II d) I and II both e) None of these I. B5D means B is the father of D. II. B9D means B is the sister of D. III. B4D means B is the brother of D. IV. B3D means B is the wife of D. Which of the following means F is the mother of K? a) F3M5K b) F5M3K c) F9M4N3K

6.

7.

d) F3M5N3K

e) None of these

8.

To answer the above question which of the statements are not necessary? a) Only (I) b) Only (II) c) Only (II) and (III) d) Any one of these

e) None of these

9.

Pointing to a photograph of a boy Raman said, He is the only son of my mother. How is Raman related to that boy? a) Brother b) Uncle c) Cousin d) Father e) None of these

Answer Key
Ex.1 Ex.2 Ex.3 Ex.4 1.c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. d 6. a 7. d 8. c 9. c 10. A 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. e 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. b 9. d 10. A 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. e 8. a 9. a 10. E 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. b 5. d 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. d

2. DIRECTIONS
Introduction In directions problems, you have to find out the direction or distance, which is covered from a certain initial point to a certain ending point. It is required to ascertain the final direction or the distance between two points. N NW NE W E

SW

SE

S According to the figure, we need to consider the man standing in the Center, then North will be above him while South will be below him, East will be in right side while West will be in left side. NOTE Anticlockwise direction is left side & clockwise direction is right side.

NOTE To find the lowest distance between two points, we use Pythagoras theorem h2=b2+p2, where h= hypotenuse, b=base, p= perpendicular.

Solved Examples
1) A man walks 5 km towards South and then turns to the right. After walking 3 km he turns to the left and walks 5 km. Now in which direction is he from the starting place? a) West b) South c) North-East d) South-West e) None of these Solution: We can see it diagrammatically, 5 kms 3 kms 5 kms So, from the diagram we can say that the man is in the South-West direction. Hence, [d]. 2) Rahul put his timepiece on the table in such a way that at 6 P.M. hour hand points to North. In which direction the minute hand will point at 9.15 P.M.? a) South-East b) South c) North d) West e) None of these Solution:

SOUTH

12

EAST

WEST

6
NORTH At 6 P.M., the hour hand points to 6. According to the question, it points to North direction. So, 6 is in North direction. At 9.15 P.M., the minute hand points to 3 which according to the diagram is in West direction. Hence, [d]. 3) Rasik walked 20 m towards North. Then he turned right and walks 30 m. then he turns right and walks 35 m. Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Finally he turns left and walks 15 m. In which direction and how many meters is he from the starting position? a) 15 m West b) 30 m East c) 30 m West d) 45 m East e) None of these Solution: 30 m 20 m Starting point 35 m 15 m 15 45(30+15)m East From the diagram, we can conclude that Rasik is 45 m East from the starting point. Hence, [d]. 4) K is 40 m South-West of L, then M is in which direction of K? a) East b) West c) North-East Solution: We can see diagrammatically, L 40 m

d) South

e) None of these

40 m

K M (SOUTH-WEST) (SOUTH-EAST) From the diagram, we can say that M is in East direction of K. Hence, [a].

10

5) If A*B means A is to the South of B; A+B means A is to the North of B; A%B means A is to the East of B; A-B means A is to the West of B; then in P%Q+R-S, S is in which direction with respect to Q? a) South-West b) South-East c) North-East d) North-West e) None of these Solution: P%Q means that P is to the East of Q. Q+R means that Q is to the North of R. R-S means that R is to the West of S. Diagrammatically, we can say that they are positioned like below: P is to the east of Q Q

Q is to the north of R
R R is to the west of S Hence, [b]. 6) A man is facing south. He turns 135 in the anticlockwise direction and then 180 in the clockwise direction. Which directions is he facing now? a) North-East b) North-West c) South-East d) South-West e) None of these Solution: Diagrammatically, it can be explained as: The angle is 180 deg clock-wise S ( south east of Q)

The angle is 135 deg anti-clockwise

South Now the man is facing South-West direction. Hence, [d]. 7) Manick walked 40 m towards North, took a left turn and walked 20 m. He again took a left turn and walked 40 m. How far and in which direction is he from the starting point? a) 20 m East b) 20 m North c) 100 m South d) Data is inadequate e) None of these Solution: 20 m left Diagrammatically

40 m left

40 m north

Starting Point Manick is 20 m West from the starting point. Hence, [e].

11

8) Going 50 m to the South of her house, Radhika turns left and goes another 20 m. Then, turning to the North, she goes 30 m and then starts walking to her house. In which direction is she walking now? a) North-West b) North c) South-East d) East e) None of these Solution: House Diagrammatically, She is walking in north-west direction 50 m south 30 m north 20 m left Hence, [a].

Exercise - 1
1. A man is facing North-West. He turns 90 in the clockwise direction and then 135 in the anticlockwise direction. Which direction is he facing now? a) East b) West c) North d) South e) None of these A man is facing towards West and turns through 45 clockwise, again 180 clockwise and then turns through 270 anticlockwise. In which direction is he facing now? a) West b) North-West c) South d) South-West e) None of these I am facing East. I turn 100 in the clockwise direction and then 145 in the anticlockwise direction. Which direction am I facing now? a) East b) North-East c) North d) South-West e) None of these A river flows West to East and on the way turns left and goes in a semi-circle round a hillock and then turns left at right angles. In which direction is the river finally flowing? a) West b) East c) North d) South e) None of these You go North, turn right, then right again and then go to the left. In which direction are you now? a) North b) South c) East d) West e) None of these I am standing at the centre of a circular field. I go down South to the edge of the field and then turning left I walk along the boundary of the field equal to three-eight of its length. Then I turn West and go right across to the opposite point on the boundary. In which direction am I from the starting point? a) North-West b) North c) South-West d) West e) None of these Deepak starts walking straight towards East. After walking 75 m, he turns to the left and walks 25 m straight. Again he turns to the left, walks a distance of 40 m straight, again he turns to the left and walks a distance of 25 m. How far is he from the starting point? a) 25 m b) 50 m c) 115 m d) Cannot be determined e) None of these Kunal walks 10 km towards North. From there, he walks 6 km towards South. Then, he walks 3 km towards East. How far and in which direction is he with reference to his starting point? a) 5 km West b) 5 km North-East c) 7 km East d) 7 km West e) None of these Rohan walks a distance of 3 km towards North, then turns to his left and walks for 2 km. He again turns left and walks for 3 km. At this point he turns to his left and walks for 3 km. How many km is he from the starting point?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

12

a) 1 km

b) 2 km

c) 3 km

d) 5 km

e) None the these

Exercise 2
1. Namita walks 14 m towards West, then turns to her right and walks 14 m and then turns to her left and walks 10 m. Again turning to her left she walks 14 m. What is the shortest distance (in m) between her starting point and the present position? a) 10 b) 24 c) 28 d) 38 e) None of these A man leaves for his office from his house. He walks towards East. After moving a distance of 20 m, he turns South and walks 10 m. Then he walks 35 m towards the West and further 5 m towards the North. He then turns towards East and walks 15 m. What is the starting distance (in m) between his initial and final positions? a) 10 b) 5 c) 10 d) Cannot be determined e) None of these Radha moves towards South-East a distance of 7 km, then she moves towards West and travels a distance of 14 m. From here, she moves towards North-West a distance of 7 m and finally she moves a distance of 4 m towards East and stood at that point. How far is the starting point from where she stood? a) 3 m b) 4 m c) 10 m d) 11 m e) None of these Gopal starts from his house towards West. After walking a distance of 30 m, he turned towards right and walked 20m. He then turned left and moving a distance of 10 m, turned to his left again and walked 40 m. He now turns to the left and walks 5 m. Finally he turns to his left. In which direction is he walking now? a) North b) South c) East d) South-West e) None of these A rat turns 20m towards East and turns to right, runs 10m and turns to right, runs 9m and again turns to left, runs 5m and then turns to left, runs 12m and finally turns to left and runs 6m. Now, which direction is the rat facing? a) East b) West c) North d) South e) None of these Amit walked 30 m towards East, took a right turn and walked 40 m. Then he took a left turn and walked 30 m. In which direction is he now from the starting point? a) North- East b) East c) South-East d) South e) None of these Maya starts at point T, walks straight to point U which is 4 ft away. She turns left at 90 and walks to West which is 4 ft away, turns 90 right and goes 3 ft to P, turns 90 right and walks 1 ft to Q, turns left at 90 and goes to V, which is 1 ft away and once again turns 90 right and goes to R, 3 ft away. What is the distance between T and r? a) 4 ft b) 5 ft c) 7 ft d) 8 ft e) None of these A villager went to meet his uncle in another village situated 5 km away in the North-East direction of his own village. From there he came to meet his father-in-law living in a village situated 4 km in the south of his uncles village. How far away and in what direction is he now? a) 3 km in the North b) 3 km in the East c) 4 km in the East d) 4 km in the West e) None of these A person starts from a point A and travels 3 km eastwards to B and then turns left and travels thrice that distance to reach C. He again turns left and travels five times the distance he covered between A and B and reaches his destination D. The shortest distance between the starting point and destination is a) 12 km b) 15 km c) 16 km d) 18 km e) None of these

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

13

Exercise 3
1.

A girl leaves from her home. She first walks 30 m in North-West direction and then 30 m in South-West direction. Next, she walks 30m in South-East direction. Finally, she turns towards her house. In which direction is she moving? a) North-east b) North-west c) South-East d) South-West e) None of these Sanjeev walks 10 m towards the south. Turning to the left, he walks 20 m and then moves to his right. After moving a distance of 20 m, he turns to the right and walks 20 m. Finally, he turns to the right and moves a distance of 10 m. How far and in which directions is he from the starting point? a) 10 meters North b) 20 meters South c) 20 meters North d) 10 meters South e) None of these Kashish goes 30m North, then right and walks 40m, then again turns right and walks 20m, then again turn right and walks 40 meters. How many meters is he from his original position? a) 0 b) 10 c) 20 d) 40 e) None of these I am facing south. I turn right and walk 20 m. Then I turn right again and walk 10 m. Then I turn left and walk 10 m. Then I turn left and walk 10 meters and then turning right walk 20 m. Then I turn right again and walk 60 meters. In which direction am I from the starting point? a) North b) North-west c)East d)North-east e) None of these A man walks 30 meters towards South. Then, turning to his right, he walks 30 meters. Then turning to his left, he walks 20 meters. Again, he turns to his left and walks 30 meters. How far is he from his initial position a) 20 meters b)30 meters c)60 meters d)Cannot be determined e)None of these Rohit walked 25 meters towards South. Then he turned to his left and walked 20 meters. He then turned to his left and walked 25 meters. He again turned to his right and walked 15 meters. At what distance is he from the starting point and in which direction? a) 35 meters East b)35 meters North c)40 meters East d)Cannot be determined e)None of these Starting from a point P, Sachin walked 20 meters towards South. He turned left and walked 30 meters. He then turned left and walked 20 meters. He again turned left and walked 40 meters and reached a point Q. How far and in which direction is the point Q from the point P? a) 20 meters West b) 10 meters East c) 10 meters West d) Cannot be determined e) None of these Ramakant walks northwards. After a while, he turns to his right and a little further to his left. Finally, after walking a distance of one kilometer, he turns to his left again. In which direction is he moving now? a) North b) South C) East d) West e) None of these A man walks 1km towards East and then he turns to South and walks 5 km. Again he turns to East and walks 2km, after this he turns to North and walks 9km. Now, how far is he from his starting point? a) 3 km b) 4 km c) 5 km d) 7 km e) None of these

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Raj travelled from a point X straight to Y at a distance of 80 meters. He turned right and walked 50 meters, then again turned right and walked 70 meters. Finally, he turned right and walked 50 meters. How far is he from the starting point? a)10 meters b) 20 meters c) 50 meters d) Cannot determined e) None of these

14

Exercise - 4
1. Laxman went 15 kms to the west from my house, then turned left and walked 20kms.He then turned East and walked 25 kms and finally turning left covered 20 kms. How far was he from his house? a) 5kms b) 10kms c) 40kms d) 80kms e) None of these From his house, Lokesh went 15kms to the North. Then he turned West and covered 10 kms. Then, he turned South and covered 5kms.Finally, turning to East, he covered 10 kms. In which directions is she walking now? a) East b) West c) North d) South e) None of these A walks 10 meters in front and 10 meters to the right. Then every time turning to his left, he walks 5, 15 and 15 meters respectively. How far is he now from his starting point? a)5 meters b)10 meters c)15 meters d)20 meters e)None of these A child is looking for his father. He went 90 meters in the East before turning to his right. He went 20 meters, before turning to his right again to look for his father at his uncles place 30 meters from this point. His father was not there. From here he went 100 meters to the North before meeting his father in a street. How far did the son meet his father from the starting point? a) 80 meters b)100 meters c)140 meters d)260 meters e) None of these The door of Adityas house faces the East. From the back side of his house, he walks straight 50 meters, then turns to the right and walks 50 meters again. Finally, he turns towards left and stops after walking 25 meters. Now Aditya is in which direction from the starting point? a) South-east b) North-east c) South-west d) North-west e) None of these A man is performing yoga with his head down and legs up. His face is towards the west. In which direction will his left hand be? a) North b) South c) East d) West e) None of these

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. One morning after sunrise, Gopal was standing facing a pole. The shadow of the pole fell exactly to his right. Which direction was he facing? a) South b) East c) West d) Data inadequate e) None of these

Answer Key
Ex.1 Ex.2 Ex.3 Ex.4 1.b 1.b 1.a 1.b 2.d 3.b 4.b 5.c 6.a 7.d 8.b 9.a 2.b 3.c 4.a 5.c 6.c 7.d 8.b 9.b 2.b 3.b 4.d 5.d 6.a 7.c 8.d 9.c 10.a 2.c 3.a 4.b 5.d 6.a 7.a

