1

ENGINEERING DR AWING MADE EASY

FOR ENGINEERING AND

ARCHITECTURE
(MODULE –I-CHAPTER-I)
BY
ATUL SAXENA
B.E (STRUCTURES ) AIV, A.M.I.E.
CHARTERED ENGINE ER

STUDENT MEMB ER
THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF
ARCHITECTS
NAVI MUMB AI

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Forward
This book is written for helping students
appearing for Architectural Drawing
Part –I examinations organized by
The Indian Institute of Architects.
Entire Topics are presented in a teach your self
style. Students appearing for under graduate
engineering classes will also find it equally
useful. My sincere thanks and regards to all
known and unknown sources from where
knowledge came. All readers’ feedback is
welcome on atulkumarengineer@gmail.com.
Atul Saxena
B.E.(Structures)
AIV, A.M.I.E. (Civil),
Chartered Engineer
Consulting Structural Engineer
©Atul Saxena,Lucknow 2008
Price: FREE for online Viewing
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Contents

Module-I
Lesson 1:: Introduction……………..
Lesson 2:: Scales…………………….
Lesson 3::Projection of Lines………
Lesson 4::Projection of Solids………
Lesson 5::Intersection of Surfaces……
Module: II
Lesson 6:: Orthographic Projections…….
Lesson 7::Isometric Projections………….
Lesson 8::Perspective Drawing………….

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This Page is internationally left blank

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MODULE - I

Lesson: 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1Understanding The questi on Paper

Pattern(Revised Scheme 2004)
In architectural drawing Section A questions are asked from
Module A
Each question is of 25 Marks. You have to attempt any two
questions out of three. In section B questions are asked
from
Module-II. Each question contains 50 marks.
Students are advised to practice module 2 very well to score good
marks. Out of 3 questions 2 questions have to be attempted.
Total time for solving question paper is 4hours.Special Emphasis
should be given to neatness.Read the data given in problem
carefully and write it neatly on drawing Sheet. Also write
what is required or asked in order to avoid confusion.

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1.2 Definition::
Engineering Drawing/Graphics/Architectural
drawing is the medium of communication
between Architects/Engineers & work force on
site of construction or any other engineering
activity.
***************** ***************************
1.3How to Draw
☻Every question consists of 3 parts.
☻Each part should be clearly drawn &
mentioned as directed under:
1) Given data: 2H Pencil with medium Pressure
2) Construction by 3H pencil
3) Answer by H Pencil

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******************** ************************

1.3Notes on Types Of Lines Used In

Architectural Drawing::
Types of lines used in architectural drawing
are listed as under:
1) Outline/Principal Line
2) Hidden Lines
3) Centre Line or axis
4) Cutting Plane or Section Plane
5) Short Break line
6) Long Break line
7) Hatching Line

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8) Dimension Line
9) Construction/Extension Line

**Please refer figure on next page to have a

clear understanding on types of lines used in
Architectural/Engineering Drawing.
Sufficient practice is required to make your
drawing look impressive to examiner

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PTO

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Figure: 1.1 Types Of lines used in Drawing

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Test your Underst anding;

1) How can you define Architectural
Drawing? Elaborate your answer with
examples.
2) List out Types of lines used in
Architectural Drawing and draw them on
drawing sheet.

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ENGINEERING DR AWING MADE EASY

FOR
ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
(MODULE –I-Lesson-II-SCALES)
BY
ATUL SAXENA
B.E (STRUCTURES ) AIV, A.M.I.E.
CHARTERED ENGINE ER

STUDENT MEMBER
THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS.
NAVI MUMBAI (INDIA)

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Forward
This book is written for helping students
appearing for Architectural Drawing
Part –I examinations organized by
The Indian Institute of Architects.
Entire Topics are presented in a teach your self
style. Students appearing for under graduate
engineering classes will also find it equally
useful. My sincere thanks and regards to all
known and unknown sources from where
knowledge came. All readers’ feedback is
welcome.
Atul Saxena Lucknow
B.E.(Structures) 2008
AIV, A.M.I.E. (Civil),
Chartered Engineer
Consulting Structural Engineer
©Atul Saxena
Price: FREE for online Viewing for limited
Period

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Contents

Module-I
Lesson 1:: Introduction……………..
Lesson 2:: Scales…………………….
Lesson 3::Projection of Lines………
Lesson 4::Projection of Solids………
Lesson 5::Intersection of Surfaces……
Module: II
Lesson 6:: Orthographic Projections…….
Lesson 7::Isometric Projections………….
Lesson 8::Perspective Drawing………….

