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CAPITOLUL 21. DETERMINANI

21.1. S se calculeze urmtorii determinani:
| x
y
x + y|
|
|
x+y
x |;
a) | y
|
|
x
y |
|x + y
|1 1 1|
|
|
b) | a b c |;
|
|
||a 3 b 3 c 3 ||
| a+b
b+c
c+a |
|
|
2
2
2
2
2
2|
|
c) a + b b + c c + a ;
|
|
| 3
3
3
3
3
3|
|a + b b + c c + a |
| ab
bc
ca |
|
|
d) |bc + ca ab + ac ab + bc|;
|
|
|| c 2
a2
b 2 ||
|
|
2
a2
a2 |
| (b + c)
|
|
e) | b 2
(c + a) 2
b 2 |;
|
|
|| c 2
c2
(a + b) 2 ||
| a c + a a + b|
|
|
f) |b + c b a + b|.
|
|
|b + c c + a c |

21.2. S se rezolve ecuaiile urmtoare:

|x + 2
x
x |
|
|
x+2
x | = 0;
a) | x
|
|
x
x + 2|
| x
|1 x
x|
|
|
b) | x 1 x | = 0;
|
|
x 1|
|x

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|x + 1 x + 7 x 2|
|
|
c) |x + 2 x 3 x + 5| = 0;
|
|
6
7 |
| 7
| 2
3
4 |
|
|
x
2x + 1| = 0;
d) |x 1
|
|
|x + 8 2x + 6 x + 4 |
| 1
x
x + 1|
|
|
1
x + 2| = 0;
e) | x
|
|
1 |
|x 1 x 2
|
2|
|1 x 1 + x 1 x |
|
|
f) |2 x 2 + x 4 x 2 | = 0;
|
|
||3 x 3 + x 9 x 2 ||
|1 1 + x 1 + 2x|
|
|
g) |1 2 + x 4 + 2x| = 0;
|
|
|1 3 + x 9 + 2x|
|1
1
1 |
|
|
x+1
x + 2 | = 0;
h) | x
|
|
||x 3 (x + 1) 3 (x + 2) 3 ||
|x 1 1 1|
|
|
|1 x 1 1|
i) |
| = 0;
1
1
x
1
|
|
||1 1 1 x||
|x 1
1
2
3 |
|
|
x1
1
2 |
| 1
j) |
| = 0.
2
x1
1 |
| 2
|| 3
3
3
x 1||

21.3. Fr a dezvolta, s se demonstreze urmtoarele egaliti:

|a b a b a b |
1
1
2
2|
|
|
|
a) | b c b1 c1 b2 c2 | = 0;
|
|
|| c a c1 a1 c2 a2 ||

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| a
|
b
c
|
|
b) |a + b + c a + b + c a + b + c| = 0;
|
|
|| a 2 bc b 2 ac c 2 ab ||
1
1 |
|ab bc ca| | 1
|
|
|
|
2
2
2
|
2
2
2
c) |a b c | = |a c ab bc ||;
|
|
||ac bc ab|| |ac 2 abc ab 2 |
|
|
|
2
2|
|bc ab ca| |bc a a |
|
| |
|
d) |ab ca bc| = |b 2 ca b 2 |;
|
| |
|
|ca bc ab| | 2 2
|c c ab||
|ab a + b a 2 + b 2 | |ab a + b (a + b) 2 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
e) |bc b + c b 2 + c 2 | = |bc b + c (b + c) 2 |;
|
| |
|
||ca c + a c 2 + a 2 || ||ca c + a (c + a) 2 ||
b+c
c+a |
| a+b
|a b c|
|
|
|
|
a + b b + c c + a | = |a b c |
f) | 1
2
;
1
1
1
1
1
|
|
| 1 1 1|
|a + b b + c c + a |
|a b c |
| 2
| 2 2 2|
2
2
2
2
2|
|a1
a
a 1|
+
|
|
2
a 1 a 1 a1
| +
|
|b1
|
b
b 1
+ | = 0;
g) |
|b+1 b2 1 b1|
|
|
c
c 1|
|c1
+
|c 1 c2 1 c1|
+
|
|
a 2 + b 2 a + b|
| 2ab
|=
h) |a 2 + b 2
2ab
a + b| 0;
|
|
|
a+b
2 |
| a+b
|
|
a2
b2
c2 |
|
|=
i) | (b + c) 2
(c + a) 2 (a + b) 2 | 0.
|
|
|
|a + b + c a b + c a + b c|