15

3. CODES
Introduction It is one of the simplest forms of logical reasoning. In these questions, a set of words, letters or numbers are given in codes which have to be interpreted or decoded. These artificial but logical code values are given according to some set principle. By applying the same principle, one can decode the identity. Types of coding The questions are divided into two types Letter coding: A letter stands for another letter. Find the logic & apply to the problem. E.g. BIGBOSS is coded as DKIDQUU. Here every letter jumps two letters ahead to get its coded value. B+2=D, I+2=K, etc Number coding: A number stands for a letter. Little tricky questions are framed in number coding. E.g. BEYOND 252515144, it is clear that the letters position numbers are replaced with the letters. NOTE Write the position numbers of the letters & then compare them with the code. It is easier & faster to crack the logic Sometimes the code is formed by the sum of the digits of the letter positions. Type of Coding series Parallel A 1 N 14 Reverse A 26 N 13 B 25 O 12 C 24 P 11 D 23 Q 10 E 22 R 9 F 21 S 8 G 20 T 7 H 19 U 6 I 18 V 5 J 17 W 4 K 16 X 3 L 15 Y 2 M 14 Z 1 B 2 O 15 C 3 P 16 D 4 Q 17 E 5 R 18 F 6 S 19 G 7 T 20 H 8 U 21 I 9 V 22 J 10 W 23 K 11 X 24 L 12 Y 25 M 13 Z 26

16

Solved Examples
1. If in a certain code 65312 is written as NOSRP and 7894 as VTMA then how will 3476 be written in the same code? a)SAVN b) SANV c) SNAV d) SNVA e) None of these Solution: In the coding, the numbers equivalent to the alphabets can be determined from the question: 6-N 5-O 3-S 1-R 3-P 7-V 8-T 9-M 4- A So, finding from the numbers corresponding to the alphabet we get: 3, 4, 7, 6 are equivalent to S, A, V, N. Hence, [a]. If MASTER = 18-6-24-25-10-23 then SMART=? a)23-18-6-24-25 b) 24-18-5-23-25 c) 24-18-6-23-25 d) 24-18-6-23-25 e) 23-18-15-3-25 Solution: The letters are coded as numbers as per their positions +5. E.g. M is the 13th letter so 13+5=18, A is the first letter so 1+5=6. Hence, the code of M, A, S, T, E & R are equivalent to the numbers 18, 6, 24, 25, 10 & 23 respectively. So, the word SMART can be coded in the same manner. Hence, [d]. If the code of INACTIVE is VITCANIE what is the code of COMPUTER? a) UTEMPMOCR b) MOCPETUR c) ETUPMOCR d) PMOCRETU e) None of these Solution: In these coding format, I (1) is moved to position 7 N (2) is moved to position 6 A (3) is moved to position 5 C (4) is moved to position 4 T (5) is moved to position 3 I (6) is moved to position 2 V (7) is moved to position 1 E (8) is moved to position 8 Similarly, arranging the word COMPUTER in the above combination, we get answer c. Hence, [c]. In a certain code 3a, 2b, 7c means, truth is eternal, 7c, 9a, 8b, 3a means enmity is not eternal and 8a, 4d, 2b, 8b means truth does not punish. What is the code for enmity? a) 3a b) 7b c) 8b d) 9a e) None of these

2.

3.

4.

17

Solution: From I and II sentences we can conclude that 3a, 7c mean is & eternal or vice -versa. From II and III sentences we can conclude 8b means not. So, only 9a can be coded as enmity. Hence, [d]. 5. In a certain code 253 means books are old, 546 means man is old and 378 means buy good books. What is the code for are? a) 2 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6 e) 9 Solution: From the sentences I and II we can conclude that number 5 is coded for old. From the sentences I and III we can conclude that number 3 is coded for books. Hence, [a]. Directions (6 & 7): Following digits are coded as follows: Digits Letters 0 K 1 L 2 H 3 D 4 M 5 N 6 P 7 S 8 V 9 R

i. ii. iii. iv. v. 6.

While coding the number given in each questions following conditions are also to be observed. If 5 or 2 occurs in the just middle of the number, then it is to be coded as X. If the first digit of the number is a prime number then it is to be coded as Y. If the first digit of the number is odd but not a prime number, then it is to be coded as A. If the first digit of the number is even and the last digit be zero then each of the both is to be coded as Z. If 6 or 9 is neither at the first place or last place but somewhere in between then it is to be coded as B. 5265945 a) YHPXRMY b) YHPNRMY c) YHPMRMY d) VHPMRMY Solution: The first digit of the number is a prime number, so it has to be coded as Y. Then 5 is the middle digit, so it has to be coded as X. 6 and 9 occur in between, neither at first nor at last, so has to be coded as B. Hence, the coded sequence has to be YHBXBMN. Hence, [e]. 8264930 a) VHPMRDK b) ZHPMRDZ c) ZHPMRDK d) VHPMRDZ Solution: The first digit is even and the last digit is 0, so it has to be coded as Z. 6 and 9 occur in between, neither at first nor at last, so have to be coded as B. So, the coded sequence has to be ZHBMBDZ. Hence, [e].

e) None of these

7.

e) None of these

8.

If vermillion is called color, color is called coal tar, coal tar is called ash, ash is called mica and mica is called gold, what is used in making a road? a) Ash b) Coal tar c) Color d) Mica e) None of these Solution: Coal tar is used in making a road. And according to the coding, Coal tar is called ash.

18

Hence, [a]. 9. If house is called hut, hut is called field, field is called drain, drain is called tray and tray is called cup, where is football played? a) Field b) Hut c) Drain d) Tray e) Cup Solution: Football is played in field, which, according to the question is called as drain. Hence, [d].

Exercise - 1
Directions Q. 1 to 5: In a certain language the letters are coded as follows: S 0 B 9 C 3 P 7 N 1 E 6 O 4 H 8 R 5 M 2

Find the code of each word in the following questions: 1. NOSER a) 67859 PROSE a)75497 HORSE a) 84504 PORSB a) 74503 COBRN a) 34956

b) 14065

c) 14056

d) 14506

e) 14605

2.

b) 75403

c) 75406

d) 75046

e) 70456

3.

b) 84506

c) 85406

d) 84507

e) 89504

4.

b) 74505

c) 74506

d) 74509

e) 74590

5.

b) 34596

c) 34956

d) 34951

e) 31594

Directions Q. 6 to 10: Study the following information carefully: 1 2 3 4 A B J I

5 H

6 C

7 D

8 E

9 G

0 F

i. ii. iii.

Following conditions are to be observed: If the first number is an odd then it is to be coded as X. If the last number is an even then it is to be coded as Y. If the either 4 or 9 is in between the number then it is to be coded as Z. Applying these conditions, find the answer of each question. What is the code of 56728? a)XCBED b) YCDEB

6.

c) YCDBE

d) XCDBE

e) None of these

19

7.

What is the code of 245376? a)BZHDJY b) BZHJDY What is the code of 987654? a) XEDCHY b) XEDCHI What is the code of 274601? a) BDZCFA b) BDZFCA

c) BZHJDC

d) BZHJDX

e) None of these

8.

c) IHGFEZ

d) ZHGFEZ

e) None of these

9.

c) BDICFY

d) BDICAF

e) None of these

10. What is the code of 398756? a) XGEDHC b) XGEDHY

c) JGEDHY

d) XGEHDY

e) None of these

Exercise - 2
Directions Q. 1 to 5: The following numbers are coded as follows: Digits Code 7 N 3 H 5 L 0 T 2 F 1 D 6 R 4 Q 9 G 8 P

i. ii. iii. iv. v. 1.

Following conditions are also to be observed: If first digit is even and the last digit is odd then they are to be coded as $ and @ respectively. If first digit is odd and the last digit is even they are to be coded as # and . If zero is preceded and followed by an odd digit then zero is to be coded as *. If zero is preceded and followed by an even digit then zero is to be coded as . Zero is not to be considered as even or odd. How will the number 1375490 be coded? a) DHNLQGT b) #HNLQG

c) DHNQG

d) HNLQG#

e) None of these

2.

The code of which of the following number is $QRL*H@? a)8456037 b) 8465032 c) 6475031 The code of which of the following number is QLPRNT? a) 4570680 b) 4780650 c) 6580470 How will the number 7620486 be coded? a) RFQP# b) #RFQP

d) 6460539

e) None of these

3.

d) Data insufficient

e) None of these

4.

c) #RF*QP

d) RF*QP#

e) None of these

5.

How will the number 36250098 be coded? a) #RFL**G b) $RFLTTG c) #RFLTTG Directions Q. 6 to 10: The following letters are coded as follows: Letters G R J 5 B V N 4 K C T 1 H S L 3

d) $RFL**G@

e) None of these

Digits

Z D W 2

M Q Y 8

F X P 7

20

i. ii. iii. iv.

Letters of the English alphabet are coded by the digits from 1 to 8. Vowels are coded by either by other digits or by $. If any vowel is neither at the first place nor the last place of the word then it is coded as 6. If any vowel is either on the first place or on the last place or on both places of the word then it is coded as 9. If the same vowel is at the first and last place of the word then it is coded as $. Apply these conditions to find the correct code in each question.

6.

PKDEJHI a) 712653$ AFDQENI a) 9728649 OPTIONAL a) $7166463 EGTARLQE a) 95165389

b) 7129539

c) 7126539

d) 712$53$

e) None of these

7.

b) 7129539

c) 7126539

d) 6728949

e) None of these

8.

b) $7199493

c) 67199493

d) 97166463

e) None of these

9.

b) 65195386

c) $519538$

d) $51$538$

e) None of these

10. E N I A N G E a) $4$$45$

b) 9466459

c) $46645$

d) 6499456

e) None of these

Exercise - 3
Directions Q. 1 to 5: The digits from 0 to 9 are coded as follows: 0 1. 1 2 $ 3 4 # 5 * 6 ? 7 ! 8 9

What is the value of 67890 + 54321 in code? a) $$$ b) $$$ c) $$$

d) $$$

e) None of these

2.

If the symbols *# + ! are written in digits, then which will be the number? a) 58394620 b) 14285452 c) 58314520 d) 58314621 What is the value of $* x #* ? a) 14625 b) 14285

e) None of these

3.

c) 13625

d) 18425

e) None of these

4.

What is the value of 5432 + 1456 in code? a) ?* b) ?* c) *!

d) Cannot be determined

e) None of these

5. 6.

How will 24568 be coded? a) $#*? b) $*? c) *#$? d) Cannot be determined e) None of these If in a certain code 1 5 7 8 9 is written as XTZAL and 2346 as NPSU then how will 23549 be written in the same code? a) NPTUL b) PNTSL c) NPTSL d) NBTSL e) None of these

21

7.

If in a certain code 24761 is written as RLMTP and 8539 as KAHX then how will 84731 be written in the same code? a) KLMHP b) PHMLK c) LKHMP d) KLMPH e) None of these If in a certain code 67894 is written as HDFCK and 1235 as RSNL then for which will be written as FCNHR? a) 35487 b) 89361 c) 89631 d) 98613 e) None of these If in a certain code 1362 is written as MRTP and 45789 as NACKJK then for which will be written as PRAJT? a) 23584 b) 2358 c) 23586 d) 23589 e) None of these

8.

9.

10. If in a certain code 69214 is written as HSZYR and 5387 as XNDU then how will 15486 be written in the same code? a) ZYUDR b) ZYDUR c) YXRDH d) YXRHD e) None of these

Exercise - 4
Directions Q. 1 to 5: If in a certain code 793041 is written as MARTIN and 8265 as POSE, then how will the number given in each question, be coded in the same code? 1. If in a certain code 56431 is written as RSHTU and 98270 as MLKPA, then how will 9517 be written in the same code? a) MRUP b) MURP c) MRPU d) MRPT e) None of these If in a certain code 32041 is written as KODWH and 6578 as BRMT, then how will 2057 be written in the same code? a) DWHR b) ODRM c) ODMR d) ODWH e) None of these If in a certain code 65312 is written as NOSRP and 7894 as VTMA, then how will 3476 be written in the same code? a) SAVN b) SANV c) SNAV d) SNVA e) None of these If in a certain code 19435 is written as HDIJL and 7306 as MRTP, then how will 97054 be written in the same code? a) DMTLD b) DMTLI c) DMTLR d) DMRLJ e) None of these If in a certain code 21987 is written as GQWXY and 5643 as ZVUT, then how will 86132 be written in the same code? a) GXVTY b) XVQTW c) XVQTG d) Cannot be determined e) None of these If MACHINE is coded as 19-7-9-14-15-20-11, how will DANGER be coded? a) 10-7-20-13-11-24 b) 11-7-20-16-11-24 c) 13-7-20-9-11-25 e) None of these If BRANCH is coded as 2-18-1-14-3-8, how will BOMBAY be coded? a) 2-15-13-2-1-25 b) 2-15-14-3-1-25 c) 2-15-13-3-1-25 e) None of these If DARPAN is coded as 5-2-19-17-2-15, how will NOTION be coded? a) 14-16-20-10-16-15 b) 15-16-21-10-15-15 c) 15-16-21-10-16-15 e) None of these

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

d) 13-7-20-10-11-25

7.

d) 9-8-16-7-15-11

8.

d) 15-16-20-10-16-15

22

9.

If MANGO is coded as 31-1-41-7-51, how will JUHI be coded? a) 10-21-8-9 b) 01-12-8-9 c) 10-12-8-9 e) None of these

d) 01-21-8-9

10. If PATNA is coded as 18-3-22-16-3, how will DELHI be coded? a) 5 7-14-10-11 b) 6-7-13-10-11 c) 6-7-14-10-11 e) None of these

d) 1-3-4-6-14-25

Exercise - 5
1. If MAP=25 and LAP=24, then LAMP=? a) 35 b) 48 If MAN=84 and BAT=69, then RAM=? a) 32 b) 64 If NEM=32 and POT=51, then MOPE=? a) 62 b) 49 c) 37 d) 31 e) None of these

2.

c) 96

d) 86

e) None of these

3.

c) 52

d) 72

e) None of these

4.