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This Page is internationally left blank

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Lesson 2
SCALES
· Getting Started
· Enlarging Scales
· Reducing Scales
· Representative Fraction(RF)
· Types Of Scales
· Questions From AIIA Exams
· Solved Problems
· Test Your Underst anding

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Getting Started: Before going ahead we should

know the fact that the entire real world objects
need to be either enlarged or reduced to
appropriate scale either enlarging or reducing.

Enlarging Scale: When the small objects of

real world are represented on greater scale on
drawing sheet or paper. Example: Details of
bolts shall be drawn on larger scale.
Reducing Scale: When real world objects are
drawn on lesser scale than actual then the scale
is called reducing. Example: The map of a
town shall be drawn on a reducing scale.
Representative Fraction (RF)

RF= Length of Drawing

Actual Length

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Understanding Scales Better:

If a length of 1000metre (1 KM) is represented
by 1 mm
RF =1/1000X1000=1/1000000
If 1 cm length represents 5m of actual length
then RF =1/500
Types Of Scales: Frequently used
architectural/engineering scales may be
classified as under:
1) Plain Scale
2) Diagonal Scale
3) Comparative Scale
4) Vernier Scale
5) Scale of Chords.

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For solving questions on scales a clear

concept of unit conversion is a must. Some of
most commonly used units in problems on
scales are listed with conversions for ready
reference.
Unit conversion
10MM 1CM
10Cm 1Decimeter(DM)
10DECIMETER 1METER
10METER 1DECAMETER( 1DAM)
10DECAMETERS 1HECTOMETER
10HETOMETER 1KM
1 HECTARE 10000SQUARE
METRES
1 ACRE 4046.825 SQUARE
METRES

***************************************

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Plain scales: It is the simplest type of scale.

Single unit or two units and its subdivision
are represented by i t.
Method Of Plain Scale Construction:
I. RF Calculation
II. Calculation Of Length Of Scale (LS).
Draw a line accordingly as per length of scale
calculated.
III. Length should be divided equal ly into no
of parts.
IV. Each part represents greater di vision
unit.
V. Further subdivide the first part which
will represent the second uni t or first
unit fractions.

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VI. Put zeros at the end of first division.

Number the units on right side of the zero
and subdivisions on LHS of zero.

VII. Name the scale and write the RF below

the scale with units.

Diagonal Scales: Digonal scales are most

suitable for measuring distance as minimum as
0.1 mm. These are also used when distance to
be measured is in three units for example:
1Km- 200m-50cm

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Method Of Construction Of Diagonal Scale:

I .Draw any line PQ.
II. Draw perpendicular. Join all the points to
obtain a right angle triangle PQR. Divide QR
into 10 equal parts and number them from 1 to
10.from theorem of similar triangles it is evident
that like sides in a similar triangle are
proportionate.
Refer to figure on next page.

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Comparative Scales: Comparative Scales are

scales having RF but graduated in different
units. On a map if dist ance is shown in KM &
meters it is possible to show it easily in mm

and cm by use of this scale. They can be

drawn separately or one over ot her.

Scale Of Chords: Scale of chord is very helpful

in measuring angles with out help of protector.
Method Of Construction:
I. Draw AB & erect perpendicular at B.
II. With AB radius draw arc with centre B
cutting AB at C.With same radius cut arc
from ‘C’ as centre, cutting at D.

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III. Divide AB into six equal parts by Trial &

error method. With same distance divide
arc AC into 18 equal parts. With centre A
& radius =cut point on the arc draw the arc as
shown in figure below. Write 0-90 on the arc AC
and also on line AB.
IV. It can measure minimum up to 5Degrees.
Scale of Chords is shown on next page.
Students are advised to make sufficient practice
of dividing lines into equal parts.

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DEC-2005
Q.1. (A) Draw a line 600 meters on the scale of
1. 1:2000
2. 1:4000
3. 1:10000
4. 1:20000
(B) Draw a plane of 18000 Sq.m in area with
same scale mentioned in A.
Hint:
1. On scale of 1:2000 1 mm =2000 mm
Hence
600m (600000mm) =600000/2000=300mm or
30cm

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Draw a line of 300mm or 30 cm.

2. On scale of 1:4000 1mm= 4000mm
Hence600m= 600000/4000=150mm or 15cm
Draw a line of 15 cm.
3. On scale of 1:10000 1mm = 10000 mm.
Hence 600m=600000/10000=60mm=6cm
Draw a line 6cm long.
4. On scale of 1:20000 ;1mm =20000mm
Hence 600m=600000/20000=30mm=3cm
Draw a line 3cm long.
(B). √18000=134.164 say 134.2m will be one
side of square. This required can be drawn to
required scale similarly as above example.

