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PURPOSE OF FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS

FOR SELECTING S.C.P.Ds OF ADEQUATE S/C BREAKING CAPACITY

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS (As per IS 13234:1992 & IEC 60909: 2001)

FOR SELECTING CBs & SWs OF ADEQUATE S/C MAKING CAPACITY FOR SELECTING BUSBARS, BUSBAR SUPPORTS, CABLES & SWITCHGEARS, DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND THERMAL & MECHANICAL STRESSES BECAUSE OF S/C TO DO CURRENT BASED DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CBs

WHAT IS FAULT LEVEL? FAULT LEVEL AT ANY GIVEN POINT OF THE INSTALLATION IS THE MAXIMUM CURRENT THAT CAN FLOW IN CASE OF SHORT CIRCUIT AT THAT POINT

TYPES OF SHORT CIRCUITS

L - E (LINE TO EARTH) L - L (LINE TO LINE) L - L - E (DOUBLE LINE TO EARTH) L - L - L (THREE PHASE)

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SOURCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS & CONDENSERS INDUCTION MOTORS ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEM

NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

SOURCE : SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS & MOTORS / INDUCTION MOTORS THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT WILL CONSIST OF FOLLOWING COMPONENTS: THE AC COMPONENT WITH DECAYING AMPLITUDE THE DECAYING DC COMPONENT

NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

SOURCE : UTILITY SYSTEM THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT WILL CONSIST OF FOLLOWING COMPONENTS:

NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

WAVEFORM
CURRENT

TOP ENVELOPE DECAYING DC COMPONENT

THE AC COMPONENT WITH CONSTANT AMPLITUDE THE DECAYING DC COMPONENT

TIME BOTTOM ENVELOPE

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NATURE OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

SYMBOLS USED
IK IK iP A = = = = INITIAL SYMMETRICAL RMS S/C CURRENT STEADY STATE RMS S/C CURRENT PEAK S/C CURRENT INITIAL VALUE OF DECAYING DC COMPONENT

CALCULATION ASSUMPTIONS
WHAT ?
TYPE OF SHORT CIRCUIT: THREE PHASE BOLTED SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCES OF BUSBAR/SWITCHGEAR/ C.T. /JOINTS ARE NEGLECTED TRANSFORMERS ARE CONNECTED TO INFINITE BUS ON H.T. SIDE TRANSFORMER TAP IS IN THE MAIN POSITION S/C CURRENT WAVEFORM IS A PURE SINE WAVE DISCHARGE CURRENT OF CAPACITORS ARE NEGLECTED

FOR S/C FAR FROM GENERATOR (e.g. L.V. SYSTEM GETTING POWER FROM UTILITY THRU TRANSFORMERS) : IK = IK

CALCULATION ASSUMPTIONS
WHY ? SIMPLIFIES CALCULATION

CALCULATION METHOD
* DIRECT METHOD

ACCURACY IS NOT MUCH AFFECTED * PER UNIT METHOD CALCULATED VALUES WILL BE HIGHER THAN ACTUAL & HENCE SAFE

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ADVANTAGES OF DIRECT METHOD

# USES SYSTEM SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM DIRECTLY # USES SYSTEM & EQUIPMENT DATA DIRECTLY # USES BASIC ELECTRICAL EQUATIONS DIRECTLY # EASIER TO COMPREHEND

CALCULATION OF Zk
ZK = (RS (R+ RL)2 ++ (X )2XL)2 Zk= RL)2 (XS + S+ S+ XL

WHERE, RS, XS = = = =

RESISTANCE & REACTANCE OF THE SOURCE RT, XT (FOR TRANSFORMER-UTILITY SUPPLY) RGK, XGK (FOR GENERATOR) RM, XM (FOR I.M.)

RL, XL = TOTAL LINE OR CABLE RESISTANCE & REACTANCE FROM SOURCE TO THE POINT OF FAULT

CALCULATION OF THREE PHASE S/C CURRENT (RMS VALUE)

I K =
WHERE, I K c Un Zk

CALCULATION OF RT & XT
RT (IN OHMS) = 10 (%R) (SECONDARY kV)2 TRANSFORMER kVA XT (IN OHMS) = 10 (%X) (SECONDARY kV)2 TRANSFORMER kVA

c Un 3 Zk

= = = =

INITIAL S/C CURRENT IN AMPS VOLTAGE FACTOR (=1.05 FOR 415V SYSTEMS) NOMINAL SYSTEM VOLTAGE (LINE TO LINE) IN VOLTS TOTAL IMPEDANCE FROM SOURCE TO THE POINT OF FAULT, IN OHMS