If BANANA=27 and MOTORE=80, then LOFERS=? a) 65 b) 52 c) 69 If M=10 and MAN=25, then POT=? a) 51 b) 48

d) 17

e) None of these

5.

c) 44

d) 47

e) None of these

Directions Q. 6 to 10: The codes of the capital letters are given as follows: L M N a b c R d S e H T F G K X f g h i j k Y l Z V m n U o O P p q Q J r s W A t u B v C w D x E y I z

Find the code of each word given in questions from 6 to 10 on the basis of the above code: (1) (2) (3) (4) sbudhs bpdgue wfpgy mrwxs bpdguh sbudls ipquaz fhijkl ipquax wfpgz ebudge sbugds qucjus bpdguc pbdgus wfpgz 6. SMARTS a) 2 MORTAN a) 3 GOPALI a) 4 CHOTI a) 1

b) 1

c) 4

d) 3

e) None of these

7.

b) 4

c) 2

d) 1

e) None of these

8. 9.

b) 3 b) 2

c) 1 c) 3

d) 2 d) 4

e) None of these e) None of these

23

10. PANKAJ a) 1

b) 4

c) 2

d) 3

e) None of these

Exercise - 6
1. If the code of PARK is KKRAP and the code of PURE is KERUP then what is the code of BAT? a) TTIAB b) KTIAB c) KBAIT d) KKIAB If the code of VARIETY is UCQKDVX then what is the code of CARRIER? a) BBQTHGQ b) BCPTHGQ c) BCQTHGZ d) BCQSHGQ e) None of these

2.

e) None of these

3.

In a certain code BENCHMARK is written as CNEBHKRAM then how will DESPERATE be written in the same code? a) PSEDETRAE b) PSEDEETAR c) PSEDEETRA d) EDPSEARET e) None of these If in a certain code each vowel such as a, e, i, o, u is replaced by its next letter of the English alphabet and each consonant is replaced by its previous letter of the English alphabet, then how will EDUCATION be written in the same code? a) FCVBZSJNO b) FETDBSJPO c) FCVBBSJPM d) FCTBBUJNO e) None of these If in a certain code DISARMAMENT is written as RASIDMTNEMA then how will PSYCHOMETRY be written in the same code? a) HCSYPOYRTEM b) HCYSPOYRTEM c) YSPOHCYRTEM d) HCYSPYRTEMO e) None of these If the code of DISPLAY is BLQSJDW then what is the code of PROJECT? a) NUMMCER b) NUMMCFR c) NTNMCFR d) NTMMCFR

4.

5.

6.

e) None of these

7.

If green is called black, black is white, white is called rosy, rosy is called yellow, yellow is called blue and blue is brown, what is color of ice? a) White b) Rosy c) Yellow d) Black e) Green If banana is apple, apple is orange, orange is pine-apple, pine-apple is guava and guava is grapes, then for which the color is yellow? a) Apple b) Banana c) Guava d) Pine-apple e) Grapes

8.

Exercise - 7
1. If in a certain code language, wok che ne means they are see, wu che rot means we are read and da ne pa means they want water then would be the code for water? a) da b) ne c) pa d) Data inadequate e) None of these In a certain code language phi lem ta means you are good, lem se par menas they are well, par lem mag means they are innocent, Jest hest mag lem means cows are generally innocent and phi gir means you go. What will be you are innocent in the same code? a) Lem par mag ta b) phi par mag ta c) par mag ta jest d) Cannot be determined e) None of these In a certain code go for morning walk is written as $ ? * #, good for health is written ? @ and good to walk fast is written as + @ #. What is the code for health? a) b) ? c) # d) + e) None of these

2.

3.

24

4.

If in a certain code mat su ta means flowers are beautiful, su dip lad means leaves and flowers. What is the code for delicate? a) Su b) dip c) lad d) Cannot be determined e) None of these In a certain code she is clever is written as $#W, boy is not clever as @*#+. How will good clever boy be written in the same code? a) @#+ b) #*+ c) *#+ d) Cannot be determined e) None of these In a certain code 247 means spread red carpet, 354 means dust one carpet and 234 means one red carpet. What is the code for dust? a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 6 e) Cannot be determined If in a certain code 467 means leaves are green, 485 means green is good and 639 means they are playing, then what is the code for leaves? a) 4 b) 6 c) 7 d) 3 e) None of these If in a certain code 256 means red color chalk, 589 means green color flower and 245 means white color chalk, then what is the code for white? a) 2 b) 4 c) 5 d) Cannot be determined e) None of these If in a certain code 256 means you are good, 637 means we are bad and 358 means good and bad, then what is the code for and? a) 2 b) 5 c) 8 d) 3 e) None of these

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. If in a certain code language, nee muk pic means grave and concern, ill dic so means everybody else and tur muk so means body and soul then would be the code for every concern? a) Dic pic b) ill nee c) pic nee d) Cannot be determined e) None of these

Answer Key
Ex.1 Ex.2 Ex.3 Ex.4 Ex.5 Ex.6 Ex.7 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. d 6. e 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. e 1. a 2. e 3. e 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. e 10. c 1. d 2. e 3. e 4. e 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. c 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. c 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. b. 6. d 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. a 1. e 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. e 7. c 8. a 1. d 2. e 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. c 7. c 8. b 9. c 10. d

25

4. ANALOGY
Introduction Analogy means Correspondence, similarity or bearing a resemblance. Questions on analogy test the ability of a candidate to understand the relationship between two given objects and apply the same relationship to find what is asked in the question. From the alternatives provided, you have to select the choice that best matches the relationship existing between the first two words or letters. The given pair of words or letters is set off by a colon or ratio sign (:) signifying that word X is related to word Y. The double colon (::) that separate the given pair stands for in the same way. So as far relationship among letters are concerned, facts stated in coding-decoding chapter are applied by and large. I. II. Number analogy section deals with two types of questions: Choosing a similarly related pair as the given number pair on the basis of the relation between the numbers in each pair. Choosing a number similar to a group of numbers on the basis of certain common properties that they possess. 121: 12:: 25:? Options: Answer: C. 6 21: 3:: 574: ? Options: Answer: B. 82 42: 20:: 64: ? Options: Answer: A. 31

A. 1 B. 2 C. 6 D. 7 2 The relationship is x : (x+1).

A. 23 B. 82 C. 97 D. 113 The relationship is 7x: x.

A. 31 B. 32 C. 33 D. 34 The relationship is (2x+2): x.

7528: 5362:: 4673: ? Options: A. 2367 B. 2451 C. 2531 D. None of these Answer: B. 2451 The relationship is x: (x-2222). 25: 37:: 49: ? Options: Answer: D. 65 14: 9:: 26: ? Options: Answer: C. 15

A. 41 B. 56 C. 60 D. 65 2 The relationship is x : (x+1)2+1.

A. 12 B. 13 C. 15 D. 31 The relationship is (2x-4): x.

But word-relationship can be established in following ways: cause and effect, part to whole, synonym, antonym, degree of intensity, type and characteristic, producer and product, worker and tool, class and species, etc. This type of questions covers all types of relationships that one can think of. There are many ways of establishing a relationship, some of the most common ones are given here.

26

 I.

Types of Analogies GENDER RELATIONSHIP Ex. Bull is related to Cow in the same way as Horse is related to A. Animal B. Mare C. Stable D. Meat Solutions: This is based on male-female relationship. So, Horse is related to Mare. WORKER and TOOLS Ex. Doctor is related to Stethoscope in the same way as Painter is related to A. Painting B. Brush C. Exhibition D. Art Solutions: Stethoscope is used by a Doctor as a tool to perform his work. Similarly, a Painter uses a Brush as a tool to perform his work. WORD and ANTONYM Ex. Hate is related to Love in the same way as Destroy is related to A. Make B. Renovate C. Destroy D. Build Solutions: Love is just opposite to Hate. So the word opposite in meaning to Create is Destroy. ASSOCIATION RELATIONSHIP Ex. Melt is related to Liquid in the same way as Freeze is related to A. Ice B. Crystal C. Water D. Cubes Solutions: The term Melt is associated with Liquid because after melting the ice, we obtain liquid. Similarly the state of Water after freezing is Ice.

II.

III.

IV.

Solved Examples
1. Safe: Secure:: Protect: ? a) Lock b) Sure c) Guard d) Conserve e) None of these Solutions: The words of the first pairs are synonyms. They give the same meaning. So, the word GUARD is similar in meaning like the word PROTECT. Hence, [c]. Physician: Treatment:: Judge: ? a) Punishment b) Judgment

2.

c) Lawyer

d) Court

e) None of these

Solutions: A physician treats patients or the other way, the work of a physician is providing treatment. Similarly, the job of a judge is giving judgment. Hence, [b]. 3. Ornithologist: Bird:: Archaeologist: ? a) Islands b) Mediators c) Archaeology d) Aquatic e) None of these Solutions: A person, who studies bird, is ornithologist. And a person, who studies ancient people, societies, etc. is an archaeologist. In short, an archaeologist studies archaeology. Hence, [c].

27

4.

Shade: Tree:: Warmth: ? a) Self-respect b) Mother c) Wealth d) Ease e) None of these Solutions: A tree is not taken as an object, but taken as a characteristic of providing shade i.e. love. So, the characteristic feature of any person i.e. SELF RESPECT provides warmth i.e. love. Hence, [a]. 144: 10:: 169: ? a) 14 b) 11 c) 13 d) 12 e) None of these Solutions: The number on left hand side is square of 12 (which is 2 more than 10). Similarly, 169 is the square of 13 (which is two more than 11). Or it can be explained that adding 2 to the number on right hand side and squaring it, gives the number on the left. Hence, [b]. 335: 216:: 987: ? a) 868 b) 867 c) 872 d) 888 e) None of these Solutions: The difference between the numbers on the left and on the right of both pair of numbers is 119. Hence, [a]. SOUND: MUFFLED a) MOISTURE: HUMID b) COLOR:FADED c) DESPAIR: ANGER d) ODOUR: PUNGENT these Solutions: The reduction in sound is called muffled. The decrease in color is called faded. Hence, [b].

5.

6.

7.

e) None of

8.

Thermometer: Temperature a) Millimeter: Scale b) Length: Breadth c) Solar Energy: Sun d) Cardiograph e) None of these Solutions: Thermometer is a device to measure the temperature. Similarly, Cardiograph is the device to measure heart rate. Hence, [d].

Exercise - 1
Directions Q. 1 to 10 In each of the following questions find out the alternative which will replace the question mark. 1. Poles: Magnet:: ?: Battery a) Cells b) Power Peace: Chaos:: Creation: ? a) Build b) Construction Architect: Building:: Sculptor: ? a) Museum b) Stone

c) Terminals

d) Energy

e) None of these

2.

c) Destruction

d) Manufacture

e) None of these

3.

c) Chisel

d) Statue

e) None of these

28

4.

Ice: Coldness:: Earth: ? a) Weight b) Jungle REASON: SFBTPO:: THINK: ? a) SGHMJ b) UIJOL Cloth: Hill:: Newspaper: ? a) Editor b) Reader Tree: Forest:: Grass: ? a) Lawn b) Garden Video: Cassette:: Computer:? a) Files b) Floppy Country: President:: State: ? a) Governor b) M.P.

c) Gravitatism

d) Sea

e) None of these

5.

c) UHNKI

d) UJKPM

e) None of these

6.

c) Paper

d) Press

e) None of these

7.

c) Park

d) Field

e) None of these

8.

c) Bits

d) Adit

e) None of these

9.

c) Legislator

d) Minister

e) None of these

10. Race: Fatigue:: Fast: ? a) Food b) Laziness

c) Hunger

d) Race

e) None of these

Exercise 2
Directions Q. 1 to 10: In each of the following questions find out the alternative that will come in place of question mark. 1. ACFJ: ZXUQ:: EGIN: ? a) VUSQ b) UTRP BCPG: HILM:: NORQ: ? a) TXWU b) TXUW AZBY: CXDW:: EVFU: ? a) GTHS b) GHTS Computer: fqprxvht:: Language: ? a) oxpixdig b) ocqicyig Corden: zrogbq:: ?: Pxivro a) mulmul b) sulsul BLOCKED: YOLXPVW:: ?: OZFMXS a) DEBATE b) RESULT ABCD: WXYZ:: EFGH: ? a) STUV b) ZYWX ACEG: IKMO:: QSUW: ? a) YZCE b) YACD

c) VRPM

d) VTRM

e) None of these

2.

c) TUXW

d) TVWX

e) None of these

3.

c) GSTH

d) TGSH

e) None of these

4.

c) ocqixcjg

d) ocqixcig

e) None of these

5.

c) munmun

d) srspql

e) None of these

6.

c) LABOR

d) LAUNCH

e) None of these

7. 8.

c) VUTS c) YACE

d) WXYZ d) YBCE

e) None of these e) None of these

29

Exercise 3
Directions Q. 1 to 10: In each of the following questions which alternative will replace the question mark. 1. 25: 37:: 49: ? a) 41 24: 60:: 120: ? a) 160 MO: 1311:: HJ: ? a) 1917 KT: 1120:: JR: ? a) 1018 8: 24:: ?: 32 a) 5 16: 56:: 32: ? a) 96

b) 65

c) 56

d) 60

e) None of these

2.

b) 220

c) 300

d) 108

e) None of these

3.

b) 1816

c) 810

d) 1618

e) None of these

4.

b) 1119

c) 108

d) 910

e) None of these

5.

b) 6

c) 10

d) 12

e) None of these

6.

b) 112

c) 120

d) 128

e) None of these

7.

MXN: 13*14:: EXR: ? a) 14*15 b) 5*17 In this pyramid number if: 11 22 31: 12 21 32:: 91221: ? 1 2 3 4 9 8 7 6 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 a) 2714 b) 81320

c) 6*18

d) 7*19

e) None of these

8.

c) 61518

d) 102330

e) None of these

9.

