1

The Secret Lives of INTPs

by

Anna Moss

Dedicated to Amy.

First published in 2012 Oddly Developed Types Copyri ht Anna Moss This boo! shall be considered to enter the public domain on "anuary 1st# 201$. %&ou can 'uote (rom this boo! i( you li!e. )e my uest. &ou don*t need to as!.+ The material contained in this boo! is set out in ood (aith (or eneral uidance and no liability can be accepted (or loss or e,pense incurred as a result o( relyin in particular circumstances on statements made in the boo!.

Table of Contents
A Dar! Con(ession............................................................................................................................11 Cautions about .esearch/ Citation 0otes..........................................................................................11 0otes (or Type "un!ies......................................................................................................................11 A )etter Alternative...........................................................................................................................11,ample2 An 0T34............................................................................................................................15 1,ample2 A T043..............................................................................................................................15 0on64re(erred Functions...................................................................................................................17 8tron 4re(erence%s+..........................................................................................................................17 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................17 1. 9eneral................................................................................................................................................1: The ;niverse <ithin.........................................................................................................................1: <eird 8ense o( =umor......................................................................................................................1> Ar umentation...................................................................................................................................1$ 4olitics...............................................................................................................................................21 .eli ion.............................................................................................................................................22 8piritual ?i(e................................................................................................................................22 Church..........................................................................................................................................2An 30T4 Church Culture..............................................................................................................2Cults..................................................................................................................................................25 The ?a@y .ationalsA..........................................................................................................................27 ;se(ul 3nventions..............................................................................................................................2: Fa!e 8ocial 8!ills..............................................................................................................................2: A 0ice ?ittle Chat.............................................................................................................................2> The Death 9lare................................................................................................................................2$ 8ystems Desi n.................................................................................................................................2B 4ractice Ma!es 4er(ect......................................................................................................................-0 The 1:4F...........................................................................................................................................-0 ?eisure =abits...................................................................................................................................-1 .eadin .........................................................................................................................................-1 9ames...........................................................................................................................................-1 Customer ?oyalty..............................................................................................................................-2 30T4 <ritin 8tyle............................................................................................................................-4it(alls...........................................................................................................................................-1ditin ..........................................................................................................................................-5 30T4 =oliday 8pirit 6 Or ?ac! Thereo(............................................................................................-5 An 30T4 Christmas Tale..............................................................................................................-7 Cats....................................................................................................................................................-7 <ere 30T4s )urned as <itchesA.................................................................................................-: Cats and ?iberty...........................................................................................................................-: Cats and 1 ypt..............................................................................................................................-: Truth and ?ies...................................................................................................................................-> 8tress.................................................................................................................................................-$ Copin MechanismsC.esponses to 8tress....................................................................................-$ 8mo!in ............................................................................................................................................-B 5

Dru s and Alcohol.............................................................................................................................-B Duittin .............................................................................................................................................50 =oE Many 30T4s are ThereA...........................................................................................................50 4ercenta es by 8e,.......................................................................................................................51 4ercenta es and Mistypin ...........................................................................................................51 =oE do 30T4s MistypeA..............................................................................................................51 30T4s 6 A .ou h 4opulation 1stimate.........................................................................................51 3 <ant to Meet Other 30T4sF.......................................................................................................52 2. =oE to Tell 30T4s Apart From 30T"s................................................................................................5"ud in vs. 4erceivin %9eneral+.................................................................................................55 Garious..........................................................................................................................................57 8tress# 8ic!ness# )ad =abits.........................................................................................................57 "obs...............................................................................................................................................57 Galues...........................................................................................................................................5: 8chool...........................................................................................................................................5: .ecreation.....................................................................................................................................5: .eli ion........................................................................................................................................5: Areas That Are Too 8imilar to be ;sed as Dia nostic Criteria....................................................5: 3 8till DonHt InoE My Type.............................................................................................................5> -. 30T4 Clothin and =y iene................................................................................................................5$ 30T4 Fashion 8tatements..................................................................................................................5$ Albert 1instein..............................................................................................................................5$ Thomas "e((erson.........................................................................................................................5$ "ames Madison.............................................................................................................................5B Albert 8peer..................................................................................................................................5B The Author....................................................................................................................................70 Clothin # =ooray...............................................................................................................................70 The 8mell..........................................................................................................................................70 =ot )eauty 8ecrets (or Female 30T4s..............................................................................................71 4rudishness........................................................................................................................................71 5. 30T4s in ?ove.....................................................................................................................................72 4roblems Eith 8tudyin Type and ?ove...........................................................................................72 30T4 Matches2 .esearch and Theory...............................................................................................72 <hat Do 30T4s <ant in a .elationshipA..........................................................................................77 30T4C3dealist J KThe 8oulmateL.......................................................................................................7: Most 3mportant Galues.................................................................................................................7: ?east 3mportant Galues.................................................................................................................7: Avera e <ei ht %1 J >+ 4laced on 1ach Most 3mportant 3dealist Galue......................................7> 30T4C.ational J KThe MindmateL....................................................................................................7> Most 3mportant Galues.................................................................................................................7$ ?east 3mportant Galues.................................................................................................................7$ Avera e <ei ht %1 J >+ 4laced on 1ach Most 3mportant .ational Galue....................................7$ The 30T4 J 30T4 4airin .............................................................................................................7B 30T4CArtisan J KThe 4laymateL.......................................................................................................:0 Most 3mportant Galues.................................................................................................................:0 ?east 3mportant Galues.................................................................................................................:0 Avera e <ei ht %1 J >+ 4laced on 1ach Most 3mportant Artisan Galue......................................:1 7

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30T4C9uardian J KThe =elpmateL....................................................................................................:1 Most 3mportant Galues.................................................................................................................:2 ?east 3mportant Galues.................................................................................................................:Avera e <ei ht %1 J >+ 4laced on 1ach Most 3mportant 9uardian Galue...................................:<hat Do 4eople ?ove About 30T4sA...............................................................................................:30T4 Courtship )ehaviors................................................................................................................:5 30T4 Marria e# Marital 8atis(action# and Divorce...........................................................................:: Those - ?ittle <ords.........................................................................................................................:> 9ivin 1motional 8upport................................................................................................................:$ Fi htin For 4rinciples......................................................................................................................:B Children.............................................................................................................................................>1 =ouseEor!........................................................................................................................................>1 Contractin ........................................................................................................................................>2 =ypermind(ulness.............................................................................................................................>5 .ecommendations.............................................................................................................................>: 30T4 3denti(ications............................................................................................................................>> =istorical 30T4s................................................................................................................................>> Fictional 30T4s.................................................................................................................................>> Advanta es o( the KMirror o( FictionL.........................................................................................>$ 4roblems Eith the Mirror o( Fiction............................................................................................>$ 0otes on Type 3denti(ications...........................................................................................................>$ 4rocess..........................................................................................................................................>B <alter )ailey J =ero )usboy..............................................................................................................$1 8tory..................................................................................................................................................$2 Analysis.............................................................................................................................................$Discussion.........................................................................................................................................$5 Application........................................................................................................................................$7 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................$: 30T4s in Char e..................................................................................................................................$$ <hy 30T4s Do 0ot 8ee! Command................................................................................................$$ The 4re(erred 30T4 .ole..................................................................................................................$B Characteristics o( 30T4 ?eaders.......................................................................................................B0 Aramis 6 A 8Eashbuc!lin 8chemer...................................................................................................B2 Analysis.............................................................................................................................................B7 An =onorable 4lot.............................................................................................................................B: An 30T4 <ho 8peciali@ed in 3ntri ue..............................................................................................B: =oE Aramis "oined the Mus!eteers..................................................................................................B$ Those =al(6Finished 4roMects............................................................................................................BB Friendship........................................................................................................................................100 The 8ecret 1mperor.........................................................................................................................101 Those 1,act <ords..........................................................................................................................102 9rie( response.................................................................................................................................102 The Abbe Faria and Aramis.............................................................................................................10<here it All <ent <ron ................................................................................................................10Thomas "e((erson 6 -rd 4resident o( the ;nited 8tates.....................................................................107 The 1((ect o( a K8o(t TL on the 30T4 4ersonality..........................................................................10> The 30T4 .enaissance Man............................................................................................................10$

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<hat <ould &ou 8ave From &our )urnin =ouseA.......................................................................10$ Farmin ...........................................................................................................................................10$ Marria e..........................................................................................................................................10B .elationship................................................................................................................................110 Foundin Documents......................................................................................................................112 An 30T4 4resident..........................................................................................................................112 "ames Madison 6 5th 4resident o( the ;nited 8tates.......................................................................115 9eneral............................................................................................................................................117 Marria e..........................................................................................................................................11: Dolley Madison..........................................................................................................................11: 8omber vs. 4lay(ul..........................................................................................................................11$ Old A e...........................................................................................................................................11$ An 30T4 4resident J 4art 33............................................................................................................11$ Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................120 Albert 8peer J 0a@i Minister o( Armaments...................................................................................121 )uildin the Chancellery2 A 4erceiver Approach...........................................................................127 The 1mpire )uilders.......................................................................................................................12: Moral Duestions..............................................................................................................................12> 8lavery and the =olocaust...............................................................................................................12$ The 0urember Trial.......................................................................................................................1-1 30T4s in 4rison...............................................................................................................................1-=ardships o( 4rison and 30T4 .esponses.......................................................................................1-=arrelson 6 A ;ni'ue 4erspective on ?i(e in 4rison.......................................................................1-30T4 Complaints About 4rison.......................................................................................................1-7 Do 30T4s 9o To "ail a ?otA............................................................................................................1-: 1scape.............................................................................................................................................1-: The Count o( Monte CristoNA )rie( 4ortrait o( an 30T4 in 4rison..............................................1-: The Count o( Monte CristoNAn 30T4 1scape 4lan......................................................................1-> Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................155 30T4s at <or!.................................................................................................................................15: 30T4 Careers...................................................................................................................................15: <or!in Conditions Amenable to 30T4s........................................................................................15> 3ntervieEin 3ssues..........................................................................................................................15> 8cenario 1...................................................................................................................................15> 8cenario 2...................................................................................................................................15> "ob 8atis(action...............................................................................................................................15$ <or! .elated Miscellanea..............................................................................................................170 16mail.........................................................................................................................................170 8hoEin up on time....................................................................................................................170 Obeyin the dress code...............................................................................................................170 There is 0o 30T4 in Team.........................................................................................................170 FolloEin the .ules# )ureaucracy# and Other 8illy 0otions.....................................................170 )urnout.......................................................................................................................................171 Attention to detail.......................................................................................................................171 3ncreasin 1((iciency..................................................................................................................172 =oE to 8elect &our 0e,t 8ummer "ob............................................................................................17Assembly ?ine "ob.....................................................................................................................175

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0o )rainer..................................................................................................................................175 Customer 8ervice "obs...............................................................................................................175 Miscellaneous Occupational 0otes.................................................................................................177 30T4s in Medicine.....................................................................................................................177 30T4s in the ?ibrary..................................................................................................................177 30T4s and the 3ntellect...................................................................................................................17: 3.D. Testin and Type......................................................................................................................17: Artisan Tactical 3ntelli ence............................................................................................................17> 3dealist Diplomatic 3ntelli ence......................................................................................................17$ 9uardian ?o istical 3ntelli ence.....................................................................................................17$ .ational 8trate ic 3ntelli ence........................................................................................................17B The Galue o( 3.D. Tests# Continued.................................................................................................17B 9i(tedness........................................................................................................................................1:0 Discussion..................................................................................................................................1:1 30T4 9eniuses................................................................................................................................1:1 Child A 6 3D 1$> 6 1B1 %As tested by the 8tan(ord6)inet# 1B20s version+.................................1:1 Discussion..................................................................................................................................1:2 Child F 6 3.D. ;nmeasurable %Tested by the 8tan(ord6)inet# 1B20s version+............................1:Discussion..................................................................................................................................1:7 30T4 4arentin 8tyle......................................................................................................................1:$ 9eneral............................................................................................................................................1:$ Discipline........................................................................................................................................1:B 4y malion 4roMects..........................................................................................................................1:B Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................1>0 30T4 Children.................................................................................................................................1>1 1arly ?earners.................................................................................................................................1>1 4lay..................................................................................................................................................1>1 9ames.........................................................................................................................................1>1 Desi nin as a Form o( 4lay......................................................................................................1>1 1n ineerin ................................................................................................................................1>2 ?o ical 4lay................................................................................................................................1>2 The Desi n o( 4lay.....................................................................................................................1>Art...............................................................................................................................................1>Thou hts and Fears.........................................................................................................................1>5 Fittin 3n..........................................................................................................................................1>5 Curiosity Iilled the 30T4...............................................................................................................1>5 <hyyyyA.........................................................................................................................................1>5 )lunt 8tatements o( Truth...............................................................................................................1>7 ?ac! o( .ole Models.......................................................................................................................1>: 30T4s in the 8chool 8ystem...........................................................................................................1>> The 1lementary 8chool 1,perience................................................................................................1>> The =i h 8chool 1,perience..........................................................................................................1>$ <hat <e =ave =ere is a Failure to Communicate.....................................................................1>$ )usyEor!NAnd Other 8cholastic Activities.............................................................................1>B 8chool <ill 8ociali@e &ou..........................................................................................................1$0 The ;niversity 1,perience..............................................................................................................1$0 94A 4er MaMor...........................................................................................................................1$0

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Other 0otes on CourseCMaMor 4re(erences.....................................................................................1$1 ?an ua es...................................................................................................................................1$1 1n ineerin ................................................................................................................................1$2 8cholarships....................................................................................................................................1$2 0ational Merit Finalists..............................................................................................................1$2 "ud in Teachers# 4erceivin 30T4s..............................................................................................1$<hat About ;nsuccess(ul 4erceivin 8tudentsA........................................................................1$7 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................1$: 30T4s in the Military......................................................................................................................1$> 04 vs. 8" %A ain+............................................................................................................................1$> Autonomy vs. Control.....................................................................................................................1$> 4rivacy.............................................................................................................................................1$$ Other DraEbac!s.............................................................................................................................1$$ 4T8D...............................................................................................................................................1$$ 4ositives..........................................................................................................................................1$B Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................1$B 30T4 1nvironments.........................................................................................................................1B0 K0orth to the FutureL......................................................................................................................1B1 An 30T4 Family..............................................................................................................................1B2 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................1B3ntipiland 6 1thno raphy o( an 3nsular ;topia................................................................................1B5 A )rie( 9eolo y ?esson..................................................................................................................1B5 Climate............................................................................................................................................1B5 ?i(estyle...........................................................................................................................................1B7 8peech and )ody ?an ua e............................................................................................................1B7 ?an ua e.........................................................................................................................................1B7 8ports...............................................................................................................................................1B: Architecture.....................................................................................................................................1B> 9overnment.....................................................................................................................................1B> =istory.............................................................................................................................................1B$ 1st Occupation# 1$0 )C to -50 )C 6 OThe 1vil TimeO..............................................................1B$ 2nd Occupation# :1: to B7: AD 6 OThe OppressionO.................................................................1BB -rd Occupation# 1220 to 127: AD 6 OThe TyrannyL..................................................................201 4rehistory...................................................................................................................................201 Childrearin .....................................................................................................................................202 3ndustry...........................................................................................................................................202 =olidays..........................................................................................................................................202 Final <ords.....................................................................................................................................202 30T4s As a Minority.......................................................................................................................20Female 30T4s..................................................................................................................................20Male 30T4s.....................................................................................................................................205 A Fieldtrip Throu h the <onder(ul ?and o( Cultural )ias.............................................................20: 30T4s and 4sycholo y....................................................................................................................20$ Childhood K4roblemsL....................................................................................................................20$ The Crummy ?i(e 8cales................................................................................................................210 The )i Five %01O6436.+..........................................................................................................210 4ositive and 0e ative A((ectivity Eith the 4A0A8 8cales........................................................211

Coolid e A,is 33 3nventory %CAT3+............................................................................................212 2-. 30T4s and ADD..............................................................................................................................217 AD=D and 04s...............................................................................................................................21> =oE to Dia nose any 30T4 Eith ADD...........................................................................................21> Disor ani@ation..........................................................................................................................21$ For et(ulness..............................................................................................................................21B 1asily Distracted.........................................................................................................................21B ?osin 3mportant 3tems..............................................................................................................221 0ot ?istenin <hen Addressed..................................................................................................221 =as Di((iculty 8tayin Focused on Tas!s or 4lay......................................................................221 Does 0ot FolloE 3nstructions or Finish Tas!s...........................................................................22Doesn*t 4ay Close Attention to Details or Ma!es Careless Mista!es........................................22AvoidsCDisli!es Activities That .e'uire 4rolon ed Mental 1((ort %3.e. =omeEor!+................22Discussion.......................................................................................................................................227 Can <e 4rove the 1,istence o( ADDA............................................................................................22: <hy 30T4s Tune Out......................................................................................................................22: =oE to Daydream <ithout 8u((erin For 3t...................................................................................22$ Techni'ues..................................................................................................................................22B )ird6Do in .............................................................................................................................22B =oE to Avoid )ein As!ed 4op Duestions................................................................................2-0 25. 30T4s and Asper er*s 8yndrome....................................................................................................2-2 A8D and the )i Five.....................................................................................................................2-2 Type andCor DisorderA.....................................................................................................................2-Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................2-5 27. Fran!enstein....................................................................................................................................2-7 8ummary.........................................................................................................................................2-: Commentary....................................................................................................................................2-$ Count Dracula 6 30T4A...................................................................................................................2-B Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................252 2:. 30T4s in the Future.........................................................................................................................25.ise o( the 3ntroverts.......................................................................................................................25Acceleratin Chan e.......................................................................................................................25Computers.......................................................................................................................................25The 3nternet.....................................................................................................................................251ducation.........................................................................................................................................255 For the 9ood o( All Man!ind..........................................................................................................257 Clonin ............................................................................................................................................25: .obots.............................................................................................................................................25: Appendi,2 Type )i ots# the 8cour e o( the M)T3 Community............................................................25$ > <ays To Combat Type )i otry....................................................................................................270

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Preface & Caveat Lector

A Dark Confession
4erhaps Ehen you bou ht this boo! you Eere under the impression that it Eas Eritten by a certi(ied type practitioner Eith thirty years o( e,perience. )oy Eere you Eron F The type practitioner certi(icate costs P$70# and 3Hm too poor to a((ord it. As (or decades o( e,perience# all 3 can o((er is some tEenty years spent as an 30T4. 8o be(ore you ma!e any maMor li(e decisions based on this boo!# perhaps youHd better be aEare o( the (olloEin 2 Myth2 The author is 'uali(ied to ive me advice about my li(e. Truth2 The author !noEs Must enou h to be dan erous# and sheHs been Eron be(ore. Myth2 The author has a de ree. Truth2 &es# in 9eolo y. Myth2 This boo! Eas painsta!in ly researched. Truth2 This boo! Eas hapha@ardly researched. The author read one o( a do@en available studies on each area# the rest bein inaccessible due to various reasons. 3t*s a (act o( li(e that studies tend to con(lict Eith one another# and the author Eould not be the sli htest bit surprised to (ind that in(ormation in this boo! turned out to be Eron a(ter (urther research. )esides errors o( (act# there are no doubt numerous errors o( omission. The author is con(ident that this boo! is missin vital in(ormation that mi ht chan e a reader*s perspective upon the in(ormation presented. )asically# all youHre ettin is a Mumble o( stu(( that 3 happened to stumble over Ehile meanderin throu h the halls o( !noEled e. FeE e((orts have been made to corroborate Ehat youHre readin by chec!in multiple sources. My only hope is that randomly selected# uncorroborated in(ormation is pre(erable to no in(ormation at all. )y noE youHre probably thin!in # KThan! oodness she ot the boo! chec!ed by a real editor. At least thereHs that.L Actually# this boo! Eas sel( published. )ut you probably (i ured that out by the second sentence. All 3 can say is caveat lector66let the reader beEare. 3 apolo i@e in advance (or all the mista!es that you and 3 Eon*t (ind until too late.

Cautions about Research; Citation Notes

Another thin you should be aEare o( is that 3 have not actually read all the studies 3 re(erence in this boo!. 3n some cases# 3 merely read the abstract# but not the entire research paper. 3n other cases# interestin %but unobtainable+ studies Eere described Eithin other studies or articles. This Eas indicated in the customary (ashion by addin the Eords K%Cited in 0ame# Date+L to the citations# Ehere K0ame# DateL is the name o( the study# boo! or article Ehere 3 discovered the secondhand research.

Notes for Type unkies

Those o( you Eho are Eell versed in type theory may be surprised to note that boo! does not cover 11

Ktype dynamics#L i.e. the introversion or e,traversion o( oneHs 3ntuition# 8ensin # Feelin # and Thin!in pre(erences. The reason type dynamics have been le(t out is that this portion o( the M)T3 theory rests on some pretty sha!y round. )rie(ly# the problems are these2 1. There is no empirical evidence (or the e,istence o( type dynamics# Ehich Eere described by Myers in 1962. Type dynamics are still purely anecdotal a(ter hal( a century.1 2. Almost no research has been done on Ehether or not there is such as thin as a tertiary or in(erior (unction. <ho !noEs i( they e,ist# or Ehat they mi ht beA At this point their e,istence is purely speculative# and Ehile there are three di((erent models e,plainin them# none them have any proo(. -. Co nitive (unctions appear to rest mainly upon the authority o( Myers* ori inal Eritin s# Ehich Eere based on the authority o( "un *s ori inal Eritin s. Althou h the Eritin s have ta!en on the status o( canon# this does not mean that "un Eas ri ht to be in Eith. 3n addition# Ehat he Erote Eas di((erent (rom Ehat Myers came up Eith. =istorical precedent does not constitute proo( o( the co nitive (unctions* e,istence any more than it can prove that the 1arth is (lat. The (act that everyone has alEays believed somethin does not ma!e it correct. 5. There is not yet any study shoEin that di((erent (unctions emer e over the course o( one*s li(espan# or that the development o( these (unctions leads to a midli(e crisis. There(ore these ideas cannot constitute proo( (or the e,istence o( type dynamics. 7. There have been66and still are66multiple theories about hoE the co nitive (unctions are actually arran ed# Ehich ones are dominant# hoE many dominants and au,iliaries there are# and Ehich attitudes are pre(erred and nonpre(erred. The best known model is simply the one that made its Eay into the o((icial M)T3 manual. =oEever# Ehat evidence there is su ests a random arran ement uni'ue to each personNi.e. there appears to be no such thin as dominant# au,iliary# tertiary and in(erior. For e,ample# the evidence supports the conclusion that an 30T4 mi ht have introverted thin!in as their dominant and introverted intuition as their au,iliary# Ehile another mi ht have introverted intuition as their dominant and e,traverted thin!in as their au,iliaryNinso(ar as such constructs can be considered valid at all. 0o evidence has been (ound (or the typical construct in Ehich Ti Q 0e Q 8i Q Fe (or type 30T4. :. 0or is there any proo( that (unctions are e,traverted or introverted. .eynierse and =ar!er e,amined Ehether dominant (unctions that are e,traverted %i.e. dominant e,traverted (eelin + turned up more clearly than dominant (unctions that are introverted %i.e. dominant introverted (eelin +. 3( type dynamics theory are real# then those Eho e,travert their (eelin (unction should shoE it more clearly and obviously than those Eho introvert it. )ut no di((erences Eere noted by observers/ in (act# traits o( both e,traverted and introverted dominant (unctions Eere seen as bein Must as clear and obvious. The perceived di((erences# then# are due to plain# simple 3ntroversion and 1,traversion# and not to the type dynamics e,planation that certain parts o( onesel( are either introverted or e,traverted. >. )ut the bi y is this. A recent study2 set out to determine Ehat e,actly each o( the co nitive (unctions consisted o(Ni.e. the researchers set out to determine a standard# a reed6upon de(inition o( each co nitive (unction. To do this# they collected 172 descriptive Eords and
1 2 .eynierse R =ar!er# 200$a/ .eynierse R =ar!er# 200$b Mc4ee! R Martin# 2012a/ Mc4ee! R Martin# 2012b

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phrases used in type literature to describe each co nitive (unction and its attitude %i.e. thin!in introverted# thin!in e,traverted# intuition introverted# intuition e,traverted# etc.+. -1 type e,pertsNauthors# practitioners# trainers66Eere called in to revieE the list and decide Ehich descriptors (it each o( the ei ht (unction6attitudes. The e,perts rated each descriptor*s applicability to each (unction6attitude on a 1 to 7 scale. For >2 o( the 172 descriptors# there Eas an e,pert consensus that a descriptor primarily matched a uni'ue (unction attitude. For the rest o( the descriptors# it Eas (ound that e,perts tended to assi n the descriptors e'ually to tEo or more (unction6attitudes# or else didn*t a ree on any particular (unction6attitude at all. 8o# hoE does this apply to type 30T4A The 30T4C38T4 dominant is believed to be introverted thin!in # and 12 descriptors Eere (ound that primarily matched Ti.- The list Eas as (olloEs2 aloo(# cold# desires internal lo ic# detached# in6depth concentration# independent# individualistic# li!es mental models# overcomple,i(ies# pure intellectual# research6minded# and uni'ue use o( lo ic. 8o# do these 12 descriptors (it type 30T4# as Eould be e,pected since Ti is believed to be the 30T4*s dominant (unctionA &es. )ut as nearly as 3 can tell# all 12 descriptors match both 30T4s and 30T"s e'ually Eell. Further# only five o( the descriptors seem to (it type 38T4 %aloo(# cold# desires internal lo ic# independent# and individualistic+. Ti is not the dominant o( 30T"s# yet the descriptors o( Ti seem to (it both 30T"s and 30T4s to a tee. Ti is the dominant o( 38T4s# yet the descriptors do not seem to (it type 38T4 very Eell at all. As (or 0i# the dominant o( 30T"s and 30F"s# Eell. The e,perts a reed on only tEo descriptors2 KMysticalL and KTrusts the unconscious.L )oth descriptors had secondary matches Eith Fi# 0e# and Fe. The descriptors (or 0i clearly do not match the 30T" personality very Eell. &et 0i# not Ti# is believed to be the dominant o( the 30T". <hat can Ee say about thisA 1ven i( one accepts that the co nitive (unctions e,ist# the mur!iness and paucity o( these descriptors must ive one pause. The researchers also compared the descriptors (ound (or each co nitive (unction to data compiled on hundreds o( typed people to see i( they e,hibited the traits said to be characteristic o( their co nitive (unctions. Gery little support (or the theory o( co nitive (unctions Eas (ound. There Eas no evidence that could not be more clearly# accurately and simply e,plained by plain type theory Eithout co nitive (unctions. Occam*s ra@or dictates that the simplest e,planation is most li!ely to be true. 3n the absence o( both evidence and Eor!in de(initions# it is hard to thin! o( any lo ical reason to continue to use the co nitive (unctions. 1r o# 3 have le(t them out o( this boo!.

A !etter Alternative
One proposed replacement scheme %Ehich 3 happen to a ree Eith+ drops type dynamics entirely.5 3nstead# a personHs letters %i.e. 30T4+ are ran!ed in order o( Kstren th.L And Ehat is meant by stren th# e,actlyA
5 =oEever# (or 7 o( these 12 descriptors# secondary matches Eith Te# plain 0# and 0i Eere (ound. 3n short# the surveyed e,perts thou ht that those (ive descriptors mainly matched Ti# but also secondarily matched Te# 0# and 0i. .eyneirse# 2012

1-

<ell# Ehen you too! the Myers6)ri s test %or any o( the other M)T3 !noc!o((s (loatin around+ you probably noticed that some o( your personality traits66i.e.# Thin!in # Feelin or Ehatever66Eere very clear and obvious# i.e. you ansEered BC10 'uestions as a Thin!er rather than a Feeler. For other personality traits# perhaps 8ensin vs. 3ntuition# you mi ht have noticed that you Eere pretty middle6o(6 the6road in that you didnHt have much pre(erence (or either Eay o( (unctionin . For e,ample# perhaps you only ansEered :C10 'uestions as an 3ntuitive. 3n the traditional Eay o( loo!in at type theory# it doesnHt matter Ehether your pre(erence (or any particular letter is clear or sli ht66a letter is a letter is a letter. 3( you ansEer 10C10 'uestions about 3ntroversion vs. 1,traversion as an 3ntrovert# then it is considered the same thin as i( you had ansEered only :C10 'uestions as an 3ntrovert. 3n short# the stren th o( each pre(erence Eas i nored. =oEever# it turns out that this in(ormation has predictive value and can actually be use(ul in understandin oneHs oEn uni'ue personality. 3( Ee put each o( the traits on a spectrum# i.e. 1 J 3# 8 J 0# T J F# and " J 4# alloEin (or shades o( rey in the middle rather than Must blac! and Ehite choices# Ee can et a much clearer picture o( an individual*s uni'ue personality. KTypesL become simpli(ied representations o( the spectrum# the Eay a rainboE is divided up into si, colors rather than a million di((erent shades. The oal# then# is to (ind a scheme that ade'uately represents this added comple,ity Eithout becomin too overdetailed to be use(ul.

"#a$ple% An NTIP
For e,ample. ?et us suppose that a person tests Eith the (olloEin 2 10C10 pre(erence (or 3ntuition $C10 pre(erence (or Thin!in $C10 pre(erence (or 3ntroversion :C10 pre(erence (or 4erceivin

These pre(erences indicate an 30T4# but more than that# they indicate an 0T34. This K0T34L has 3ntuition as their stron est pre(erence and Eill be most s!illed at ma!in connections and seein patterns and relationships. Compared to the other 30T4 variants %304T# T403# etc+# this person has only a sli ht pre(erence (or 4erceivin # and thus they may be almost as com(ortable usin "ud in as 4erceivin .

"#a$ple% A TNPI
8uppose that a person tests Eith the (olloEin 2 10C10 pre(erence (or Thin!in BC10 pre(erence (or 3ntuition $C10 pre(erence (or 4erceivin :C10 pre(erence (or 3ntroversion

;sin our ran!in system# Ee Eould identi(y this person as a T043. As a stron Thin!er# the T043 Eould be most s!illed at lo ic# reasonin # and tas!6oriented analysis. 3ntuition# Ehich Eas almost as (avored# Eill also be stron ly pre(erred# at the e,pense o( s!ills in 8ensin . The least (avored pre(erence# i.e. 3ntroversion# indicates that the T043 Eill demonstrate 3ntroversion only sli htly more than 1,traversion. Thus# they Eould be better than the avera e 30T4 at inter(acin Eith the outer 15

Eorld# but they Eould also sacri(ice somethin o( the inner Eorld o( 3ntroverts. 3ncidentally# people Eho have neither a stron pre(erence (or 3ntroversion or 1,traversion are called Ambiverts.