In Dec2004,Dec2005,June2006 problems on
enlargement of scales have been asked which
are very simple to draw and not worth any
further mention here .Students are advised to
practice these problems on their own on
similar lines as above solved problem.
Problems on diagonal scales are being
frequently asked from last 3-4 examinations

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and these can be easily solved on basis of

solved examples in preceding sections
Dec 2008
Draw a diagonal scale of 1:5 and long enough
to measure up to 40centimeters. Explain step
wise construction of scale.and show a

measurement of 31.2 cm on this

scale.(25marks)

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***Previous year question paper may be

obtained from AIIA Office in Mumbai on
against payment by post/courier.
Hint: RF =1/5

Length of Scale=RF X Maximum distance to

be measured =1/5X40=8cm
Draw a line 8cm long and divide it in 4 equal
parts each part represents 10 cm. Measure 30
cm on plane scale. Measure 1 cm on sub scale
on LHS which is divided in 10 equal parts.
Finally measure .2cm on diagonal scale. This
problem is similar to solved problem 1 on
preceding pages. Only data is changed.
Note: Similar problem was asked in June 2008
on Diagonal scale. All types of problems on
all types of scales have been presented here.
Students are advised to practice these solved
problems on drawing sheet.

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Upon sufficient practice they can easily solve

all problems on scales very quickly and
accurately. All problems of previous
examination can be solved easily on basis of
solved problems in next article.

*************************************

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Construct a scale of RF 1/60 read meter and

decimeter and long enough to measure up to
6meter. Mark on it a distance of 5.4metre.
Solution:

RF=1/60
Length Of scale=RF X Max. distance

=1/60X6X100=10cm=100mm

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Construction Procedure:
I Draw a line 100 mm long and divide it into
6 equal parts
II Divide first part into 10 equal parts.
One division =1 decimeter.
III.Finally mark the distance 5.4 meter with
dark pencil.
IV. Print RF below scale

Problem 2. An actual distance of 4 Km is

shown by a line 8cm on the map. Draw a
plane scale reading in KM .Mark on t his scale
following distances:
i) 5.7Km
ii) 3Km-3Hm
iii) 220Dm .The scale should be long
enough to measure up to 8 km.

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Solution;

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Construction Procedure:
RF Calculation:
R.F= Distance on Map
Actual Distance

= 8/4X1000X100=1/50000
LS= 1/50000X800000
=16 cm
E Draw a line 160 mm long and divide it
into 8 equal parts.
E Divide first part into 10 equal parts.
Each parts represents 1 decameter.

E Mark the distance with dark pencil and

write RF below scale.

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Important
Problem 3: Distance between Bombay and
Pune is 180 Km .A passenger train covers this
distance in 4 hours. Construct a scale to
measure the distance train covers in single
minute.RF of scale is 1/20000.Find the
distance covered by train in 36 minutes.
Assume that train travels along a straight path
Solution:
Distance covered in 4 hours= 180Km
Hence distance covered in
1 min =180/ 4 X 1/60=.75 Km
This can be obtained by dividing 3 km
distance in 4 parts or 6Km distance in 8 parts.

Hence distance traveled in 36 minutes

=180/4X36/60=27Km

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LS = Max distance to measured X RF

As distance to be measured is 27 km taking
max distance to be measured as 30 km for
sake of simplicity in drafting drawing.
LS= 1/200000X3000000
= 15 cm=150mm
Construction:
E Draw a line 150mm long and divide it
into 5 equal parts
E Divide first part into eight equal parts.
Each parts represents 1.5 Km and also
1min.
E Mark the distance traveled in 1 min and
36 min as shown in fig.
E Write RF below the scale.

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Problem 4. The distance between two cities is

300 Km.It is represented on road map by a
line 6 cm. Find RF of the scale. Construct a
diagonal scale to show hundred of Km tens of
km; and sufficient enough to read max.
Distance of 700 Km. Indicate on the scale
following distances:
E AB=526 Km
E CD=528 KM
Solution:Rf=Distance on Map =
Actual Distance
=6X (1/300) X (1/1000) X (1X100).
RF= 1/5000000
Max. Distance to be measured = 700Km
LS= (1/5000000) X (700) X1000X100
=14 Cm=140mm

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Construction:
1Draw a line 140mm long and divide it into 7
equal parts.
2. Divide first part into 10 equal parts. Put
labels on the parts as shown in fig.
3. Draw vertical lines from these 10 parts.With
help of divider divide these lines into 10 parts.
4. Join the diagonals as shown. i.e. join 0 with
top of 10. Similarly join other remaining parts.
5. Show given distances.
6. Write RF below the scale

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Problem 5.
The distance between two cities is 156
Kms.They are shown 156 mm apart on road
map.Draw a diagonal scale.Draw a diagonal
scale with this RF to measure up to 200 KM and
show a distance of
a)109Km
b)168 Hectometer
Solution: R.F=Distance on Map
Actual Distance
=(156)/(156X1000X1000)
=1/1000000
LS =( 1/1000000)X200X1000X100
=20cms=200mm
Construction:1)Draw a line 200mm Long
2) Divide first part into 10equal
parts and number them as shown.
3) Draw vertical lines from these 10 parts.
4) Divide these lines into 10 equal parts with
help of divider.
5) Join Diagonal i.e. 0 with top of 10. Similarly
join other remaining parts as shown.