4: 19:: 7: ? a) 52

b) 49

c) 28

d) 68

e) None of these

10. 123: 132:: 235: ? a) 232

b) 352

c) 253

d) 252

e) None of these

30

Exercise 4
Directions Q. 1 to 10: In each of the following questions consists of pair of words bearing a relationship among these, from amongst the alternatives, pick up the pair that best illustrate a similar relationship. 1. LETTER: WORD a) Page: Book d) Home work: School SUNRISE: SUNSET a) Dawn: Twilight d) Energetic: Lazy STOVE: KITCHEN a) Window: Bedroom d) Television: Livingroom Lawyer: Court a) Chemist: Laboratory d) Athlete: Olympics Silence: Noise a) Quiet: Peace d) Sing: Dance Candle: wick a) Hammer: Nail d) Bicycle: Wheel River: Ocean a) Child: School d) Cloth: Body Arc: Circle a) Number: Count d) Segment: Line Kick: Football a) Wash: Dishes d) Throw: Ring

b) Product: Factory e) None of these

c) Club: People

2.

b) Noon: Midnight e) None of these

c) Morning: Night

3.

b) Sink: Bathroom e) None of these

c) Pot: Pan

4.

b) Businessman: Office e) None of these

c) Labour: Road

5.

b) Baldness: Hair e) None of these

c) Talk: Whisper

6.

b) Light: Bulb e) None of these

c) Oven: Fire

7.

b) Book: Library e) None of these

c) Lane: Road

8.

b) Fraction: Percentage e) None of these

c) Pie: Slice

9.

b) Dust: Rage e) None of these

c) Mop: Sweep

10. GLOVE: HAND a) NECK: COLLAR d) COAT: POCKET

b) TIE: SHIRT e) None of these

c) SOCKS: FEET

31

Exercise - 5
Directions Q. 1 to 10: Follow the first analogy & get the answer for the asked word. 1. Forest is related to Viviparium in the same way as Sea is related to: a) Portside b) Water c) Fishery d) Aquarium Metal is related to Conduction in the same way as Plastic is related to: a) Ground oil Chemistry b) Industry c) Inflammability d) Insulation Wax is related to Grease in the same way as Milk is related to: a) Drink b) Ghee c) Protein d) Curd Walk is related to Run in the same way as Breeze is related to: a) Cold b) Dust c) Wind d) Air Jade is related to Green in the same way as Garnet is related to: a) Red b) Blue c) Orange d) Yellow Smoke is related to Pollution in the same way as War is related to: a) Victory b) Treaty c) Defeat d) Destruction Indolence is related to Work in the same way as Taciturn is related to: a) Cheat b) Act c) Speak d) Observe Cat is related to Kitten in the same way as Woman is related to: a) Puppy b) Colt c) Calf d) Baby Much is related to Many in the same way as Measure is related to: a) Count b) Measures c) Calculate d) Weigh

e) None of these

2.

e) None of these

3.

e) None of these

4.

e) None of these

5.

e) None of these

6.

e) None of these

7.

e) None of these

8.

e) None of these

9.

e) None of these

10. Ophthalmia is related to Eye in the same way as Rickets is related to: a) Kidney b) Nose c) Bone d) Heart

e) None of these

Answer Key
Ex.1 Ex.2 Ex.3 Ex.4 Ex.5 1. c 1. d 1. b 1. a 1. d 2. c 2. c 2. c 2. c 2. c 3. d 3. a 3. b 3. d 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. a 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. a 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. c 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. c 4. d 5. a 6. d 7. c 8. b 8. c 8. b 8. d 8. d 9. a 10. c 9. a 10. c 9. d 10. c 9. a 10. c

32

5. SERIES & ODD MAN OUT

Introduction The well arranged order of number/ letter placed in a special group is called a series. A special group of number/letter is given in an arranged order. A particular place is left blank in the series. You are expected to choose out the correct option to fill in the blank. The motive is to check out the ability of candidates to calculate fast. It is also examined that how fast a candidate establishes relationship among given elements of the series. 1. Number series In number series the given series can be based on sum, subtraction, multiplication, division, square root, cube, cube root etc. while solving the questions based on number series these important facts should be always kept in mind: (a) If the numbers of the given series are increasing equally, then definitely addition is taking place there. (b) If the number of the given series decreases consequently, then definitely subtraction is taking place there. (c) If the numbers of the given series increase rapidly, then multiplication is in action there. (d) If the numbers of the series given decrease rapidly, then definitely division is in action there; simultaneously addition and subtraction can be in action also. (e) If the series increases rapidly and then it decreases rapidly, then multiplication and division is taking place one by one. 2. Alphabet series: In this type of series, a series consisting of letters of alphabet is given. One or two letters of the series kept hidden and that place becomes blank or it is denoted by ?. You have to fill up the appropriate letter fr om the options by observing the series carefully. Note: the position of letters in alphabet is necessary to be kept in mind while solving these types of questions. Remember A B C 1 2 3 26 25 24 N 14 13 O 15 12 P 16 11

D 4 23 Q 17 10

E 5 22 R 18 9

F 6 21 S 19 8

G 7 20 T 20 7

H 8 19 U 21 6

I 9 18 V 22 5

J 10 17 W 23 4

K 11 16 X 24 3

L 12 15 Y 25 2

M 13 14 Z 26 1

Types of series 1. Number series 2. Letter series Types of questions in series 1. Missing term in series 2. Odd term in series 3. Analogy based series Note: if there is an increase & then a decrease alternatively then there is a mix of two series, number are to be alternatively linked to get the series.

33

Odd man out: This is a type of series in which you need to find a term which doesnt follow the series logic & disturbs the sequence. It is a little trickier than finding the last term of the series. In this type of questions, one may spend more time in cracking the logic as one doesnt know whether the logic applied is wrong or because of numbers it is going wrong. Note: for series, you should have a strong hold on numbers, squares, cubes & tables to apply multiple reasoning.

Solved Examples
1. 8, 28, 116, 584, (?) a] 1752 b] 3504 c] 3508 The series is explained like this: (8*3)+4=28 (28*4)+4=116 (116*4)+4=584 (584*4)+4=3508 Ans.: c] 3508 12, 32, 22, 43, 42, 54, 82, ?,162 a] 65 b] 84 c] 160 At odd places: 12 + (10*1) = 22 22 + (10*2) = 42 42 + (10*4) = 82 82 + (10*8) = 162 At even places: 32 + 11 = 43 43 + 11 = 54 53 + 11 = 65 Ans.: a] 65

d] 3502

e] None of these

2.

d] 58

e] None of these

3.

, , ?,

a] 8/14 b] 8/11 c] 10/16 d] 9/16 e] None of these The numerators are increasing by consecutive numbers starting from 2 till 5. So, 3 + 2 = 5 5+3=8 12 + 5 = 17. The denominators are increasing by consecutive even numbers starting from 4 till 10. So, 4 + 4 = 8 8 + 6 = 14 14 + 8 = 22 22 + 10 = 32 Ans.: a] 8/14

34

4.

0.4, 0.45, 0.55, 0.7,? a] 0.8 b] 0.75 c] 0.9 d] 1 e] None of these The numbers are increasing in the order of 0.5, that is like .05, .10, .15,.20. So, 0.7 + .20 = 9 Ans.: c] 0.9

5.

3, 9, 18, 54, 108, ?...: a] 216 b] 54 c] 324 d] 108 e] None of these The numbers are alternatively multiplying by 3 & 2. 3*3 = 9 9*2 = 18 Ans.: c] 324

Exercise 1
Directions Q. 1 to 10: Find the appropriate number which can replace the (?) 1. 456, 546, 654, 789, (?), 987 a] 987 b] 789 6, 11, 21, 36, 56, (?) a] 51 b] 421 2, 15, 41, 80, 56, (?) a] 111 b] 120 1, 2, 6, 24, 56, (?) a] 60 b] 95 3, 12, 27, 48, 75,108, (?) a] 147 b] 162 134, 245, 48, 75, 108, (?) a] 579 b] 568 1, 4, 2, 8, 6, 24, 22, 88, (?) a] 86 b] 352

c] 897

d] 879

e] None of these

2.

c] 81

d] 91

e] None of these

3.

c] 121

d] 132

e] None of these

4.

c] 120

d] 150

e] None of these

5.

c] 183

d] 192

e] None of these

6.

c] 578

d] 478

e] None of these

7.

c] 90

d] 154

e] None of these

8.

13, 32, 24, 43, 35, (?), 46, 65, 57, 76 a] 54 b] 45 c] 55 25, 35, 355, 325, (?) a] 6255 b] 725

d] 52

e] None of these

9.

c] 6125

d] 655

e] None of these

10. 66, 36, 18, (?) a] 3

b] 8

c] 9

d] 6

e] None of these

35

Exercise 2
Directions Q. 1 to 10: In each of the questions one term is wrong find out the wrong term 1. 11, 2, 21, 3, 32, 4, 41, 5, 51, 6 a] 32 b] 51 89, 78, 86, 80, 85, 82, 83 a] 83 b] 86 5, 27, 61, 122, 213, 340, 509 a] 61 b] 122 196, 169, 144, 121, 80 a] 169 b] 196 1, 5, 22, 57, 121, 221 a] 121 b] 22 24, 27, 31, 33, 36 a] 24 b] 27 1, 3, 7, 15, 27, 63, 127 a] 7 b] 15 121, 143, 165, 186, 209 a] 165 b] 186 5, 10, 17, 24, 37 a] 10

c] 11

d] 21

e] None of these

2.

c] 78

d] 85

e] None of these

3.

c] 509

d] 27

e] None of these

4.

c] 121

d] 80

e] None of these

5.

c] 57

d] 5

e] None of these

6.

c] 31

d] 33

e] None of these

7.

c] 63

d] 27

e] None of these

8.

c] 209

d] 143

e] None of these

9.

b] 17

c] 24

d] 37

e] None of these

10. 445, 221, 109, 46, 25, 11, 4 a] 46 b] 109

c] 221

d] 25

e] None of these

Exercise 3
Directions Q. 1 to 10: In each of the following questions one term is missing as shows by (?). Find the missing term. 1. 2. BDF, CFL, DHL, (?) a] EJO b] EML AD, EH, IL, (?), QT a] LM b] MN Z, U, Q, (?), L a] I

c] CJM c] MP

d] EMI d] OM

d] None of these e] None of these

3.

b] N

c] M

d] K

e] None of these

4.

W, V, T, S, Q, P, N, M, (?), (?)

36

a] J, I 5.

b] I, J

c] J, K

d] K, J

e] None of these

b, e, d, f, (?), h, j, (?), l a] i n b] i m A, C, F, H, (?), M a] N, D b] N, C Z, S, W, O, T, K, Q, G, (?), (?) a] N, D b] N, C BEH, KNQ, TWZ, (?) a] IJL b] CFI FLP, INS, LPV, (?) a] ORY b] UXZ

c] m i

d] j m

e] None of these

6.

c] O, C

d] O, D

e] None of these

7.

c] O, C

d] O, D

e] None of these

8.

c] BDF

e] ADG

e] None of these

9.

c] VXY

d] SVW

e] None of these

10. AZ, GT, MN, (?), YB a] KF b] RX

c] SH

d] TS

e] None of these

Exercise 4
Directions Q. 1 to 10: Find the missing term in each of the following questions: 1. aa _ b _ b _ ccdd _ a] abbd

b] abcd

c] bada

d] adbc

e] None of these

2.

w _ axy _ y _ cz _ dab _ a] xbzae b] baczx def_ _ f _ hfg _ i _ a] egggh

c] abexz

d] zdexb

e] None of these

3.

b] ghgeg

c] ehggg

d] geghg

e] None of these

4.

a _ u _ cuae _ a _ u _ fua _ a] auabad b] daubaa _ c _ ca _ ab _ bc_ a] abcac b] abbab _ _ c _ aba _ ba _ ab _ a] abaab b] abbab ab _ _ b _ bbaa _ a] abaab aa _ ab _ aaa _ a a] aaab

c] dcuaab

d] bbaadu

e] None of these

5. 6.

c] baaab c] baaab

d] bbaba d] bbaba

e] None of these e] None of these

7.

b] abbab

c] baaab

d] babba

e] None of these

8.

b] aabb

c] baaa

d] abab

e] None of these

37

9.

_ baa _aab _ a _ a a] aaba b] abab

c] baab

d] aabb

e] None of these

10. _ _ babbba _ a a] baaab

b] bbaba

c] babbb

d] ababb

e] None of these

Exercise - 5
1. Find the wrong number in the series: 2, 9, 28, 65, 126, 216, 344 a] 2 b] 28 c] 65 d] 126 Find out the wrong number in the series: 5, 15, 30, 135, 405, 1215, 3645 a] 3645 b] 1215 c] 405 d] 30 Find out the wrong number in the series: 125, 106, 88, 76, 65,58,53 a] 125 b] 106 c] 88 d] 76 Directions Q. 4 to 10: Find out the wrong number in the series: 4. 196, 166, 145,128, 112, 100, 91 a] 100 b] 166 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 96, 720 a] 720 b] 96 e] 216

2.

e] 15

3.

e] 65

c] 145

d] 128

e] 112

5.

c] 24

d] 6

e] 2

6.