Non&Preferre' (unctions
8ince Ee ac!noEled e that the stren th o( oneHs pre(erences is important# and that a person Eith a sli ht pre(erence may e,hibit nearly as much o( one pre(erence as the other pre(erence# it is ood practice to note the non6pre(erences at the end o( the basic letter code. 8o (or e,ample# an 0T34 is really an 0T34jefs66meanin that they Eill use 8ensin the least o( all possible pre(erences and 3ntuition the most o( all. )y a similar to!en# a T043 is actually a T043ejsf66meanin that this person Eill use Feelin the least o( all their possible pre(erences and Thin!in the most. 0ote that the loEer6 case non6pre(erences Eill alEays be an e,act mirror o( the upper6case letters o( the pre(erences. The last (our letters arenHt a KshadoEL or Kin(eriorL66they are pre(erences in their oEn ri ht# albeit less used ones. 3ndeed# (or a person Eho has several borderline :C10 pre(erences# the loEercase trailin letters may be almost as important as the upper case letters. Thus it is proper to include them.

Stron) Preference*s+
There is no reason Ehy a person cannot have more than one stron pre(ence. 8uppose that an 30T4 has both very clear 3 and very clear 4# and both pre(erences are 10C10 Ehen measured on a testA 3n this case# Ee can desi nate this 30T4 as %say+ an 34T0sfje# underlinin the top pre(erences to shoE that they are clearest. 3t is possible to have one# tEo# three or even (our clear pre(erences. 3t is also possible to have no pre(erences at all.

Conclusion
The method above e,plains individual variation Eithout the need to resort to unproven hypothetical constructs# namely type dynamics and co nitive (unctions. Furthermore# it is empirically sound and can be measured on a test. 3t also matches up Eith e,istin (ield observations. As a simpler and more ele ant solution# it deserves consideration Eithin the internet type community as an alternative to an increasin ly sha!y theory.

17

,-

.eneral

30T4s are curious about many thin sNnot least o( Ehich are themselves. <hen 3 (irst learned about psycholo ical type# 3 Eas ea er to learn all about type 30T4# and dove into the material available on the internet. A(ter aEhile# hoEever# it all started to sound the same. Then too# somethin Eas missin 2 Ehere Eere the the Muicy little numbers# the dar!# ed y secrets# and all the typical Eeirdness o( science that usually lur!s someEhere i( you di deep enou hA Alas# there Eas nothin (or it. =avin e,hausted the internet# 3 Eas (orced to resort to readin actual research papers. 3n this boo! Ee Eill investi ate some o( the more unusual (acets o( the 30T4 personality type as Eell as delvin deeper into (amiliar type6based subMects. 8ome o( results Eill be undoubtedly be une,pected# even bi@arre. 3n this (irst chapter Ee Eill cover a hod epod e o( 30T4 in(ormation that Eill stand us in ood stead throu hout the rest o( the boo!. Are you ready to absorb raE in(ormationA

The /niverse 0ithin

The most abstract o( the .ationals# 30T4s are o(ten (ound Eor!in at the cuttin ed e o( thou ht as mathematicalCpoliticalCeconomicCetc theorists. Theory# as opposed to application# is the domain o( the 30T4. They Eould rather come up Eith the math or principle than create the device or prove the theory. That said# 30T4s Eere the most overrepresented type in a roup o( inventors#7 so some o( them can obviously carry out their ideas. The 30T4*s reatest stren th is their mind. 3ndeed# 30T4sH thou hts have a mind o( their oEn. Many 30T4s report not bein able to (all asleep because their brain Eants to !eep processin a problem# leadin to occasional insomnia. They cannot help but thin! thin s throu h# even i( they Eant to stop. Ieirsey %1BB$a+ described this thou ht style as Kinvoluntary#L because once the mental machinery has been started there*s no turnin it o((. Tryin to solve an interestin problem is li!e havin a son stuc! in oneHs head (or an 30T4. 8ince 30T4s have such a rich thou ht li(e# they are o(ten content to observe Eithout participatin . TheyHre happy listenin to the conversation# Eatchin # analy@in # and thin!in . 8ince they are usually not involved or emotionally invested# 30T4s remain calm. 1ven in crisis situations# they are remar!ably un(lappable and !eep their reserve. One 30T4 o( my ac'uaintance Eas in a car that ran o(( the road in such a manner as to apparently ta!e the lives o( everyone onboard. <ith characteristic detachment# the 30T4 observed aloud# K<oE. Death.L 0obody died# but his companions later rebu!ed him# K&ouHre not supposed to say# S<oE# deathH be(ore you dieFL )ut this detachment may ta!e a bac! seat i( the 30T4 ets involved in a controversy about their subMect o( interest. Deceptively mild# 30T4s can become surprisin ly sharp Ehen debatin theories and ideas they (eel stron ly about. The habit o( bein perpetually lost in thou ht has its doEnsides# o( course. 30T4s are one o( the most absentminded types# rivalled perhaps only by the 30F4. The comedy staple o( the rey6haired pro(essor Eith his head in the clouds and his nose in a boo!# dea( to the Eorld and absurdly oblivious to his environment# is a classic 30T4. )ut even 30T4s Eho are youn and canHt plead a e6related memory (ailin s (re'uently (or etCloseCi nore thin s.
7 Fors ren# 1BB0

1:

K3 didnHt notice#L the 30T4 Eill plead to a 8ensor. K=oE could you not have noticedAL the 8ensor e,claims in disbelie(. K3tHs a iant pin! elephant balloon.L K3 EasnHt payin attention#L the 30T4 protests. K3 Eas thin!in about somethin else.L )ut the 8ensor cannot even remotely comprehend hoE anyone could miss such an obvious phenomenon. 30T4s# (or their part# (ind themselves stunned at hoE anyone could notice# let alone care about# the thin s Ehich 8ensors notice# i.e. Ehich hairbrush currently has the least hair clo in its bristles. How can they possibly notice stuff like that? the 30T4 Eonders privately. An 30T4 headin toEards the library may drive past the buildin because they Eere lost in thou ht. Once they reali@e Ehat has happened# they Eill turn around# rebu!in themselves sharply (or their absentmindedness# and (orm a resolution to pay closer attention in the (uture. Then they Eill mentally desi n a pro,imity Earnin system (or their car that Eill ma!e a noise Ehen approachin a prepro rammed destination# i.e. the library. )ut hoE to ma!e it cheap and a((ordableA MeanEhile# they Eill have driven past the library a ain. Third time*s the charm. On the subMect o( library boo!s. )eEare o( loanin thin s to an 30T4. Thou h Eell6intentioned# the 30T4Hs cluttered personal space ravenously devours other peopleHs possessions# and even i( the 30T4 doesnHt lose the item# it Eill probably ta!e several tries be(ore they can (inally remember to brin it bac!. .ebu!in an 30T4 (or absentmindedness is a hopeless esture and Eill not produce any sort o( chan e66thou h it may drive the 30T4 to hide their internal thou ht processes. %My (amily used to tease me about leavin items behind Ehen oin out to the car# necessitatin multiple trips bac! into the house to et it all. 3 stopped sayin oodbye/ then they never !neE Ehen 3 actually intended to leave (or real. 3 too! a certain petty satis(action in thin!in that i( 3 died in a car accident# they Eouldn*t reali@e until too late that they had never said (areEell.+

0eir' Sense of 1u$or

<hen small tal! isnHt re'uired# 30T4s can ma!e charmin conversationalists# providin that they arenHt (eelin too shy. <itty and drolly ironic# the 30T4 can humorously tEist an incident or idea and ma!e their listeners brea! up lau hin . 30T4s have a Eell6developed sense o( humor# thou h it can be a bit odd66sort o( li!e the Far 8ide# but Eith more Eordplay. 8ome 30T4s enMoy tellin Mo!es that re'uire the listener to have ei ht years o( math and spea! (luent ?atin66a sic! pastime indeed. They revel in the (act that there are only a hand(ul o( people in the Eorld Eho Eould et it. On the other hand# some 30T4s report that they !eep all the hilarity contained in their heads/ outsiders see nothin but a va uely bemused e,pression or perhaps a smir!# i( anythin at all. These impassive .ationals may not shoE Ehat is hidin underneath. ?i!e all .ationals# 30T4s enMoy one6liners# ton ue6in6chee! 'uips# dry Eitticisms# puns# and double entendre. Their sense o( humor may ta!e a satirical bent# or may tend toEards the appreciation o( the absurdities o( li(e. As creatures o( lo ic# .ationals spend a ood deal o( time observin their illo ical (elloE bein s Eith amused beEilderment. They attempt to brin these inconsistencies to li ht in their Mo!es. Much .ational humor consists o( simply statin unspo!en irrational or bi@arre human behavior 1>

aloud so that the oddity can be plainly seen66and lau hed at (or its absurdity. A curious number o( comic strips (eature main characters that are .ationals/ 3 have va ue sense that 0Ts are overrepresented in the (unnies. The 30T4 sense o( humor is less socially acceptable than (or most types# and may even appall listeners Eith its irreverance. ;n(ortunately# the 30T4 may be oblivious to the (act that their Mo!es are in bad taste. 3( an 30T4 behaves this Eay and you Eant them to stop# be obvious about the (act that you disli!e it. .emember# Ehen dealin Eith an 30T4 you o(ten have to be bon!6over6the6head obvious. =oEever# despite the occasional problem o( poor taste# the 30T4 sense o( humor is considered by many to be one o( the most attractive (eatures o( the type. 3t has been speculated that 30T4s are not very ood at tellin actual Mo!es.: )ut li!e everythin # there are e,ceptions/ it Eas said o( Madison that K(eE men possessed so rich a (loE o( lan ua e# TorU so reat a (und o( amusin anecdotes# Ehich Eere made the more interestin (rom their bein Eell6timed R Eell6told.L 3t may be# hoEever# that typical 30T4s simply donHt have the (acial and vocal e,pressiveness (or really ood Mo!e6tellin .

Ar)u$entation
30T4s also enMoy a ood debate. One study measured type and ar umentativeness>/ it turned out that the (our most ar umentative types Eere all the .ationals. The orderin Eas li!e so2 10T"# 30T"# 30T4# 10T4. 30T4s are there(ore the third most ar umentative type. 3n li ht o( this# it may be interestin to study 30T4 ar umentation. 30T4s o(ten (ind themselves standin alone as they de(end their vieEs# Ehich are (re'uently li!ely to be Kunusual#L to say the least. )ecause their vieEs so o(ten di((er (rom those o( the prevailin maMority# and because it is almost a !nee6Mer! reaction (or people to reMect such vieEs as absurd# 30T4s Eill adapt snea!y strate ies to bypass the a re(le,. One tried and true techni'ue is the 8ocratic method# Ehich consists o( as!in 'uestion a(ter 'uestion until others are (inally (orced to reason their Eay to the 30T4Hs oEn conclusion. This enerally does a better Mob o( convincin people than statin the truth (lat out. 4erson A2 KThereHs an entire mountain made o( arba e noE. 3( Ee donHt start recyclin and usin less pac!a in # EeHll be (looded in trash66li!e in <allVe.L 30T42 K=oE many mountains are there in a mountain ran eAL 4erson A2 %0ot e,pectin to have their remar! ta!en seriously+ K;h...3 donHt !noE.L 30T42 K?etHs say that there are a thousand mountains in a small mountain ran e. 0oE# hoE many years did it ta!e to ma!e that mountain o( arba eAL 4erson A2 K3 canHt remember# EhyAL 30T42 K?etHs Must say 20 years# does that sound oodAL 4erson A2 KAlri ht# sure...but66L 30T42 K8o then# to (ill up a small mountain ran e Eould ta!e about tEenty thousand years.
: > "ames# 2000/ Ieirsey# 1BB$a ?o((redo R Opt# 200:

1$

=oE many mountain ran es are there in the EorldAL 4erson A2 %seein the coup de race comin and attemptin to de(lect it+ K)ut 3 donHt thin! itHs a ood idea to Must store up trash.L 30T42 %coup de race+ KConsiderin the remainin sur(ace area o( the planet and the amount o( time it Eould ta!e to (ill even a (raction o( that sur(ace area up Eith trash# it seems obviously that the (ears o( the Eorld bein (illed up Eith arba e are reatly e,a erated.L 4erson A2 %irritably+ K8o you donHt thin! that Ee should Eorry about recyclin thenAL %4erson A misrepresents 30T4Hs vieEpoint+ 30T42 K0o# 3 didnHt say that. 3n (act# 3Hm a member o( the .ecyclin Committee and 3 vote 9reen.L 4erson A2 K)ut you Must said66L %4erson A canHt understand Ehy the 30T4 has seemin ly ar ued a ainst their oEn cause.+ 30T42 KThe mere (act that 3 disa ree Eith the mountain o( trash scenario does not imply that 3 thin! recyclin is a bad idea.L For the 30T4# the point is to ascertain pure truth# even i( leavin an untruth standin Eould actually help their cause. This may (rustrate allies# Eho mista!enly come to believe that the 30T4 does not support their point o( vieE. An 30T4 in debate about a subMect they know well is li!e a chessmaster Eho is one mental step ahead o( their opponent. They Eill lay traps in the (orm o( seemin ly innocuous statements# Eait (or their opponent to a ree Eith them# then snap the trap closed and prove their point. 3n the e,ample beloE# an 30T4 uses their !nac! (or stayin one lo ical step ahead to enli hten a person Eho has (u@@y# anthropocentric ideas based on (aulty in(ormation. 4erson A2 K8o you really thin! aliens e,istAL 30T42 K<hy EouldnHt theyAL 4erson A2 K<ell# it Must doesnHt seem li!ely that intelli ence could evolve tEice. 3 mean# Ehat are the oddsAL 30T42 K=oE many stars are there in the universeAL 4erson )2 K3 donHt# billionsAL 30T42 KThere are billions o( billions. And that is only in the part o( the universe Ee can see. 8o actually there are tons more. Thus the odds are actually 'uite ood that one o( those billions o( billions o( stars could have a planet that could host li(e.L 4erson A2 K<ell# 3 could see animals. )ut 3 mean sentient li(e66you !noE# the !ind that can tal!.L 30T42 %lays trap+ KDo you thin! that the ability to tal! de(ines sentienceAL 4erson A2 K8ure. <hat elseAL 30T42 K3n that case# humans are not the only sentient species on 1arth.L 4erson A2 %ba((led+ K<hat do you meanAL 1B

30T42 %snaps trap+ K8ince orillas and chimpan@ees can both spea! in si n lan ua e# they are sentient by your de(inition.L 4erson A2 K)ut theyHre animalsFL 30T42 KAnimals Eho can talk. 3( not one# but three 1arth species are able to communicate# then Ehy should it be any di((erent on another planetAL Another thin that 30T4s Eill do is present each lin! o( their chain o( reasonin separately# i.e. KDo you a ree Eith proposition AAL KDo you thin! ) is validAL KDo you believe in statement CAL The other person Eill cautiously a ree to each individual item# not really understandin Ehat the 30T4 is ettin at. Then (inally# Ehen all the prere'uisites have been proven# the 30T4 connects the dots and reveals the Ehole2 KGery Eell# since you believe A# )# and C# then you must believe in D.L This revelation is o(ten reeted by a stunned loo! or an immediate protest# K<ait# 3 never said that66L The 30T4 Eill then revieE A# )# and C and as! hoE e,actly the lo ic is (aulty. 8'uirmin Eill commence. One (ictional account o( this techni'ue has the 0THs opponent say# KMy (riend# you seem to entan le me Eith invisible threads# then you Eill all o( a sudden cry out# SCau htFHL This is an apt description o( the process. The role o( the 30T4 as devilHs advocate bears revieEin . 3t o(ten annoys people hoE 30T4s ar ue a ainst thin s that they actually believe in. Ieirsey %1BB$a+ has su ested that 30T4s do this to loo! (or Ehat truth there mi ht be in an opponentHs position. 3 thin! that an 30T4 also Eants to re(ine the terms o( the ar ument into a set o( de(initions that are as accurate as possible (rom the perspective o( both parties. They Eish to ensure that statements are universally true# Eith any e,ceptions noted. For e,ample# here an overly lo ical 30T4 notices an inconsistency in 4erson AHs declaration and (eels impelled to enli hten them by playin devilHs advocate# meanEhile totally missin or i norin the probable emotional conte,t o( 4erson AHs statement2 4erson A2 KChildren arenHt supposed to die be(ore their parents.L 30T42 K=m# but Ehat o( the child mortality rate in third Eorld countriesA 3tHs a normal occurrence there.L 4erson A2 %stunned that anyone Eould say such a thin + K&ou donHt thin! it should be li!e that# do youAL 30T42 KO( course not.L 4erson A2 K)ut you Must said66L 30T42 K3 didnHt say 3 approved o( it. 3 merely noted that there is nothin out o( the ordinary about children dyin be(ore their parents in most parts o( the Eorld.L The 30T4 has corrected the arbitrary opinion Knot supposed to dieL and replaced it Eith the truth Knothin out o( the ordinary about dyin L Ehile addin a 'uali(ier# Kin most o( the Eorld.L The statement is noE obMectively true in a universal sense. %0oE the 30T4 Eill et to hear the rest o( the story about the terrible tra edy that has be(allen 4erson AHs hereto(ore unmentioned ac'uaintance. 4erson A Eill be lad that the 30T4 is so ood at listenin # but the 30T4 Eill (eel aE!Eard at the re'uirement to e,press sympathy.+ As has been noted# other people (re'uently misrepresent or oversimpli(y the vieEs o( 30T4s. The 30T4 may be (orced to say# K0o# youHre the one Eho said that. All 3 said Eas that...L 30T4s choose 20

their Eords care(ully# each Eord havin a precisely chosen Eei ht and meanin # Eith appropriate 'uali(iers added so as not to imply an incorrect enerali@ation. Other people# o( course# treat Eords in the most casual Eay# (lailin them everyEhere in ross oversimpli(ications and violatin the rules o( lo ic Eith bliss(ul abandonment. And then they have the nerve to accuse 30T4s o( bein Knitpic!ers.L 3n (act# it is o(ten the case that ar uments Eould not e,ist i( the terms had been de(ined correctly be(orehand. 4eople say the same Eords# but the Eords donHt mean the same thin . Does anyone ta!e an advertisement at its Eord Ehen it claims that a product is proven to be the K)18TFWLA <hat the advertisement actually means is that a study o( the product and tEo competitors* products (ound that in : out o( 10 measures o( 'uality# their product Eas superior. )ut you EonHt !noE that unless you read the lon e,planation described in tiny print at the bottom o( the bo,. &ou canHt truly evaluate the advertisementHs statement until you !noE Ehat the term KbestL means. For an 30T4# every term used in a debate has a little asteris! on it indicatin that the true meanin is probably 'uite complicated. Thus# be(ore any real discussion can be underta!en# the terms must be compared and a common de(inition a reed upon by all parties. O(ten# by the time the terms have been de(ined# the disa reement has entirely disappeared. 8ay (or e,ample an 30T4 Eith a do is havin a discussion Eith a person Eho ma!es broad enerali@ations and does not 'uali(y their statements. 4erson A2 K3 hate do s.L 30T42 KOhAL 4erson A2 K3tHs so annoyin hoE they Mump up on you and slobber.L 30T42 K)ut thatHs a si n o( poor trainin .L 4erson A2 K8ure# but theyHre all li!e that.L 30T42 K0ot really. Only the lar e# poorly trained ones are li!e that. <hat you actually hate are lar e# poorly trained do s.L 4erson A2 K<ell# 3 uess thatHs true. 3 donHt mind the little ones so much# Ehen they don*t bar! all the time. <hen 3 Eas a !id...L 0ote hoE the 30T4 narroEed the de(inition doEn to its true scope# (rom Kdo sL % ross enerali@ation+ to Klar e# poorly trained do sL %true de(inition+. )y underminin an opponentHs terms# an 30T4 strips aEay the very (oundation on Ehich the other*s ar ument stands. The 30T4 !noEs that to et to the root o( the matter# one must o (or the de(initions. As a (inal note# Ehile 30T4s enMoy calm# civil debate# they do not li!e (i htin . 1motionalism# an er# and baseless declarations made Eithout (acts66an 30T4 disli!es such ar uments# Ehich are seldom productive (or either side.

Politics
<hat do 30T4s li!e debatin aboutA <ell# there*s politics. Did you !noE that type and politics are relatedA 8ensin is correlated Eith a more conservative political stance# Ehile 3ntuition is correlated Eith a more liberal political stance.$ 3n addition# 3ntuitives reported havin hi her political interest
$ Macdaid in )oo@er R Forte# 200$

21

than 8ensors.B 30T4s are thus li!ely to be politically interested liberals. Another study10 (ound that T" %Thin!in # "ud in + Eas associated Eith the American .epublican party and F Eas associated Eith the American Democratic party. 3t Eas also (ound that 0T4s are more li!ely to vote 3ndependent. 8o 30T4s are most li!ely liberal 3ndependents. 3n addition# other researchers (ound that the Democrats Eere associated Eith F4.11 )oo@er and Forte %200$+ measured Kpolitical alienation#L Ehich they described as Kdiscontent or disconnect (rom the political process.L They (ound that a pre(erence (or introversion Eas associated Eith more political alienation# and noted that this may be part o( a lar er pattern o( overall introverted alienation. 8o 30T4s are most li!ely to be disillusioned liberal 3ndependents. The researchers also measured speci(ic political vieEs/ it turned out that 4erceivers tended to (avor abortion Ehile "ud ers did not# and that Thin!ers tended to (avor the death penalty Ehile Feelers did not. )ear in mind here that the main types bein measured are 8"s and 84s/ they outnumber 3ntuitives and may droEn them out in enerali@ations such as Kall 4erceiversL or Kall "ud ers.L <e Eill say cautiously that bein an 30T4 may predict support (or abortion and the death penalty. 9erdes %2010+ (ound that both 0Ts and 0Fs tend to ive more than avera e to environmental causes %read here+. There(ore 30T4 vieEs may be more reen than most. 8o there you have it. A roup o( reen# disillusioned# liberal# environmentalist 3ndependents Eho may support abortion and the death penalty and are interested in politics.

Reli)ion
<hen 30T4s aren*t busy tal!in about politics# they*re busy tal!in about reli ion. 3t is a common misconception that 30T4s are not reli ious. 3t is true that 30T4s have a hi her than avera e rate o( a nosticism %1:.2X are a nostic+ and atheism %11.1X are atheistic+.12 3t is also true that they are the type second most li!ely to be a nostic and the third most li!ely to be atheistic. )ut# >2.>X o( 30T4s do believe in a hi her spiritual poEer. This is only 1$.> percenta e points beloE the 10F"s# Eho Eere the most li!ely o( all types %B1.5X+ to believe in a hi her spiritual poEer. 3t Eould thus be inappropriate to conclude that 30T4s are not reli ious/ the maMority o( them are. <hether that reli ion ta!es the (orm o( a mainstream belie( system or a modern day version o( Deism is a di((erent story.
Spiritual Life

The spiritual disciplines (avored by introverts include prayer# meditation# study# and readin .1- %One suspects that 30T4s are also attracted to remote hermita es and monasteries Eith a rule o( silence.+ 30T4s Eant lo ical consistency in their spiritual li(e as everyEhere else# and Ieirsey %1BB$a+ has speculated that the .ational temperament is most draEn to the area o( theolo y and correct doctrine. OsEald and Iroe er have (urther su ested that Thin!ers are draEn to teachin and the seminary# the latter bein an 0T stron hold. They are interested in (indin the truth and value Mustice over mercy. OsEald and Iroe er have proposed that 30T4s are Kconceptual mystics.L ?i!e the 30F4s# they are the type most li!ely to e,plore neE spiritual e,periences in solitude throu h intuition/ but unli!e the 30F4s
B 10 11 12 1)oo@er R Forte# 200$ =ammer in )oo@er R Forte# 200$ Constantini R Crai! in )oo@er R Forte# 200$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ OsEald R Iroe er# 1B$$

22

they incorporate an intellectual strea!. <hen some people hear the Eord Kreli iousL they tend to interpret it as dependency or Eea!ness# as i( they suspect that reli ious people need 9od to hold their hand. This is sometimes true# thou h the need to have one*s hand held is certainly not limited to reli ious people. 30T4s# hoEever# Eere the type least li!ely %20.2X+ to use Krely on reli ious belie(sL as a copin method (or stress.15 Considerin that most 30T4s believe in a hi her spiritual poEer# it Eould seem that reli ion does not tend to create dependency in this type. 4erhaps the sayin # K<or! li!e it all depends on you# pray li!e it all depends on 9od#L describes the 30T4 approach in this re ard.
Church

Most reli ious or ani@ations are led by 1,traverts# because bein a pastor re'uires lot o( people contact/ Feelers# because pastoral Eor! is a helpin pro(ession/ and "ud ers# because "ud ers run everythin anyEay.17 3n short# most pastoral sta(( is 1F"# and they naturally create an 1F" culture.1: 3 (ear this approach does not naturally endear 30T4 church oers. For e,ample# is an 30T4 li!ely to be enthusiastic Ehen the 1F" pastor says cheer(ully# KO!ay# everybodyF 8tand up and ive your nei hbor a hu FLA %&our only hope is to sit at the (ar end o( the peE# Ehere your nei hbors canHt reach you.+ Or hoE about Ehen the pastor su ests that members o( the con re ation stand up i( they Eant prayerA =oE many 30T4s are oin to Eant to stand up in the middle o( a crowded room to reveal that they need help with something and Eant prayerA 30T4s do not deal Eith their problems by as!in loved ones (or help %in (act# they hate as!in (or help# period+/ hoE much less a room(ul o( stran ersA Then too# 1F"s e,press their emotions (reely and loudly/ this ma!es 30T4s uncom(ortable. %<hatA CryA 3n publicA+ The net result o( this is to produce 30T4s Eho have (aith# but pre(er not to set (oot in a church buildin .
An INTP Church Culture 0ot that all pastors are 1F"s. 3n (act# 3 had one pastor Eho Eas an 30T4. 0ot only does his church remain my (avorite a(ter many years# it is also the one community Ehere 3 (elt (ree to be mysel(. 3 o((er the (olloEin mini6ethno raphy as a description o( this unusual culture.

One o( the most obvious e((ects o( the 30T4 leadership Eas that there Eas no ceremony# ritual# or (ormality o( any !ind. There Eas no dress code. The pastor had adopted the characteristic 30T4 habit o( Eearin Must one style o( clothin / he pre(erred =aEaiian shirts. 9ettin started on time EasnHt a bi deal either/ it Eas Must a matter o( atherin the scattered members up to the tune o( KAre Ee startin noEAL An e alitarian culture prevailed# and those in leadership Eere not treated Eith the special respect and de(erence commonly encountered in churches. Thin s Eere casual and literally laid bac!2 it Eas o!ay to lay doEn on the roEs o( chairs that served (or peEs in the church. The 30T4 pastor Eas ood at dissectin scripture and draEin out meanin s# thou h his sermons tended to amble around rather than headin toEards a oal. =e also tended to leap (rom idea to idea in an intuitive (ashion# interruptin one point to ma!e another. =is sermons seldom evo!ed an emotional
15 17 1: Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ OsEald R Iroe er# 1B$$ OsEald R Iroe r (ound that .ationals are actually overrepresented amon pastors %84s are the underrepresented temperament+ alon (airly typical lines2 10T"s are the most li!ely 0T type to lead a church# 30T4s least li!ely. 10T"s composed >.-X o( one cler y sample Ehile 30T4s composed 1.$X o( said sample. Curiously# (emales cler y tended to be more 304 than males.

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response# nor Eere they meant to do so. .ather# he pre(erred to convey in(ormation (rom his studies o( the )ible. %.ational pastors love dissectin the ori inal 9ree! and =ebreE roots o( Eords/ iven the 30T4 aptitude (or lan ua es# 3 assume this tendency is only ampli(ied.+ For obvious reasons# the pastor EasnHt very loud or emotionally e,pressive# and his attempts to smile Ehen it Eould be socially appropriate (ailed because they loo!ed (orced and aE!Eard. %This is# (yi# a ood lesson (or every 30T4.+ =is Ei(e# hoEever# Eas ood at (illin in his shortcomin s in the areas o( empathetic e,pression. The pastor Eas not supported by church o((erin s/ rather# he oEned his oEn business and supported himsel(. =e came across as bein someEhat sti(( and detached# but his 30T4 sense o( humor %K=ehe# Ee should do a roc! and roll version o( 8ilent 0i htL+ and Eell6meanin attitude saved him (rom appearin cold. The church also had some unusual innovations. For e,ample# the re ular service Eas held at 2 pm in the a(ternoon# so that people could sleep in. 3n addition# the re ular members Eere iven a !ey to the church buildin so that they could come and o as they pleased durin o(( hours. O(ten there Eere a (eE people han in out durin the evenin sociali@in # prayin # practicin on the instruments# or doin odd Eor!. 30T4s tend to li!e mis(its# and the churchHs membership included a veritable sEarm o( Eildly6dressed teena ers# homeless people# and the occasional drun!. 3t appears that 30T4 church culture is a ma net (or the Eeirdos and doEn6and6outs. 1ven the church itsel( Eas a mis(it/ it Eas a small# independent roup and did not belon to any denomination. Alto ether# this church culture presents an interestin picture o( hoE an institution can be shaped by the personality o( a leader.