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6) Show distance as asked in question

7) Write RF below scale.
Measurement:
1)109Km=100Km+8Km+1Km(5X2Hm)
2)168Hm=0Km+16Km+8Hm(4X2Hm)

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Problem.6)The distance between two cities is

120Km.A passenger train covers this distance in
4 hours.Construct a scale to measure a distance
to measure distance covered by train in a single
minute and up to 1 hour. The scale is 1/200,000.
Show distance covered in 36 minutes.
Solution:RF = 1/200,000
Distance covd. In 1 hour= 120/4=30Km
LS= RF X Max distance to be measured.
= (1/200,000) X30X1000X100
= 15cm = 150mm.
Construction:
1) Draw two parallel lines 15 cm long.
2) Divide lines into 3 equal parts each part
representing 10 Km. Divide other line into
6 equal part each representing 10 min.
3) Show 36 min as shown.
4) Measure distance traveled.
5) Print RF of Scale below

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Vernier Scale: Vernier Scale is often used in

place of diagonal scale and it can read up to
small unit accurately.A vernier scale consist of a
primary scale fully divided into minor divisions
and a vernier having graduations derived from
primary scale. A part of plane scale shown in fig
represents length AO= 10cm. If we divide this
length into 10 equal parts. Each part represents
1cm.Now to divide this smaller part into 10equal
part to get measurement in mm is very difficult.
Let us take length BO = 10+1=11Cm.Now
divide 11cm distance into 10equal parts. Each
part=1.1Cm=11mm.The difference between one

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part on main scale AO and one division on

vernier BO will be 1.1-1=0.1cm or 1mm.
Similarly the difference between two parts on
AO and two on BO will be 0.2 cm or 2
mm.From this description the fundamentals of
vernier scale construction can be generally
stated as follows:
If a length of n units divided into n equal parts
then each part = (n+1) n =1+1/n units. Now a
length = n+1 of these units divided into n equal
parts. Then each part =n+1 n= 1+1/n units.
The difference one each part and former part is:
n+1 -n = 1/n unit.
n n

Similarly difference between 2 parts from each

will be 2/n units.

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Problem. 7.The distance OF 500 meter is

represented by 15cm line in drawing. Construct
a vernier scale to read up to 600m. Mark on it
distance of 549 m.

RF=Distance on Drawing
Actual Distance
= 15
500X100
= 3
100000
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LS= RF X Max. Distance

LS= (3/100000) X600X100
= 18cm = 180mm
Construction method:
Draw a line 180mm long and divide it into 6
equal parts each part will represent 10cm.Set off
length to 11 parts to the left and above the
primary scale divide it into 11 equal parts.
Forming a vernier represents 100mm.Print RF
below scale.
Measurement =Main scale +Vernier Scal e
549 = 494+55

Problem 8 A water tank of 27 cum size was

represented on drawing as 216 cum size.
Construct a vernier to measure up to 5 m. Show
on it following lengths.
A) 3.95m
B) 0.27m
C) 0.042m

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Solution: Volume of Tank On drawing = Actual

volume.
216 3 cm 3 = 273m3
6cm = 3m
RF = Length of Drawing
Actual Length
=6
3X 100
= 1/50
LS = RF X Max Length to be measured
=1/50X5X100
=10cm
Construction Method :
E Draw a line 10cm long ;divide into 5 equal
parts ;each represents 1 metre.
E Divide first part into 10 equal part to
show decimeter.
E Set off 11 parts on to the left and above
primary scale and divide it into 10 equal
parts. Each part represents 10cm.

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E Print RF below scale

Measurement :
Distance = Main Scale + vernier scale
1) 3.95m = 3.4m +0.55 m (55Cm)
2) 0.27m =0.5m +0.77m(77Cm)
3) 0.042m= Not possible to measure

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Prob.9Draw angle 350,800,1450 with help of

scale of chords.

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a) Construct a line AB = x
b)With centre B and radius x; draw an arc
ACD.
c)Measure 350 on scale of chord and cut it on
the Arc ACD at point p with centre A. Join
pB. Angle Abp = 350.
d) Measure 800 on scale of chords and cut it
on the arc at point q with centre A. Join qb.
Angle ABq=800.
e) Erect Perpendicular at A. cutting arc ACD
at C. Measure 550(1450-900) on scale of
chords and cut on it the arc ACD from centre
C cutting at point r. Join Br. Angle Abr =
90+55 = 1450

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