40960, 10240, 2560, 640, 200, 40, 10 a] 640 b] 40 c] 200 64, 71, 80, 91, 104, 119, 135, 155 a] 71 b] 80 c] 104 7, 8, 18, 57, 228, 1165, 6996 a] 8 b] 18 3, 7, 15, 27, 63, 127, 255 a] 7 b] 15

d] 2560

e] 10240

7.

d] 119

e] 135

8.

c] 57

d] 228

e] 1165

9.

c] 27

d] 63

e] 127

10. 19, 26, 33, 46, 59, 74, 91 a] 26 b] 33

c] 46

d] 59

e] 74

Answer key
Ex. 1 1.d Ex. 2 1.a Ex. 3 1.a Ex. 4 1.b Ex. 5 1.e 2.c 2.b 2.c 2.a 2.d 3.d 3.d 3.b 3.d 3.c 4.c 5.a 6.c 4.d 5.b 6.c 4.d 5.b 6.b 4.b 5.b 6.b 4.d 5.b 6.c 7.a 7.d 7.b 7.c 7.e 8.b 8.b 8.b 8.a 8.d 9.a 9.c 9.a 9.b 9.c 10.b 10.a 10.c 10.c 10.b

38

6. ARRANGEMENTS
Linear Arrangement Linear arrangement is a set of questions that deals with identifying objects and their positions relative to one another based on given information. There are 3 broad kinds of questions based on amount of information given: 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Direct Questions Conditional Additional Information Questions Types of Linear Arrangement Objects in a single row Objects in 2 rows Objects in closed shape (Circular Arrangements) Single Row: To solve these types of problems, prepare a position chart. Give positions numbers to each position and then start to fill up these positions. Commonly used symbols: x/y means one out of x and y 0x means x cannot be placed at this position 1x means x can be placed in this position x__y means two objects between x and y x>y means x lies ahead of y.

NOTE The biggest scourge of these questions is that we assume information given for 1 question to be true for other questions. Please do not get mislead by this assumption. Solving linear arrangement without diagrams has a big cost on your time management. Use symbols wherever required. Do not mention the complete name of characters given in question. You lose time!! Represent information in form of Sh for Sheila and Sa for Sachin. Use symbolic notations to represent correlations like ??, ------, - - - - -,etc. Use ticks and crosses or 0 and 1 to identify if an object can be put up at a particular position or not. Complete the diagrammatic representation of question before moving on to questions.

Question: At a village mela, the following six nautankis (plays) are scheduled as shown in the table below: No. 1 2 3 4 Nautanki Duration Sati Savitri 1 hour Joru ka Ghulam 1 hour Sundar Kand 30 minutes Veer Abhimanyu 1 hour Show Times 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. 10:30 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. 10:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m.

39

5 6

Reshma aur Shera Jhansi ki Rani

1 hour 30 minutes

9:30 a.m., 12:00 noon and 2:00 p.m. 11:00 a.m. and 1:30 p.m.

1. 2. 3. 4.

You wish to see all the six nautankis. Further, you wish to ensure that you get a lunch break from 12:30 p.m. to 1:30 p.m. Which of the following ways can you do this? Sati-Savitri is viewed first; Sundar Kand is viewed third and Jhansi ki Rani is viewed last. Sati-Savitri is viewed last; Veer Abhimanyu is viewed third and Reshma aur Shera is viewed first. Sati-Savitri is viewed first; Sundar Kand is viewed third and Joru ka Ghulam is viewed fourth. Veer Abhimanyu is viewed third; Reshma aur Shera is viewed fourth and Jhansi ki Rani is viewed fifth. Solution: Reshma aur Shera cannot be viewed at 12 noon as it is a 1 hour play. Lunch break takes place between 12:30 p.m. -1:30 p.m. Sequence starts from 9 a.m. We cannot place Reshma aur Shera at 9:30 a.m., there is no slot at 9:30 a.m. Only option is to see it in last. Just one option satisfies this condition. That is the third option. Please use such ways and methods to reduce time spent on each question. Please do not spend time evaluating all options iteratively. Two rows problem In these problems there is a lot more information than single rows problems. One needs to make a following pictorial diagram again for these questions.

Questions of 10 people in one corridor living across each other are solved using these sequence charts. Question: The plan shows office block for 6 officers. Q and R occupy offices to right of corridor as you enter from open end. P occupies an office to the left. T and U are on the opposite sides but non-facing. R and S face each other. T does not have a corner office. Us office is further down the corridor on the same side as Ps.

Passage

Solution: From the question first step is to think who all are neighbors and who are sitting across. We can see make from information that S, P, U are neighbors & R, T, Q are neighbors. 1 2 3 not T not T So T occupies 2

40

U cannot sit opposite T P<U Therefore P & U occupy farther end. Corridor starts with S. S P U T does not have a corner office. So final arrangements is: S P U R T Q Now we can answer all questions. Circular arrangements These types of problems may have more than 1 arrangement to consider. Information about positions are in reference to other objects, hence more than one combination may be possible. For example, given 4 positions fixed out of 6 positions in a circle, and remaining 2 are sitting opposite to each other, we can having two arrangements for this data. We should form all kinds of arrangements pictorially in order to avoid missing any data. Question: Six persons are playing a card game, K is facing D who is to the left of R and to the right of P. R is to the left of A. Y is to the left of P. If A exchanges his seat with Y and P exchanges with R, who will be sitting to the left of A? (1) Y (2) P (3) R (4) k Solutions: K Y A

P D Next arrangement: K Y

D K is sitting to left of A. Please make pictorial representations and use symbols wherever possible in linear arrangement. Matrix/ Complex arrangement problems are most common problems in LR. In linear arrangements, the characters are identified by their position numbers. Here there are more attributes than just position of characters. Before beginning to solve the question, first step is to identify the Subject, Object and attribute. Information is given in two ways. Either direct information is given that relates characters to attributes. Or relation between two attributes of a given object is given.

41

Question: There are 3 women- Jane, Marry, Lisa. Jane lives in South West Park. She drives an Audi. The woman who lives in North Avenue drives a BMW. Solution: Subjects are Jane, Marry, Lisa. Attributes are: Car, Residence. Objects are: Audi, BMW, North Avenue, South West Park. Here the first information relates the attribute with the object. Second information related two attributes of object. Jane---- South West------ Audi Direct Information North Avenue------ BMW Indirect Information Very often the table cannot be completed with the available information. This is done to create conditional questions. For example the question can give additional information: If Lisa does not live in North Avenue who drives BMW? It makes sense to read the questions even if table is partially complete only. It makes sense to read the questions even if table is partially complete. Lets make a table for this data. Name Residence Car Jane South West Park Audi North Avenue BMW Lisa In questions involving more data, a column called eliminated data can be used to bullet what attributes cannot be related with the subject. This helps if an object, within an attribute has been eliminated against all but one subject. Then our next step is to assign that object to the single subject. Not having names of all three cities or names of cars should not deter to make a table. Make a table with whatever incomplete data you have. Because it can easily be seen from table, that it can only be Mary who is left to drive a BMW. There are 2 popular methods to solve these questions: 1. Matrix Approach 2. Consolidated Table Approach Both methods have their fair advantages in different kinds of question. But do not worry if you are not comfortable with any 1 of the method. That is the case with everyone. I will tell you how to solve any question by either way. It imperative to be comfortable with one of your chosen methods. Let us see a small illustration of both methods through an example. Question: Ram, Shyam and Harry live in U.S., U.K. and India not necessarily in same order. Ram is a doctor while other two are Lawyer and businessman. Shyam lives in India. Businessman lives in U.K. Solution: Matrix Approach: The attributes are Country and Profession

42

For each value of both attributes we will strike out the incorrect combination and find out the right value (U.S., U.K., India or Lawyer, businessman, Doctor) in each attribute (Coutry, Profession) for every object (Ram, Shyam, Harry). From the direct information this table can be easily achieved. We know businessman lives in U.K. so, Shyam is not businessman. Hence, Shyam is the lawyer. Therefore we have no other combination left than Harry Businessman - U.K. Shyam Lawyer - India Ram - Doctor - U.S. You can easily fill the table directly Without writing all the table directly writing all the stuff I have written. This process happens in mind, not on paper. Consolidated Table Method: Now lets see how the same thought process is done in a consolidated table method. Solution: Again identify the attributes and values. Identify which values to eliminate for each object. Table look like this After making this initial table, think about information from eliminated column. Consider Shyam with most information in Profession eliminated. It is easily seen that Shyam is a lawyer. Businessman lives in U.K. Shyam, the just identified lawyer is known to live in India (direct information). Thus Doctor lives in U.S. Thus after all this thought process, the table looks like this Do not fill up the Eliminated column any more. It is waste of time. The difference in two methods is nothing more than the use of eliminated column, instead of which we make separate columns for all values (doc, lawyer, U.S., U.K etc) in Matrix approach. Actually the two methods are a tradeoff between time and accuracy. If you do not want to go back to eliminated column time and again to check it your entries are accurate, Matrix method is suitable. In case the number of entries is very large, you will find the matrix method will become tedious and time consuming. So use Tabular Method. But please note that scope for error is more in tabular method. Common strategy to adopt in complex arrangements questions: Be mindful of objects and the properties of the objects before you make the solution table/matrix. Choose you of solving methodology as per your comfort and the no. of parameters of the problem statement. NoteDuring tackling the question, the numero uno step is to fill the apparent and direct information. This will eliminate superfluous information and shall make it easier to solve the problem.

Linear Arrangement Exercise-1

1. A, P, R, X, S and Z are sitting in a row. S and Z are in the centre. A and P are at the ends. R is sitting to the left of A. Who is to the right of P? a] A b]X c]S d]Z e] None of these

43

Direction Q. 2 and 3: Five girls are sitting on a bench to be photographed. Seema is to the left of Rani and to the right Bindu. Mary is to the right of Rani. Reeta is between Rani and Mary. 2. Who is second from the left in photograph? a] Reeta b] Mary c] Bindu d] Seema e] Rani 3. Who is second from the right? a] Mary b] Rani

c]Reeta

d] Bindu

e] Seema

Direction Q. 4 and 5: Six friends are sitting in a circle and are facing the centre of the circle. Deepa is between Prakash and Pankaj. Priti is between Mukesh and Lalit. Prakash and Mukesh are opposite to each other. 4. Who is opposite to Priti? a] Prakash b] Deepa c] Pankaj d] Lalit e] None of these 5. Who is just right to Pankaj? a] Deepa b] Lalit

c] Prakash

d] Priti

e] None of these

Directions Q. 6 to 10: Each of the following questions is based on the information given below: In an exhibition seven cars of different companies Cadillac Ambassador, Fiat , Maruti, Mercedes, Bedford and Fargo standing facing to eat in the following order: i. Cadillac is next to right of Fargo. ii. Fargo is fourth to the right of Fiat. iii. Maruti car is between Ambassador and Bedford. iv. Fiat which is third to the left of Ambassador, is at one end. 6. Which one of the following is the correct position of Mercedes? a] Next to the left of Cadillac b] Next to the left of Bedford c] Between Bedford and Fargo d] Fourth to the right of Maruti e] None of these Which one of the following statements is correct? a] Fargo car is between Ambassador and Fiat. b] Cadillac is next left to Mercedes car. c] Fargo is next right of Cadillac. d] Maruti is Forth right of Mercedes. e] None of these. Which of the cars are on both the sides of Cadillac car? a] Ambassador and Maruti b] Maruti and Fiat d] Amassador of Fargo e] None of these

7.

8.

c] Fargo and Mercedes

9.

Which of the following statements is correct? a] Maruti is next left to the Ambassdor. b] Bedford is next left of Fiat. c] Bedford is at one end. d] Fiat is next second to the right of Maruti.

e] None of these.

10. Which of the following groups of cars is to right Ambassador? a] Cadillac, Fargo and Martui b] Mercedes, Cadillac and Fargo d] Bedford, Cadillac and Fargo e] None of these

c] Maruti, Bedford and Fiat

44

Exercise - 2
1. A, B, C, D, and E are sitting on a bench. A is sitting next to B, C is sitting next to D,D is not sitting with E who is on the left end of the bench. C is on the second position from the right. A is to the right of B and E. A and C are sitting together. In which position A is sitting? a] Between B and D b] Between B and C c] Between E and D d] Between C and E e] None of these Directions Q. 2to 5: Each of the following questions is based on the information given below. Six Friend A, B, C, D, E and Fare sitting around the hexagonal table at each at one corner. A is second to the left of F, B is neighbor of C and D, E is second to the left of D. 2. Which of the following is sitting opposite to E? a] C b] B c] Cannot be determined 3. Out of the five, four pairs alike. Find odd one: a] B,D b] A,C c] E,F Which of the following are neighboring A? a] F and A b] E and C c] F and C Who is the fourth person left of B? a] A b] F

d] D

e] None of these

d] E,A

e] C,B

4.

d] Data inadequate

e] None of these

5.

c] C

d] Data inadequate

e] None of these

Directions Q.6to 10: Each of the following questions are based on the information given below. i. A, B, C, D and E are five men sitting in a line facing South while M, N, O, P and Q are five ladies sitting in a second line parallel to the first fine and are facing North. ii. B who is just next to the left of D, is opposite to Q. iii. C and N are diagonally opposite to each other. iv. E is opposite to O who is just next right of M. v. P who is just to the left of Q, is opposite to D. vi. M is at one end of the line 6. Who is sitting third to the right of O? a] Q b] N

c] M

d] Data inadequate

e] None of these

7.

Which of the following pair is diagonally opposite to each other? a] EQ b] BO c] AN d] AM

e] None of these

8.

If B shifts to the place of E, E shifts to the place of Q, and Q shifts to the place of B, then who will be the second to the left of the person opposite to O? a] Q b] P c] E d] D e] None of these If O and P, A and E and B and Q interchanged their positions, then who will be second person to the right of the person who is opposite to the person second of the right of P? a] D b] A c]E d] O e] None of these

9.

45

10. In the original arrangement who is sitting just opposite to N? a] B b] A c] C d] D

e] A

Exercise - 3
Directions Q.1 to 4: i. A, B, C, D, E, F and O are sitting in a row facing North: ii. F is to immediate right of E. iii. E is 4th to the right of O. iv. C is the neighbor B and D. v. Person who is to the third to the left of D is at 29 one of ends. 1. What is the position of A? a] Between E and D b] Extremely left Who are to the left of C? a] Only B b] G, B and D Who are the neighbors of B? a] C and D b] C and O

c] Centre

d] Extreme right

e] None of these

2.

c] G and F

d] D, E, F and A

e) None of these

3.

c] O and F

d] C and E

e] F and A

4.