Cults
O( course# sometimes this shapin can ta!e on a more sinister character. Did you !noE that cults can (undamentally alter their membersH personalitiesA The chan es can even be trac!ed usin the M)T3. =ereHs hoE it Eor!s2 the cult leader chooses one particular KidealL type %hint2 itHs his oEn+ and tries to con(orm the members into that type. A cult is essentially a 4y malion proMect on steroids. There Eas a study on the )oston Church o( Christ cult Ehich has implications (or 30T4s.1> The boo!# KThe Discipleship DilemmaL is (reely available online %read here+ (or anyone interested in a more in depth loo! at type and cults. The )oston Church o( Christ Eas very success(ul in ainin and retainin neE members# but their success met Eith criticism. 3n particular# critics claimed that the churchHs KdiscipleshipL methods Eere turnin members into unhealthy copies o( the roup leaders. 3n most Christian circles# KdiscipleshipL simply means bein tau ht to (olloE the teachin s o( "esus Christ in oneHs li(e. <ithin the conte,t o( the )oston Church o( Christ# hoEever# this term had a di((erent meanin 2 unconditional surrender to the leadership and con(ormity to their opinions even on topics that had nothin to do Eith the teachin s o( Christ. 1ach disciple Eas iven a mentor Eho Eould e,ercise authority over them/ these mentors Eere in turn subordinate to their oEn mentors# Eho held a hi her ran! in the church. Those mentors in turn had
1> &ea!ley# 0orton# Gin@ant R Gin@ant# 1B$$

25

their oEn mentors# and so on and so (orth until the pyramid o( authority reached its ape,2 the senior pastor# head o( the church. 3mmediately one can see hoE it is possible (or a cult leader to propa ate his personality type to his (olloEers. &ea!ley# 0orton# Gin@ant R Gin@ant %1B$$+ used the M)T3 to test Ehether or not personality chan es Eere ta!in place in the church members. =e did this by havin the members ta!e the M)T3 three times2 once (or the person they Eere be(ore they Moined# once (or hoE they saE themselves noE# and once (or the person they saE themselves becomin in (ive years. This type o( triple testin is also used by M)T3 practitioners on children to (ind out i( parents are tryin to chan e their childHs type. Appro,imately $00 people completed all three tests. The results shoEed that be(ore they Moined# the church members had the e,pected distribution o( personality types. )ut Ehen it came to their current personality type# church members indicated that they Eere noE behavin li!e types 18F"# 18T"# and 10F". Furthermore# the (ive year prediction o( type revealed that most people saE themselves becomin 18F"s. To test i( these personality mutations Eere simply par (or the course in ordinary reli ious or ani@ations# &ea!ley et al. did comparative studies o( a non6Kdisciplin L Church o( Christ as Eell as (ive other )aptist# Catholic# ?utheran# Methodist# and 4resbyterian churches. 0one o( these roups shoEed any statistically si ni(icant chan es in the types o( its members. Distributions o( each type Eithin the churches also remained constant/ i.e. the percenta e o( non18F"s neither Ea,ed nor Eaned over time. To test Ehether personality mutations are normal (or cults# &ea!ley et al. then surveyed si, cult chapters# namely the =ari Irishnas# the Church o( 8cientolo y# the ;ni(ication Church %the Moonies+# the Children o( 9od# Maranatha# and the <ay. Three o( the cults Eere sloEly chan in their members into 18F"s# tEo Eere chan in them into 18T"s# and one Eas chan in them into 10F"s. The de ree o( psycholo ical dama e done by these cult6based 4y malion proMects is directly related to the amount o( chan e that a person must under o to con(orm to the cult leaderHs personality type. For e,ample# i( you have parents Eho try to raise their little 30T4 to be an 18F"# that*s oin to mess up the child more than i( they tried to raise their !id to be an 30T"# Ehich is 'uite similar to the 30T4 type. &ou see the implications2 18F"s seem to be a common cult leader type/ there(ore# based strictly on statistical probability# 30T4s Eould be one o( the types in the most dan er i( they Moined a cult# because they Eould have to ma!e the reatest personality adMustment. Could there be such a thin as an 30T4 cultA 3t is an interestin 'uestion Eorth (urther e,amination.

The La2y Rationals3

30T4s tend to have a reputation as the Kla@yL .ationals. This is due to their emphasis on the mental Eorld coupled Eith their 4erceivin tendencies. The 0T"s# by contrast# need closure and e,hibit our society*s "ud er6based de(inition o( KEor! ethic.L The 10T4s donHt need closure# but as 1,traverts they (ocus on the visible outside Eorld and their hard Eor! can be easily seen. For 30T4s# an achievement in the internal Eorld is satis(action enou h/ many see no reason to o to all the e((ort o( actually translatin their thou hts into physical reality. K3 !noE 3 could do it. )ut Ehy Eould 3 Eant toA 3*ve already (i ured it out#L says the 30T4# shru in . .eco ni@in their oEn lac! o( 27

motivation# the 30T4 rue(ully concludes that they are la@y. Actually# an 30T4 Eill put intense mental e((ort into processin problems# includin sleepness ni hts and days spent readin # studyin # or starin into nothin ness Ehile smo!in hot ears Ehirl in their head. )ut to outsiders# the only si n that Eor! is oin on is a bead o( saliva lidin doEn the corner o( the 30T4Hs mouth# provided that the 30T4 can be seen behind the cover o( their boo!. 3( you Eatch a team o( horses Eor!in # you can see sEeat on strainin muscles and listen to the snortin breaths as the horses bear their load alon . )ut i( you Eatch a computer Eor!# you hear a 'uiet hum and there are some little li hts that (lic!er# apparently indicatin strenuous activity. 10T4s# 10T"s# and 30T"s are li!e the team o( horses66itHs easy to see hoE hard they Eor!. )ut Ehat o( the 30T4 computer that is bein overcloc!ed to the point o( meltdoEnA ThereHs no Eay o( appreciatin hoE hard your computer is Eor!in by starin at the Earm plastic casin . This is the problem o( 30T4 la@iness2 co itation Must doesnHt count as real Eor! in the eyes o( most. Thin! o( it this Eay2 a brain on its oEn can do no Eor!# but hands on their oEn have no ideas to carry out. Does one call a cerebellum la@y because it does not craEl out o( oneHs s!ull and do real Eor! Eith the handsA Or does one simply say# KThe cerebellumHs (ulltime Mob is to create ideas. 3t is the Mob o( the hands to carry those ideas outLA O( course# the case is not helped by the (act that 30T4s Eill su((er endless inconvenience rather than ta!e care o( simple# borin # repetitive tas!s. .ather than ta!in out the trash# they Eill stac! it up as hi h as possible to ma!e a toEer. %This pastime also en a es their love o( buildin thin s.+ 9enerally spea!in # an 30T4 Eould rather come up Eith an elaborate system that Eill automatically per(orm the chore (or them than do the chore themselves. The creation o( the system Eill re'uire a hundred times more labor than the chore itsel(# but the 30T4 Eon*t mind. They li!e creatin systems. KAnd#L they Eill add happily# KThis Eill solve the problem once and (or allFL Other types (ind this mindset incomprehensible. K<hy not Must ta!e out the trashF 3t only ta!es a minute#L they say# sha!in their heads. Then they o about their daily Eor!# usin various labor6savin devices desi ned by 30T4s Eho didn*t Eant to do monotonous repetitive tas!s that only ta!e a minute. 9oodness !noEs hoE much human pro ress is driven by such la@iness. <hich brin s up another point.

/seful Inventions
A study o( casual inventors (ound that 30T4s and to a lesser e,tent 38T4s Eere the dominant types.1$ A Kcasual inventorL Eas de(ined as someone Eho spends Y-: hours a Eee! developin inventions. %The thirty6tEo inventors Eere identi(ied throu h a one day Eor!shop on inventin .+ The resultsA There Eere 7.$$ times as many 30T4s as Eould be e,pected %B total out o( the -2 participants+ in comparison to the eneral population. The nearest runner ups Eere the 38T4s/ there Eere 2.77 times as many 38T4s as Eould be e,pected. The amount o( 10T4s Eas avera e. 3t may be that somethin about the initial Eor!shop particularly attracted 3T4s# resultin in overrepresentation. 8till# these (indin s are si ni(icant because they shed li ht on the (act that 30T4s can and do build prototypes o( their ideas. 3ndeed# -:X o( the sample had patented one or more o( their inventions. One last (indin Eas that (or >1X o( the sample# the inventions they created Eere not related to their occupation.

(ake Social Skills

;nli!e most people# 30T4s do not come prepro rammed Eith acceptable social behavior patterns.
1$ Fors ren# 1BB0

2:

.ather# they learn to (it in throu h conscious observation and deliberate mimicry. <hile other people tal!# the 30T4 Eatches and Eonders# KAm 3 noddin too o(tenA 8hould 3 spea! up# or remain silentA 8hould 3 (old my arms# put my hands in my poc!ets# or try to estureA 8hould 3 touch this person in a (riendly# casual EayA <hereA =oE much are they smilin A Am 3 smilin too muchA =oE lon should 3 lau hA =oE close should 3 standAL 3( it ever becomes possible to control oneHs oEn muscles usin computer pro rams installed in the brain# then 30T4s Eill have onboard control pro rams such as bi Zsmile.cpp and concern.py# alloEin them to arran e their (aces into appropriate shapes as re'uired by the situation. They Eill be considered sociopaths. ?i!e actors on a sta e set# 30T4s are playin a role. They !noE that bein true to themselves doesn*t (ly too Eell Eith avera e people# and since they Eant to be li!ed and accepted Must li!e everyone else does# they sloEly accumulate a little store o( actin !noEled e to help them et by. %3t Eould be interestin to (ind out i( ta!in real actin courses could improve an 30T4Hs social standin .+ "ames %2000+ has noted that 30T4s tend to be human chameleons# imitatin the people they meet li!e a mirror %read here+. 3( a person is (riendly# (unny# boisterous# and Eaves their hands around a lot# the 30T4 Eill start esticulatin # spea! in a louder voice# and smile and Mo!e more to match the otherHs behavior. Then# tEo hours later# the 30T4 Eill run into a tou h# hurry6hurry6hurry6EeHve6 ot6Eor!6to6do6snap coEor!er. Miraculously the 30T4 Eill noE become bris!# businessli!e# and spea! in clipped tones. Finally# they Eill bump into a cool# silent# terse person# and Eill themselves become cool# silent# and terse. Most o( the time this mimicry is unconscious and is basically the result o( playin a role deeply enou h that it becomes embedded. Chameleons donHt have to thin! about chan in their s!in color to match leaves and branches66it Must happens. 30T4s can maintain ood relations Eith a diverse circle o( ac'uaintances because they can mold their behavior to (it in Eith Ehat is socially re'uired in each one. 0ot that 30T4s are good actors. They only act because they have to# and only put (orth as much e((ort as is re'uired to et by. An 30T4# (or e,ample# does not have a iant palette o( varied emotional responses that seem totally enuine. 3nstead# they are controllin their bodies li!e a puppetmaster controls a puppet# and the resultin clumsy imitation o( reality is Must not li(eli!e. )ut itHs enou h to et by# as lon as there isnHt too much pressure. 3( the pressure increases or the situation Earrants it# hoEever# an 30T4 Eill sEitch bac! to their re ular selves (or as lon as necessary# perhaps stunnin their ac'uaintances Eith a display o( cool# clear# co itant reasonin .

A Nice Little Chat

?i!e all .ationals# 30T4s are disinterested in small tal!# meanin everyday chitchat about coEor!ers# cars# barbecues# shoppin trips# etc. They are more intri ued in discussin the 'uestion o( Ehether dolphins have lan ua e or complainin about hoE 8tar <ars brea!s the laEs o( physics. 8ince 30T4s are not terribly interested in the everyday details o( other peopleHs lives# they tend to have a poor recall (or names# (aces# and personal in(ormation. 3t doesnHt help that they tend to Kspace outL Ehen people be in to discuss the borin stu((# either. <ith practice# 30T4s become s!illed at noddin and ma!in responsive noises at appropriate times# Ehile internally Eonderin Ehether dolphins have lan ua e or thin!in about hoE 8tar <ars brea!s the laEs o( physics. They do not intercept hal( the personal in(ormation poured upon them# and they easily (or et Ehat they do hear because they (ind it rather uninterestin .

2>

A popular ice brea!in activity has each person in a roup share their name and a personal detail about themselves. %30T4s donHt li!e sharin personal details about themselves# but i( compelled...+ <ill this e,ercise help the 30T4 et to !noE the rest o( the roupA 0o. 8hortly a(ter the e,ercise is over# they Eill Eipe every name and personal detail (rom their brain. For e,ample. 3 Eent on a school trip Eith about a do@en stran ers Ehose names and (aces ot all Mumbled up in my mind. One o( these people Eas a youn Eoman (rom 8outh America Eho EouldnHt eat pi meat because members o( her (amily had been murdered by uerrillas and the corpses subse'uently devoured by the pi s on the (arm Ehere they lived. A couple days later 3 Eas havin brea!(ast and a youn Eoman standin ne,t to me said that she didnHt Eant to eat her bacon. 1a erly 3 volunteered to eat it# but then she uncom(ortably said that she Eould eat it66and did# thou h later she said she (elt ill and re retted it. 8ometime later 3 put these tEo (acts to ether. Oops. 3n middle school 3 had a red6haired (riend in ym and science. One day 3 decided to Mump out (rom behind the bleachers and scare her. Durin science class 3 reminded her o( Ehat had happened# but she didnHt seem to understand. 8he insisted that the incident hadnHt happened# and that 3 didnHt have ym class Eith her. 3t turned out that 3 actually had two red6haired (riends. Another person Ehose name 3 can no lon er recall Eas shoc!ed Ehen 3 estured at him and re(erred to him as KEhatHs6his6name.L =e e,claimed# K&ouHve !noEn me (or years and you still donHt !noE my nameAL Amusin ly# Ehile the 30T4 does not remember anyoneHs name or (ace# everybody else !noEs the 30T4Hs name and (ace. 8ome 30T4s are basically invisible/ theyHve mana ed to inte rate Eell enou h that they arenHt noticed. )ut less KadMustedL 30T4s are 'uite distinctive. 3n (act# Ehen a roup o( non6type6saavy volunteers Eas as!ed to describe people o( various types# it Eas (ound that 30T4s elicited some o( hi hest rates o( description o( all types.1B From this it can be seen that 30T4s are one o( the most clearly identi(iable types (rom the perspective o( ordinary people. This also means that 30T4s are doomed to be perpetually clueless about all the people Eho come up to them and seem to !noE them (rom someEhere. 3t is probably inevitable that people (eel uncom(ortable around 30T4s sometimes. This is because avera e (ol!s really do not understand hoE to deal Eith a person Eho seems to be an e,ception to so many unEritten rules. 30T4s do not behave or respond in a socially e,pected Eay/ thus people cannot predict 30T4 behavior# and this ma!es them nervous. For e,ample# they cannot tell (or sure Ehat Eill ma!e the 30T4 smile# lau h# or become annoyed. 0or do they !noE hoE to approach an 30T4 in such a Eay as to et Ehat they Eant (rom them. Their usual techni'ues (all (lat# and the 30T4 is too impassive to read anyEay. This can create an aE!Eard predicament. Fortunately# as 30T4s a e their social s!ills improve and they (ind themselves more (luent in relatin to other people.

The Death .lare

There is a characteristic 30T" e,pression20 Ehich has become popularly termed Kthe Death 9lare.L This (acial e,pression %Ehich is also used by 30T4s+ is actually not a lare# but the 30THs neutral (ace. The mista!en e((ect o( a lare is produced by unbro!en direct eye contact# prolon ed silence# and an
1B 20 Thorne R 9ou h# 1BB1 Ieirsey# 1BB$a

2$

utterly impassive (ace. The Death 9lare may also be mista!en (or depression. 3t is the absence o( any sort o( emotional cues that tends to ma!e the 30T loo! less6than6pleased# even i( they are (eelin neither happy# sad or upset. Females and males ali!e Eill e,hibit this e,pression/ those bein pinned under the lare s'uirm inside# ima inin all the thin s that the 30T must see Eron Eith them. .eally# the 30T is thin!in # K3t Eould probably save a sli ht amount o( as i( 3 Eent to the rocery store (irst# then as station# but the tra((ic mi ht be a (actor i( 3 canHt ma!e it be(ore the rush...L 3( you ever Eondered Ehy the Foundin Fathers66lar ely 0T66seem to be loEerin at you# noE you !noE Ehy. The e((ect seems to be stron er (or 30T"s# but you can see "ames Madison %30T4+ a((i,in you Eith a displeased6loo!in stare in a later chapter.

Syste$s Desi)n
The beauty o( per(ectly desi ned systems is not lost on 30T4s. They appreciate the desi n o( cleverly6 en ineered products and care(ully constructed statements o( lo ic# Ehether in the (orm o( ar uments# overnments# e'uations# or computer code. They (eel a sense o( satis(action Ehen they see neE (acts (all in line Eith their mental model o( a situation. They also cannot resist critici@in the (aults they notice in imper(ectly desi ned systems. )ein the best system desi ners in the Eorld# 30T4s are adept at seein problems# (laEs# and Eays in Ehich a system mi ht (ail. This may lead un rate(ul people to decry them (or ne ativity/ such people may also complain that 30T4s are ood at discoverin problems# but not at o((erin solutions. 8uch complaints i nore the simple (act that problems are a dime a do@en and solutions are costly# comple, and (rau ht Eith di((iculty. 3t is easy# (or e,ample# to note that there is a problem Eith the overnment# the environment# or the code o( Microso(t <indoEs. =oE about (i,in the problemA 3s that easyA 8adly# it ta!es ten times as much e((ort to (i, a problem than to (ind one. And o( course# many do not li!e havin (laEs in their theories pointed out. One 'uasi6phrenolo ical type Eebsite re(erred to 30T4s as the KtermitesL burroEin at the the heart o( its erroneous conclusions. A bad idea is li!e a rotten tree Ehich 30T4s naE holes throu h until it (alls. ?i!e all .ationals# 30T4s (ind it hard not to correct mista!es Ehen they see them. &oun 30T4s Eill correct their teacherHs math mista!es on the board. 30T4s Eill point out Ehen a movie violates reality# K)ullets EonHt throE you a ainst the Eall li!e that.L K=orses canHt run that lon Eithout ettin tired.L .ationals in scienti(ic circles enMoy ettin to ether to Eatch unrealistic disaster movies %e. . KThe CoreL+ and lau hin at their improbable science. 1ven in everyday conversation# .ationals (eel almost impelled to correct misperceptions# even ones that have nothin to do Eith the topic at hand. KActually# 9eor e <ashin ton never chopped doEn a cherry tree.L KActually# there are such thin s as ima inary numbers.L KActually# that EonHt electrocute you.L My .ussian math pro(essor Eould use the Eord Kde(enestrateL %Kto throE out a EindoEL+ instead o( Kderivate.L =e Eould say# K0oE Ee Eill de(enestrate the e'uation...L 3 couldnHt bear it/ 3 sent him an e6mail e,plainin the di((erence. %=e still didnHt chan e his Eays.+ To some e,tent# o( course# this habit is characteristic o( all .ationals. My classmates and 3 Eent on a (ieldtrip to a national par!# and our 10T4 eolo y pro(essor discovered that one o( the par!Hs in(ormational pla'ues had iven the Eron a e (or a landscape (eature. =e too! a permanent mar!er and surreptitiously corrected the error. )ut 3 thin! that nitpic!in is most commonly associated Eith the 30T4s. 30T4s are also interested in absolute Truth as established throu h lo ic and reasonin . For this reason# 2B

philosophy is a beloved 30T4 pastime. 30T4s are interested in deep universal 'uestions/ they Eill also 'uestion everythin . Does reality really e,istA Does time really e,istA Do 3 really e,istA These 'uestions bother them even as children. One mi ht thin! that such philosophies Eould have no real bearin on a person*s li(e# but to an 30T4 these 'uestions can assume reat importance# Eith very real happiness or misery bound up in the ansEer.

Practice 4akes Perfect

.ationals must be continually outdoin themselves.21 To an 30T4# everythin in li(e is an opportunity to practice their s!ills and become more competent. They e,pect constant (orEard pro ress Eithout any re ression. TodayHs best is tomorroEHs baseline/ anythin less than the neE normal is vieEed as a (ailure. The 30T4Hs drive toEards ever reater e((iciency and their ever hei htenin standards drive them toEards neE accomplishments. This does not mean that those accomplishments Eill be spectacular. 3n (act# the a((orementioned behaviors apply to even the most trivial o( thin s. For e,ample# an 30T4 li htin the candles on a birthday ca!e may as! themselves# K3s there a Eay to stri!e this match betterAL K=ave 3 improved my stri!in techni'ue over the years or notAL K=oE many candles can 3 et o(( this match compared to my last matchAL An 30T4 crac!in nuts may as!# KAm 3 ettin better at thisA Am 3 removin the shells more easilyA Am 3 brea!in the inner meat less o(tenAL An 30T4 tryin to count themselves to sleep may say to themselves# KO!ay# 3Hll !eep an uno((icial mental tally o( hoE hi h 3 et be(ore 3 o to sleep. Then 3Hll trac! my pro ress and try to o to sleep in less and less time.L For the most part these little ames are unconscious# and the 30T4 does not actually reali@e they are K!eepin score.L Once you become conscious o( them# hoEever# it can be amusin to see hoE the need to constantly improve plays out. 3 (ind mysel( trac!in hoE Eell 3 put caps bac! on mil! Mu s and (lip calendar pa es. 3 try to optimi@e the Eay 3 place boo!mar!s in my readin material and crac! s'uares o(( a chocolate bar. One can easily see hoE 30T4s can be perceived as per(ectionists# and at least one type researcher has tied this trait to 304s.22+ Ieirsey %1BB$a+ believed that per(ectionism led .ationals to be %mis+dia nosed Eith OCD %Obsessive Compulsive Disorder+# thou h research tends to indicate that 38T"s are more li!ely to be so %misA+dia nosed %read here+.2A side e((ect o( this need (or improvement Eithout bac!slidin is that measures o( pro ress Ehich have a hi h de ree o( randomness Erec! havoc on an 30T4Hs psyche. 8uppose there is a raph that measures Kdaily pro ressL enerally Eell# but it is Ma y. The up6doEn6up6doEn6up6doEn nature o( the raph torments 30T4s because o( their need (or continual uphill pro ress Eithout re ression. &et they cannot loo! aEay (rom the raph because o( their need to ma!e sure they are achievin . A cruel addiction. As Ee shall see# this trac!in can even have e((ects on an 30T4Hs love li(e.

The ,5P(
The 1:4F is a personality test that measures various traits that have been (ound to be semi6associated Eith M)T3 types. For e,ample# the trait o( Ksel( relianceL turns out to be most stron ly associated Eith 30T4s and 38F4s. K.easonin L Eas more stron ly correlated to 30T4 than any other type. Furthermore# 30T4s Eere the type that e,hibited the second most K4rivateness#L ri ht a(ter 38T4s.25
21 22 225 Ieirsey# 1BB$a Demarest# 200: Coolid e# 8e al# =oo!# &ama@a!i R 1llett# 2001 Mc4herson R =indmarch# 2005

-0

<hat 30T4s Eere not is also interestin . <ith other 04s# 30T4s Eere the (ourth loEest in K9lobal 8el(6control.L Actually# this is (airly ood66it means 30T4s have the best sel( control o( all 04s. 30T4s also scored third loEest (or K9lobal 1,traversionL Eith other 3ntroverts. They tied Eith the 10T4s (or second loEest on K.ule6consciousnessL and they Eere second to last on K<armth.L

Leisure 1abits
Rea'in)

?i!e all .ationals# 30T4s enMoy science (iction# boo!s about politics and society %particularly 0T men+# literature# (iction and mysteriesCthrillers %particularly 0T Eomen+.27 .ationals are the type most li!ely to et boo!s at the library# and the more intuitive a person is# the more boo!s they read %somethin li!e -0 J 50 per year+.2: )ein deep thin!ers Eith e,cellent taste# 30T4s %particularly males+ appreciate the virtues o( comic boo!s and raphic novels.2> 8ome 30T4s even Erite comics. About psycholo ical type. 8el( promotion2 Oddly Developed Types Eebcomic.
.a$es

A survey o( the leisure pastimes o( each type also yielded the result that 30T4s enMoy K4layin Eith computers or video amesL more than all other types.2$ More precisely# it (ell out li!e this2 1. 2. -. 5. 30T4 6 1.B: times as many 30T4s as e,pected played Eith computers or video ames. 30T" 6 1.:2 times as many 30T"s as e,pected played Eith computers or video ames. 10T4 6 1.5$ times as many 10T4s as e,pected played Eith computers or video ames. 38T4 6 1.-B times as many 38T4s as e,pected played Eith computers or video ames.

The other types didnHt vieE computers or video ames as more (un than avera e. 8o# EeHve isolated the chun! o( the population that li!es amin and (iddlin Eith computers# and it is mostly .ational Eith a touch o( Artisan. All are Thin!ers# and almost all are 4erceivers. 3t is mostly introverted. 0oE you !noE the types o( those anonymous people you*re up a ainst on the internet. 9ame desi ners too are interested in the 'uestion o( Ehat personalities are most attracted to Ehat sorts o( ames. They have made an e((ort to catalo ue di((erent styles o( play and relate them to IeirseyHs temperaments. )ateman %200:+ %read here+ has noted that ames Ehich particularly appeal to .ationals should be complicated# alloEin lot o( opportunities to discover and manipulate the environment. .ationals Eill also accept a lon er learnin curve/ they care more about havin lots o( potential choices than about ettin a Mumpstart on ameplay %not that they mind a Mumpstart+. They are Eillin to learn lots o( rules and to consult the >0 pa e boo!let included Eith the ame. Type 30T4 o(ten occurs in association Eith the (olloEin sorts o( ames2
27 2: 2> 2$

<ord ames li!e 8crabble

4arent# 2012 =ic!s in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 4arent# 2012 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

-1

)oard ames involvin strate y such as chess# .is!# or Monopoly Tabletop roleplayin ames such as Dun eons and Dra ons or <arhammer 50! Adventure ames and .49s that involve pu@@les# i.e. Myst# [or!# Mon!ey 3sland# 4ortal MinesEeeper and other ames based on abstract reasonin 8trate y ames such as A es o( 1mpires# Civili@ation# Masters o( Orion# etc. 8andbo, ames such as Minecra(t# 8im City# or [oo Tycoon. MMOs that o((er lots o( comple,ity# i.e. 1ve Online# <orld o( <arcra(t# 9uild <ars# etc. 9ames that alloE you to desi n your oEn add6on levels Online po!er %the mathematically inclined may ma!e a livin o(( o( it+

3t should be noted that 30T4s Eill play almost any sort o( ame/ the above list is simply Ehat 30T4s tend to be more attracted to in comparison to other types. 3n (act# most 30T4s probably pre(er a diet o( =alo and other F48s %First 4erson 8hooters+# i( only because thatHs Ehat ame desi ners currently ma!e. )ut Ehatever ame the 30T4 plays# underneath is the oal to e,plain# predict# and control everythin Eithin the ame Eorld. 9ameplayin 30T4s are sort o( li!e scientists o( the (antasy realm. 8ince this a((ords us an opportunity to study the 30T4 mindset# let*s o into it a little more deeply. An 30T4 approaches a ame much the same Eay as they approach everythin else in the Eorld2 as an opportunity to pic! apart patterns# per(orm e,periments to see i( their hunches are correct# and then (ormali@e the best response into a rule o( thumb %an al orithm or principle+ that produces ma,imum e((iciency Eith a minimum e,penditure o( resources. <hat an 30T4 really Eants to do is to learn the principles o( a ame so Eell that a robot could be pro rammed to Ein simply by (olloEin the principles the 30T4 has (i ured out. 3n (act# 3 have no doubt that 30T4s do pro ram A3s in this manner# only in this case Einnin ta!es the (orm o( K old (armin .L %9old (armin is Ehen you !ill monstersCper(orm tas!s to earn ame currency in a massively multiplayer online ame# then sell the ame currency to other players (or real money.+ There is also the usual .ational drive to develop intricate lon 6ran e strate ies# (or e,ample# KFirst 3Hll level up my characterHs s!ills by slayin hundreds o( easy monsters on the (irst level# then 3Hll use my neE poEers to !ill the hoardes o( monsters on the really hard level so that 3 can loot all their items# then 3Hll o to the tradin post on the ne,t level and convert everythin into cash# and then 3Hll use it all to buy the ultimate Eeapon Ehen 3 et to the shop near the (inal endpoint# Ehich Eill alloE me to !ill the (inal boss in tEo minutes. =ahahaF And they said it couldnHt be doneF <eHll see about thatFL Thou h unli!ely to be inspired by rindin %per(ormin the same action at len th to level up a character or collect items+# the 30T4*s strate ic abilities serve them Eell in desi nin the most e((icient path throu h the ameEorld.

Custo$er Loyalty
Customer loyalty can be de(ined as hoE lon a customer maintains a relationship Eith a particular business. 3( so# then 30T4s are the second most loyal customers %ri ht a(ter 30T"s+. A study trac!ed hoE lon the people o( each type had maintained a business relationship Eith an automobile dealership %read here+.2B 3t turned out that the avera e Kcustomer or ani@ation relationshipL len th (or 30T4s Eas 1-.0 years/ (or the 30T"s# it Eas 1$.0 years# (ive years lon er. )y comparison# the avera e customer relationship lasted only 7.> years. The study concluded that i( an automobile manu(acturer could identi(y and deliberately attract 30T customers %i.e. Eith a customi@ed 30T6oriented Eebpa e+ then
2B Duncan# 200$

-2

they could continue to reap business (rom them (or some time. Also o( interest# the study su ested that Kthe traditional paradi m o( the re arious salesperson may not be the most compatible Eith the M)T3 introvert mar!et se ment.L %3ntroverts as a Ehole tended to have hi her customer loyalty than e,traverts.+ <hat i( this study cau ht onA <ould 30T4s become the neE used car salesmenA <ould 30T4s be speci(ically tar eted by advertisersA =oE lon have you been (avorin the local businesses Eith your patrona eA 3t may be that 30T4 customer loyalty is simply an e,pression o( a broader pattern o( 30T behavior. For e,ample# an 30T4 may choose a sin le style o( dress and stic! Eith it (or tEenty years# then ma!e a chan e and stic! Eith that (or another tEenty years. Or# an 30T4 may (i, upon a roup o( (avorite (oods and eat nothin but those particular (oods (or months or even years strai ht. Choosin a (eE (avorite stores and (re'uentin them (or decades is not so di((erent.

INTP 0ritin) Style

30T4s# li!e all the types# have a particular Eritin style. 3n terms o( Eritin assi nments# 30T4s Eould choose ori inal# sel(6de(ined topics Eith a broad scope.-0 30T4s pre(er to Erite alone# Eithout bac! round noises or voices. They tend to heap ideas to ether in their brain and let them ba!e and mature# naEin on them ni ht and day as they o absent6mindedly about their business# (or ettin thin s and losin their car !eys. At a certain sta e in the Kpre nancyL the ponderin is complete# and then the 30T4 ives birth to their ideas in the (orm o( sEi(tly Eritin them doEn on paper66not because they are a(raid o( (or ettin them# but because all the real Eritin has already been done inside their heads. 0or is this mental ponderin limited to processin (acts/ 30T4 novelists can Erite entire scenes in their heads Eith complete dialo ue. 3n a similar (ashion# they can envision the plot o( their novel Eithout Eritin a sin le sentence doEn on paper.
Pitfalls 30T4s# li!e all .ationals# may (all prey to the trap o( usin too6elaborate sentences and para raphs %KacademeseL+ to convey the comple,ity o( their thou hts. <hen a reader must revieE a sentence several times be(ore they can comprehend it# then sentence comple,ity has one too (ar. 3 !noE o( one case Ehere a .ational eolo ist came up Eith a revolutionary idea# but he couched his thesis in such dense and erudite lan ua e that no one read his boo!# and the idea didnHt catch on until years later# Ehen another man reErote the ori inal ideas in a more user (riendly (ormat. Abstruse Eritin is ineffective.

One doEn(all peculiar to intuitive Eritin is to ma!e a sEeepin enerali@ation Eithout providin ade'uate (acts or e,amples to bac! it up.-1 For e,ample...oops# 3 donHt have an e,ampleF 3ntuitives may also ma!e the intuitive leap# but (ail to build a brid e (or their audience. <hen this occurs# the readers are le(t sayin # K<ait# hoE did they et this conclusion out o( that evidenceAL or K<here the hec! did that idea come (romAL ?i!e most 4erceivers# 30T4s li!e to do plenty o( research be(ore narroEin doEn their topic# Ehich is
-0 -1 Fabri@io# n.d./ DiTiberio R "ensen# 200> Fabri@io# n.d.