WHERE, %R & %X = PERCENT RESISTANCE & REACTANCE OF THE TRANSFORMER

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CALCULATION OF RGK & XGK

RGK = KGRG &
Xd (IN OHMS) =

CALCULATION OF RM & XM
ZM = 1 UrM

XGK = KGXd
10 (%x d ) ( KV)2

ILR/IrM 3 IrM RM XM

GENERATOR KVA

RG = 0.15 Xd

= 0.42

WHERE, UrM = RATED MOTOR VOLTAGE

KG =

Un UrG

c 1 + (x d) ( Sin rG)

ILR = LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT IrM = RATED CURRENT OF MOTOR

CALCULATION OF RGK & XGK

KG = CORRECTION FACTOR Xd = SUBTRANSIENT REACTANCE OF GENERATOR IN OHMS xd = SUBTRANSIENT REACTANCE OF GENERATOR IN p.u. RG = GENERATOR RESISTANCE IN OHMS UrG = GENERATOR RATED VOLTAGE IN VOLTS Sin rG = 1 - (Cos rG)2 Cos rG = RATED POWER FACTOR OF GENERATOR

CALCULATION OF THREE PHASE S/C CURRENT (PEAK VALUE) iP = 2 IK

WHERE, = FACTOR AS OBTAINED FROM GRAPH OR 1.02 + 0.98 e -3R/X (APPROX.)

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FACTOR AS A FUNCTION OF X/R

2.0 1.8

APPROX. CALCULATION OF I.M. CONTRIBUTION TO THE S/C CURRENTS

FOR GROUP OF MOTORS WITH CONNECTION CABLES

RMS VALUE
1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200

IKM = c 5 (IrM) iPM = 1.3( 2)(IKM)

PEAK VALUE

NOTE : ASSUMED THAT RATED VOLTAGE OF MOTORS = 415V

X/R

CONTRIBUTION TO S/C CURRENTS BY INDUCTION MOTORS

IF

CALCULATION OF I.M. CONTRIBUTION TO THE S/C CURRENTS

WHEN S/C IS AT MOTOR TERMINALS

IrM 0.01 IK

RMS VALUE PEAK VALUE

I KM = c 6 (IrM) iPM = 1.3( 2)(I KM)

THEN NEGLECT MOTOR CONTRIBUTION

WHERE, IrM = RATED CURRENTS OF MOTORS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF S/C LOCATION

NOTE : ASSUMED THAT RATED VOLTAGE OF MOTOR = 415V & THAT LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT = 6 IrM

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TOTAL INITIAL THREE PHASE S/C CURRENT

RMS VALUE : IK = IK (WITHOUT M CONTRIBUTION) + IKM

STEPS FOR FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION

3 CONVERT TRANSFORMER %R & %X IN TO OHMS i.e. OBTAIN RT & XT ; ALSO OBTAIN RGK & XGK OF GENERATOR 4 DETERMINE CABLE RL & XL UP TO THE POINT OF FAULT 5 TOTAL ALL R & X UP TO THE POINT OF FAULT & CALCULATE TOTAL Zk.

PEAK VALUE : iP = iP (WITHOUT M CONTRIBUTION) + iPM

STEPS FOR FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION

1 PREPARE SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM SHOWING ALL SOURCES, LOCATIONS OF S.C.P.Ds & SIGNIFICANT CIRCUIT ELEMENTS 2 COLLECT FOLLOWING DATA: A) TRANSFORMER KVA, UrT, %R & %X ; B) GENERATOR KVA, UrG, %xd & CosrG; C) CABLE R & X PER UNIT LENGTH & LENGTH OF CABLE USED; D) MOTOR UrM, IrM & ILR

STEPS FOR FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION

6 CALCULATE RMS VALUE OF S/C CURRENT IK AT THE POINT OF FAULT 7 DETERMINE THE X/R RATIO UP TO THE POINT OF FAULT 8 FIND OUT FACTOR FROM GRAPH OR CALCULATE 9 FIND OUT PEAK VALUE OF S/C CURRENT iP

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STEPS FOR FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION

10 CALCULATE INITIAL S/C CURRENT CONTRIBUTED BY MOTORS, IKM 11 CALCULATE PEAK S/C CURRENT CONTRIBUTED BY MOTORS, iPM 12 DETERMINE TOTAL INITIAL S/C CURRENT AT THE POINT OF FAULT

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