Which of the following statements is not true? a] E is immediately left to D b] A is at one of the ends c] G is to the immediate left to B. d] F is second to the right of D Directions Q.5 to 9: Each of these questions are based on the information given below: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

e] None of these

8 persons E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L are seated around a square table- two on each side. There are 3 ladies who are not seated next to each other. I is between L and F. 0 is between I and F. H, a lady member is second to the left of J. F, a male member is seated opposite to E, a female member. There is a female member between F and I.

11. Who among the following is seated between E and H? a] F b] I c] J 12. How many persons are seated between K and F? a] 1 b] 2 c] 3 d] 4

d] Cannot be determined e] None of these

e] None of these

13. Who among the following are the three female members? a] E, H and J b]E, F and G c] E, H and D d] C, H and J 14. Who among the following is to the immediate left of F? a] G b] I c] J d] H 15. What is true about J and K? a] J is male, K is female

e] None of these

e] None of these

b] J is female, K is male

46

c] Both are females

d] Cannot be determined

e] None of these

16. Radha, Sheela, Mahima and Sita are sitting around a table. Radha is sitting on the right side of Sheela. Mahima is in the left of Sita. From the given responses indicate which pair is sitting in front of each other? a] Sheela- Sita b] Radha- Sita c] Radha- Sheela d] Mahima- Radha e] None of these

Exercise - 4
Directions Q. 1 to 4: In a class there are seven students (including boys and girls) A, B, C, D, E, F and O. They sit on three benches I, II and III such that at least two students on each bench and at least one girl on each bench. C who is a girl student, does not sit with A, E and D. F, the boy student sits with only B. A sits on the bench I with his best friends. O sits on the bench III. E is the brother of C. 1. How many girls are there, out of these 7 students? a] 3 b] 4 c] 3 or 4 Who sits with C? a] B

d] Data inadequate

e] None of these

2.

b] D

c] G

d] E

e] None of these

3.

Which of the following is the group of girls? a] BAC b] BCD c] BFC On which bench there are three students? a] I b] II c] III

d] CDF

e] None of these

4.

d] I or II

e] None of these

Directions Q. 5: There are 8 houses in a line and in each house only one boy lives with the conditions as given below: i. Jack is not the neighbor of Siman ii. Harry is just next to the left of Larry iii. There is at least one to the left of Larry. iv. Paul lives in one of the houses in the middle. v. Mike lives between Paul and Larry 5. If at least on lives to the right of Robert and Harry is not between John and Larry, then which one of the following statements is not correct? a] Robert is not at the left end b] Robert is between Siman and John c] John is in between Paul and Jack d] there are three persons to the right of Paul e] None of these Directions Q.6 to 8: Each of the following questions are based on the information given below: Six girls are sitting in a circle facing to the centre of the circle. There quires are: P, Q, R, S, T and V. t is not between Q and S but some other one. P is next to the left of V. R is 4 th to the right of P. Which of the following statements is not true? a] S is just next to the right to R b] T is just next to the right of V d] P is second to the right of R e] None of these What is the position of T?

6.

c] R is second to the left of T

7.

47

a] Cannot be determined d] Between Q and R 8.

b] Just next to the right of Q e] None of these

c] Second to the left of P

If P and R interchange their positions then which of the following pair will sit together? a] RT b] PV c] VR d] QV e] None of these Directions Q. 9 and 10: P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting round the circle are facing the centre: i. P is second to the right of T who is the neighbor of R and V ii. S is not the neighbor of P. iii. V is the neighbor of U. iv. Q is not between S and W. W is not between U and S.

9.

Which two of the following are not neighbours? a] RV b] UV c] RP

d] QW

e] None of these

10. Which of the following is correct? a] P is to the immediate right of Q c] Q is to the immediate left of W

b] R is between U and V d] U is between W and S

e] None of these

Circular Arrangement Exercise - 5

Directions Q. 1 to 5: At a party A, B, C, D and E are sitting in circle. The group comprises an officer, an industrialist and a businessman. The businessman is sitting in between the industrialist and his wife D. A, an officer married to E who is the sister of B. The industrialist is seated to the right of C. both the ladies are unemployed. 1. Who among them is a graduate? a] A b] B c] C What is A to B? a] Uncle b] Brother- in law A is sitting to the right of? a] Industrialist b] His wife Who is an industrialist? a] B b] B c] D

d] Cannot be determined

e] None of these

2.

c] Brother

d] None of these

e] Cannot be determined

3. 4.

c]C

d] D d] None of these

e] None of these e] Cannot be determined

5.

Who is unmarried in the group? a] Officer b] Industrialist c] Businessman d] Cannot be determined Directions Q. 6 to 10: Study the following information carefully to answer these questions: i. L, M, N, P, Q, R and S are sitting in a circle and playing cards ii. N, who is the nieghbour of P, is not the neighbor of R.

e] None of these

48

iii. Q is second to the left of R. iv. N is second to the left of S, whi is neighbor of M. 6. Which of the following is true? a] Q is the neighbor of S and c] R is neighbor of P and M

b] M is neighbor of S and L c] L is the neighbor of R and N

e] None of these

7.

Which of the following pair has the second person to the right of the first person? a] RM b] NQ c] QS d] NR

e] None of these

8.

Which of the following pair has the first person sitting third to the left of the second person? a] RM b] SL c] SR d] NL e] None of these Who is to the immediate right of S? a] M b] R

9.

c] Q

d] L

e] None of these

10. Which of the following is not true? a] R is to immediate left to L d] L is to the immediate left of R

b] P is to the immediate right of R e] All are true

c] N is to the immediate right of P

Matrix Arrangement Exercise - 6

Directions Q. 1 to 5: Each of the following questions are based on the following informations J, K, L, M, N, O and P are seven kids playing in the garden. They are wearing clothes of colours- black, blue, white, green, pink, yellow and brown. Out of the seven, three are girls. No girl is wearing black, yellow or brown . Ms sister O is wearing pink, while he is wearing brown. J is wearing blue, while his sister K is not wearing green. N is wearing yellow, while his best friend P is a boy. What colour is K wearing? a] Green b] Pink c] Brown d] None of these e] Cannot be determined What colour is P wearing? a] Black b] Blue

1.

2.

c] White

d] None of these

e] Cannot be determined

3. 4.

What colour is L wearing? a] Black b] Green c] White d] None of these e] Cannot be determined What colour are the sister of J and m wearing? a] Pink & Green b] Pink & yellow c] White & Green d] White & Brown e] None of these Which group is denoting only girls? a] KLN b] KNO c] KLO

5.

d] None of these

e] Cannot be determined

6.

Persons X, Y, Z and Q live in red, green, yellow or blue coloured houses placed in sequence on a street. Z lives in a yellow house. The green house is adjacent to the blue house. X does not live adjacent to Z. the yellow house is in between the green and red houses. The colour of the house X lives in is: a] Blue b] Green c] Red d] Not possible to determine e] None of these

49

Directions Q. 7 to 10: Each of the questions are based on the following information. Four persons A, B, C and D are living at four houses E, F, G and H not necessarily in that order. These houses are located in different markets I, J, K and L. these markets are in four separate cities M, N, O and P. B is living in K market. The house H is in J market which is in N city. The person living at I the native of P, lives only in that city. D lives in F house. A lives in city O. 7. B is living: a] in M In I market: a] F house is

b] at E

c] in L

d] in N

e] at F

8.

b] A lives

c] C lives

d] H house in

e] None of these

9.

On the basis of the information given, which of the statement is/are true i. A lives in house H ii. C lives in P city iii. D does not live in E. a] i only b] ii only c] iii only d] i and iii

e] ii and iii

10. Which cannot be determined on the basis of the information given: a] in what city the market K is b] C and D live in which cities d] Which house is in city P e] Who is at E house

c] Who is living in N

Answer key
Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 1.b 1.b 1.d 1.c 1.d 1.d 2.d 2.b 2.c 2.c 2.b 2.a 3.c 3.c 3.b 3.b 3.a 3.b 4.b 4.b 4.a 4.a 4.a 4.d 5.a 5.a 5.e 5.c 5.c 5.c 6.d 6.b 6.c 6.c 6.a 6.a 7.b 7.d 7.c 7.e 7.e 7.a 8.c 8.a 8.c 8.c 8.a 8.a 9.a 9.b 9.e 9.a 9.c 9.e 10.b 10.b 10.b 10.c 10.e 10.e

50

7. SELECTION CRITERIA
Introduction In these type of questions, certain conditions are given for the selection in a committee or an organization etc. The candidate has to find out which member is to be selected considering the given conditions. Examples: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below it. Following are the conditions for selecting a Research Officer for a reputed Institution. The candidate must: 1. Be a post-graduate with minimum 60% marks. 2. Have a Ph. D Degree 3. Have a research experience of at least 3 years. 4. Have fluency in English and Hindi. 5. Have published at least 5 research papers. 6. Not be less than 25 years and more than 35 years. 7. Have diploma in statistical applications. In the case a candidate who 8. Satisfies all the other criteria except (i) above but has post-graduate degree or more than 55% marks, will be referred to the Director of the Institute. 9. Satisfies all other criteria (iii) above, will be referred to the Joint Director. 27 years Rajesh is a post graduate with 61% marks has obtained Ph. D degree. He is fluent in Hindi and English. He has got 5 research papers published and has research experience of 4 years. He has completed diploma in statistical applications. Find out which of the following answer is correct about his selectionA. He will be selected B. He will not be selected C. The data provided are inadequate to decide. D. His case will be referred to the director. E. His case will be referred to the joint director. Answer with explanations (A) as Rajesh fulfills all the conditions, so he will be selected.

Solved examples
Directions for questions 1 to 5: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below. Following are the criteria for hiring marketing managers in a company. The applicant must i. Be a post graduate in marketing management ii. Be at least 25 years old on 30-4-2007.. iii. Have work-experience of at least three years. iv. Be ready to work for at least two years after appointment. However, if a candidate A. Fulfills all other criteria except at (i) above, but has work experience of more than 5 years the case is to be referred to General Manager Marketing. B. Fulfills all other criteria except at (iv) above, but has obtained Ph. D. degree, the case may be referred to the Vice-President-Marketing.

51

Based on the above criteria and the information given in each case, you have to take the decision in each case. You are not to assume anything. The cases are given to you as on 30-4-2007. Mark answer A. If the applicant is to be hired. B. If the applicant is not to be hired. C. If the data given is not adequate. D. If the case is to be referred to the General Manager Marketing. E. If the case is to be referred to Vice-President Marketing 1. 2. Anil Sharma was born on 15th August, 1981. He has been working for the last four years after obtaining his postgraduation in Marketing Management. He is ready to work for five years. Shankar Trivedi was born on 27th August, 1978. He has been working since January, 1999. He has appeared in the final examination of part time Post-Graduate Programme in Marketing Management. He is ready to work for five more years. Janki Sharma has obtained her Post-Graduation and Ph.D. in Marketing Management. Since she is working for the last three years and is ready to work for one more year. She was born on 2 nd October, 1979. Sunil Malhotra was born on 31st August, 1977. He has passed his Masters degree in Marketing Management in 2005 and has been working since then. He is ready to work for at least four years. Arun Samant has obtained his Post-Graduation in Marketing Management in the year 2003 and has been working since then. He is ready to work for two more years. He was born on 3 rd September, 1977. SOLUTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [A] Anil Sharma should be hired because he fulfills all the criteria. [D] Since Shankar Trivedi fulfils all the other criteria except [i] but his work experience is more than 5 years. Hence, his case will be referred to the General Manager Marketing. [E] Since Janki Sharma fulfils all the other criteria except (iv) but she has obtained Ph.D. degree, so her case is to be referred to the Vice-President-Marketing. [B] Since Sunil Malhotra has not experienced of 3 years so he cannot be hired. [A] Arun Samant should be hired because he fulfills all the criteria.

3. 4. 5.

Exercise - 1
Directions Q. 1 to 10: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below it: A company has following Gratuity (G) and Provident Fund (PF) rules: An employee must have completed one years service to be eligible for either G or PF. An employee resigning or retiring or retrenched after ten years service get both G and PF. An employee retrenched or retiring after 5 years but before 10 years service gets both PF and G, but that resigning during this period gets either G or PF. An employee retrenched or retiring before 5 years service gets PF and not G; but that resigning during this period gets neither G nor PF. However, In case an employee dies after 2 years service, his family gets both G and PF. In case an employee was on leave without pay, such period is deducted from his total years of service and then the above rules are applied. In case of a female employee, if she has completed 2 years service, two years are added to her actual service before applying the above rules, as a special consideration.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

52

Apply the above rules to the cases described in each of the following questions and decide whether the employee is eligible for G and PF. Mark answer (a) if only G can be given; (b) if only PF can be given; (c) if either G or PF can be given; (d) if both G and PF can be given and (e) if neither G or PF can be given. 1. Mr. Auguatin serving in the company for five years out of which for one year he was on leave without pay, was retrenched from the service. Miss Monika served for 12 years and was retrenched. Mr. Juneja was retrenched from the service after 7 years. Mrs. Sharma served in the company for four years and resigned. Mr. Basu served in the company for seven years and resigned after a prolonged illness of 3 years for which he was on leave without pay. Mr. Sethi who was serving in the company for three years, expired. Mr. Gaur served in the company for five years and resigned from the company. Mrs. Vasudevan who served in the company for three years out of which she was on leave without pay for 112 years, was retrenched from the service. Mr. Dixit resigned from the company after 4 years of service.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

9.

10. Mrs. Rashmi served in the company for four years and was retrenched.

Exercise - 2
Directions Q. 1 to 8: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below it: Following are the conditions for drawing a list of suitable candidates to be called for interview after a written test for recruitment is conducted for supervisory-level persons for a reputed company providing software and services. The candidate mustA. Be holding degree in the basic science with 60% or above or engineering degree with 45% and above marks. B. Have passed the written examination with 65% or above marks. C. Be in the age group of 24 years to 30 years as on 1.4.2007. D. Have experience in a computer company for a minimum period of 3 years after having obtained diploma in computer with 60% or above marks. E. Be presently drawing a monthly salary of Rs. 8000 and above. In case of the applicant who satisfies all other criteria except i. At [A] above, be referred to the Manager (Recruitment). ii. At [B] above, but has obtained more than 75% marks in M.Sc. or Engineering degree, be referred to the Assistant General Manager (A.G.M.) iii. At [C] above, be referred to the General Manager (G.M.)