--

apt to be rather broad. ;nli!e most 4erceivers# 30T4 research tends to be outri ht voluminous# and they donHt even li!e to start Eritin until the research is done and they (eel they have a complete vieE o( the topic. )ut the topic !eeps e,andin . K3Hll Must s'uee@e one more thin in#L they say. Or KOh EoE# 3 canHt leave that out.L Dra(ts tend to et len thy.-2 30T4 Eritin may be inappropriately dry or impersonal# borin their audience or leavin them cold.-Thou h less o( a problem in technical (ields# those 30T4s Eritin (or a popular audience may have di((iculties in this area. <en er %200B+ su ests that 30T4s should ma!e a conscious e((ort to add anecdotes and e,amples to their Eor!. This is particularly important i( oneHs tar et audience consists o( 8ensors# Eho proceed (rom e,amples to theory rather than (rom theory to e,amples. <en er also cautions that 30T4s may lose interest in Eritin about a subMect once they have (inished their research. To counteract the problem# she su ests Eritin Ehile researchin 66i.e. ettin doEn your thou hts Eith a boo! in one hand Ehile you sit in (ront o( your computer or notepad.
"'itin) The editin process66e,chan in poorly chosen Eords (or apt Eords# rephrasin sentences (or ma,imum clarity# rearran in sentences and para raphs (or optimal (loE66is li!ely to be enMoyed by 30T4s. An,ious to per(ect their creations and to achieve ma,imum precision# an 30T4 may spend considerable time pourin over their oEn Eor!.

3ndeed# 30T4s have earned somethin o( a reputation as rammar 0a@is and typo nitpic!ers. 3n 30T4 internet communities# the membersH habits o( editin and reeditin their oEn posts is the subMect o( (re'uent amusement. There is even somethin li!e a ame to capture other membersH posts be(ore they can be edited# alloEin the capturer to lee(ully repost the ori inal unedited version. )ut note that editin is di((erent (rom drafting. 4erceivers disdain the arti(icial re'uirements (or a (irst dra(t# second dra(t# and (inal dra(t.-5 .ather# the (irst dra(t is the (inal dra(t# and any (i,es a(ter this point are merely cosmetic. This disli!e o( dra(tin is particularly true (or .ational 4erceivers# Eho shudder at the thou ht o( deliberately doin less than per(ect Eor! the (irst time and loath unnecessary redundancy %i.e. reEritin +. %The author used to disli!e Eritin multiple dra(ts so much that she Eould consciously add mista!es to the (irst dra(t# partially (i, the problems in the second dra(t# and only do real Eor! on the (inal dra(t.+ 3( an 30T4 loses their Eor!# they have no interest in tryin to recreate it. ?et*s hope they bac!ed up their Eor! in three places.

INTP 1oli'ay Spirit & 6r Lack Thereof

3t is o(ten noted that 18F"s are the type that seems to et the most enMoyment out o( celebratin the holidays66puttin up decorations# coo!in a (east# invitin (riends and (amily over# trimmin the tree# and carryin out all the (amily traditions. <hat is usually ne lected# hoEever# is the (act that 30T4s66the reverse o( 18F"s66are probably the type least inclined to celebrate the holidays. One mi ht be tempted to attribute this to the relatively hi her percenta e o( a nostics and atheists in the 30T4 population# but no# 30T4s o( (aith also ne lect holiday traditions66it is a type thin .
-2 --5 Fabri@io# n.d. DiTiberio R "ensen# 200> )ec!ham# 2012

-5

30T4s are lethar ic about decoratin # apathetic about preparin a (east# and not !een on croEded atherin s. An 30T4 o((ice Eill probably not have any seasonal decorations up/ the 30T4 doesnHt even oEn any# and puttin them up and ta!in them doEn Eould be too much trouble. The same oes (or the holiday trappin s o( the house. 30T4s Eill put o(( ettin a tree# or else leave the tree up until the needles (all o(( %a process that Eill be hastened because they (or et to Eater it+. 3t isnHt that 30T4s hate Christmas or donHt enMoy the holidays# but the thin s that o into celebration tend to re'uire opposite interests than the ones they are i(ted Eith. 30T4s Eould rather rather appreciate the holiday creations o( others than ma!e such creations themselves. )ut Ee shouldnHt let this stop us. 3n an e((ort to in(use Christmas spirit into the type# 3 have prepared the (olloEin heartEarmin holiday story# draEn loosely (rom my oEn (amily history.
An INTP Christ$as Tale Christmas Eas approachin # but there Eas no tree up# no nativity# and no presents to be seen. The little (amily# composed o( three 30T4s and one 10T4 %the 18T" mother Eas on a trip this year+ discussed this (act amon themselves.

K<hoHs oin to et the Christmas treeAL they as!ed each other. )ut none o( them (elt ea er to o outside into the sub@ero cold# (or e their Eay throu h the dar!# scary (orest# saE doEn a spruce# and dra it bac! to the house step by step throu h the suc!in snoENonly to be critici@ed (or their poor taste in trees. Thou h the matter Eas brou ht up a ain and a ain# no movement occurred. Then there Eas the matter o( the tree ornaments and the nativity. K<hoHs oin to et the tree ornaments and nativityAL they as!ed each other a ain and a ain. )ut none o( them (elt ea er to di throu h the dim# unheated ara e Eith a (lashli ht# particularly because (indin anythin in the bo,6crammed ara e seemed a Eell6ni h hopeless venture. Christmas Eas approachin # but you Eould never have uessed it (rom the blea! house and the lac! o( su ar coo!ies. 3t loo!ed li!e it Eas oin to be an 30T4 Christmas a(ter all. 8uddenly the door (leE openF The 18T" mother Eas bac! (rom her tripF 8he Eas startled not to see any holiday preparations o( any sort# but 'uic!ly roused the (amily to action. A tree Eas ac'uired# and the decorations and nativity Eere (ound and set up. There Eas a Eonder(ul Christmas a(ter allF And so Eas Christmas Eas saved...all than!s to an 18T".

Cats
Are 30T4s cat people or do peopleA ;nscienti(ic internet polls consistently indicate that internet6 usin 30T4s pre(er cats. 30T4s are independent/ cats are independent. 30T4s are 'uiet/ cats are 'uiet. 30T4s are solitary/ cats are solitary. 30T4s are not emotionally needy/ cats are not emotionally needy. 30T4s are sel(6su((icient/ cats are sel(6su((icient. As one person put it# K3 thin! cats are 30T4s reincarnated.L )elieve it or not# an actual scienti(ic study has con(irmed that cats are the 30T4 animal o( choice. A )i Five study %the )i Five is an alternate personality inventory+ measured the personality pre(erences o( 5#7:7 cat and do lovers.-7 The )i Five is correlated to the M)T3# and you can translate someEhat
-7 9oslin in Coren# 2010

-7

betEeen the results (or each test.-: 9oslin (ound that do lovers Eere more e,traverted %\ 1+ more a reeable %\ F+ and more conscientious %\ "+. 3n short# do lovers tend to be more 1F" than avera e. Cat lovers# by contrast# tended to have hi her openness %\ 0+ and hi her neuroticism %\ (emale 34+. Cat lovers# then# are more li!ely than avera e to be 304s. 0onsurprisin ly# the study also (ound that cat people Eere in the minority2 12X o( people claimed to be cat lovers Ehile 5:X claimed to be do lovers. %2$X li!ed both# and 17X li!ed neither.+ 3t ma!es ood sense that cats are the 30T4 pet o( choice.
0ere INTPs !urne' as 0itches3 <hen Ee consider the relationship betEeen 304s and the cat# it ives cause to Eonder about the (eline association Eith Eitches. 8uppose you have some isolated# 'uir!y loner livin on the (rin e o( the villa e Eith a beloved cat or tEo (or company. 8ecretive and anti6social# they avoid communal atherin s# pre(errin privacy. They have Kuni'ueL vieEs on li(e# they donHt obey the social norms# and everyone Must !noEs thereHs somethin different about them. They have poor hy iene and dress (unny. 8uddenly a pla ue stri!es the villa e. O( course it is caused by a Eitch. Fortunately there is a simple solution.

<ere 30T4s accused o( Eitchcra(t in the bad old daysA 3nterestin ly# one o( the identi(yin mar!s o( a Eitch Eas the (act that he or she couldnHt cry. This identi(ication techni'ue Eas Eidely discoura ed by the cler y as a (ol! belie(# as shoEn in this 'uote2 KThe not sheddin o( tears hath been used as a mar! and presumption o( Eitchcra(t# because it is a mar! o( impenitence/ and because several Eitches have con(essed they could not Eeep2 )ut the bein accused o( so horrid a crime may occasion a deep melancholy/ and melancholy bein cold and dry# hinders the sheddin o( tears2 and reat rie(s do rather astonish than ma!e one Eeep.L-> <hat temperament is more cold# dry# and tearless than the .ationalsA One does not hear o( 1,traverted Feelers bein unable to cry.
Cats an' Liberty 3n ancient .ome# the oddess o( ?iberty %?ibertas+ Eas associated Eith the cat. The animal Eas typically depicted as lyin at her (eet. This is an interestin association# iven the (act that 30T4s are the type that most values personal (reedom. Cats do not rovel# be # or (aEn. They do not ac!noEled e a human master/ they !noE their oEn mind# and Eould o their oEn Eay. 3t ma!es sense that the cat %the 30T4 pre(erred pet+ Eas associated Eith personal (reedom %the value most important to 30T4s+.

On a side note# the 8tatue o( ?iberty is derived (rom the oddess ?ibertas# and Eas iven to America on the 5th o( "uly# 1$$5# the annivery o( the day Ehen an 30T4 Erote the Declaration o( 3ndependence.
Cats an' ")ypt <e can only conclude that ancient 1 ypt Eas craElin Eith 30T4s. 3tHs the only e,planation (or the pyramidsF %Iiddin .+ Actually# 3 canHt thin! o( any association betEeen the oddess )ast and 304s. )ut Must thin! hoE happy ancient 1 yptian 30T4s must have been to be surrounded by as many cats as they Eanted66truly# a deli ht(ul period.

-: ->

McCrae R Costa# 1B$B 8ommerville# n.d.

-:

Truth an' Lies

30T4s are not usually liars. 3n (act# they are (ar more li!ely to be chastised (or bein too bluntly honest to the tune o(# KThatHs aE(ulCEeirdCabsurdFL or K=oE can you say somethin li!e thatAL .ather than lyin # 30T4s are more li!ely to clam up and hide Ehat they (eel or thin! completely. )ut Ehen 30T4s do lie# they are better at it than avera e. For one thin # they come e'uipped Eith a per(ect po!er (ace and naturally neutral body lan ua e. They maintain a li@ardli!e calm under pressure and are about as responsive as a roc!. <hen con(ronted Eith a damnin piece o( evidence# an 30T4 EonHt i le nervously so much as stare impassively at the con(ronter. And since 30T4s always stare impassively anyEay# itHs hard (or the avera e person to tell that anythin is di((erent. A null reaction loo!s somethin li!e innocence. At this point the e,aminer may be in doubtin their oEn conclusions. Otis %2007+ records hoE an 30T4 military intelli ence specialist Eas captured by the enemy# but mana ed to (eed them a plausible lie Ehich re'uired control over his emotional e,pressions to pull o((. Another thin that Eor!s in the 30T4Hs (avor is that they are ood at comple, systems and lo ic. <hen interro ators loo! (or holes in a story# they are loo!in (or lo ical inconsistencies and tryin to pin doEn (acts that can be proven by contradiction# i.e. K3( you drove (rom point A to point )# then Ehy didnHt your car need asA And i( you did et as# Ehere did you et it atA Describe the as station in detail.L 30T4s are very ood Eith lo ic and !eepin many (acts strai ht. Althou h neither smooth nor lib# 30T4s can spin complicated# plausible seemin stories# each lin! in their chain o( lo ic reachin (urther and (urther toEards sa(ety in the (orm o( muddy# unveri(iable Eaters. Once (or April FoolHs# 3 convinced my coEor!er 3 Eas oin to 'uit my o((ice Mob and o to 8pain to become a rodeo cloEn in a bull rin . 3 started by mentionin that a month earlier# 3 had bumped into my old 8panish teacher and she had tal!ed about e,chan e pro ram. Then 3 built up a lo ical se'uence o( causal events and noted that 3 Eould be leavin in a month. =e didnHt notice anythin Eas Eron # even thou h the =. employees i led as they (illed out my termination paperEor!. Finally the =. mana er yelled KApril FoolsFL 0ote# hoEever# that these Eebs o( (acts ta!e time to build6630T4s are introverts and do not thin! on their (eet# and it can ta!e hours to thin! throu h the lo ical conse'uences and add supportin details. &our best bet to head o(( this Eebspinnin is to con(ront the 30T4 as soon as possible and not alloE them time to come up Eith a developed alibi. Curiously# 30T4s may actually be better than avera e at detecting lies. One study (ound that the more 10T4 pre(erences you have# the better you are at spottin Ehen someone is lyin %read here+.-$ 8ince 30T4s have -C5 pre(erences in common Eith 10T4s# it su ests that they have an better than avera e ability to spot lies. %;nless e,traversion is the maMor determinant o( this ability.+ 3t is probably the lo ical inconsistencies in other peopleHs lies that 30T4s (ind so easy to spot. As noted be(ore# 30T4s are enerally honest (ol!. )ut then# there is a di((erence betEeen lyin and deceiving# isnHt thereA .emember hoE Mr. 8poc! %30T4+ Eould say# K3 did not lie. 3 merely e,a erated.L or K3 did not lie. 3 merely alloEed you to believe an untruth.L or K3 did not lie. 3 merely omitted certain !ey (acts.L 3( someone has poor lo ical reasonin s!ills or donHt as! enou h 'uestions# thatHs not the 30T4Hs (ault#
-$ 8anche@# 2011

->

is itA 3 (ear there is somethin o( sophistry in this type*s care(ul choice o( Eords.

Stress
A study (ound that 30T4s have a moderately hi h stress level compared to other types.-B The thin s Ehich caused them hi h stress included school# children# intimate relationships# and Oother.O They Eere in the loE stress cate ory (or Ocarin (or a in parents.O =oEever# 30T4s are only the 10th most li!ely type to develop heart disease and hypertension %1$.2X o( the sample reported it+.
Copin) 4echanis$s7Responses to Stress Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer %1BB$+ compiled a list o( the stress responses o( each type. The cate ories Eere as (olloEs2 Try to thin! o( options.............................30T4s are 2nd most li!ely type to use 9et upset or an ry but donHt shoE it........30T4s are 5th most li!ely type to use Try to avoid stress(ul situations.....8omeEhere in the middle/ no data provided Con(ront the problem.....................8omeEhere in the middle/ no data provided Tal! to pro(essional........................8omeEhere in the middle/ no data provided 1,ercise..........................................8omeEhere in the middle/ no data provided <atch television.............................8omeEhere in the middle/ no data provided Develop physical symptoms..........8omeEhere in the middle/ no data provided 9et upset or an ry and shoE it.................30T4s are 5th least li!ely type to use 8leep.........................................................30T4s are 5th least li!ely type to use Tal! to someone close..............................30T4s are 2nd least li!ely type to use .ely on reli ious belie(s.................................30T4s are least li!ely type to use

<hile 30T4s appeared only tEice amon the top (our types that most used any copin mechanism# they appeared (our times in the top (our types (or not usin any copin mechanism. 3( Ee ran!ed the copin mechanisms by the percenta e o( 30T4s that reported usin them# Ee et2 $0.$X 6 Try to thin! o( options 57.7X 6 Tal! to someone close -5.-X 6 9et upset or an ry but donHt shoE it 2B.-X 6 9et upset or an ry and shoE it 20.2X 6 .ely on reli ious belie(s 1>.2X 6 8leep There are some interestin results here2 (irst o( all# 30T4s Eere almost as li!ely to et upset and shoE it as to not et upset and shoE it. About 1C- o( the 30T4 respondents said each thin . <hat does this meanA Do 30T4s simply see not point in ettin upset or an ry at allA The mechanism Ktry to thin! o( optionsL Eas dominated by .ationals and is a (avorite# and li!eEise the mechanism Krely on reli ious belie(sL Eas dominated by .ationals and is not a (avorite. These Eere the only tEo areas that Eere e,clusively .ational. 8o# Ee see that 30T4s pre(er to deal Eith stress mainly by tryin to thin! their Eay out o( it. 30T4s Eere almost dead last Ehen it came to their li!elihood o( sharin their problems Eith someone close. 0ote# hoEever# that 57.7X o( 30T4s nevertheless used this strate y.
-B Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

-$

S$okin)
)ein one o( the types that lac!s common sense# 30T4s are the most li!ely to smo!e.50 They even mana ed to beat out the 18T4s# Eho are popularly depicted Eith a ci arette in one hand and an alcoholic bevera e in the other. A study e,amined the relationship betEeen personality type and smo!in Ctobacco use. 1#02B students (rom be innin psycholo y and healthCEellness courses (rom ei ht di((erent universities and colle es Eere surveyed. <ithin this roup there Eere -2 30T4s Eho comprised -.1X o( the sample. O( these -2 30T4s# 25 Eere smo!ers and $ Eere non6smo!ers/ the odds o( an 30T4 bein a smo!er Eere thus - to 1. To ive this number some conte,t# the odds o( an 18T4 %the type second most li!ely to smo!e+ bein a smo!er Eere only 1.>0 to 1. %On an interestin side note# 30F4s ran!ed third and their odds o( becomin a smo!er Eere 1.5B to 1. 3s this an 304 thin A+ Another Eay o( loo!in at the data is to compare the e,pected number o( smo!ers Eith the actual number observed. 3( 30T4s smo!ed as much as the avera e# Ee Eould e,pect (or there to be 15 smo!ers and 1$ nonsmo!ers. Obviously# this Eas not the case at all. There Eere almost tEice as many smo!ers as there should have been. The study also e,amined the various smo!in habits (or each type. A brie( summary is as (olloEs2 3n terms o( li(etime daily smo!in 66Ehich Eas de(ined as smo!in at least one ci arette per day (or -0 days in a roE at any point in oneHs li(e66there Eere 20 30T4s Eho hadn*t done this and $ 30T4s Eho had. This Eas a midran e level compared to other types and closely matched the e,pected levels. 3t Eould appear that in terms o( li(etime daily smo!in habits# 30T4s are avera e. Fre'uency o( smo!in at the time o( the study Eas also measured. A Kcurrent (re'uentL smo!er Eas one Eho had smo!ed on 20 out o( the -0 days prior to ta!in the study. There Eere B Kcurrent (re'uentL 30T4 smo!ers66a middle ran e value in comparison to the other types. 3n more eneral terms# 12 o( the 30T4s had smo!ed Eithin the -0 days precedin the survey and 1: had not smo!ed Eithin the -0 days precedin the survey/ this is e,actly as Eould be e,pected (or an avera e sample. There Eere no 30T4s Eho had 'uit smo!in . 7 had attempted to 'uit smo!in at some point# but most had never even tried. <hat can Ee conclude (rom these resultsA Obviously tobacco companies have been remiss in (ailin to provide advertisements Ehich depict ru ed# individualistic system administrators li htin up as they et ready to troubleshoot the netEor!. <here are the slo ans li!e KMathematicianHs ChoiceL and KThe Ci arette o( 4hilosophersLA 9ranted# 30T4s are only a small percenta e o( the population# but Ee are e,ceedin ly optimistic about our lun sH ability to resist tumor roEth. 8urely Ee deserve a little more personal attention (rom ci arette purveyorsA Alas. The tobacco companies Eill probably Must !eep on tar etin the 18T4s# Eho have the advanta e o( numbers over us even i( they*re noEhere near as li!ely to smo!e.

Dru)s an' Alcohol

<hat about dru s and alcoholA =ere too# reat minds thin! ali!e. One study e,amined 2- violators o( a colle e*s dru and alcohol policy and (ound that 30T4s Eere the type most (re'uently re(erred (or
50 O*Toole# 1BBB

-B

violations %i.e. open container in(ractions# possession o( dru paraphernalia# etc.+.51

8uittin)
The ood neEs is that .ationals may (ind it easier to 'uit abusin nicotineCalcoholCdru s than other temperaments. 3n describin dru and alcohol addiction# Thorburn %2000+ noted that .ationals are less li!ely to re'uire outEard support %i.e. Alcoholics Anonymous+ to 'uit# and they tend to start dealin Eith their problem earlier than other types. This is ood neEs# because they are not as li!ely to let their addictions et (ar enou h to destroy their lives. 3nterestin ly# Thorburn su ests that 0Ts may be more bothered by alcohol induced Kblac!outsL than by the loss o( (amily and (riends. The (ormer symptom indicates the (ri htenin loss o( the mind# Ehile the latter tra edy can be handled throu h detachment. Ieirsey %1BB$a+ similarly noted that .ationals disli!e the loss o( sel( control entailed by becomin dependent upon addictive substances. 3t is probably this same sel( control that alloEs them to o cold tur!ey more easily than other types.

1o9 4any INTPs are There3

The 'uestion o( hoE many 30T4s there are is complicated. 3n the (irst place# 30T4s are the type second most li!ely to be mistyped by the M)T3 %speci(ically the Form M version# the current one+.52 Only the 30T"s Eere more li!ely to be mistyped. Then too# the number o( male 30T4s is lar er than the number o( (emale 30T4s. The M)T3 manual lists si, population estimates (or 30T4s ta!en (rom various studies. <ithout accountin (or the e((ects o( mistypin or se,# 30T4s are estimated at2 -.-X o( the adult American populationW %8ample si@e -#00B+5-.75X o( the hi h school American population %8ample si@e B#-20+55 2.5X o( the adult ;I populationW %8ample si@e 1#:-5+57 -.$2X o( the hi h school Australian population %8ample si@e -#->-+5: 2.>X o( the hi h school 0eE [ealand population %8ample si@e BB-+5> 5.$X o( the hi h school 8in apore population %8ample si@e 1#>--/+5$

W)e chary about comparin the adult populations Eith the hi h school populations. There*s a lon e,planation.

51 52 555 57 5: 5> 5$

4rovost# 1BB1 8chaubhut# =er! R Thompson# 200B Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers R McCaulley# 1B$7 in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Iendall R Mc=enry# 1BB$ in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Macdaid# McCaulley# R Iain@# 1B$: in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ )athurst# 1BB7 in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ ?im# 1BB5 in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

50

Percenta)es by Se# <hen Ee divide the total amount o( 30T4s up by se,# Ee see that the ;.8. population has appro,imately the (olloEin percenta es o( males and (emales2 1 6 -X (emale 5 6 >X male - 6 7X total Percenta)es an' 4istypin) =oE do Ee !noE o(ten 30T4s are mistypedA 3t Eor!s li!e this2 Form M o( the M)T3 Eas used to type a lar e roup o( people. A(terEards# trained type practitioners tal!ed to each testee to see i( the M)T3 results Eere actually correct. For some types# the results Eere very accurate/ (or others# not so accurate. The 30T4 assessment Eas one o( the least accurate all %read here+.5B

The mistypin study (ound :0: people that tested as 30T4s. This Eas the Kreported type.L =oEever# a(ter e,amination by type practitioners# it turned out that only -B2 o( the testees Eere actually 30T4s. %This is called the Kbest (it type.L+ 3nitially# it appeared that 30T4s composed :.BX o( the roup. )ut a(ter correction# it turned out that they composed only 5.5X o( the roup. 8o the current M)T3 test ives a 'uantity o( 30T4s that is about one third hi her than reality. That*s a lot# huhA 8o Ee are le(t Eith the very real 'uestion o( hoE (ar Ee can trust studies dealin Eith habits and traits o( 30T4s. <henever you read a study that says# K17X o( 30T4s pre(erred the (olloEin ...L Ehat you are actually readin is# K10X real 30T4s and 7X (a!e 30T4s pre(erred the (olloEin ...L ;n(ortunately thereHs not much one can do about this problem. 30T4 data is oin to be someEhat s!eEed by the inclusion o( mistyped people. )ear that in mind as you read this boo!.
1o9 'o INTPs 4istype3

8o hoE do real 30T4s tend to et mistypedA A study o( M)T3 results and misidenti(ication trends (ound that 0Ts and 04s are most li!ely to be mistyped as 8ensors.70 Fully 1$.:X o( 0Ts mistyped as 8Ts/ another 1>.1X mistyped as 0Fs. There Eere also e((ects speci(ic to the 04 roup2 12.2X o( 04s mistyped as 84s and 11.>X o( 04s mistyped alon the T6F a,is.
INTPs & A Rou)h Population "sti$ate 8o hoE many 30T4s are there# totalA

The Eorld population Eas estimated at about :#B>-#>50#000 people as o( 2011.71 Arbitrarily# letHs say that 5X o( the Eorld population is 30T4. That Eould mean that there are about 2>$#B70#000 30T4s EorldEide66enou h to (ill up BC10 o( the ;nited 8tates. 3( the entire Eorld 30T4 population decided to move to Mars# they could each have about 0.7 !m2 or 0.2 s'uare miles o( land to themselves66meanin that there Eould be 2 30T4s per s'uare !ilometer and 7 30T4s per s'uare mile. 3( they decided to move to the Moon# each 30T4 could have .07 s'uare miles or .15 s'uare !ilometers o( land to themselves. There Eould be 20 30T4s per s'uare mile or > 30T4s per s'uare !ilometer. The ;8 population Eas about -11#7B2#000 people as o( 2011. At the same 5X rate# that Eould mean there are some 12#5:5#000 30T4s in the ;8A66enou h to (ill up 4ennsylvania or 3llinois entirely Eith
5B 70 71 8chaubhut# =er! R Thompson# 200B Mitchell# 200<orld )an! 9roup# 2012

51

30T4s. The ;I population Eas about :2#:51#000 people as o( 2011. At 2.5X# there Eould be 1#70-#000 30T4s in the ;I. At 5X# there Eould be 2#70:#000 30T4s in the ;I. At the 2.5X rate# the amount o( ;I 30T4s is e'uivalent to several hundred thousand people less than the population o( 0orthern 3reland. At the 5X rate# the amount o( 30T4s is about hal( the population o( 8cotland. =oE about AustraliaA There Eere some 22#:21#000 people livin in Australia as o( 2011. At -.$2X# there Eould be $:5#000 30T4s in Australia. At 5X# there Eould be B07#000 30T4s in Australia. This is rou hly tEice the population o( Tasmania. The population o( the internet Eas estimated at about 2#507#71$#000 as o( "une -0th# 2011.72 At a 5X rate# this Eould mean that there are some B:#221#000 30T4s on the internet# or rou hly the population o( the 4hilippines. )ut this is probably a ross underestimation since 30T4s love the internet. Are you doin your part to correct the EorldHs rammarA To et the 30T4 population o( your country or city# simply obtain the population and (ind 5X o( it.
I 0ant to 4eet 6ther INTPs: Did you !noE there are 30T4 communities onlineA

Chec! it out# you even et a choice2 30T4 Forum J A (orum devoted entirely to 30T4s. 30T4 Central J A second (orum devoted entirely to 30T4s. 0oE you !noE Ehere to o Ehen you Eant to discuss ar ue about politics# philosophy# reli ion# Eord de(initions and more.

72

MiniEatts Mar!etin 9roup# 2012

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;-

1o9 to Tell INTPs Apart (ro$ INT s

)e(ore Ee o any (urther# Ee*d better loo! at the 30T4C30T" dilemma. One 'uestion that many stru le Eith is# KAm 3 an 30T4 or an 30T"AL 1ven type practitioners themselves can be uncertain o( their oEn type in this re ard. Type 30T" is the type Ehich most resembles 30T4. The resemblance is not merely super(icial# but actually includes deeply held values. =oEever# many cate ori@e 30T4s and 38T4s to ether on the basis o( co nitive (unction theory. 3n practice this supposed 30T4C38T4 resemblance Must doesnHt hold up. 38T4s do not Eal! around Eith their nose in a boo!/ they are out e,periencin li(e (or themselves. 38T4s donHt scribble mathematical e'uations on nap!ins/ theyHre enMoyin the meal. 38T4s arenHt so lost in thou ht that they missed the bus/ theyHre already hal(Eay to Eherever they Eere oin . )ut 30T"s and 30T4s Eill do all o( these thin s. For those o( you Eho s!ipped the 4re(ace# here is a brie( summary o( Ehy the co nitive (unctions are not much ood (or di((erentiatin betEeen 30T4s and 30T"s. A recent study7- set out to determine Ehat e,actly each o( the co nitive (unctions consisted o(Ni.e. the researchers set out to determine a standard# a reed6upon de(inition o( each co nitive (unction. To do this# they collected 172 descriptive Eords and phrases used in type literature to describe each co nitive (unction and its attitude %i.e. thin!in introverted# thin!in e,traverted# intuition introverted# intuition e,traverted# etc.+. -1 type e,pertsNauthors# practitioners# trainers66Eere called in to revieE the list and decide Ehich descriptors (it each o( the ei ht (unction6attitudes. The e,perts rated each descriptor*s applicability to each (unction6attitude on a 1 to 7 scale. For >2 o( the 172 descriptors# there Eas an e,pert consensus that a descriptor primarily matched a uni'ue (unction attitude. For the rest o( the descriptors# it Eas (ound that e,perts tended to assi n the descriptors e'ually to tEo or more (unction6attitudes# or else didn*t a ree on any particular (unction6 attitude at all. 8o# hoE does this apply to type 30T4A The 30T4C38T4 dominant is believed to be introverted thin!in # and 12 descriptors Eere (ound that primarily matched Ti.75 The list Eas as (olloEs2 aloo(# cold# desires internal lo ic# detached# in6depth concentration# independent# individualistic# li!es mental models# overcomple,i(ies# pure intellectual# research6minded# and uni'ue use o( lo ic. 8o# do these 12 descriptors (it type 30T4# as Eould be e,pected since Ti is believed to be the 30T4*s dominant (unctionA &es. As nearly as 3 can tell# all 12 descriptors match both 30T4s and 30T"s e'ually Eell# but only five o( the descriptors apply to type 38T4 %aloo(# cold# desires internal lo ic# independent# and individualistic+. Ti is not the dominant o( 30T"s# yet the descriptors o( Ti seem to (it both 30T"s and 30T4s to a tee. Ti is the dominant o( 38T4s# yet the descriptors do not seem to (it type 38T4 very Eell at all. As (or 0i# the dominant o( 30T"s and 30F"s# well. The e,perts a reed on only tEo descriptors2 KMysticalL and KTrusts the unconscious.L )oth descriptors had secondary matches Eith Fi# 0e# and Fe. The descriptors (or 0i clearly do not match the 30T" personality very Eell. &et 0i# not Ti# is believed to be the dominant o( the 30T".
775 Mc4ee! R Martin# 2012a/ Mc4ee! R Martin# 2012b =oEever# out o( these 12 descriptors# it Eas (ound that (ive secondarily matched Te# plain 0# and 0i. 3n short# the e,perts thou ht that those (ive descriptors mainly matched Ti# but also secondarily matched Te# 0# and 0i.