21.4. Fr a dezvolta, s se arate c urmtorii determinani se reduc la determinani de tip

Vandermonde:

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| 1
1
1 |
|
|
a) |a + b b + c c + a|;
|
|
2
2 |
|| c 2
a
b |
| 1
|
b) | a
|
| a(b + c)
|1 a + b
|
c) |1 b + c
|
|1 c + a

|
|
b
c |;
|
b(c + a) c(a + b) |
ab|
|
bc|;
|
ca|

1
1 |
| 1
|
|
b
c |.
d) | a
|
|
||b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 a 2 + b 2 ||

21.5. S se demonstreze urmtoarele inegaliti:

|
2|
|1 a a |
|
|
1
a) | a 1 b | 0, a, b * ;
+
|
|
|1 1
|
|| a 2 b 1 ||
c
c
|1 a b
|
|
|
a
1bc
a | 0, a, b, c ;
b) |
|
|
b
b
1 a c|
|
|
2
2
2|
|bc a ca b ab c |
|
|
c) |ca b 2 ab c 2 bc a 2 | 0, a, b, c ;
|
|
||ab c 2 bc a 2 ac b 2 ||
|a 2
2ab
b 2 ||
|
d) |ac ad + bc bd| 0, a, b, c, d ;
|
|
| 2
|
2cd
b2|
|c
|a 3
3a 2
3a
1||
|
| 2 2
|
a
a
+
2a
2a
+
1
1
|
| 0, a ;
e)
|
|
| a 2a + 1 a + 2 1|
|1
3
3
1||
|

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|x
|
| y
e) |
|0
||1

1|
|
x 1 0 |
| 0, x, y .
1 x y|
0 y x ||
y

21.6. S se demonsterze c dac a, b, c, x, y, z

, astfel nct a + b + c + x + y + z 0 atunci:

|x + a y + b z + c |
|
|
|x + b y + c z + a| 0.
|
|
| x + c y + a z + b|

21.7. S se calculeze determinantul:

|a a a |
| 1 2 3|
|a a a |
| 4 5 6 |, tiind c numerele a1 , a2 ,..., a9 sunt:
|
|
||a7 a8 a9 ||
a) n progresie aritmetic;
b) n progresie geometric.

21.8. S se determine a

astfel nct ecuaia:

a x x 1|
| 2a
|
|
2
| 1 x2
x
1 | = 0
|
|
||2 a 2x x + a x 2||
s aib o rdcin dubl numr ntreg.

21.9. S se calculeze detereminanii de ordin n urmtori:

|x
|
|a
|
a) | a
|...
|
|| a

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a
x
a
...
a

a ... a |
|
a ... a |
|
x ... a |;
... ... ...|
|
a ... x ||

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|a
|
|1
|
b) | 1
|...
|
|| 1
|0
|
|1
|
c) | 1
|...
|
|| 1

1
a
1
...
1
1
0
1
...
1

1 ... 1 |
|
1 ... 1 |
|
a ... 1 |;
... ... ...||
1 ... a ||
1 ... 1 |
|
1 ... 1 |
|
0 ... 1 |;
... ... ...|
|
1 ... 0 ||
a
a ...