53

Based on these criteria and the information provided below, decide the course of action in each case. You are not to assume anything. If the data provided is not adequate to decide the given course of action, your answer will be Data inadequate. These cases are given to you as on 1.4.2007. 1. Aseem Garg has done his Masters degree in Science and then completed his diploma in computers with 64% marks from a reputed institute. For the last four years, he has been working in a computer company. His age is 27 years and his present salary is Rs. 8500. He obtained 68% marks in the written examination. a] Call for interview b] Do not call for interview c] Refer to manager (Rec.) d] Data inadequate e] None of these Vaibhav Narula did his B.Sc. with 70% marks followed by a diploma in Computers with 69% marks. He is employed from June 2003 in a computer firm with a salary of Rs. 9700. He was born in October 1983. He passed the written examination with 725 marks. a] Do not call for interview b] Refer to G.M. c] Data inadequate d] Refer to manager (Rec.) e] None of these Abhay Kaushik did his diploma in computers at the age of 22 years after completing his B.Sc. Immediately after completing his diploma, he got a job in a computer company and is employed for the last four years with a salary of Rs.10,500. He has got more than 65% marks in all examinations including the written examination. a] Call for interview b] Refer to A.G.M. c] Do not call for interview d] Refer to manager (Rec.) e] None of these Amita Sehgal completed her B.Sc. at the age of 21 years, completed her one years diploma in Computers immediately and got a job from June 2004. She draws a monthly salary of Rs. 11,000. She has cleared all her examinations including written examination with a minimum of 68% marks. a] Refer to manager (Rec.) b] Refer to G.M. c] Refer to A.G.M. d] Do not call for interview e] None of these Tanisha Chaterjee, aged 27 years, is a graduate in science with diploma in Computers and has been working for the last three and a half years in a computer firm. Her present monthly salary is Rs. 10,500. She has passed her graduation, diploma and written examination with 55%, 70% and 68% marks respectively. a] Data inadequate b] Call for interview c] Refer to manager (Rec.) d] Refer to G.M. e] None of these Ashwin Seth has been working in a computer company for the last 6 years after completing his diploma in Computers with 62% marks. He has passed his Engineering degree and written examination with 55% and 68% marks respectively. He has completed 28 years of age in September 2005. a] Refer to A.G.M. b] Refer to G.M. c] Data inadequate d] Call for interview e] None of these Ritesh Chadha, born on 12.2.1978, is employed in a computer company for the last five years and is presently drawing a monthly salary of Rs. 9,500. He has successfully completed his degree in Engineering with 64% marks, diploma in computers and written examination with 65% and 60% marks respectively. a] Call for interview b] Do not call for interview c] Data inadequate d] Refer to G.M. e] None of these Devyani Sen Gupta is working in supervisory capacity for the last 4 years in a computer company after she completed her Engineering degree with 55% and diploma in Computers with 70% marks. She has secured 72% marks in the written examination. Her date of birth is 15 th January, 1077 and her present salary is Rs. 10,000.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

54

a] Refer to G.M. c] Do not call for interview

b] Refer to manager (Rec.) d] Data inadequate

e] None of these

Directions Q. 9 to 15: Read the following information carefully and answer the given questions: A public charitable trust desires to select Medical Officers for its rural hospital based on the following criteria: The applicant musti. Be holding MBBS degree with minimum 50% marks. ii. Have minimum 4 years of experience of full-time practice in rural areas. iii. Be ready to execute a bond of 3 years of service. iv. Have good knowledge of the local language. In case of the applicant who satisfies all other criteria exceptA. At [ii] above, but has 4 years of full-time experience of practice either in urban or semi urban area and spent at least 5 years in rural areas anytime during his life, be referred to Secretary of the Trust. B. At [iv] above, but has working knowledge of Hindi, be referred to Assistant Secretary of the trust. C. At [i] above, but has minimum 45% marks at MBBS and has done M.S. or M.D. with minimum 50%, be referred to the Chief Medical Officer. (C.M.O.) D. At [iii] above, but is ready to give Rs. 25,000 as security money, be referred to the President of the Trust. Based on these criteria and the information provided below, decide the course of the action in each case. You are not to assume anything. If the data provided to decide the given course of action, your answer will be Data inadequate. All cases given to you fulfill criterion of age therefore no details of age are provided. The cases are given to you as on the present day. 9. Gauri did her M.D. after doing her MBBS. She is ready to execute three years bond of service. She has god command over the local language as well as Hindi. She has practiced for 12 years in a remote village out of her love for social service. She has obtained 77%, 88%, 47% and 56% at SSC, HSC, MBBS and M.D. respectively a] To be selected b] Not to be selected c] Data inadequate d] Refer to the C.M.O. e] None of these 10. Raghav has studied in rural areas, while doing his schooling. His father is a farmer. He completed his MBBS from Mumbai and has six years of practice in the big city. He has good knowledge of local language and working knowledge of Hindi. He is ready to execute 3 years bond of service. He has done M.S. with 53% marks. a] Not to be selected b] Refer to the Secretary c] To be selected d] Data inadequate e] None of these 11. Payal, after obtaining her MBBS and M.S., decided to practice in her native village for five years. She knows very well the local language. Her dispensary and small hospital were very popular in the nearby villages. She plans to go to USA and UK after spending 4 more years in India. She has secured more than 60% marks in all the examinations right from SSC to MS. She is ready to execute a bond of 3 years of service. a] To be selected b] Refer to C.M.O. c] Not to be selected d] Data inadequate e] None of these 12. Dr. Arvind Swamy has stood first at MMBS after obtaining 78% marks. He has also completed M.S. with distinction. Dr. Swamy is fluent in the local language. He practiced for three years in a rural hospital and for one year in multispecialty hospital in the big city.

55

a] To be selected c] Refer to the President

b] Not to be selected d] Data inadequate

e] None of these

13. Vivek has secured 74% marks at MBBS and has done his M.D. with 62% marks. He has 5 years experience of running a dispensary in a village and can read, write and speak the local language. He is ready to give a bond of only two years of service and unable to give security money as he wants to start a rural hospital afterwards in his native state. a] Not to be selected b] Data inadequate c] To be selected d] Refer to the President e] None of these 14. Gaurav is the son of a local politician, born and brought up in a village till up to SSC. Afterwards he studied in a big city and did his MBBS with 69% marks followed by M.S. with 57% marks. He is ready to execute a bond of service for 3 years only. He has very good knowledge of the local language. He has done 4 years practice in the urban areas. He plans to start a rural hospital after this experience. a] To be selected b] not to be selected c] Data inadequate d] Refer to the secretary e] None of these 15. Yuvraj is born and brought up in a big urban city. His father is an industrialist. He has secured 87%, 56%, and 48% at HSC, MBBS and M.D. respectively. He is willing to give a bond of 3 years of service. He has worked for 5 years in a rural hospital but can hardly speak the local language. However, he has working knowledge of Hindi. After this experience he plans to settle abroad. a] To be selected b] not to be selected c] Refer to the Asst. Secretary d] Data inadequate e] None of these Directions Q. 16 to 20: Study the following information carefully to answer the questions given below Following criteria have been laid down for admission to n Anti-Terrorist Defensive Course of Indian Army. The candidate mustA. Have passed graduation with Science subjects (B.Sc.) with minimum 50% marks in aggregate (Second Class). For SC/ST candidates, there is a relaxation of 5%. B. Have completed 19 years of age in case of females and 20 years of age in case of males on or before 1 st January, 2003. C. Pay deposit of Rs. 25,000 along with the application form if the applicant has passed graduation second class. However, if the applicant has secured more than 75% marks at graduation, the deposit amount would be Rs. 15,000 and if the marks are above 60% but below 75%, the deposit amount will be Rs. 20,000. If the candidate is a son or daughter of the serving or ex-defense staff members, the amount of deposit will be 50% of that applicable to others, keeping the merit criteria the same. D. For SC/ST candidate, the deposit amount is 20% of that applicable to non-staff relation candidates and the conditions of marks for each slab describes above in (C) is relaxable by 5%. E. If a candidate fulfills the criteria at (A) and (B) but can pay at least three-fourths mount to applicable deposit, he/she may be provisionally admitted. F. If the candidate who is eligible under (A) and (B) criteria, can pay at least half of the applicable deposit, the case can be referred to the Commander-in-Chief. G. The candidates who are eligible under the criteria (A) and (B) but cannot pay even half of the applicable deposit cannot be admitted.

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Based on the above criteria, decide which of the following course of action should be taken in case of the candidates whose description is provided in the following questions. Please note that you are not to assume any data other than those described. However, you may treat the candidate as General category candidate if his category is not explicitly mentioned as SC/ST. the information provided is as on 1.1.2003 Mark answer (a) if the candidate can be admitted; Mark answer (b) if the candidate can be provisionally admitted; Mark answer (c) if the candidate should be referred to the Commander-in-Chief; Mark answer (d) if the candidate cannot be admitted; Mark answer (e) if the data given are not sufficient to decide the course of action. 16. Parth, the son of an architect, has passed his B.Sc. with 63% marks. He was born on 8th December, 1982 and can pay a maximum of Rs. 15000 as deposit. 17. Divya, the daughter of a teacher, has passed her B.Sc. with 78% marks. She was born on 23 rd September, 1980. She can pay maximum of Rs. 8000 as deposit. 18. Tarun, and M.Sc. with 66.5% marks, is the son of businessman. His age is 22 years as on the stipulated date. He can pay Rs. 25,000 as the deposit. 19. Vibha, the daughter of an ex-employee of ABC Medical College, was born on 23 rd October, 1983. She has passed her B.Sc. with 58% marks. She can pay only Rs. 20,000 as deposit. 20. Sahil, born on 23rd February, 1979, has passed his B.Sc. with 63% marks. He is ready to pay a maximum of Rs. 11,000 as deposit. He belongs to ST category.

Exercise - 3
Directions Q. 1 to 10: Study the following information carefully to answer the questions given below: A reputed educational foundation is to select meritorious graduate students foe the award of scholarships for higher studies abroad who fulfill the following criteria: i. Age- More than 20 years but less than 25 years, as on 1.4.2007. ii. Minimum percentage of marks- B.Sc. 60% or B.A. 50% or B.Com 55%. iii. Prizes/awards should have won at least one either in essay, debate or sports. iv. Annual family income- Not to be more than Rs. 1,00,000. v. Domicile must be staying in India for at least 15 years or above, as on 1.4.2007. Concessions: One has to fulfill the above conditions. However, certain concessions are available to the following categories: A. Wards of farmers (F) - relaxation in the maximum age limit upto five years B. SC/ST applicants (S) - relaxation in the percentage of marks upto 5%. Consideration: C. Not fulfilling criterion (iii) above the case may be referred to the secretary of the foundation. D. Not fulfilling criterion (iv) above the case may be referred to Chairman of the foundation. You have to study the information provided for the candidate in each of the following questions and decide the course of action. Give answer:

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a. If the candidate is to be selected; b. If the candidate is to be selected under any concession; c. If the case is to be referred to the secretary; d. If the case is to be referred to the chairman; e. If the candidate is not to be selected. Note: the candidate is to be considered Not to be selected, if any required information regarding criteria (i) to (v) is not provided. 1. Kewal, who will be 23 years old on 1.1.2009, passed B.com with 52% marks. His father, a government employee, has been working at Sringar since 1989 whose present monthly salary is Rs. 8200. Kewal got the 3rd prize in the State Essay Competition. Rudra, son of a farmer who has been staying in Haryana for the last five decades, passed B.A. with 51% marks. He had got a second prize in the district-level weight-lifting championship. His Date of birth is 4.9.1984 and his fathers annual income is Rs. 83000. Sonlai was born on 2.4.1987 and recently passed B.Sc. with 63% marks. Her father, a lecturer at a Junior College at Ranchi since 1988, has an annual family income of Rs. 82,000. She won a third prize in the State Athletic Championship. 23-years old Tanya has 58% in B.Com and had won the first prize in her final year Debate Competition. Her annual family income is about Rs. 1.25 lakhs. Her father is settled in Shillong for the last 21 years. 26-years old Reena has been staying at Chandbali village in Tripura, since her birth. Her father, a farmer, has an annual income of Rs. 78,000. She obtained 59% marks in B.Com and had won a prize in the College Sports Competition. Javed, son of a foreman in Indonesia, came to India with his family in 1980 and since then settled at Aligarh. He got a first prize in an international debate competition. He is a graduate in Science with 69% marks. His annual income is Rs. 96,000. Hailing from a poor schedule tribe family living near Rourkela since 1959, 21-years old Hardik got his B.A. degree with 46% marks. His father, a school teacher and sole earner in the family has a monthly income of Rs. 4,200. Hardik won the first prize in the district level essay competition. Born on 20.2.1986. Deepali completed her B.Sc. in March 2006. Her father is a farmer settled in Madhya Pradesh for the last 32 years. She is State Champion in Badminton. Her familys annual income is Rs. 91,000. 24-years old Chinmay has 57% marks in B.Com and had bagged the first prize in college music competition. His father, an industrial workman and sole earner in the family, has a monthly income of Rs. 7,800 and is settled in Nasik since 1968.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Family of 22-year old Arun settles at Cochin since 1979. He has 59% marks in B.A. and has won a gold medal in All India Lions Club Essay Competition. His father, a farmer, has an annual income is Rs 98,000

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Answer Key
Ex. 1 1.b 2.b 3.d 4.c 5.e 6.d 7.c 8.b 9.e 10.d Ex. 2 1.d 2.b 3.a 4.d 5.c 6.c 7.b 8.a 9.d 10.d 11.a 12.b 13.a 14.d 15.c 16.b 17.c 18.e 19.b 20.a Ex.3 1.e 2.a 3.e 4.d 5.b 6.e 7.b 8.e 9.c 10.a

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8. SEQUENTIAL OUTPUT TRACING

Introduction Sequential output tracing is an interesting question-type & you can aim for full score if you master it. In this question type, you are given an Input statement. This statement consists of words, numbers or combination of both. It goes through different steps with changes in a logical manner. It is important to understand the logic step by step. There are two important things in terms of change. Exchange: it involves exchanging the places of one with the other value. It involves change in only two values rest all are untouched. For eg. Input Step 1 20 20 43 36 87 87 115 115 15 15 36 43 70 70

If you observe the two numbers 43 & 36 have exchanged their places. Rest all numbers have same positions. Shift: in shifting, you need to shift the positions of all the values to right to place one value in between. For eg. Input 20 43 87 115 15 70 if 36 is to be inserted between 20 & 43, then Step 1 20 36 43 87 115 36

15

70

The arrangement can be based on the following logics Numeric - Either increasing or decreasing - Or else operations on the numbers (multiplication, addition etc) - Segregation as odd and even, etc. Alphabets/ words Alphabetical or reverse alphabetical order Increasing or decreasing number of letters in words. In mix Alpha-numeric, it can be based on above logics, additionally; there can be position based arrangements. i.e. Words & numbers alternately stating with a word or a number. Right-to-left arrangement or Left-to-right arrangement.