5-

<hat can Ee say about thisA 1ven i( one accepts that the co nitive (unctions e,ist# the mur!iness and paucity o( these descriptors must ive one pause. There Eould seem to be little use in tryin to use the co nitive (unctions to tell 30T4s apart (rom 30T"s. =ere is a list o( other characteristics that can be help(ul in di((erentiatin 30T4s (rom 30T"s.
u')in) vs- Perceivin) *.eneral+ 30T"s li!e (olloEin a re ular schedule. 30T4s aren*t interested in havin a routine. 30T"s tend to have neat rooms# cars# and des!s. 30T4s tend to have messy rooms# cars# and des!s. 30T"s li!e clear structure more than 30T4s. 3ndeed# 30T4s are the least enthralled Eith clear structure o( all types.77 30T"s tend to ma!e a plan and then (olloE it throu h. 30T4s Eould rather Must (i ure it out as they o alon . 3( 30T4s ma!e a plan# they are more Eillin to chan e it on a Ehim or as the situation (luctuates. 30T"s are more perseverin / 30T4s are more (le,ible. 30T"s are better at preparin in advance/ 30T4s are better at improvisin on the spot. 30T"s li!e to come to decisions 'uic!ly and see! closure/ 30T4s tend to leave their options open as lon as possible so that they can ather in(ormation. 30T"s tend to put Eor! be(ore play/ 30T4s tend to put play be(ore Eor!. 30T"s tend to believe that there is a ri ht Eay and a Eron Eay to do thin s %i.e. there is one ri ht Eay to (old shirts or one correct se'uence to clean the livin room+ Ehile 30T4s may tend neither to care about nor notice any particular method or se'uence.7: 30T"s hold onto their conclusions more stron ly than 30T4s. 30T4s are less certain about their conclusions and more open to neE data that may overturn them. 30T"s tend to be naturally punctual/ 30T4s tend to be naturally late. 30T"s et started early/ 30T4s Eait to start. 30T"s tend to ma!e statements o( opinion# i.e. O3 thin!# 3 li!e# 3 disli!e.O 30T4s tend to ma!e open6ended statements that imply# but do not directly shoE# their opinion. 30T"2 OThe economy needs to be (i,ed.O 30T42 OThe economy is in bad shape.O 30T"2 OThey should chan e the timin on this stopli ht.O 30T42 OThis stopli ht sure has Eeird timin .L7> 30T"s sound more con(ident than 30T4s in their speech. 30T"s tend to phrase their commands as direct orders# i.e. ODo this# o there# do not do this.O 30T4s tend to phrase their commands as implied su estions# OThis needs to be done# can you head over thereA# 3 Eouldn*t do that i( 3 Eere you.O 30T"s ive directives# Ehile 30T4s ive in(ormation.7$ 30T"s tend to put re ular amounts o( time in each day on a proMect/ 30T4s tend to Eor! in sporadic bursts o( ener y Eith one iant e((ort ri ht be(ore the loomin deadline. 30T"s don*t li!e surprises/ 30T4s do. 30T"s use and complete to6do lists/ 30T4s ma!e to6do lists but may not ever (inish them.
77 7: 7> 7$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Iroe er R Thuesen# 1BB5 Iroe er R Thuesen# 1BB5 Ieirsey# 1B$>

55

30T"s (eel compelled to (inish Ehat they start/ 30T4s donHt mind leavin thin s hal( complete. 30T"s tend to dress more neatly than 30T4s# but both types Eill dress un(ashionably. 30T"s are less play(ul than 30T4s.7B 30T"s have a hi her need (or control than 30T4s.

<arious 30T"s e,cel at creatin elaborate plans Eith timelines more than 30T4s do/ 30T4s e,cel at or ani@in timeless systems more than 30T"s do.:0 30T"s are more li!ely to carry their ideas out in the real Eorld. 30T4s are content simply to come up Eith an idea and Eor! out the desi n/ they do not necessarily (eel the need to carry it out. They are# hoEever# more li!ely to be hands6on inventors than 30T"s. Associated Eith the item above# 30T"s are seen as more hardEor!in than 30T4s. 30T"s seem more KcoolL:1 or less KniceL than 30T4s. The impassive# unblin!in 30T" KstareL is more penetratin and discom(itin than the e'uivalent 30T4 stare. 30T"s are less creative than 30T4s.:2 30T"s tend not to be very stressed out about their children# Ehereas 30T4s tend to be stressed out about their children.:Stress= Sickness= !a' 1abits 30T"s donHt et %mis+dia nosed Eith personality disorders as o(ten as 30T4s.:5 30T"s are much less li!ely to smo!e than 30T4s.:7 30T"s have more copin mechanisms than 30T4s.:: As a result o( combat# 30T"s are more li!ely to develop maMor depression# Ehile 30T4s are more li!ely to develop 4ost Traumatic 8tress Disorder.:> obs 3( you are typically dissatis(ied Eith your Mob and tend to Mob hop a lot# then you are probably an 30T4. 30T4s are much less satis(ied Eith their Mobs than 30T"s.:$ 3( you li!e and are con(ident in your ability to Eor! Eith your hands# do outdoor Eor!# do maintenance# per(orm construction# etc.# then you are more li!ely to be an 30T4 than an 30T".:B 3( you are per(ormin a Mob that entails the appreciation# consumption# or criti'ue o( art# literature# dance# poetry# etc.# then you are more li!ely to be an 30T4 than an 30T". 3( you are per(ormin a Mob that involves analysis# problem solvin # and research# then you are more li!ely to be an 30T" than an 30T4.>0
7B :0 :1 :2 ::5 :7 :: :> :$ :B >0 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Ieirsey# 1BB$a Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 2000 Chen # 200> Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Coolid e# 8e al# =oo!# &ama@a!i R 1llet# 2001 O*Toole# 1BBB =ammer in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Otis and ?ou!s# 1BB> Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

57

30T"s are much more li!ely to be (ound in a leadership role than 30T4s.

<alues 30T4s place a hi her value on autonomy than 30T"s. 30T"s place a hi her value on achievement than 30T4s.>1 30T4s place a hi her value on (riendships than 30T"s and tend to enMoy them more.>2 School>? 30T"s enMoy school more than 30T4s. 30T"s tend to et better rades than 30T4s. 30T4s tend to (ind school hi hly stress(ul/ 30T"s tend to (ind school hi hly unstress(ul. Recreation>@ 30T4s tend to vieE Eritin as a (un leisure pastime/ 30T"s do not. 30T4s are sli htly more li!ely to enMoy appreciatin art than 30T"s. 30T"s enMoy e,ercisin more than avera e/ 30T4s can ta!e it or leave it. 30T"s are less li!ely than avera e to Eatch - or more hours o( TG per day. 30T4s are avera e in this respect. Reli)ion>A 30T"s are about tEice as li!ely to be atheistic as 30T4s. 30T"s are a bit more li!ely to be atheistic than a nostic/ 30T4s are a bit more li!ely to be a nostic than atheistic. Areas That Are Too Si$ilar to be /se' as Dia)nostic Criteria Marital satis(action.>: 3.D.>> Ar umentativeness>$ ?ove (or computer amin >B )oth 30T"s and 30T4s are con(ident in their ability to per(orm 1.+ Mobs that involve analysis# problem solvin # and research and 2.+ Mobs that involve o((ice Eor!# per(ormin Eor! on a computer# accountin # (ilin # etc.$0 )oth types have nearly the same li!elihood o( developin heart disease and hypertension.$1
>1 >2 >>5 >7 >: >> >$ >B $0 $1 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ McCaulley R Iain@/ McCaulley R 0atter/ Myers R McCaulley in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ ?o((redo R Opt# 200: Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

5:

I Still DonBt Cno9 4y Type

The 30T4C30T" con(usion is e,acerbated Ehen nurture has heavily modi(ied nature# or Ehen the person in 'uestion sits riiiii ht on the line betEeen " and 4. 3( you still arenHt certain Ehat type you are66and you really care66then you should probably Must hac! up the money and ta!e the M)T3. %3Hm serious# you canHt trust those internet tests. The authors have not done studies on Ehether their test is a((ected by ender or cultural bias/ nor have they done studies to veri(y Ehether the test is producin accurate results. Then too# they havenHt attempted speci(ically to address the issue o( people Eho sit on the line. The M)T3# on the other hand# has care(ully addressed all o( these areas over the course o( several versions.+ Ma!e sure that the testin or ani@ation Eill provide you Eith your continuous scores# i.e. Ehether you are a very clear or very sli ht 4erceiver. 3( you have are con(used about Ehether you are an 30T4 or an 30T"# then chances are you have a very sli ht 4 or ". Once you have your continuous scores# then you can veri(y (or yoursel( e,actly hoE close you are to the middle. 3( it turns out that you are a middle6o(6the6roader# there is a special version o( the M)T3 test %called the M)T3 8tep 33+ Ehich has been specially desi ned to disambi uate uncertain type. 3t also demonstrates e,actly hoE a person is di((erent (rom the Kstandard modelL o( their type# i.e. a person may have (ive out o( the si, usual K(acetsL %characteristics+ o( 1,traversion# but behave li!e an 3ntrovert in one particular area. 3( a(ter all this# you still donHt !noE your type# donHt despairF There are ood thin s about bein both an 30T4 or an 30T". &ou may have to re(lect on the matter (or aEhile# but eventually it Eill probably become clear to you. 3( not# then maybe youHre simply an 30T] middle6o(6the6roader# a position Ehich comes Eith its oEn advanta es. Middle6o(6the6roaders enMoy KamphibianL bene(its because they are able to straddle the boundary betEeen land and Eater and enMoy the s!ills o( both sides. 4eople Eith sli ht pre(erences are (avored to succeed in situations Ehere (re'uent (lip(lop betEeen pre(erences is necessary# or Ehen success hin es on a ood balance o( s!ills. =oEever# Must as a (ro cannot sEim as Eell as a (ish nor run as Eell as a horse# so a middle6o(6the6roader is not as (avored (or success in situations Ehere one pre(erence is consistently or stron ly re'uired/ rather# those Eith clear pre(erences are (avored. 8o# havin a sli ht or clear pre(erence is neither ood nor bad/ it merely indicates Ehich uni'ue ecolo ic niche you operate best in. And since there are all !inds o( niches in this Eorld# all !inds o( pre(erence stren ths are necessary to !eep thin s runnin .

5>

?-

INTP Clothin) an' 1y)iene

Compared to other types# 30T4s have a loE interest in clothes and other matters pertainin to the care o( the physical body. They also tend to be bliss(ully i norant o( social norms. This may mani(est itsel( in various Eays2 <earin the same set o( clothin (or many days in a roE <earin more or less identical clothin every day# varyin only in minor details or color$2 <earin unattractive# out o( style# stran e# Erin!ly# Eorn out# smelly# stained# torn# ill6(ittin or mismatched clothin <earin clothin that is easy to put onCta!e o(( and emphasi@es mainly com(ort and utility ?on andCor un!empt hair ?on andCor un!empt (in ernails A (unny smell caused by an overall lac! o( hy ienic e((ort ?ac! o( ma!eup# MeEelry# or hair stylin %(or (emale 30T4s+ ;nshaven body hair in any location Ehere it Eould be culturally appropriate to shave

INTP (ashion State$ents

Most 30T4s donHt really notice clothin or hy iene# and they assume that others donHt either. For this reason# 30T4s ma!e all !inds o( interestin (ashion statements. A top hat they Eear to school every day. Mismatchin shoes. 1instein e,plained it by sayin # OOnce you can accept the universe as matter e,pandin into nothin that is somethin # Eearin stripes Eith plaid comes easy.O ?etHs loo! at some e,amples o( hi h 30T4 style.
Albert "instein 1instein is notable mainly (or his contribution to 30T4 hair (ashion. =e Must let it do its oEn thin # and tada66instant ima e brandin . &oun male 30T4s Eill also Eear their hair cra@ily# thou h (or them it Must loo!s messy and careless.

Male 30T4s may also disre ard hair stylin completely and simply let it roE out/ in (act# the stereotypical ima e o( the computer uru Eith a lon ponytail or braid is probably derived (rom this 30T4 habit. 3 Eor!ed at a company Eith a short6haired 30T4 coEor!er Eho Eent to the barber as in(re'uently as possible and Eas rather sha y as a result. %3 mysel( sported the lon ponytail loo!# and Eas there(ore considered hi hly (ashionable.+ There Eas a bi overnment audit# and the company Eent on a cleanin (ren@y. They shampooed the carpets and people Eere ordered to clean their o((ices. 4art o( the clean up included my 30T4 coEor!er. =e received an anonymous envelope Eith tEenty dollars in it and instructions to have his hair cut. A true 4erceiver# he said triumphantly# KAha# see# Eaitin until the last minute pays o((FL
Tho$as efferson 30T4s must have had it hard in the old days# Ehen a ood set o( clothin Eas considerably more elaborate than it is noE. 3ma ine hoE much time and e((ort must have been put into the suits Eorn by the (oundin (athers. And in those days# you could not merely pluc! an item o(( the rac!66it had to be tailored (or you# meanin an appointment to ta!e your measurements.
$2 "ames# 2000

5$

"e((ersonHs style o( dress sometimes ot him teased by the other entlemen. For instance# he tended to (olloE the approach o( Eearin the same style o( clothin over and over Eith minor variations. 9eor e Tic!nor remar!ed upon "e((erson*s Ksetness# (or instance# in Eearin very sharp toed shoes# corduroy small6clothes# and red plush Eaistcoat# Ehich have been lau hed at till he mi ht perhaps Eisely have dismissed them.L Thou h "e((ersonHs dress had pearl buttons and old lace# it Eas Must not fashionable. =is clothin Eas o(ten out o( date Eith the style o( the time. As his randson remembered# K=is dress Eas simple# and adapted to his ideas o( neatness and com(ort. =e paid little attention to (ashion# Eearin Ehatever he li!ed best# and sometimes blendin the (ashions o( several di((erent periods. =e Eore lon Eaistcoats# Ehen the mode Eas (or very short/ Ehite cambric stoc!s (astened behind Eith a buc!le# Ehen cravats Eere universal. =e adopted the 4antaloon very late in li(e# because he (ound it more com(ortable and convenient# and cut o(( his 'ueue (or the same reasons. =e made no chan e e,cept (or motives o( the same !ind# and did nothin to be in con(ormity Eith the (ashion o( the day. =e considered such independence as the privile e o( his a e...L <ebster Erote# K=is Ehole dress is ne lected# but not slovenly.L And then there Eas the Ehole matter o( the wig. Abi ail Adams noted# K=is hair too is an other a((liction Ehich he is tempted to cut o((. =e e,pects not to live above a Do@en years R he shall lose one o( those in hair dressin .L ArenHt you lad you donHt have to (uss Eith (a!e hairA 3 have re(lected that i( 3 Eere to et rid o( my lon hair# the ne,t most convenient thin Eould be to et a bu@@ cut. O( course# "e((erson*s lac! o( eti'uette ot him into trouble sometimes. As 4resident# he scandali@ed the )ritish minister by appearin Knot merely in undress# but actually standing in slippers down at the heels, and both pantaloons# coat# and underclothes indicative o( utter slovenliness and indi((erence to appearances# and in a state o( ne li ence actually studied.L
a$es 4a'ison 4resident Madison*s body servant recalled# K=e Eas very neat# but never e,trava ant# in his clothes. =e alEays dressed Eholly in blac!66coat# breeches# and sil! stoc!in s# Eith buc!les in his shoes and breeches. =e never had but one suit at a time.L

=ere Ee have an e,ample o( an 30T4 monocolor scheme# blac!. 4eople Eould note that Madison seemed to be alEays ready (or a (uneral. One observer Erote# K=e Eas clothed so soberly that he loo!ed more li!e a dissentin divine than the heir o( a planter o( lar e estate...L 1ven the ribbon he tied up his hair Eith Eas blac!. ?i!e "e((erson# Madison Eould adopt a style and stay (ro@en on it unless a more com(ortable or Eor!able opportunity presented itsel(2 K=is style o( dress Eas never altered2 plain blac! cloth coat and !nee6breeches Eith buc!les# the hair poEdered and Eorn in a 'ueue behind/ the daily tas! o( dressin it devolved upon his Ei(e# Eho Eould not thin! his body6servant capable o( doin it Mustice.L 0oE you !noE another 'uality to loo! (or in a spouse.
Albert Speer 8peer# the 9erman armaments minister durin <<33# Eas re'uired to Eear the 0a@i party uni(orm as

5B

part o( his Eor!. )ut Ehenever possible he avoided it# pre(errin instead his civilian clothin .$- A (riend described his early appearance by notin # K3 remember him...as rumpled (rom head to (oot2 =is shirt had an inde(inable color# his tieNi( he Eore oneNEas !notted very loosely# his trousers dan led and had hori@ontal instead o( vertical stripes.L The same (riend even dreE a cartoon caricature o( 8peer.$5
The Author This 30T4 (olloEs the pattern o( havin Must one style o( clothin Eith minor variations. At my last Mob# 3 had to Eear Kbusiness casual.L My style consisted o( lon sleeved shirts2 a Ehite one# an oran e one# a blue one# a li ht blue one Eith snoE(la!es# an olive reen one# a pine reen one# and a purple one. 3 thus had seven shirts (or (our days o( the Eee! %Friday Eas casual+# and since 3 Eashed them and rotated them appropriately# 3 didn*t have to buy more (or a lon time.

Clothin)= 1ooray3t is considered normal (or males o( all types to be disinterested in shoppin . =oEever# amon 30T4s# the (emale o( the species may also (ind the process dull. Throu hout my adolescence 3 (ound shoppin (or clothes every bit as borin as shoppin (or car parts. 3n (act# till my mid6tEenties 3 never bou ht clothin at all/ 3 simply Eore Ehatever 3 received on holidays. %<hich EasnHt much/ as a child 3 cried Ehen 3 opened up a present and (ound that it contained clothes. A(ter that people shoEed better taste.+ My 18T" mom bou ht Ehatever else she decided 3 needed# thus ensurin that 3 Eould not o around loo!in li!e a Khomeless person.L On an amusin side note# my mom Eas alEays as!in hoE this or that item o( clothin loo!ed on her or i( her hair Eas ri ht. My naive response Eas alEays# KOh# it loo!s (ineL or KDonHt Eorry# no one Eill notice.L Actually# only 30T4s donHt notice. 1veryone else does. <hen tryin to dress up (or that intervieE# be paranoid66donHt assume youHll et aEay Eith this or that little (au, paus. The other types are Eatchin # and (or some ine,plicable reason they really do care. O( course# durin adolescence it can be hard to bond Eith other irls on the subMect o( clothin 2 K8'ueeF ?oo! at these aEesome Means 3 ot at Old 0avyFL %KOh# uh nice.L+ ?ac! o( interest in clothin is yet one more (actor that sets 30T4 (emales apart (rom their peers at a youn a e. <hen 3 Eas (inally (orced to buy a business casual Eardrobe o( my oEn %around a e 27+ 3 crin ed at the e,pense# the hassle o( tryin on do@ens o( un(ittin items# and the Easte o( time accrued by the manu(acturersH unintuitive si@in labels# Ehich 3 had to research on the internet to (i ure out. 0aturally not all 30T4s are this oblivious to clothin . 3 suppose 3 shouldnHt pity them.

The S$ell
Many a hy iene6oblivious 30T4 ets told at some point or another# K<ear deodorantL or K8hoEer more o(ten.L <hat to doA For o((ice Eor!ers# the best solution to this problem is to et a scented candle and !eep it burnin continually. &our coEor!ers EonHt be able to smell you throu h the cloud o( Ganilla 1ssence. And as a bonus# you can even (all on the (loor and pretend youHre bein attac!ed by the honey6smellin as creature that Captain Iir! Eas so obsessed Eith !illin in the ori inal 8tar Tre!. %DonHt do this in (ront
$$5 Fest# 1BBB 8chmidt# 1B$2

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o( non30T46coEor!ers/ they EonHt et it.+ Or you could actually shoEer and Eear deodorant. That mi ht Eor! too.

1ot !eauty Secrets for (e$ale INTPs

Did you !noE that the same techni'ues that lead to unattractiveness in 30T4 males lead to attractiveness in 30T4 (emalesA 3tHs trueF 0oE you can ta!e advanta e o( your natural disinterest in your appearance to outshine all your ac'uaintances. CanHt be bothered to o to the barberA ?et your hair roE out. As you i nore it# you Eill (ind that it roEs and roEs. The reason other Eomen canHt et lon hair is that theyHre alEays (ussin Eith it2 K3Hll Must ta!e o(( a bit to et rid o( the split ends.L They curl it# tEea! it# ba!e it# trim it# strai hten it# Eash it# and cover it Eith chemical sprays# torturin their hair (ollicles to an early demise. ?eave your hair to its oEn devices and Eatch hoE lon it ets. =oE about those (in ernailsA )y simply i norin your (in ers# you can have Eonder(ully lon # ele ant nails. DonHt bother trimmin them unless theyHre crac!in o((66Ehich EonHt be o(ten# provided you avoid too6(re'uent shoEers. Overly (re'uent shoEers harm your hair and cause your (in ernails to become brittle and ri id# and you Eill develop unattractive rid es doEn the middle. ; h. The moralA ?et nature ta!e care o( itsel(# and youHll soon have or eous nails and hair. <hen that intervieE comes# you can brush out your loc!s# paint your (in ernails and loo! stunnin . "ust as i( you had planned it.

Pru'ishness
Do 30T4s tend to dress prudishlyA Ieirsey %1BB$a+ su ested that .ationals are the most prudish temperament# althou h he did not speci(ically apply the descriptor to clothin . )ut are .ationals actually prudishA Thorne and 9ou h %1BB1+ (ound that 10T4s and 10T"s are particularly unli!ely to be described as prudish by observers. %This (indin did not hold true (or 30T4s or 30T"s# Eho Eere neither li!ely nor unli!ely to be described as prudish66i.e. observers did not stron ly notice anythin in this re ard.+ 8o Ee are le(t Eonderin 2 1. Are 30Ts actually nonprudish and people simply didnHt notice itA 2. Are 30Ts Must middle6o(6the6road in terms o( their prudishnessA -. Are 30Ts so private and reticent about their personal lives that it seems li!e prudishness in certain Eays but not in othersA 3 bet you thou ht 3 had the ansEer# didnHt youA Alas# no. )ut at least EeHve e,chan ed incorrect certainly (or correct mystery66thatHs pro ress# ri htA <e can conclude decisively then2 Ee do not !noE i( 30T4s dress more prudishly than avera e.

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@-

INTPs in Love

Proble$s 9ith Stu'yin) Type an' Love

8o# Ehat are the connections betEeen type# attraction# love and marria eA Actually# they haven*t been Eell studied yet. The 'uestion is more complicated than you*d thin!. 4artner selection %the bi y+ actually has (airly (eE correlations Eith type. The studies that do e,ist are too small (or the purpose o( studyin 30T4s. The problem is this2 to ansEer Eith certainty the 'uestion o( Ehether or not certain types are attracted to certain other types# Ee Eould need to sample at least 1-: potential pairin s. And this Eould merely ive us one e,ample o( each type matched Eith every other possible type. )ut i( you Eanted actual results# you Eould need to have several do@en times times this number o( pairin s. )i studies et e,pensive. Furthermore# that still doesn*t ansEer the 'uestion o( Ehether initial attraction implies marital satis(action# or hoE to interpret the results. For e,ample# suppose that you simply Eanted to see i( people are draEn to those Eith more or less similar personality types. To do this# you mi ht try comparin the amount o( letters that each o( the partners have in common. 8o then i( you had an 10T"610F" pairin Eith hi h attraction# you Eould say# OAha# three letters in commonF 8imilarities attractFO )ut in (act# 10T"s and 10F"s are as di((erent as ni ht and day. 3( anythin # this is proo( that opposites attract. The other Eay is to only compare completely opposite types# i.e. are 30T4s more attracted to 30T4s or to 18F"sA Ah# but hoE does one measure satis(actionA 1ach type has di((erent satis(iers/ the esture o( love that one type (inds deeply meanin (ul may be shru ed o(( by another type as dull or (rivolous. 8ome types have hi h needs and others have loE needs. 3s it possible to de(ine Osatis(actionO in a Eay that e'ually represents the opinions o( everyoneA Finally# hoE do Ee deal Eith the problem o( %(or e,ample+ the type Ehose per(ect match is the rare 30F"# a type Ehich is hard to (ind# let alone marryA 1ven i( type A is madly attracted to type ) and they Eould be absolutely per(ect to ether# it doesn*t do any ood i( type ) is rare and unavailable. 8o perhaps type A Eill marry another# more common type %type C+ in droves. Thus the study Eould OproveO that type A and type C are hi hly compatible# Ehen in (act type A is actually more compatible Eith type ). =as any study accounted (or these all problemsA 0ope. 8o# don*t be too concerned i( your beloved doesn*t match the OidealO type recommended by any particular theorist. 1verybody else is in the e,act same boat Eith you# and Ee seem to be (loatin around (airly randomly. Type is merely one o( do@ens o( (actors that oes into ma!in a ood match.

INTP 4atches% Research an' Theory

8o letHs ta!e a loo! at Ehat research does e,ist. One study (ound that 30T4s Eere more li!ely than avera e to marry (elloE 30T4s.$7 Male 30T4s %all 12 o( them in the study+ Eere 5.1> times more li!ely than avera e to marry a (emale 30T4# Ehile (emale 30T4s %all 5 o( them in the study+ Eere -.7> times more li!ely than avera e to marry a male 30T4. Male 30T4s did not ever marry (emale 18F"s# and (emale 30T4s married male 18F"s 0.7: times less (re'uently than Eould be e,pected iven the relative
$7 Marioles# 8tric!ert R =ammer# 1BB:

72

numbers o( each type. 3t Eould seem that (or 30T4s# similarity attracts. The 30T4630T4 pairin is sli htly more common than avera e# but is it actually the best matchA Ah# there*s the !ic!er. Tie er and )arron6Tie er %2000+ did a study o( type and satis(action and (ound the .ational6.ational pairin s have an avera e satis(action rate o( 7BX. )ut in (act# .ational63dealist pairin s have an even hi her satis(action rate# namely :7X. %0ote that this Eas the ational ratin (or the pairin / 3dealists rated the pairin at :5X+. <hat about the other temperamentsA 9uardians Eith a .ational spouse tended to have a :2X satis(action rate# Ehereas .ationals Eith a 9uardian spouse reported a 72X satis(action rate. As (or the 84s# Artisans Eith .ational spouses tended to have a !"# satis(action rate# Ehile .ationals Eith Artisan spouses tended to have only a 75X satis(action rate. 8o are you con(used yetA ?etHs summari@e. .ationals Eere :7X satis(ied Eith 3dealists. .ationals Eere 7BX satis(ied Eith .ationals. .ationals Eere 75X satis(ied Eith Artisans. .ationals Eere 72X satis(ied Eith 9uardians.

)ut satis(action betEeen temperaments Eas not e'ual. 3n (act# all the other temperaments rated the .ationals hi her than the .ationals rated them %see beloE+. Tie er and )arron6Tie er su ested that 0Ts may rate their partners loEer than avera e since they tend to be the most critical temperament and set particularly hi h standards. This Eould tend to depress .ational scores more than Eould be re(lected by reality. 8een (rom a reverse perspective# here is hoE the .ationals Eere vieEed by other temperaments2 Artisans are >-X satis(ied Eith .ationals 3dealists are :5X satis(ied Eith .ationals 9uardians are :2X satis(ied Eith .ationals .ationals are 7BX satis(ied Eith .ationals

3snHt this a (ascinatin mess o( in(ormationA ?etHs put it into conte,t. .ed \ 9uardian# 4urple \ 3dealist# 9reen \ Artisan# and )lue \ .ational. 78" , 8" 0F , 0F 84 , 0T 8" , 84 0T , 0F 0F , 0T 84 , 8" 8" , 0T 84 , 84 0T , 0T 8" , 0F 0T , 84 >BX >-X >-X >1X :7X :5X :-X :2X 7BX 7BX 7$X 75X

84 , 0F 0T , 8" 0F , 84 0F , 8"

75X 72X 71X 5:X

0oE# 3 must emphasi@e stron ly that it is a mista!e to enerali@e by temperament66itHs (re'uent that types Eill o counter6temperament# and temperament is not the de(initive (actor in e,plainin type6 based behavior hal( o( the time66but since Ee donHt have anythin better to o on... 1ver since Ieirsey# an 30T4 himsel(# published 4lease ;nderstand Me 33 in 1BB$# it has enerally been accepted that the 3dealists are the best partners (or the .ationals. This appears to be true66at least (rom the .ational point o( vieE. The 3dealists# hoEever# actually tend to be more satis(ied Eith other 3dealists# havin a satis(action rate o( >-X. )ut .ationals are the second (avorite choice (or 3dealists. 3ndeed# 0F60T and 0T60F satis(action rates (ell Eithin 1 percenta e point o( each other66a very e'ual evaluation indeed. And i( Ee accept the (act that .ationals tend to be overcritical and depress their perceived satis(action# it may be that .ationals actually li!e 3dealists even more. This e'uality is in star! contrast to the 8460T and 0T684 pairin . 3t appears that Artisans are deli hted Eith .ationals# but .ationals are ambivalent about Artisans and 8ensors in eneral. The 9uardians# (or their part# are Must not too satis(ied Eith either .ationals or 3dealists# but really o (or other 8ensors. 3t Eould seem that (or .ationals# 3dealists enerally ma!e the most satis(yin temperament pairin . One (urther thin that should be noted is that .ationals reported a narroE ran e o( satis(action compared to other types. .ationals2 72X 6 :7X %1- percenta e points o( di((erence+ Artisans2 72X 6 >-X %21 percenta e points o( di((erence+ 9uardians2 7$X to >BX %21 percenta e points o( di((erence+ 3dealists2 5:X 6 >-X %2> percenta e points o( di((erence+

Compared to other types# the .ationals donHt seem to have much to lose i( they ma!e a random choice. 0e,t 'uestion2 3( Ee assume that 30T4s o (or 3dealists# Ehich 3dealist is the best matchA 10F"A 30F"A 30F4A 10F4A Or is the 30T4 J 30T4 actually match betterA <ell# hereHs Ehere the oin ets tou h. Tie er and )arron6Tie er did report on the satis(action levels o( T4s Eith F"s %77X+ and T4s Eith other T4s %5:X+. )ut you have to bear in mind that Ehat is bein compared here amounts to sayin # K18T4s# 38T4s# 10T4s# and 30T4s have a 77X satis(action rate Eith 18F"s# 38F"s# 10F"s# and 30F"s.L This approach is va ue and ives e,tra Eei ht to the 8ensin population# since 8ensors outnumber 3ntuitives. 3n these enerali@ations one can almost read K8T4s have a 77X satis(action rate Eith 8F"s.L 8o Ee cannot really use this data to et at the 'uestion o( Ehich 3dealist type is pre(erred by 30T4s66at least# not Eith certainty. 3 can see someone Eavin their hand and sayin # KOoh# ooh# 3 !noEF 10F"F 10F"FL <eHd better cover IeirseyHs theory. Ieirsey# an 30T4 himsel(# postulated that the best match (or the 30T4 is the 10F" Teacher. Ori inally# he and )ates %1B$5+ believed that 18F" 4roviders Eould also be a ood match# but in $lease %nderstand &e '' he modi(ied this vieE to indicate his neE belie( that sharin the same 3ntuitionC8ensin orientation is important in a relationship. %0ote that Ieirsey also 75

believed that the .ationals could enerally pair Eell Eith almost any o( the 3dealists# i.e. the 10F"s# the 10F4s# the 30F"s# and the 30F4s. %=is Ei(e# (yi# Eas an 30F".++ <hile IeirseyHs descriptions o( the satis(iers in the 30T4C10F" relationship are sound# his theories as to Ehat temperaments Eould et alon best Eith other temperaments donHt match the actual satis(action rates measured by Tie er and )arron6Tie erHs study as Eell as mi ht be hoped. 9iven this# 3 am dubious as to Ehether the 30T4610F" pairin should be iven as much Eei ht as it is. 8o thereHs that theory. To be thorou h# Ieirsey %1B$>+ also had a su estion about Ehich types the 30T4 Eould not be able to et alon Eell Eith. 3n particular# he su ested that 8T"s and 8T4s Eould not be able to Oappreciate or encoura e the uni'ue traits o( the 1n ineer T0T4UO as a mate. =oEever# it is probably Eise to consider this Eith caution.