a |
|10
|
|
| a 10 a ... a |
|
|
a 10 ... a |;
d) | a
| ...
...
... ... ... |
|
|
|| a
a
a ... 10||
|1 + a
a
a
...
an |
1
2
3
|
|
| a
1+a
a
...
an |
| 1
|
2
3
|
|
a
1 + a ...
an |;
e) | a
1
2
3
|
|
| ...
...
...
...
... |
|
|
a
a
... 1 + an |
| a
2
3
| 1
|
|1
1
1
...
1 |
|
|
1
...
1 |
| 1 1 + an
1
|
|
|
|
1
1 + a n ...
1 |;
f) | 1
2
|
|
|...
...
...
...
... ||
|
|
|
1
1
... 1 + an2 |
|1
| 1
x x 2 ... x n 1 ||
|
|
|
x 2 x 3 ... 1 |
| x
|
|
g) | x 2 x 3 x 4 ...
x |;
|
|
| ... ... ... ... ... |
|
|
||x n 1 1 1 ... x n 2 ||

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|x
|
|a
| 1
|
|a1
h) |
| ...
|
|a
| 1
|a
| 1

... a

... a

... a

2
2

n1
n1
n1

... ... ...

...

...

...

an

2
2

3
3

1|
|
1|
|
|
1|
|.
...|
|
1|
|
1|
|

21.10. Se d determinantul de ordin n:

|1 + a
1
1
...
1 |
1
|
|
| 1
1+a
1
...
1 |
|
|
2
|
|
Dn = | 1
1
1 + a ...
1 |, a1 , a2 , ..., an .
3
|
|
| ...
...
...
...
... |
|
|
1
1
... 1 + an |
| 1
S se arate c Dn = an D
+ a a ... an 1.
n1

21.11. S se calculeze determinantul de ordin n:

|a x x
| 1
|x a x
|
2
|
| x x a3
|
| ... ... ...
|
|x x x

...
...
...
...
...

x|
|
x|
|
|
x |.
|
... |
|
an |

21.12. S se arate c determinantul:

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|
|
a
a 2 ... a n 1 |
| 0
|
|
| 1a
0
a ... a n 2 |
|
|
| 1
1
n3|
0 ... a |
| a2
a
|
|
...
... ... ... |
| ...
|
|
1
1
| 1
|
...
0
|an1 an2 an3
|
nu depinde de a, unde a 0.

21.13. S se calculeze determinantul:

|x x x |
| 1 2 3|
|x x x |
| 2 3 1 |,
|
|
||x3 x1 x2 ||
unde x , x , x sunt rdcinile ecuaiei x 3 + px + q = 0.
1

21.14. S se arate c oricare ar fi matricea ptratic de ordinul n cu elemente numere reale,

are loc inegalitatea det(I + A 2 ) 0, unde I este matricea unitate de ordin n.

a b
cu a, b, c
21.15. S se determine toate matricile A =
1 c

21.16. Fie A

pentru care det(A 3 A 2 ) = 1.

M n () i B = A t A .

a) S se arate c pentru n = 4, detB 0;

b) S se calculeze detB, dac n este impar.

21.17. Se consider o matrice ptrat de ordin n cu elemente reale, A = (aij ). Fie X matricea
ptrat de ordin n ce are toate elementele egale cu numrul real x. S se arate c:
det(A + X ) det(A X ) (detA) 2 .

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21.18. Fie A o matrice ptratic de ordinul n * care verific relaia A 3 = A + I, unde I este
matricea unitate de ordinul n. S se arate c detA > 0.

21.19. Fie A M n () o matrice cu proprietatea c pentru orice t , det(tA + I ) = det(A + tI),

unde I este matricea unitate. S se arate c dac n este par atunci det(tA + I ) = det( A + tI)
i det(tA 2 + I) = det(A 2 + tI), oricare ar fi t .

21.20. Fie A, B dou matrici de ordinul n 2, n = 4k, k , cu elemente numere reale i cu

proprietatea c: A 2 + B 2 = 0. S se arate c det(AB BA) 0.

[Salt la cuprins]

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