Solved Examples
Engineers at a software company have designed a new computer program. A set of numbers is fed to it as Input and certain operations are performed on them according to some defined rules of rearrangement. A sample input and steps for rearrangement are given below. Answer the questions that follow. Input : 52 74 12 96 33 87 29 48 Step 1: 12 52 74 96 33 87 29 48 Step 2: 12 29 52 74 96 33 87 48 Step 3: 12 29 33 52 74 96 87 48 Step 4: 12 29 33 48 52 74 96 87 Step 5: 12 29 33 48 52 74 87 96

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Step 5 is the final step. Can you decipher the basis of the rearrangement? Is you observe step 5 you will notice that all numbers are in ascending order. Now observe that this was achieved progressively from one step to another. For example, the first step the number 12 goes from the third position to the first position (12 as you can see is the smallest number in the input statement). This happens without disturbing the arrangement of the remaining numbers in the input. Input: Step 1: 52 12 74 52 12 74 96 96 33 33 87 87 29 29 48 48

Similarly, in step 2, the second smallest number, 29, moves from the seventh position to the second position, without changing the sequence of the remaining numbers.

Step 1: Step 2:

12 12

52 29

74 52

96 74

33 96

87 33

29 87

29

48 48

In step 3, the next smallest number, 33, moves from sixth position to the third position.

Step 2: Step 3:

12 12

29 29

52 33

74 52

96 74

33

96

87 87

48 48

In step 4, then next number 48, moves from the earth position to the fourth position.
48

Step 3: Step 4:

12 12

29 29

33 33

52 48

74 52

96 74

87 96

87

At this moment you will observe that the next two numbers in increasing order, 52 and 74 are already in the correct positions i.e. positions five and six respectively, in step 4. Step 4: 12 29 33 48 52 74 96 87

Hence these numbers remain untouched. In step 5, the number 87 moves from the eighth position to the seventh position.
87

Step 4: Step 5:

12 12

29 29

33 33

48 48

52 52

74 74

96 87

96

This sequence continues till step 5, when all the numbers have been arranged in an ascending order. Based on this sample input, you are supposed to answer a few questions that follow. In this case, some of the questions could have been:

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1.

If the input statement is as given below, what will be the step 3? Input: 63 17 92 44 86 12 08 57 If you apply the logic that we just worked out an the above input, you would get the following: Step 1: 08 63 17 92 44 86 12 57 Step 2: 08 12 63 17 92 44 86 57 Step 3: 08 12 17 63 92 44 86 57

2.

If the input statement is as given below, what will be the last step? Input: 15 11 19 13 18 16 12 17 Again, if we apply the above logic to the given input, here is what we get: Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: 11 11 11 11 11 11 15 12 12 12 12 12 19 15 13 13 13 13 13 19 15 15 15 15 18 13 19 16 16 16 16 18 18 19 17 17 12 16 16 18 19 18 17 17 17 17 18 19

Step 6, will thus be the final step of the given input.

Exercise 1
Directions Q. 1 to 4: Study the following information carefully to answer these questions: A number sorting machine when given an input number, rearranges them in a particular manner step-by-step as indicated below till all the numbers are arranged. Given below is an illustration of this arrangement. Input: 39 121 48 18 76 112 14 45 63 96 Step I: 14 39 121 48 18 76 112 45 63 96 Step II: 14 39 48 18 76 112 45 63 96 121 Step III: 14 18 39 48 76 112 45 63 96 121 Step IV: 14 18 39 48 76 45 63 96 112 121 Step V: 14 18 39 45 48 76 63 96 112 121 Step VI: 14 18 39 45 48 63 76 96 112 121 And step VI is the last step for this input. 1. What will be the step III for the following input? Input: 68 182 39 93 129 46 a] 21 39 68 129 93 46 58 b] 21 39 68 93 129 46 58 c] 21 68 39 93 129 46 58 d] Cannot be determined e] None of these

21 58 182 182 182

2.

Given below is the fifth step of an input. What will be the third step? Step V: 17 32 43 82 69 93 49 56 a] 17 32 82 43 69 93 49 56 99 b] 17 32 82 69 43 93 49 56 99

99 106 106

106

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c] 17 32 82 69 d] 17 32 82 69 e] Cannot be determined 3.

93 43

43 93

49 56

56 49

99 99

106 106

What will be the last step for the following input? Input: 138 63 49 93 89 122 a] 32 49 63 71 89 93 122 b] 32 49 71 63 89 93 122 c] 32 49 63 71 93 89 122 d] Cannot be determined e] None of these

32 71 138 138 138

4.

How many steps will be required for getting the final output for the following input? Input: 101 85 66 49 73 39 142 25 115 74 a] Five b] Six c] Seven d] Eight e] None of these

Exercise - 2
Directions Q. 1 to 5: Study the following information and answer the questions given below it: The admission ticket for an exhibition bears a password which is changed after every clock hour based on set of words chosen for each day. The following is an illustration of the code and steps of rearrangement for subsequent clock hours. The time is 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Batch 1 (9 a.m. to 10 a.m.): is not ready cloth simple harmony simple Batch III (11 a.m. to 12 noon): cloth is not ready simple harmony burning Batch IV (12 noon to 1 p.m.): not is cloth ready burning harmony simple Batch V (1 p.m. to 2 p.m.): ready cloth is not ready simple harmony burning and so on. If the password for Batch I was rate go long top we let have, which batch will have the password- go rate top long have let we? a] II b] III c] IV d] Cannot be determined e] None of these Days first password- camel road no toy say me not. What will be the password for the forth batch, i.e., 12 noon to 1 p.m.? a] road camel toy no not me say b] no road camel toy not me say c] toy no road camel not me say d] Cannot be determined e] None of these If the Batch II has the password came along net or else key lot, what could be the password for batch IV, i.e., 12 noon to 1 p.m.? a] net or came along else key lot b] came or net along lot key else c] or net along came lot key else d] along net or came else key lot e] ] None of these If the password for 11 a.m. to 12 noon was- soap shy miss pen yet she, what was the password for Batch I? a] pen miss shy she the yet b] shy miss pen soap yet the she c] soap pen miss shy she the yet d] along net or came else key lot e] None of these If the password for Batch VI, i.e., 2 p.m. to 2 p.m. is are trap cut he but say lap, what will be the password for Batch II, i.e., 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.? a] trap are he cut lap say but b] he cut trap are lap say but c] cut the are trap but say lap d] Cannot be determined e] None of these

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Directions Q. 6 to 10: Study the following information carefully and answer the questions: Given an input, a coding machine generates pass codes for six batches every day, as follows: Input: see the little squirrels jumping here and there Pass codes Batch I: jumping see here the and little these squirrels Batch II: the and here little see there jumping squirrels Batch III: see the there and jumping here squirrels little Batch IV: and jumping there here the squirrels see little and so on. The first batch timing is 10 a.m. and each batch is of one hours duration. There is a rest period of one hour after the work for the fourth batch is over. 6. If the pass code on a day for the second batch is are of clouds transformed they bhakti the as, what will be the pass code for the batch at 3 p.m. on that day? a] clouds are bhakti as the they of transformed. b] of the bhakti clouds are as they transformed. c] The they clouds are as bhakti transformed of. d] are of as the they bhakti transformed clouds. e] None of these On a particular day, Mr. X was to begin the work in the batch at 11 a.m. with a pass code he slowly recedes to his inner apartment intellect. However, he came late on that day and hence joined the batch at 12 noon. What was the pass code then? a] to intellect recedes apartment slowly inner he his. b] his he inner slowly apartment recedes intellect to. c] to his recedes inner slowly apartment he intellect. d] Cannot be determined e] None of these If the pass code on a day or the batch at 3p.m. was it is only the mind that creates problems, what was the pass code for the batch at 1 p.m. on that day? a] mind it the problems created only is that. b] is the that problems it only mind creates. c] creates mind only it is the that problems. d] Cannot be determined e] None of these On a day, the pass code for the first batch was nobody can help us in solving our problems. Write the input of the day in the reverse order of its words. a] our in help nobody can us solving problems. b] can us solving problems nobody help in our. c] our in help nobody problems solving us can. d] Cannot be determined e] None of these

7.

8.

9.

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10. The pass code for the batch immediately before the rest hour was there is no permanent solution for Mental problems. What was the input for the pass code on that day? a] mental solution permanent for its problems there no. b] mental solution problem for permanent there no. c] is mental permanent solution there problems no for. d] Cannot be determined e] None of these

Exercise - 3
Directions Q. 1 to 3: Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below: Given an input, a machine generates pass codes for the six batches each day s follows: Input: these icons were taken out from the sea Pass codes Batch I: from sea the out taken were icons these Batch II: from icons these were taken out the sea Batch III: from icons out sea the taken were these Batch IV: from icons out sea these were taken the and so on. First batch starts at 10 a.m. and each batch is for one hour. There is a rest period of one hour after the end of the fourth batch. 1. What will be the pass code for the batch at 3 p.m. if input is four of the following five form a group a] a five following form four group the of. b] a five following form group the of four c] a five following form four of the group. d] Cannot be determined e] None of these If the pass code for the batch at 1 p.m. on a day was back go here people who settle want to, what was the pass code for the batch at 3 p.m. on that day? a] back go here people settle who want to. b] back go here people to want settle who. c] back go here people settle to want who. d] Cannot be determined e] None of these The pass code for the first batch on a day was he so used to sell the surplus items. What was the input on that day? a] items surplus the sell to used so he. b] he items surplus the sell to used so. c] so used to sell the surplus items he. d] Cannot be determined e] None of these Directions Q. 4 to 7: Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below it:

2.

3.

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An exhibition is open for public since 9 a.m. till 3 p.m. and again since 4 p.m. till 10 p.m. In a day, there are 12 batches of 1 hour each. The entry tickets bears a pass code made up of seven words, which changes every batches of 1 hour each. The entry tickets bears a pass code made up of seven words, which changes every hour following a particular rule. The pass codes for 4 p.m.to 10 p.m. are same as those for respective hours during 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. i.e., the pass code for 4 p.m. to 5 p.m. is same as that of 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. and so on. Following is an illustration of the code and steps of rearrangement for subsequent clock hours. First batch: 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. (4 p.m. to 5 p.m.) Pass code: dig more that you will find water Second batch: 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. (5 p.m. to 6 p.m.) Pass code: and dig find you water will more Third batch: 11 a.m. to 12 noon (6 p.m. to 7 p.m.) Pass code: find and will you more water dig and so on. 4. If the pass code for the second batch is do not play near water dirty, what will be the pass code for 2 p.m. to 3 p.m. batch? a] near dirty not to play do water b] dirty near play the not do water c] dirty near not the play do water d] None of these e] Cannot be determined If the pass code for the third batch is at study sleep and night child good, which batch will have the pass code child sleeping night and study good at? a] second b] fourth c] fifth d] Cannot be determined e] None of these If the pass code for 7 p.m. to 8 p.m. batch is pen with write pencil nice time day, what will be the pass code for11 a.m. to 12 noon? a] day with nice pencil write pen time b] day nice with pencil write pen time c] nice day with pencil write pen time d] None of these e] Cannot be determined If the pass code for 5 p.m. to 6 p.m. is out in above over the field end, what will be the pass code for 1 p.m. to 2 p.m.? a] the field end over out in above b] field end the over out in above c] field the end over out above in d] None of these e] Cannot be determined Directions Q.8 to 10: Study the following information to answer the given questions: A word arrangement machine when given an input line of words, rearranges them in the following a particular rule in each step. The following is an illustration of the input and the steps of rearrangement. Input: but going to crept te light sir Step I: crept but going for te light sir Step II: crept going light bout te sir Step III: crept going light but for sir te As per the rules followed in the above step, find out in the given questions the appropriate step for the given input. 8. If the input is true se veto be nuke my like, which of the following will be step IV? a] like nuke true veto be se my b] be my like se true veto nuke

5.

6.

7.

66

c] be my se like true veto nuke e] Cannot be determined 9.

d] None of these

Input: more fight cats cough sough acts idea Which of the following steps would be the last step for this input? a] III b] IV c] V d] VI e] None of these

10. If the second step of an input is clever remand window sales batch tiger never, which of the following will be its sixth step? a] window remand clever sales batch tiger never b] clever remand window batch sales tiger never c] batch never sales tiger clever remand window. d] it cannot have sixth step.

Answer key
Ex.1 1.b 2.e 3.a 4.d 5.a 6.d 7.c 8.c 9.b Ex.2 1.c 2.a 3.d 4.b 5.c 6.d 7.b 8.b 9.c Ex.3 1.a 2.c 3.d 4.c 5.c 6.d 7.a 8.a 9.d 10.c 10.d 10.d

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