0hat Do INTPs 0ant in a Relationship3

Tie er and )arron6Tie er %2000+ ran!ed the relationship values o( each type# both Ehat the type saE as important and Ehat they did not see as important. For the 30T4s# the sel(6reported characteristics that Eere seen as most important included2 1. Mutual commitment 2. Fidelity -. Mutual support 5. )ein listened to 7. =umor :. 3ntellectual stimulation >. Companionship The less important characteristics Eere2 1. Financial security 2. 8hared reli ious belie(s -. 8piritual connection 5. 8ecurity 7. 8imilar parentin styles These interests Eere uni'ue in several respects. 3n the (irst place# tEelve o( the types mentioned that they did not particularly care about K8hared interests.L Only 30T4s# 30T"s# 18T4s and 38F4s did not place this characteristic on their loE importance listNapparently indicatin that it has middlin interest (or them. )y a similar to!en# only (ive types placed K=umorL on their hi h importance list2 30T4s# 10T4s# 10F4s# 18F4s and 38T4s. A ain# 30T4s Eere in the minority roup here. 30T4s Eere the also only 0T type that didn*t place Ohavin (un to etherL on their hi h importance list. They additionally placed the least value o( all types on K8ecurity.L One area in Ehich 30T4s Eere not uni'ue is that they saE KTrust#L K9ood communication#L and KMutual respectL as bein important to a relationship. All types placed hi h value on these characteristics. 8ince their universality# 3 have not listed them (or each type.

77

INTP7I'ealist D EThe Soul$ateFG5

<hat do 0Fs Eant in a relationshipA Above all# they Eant to develop a deep# intimate connection Eith their partner.$> 3n (act# this is the uni'ue and distin uishin (eature o( 0Fs in a relationship2 they all place a hi h value on intimacy. One e,pression o( this is the 0F tendency to hu # touch# and snu le. They also li!e to hear spo!en %or Eritten+ Eords o( appreciation and love more than other temperaments. 0Fs o(ten e,press appreciation (or hoE cool# calm and obMective 30T4s are# a com(ortin roc! that provides stability# stren th and perspective durin times o( emotional stress. 3dealists also admire the stron principles o( 30T4s. For their part# 30T4s enMoy the Earmth and carin that 0Fs brin to a relationship. Ieirsey su ested that 30T4s Eould be intri ued by the endless mystery presented by the %totally alien# yet e,tremely attractive+ soul o( their 0F mate66an unsolvable problem to be uile them all their li(e.$$ =oEever# 30T4s are more li!ely than avera e to stumble in the area o( Ktal!in about (eelin s#L a (avorite 0F pastime. One (inal note is that 0Fs ta!e insensitivity# criticism# and lac! o( emotional appreciation harder than the other temperaments. 8ince 30T4s are so ood at these s!ills# they Eill need to Eor! harder than avera e to accommodate the needs o( their partner in this area. 9ood presents (or 0Fs include boo!s and i(ts that are symbolic or personally meanin (ul. Thou ht(ul i(ts that shoE you noticed somethin special about them are particularly attractive to 0Fs. 9i(ts that build intimacy are deeply appreciated.
4ost I$portant <alues

Tie er and )arron6Tie er %2000+ had each type list the characteristics in a partner that Eere most important to them. 8ome characteristics Eere universal/ others Eere speci(ic to temperament or type. A summary o( the top seven characteristics that Eere most important to 0Fs is listed beloE. An asteris! indicates that an item Eas also important to 30T4s. Mutual commitment All 0Fs chose thisW )ein listened to All 0Fs chose thisW Mutual support All 0Fs chose thisW Fidelity All 0Fs chose thisW 3ntimacy All 0Fs chose this =avin (un to ether 10Fs chose this Acceptin each other*s di((erences 10F"s and 30F4s chose this 8hared values 30Fs chose this Companionship Only 30F"s chose thisW =umor Only 10F4s chose thisW
Least I$portant <alues The researchers also e,amined the characteristics that Eere seen as havin loE importance to a relationship. An asteris! indicates that an item Eas also seen as havin loE importance to 30T4s. A
$: $> $$ Ieirsey# 1BB$a Ieirsey# 1BB$a/ Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 2000 Ieirsey# 1B$>

7:

K^L indicates that 30T4s actually vieEed an item as important. 8hared reli ious belie(s 8hared interests 8imilar parentin styles Financial security 8piritual connection 8e,ual compatibility 3ntellectual stimulation 8ecurity All 0Fs chose thisW All 0Fs chose this All e,cept 10F"s chose thisW All e,cept 30F"s chose thisW 0F"s chose thisW 30Fs chose this Only 10F"s chose this ^ Only 10F4s chose thisW

Avera)e 0ei)ht *, D >+ Place' on "ach 4ost I$portant I'ealist <alue

The avera e KEei htL %ran!in pre(erence+ placed upon a characteristic is a rou h measure o( hoE much that particular characteristic Eas valued relative to other characteristics. A characteristic could be ran!ed in (irst# second# third# (ourth# (i(th# si,th# or seventh place. 8ome characteristics Eere considered very important to all 0Fs# Ehile other characteristics Eere considered important to only some 0Fs. =ere is a summary o( the avera e Eei ht that 0Fs placed on each characteristic. The number in T U brac!ets indicates the Eei ht %i( any+ placed upon that characteristic by 30T4s. Mutual commitment 1.7 T1U )ein listened to 2.>7 T5U Mutual support -.27 T-U Fidelity -.>7 T2U =avin (un to ether 5.7 %10Fs only included+ 3ntimacy 5.7 Acceptin each other*s di((erences :.7 %10F"s and 30F4s only included+ Companionship : T>U %30F"s only included+ 8hared values > %30Fs only included+ =umor > T7U %10F4s only included+

INTP7Rational D EThe 4in'$ateFGH

All 0Ts place a particularly hi h value on intellectual stimulation in a relationship.B0 An 0TC0T pairin meets this need in abundanceF 8ince 0Ts continually Eant to build competence and accumulate more !noEled e# the e((ect is that each partner continually (eeds each other*s mind. )uildin s!ills and sharin neE in(ormation is a bondin activity in an 30T4C.ational relationship. .ationals o(ten appreciate 30T4s (or their i(t (or systems desi n and their tendency to %over+analy@e problems. 0Ts are surprised and pleased Ehen someone provides a use(ul insi ht that alloEs them to improve their proMect. .ational couples also tend to e,pect and receive total honesty (rom each other. %K&es# those pants do ma!e you loo! (at.L KThan! you# 3 thou ht so.L+ 8ince both partners are strai ht(orEard# there need be little doubt Ehere either stands. =oEever# 30T4s should be on uard a ainst insistin too much on Einnin ar uments and alEays
$B B0 Ieirsey# 1BB$a Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 2000

7>

bein ri ht. The partners should avoid vyin Eith each (or superiority/ criticism should not o too (ar. .emember# .ationals are the most ar umentative and critical temperament. Do not turn your poEers upon your spouse. .ationals enMoy presents relatin to their current hobbies# proMects and interests. 8ince they are alEays see!in to build their competence# i( you can provide them Eith tools to improve themselves or their Eor!# they Eill be deli hted. The more play(ul 0T4 .ationals Eill ta!e i(ts that have less practical value# Ehile the 0T" .ationals are more li!ely to pre(er a i(t selected (rom their list.
4ost I$portant <alues

Tie er and )arron6Tie er had each type list the characteristics in a partner that Eere most important to them. 8ome characteristics Eere universal/ others Eere speci(ic to temperament or type. A summary o( the top seven characteristics that Eere most important to 0Ts is listed beloE. An asteris! indicates that an item Eas also important to 30T4s. Mutual support 3ntellectual stimulation Fidelity Mutual commitment Companionship =avin (un to ether 8hared values )ein listened to =umor 3ntimacy Acceptin each other*s di((erences All 0Ts chose thisW All 0Ts chose thisW All e,cept 10T4s chose thisW All e,cept 10T4s chose thisW All e,cept 30T"s chose thisW All e,cept 30T4s chose this 0T"s chose this 30Ts chose thisW 0T4s chose thisW Only 10T4s chose this Only 10T4s chose this

Least I$portant <alues The researchers also e,amined the characteristics that Eere seen as havin loE importance to a relationship. An asteris! indicates that an item Eas also seen as havin loE importance to 30T4s. A K^L indicates that 30T4s actually vieEed an item as important.

8imilar parentin styles 8piritual connection 8hared reli ious belie(s Financial security 8ecurity 8hared interests 8pendin time to ether =umor

All 0Ts chose thisW All 0Ts chose thisW All 0Ts chose thisW All e,cept the 10T"s chose thisW 30Ts chose thisW 10Ts chose this Only 30T"s chose this Only 10T"s chose this^

Avera)e 0ei)ht *, D >+ Place' on "ach 4ost I$portant Rational <alue

The avera e KEei htL %ran!in pre(erence+ placed upon a characteristic is a rou h measure o( hoE much that particular characteristic Eas valued relative to other characteristics. A characteristic could be ran!ed in (irst# second# third# (ourth# (i(th# si,th# or seventh place. 8ome characteristics Eere considered very important to all 0Ts# Ehile other characteristics Eere considered important to only some 0Fs. =ere is a summary o( the avera e Eei ht that 0Ts placed on each characteristic. The 7$

number in T U brac!ets indicates the Eei ht %i( any+ placed upon that characteristic by 30T4s. %0ote that some o( the avera es included the 30T4s already.+ Fidelity Mutual commitment Mutual support =umor 3ntimacy )ein listened to 8hared values =avin (un to ether Acceptin each other*s di((erences 3ntellectual stimulation Companionship 1.-- T2U 2 T1U 2.7 T-U 5 T7U 5 5.7 7 7 7 7.>7 T:U :.-- T>U %10T4s e,cluded+ %10T4s e,cluded+ %0T4s only counted+ %10T4s only counted+ %30Ts only counted+ %0T"s only counted+ %30T4s e,cluded+ %10T4s only counted+ %30T"s e,cluded+

The INTP D INTP Pairin)

The 30T4630T4 match is o( particular interest since it is the only !noEn pre(erred pairin (or 30T4s. As is the case Eith most matches betEeen identical personalities# there tends to be many shared li!es and disli!es. There EonHt be too many problems Eith 4y malion proMects. 1ven i( there is an instant clic!# 30T4s hesitate to ma!e the (irst move in be innin a relationship. 3t may ta!e tEo 30T4s a lon time to et to ether. They may remain (riends (or years# or have a KbinocularL relationship in Ehich both parties observe each other (rom a distance. )ut Ehen they do (inally et to ether# 30T4s (ind it liberatin to be understood by someone else %at last+. 3t may (eel as i( they have met their soulmate. They deli ht in havin a person Eho can !eep up Eith them on an intellectual level Eithout losin interest or becomin emotional. =oEever# both parties Eill have the same issues Eith doin houseEor!# ansEerin the phone# payin bills# and ensurin they do not starve (or lac! o( (ood. 30T4 couples EonHt spend too much time tal!in about their (eelin s. They mi ht not even need to do this# since they instinctively !noE Ehat each otherHs (eelin s are. 0ote thou h that dependin on the stren th o( the Thin!in CFeelin pre(erence o( each partner# this may create some unEanted coolness in the relationship. The discussion o( (eelin s should be care(ully encoura ed and nurtured Ehen it does occur# (or it is a healthy thin s (or both (or the relationship and the individuals in 'uestion.B1 Tie er and )arron6Tie er caution that a pair o( 30T4s may ne lect their lovin aspect o( their relationship in (avor o( the intellectual connection/ this may lead to a scenario Ehere the tEo 30T4 lovers become Must (riends. Fortunately# Ehat (i htin there is seems to center primarily around the (act that some 30T4 habits are annoyin even to (elloE 30T4s. Tie er and )arron6Tie er note that 30T4s may %hypocritically+ (ind each otherHs messy habits and tendency to be critical someEhat irritatin . 8u ested presents (or 30T4s2 books, computer stuff, pop culture artifacts from their beloved TV shows/games/etc. INTPs are one of the more playful types and will be more accepting of gifts that lack practical value.

B1

Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 2000

7B

INTP7Artisan D EThe Play$ateFH;

The characteristic that best de(ines the Artisans is havin (un to ether.B- Most o( the .ationals also rated this characteristic hi hly# but not the 30T4s. A (atal (laEA Actually# 30T4s indul e in some o( the most leisure activities o( all types.B5 Clearly they value havin (un# thou h they may not necessarily see it as a !ey value in a relationship. )y sharin activities Eith their Artisan spouse rather than playin alone# 30T4s can build a stron relationship. Artisans brin a certain joie de vivre to a relationship. 1,citin and (un# they have a !nac! (or draEin 30T4s out o( the Eorld o( the mind and into interestin neE e,periences.B7 Another mutual plus is that neither 30T4s nor Artisans are bi about control/ each Eill alloE the other (reedom. This is especially appreciated by the hi hly independent 30T4s. 8ince both spouses are 4erceivers# the couple Eill (ace challen es to ether usin a (le,ible and (reeEheelin approach. The (lip side is that neither is oin to Eant to pay the bills or Eash the dishes. )oth parties may procrastinate# secretly hopin the other Eill ta!e responsibility. Artisans appreciate surprises/ they li!e i(ts that Eill alloE them to do somethin # especially somethin physical. A neE tool# a neE piece o( sportin e'uipment# a neE piece o( clothin Nsomethin that can be used (or K(rivolousL purposes.
4ost I$portant <alues

Tie er and )arron6Tie er had each type list the characteristics in a partner that Eere most important to them. 8ome characteristics Eere universal/ others Eere speci(ic to temperament or type. A summary o( the top seven characteristics that Eere most important to 84s is listed beloE. An asteris! indicates that an item Eas also important to 30T4s. =avin (un to ether Mutual commitment Fidelity 3ntimacy )ein listened to Mutual support 8e,ual compatibility Companionship =umor 8hared values 3ntimacy All 84s chose this All 84s chose thisW All 84s chose thisW 18T4s and 38F4 chose this All e,cept 38T4s chose thisW All e,cept 38F4s chose thisW 8T4s chose this 384s chose thisW 38T4s and 18F4s chose thisW 8F4s chose this 38F4s chose this

Least I$portant <alues The researchers also e,amined the characteristics that Eere seen as havin loE importance to a relationship. An asteris! indicates that an item Eas also seen as havin loE importance to 30T4s. A K^L indicates that 30T4s actually vieEed an item as important.

B2 BB5 B7

8hared reli ious belie(s

All 84s chose thisW

Ieirsey# 1BB$a Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 2000 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 2000

:0

8piritual connection 3ntellectual stimulation Financial security 8imilar parentin styles 8e,ual compatibility 8hared interests 8ecurity 8pendin time to ether

All 84s chose thisW All e,cept 18F4s chose this^ All e,cept 18F4s chose thisW All e,cept 38T4s chose thisW 8F4s chose this 38T4s and 18F4s chose this 38T4s and 18F4s chose thisW 18T4s chose this

Avera)e 0ei)ht *, D >+ Place' on "ach 4ost I$portant Artisan <alue

The avera e KEei htL %ran!in pre(erence+ placed upon a characteristic is a rou h measure o( hoE much that particular characteristic Eas valued relative to other characteristics. A characteristic could be ran!ed in (irst# second# third# (ourth# (i(th# si,th# or seventh place. 8ome characteristics Eere considered very important to all 84s# Ehile other characteristics Eere considered important to only some 84s. =ere is a summary o( the avera e Eei ht that 84s placed on each characteristic. The number in T U brac!ets indicates the Eei ht %i( any+ placed upon that characteristic by 30T4s. =avin (un to ether Mutual commitment Fidelity )ein listened to Companionship Mutual support 8hared values 3ntimacy =umor 8e,ual compatibility 3ntimacy 1.>7 2 T1U - T2U 5 T5U 5 T>U 7.-- T-U 7 7.7 7.7 T7U :.7 >

%38T4s e,cluded+ %384s only included+ %38F4s e,cluded+ %8F4s only included+ %18T4s and 38F4s only included+ %38T4s and 18F4s only included+ %8T4s only included+ %38F4s only included+

INTP7.uar'ian D EThe 1elp$ateFH5

The thin that 9uardians uni'uely see! in a relationship is shared values.B> Oddly enou h# 9uardians have the most homolo ous list o( most (avored characteristics o( all types66perhaps this e,plains Ehy 9uardians are so satis(ied Eith other 9uardians2 they share the most values Eith other 9uardians. The 9uardians as a temperament also value security/B$ they Eere the only roup in Ehich it made the (avorites list. The 8T"s in particular li!e this characteristic %in (act# the 38T"s value it the most o( all types+# but 30T4s actually value relationship security the least o( all types. )e mind(ul o( your spouse*s need to have the relationship sa(e and settled. For the traditional 9uardians# the 30T4 is a particularly neE and intri uin phenomenon. 9illian )radshaE painted a portrait o( this in his boo! (he )rong eflection*99 =ere a Eoman %probable 38T"+ currently datin a man named .obert (alls in love Eith an 30T42 K8he Eas not an unusual Eoman. 8he
B: B> B$ BB Ieirsey# 1BB$a Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 2000 Ieirsey# 1BB$a/ Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 2000 )radshaE# 2000

:1

Eas a nice# plain# sensible 8cot# bri hter than avera e# perhaps# and undoubtedly a decent personNbut ordinary. .obert# too# Eas ordinary. 1ventually# she Eould marry .obert or somebody li!e him# and they Eould have nice# plain# sensible# ordinary children. There Eas nothin Eron Eith that. Only she hun ered still (or the tan ent Ehich led into the dar!Nand already that hun er Eas rede(inin itsel( as love.L As )radshaE has this 8" say about the 30T4 elseEhere# K8omethin in him seemed to stri!e the Eorld at a tan ent# and pierce throu h to dimensions previously unseen. 8he Eas hun ry to understand him...L 3t is the mystery o( this Kdar! tan entL that (ascinates the normal# sensible 9uardians. The 30T4 is li!e a totally neE (lavor# the mysterious taste o( the un!noEn. 30T4s appreciate their 9uardian partner*s responsibility# Eor! ethic# and loyalty. DoEn6to6earth and socially s!illed# the 8"s provide a counterpoint to the 30T4*s hi hly abstract Eorld. 3( le(t to their oEn devices# an 30T4 mi ht par! themselves amidst a stac! o( technical Mournals/ the 8" spouse Eill add a (amily li(e and deal Eith the social rituals that 30T4s Eould ordinarily ne lect.100 %30T4s mi ht not be inspired to put up Christmas li hts themselves# but they do enMoy them.+ 30T4s also appreciate the practical approach o( their 9uardian mates and the stability they provide. =oEever# one area Ehich 30T4s are Eea! in is rememberin anniversaries and special days.101 =ere they run the ris! o( disappointin their 9uardian mates# Eho value rituals and traditions the most o( all the temperaments. Do Ehat it ta!es to et this ri ht2 put a note on your calendar# use an internet6based reminder service# or Erite the date on your driverHs license or library card until you memori@e it. 3 donHt !noE the birthday o( a sin le (amily member# but 3 accidentally memori@ed my coEor!erHs birthday a(ter Eritin it on a stic!y note and !eepin it in my des! draEer# Ehere 3 saE it daily. &our e((orts in this re ard Eill at least shoE your spouse that the spirit is Eillin # thou h the memory may be Eea!. )ein the practical one# the 9uardian spouse Eill probably end up doin the houseEor! and payin the bills. ;nless a mutually acceptable division o( labor is settled upon# there Eill li!ely be (riction and resentment. 9uardians li!e traditional presents2 (loEers# chocolates# etc.102 They also tend to appreciate use(ul or practical i(ts %as chosen (rom a list+ or i(ts that are beauti(ul# taste(ul and valuable enou h that they Eould have the potential to become (amily heirlooms. Too much spendin ma!es 9uardians nervous# but i( the monetary situation is stable and the occasion appropriate# they Eill appreciate an e,pensive i(t.
4ost I$portant <alues

Tie er and )arron6Tie er had each type list the characteristics in a partner that Eere most important to them. 8ome characteristics Eere universal/ others Eere speci(ic to temperament or type. A summary o( the top seven characteristics that Eere most important to 8"s is listed beloE. An asteris! indicates that an item Eas also important to 30T4s. A K^L indicates that 30T4s actually vieEed an item as less important. Fidelity Mutual commitment All 8"s chose thisW All 8"s chose thisW

100 Ieirsey# 1BB$a 101 Iroe er R Thuesen# 1BB5 102 Ieirsey# 1BB$a

:2

Mutual support Companionship 8hared values 8ecurity =avin (un to ether )ein listened to 3ntimacy

All 8"s chose thisW All 8"s chose thisW All 8"s chose this 8T"s chose this^ 18"s chose this All e,cept 18T"s chose thisW Only 38F"s chose this

Least I$portant <alues The researchers also e,amined the characteristics that Eere seen as havin loE importance to a relationship. An asteris! indicates that an item Eas also seen as havin loE importance to 30T4s. A K^L indicates that 30T4s actually vieEed an item as important.

8imilar parentin styles 8piritual connection 8hared interests 8hared reli ious belie(s 8e,ual compatibility 3ntellectual stimulation

All 8"s chose thisW All 8"s chose thisW All 8"s chose this All 8"s chose thisW 18F"s and 38T"s chose this All e,cept 38T" chose this^

Avera)e 0ei)ht *, D >+ Place' on "ach 4ost I$portant .uar'ian <alue

The avera e KEei htL %ran!in pre(erence+ placed upon a characteristic is a rou h measure o( hoE much that particular characteristic Eas valued relative to other characteristics. A characteristic could be ran!ed in (irst# second# third# (ourth# (i(th# si,th# or seventh place. 8ome characteristics Eere considered very important to all 8"s# Ehile other characteristics Eere considered important to only some 8"s. =ere is a summary o( the avera e Eei ht that 8"s placed on each characteristic. The number in T U brac!ets indicates the Eei ht %i( any+ placed upon that characteristic by 30T4s. Fidelity Mutual commitment Mutual support )ein listened to 8hared values Companionship 8ecurity =avin (un to ether 3ntimacy 1.7 T2U 2 T1U - T-U -.-- T5U 7 7.7 T>U :.7 > >

%18T"s not counted+

%8T"s only counted+ %18"s only counted+ %38F"s only counted+

0hat Do People Love About INTPs3

One 30T4 ac'uaintance Eas told by a collea ue# O0ot many thin s o Eith plaid. )ut those thin s that do# o .1A??& Eell. 0oE# don*t ta!e this the Eron Eay66but your personality 38 plaidFO .etellin the story# the 30T4 observed amusedly# K3Hm li!e the blac! Mellybean...not many people eat the blac! ones# but the people Eho do really li!e them.L 4artners o( 30T4s appreciate their beloved*s encyclopedic !noEled e66havin an 30T4 around is li!e havin instant access to oneHs oEn personal <i!ipedia. Many have e,pressed admiration

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(or their 30T4Hs !noEled eability and enMoyed learnin neE thin s (rom them. 8ome 30T males seem to be polite almost to the point o( chivalry or courtliness. They are conspicuous (or their entlemanly mien. The 30T4 sense o( humor is one o( the most deli ht(ul aspects o( the type. <hen they turn their unconventional creativity to Eit# they brin much pleasure to others. 30T4s are open6minded and nonMud mental# and this is appreciated by those Eho con(ide in them. 4eople (eel that they can rela, around the 30T4. 4eople are rate(ul (or the calmness o( the 30T4# especially durin times o( panic. =onest and strai ht(orEard# 30T4s are re(reshin ly enuine. Compared to other types# they seem unable to put up a (alse pretense. An 30T4 o((ers a treat (or the mind that (eE other types can provide. Deep# complicated# and (ascinatin # the 30T4 is li!e a personal tour uide to the mysteries o( the universe. They are 'uite simply interesting. 30T4s have an inner Eorld that seems (athomlessly intricate. 30T4s enMoy debate/ this can be a particularly stimulatin attraction to many# especially (elloE .ationals. 30T4s illuminate neE perspectives and brin up neE in(ormation. They 'uestion basic assumptions that mi ht have been Eron to be in Eith. They don*t Eant to Ein so much as to arrive at an a reement on the truth# and this is a pleasant and novel Eay to ar ue (or many. There is a sort o( childli!e sEeetness# vulnerability and aE!Eardness in the character o( 30T4s that many (ind adorable. 4eople enMoy hoE laid bac! and easy oin 30T4s are. Their 'uir!iness and silliness is also endearin . 30T4s are not sEayed by peer pressure or the opinions o( others/ this inner stren th and sel( reliance is appreciated by many. <hen 30T4s have developed their F s!ills either throu h practice or because they have naturally moderate T6F pre(erences# the result is a charmin ly considerate and empathetic individual# still reserved but thou ht(ul and (riendly. %Thin! o( the !indly old pro(essor.+

INTP Courtship !ehaviors

Ieirsey %1BB$a+ notes that the 0T4s do not e,pend much e((ort to see! out a partner/ it Eould Must re'uire too much time and e((ort (or too little a chance o( return. )ecause o( this# some 0T4s may simply settle doEn Eith the (irst person Eho approaches them Eithout tryin (or anythin better. 3 suspect that there may also be a certain element o( (ear operatin here# i.e. K<hat i( this is my only chanceA <hat i( no one ever Eants me a ainAL This (its in Eith the Ieirsey*s description o( the 0T4 as despairin o( (indin someone Eho (its their uni'ue personality. 30T4s are not very ood at initiatin relationships. The process seems to be one o( compilin data on the person o( interest...procrastinatin ...compilin more data...procrastinatin ...(inally darin to ma!e a move %or not+... This sort o( style seems li!e it Eould be conducive to anonymous love notes. 3 did a 9oo le search (or each o( the 3ntuitive types Eith the phrase Ksecret admirerL and then counted the results. 30T4 Ksecret admirerL 6 -#B00 results 30F4 Ksecret admirerL 6 -#510 results :5

30F" Ksecret admirerL 6 1#1$0 results 10F" Ksecret admirerL 6 1#0>0 results 10T" Ksecret admirerL 6 1#0:0 results 30T" Ksecret admirerL 6 BB7 results 10F4 Ksecret admirerL 6 $1- results 10T4 Ksecret admirerL 6 >02 results )ut itHs di((icult to interpret this data because some types66particularly introverted intuitives66are much more stron ly represented in the type6based internet community than others. 3n addition# there are alEays search en ine 'uir!s %i.e. repetitive entries+ that can throE the data out o( Ehac!. 8till# the (act that there are (our times as many 30T4 results as 30T" results is (ood (or thou ht. 0aturally# the ne,t thin 3 Eondered Eas i( 30T4s are also creepy stal!ers. A brie( revieE o( the )i Five literature discussin stal!er personality traits Eas inconclusive/ 3 could not predict# (or e,ample# Ehether 30T4s Eould be amon the top (or types that e,hibit this behavior. 4robably# there is no one sin le Kstal!er type.L )ut ettin bac! to 30T4 courtship... 30T4s can be di((icult to pull out o( their shells. The Ealls ta!e a lon time to come doEn# (or 30T4s are uarded and cautious about revealin their innermost selves. %Many intimacy6see!in 0Fs have e,pressed particular deli ht in reachin this point in a relationship Eith an 30T4/ the intimacy is especially treasured because it too! so lon to e,tract.+ The socially not6too6adept 30T4 may also have a hard time (i urin out i( someone else is tryin to initiate courtship Eith them. %KThey touched me. Does it mean somethin A 8hould 3 touch them bac!A =oEA <henAL+ And then there*s the holdin hands and !issin part# Ehich they Eill tend to let the other person initiate. Flirtin does not come naturally or easily to an 30T4. 8ubtle clues or hints (rom a prospective mate may (all on dea( ears. 3ronically enou h# Ehen an 30T4 does in love# they turn the (ull mi ht o( their observational and analytical poEers upon their loved one# attemptin to learn as much about them as possible. At this point they are li!e one iant ear. One interestin aspect o( the 30T4 process o( (allin in love is the intensity o( the emotions that may be evo!ed. 30T4s are typically cool6blooded creatures/ they try not to let their emotions in(luence them too much# and may tamp them doEn i( the (eelin s seem to be ettin out o( hand. %KO!ay# 3Hve ot to calm doEn and thin! clearly.L+ )ut i( the emotions do et the best o( them# the (eelin s ra e li!e a Eild(ire. The 30T4 emotional re ulator seems to have tEo settin s2 loE and overdrive. The e,plosive nature o( the emotions may ta!e even the 30T4 by surprise. ;n(ortunately# in this intensely emotional state they are apt to ma!e some errors o( Mud ment. For e,ample# they may pursue too hard# unintentionally drivin their beloved aEay. Alternately# i( the courtship is success(ul# the 30T4 may Ehimsically propose. 30T4s seem prone to rec!less acts o( marria e.10- 3t*s as i( they believe that the (irst person Eho accepts them is the best and only person Eho Eill ever accept them. Considerin the 30T4 remarria e rate %read on+ this is clearly not so. 30T4s donHt really need the usual (loEers# cards and chocolates. For this reason# they donHt cost much to date. Iroe er and Thuesen %1BB5+ also noted that 30T4s may be someEhat inconsistent in their preparations (or events li!e anniversaries or birthday parties. 3.e.# they may put thin s o(( until the last minute and end up snatchin a i(t (rom the <almart MeEelry department on the Eay home. At this
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point the purchase o( a i(t becomes an emer ency rather than the thou ht(ul e,pression the someEhat embarrassed 30T4 had ori inally intended. Matters are not helped by the (act that 30T4s tend to have comparatively loE Kholiday spirit.L Galentines day# meh. They Must donHt see EhatHs so special about one day over another. TheyHll play alon # but not Eith the e,pected enthusiasm. <hen courtin an 30T4# one mista!e is to (ocus on hoE much you admire the 30T4Hs attractive physical (orm# clothes or hair. As e,plained in the section on clothin and hy iene# 30T4s donHt care much about their physical appearance. &ou mi ht as Eell be complimentin them on their bac!pac! or the Eindshield Eipers on their car. 8uch KcomplimentsL even ma!e them (eel uncom(ortable# and the 30T4 may be in to suspect your motivations. 3t is (ar better to compliment an 30T4 on their mind# their Eit# their sense o( humor# their insi ht# etc. These are thin s that 30T4s value about themselves# and they Eill deeply appreciate ac!noEled ment (or them. 30T4s# on the other hand# may ma!e the reverse mista!e o( not appreciatin and admirin their prospective mateHs body# clothin # hair# etc. <hile elaborate physical preparations may not be important to the 30T4# it could be 'uite important to the 30T4*s date. 4erhaps the 30T4*s partner spent si ni(icant time and money achievin that loo!# and is hopin (or the 30T4*s praise. Iroe er and Thuesen observed that 30T4s have si ni(icant di((iculty endin relationships# but i( they do decide to end a relationship# Ohell Eould (ree@e overO be(ore the 30T4 Eill ta!e bac! their e,. Those brea!in up Eith an 30T4 should be aEare that it may be hard# i( not impossible# to et them bac!.

INTP 4arria)e= 4arital Satisfaction= an' Divorce

Contrary to public belie(# 30T4s don*t have any problems ettin married. 3n (act# one study o( a sample o( male introverted veterans (ound that 30T4s Eere more li!ely to et married than almost every sin le other introverted type.105 3( you have ever Eorried about bein alone and unloved (orever because you are di((erent# you can probably stop noE. )ein an 30T4 Eon*t prevent you (rom ettin married. ;n(ortunately# it may result in you ettin married more times than every other introverted type. And you can divorce (aster too/ (emale 30T4s tended to be married the (eEest number o( years o( all %(emale+ types.107 As you mi ht uess (rom those particular (acts# 30T4s can have problems a(ter the honeymoon. Another study (ound that 30T4s have the (ourth loEest satis(action Eith their marria eCintimate relationship.10: %This isn*t as bad as it sounds thou h/ 3ntuitives Eere enerally less satis(ied than 8ensors# and 30T4s Eere 'uite close to the midran e values (or 3ntuitive satis(action. =oEever# 30T4s Eere the least satis(ied o( the .ationals. 0ote also that some 0Fs Eere (ar less satis(ied.+ Accordin to Marioles et al.*s study# out o( the 5 relationships in Ehich one partner Eas a (emale 30T4# 27X %only one+ had both partners satis(ied. Out o( the 12 relationships in Ehich one partner Eas a male 30T4# only --X %5 out o( 12+ had both partners satis(ied. This Eas the loEest Moint satis(action rate (or all male and (emale types. =oEever# Must because the 30T4*s spouse Eas dissatis(ied# it didn*t mean that the 30T4 themselves Eas dissatis(ied. 3ndeed# ::X o( the time %in B out o( 12 cases+ the male 30T4 was satis(ied Eith the relationship. One intri uin (indin that Marioles et al. made Eas that 30T4 males Eere the type most li!ely to be
105 Otis R ?ou!s# 1BB> 107 Discovery .eveals 4artner 8atis(action Throu h Myers )ri s Types# n.d. 10: Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

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satis(ied Eith their relationship Ehile havin a partner Eho Eas not. 3n --X o( cases %5 cases+# a male 30T4 Eas content but their spouse Eas not. This Eas the hi hest rate o( one6sided satis(action (or all types. %For the 5 (emale 30T4 relationships# the partners Eere either both satis(ied or both dissatis(ied.+ 3n tryin to e,plain the one6sided satis(action occurrin (or male 30T4s# the researchers su ested an Kobliviousness inde,L in Ehich one partner Eas oblivious to the other partner*s dissatis(action. =oEever# considerin that 30F"s had an almost identical rate o( one6sided satis(action %-1X+ and that amon (emales# 10F"s had the hi hest rate o( one6sided satis(action %1-X+# and that neither type has a reputation (or obliviousness# 3 don*t thin! the obliviousness e,planation 'uite (its. 3 suspect that the issue is this2 compared to most other types# 30T4s do not have very hi h needs (rom their partner. The 30T4 sel( reliance can even cause a partner to (eel someEhat useless# K&ou don*t need me (or anythin . <hy do you even Eant meAL 3t seems li!ely that it does not ta!e as much KinputL to satis(y an 30T4 as say# an 10F". An 30T4 can live happily enou h on a dime*s Eorth o( love demonstrations Ehile their partners may re'uire a dollar*s Eorth. 3ndeed# Eere the 30T4 to have a (ull dollar*s Eorth o( love demonstrations poured upon them# they mi ht (eel unpleasantly smothered. 4erhaps it is the di((erential needs o( the 30T4 and their partner rather than obliviousness Ehich produces an imbalance in satis(action rates66but that still doesn*t e,plain the 10F"s or 30F"s. <hat to do about the di((erence in inputA An 30T4 tryin to produce a dollar*s Eorth o( love demonstrations Eould e,haust themselves# Ehile an 10F" mi ht produce such a 'uantity e((ortlessly. The best thin to do then# Eould be to invest the dime Eisely in the area Ehere it Eill produce the reatest return. 3n short# (ind out Ehat your spouse*s most hi hly pre(erred KinputL is and selectively direct your e((orts there. Does your partner pre(er physical a((ectionA =elp around the houseA 9i(tsA Gerbal e,pressions o( loveA Doin activities to etherA The boo! K1: <ays to ?ove &our ?overL is a ood place to start your study# and you can (ind plenty o( leads on the internet. &ou could even ask your partnerF 3 Many people obviously (ind the 30T4 personality intri uin and attractive66i( not# 30T4s Eouldn*t be ettin married in droves# Eould theyA66but a(ter the marria e e,pectations seem to shi(t. 30T4s must (ind a Eay to shi(t Eith them. ?et*s loo! at areas Ehere 30T4s can improve their marital s!ills and et into that happy roup Ehere both partners are satis(ied.

Those ? Little 0or's

Tie er and )arron6Tie er %2000+ su est that because 30T4s are so private# they may not e,press their (eelin s or thou hts enou h to satis(y their more e,pressive mates. %This is true o( all .ationals# but particularly the 30Ts.+ 3ndeed# 30T4s are not bi on sharin their (eelin s. They disli!e bein pressured to ma!e emotional e,pressions# i.e. ivin compliments or sayin K3 love youL over and over a ain. Over6(re'uent e,pression seems unnatural and insincere to them. =oE o(ten should one say K3 love youLA Iroe er and Thuesen %1BB5+ su ested at least once a Eee!# but Ehen 3 told my 0F (riend this she Eas horri(ied and insisted that it should be once a day. 8o obviously there are di((erences o( opinion amon the types. 3( your spouse !eeps as!in # KDo you love meAL then you probably need to up the (re'uency. As a eneral rule o( thumb# e,traverted (eelers \ hi h (re'uency re'uired/ introverted thin!ers \ loE (re'uency re'uired.

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Thou h the 30T4 vieEs a relationship as a O(oreverO commitment10> and there(ore tends to assume that their (eelin s must be implicitly obvious since they choose to remain Eith their beloved# the 30T4*s spouse may mista!enly interpret silence as lac! o( a((ection. The 30T4 assumes that silence means continuin a((ection# but their partner may mista!enly interpret it as apathy. Addin to this is the (act that the 0Ts as a roup tend to be hi hly (ocused on the problems they are currently Eor!in on# and are simultaneously disinterested in daily domestic matters.10$ Ieirsey su ests that althou h 0Ts may need reminders to pay attention to their relationships and (amily li(e# the 0T*s spouse may not be Eillin to ive such reminders# reasonin to themselves# O3t isn*t real love i( it is iven under duress.O The .ationals then continue obliviously on Eith their proMects# and cannot understand Ehen their spouses (inally tell them they are cold or uncarin . O=oE can they thin! 3 don*t love themAO the .ational Eonders incredulously. O3sn*t it obviousAO 8o Ehat can Ee say hereA Althou h 30T4s probably have loEer relational needs than most# they may run into trouble i( they assume that other types share the same loE needs (or communication# emotional e,pression# etc. %This assumes that you haven*t married another 30T4# Ehich seems to be a pre(erred route.+

.ivin) "$otional Support

8o hereHs a problem (or you. &our partner# a Feeler# has Must come up to you and shared an e,perience that has resulted in a state o( emotional distress# insecurity# an er# Eorry# or reMection. KMy boss said he e,pects me to do better on the proMect this time.L KMy (riend has been tellin everyone 3Hm sel(ish.L K3Hm so Eorried about this intervieE.L They may even % asp+ cry. )hat do you do? )ein an 30T4# your (irst instinct Eill probably be to provide lo ic6based advice on hoE to solve the problem. This is not necessarily the best approach. O(ten Ehat your Feelin partner Eants is not necessarily a solution# but emotional support in their time o( need. Failure to do this correctly may eventually lead to accusations such as K&ou EerenHt there (or meL or K&ou didnHt care about me.L 8o hoE does one provide such supportA <ell# here are some ideas2 Galidate the otherHs (eelin s by notin Ehat emotions they must be (eelin . K&ou must (eel pretty upset about Ehat they said.L KThat must have hurt.L K&ouHre Eorried# huhAL KOh no. &ou must (eel aE(ul.L Their (eelin s may sometimes seem illo ical or over the top# but thatHs to be e,pected (rom your oEn cool# li@ard6li!e perspective. &our Mob here is to be somethin li!e a verbal mirror (or their emotions# re(lectin bac! their distress in a compassionate Eay. 1motional verbali@ation doesnHt come easy (or an 30T4# but do the best you can. 1ven a little is much better than nothin . Tell your partner that you value and love them. 4rovide speci(ic e,amples o( Ehat you appreciate about your partner to counteract their oEn or othersH ne ative evaluations. 4rovide speci(ic e,amples o( hoE thin s have turned out o!ay in the past. K3tHll be alri htL is !ind o( shalloE/ you need to di deeper. 3tHs o!ay to repeat your e,amples a couple o( times so that it

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Eill sin! in %this probably Eon*t come naturally+. &ouHre essentially constructin a positive mental picture to replace the ne ative one. "ust listen Eithout tryin to solve thin s. &our partner may Must Eant someone to vent to. &ouHre sort o( li!e a Mournal in Ehich they can con(ide their private thou hts and (ind a measure o( release. As an e,periment# try not ivin advice unless they speci(ically as! (or it. 0arroE doEn Ehat theyHre upset about. As! 'uestions until you can (i ure out specifically Ehat is botherin them. <hen they understand this# it may brin some relie(. A side bene(it is that youHre also encoura in them to tal! and e,press their (eelin s# Ehich also results in a release. 3t also ives you more opportunities to validate their (eelin s and a((irm their value and positive 'ualities.

(i)htin) (or Principles

30T4s instinctively analy@e and dissect con(lict to understand their oEn (eelin s and those o( their partner# and they may use obMecti(ication as a Eay to control their (eelin s.10B )ut are 30T4s Eillin to (i htA 0ot really. 30T4s do not li!e to ma!e Eaves# and they Eill Eait and Eait to air an issue Ehen it Eould be better Must to o (or it. 3n the meantime# they Eill have the (i ht out Eithin their mind# e((ortlessly envisionin their partner*s responses (or them. 30T4s Eill also EithdraE a(ter a (i ht and not communicate. There may be silence a(ter an ar ument# or both parties may shut doEn rather than deal Eith con(lict %leavin the issue unresolved or lettin it (ester+. This tendency is ampli(ied i( their partner is a (elloE introvert# and even more particularly i( their partner is an introverted (eeler. An 30T4 hopes to learn somethin (rom each con(lict that Eill help them ne,t time. One interestin side e((ect o( this is that (or an 30T4# each (i ht is perceived as setting a precedent.110 To people o( other types# (i hts happen on a case by case basis. )ut (or an 30T4# each case is merely one embodiment o( an overall principle. For e,ample# let*s say that a room has tEo li ht sEitches# meanin that the KupL and KdoEnL positions are (le,ible dependin on Ehich sEitch is used to turn on and o(( the li ht. The 30T4*s partner# a "ud er# has a compulsive need to maintain the sEitches so as to !eep KupL e'uivalent to Kon.L The 30T4# hoEever# couldn*t care less Ehat positions the sEitches are in. For a lon time# the 30T4 simply i nores their partner*s occasional complaints. )ut# a(ter a stress(ul day# a minor ar ument (inally erupts over the situation. For the "ud er# the ar ument is about the li ht sEitches and the li ht sEitches alone. For the 30T4# the ar ument is an embodiment or a lar er principle2 K8hould the "ud er have the ri ht to control me to the e,tent that they dictate my minor habitsAL The "ud er has many little pre(erences o( this sortNthe Eay shirts should be (olded# the place the car should be par!ed# etc. 3( the 30T4 ave in on the li ht sEitches# they Eould perceive themselves to be a reein Eith the entire principle underlyin the e,ample. They Eould (eel li!e they Eere sayin # K&es# 3 Eill let you control the Eay 3 use the li ht sEitches# the Eay 3 (old shirts# the volume 3 leave the TG at be(ore turnin it o((# the cupboard 3 put the co((ee aEay in# the Eay 3 load boEls into the dishEasher# etc.L <hen the 30T4 re(uses to care about the li ht sEitches they are standin up (or a principle. The li ht sEitch situation itsel( is insi ni(icant. To the 30T4# each (i ht oes strai ht to the 8upreme Court to be used as an e,ample (or all (uture Mudicial decisions. 4icture# i( you Eill# Ehat the reaction Eould be i( one country demanded that a nei hborin country
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hand over one s'uare !ilometer o( territory. <ill the other country say# K<ell# it*s only a tiny s'uare !ilometer. 8ure# o!ay.L +ever. 3t is the principle o( soverei nty that is at sta!e# not the si@e o( the demanded tur(. 3n a similar Eay# 30T4s are (i htin not only (or that one !ilometer o( tur(# but (or every !ilometer that mi ht ever be demanded. &et (rom their partner*s perspective# it is (rustratin ly incomprehensible Ehy the 30T4 Eill not yield on such a tiny matter. An 30T4*s partner can prevent (i hts o( this sort by ma!in it clear (rom the start that the situation is a uni'ue case. For e,ample# the spouse mi ht say# KThis li ht sEitch thin is really botherin me. &ou !noE 3 don*t care too much about the other little stu((# but this li ht sEitch is Eearin on my nerves. Can Ee a ree to leave it in Must one position or else Must use one sEitchAL )y ma!in the case uni'ue# i.e. a problem that stands out to the "ud er as bein particularly bothersome# the "ud er separates the case in 'uestion (rom a multitude o( other cases that Eould ordinarily be included under the blan!et cate ory Kminor habits that annoy the "ud er.L 3ndeed# the li ht sEitches are no lon er part o( the Kminor habits that annoy "ud erL roup at allNrather# they have raduated to a neE roup# KThin s that irritate the "ud er si ni(icantly more than usual.L The 30T4*s principles dictate that items (allin into this smaller# more serious# and more e,clusive roup deserve reater consideration than those o( the (ormer cate ory. 9ivin in on items in this roup does not imply that the 30T4 Eould be ivin in on shirt (oldin # dish Easher pac!in # etcNthose items are ruled by di((erent operatin principles. The 30T4 is still (i htin (or a principle# but the principle noE applies to such a narroE ran e o( cases that it doesn*t matter much to them anymore. Thus the 30T4 noE perceives the re'uest to be KreasonableL %or they Eill at least be more Eillin to humor the "ud er+. ;pon ma!in a concession# the 30T4 Eill remember the outcome and save it (or (uture re(erence. 3( another# similar situation comes alon # the 30T4 Eill remember the (ormer outcome and compare the tEo situations# tryin to decide i( there is a pattern and i( the principles need to be ree,amined in li ht o( neE data. 8uppose the 30T4*s partner thin!s they noE !noE hoE to et concessions out o( the 30T4# and becomes Kparticularly botheredL about the Eay shirts are (olded and boEls are put aEay. 8ince the 30T4 stores up and remembers each case (or trac!in purposes# they Eill immediately notice the chan e in behavior. 4reviously Kparticularly bothersomeL thin s happened to the "ud er once every (our or (ive months. 0oE they are occurrin every (eE Eee!s. ;pon (urther e,amination# the recorded data su ests the "ud er is cryin Eol(. The 30T4 Eill adMust their de(initions to ive less Eei ht to the "ud er*s noE6unreliable claims and stop ma!in concessions. The "ud er# seein that the ma ic approach is not Eor!in anymore# Eill ive up. )ut (or the 30T4 this is neE data too/ they have learned somethin . They Eill remember this incidence o( unreliable e,a eration ne,t time there is an ar ument. The "ud er# on the other hand# Eill more or less (or et everythin in a (eE Eee!s. 1verythin is bac! to normal as thou h nothin had ever happened. They assume the 30T4 has (or otten too. To other types# li(e is li!e an episodic TG shoE Ehere everythin oes bac! to the status 'uo at be innin o( the ne,t episode. To the 30T4# each episode builds upon the other# and thin s that chan e stay chan edN(or years. <hen the 30T4 says# K3n 8eason 1# episode -# it Eas established that Ee could borroE thin s (rom each other Eithout as!in so lon as Ee put them bac! Eithin the Eee!. 3*ve been holdin up my end ever since# but you haven*tA <hyAL The 30T4*s spouse loo!s at them in beEilderment. K<e*re in 8eason 7 noE. 3 don*t even remember Ehat happened in season -# much less season 1. <hat happened in episode - anyEayAL To 30T4s# other people can seem inconsistent and (or et(ul. <hen (i htin # remember that your partner sees only the speci(ic case at hand# Ehile you see the hi her >0

principle behind the case. &ou*re actually only (i htin over the li ht sEitch.

Chil'ren
A study (ound that 30T4s may be one o( the types most li!ely to be content to marry# but not have children. FreiMe %1BB1+ surveyed 1-0 people Eho did not intend to have children and -B$ Eho did %there Eere 21 30T4s total in the combined sample+. Amon those choosin not to have children# 71X consisted o( 3Ts. &et 3Ts Eere only 11X o( the sample that did intend to have children. And Ehere did 30T4s (all into itA 1- o( the 21 30T4sNsli htly over hal(Nindicated that they did not Eant children. 0oE you !noE Eho to blame (or the birth dearth. 30F" J 2.B7 times as many as e,pected did not Eant children %but the roup included only $ 30F"s# so this (indin should be re arded Eith suspicion+ 30T" J 2.>$ times as many as e,pected did not Eant children 30T4 J 2.71 times as many as e,pected did not Eant children 38T4 J 2.5> times as many as e,pected did not Eant children 38T" J 2.27 times as many as e,pected did not Eant children 38F4 J 1.>: times as many as e,pected did not Eant children

10T4s# 18F4s# 18F"s# 18T4s# and 10F"s Eere the types that most Eanted children. Althou h this Eas only a small e,ploratory study# it Eould be Eise to discuss the subMect o( havin children be(ore ettin married.

1ouse9ork
30T4s do not see much value in continually !eepin their environment in a per(ect state/ not so (or the "ud ers. <hat motive does the 30T4 have to do houseEor!A 3t does not satis(y any (undamental need in them and they (ind it drud erous. To them# their "ud in partner*s na in re'uests (or per(ection seem li!e a sel(ish demand to continually Easte their valuable time on an activity that is 'uite pointless. &et (rom the "ud er*s point o( vieE# the 30T4 is continually destroyin their hard Eor! by messin up the clean house and re(usin to (i, the dama e. To them# havin a clean house is rela,in and havin a messy house is stress(ul. From their perspective the 30T4*s behavior seems sel(ish# inconsiderate# and la@y. 3n an internet discussion on houseEor!# a thou ht(ul user probed the mystery o( Ehy 30T4s don*t help Eith the house. =is tEo part response e,plains 1.+ <hy 30T4s don*t care about messiness# and 2.+ <hy they don*t mind lettin their partner do all the cleanin . _1. Many people mentioned being messy (and I can't deny that I am). =oE an 30T4 sees it2 A car is a means o( conveyance to move (rom point A to )# not an operatin room Ehere cleanliness is necessary. &ou et in# turn the !ey and o throu h the necessary actions to arrive at your destination %Ehile mentally you are thin!in about Ehatever is bu@@in about your brain at the moment+. Trash in the car is irrelevant as lon as it does not impede the (unction o( transportation. As lon as the car does its Mob# 30T4s don*t see the trash as an issue. This thou ht also applies to livin 'uarters. =omes are a place to sleep# eat and thin!. 3( the mess does not impede any o( these (unctions then the 30T4 sees no problem. >1

_2. Feeling like you are doing all the work (cleaning, laundry, chores, relationship). .emember in this instance hoE 30T4s vieE mess. 0ot a problem unless it directly impedes main (unctions. Thus Ehen you do the dishes or pic! up his mess# he sees this as a voluntary action on your part. To an 30T4 this is li!e a homeless man Eho Must runs up and cleans his Eindshield and then e,pects to be paid. The 30T4 did not as! the man to do that and it did not need to be done. Thus no repayment canCshould be re'uired or e,pected. =e did not as! or e,pect you to clean the mess up %and in his mind it did not need to be done+# thus you have done an action o( your oEn Eill. Thus you are Must doin *e,tra* Eor! and cannot e,pect him to *oEe* you unnecessary actions in return. <hen he as!s you (or help %and he li!ely neverCrarely Eill+ and you help him# then he is obli ated to help you out o( a sense o( e'ual partnership. This all relates to a core o( 30T4 independence. 3n our minds Ee help by never (orcin Cre'uirin Cneedin anyone to help us (because anyone who needs help is not independent, and those who require help are a ta ing drain). 3*m not sayin that every 30T4 thin!s this Eay or should. "ust tryin to e,plain the roots o( the problem. An 30T4 can come to understand that cleanin up a mess is e,pected and that helpin out Eith household chores is somethin they should do even i( they don*t really thin! it needs to be done. "ust avoid yellin or ivin orders. *"ust because* is not a reason# say Ehat you mean and e,plain your *Ehy* and Ee Eill probably et it in the end.

Contractin)
8uppose that your partner has Ehat you Eould consider an unreasonable e,pectation o( youNi.e. helpin Eith the house. Or suppose that you have mutually incompatible desires. Or suppose your partner has va ue e,pectations that you Kspend more time Eith themL but you have the sin!in suspicion that they basically e,pect you to (eed a blac! hole. One solution to these scenarios is contractin .111 This is Ehere husband and Ei(e Eor! out a deal to ether Ehere each party a rees to ive in to some o( the other*s needs in e,chan e (or speci(ic reciprocal advanta es. The terms o( the contract are spelled out e,actly. For e,ample# Ehat about Khelpin Eith the houseLA 1ach party Eants the other to do somethin that the other (inds unpleasant. 3( the 30T4 is compelled to help Eith the houseEor! a ainst their Eill# they Eill o((er passive resistance or else do it rud in ly. )ut this is not a recipe (or a harmonious relationship. On the other hand# i( the "ud er cannot et the 30T4 to help !eep the house clean# they may resort to na in and eventually (orm a loE opinion o( their partner. Also not a recipe (or a happy relationship. 3( either party ot e,actly Ehat they Eanted# the result Eould be to leave the other (eelin ta!en advanta e o(. A better outcome is (or each party to compromise and et hal( o( Ehat they Eant# Ehile receivin e'ual concessions (rom their partner. For starters# the nebulous idea o( Khelpin Eith the houseL could be clari(ied into a list o( speci(ics2 doin laundry# tidyin the livin room# shovelin snoE# scrubbin the bathroom# doin dishes# moEin the laEn# etc. <hat you Eant to do is to convert a va ue pie6in6the6s!y Eishlists into actual# physical# measurable Eants. Chances are that some o( these thin s seem more or less tolerable to each party. Maybe the 30T4 sort
111 Iroe er R Thuesen# 1BB5

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o( li!es ra!in leaves. Maybe the "ud er is o!ay Eith laundry. 0oE comes the contractin . The "ud er mi ht thin! it Eould be (air to divide the list in hal( so that each party does a similar amount. KThat Eay#L they say# Kit Eill be e'ual.L )ut Ehat about the 30T4*s point o( vieEA To them# the chores are pretty pointless to be in Eith# so Ehat do they et out o( it besides a commitment to do a bunch o( Eor! they didn*t even care about to be in EithA Admittedly there is an element o( (airness in dividin the Eor! in hal(# yet there is nothin here that could motivate the 30T4 to !eep up their end o( the contract. They ain nothin in return. There is no payo(( (or them in it save the dubious satis(action o( a clean house. This bar ain leaves the "ud er happy but the 30T4 unhappy. <hat else could be brou ht in to ma!e the deal desirable (rom the 30T4*s perspectiveA 4robably there are thin s that the 30T4 has Eanted to do but not done out o( consideration (or the couple*s mutual oals. The 30T4 should ma!e a list o( reciprocal (avors that they Eould consider a (air e,chan e (or helpin Eith the houseEor!. Their list o( possibilities mi ht loo! somethin li!e this2 The 30T4 is alloEed to et bla@in (ast internet %P50Cmonth option+ The "ud er ansEers the telephone (rom noE on The "ud er ma!es a (avorite (ood (or the 30T4 on a re ular basis The couple spends one ni ht a Eee! doin somethin that the 30T4 Eould enMoyNEhether readin to ether# playin a video ame# hi!in # etc. The 30T4 is alloEed to buy tEo neE video ames a month The "ud er brin s company over less (re'uently 3n short# the 30T4 should list thin s that Eill ma!e their li(e less stress(ul and more pleasant. This Eay# both the 30T4 and the "ud in spouse Eill et somethin valuable out o( the contract. Then it Eill be mutually bene(icial. 0oE comes the matter o( decidin e,actly Ehat Eill be e,chan ed (or Ehat. 1ach party Eill Eant to thin! about the other*s list and decide upon Ehich (avors they Eould be most Eillin to concede. Further re(inements to the contract Eill deal Eith 'uestions li!e K=oE o(ten shall 3 be re'uired to do thisAL or K=oE many hours per Eee! shall 3 be re'uired to do thisAL or K=oE about instead i( you only ot one neE video ame per month and 3 didn*t invite company over to the house every other Eee!AL KOn Ehat days shall 3 be re'uired to do thisAL The (inished contract Eill loo! somethin li!e this2 KThe 30T4 a rees to do laundry once a Eee!# moE the laEn# shovel snoE# and clean the bathroom (or one hour every 8aturday. The "ud er Eill !eep the rest o( the house in order and do dishes each ni ht Eith the provision that the couple Eill save up to buy a dishEasher by the end o( the year. The "ud er Eill also ansEer the telephone and have company over no more than 2 times per Eee!. The 30T4 also a rees to spend at least one hour chattin Eith company Ehen they do come over.L A Eell6Eritten contract should ma!e it easy to say Ehen both parties are upholdin their side o( the bar ain. And# since e,pectations are clearly laid out# neither partner is re'uired to do more than stipulated. 0or does either partner have a ri ht to complain anymore. 3n the (inal sta e# both parties set their a reement into a written contract# si n it i( necessary# and a ree to try it out (or tEo months. %&es# you do need a time period66donHt Must let it be (orever.+ On a Eee!ly basis# both parties need to chec! to ma!e sure that each is upholdin their end o( the bar ain. At the end o( the tEo months# the contract should be revisited# revieEed and adMusted as necessary. Contractin can be used in an in(inite variety o( situations/ Iroe er and Thuesen include e,amples in >-

their boo! o( hoE 30T4s contracted Eith their partner over the 'uestions o( havin children# ettin married# satis(yin their relatives# and other issues. As the authors note# 30T4s are very ood at Eritin contracts and see value in creatin them. Their Eea! point# hoEever# is the daily carryin out o( the contract# so be sure that you honor your hal( o( the commitment.

1yper$in'fulness
3ronically enou h# one o( the problems 30T4s stru le Eith is Eorryin too much about their relationship. Iroe er and Thuesen %1BB:+ have su ested that 30T4s are continually attemptin to de(ine their relationships on the basis o( (resh data. 8ometimes this can et out o( hand. 1vans %2012+ called this tendency to observe and overanaly@e Khypermind(ulness.L Ordinary mind(ulness is Ehen you deliberately# obMectively and consciously pay attention to the happenin s in your immediate environment. 3( not lost in thou ht# 30T4s habitually observe their Eorld in this Eay# tryin to analy@e situations and detect lon 6term patterns. =ypermind(ulness# hoEever# is Ehen the 30T4 reads meanin into everything they observe and tries to (it the meanin s into lon 6term patterns on the basis o( scanty data. Add a pinch o( paranoia or insecurity# and you have Ehat amounts to a relationship hypochondriac. 0ot even mentionin the stron possibility o( observer bias# the e((ects o( Eorryin about hoE an aE!Eard Eord or esture has been perceived by another person can be more ta,in on the relationship than the aE!Eard act itsel(.

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>7

<hen hypermind(ulness sets in# the 30T4 places their relationship under under a microscope li!e an amoeba. ;n(ortunately# amoebae have a Eay o( dyin Ehen e,posed at len th to the heat o( a microscope li ht. 3n much the same Eay# an 30T4 can literally analy@e their relationship to death. 1ach neE piece o( in(ormation ta!es on disproportionate si ni(icance# and (inally some une,plained doEnEard bump in the data convinces them that the relationship is hopelessly (laEed. At this point they are prone to i norin the ood points and overemphasi@in the bad# all the Ehile loomily predictin that thin s Eill only et Eorse. This !ind o( e,amination stunts rather than improves. 3nstead o( bein hypermind(ul# 30T4s should loosen up a bit and reali@e that ups and doEns are normal and not necessarily permanent. .ather than turnin each e,perience into a precedent (or all (uture e,periences (orever# they should accept that thin s do happen on a case by case basis and it is o(ten premature to loo! (or a pattern. <ho !noEs# tomorroE thin s may be loo!in up a ain.

Reco$$en'ations
3( you Eant to approach buildin a better relationship (rom a type perspective# 3 recommend the (olloEin boo!s2 1: <ays to ?ove &our ?over by Iroe er and Thuesen 6 This honest boo! uses type to e,plain in reat detail Ehy your spouse is so annoyin # and Ehy you yoursel( are so annoyin to your spouse. 3( you*re havin marital issues# this is the boo! 3 recommend. P1 used.

"ust &our Type2 Create the .elationship &ou*ve AlEays <anted ;sin the 8ecrets o( 4ersonality Type by Tie er and )arron6Tie er 6 Contains descriptions o( every possible pairin # i.e. 30T4 , 38F"# 30T4 , 18F4# 30T4 , 10F4. 3( you*re curious to e,plore a speci(ic relationship# this boo! Eill do ive you the in(ormation you need. P7 used.

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INTP I'entifications

1istorical INTPs
One o( the most deli ht(ully amusin aspects o( studyin historical 30T4s is the opportunity to indul e in K30T4olo yolo yL66the study o( the study o( 30T4s. 8ometimes the Eay a researcher interprets 30T4 traits or behavior is actually more interestin than the 30T4 behavior itsel(. For e,ample# a Eriter may speculate# KThe reason this person is so cool and detached is that their parents didnHt love themL or KMaybe abdominal cancer Eas responsible (or this personality de(ect.L Or# K3tHs Asper erHsCADD.L %&es# these are all real li(e e,amples.+ Then there are all the times Ehere the bio raphers say# K=e could have hardly (ailed to be aEare that...L Once you !noE Ehat 30T4s are li!e# that sentence Eill ma!e you burst out lau hin . For an 30T4# unaEareness is a lifestyle. Another complaint that bio raphers have is hoE seemin ly contradictory 30T4s are. 30T4s are described Eith Eords li!e Kcon(lictin #L Kcontradictory#L Kinconsistent#L Kambi uousL and Kcomple,.L Thorne and 9ou hHs %1BB1+ non6type6saavy observers a reed Eith this statement. The observers thou ht that (emale 30T4s Eere not described by the phrase# K=as a clear6cut# internally consistent personalityL and that male 30T4s were described by the Eord Kcomple,.L A (eE astute bio raphers have ac!noEled ed that Ehile 30T4s seem inconsistent# this is actually because a.+ the comple,ity o( their analyses de(ies simplistic analysis# and b.+ they live obMectively under the overnance o( a set o( principles rather than (olloEin the normal rule o( sel(6interest or cause6interest. .ather than comparin particular e,amples o( behavior a ainst each other and sayin # K=e supported ] on this occasion# but & on this occasion#L the correct approach is to deduce the overarchin principle%s+ Ehich can e,plain both seemin ly contradictory choices. Ordinary people are o(ten li!e bio raphers in that they see an 30T4 support one ar ument in (avor o( an idea and assume that they should support everythin that oes pac!a ed Eith that idea. The (inely nuanced vieEs o( the 30T4 are lost on them because they do not !noE the principles behind the 30T4*s support or reMection o( the idea. 3t is important to (ind out Ehat unstated laEs underlie an 30T4*s belie( system be(ore Mud in their motives and oals.

(ictional INTPs
<hy study (ictional charactersA 3snHt it unrealistic to study made up peopleA 0ot as much as you one e,pect. Mont omery %1B$B+ Erote o( Kthe mirror o( (iction#L Eherein a s!illed author ta!es Ehat they have observed o( human nature and converts it into characters Eho seem li!e real li(e people. .ather than bein a patchEor! 'uilt o( contradictin "# 4# 1# 3# T# F# 0 and 8 traits# most characters have an internally consistent personality# because the author in(used them Eith characteristics Ehich they themselves had already observed in real li(e. There are o( course e,ceptions/ (or e,ample# the KMary 8ueL is a character that has every possible virtue and no (laEs. Or sometimes authors Eill chan e the personality o( their character as they add se'uels to the ori inal Eor!. 3( you have a television series Eritten by multiple Eriters# di((erent versions o( a character Eill sprout up because di((erent Eriters emphasi@e di((erent aspects. Alternately# Ehen a character %(or e,ample# 8herloc! =olmes+ is reenvisioned over and over# di((erent >>

versions Eill appear over time. To avoid these pit(alls# 3 have chosen characters Eith an internally consistent# stable personality and a realistic set o( virtues and (laEs. The Eor!s they have been ta!en (rom represent the (irst envisionment o( the character by the ori inal author.
A'vanta)es of the E4irror of (ictionF )rie(ly# the advanta es o( studyin 30T4s in a (ictional settin are the (olloEin 2 3t alloEs us to do is e,plore scenarios that Eould be otherEise be di((icult to study in real li(e. 3t ives us an opportunity to dissect ood e,amples o( type6based behavior Eithout ettin sued by real li(e people. 3t reveals some o( the 30T4 archetypes and hoE they (it into our cultural mythos.

3t dramati@es 30T4 traits# ma!in them stand out clearly.

Proble$s 9ith the 4irror of (iction 4erhaps you have seen those endless internet discussions over Ehat type a certain character is. There*s a reason the discussions never seem to et anyEhere. A study on type and personal heroes (ound that althou h people do not alEays choose heroes o( their oEn type# they do proMect their oEn type*s characteristics upon their heroes.112 For e,ample# suppose you have an 18T4 hero. An 30T4 notices moments o( introversion or re(lection# Ehile an 10F" notices moments o( compassion or sel(lessness. ?i!e the blind men and the elephant# each type particularly notices aspects o( the hero that they can relate Eith. The 10 30T4 adolescents in the study# (yi# pre(erred 38F4 heroines and 30F4 heroes. %3 Eould (eel more com(ortable Eith this conclusion i( 3 !neE Eho the heroes so 3 could chec! their type. 0o such luc!.+

0evertheless# it does appear that people see! out heroes o( their oEn type more o(ten than heroes o( the opposite type. Out o( the 1B: heroes in the study# 2>X o( matched the adolescent*s oEn type# Ehile 2X Eere the e,act opposite type. .ou hly spea!in then# people are somethin li!e 15, as li!ely to choose characters o( their type as heroes. Fun (act2 the maMority o( .ationals depicted in 8aturday mornin cartoons are enius villains Eho probe the mysteries o( science and ma!e brilliant brea!throu hs in technolo y. These characters are per(ect role models (or 0Ts save (or the minor shortcomin o( bein evil. K<hat*s Eron Eith meA <hy do 3 alEays li!e the villainsAL .ationals Eonder.

Notes on Type I'entifications

3 have made an e((ort to provide a rationale (or hoE the individuals in this boo! Eere typed in the hope that the e,planations Eill be help(ul in (ormin a set o( rou h uidelines that can be used to identi(y 30T4s and tell them apart (rom other types %particularly 30T"s+. 3denti(yin people*s types can be a reEardin and illuminatin e,perience/ it can also ma!e one aEare o( Must hoE inade'uate type6based stereotypes are Ehen describin actual human behavior. On several occasions 3 have (ound my pet theories disproven by a bio raphical e,ample and have been (orced to rethin! them in accordance Eith the neE data. )io raphies can be a Eonder(ul laboratory (or type theorists. ,ut only if you can get a person-s type right to begin with* <ith this in mind# here are a (eE rules o( thumb that most interested amateurs# and even many type practitioners# do not !noE2 First and (oremost# no sin le piece o( evidence is ./. conclusive on its oEn. A common mista!e is
112 4etersen# 1BB-

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to (i,ate on a couple items o( evidence and assi n them a hu e amount o( Eei ht# i.e.# KAll 30T4s do thisL or KOnly 30T4s can do this.L 8o (or e,ample# people Eill say# KAn 30T4 Eould never do that because they have too much sel( control.L Or K30T4s are the only per(ectionistic type/ this person Eas described as per(ectionistic/ there(ore they can only be an 30T4.L 3n (act# there is an e,ception to every rule. Furthermore# people can learn to adapt to shi(tin circumstances/ they do not (olloE the sames rules all the time. 3t must also be reco ni@ed that most traits are characteristic o( more than one type/ 30T4s cannot claim e,clusivity on any characteristic that 3 !noE o(. 1ven i( they are the type most li!ely to embody a particular trait# there are 26- other types that also have the trait in abundance and could plausibly be described as possessin it. Then too# one one must alEays loo! (or e,planations other than type (or a behavior. An e,travert Eho avoids people because he has been teased and bullied by his peers is not an introvert# despite outEard appearances. Finally# one must alloE (or individual variation. 8ome 30T4s are very clear in their type/ others have moderate pre(erences. 8ome 30T4s are very close to bein 30F4s/ others are very close to bein 10T4s/ still others are almost 30T"s or 38T4s. 0ever mista!e a typeHs average characteristics (or a rule that always applies to everyone o( the type. An avera e is simply somethin that usually applies to most. There(ore one must not ive in to the temptation o( simplistic certainty. 3t is only Ehen the preponderance o( do@ens o( pieces o( Eea!# ood# and even e,cellent evidence be ins to point toEards a sin le type that an identi(ication can be made. Finally# it is better to rely on in(ormation dealin Eith a (amous person*s daily habits# speech patterns# etc. rather than %say+ maMor overnment policy decisions# Mob position held# etc. Do@ens o( un6type related (actors o into the latter# but not the (ormer/ there(ore daily habits are a better source (or typin in(ormation than maMor decisions. 3 also recommend typin (amous people usin in(ormation about hoE they behaved be(ore they became (amous. These behaviors are more natural and less sel(6 conscious. 9iven all this# the most use(ul sources o( in(ormation are boo!s that delve heavily into the nitty ritty o( a man or Eoman*s everyday personal li(e. )oo!s that merely report KdidsL and Kdidn*tsL li!e# KThen he enacted this policy# then he travelled here# then he made this speechL are almost Eorthless (or identi(icationsNyou can o (or 100 pa es Eithout (indin a sin le use(ul indication o( a person*s type. <hat you Eant are boo!s that delve into the intimate personal details or character o( the person# pre(erably Eith lots o( anecdotes (rom the person*s close (riends# enemies# and ac'uaintances. )io raphers seem to ma!e a habit o( describin a person*s temperament (or the (irst three chapters o( the boo!# and then oin into the dids and didn*ts (or the tEenty chapters. For a 'uic! identi(ication# Must the read the (irst (i(ty pa es. One (inal caution is to avoid usin the co nitive (unctions Ehen ma!in an identi(ication. )esides the (act that there is no evidence (or the (unctions* e,istence# there is also the (act that the de(initions o( Fe# Fi# Te# Ti# etc. are va ue and tend to overlap each other to an unacceptable e,tent. 3 Eould not consider them a practical tool/ rather# it is li!ely they Eill con(ound a correct analysis.11Process

<hen tryin to identi(y a person you suspect is an 30T4# it o(ten Eor!s best to (irst establish temperament# then introversionCe,traversion# then (inally Mud in Cperceivin . &ou can Eor! in any order# but this is usually the order in Ehich the pieces (all into place.
11- Mc4ee! R Martin# 2012a/ Mc4ee! R Martin# 2012b

>B

;sually the easiest thin to determine about a person is Ehether or not they are an 0T. The .ational pro(ile is hi hly characteristic# and an interest in math# science# or anythin comple,# abstruse and technical is almost alEays accurate in mar!in the temperament. The ne,t easiest thin to establish is Ehether or not a person is an introvert or an e,travert. )io raphers are usually 'uic! to say i( a person is 'uiet and reserved. 3n (act# i( a bio rapher (ails to mention those characteristics# it is a pretty ood bet that the person in 'uestion is an e,travert# even i( the bio rapher doesn*t directly mention it. 1,traversion is considered normal and hence not Eorthy o( remar!/ introversion is considered atypical and Eorthy o( note. ;sually the most tric!y part is determinin Ehether an 30T is a "ud er or a 4erceiver. 3ronically enou h# this Eould be one o( the easiest thin s to (i ure out i( you could meet the person (ace to (ace. )ut (or Ehatever reason# bio raphers are not terribly interested in describin a person*s "C4 traits. <hen the traits are mentioned# they are o(ten contradictory# Eith the Eord KorderlyL %a " indicator+ used in one sentence and the Eord KindecisiveL %a 4 indicator+ used in the ne,t. <ords describin "C4 tend to have many possible interpretations dependin on conte,t. 3nterpret Eith caution.

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0alter !ailey D 1ero !usboy

!ge" 1$ years old# Must raduated (rom hi h school. #ccupation" )usboy at )everly =ills 8upper Club. $otable %ecause" =e saved hundreds o( people (rom a (iery death. !nalysis o& Type" 30T '(idence &or I$T) Described as O'uietO %?i!ely 3+ Terrible sta e (ri ht %?i!ely 3# but describes most people+ A(ter the (ire# he withdrew and re(used to ive intervieEs %3+ =ad (eE (riends at Eor!/ by contrast# other employees said the team (elt li!e a (amily %?i!ely social outsider 30T+ Described as havin a O(lat# calm voiceO %?i!ely 30T+ ;nattached to his Mob %304s have loEest Mob satis(action o( all types#115 but )ailey had also had better6payin Mobs be(ore.+ 8el( described per(ectionist %8"# 304+117 ;nsatis(ied Eith his per(ormance/ thou ht he could have done better %0T hi h e,pectations o( sel(# but maybe also survivor*s uilt+ .ecriminated himsel( (or years a(terEards about not doin enou h %0T sel( criticism+11: Filled Eith a sense o( calm durin the disaster %0T+ Claims that science Eas one o( his (avorite hi h school subMects. %?i!ely 0T+ Modest/ did not display a than! you letter (rom the 4resident or his other pla'ues and aEards %0T+ ;nimpressed by the hierarchy at the club %0Ts and 0T4s in particular have particularly loE re ard (or titular authority+11> As an adult# still uses Eords li!e KsuperL and KneatL %30T4s remain youth(ul at heart lon er than other types+ 4ictured Eith mussed up hair %30T4 disinterest in appearance+ Did not ive direct orders so much as mildly stated su estions# i.e. K3 Eant everyone to...L and KO!ay# everyone do this...L %30T4s pre(er ivin in(ormation to commands+11$ =ad previously Eor!ed in construction Mobs %Favors 30T4# not 30T"+11B

'(idence !gainst I$T)" OEned a 4ontiac Firebird Formula %Favors 84+ =ad previously Eor!ed in construction Mobs %Favors 8T4 over 30T4+120

115 117 11: 11> 11$ 11B 120

Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Demarest# 200: Ieirsey# 1BB$a Ieirsey# 1BB$a Ieirsey# 1B$> Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

$1

3t seems most li!ely that )ailey is an 0T# thou h at this point it is di((icult to say Ehether he is an 30T4 or an 30T". The evidence leans sli htly toEards 30T4 %the hair# the role in(ormative command style# the use o( Eords li!e KsuperL even as an adult# the construction Mobs+ but Ee really donHt have anythin that Eould ive us real certainty. At any rate# 3 (eel Ee can still apply Ehat Ee learn (rom him to 30T4s# so letHs continue on.

Story
As a busboy# it Eas <alter )ailey*s Mob to (ill lasses# mass produce hors dHoeurves# and set up tables (or the uests at the )everly =ills 8upper Club. To ive you an idea o( )ailey*s social ran!# (irst ima ine a unicellular or anism. Then ima ine a bicellular or anism. The unicellular or anisms Eould be the club*s dishEashers# and the bicellular or anism Eould be )ailey.121 =e had Eor!ed there about a year and he Eas 1$. The 8upper Club Eas a iant buildin divided up into smaller rooms (or people to enMoy shoEs Ehile they dined. There Eas a (ancy ballroom# the Cabaret .oom# Ehich Eas capable o( holdin over a thousand people. The room had a sta e up (ront Ehere comedians could per(orm or spea!ers could ma!e an address. A (eE KminorL amenities Eere missin # hoEever2 sprin!lers# smo!e detectors# and (ire alarms. 3t Eas about B pm on a 8aturday ni ht. The club hosted some -#000 patrons Eho Eere served by around 1$0 employees. )ailey Eas Eor!in in the classy red6carpeted Cabaret .oom/ he had as!ed to be assi ned there so that he could enMoy the ni ht*s act. At one point he had to o serve another room. As he Eas Eal!in doEn the hallEay# he bumped into another employee# a Eaitress. 8he Eas loo!in (or the club*s oEners# and )ailey in(ormed her that they Eere in the !itchen. To e,plain Ehy she Eas loo!in (or them# she Ehispered# OThere*s a (ire in the [ebra .oom.O )ein a ood 30T# )ailey Eas skeptical o( her claim and Eent to veri(y it (or himsel(. <hen he arrived at the [ebra .oom# Ehich Eas on the opposite side o( the buildin # he Eent to open the door66but stopped Ehen he saE that smo!e Eas seepin out the crac!s in pu((s. )ailey didn*t open the door. 3nstead# he Eent directly into the adMoinin bar# still (ull o( chattin patrons# and announced# O1verybody outF There*s a (ireFO =ere )ailey acted on his own authority to send paying customers out o( the buildin . 30T4s Eill ive lip service to the chain o( command# but they never really accept the (act that it applies to them. Authority and claims o( e,pertise hold little Eei ht/ only sound lo ic matters. As (or rules# they are made to be bro!en because they seldom (it the e,act (acts o( the situation and it Eould be illo ical to obey them in such cases because doin so Eould lead to a less than ideal outcome. All this adds up to the (act that )ailey didnHt o run loo!in (or the oEners li!e the Eaitress did/ he acted independently# (olloEin his oEn Mud ment. A(ter shooin the patrons out# )ailey*s mind probably be an runnin simulations o( hoE the (ire response Eould proceed. 3t occurred to him that nobody in the Cabaret .oom had been in(ormed o( the (ire yet. =e headed there and (ound his supervisor. A(ter e,plainin the situation# he said# O<e have to clear the room.O The man*s response Eas to stare unheedin ly at him# then instruct him to Eatch a line o( customers Ehile he himsel( Eent to open some doors. 4robably (eelin (rustrated# )ailey decided to o over the man*s head and set o(( to (ind the club*s oEners. =e ot part Eay there# then thou ht better
121 .ipley# 200B

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o( it. =e Eas Eastin time# and his supervisor*s re(usal to act Eas simply poor Mud ment. 8o he returned to his supervisor and con(ronted him a ain# tellin him they needed to evacuate the ballroom. This time the supervisor Eal!ed o((# presumably to initiate the evacuation. ?e(t to his oEn devices once more# )ailey be an the unauthori@ed evacuation o( the line o( Eaitin customers he had been told to Eatch. =e led seventy o( them out o( the buildin . A(ter instructin them to remain outside# he returned to the Cabaret .oom. 0othin had chan ed. All 1#200 uests Eere still enMoyin the comedy act. 0oE )ailey had to decide Ehat to do. Did he trust the authorities to handle the situation appropriatelyA Did he Eait (or the proper chain o( command to play outA Did he boE to his supervisor*s implicit re(usal to evacuate the thousand plus uestsA Or did he evacuate the uests Eithout permissionA As an 30T# )ailey Eould be e,pected to distrust authority# (olloE his oEn lo ic6based Mud ments# and have stron EillpoEer. All o( Ehich means that he could not put blind (aith in his bosses# nor could he see the situation throu h any lens save (or that o( his oEn lo ic. And lo ically spea!in # the party uests needed to be evacuated as soon as possible. )ut that decision seemed li!ely to cost him his Mob. 3t must have ta!en every ounce o( EillpoEer to do Ehat came ne,t. Terri(ied# he Eal!ed throu h the ballroom and climbed up onto the sta e. =e too! the microphone (rom one o( the comedians. )e(ore the starin eyes o( the multitude# he announced in a voice that people Eould later say sounded calm# O3 Eant everyone to loo! to my ri ht. There is an e,it in the ri ht corner o( the room. And loo! to my le(t. There*s an e,it on the le(t. And noE loo! to the bac!. There*s an e,it in the bac!. 3 Eant everyone to leave the room calmly. There*s a (ire at the (ront o( the buildin .O <ith that# he le(t the sta e and Eent outside. 4eople be an evacuatin 66sloEly. Minutes later a thirty (oot ball o( (ire seared out o( an adMoinin e'uipment room and the li hts in the Cabaret .oom Eent out. The immolation o( the )everly =ills 8upper Club had be un. Outside# )ailey Eent to chec! on a smo!in e,it. =e Eent inside and Eas instantly blinded by thic! smo!e. From deeper Eithin the dar!ness he could hear the cries o( do@ens o( people tryin to et out. =e roped his Eay into the depths# rabbed Ehoever he could lay hands on# and dra ed them outside. A ain and a ain he returned to the hallEay# holdin his breath a ainst the poisonous smo!e. Finally he reached a pile o( livin and dead bodies clo in the doorEay to the Cabaret .oom. =e needed help# so he Eent outside to Ehere the evacuated uests Eere athered and yelled# OCan anyone help usA <e need more help at that e,itFO %8everal other employees had been helpin him dra out people.+ The uests stared bac!# but no one did anythin . =opelessly )ailey raced bac! to the club alone and continued pullin people out. The cries (or help and the moans reE (ainter/ he could hear the people inside aspin and dyin . Finally there Eas silence. There Easn*t any point oin bac! in. Outside# the laEn Eas covered Eith bodies. As his (inal duty he Eent around coverin up the (aces o( the dead Eith nap!ins. Then he ot a ride and Eent home.

Analysis
3n Amanda .ipley*s (ascinatin boo!# OThe ;nthin!able#O she analy@es Ehy )ailey became a hero that ni ht. 8he 'uite ri htly attributes )ailey*s success to the (olloEin (actors2 )ailey Eas !noEled eable. =e paid attention to details %the smo!e pu((in out o( the [ebra .oom+. =e Eas decisive %he didn*t Easte time tal!in Ehen somethin obviously needed to be done $-

immediately+. Than!s to his Christian (aith# he had less (ear o( death. =e didn*t care about losin his Mob as much as other employees did.

.ipley described )aileyHs behavior as atypical.122 )ut as you can already uess# there is more to this story than meets the eye. The (act is# )ailey*s reactions Eere not completely atypical66(or an 30T4. ?et*s e,amine his decisions usin our !noEled e o( his probable type.

Discussion
.ationals do not trust claimed e,pertise# titles or authority. 3n (act# they remember and store aEay every incident Ehere authority (ailed.12- %0oE you have one more (or your collection.+ Additionally# 30T4s do not ta!e anyone at their Eord Ehen it comes to (acts. 3( they haven*t veri(ied a (act (or themselves# they Eill re ard it Eith s!epticism. 3n short# .ationals66and in particular 30T4s66are the masters o( independent Mud ment. They see! to obMectively assess the (acts and then proceed as lo ic su ests# re ardless o( Ehat anyone else says. 30T4s also have stron EillpoEer# Ehich causes people to note that they have iron convictions or %ne atively+ are very stubborn and pi headed. All o( these (actors e,plain Ehy )ailey too! the situation into his oEn hands. First he independently analy@ed the threat presented by the (ire and decided that it Eas ha@ardous. Then he predicted the ne,t lo ical step that ou ht to be ta!en to prevent harm. Finally he be an carryin out the (irst steps o( a strate y to counteract the threat. 3t is important to note that Ehen it became clear that the authorities %the supervisor and the club oEners+ Eere behavin irrationally# he eliminated them (rom his plan. 3t ta!es both coura e and stron convictions to disre ard the implicit orders o( one*s supervisor. )ailey had to believe that his oEn Mud ment Eas more sound than his supervisorHs and the club oEners*. %This is an e,cellent e,ample o( Ehy people thin! 30T4s are arro ant.+ )ut here is independent thou ht at its hei ht. And here is the EillpoEer to act on those thou hts. This is Ehy .ationals must have stron EillpoEer2 the rational thin to do is not alEays the pleasant# easy# con(ormin thin to do. )ailey Eas able to save hundreds o( lives because he re(used to ta!e the easy path o( blind obedience. One thin that should not be overloo!ed is that )ailey# unli!e most o( the other club employees# Eas lu!eEarm about !eepin his Mob. <hy is thisA 3n the (irst place# it Eas a crummy Mob. )ut in the second place# 30T4s have the loEest Mob satis(action o( any type save (or the 30F4s# Eho tie Eith them in terms o( Mob dissatis(action.125 An 30T4 Eill enMoy their Mob as lon as there is somethin neE to learn or some neE s!ill to build. )ut Ehen the learnin Cs!ill6buildin stops# then the (un ends and the 30T4 ets bored and unhappy. 8o# i( )ailey Eere indeed an 30T4# then he had an e,cellent reason to Eish to leave. A(ter all# hoE much more could there be to learn a(ter Eor!in as a busboy (or a Ehole yearA %=oE much do you love your MobA =oE much do you have to lose compared to your coEor!ersA+ The (act that )ailey Eas able to !eep calm durin the disaster is another !ey point. True# he Eas very (ri htened# but he maintained his cool nonetheless. 30T4s pri@e calm because it alloEs them to thin! clearly and prevents the inter(erence o( Mud ment6Earpin emotions. And indeed# )aileyHs control over himsel( helped him to ma!e correct decisions durin the emer ency.
122 .ipley# 200B 12- Ieirsey# 1BB$a 125 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

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Application
)ailey is not uni'ue amon 30T4s/ an 30T4 o( my ac'uaintance e,perienced a similar# albeit much less heroic version o( his e,perience Ehen dealin Eith the inappropriate handlin o( a computer virus in their Eor!place. ;pon analy@in both instances# there Eere notable similarities2 3ndependent research into the nature o( the problem preceded action. 30T4s veri(y (acts (or themselves and then decide upon the proper course. 30T4s try to noti(y their superiors (irst. 3( their superiors seem disconnected (rom reality# 30T4s repeat their e((orts to convince them despite initial shut doEns. %.ecall that 30T4s Eere ran!ed as the -rd most ar umentative type.+127 30T4s simply i nore the chain o( command and do Ehat they thin! is necessary. <hat Eould an 30T4 soldier do i( his commander Eas bumblin the mission and ris!in everyoneHs livesA <hat Eould an 30T4 employee do i( they thou ht their bossH unsa(e practices Eould hurt other coEor!ersA )ut there is an even more (ascinatin an le. From a youn a e# 30T4s are noncon(ormists. An 30T4 child may be the only person in their class Eho re(uses to say the pled e o( alle iance. 3ndividuality seems li!e somethin 30T4s seem born Eith. A(ter <<33# psycholo ists reE interested in the psycholo y o( con(ormity and obedience. A number o( revealin studies Eere underta!en that shoE Must hoE rare and di((icult this trait is. 3n one such e,periment %the Asch con(ormity e,periment+# psycholo ists Eanted to see hoE much peopleHs decisions Eere molded by those around them. The e,perimenters too! a roup o( 7 6> people and ave them a card Eith a line on it. They Eere instructed to compare the card to another card Eith three lines o( di((erin len th on it. The obMective Eas to compare the tEo cards and decide Ehich lines matched. The tric! behind the e,periment Eas that all but one o( the Ktest subMectsL in the roup had actually been hired by the e,perimenters. For each test# the (a!e test subMects Eould all choose one o( the Eron lines and a ree that it Eas correct. Then the reaction o( the real test subMect Eas observed to see i( they Eould a ree Eith the Eron conclusion. The e,periment demonstrated that the opinions o( a roup have a stron e((ect on the decisions o( an individual. 3( le(t unin(luenced by others# the test subMects Eould almost alEays choose the correct line. )ut Ehen the maMority (ormed a unanimously Eron consensus# the test subMects Eould o(ten subMu ate their oEn opinions to those o( the roup. Test subMects a reed Eith the Eron ansEer -2X o( the time# and >7X o( the test subMects chose a Eron ansEer at least once. %=oEever# it is si ni(icant to note that the remainin 27X did not a ree Eith the Eron maMority even one time. 8o about 1 out o( 5 people seem to be immune to the consensus e((ect. Other subMects# hoEever# a reed Eith the maMority every time.+ Another result that emer ed Eas that i( one other member dissented66even i( they ave the Eron ansEer66the test subMects Eere much more li!ely not to o alon Eith the (alse maMority. 8o i( one roup member disa rees# it can embolden others to disa ree too. Many years later# type practitioners did a small study Ehere people o( various types Eere tested usin
127 ?o((redo R Opt# 200:

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Asch*s e,perimental setup. The 30s turned out to be least li!ely to con(orm# and 3T and 30 types con(ormed less than 1F and 18 types.12: =ave you ever Eondered Ehy natural selection has alloEed the e,istence o( 30T4sA One Eould thin! that proto30T4s Eould provide per(ect prey (or saber toothed ti ers as the absent6minded hominids Eandered obliviously across the prehistoric veldt# philosophi@in about the nature o( the universe. As a thou ht e,periment# letHs pretend that Ee have a huntin C atherin (amily unit o( 100 individuals. <e Eould e,pect somethin li!e - 6 7 30T4s in the roup. <hat survival advanta es do these 30T4s con(er on their bandA One o( the advanta e that 30T4s provide is the ability to create dissent. <hen the leadership is con(idently leadin the lemmin s over the cli((# the 30T4 declares# KThat doesnHt ma!e any sense. The leader doesnHt !noE Ehat heHs tal!in about.L 0aturally the other lemmin s are horri(ied at this betrayal o( the social norms# but the 30T4 has verbali@ed somethin they suspected deep doEn in their ut. And noE that one person has dissented# everyone else is emboldened. K3 donHt completely a ree Eith Ehat youHre sayin # but 3 do thin!...L another person Eill be in. )y re(usin to o alon Eith the norm# 30T4s prevent roupthin! and su est alternatives Ehen the a reed upon solutions are about to (ail catastrophically. 3t may be that everybody else Eill o runnin o(( the ed e o( the cli((# but the 30T4 and their immediate (amily Eill survive. ThereHs another side to this thou h. Another classic e,periment# 8chachter*s 1B71 K"ohnny .occoL study# has also demonstrated that those Eho re(use to con(orm tend to be i nored and e,cluded. %K8urprise# surprise#L youHre thin!in .+ 3n this study# a noncon(ormist Eas planted in a roup o( test subMects and instructed not to a ree Eith the roupHs decision on the (ate o( a Muvenile delin'uent# Ehatever that decision mi ht be. 0o matter hoE much pressure they Eere under to con(orm# the noncon(ormist Eas told to reMect the roupHs ideas. A(terEards the roup members Eere as!ed Eho they Eould eliminate i( they had to ma!e the roup smaller. They usually chose to et rid o( the noncon(ormist. 3 Eonder hoE many 30T4s have been Kvoted o(( the islandL because they re(used to con(ormA )ailey had (eE (riends amon his coEor!ers# and this in spite o( the (act that he had Eor!ed at the )everly =ills 8upper Club (or a year. The tribe needs 30T4s# but it doesnHt necessarily want them. On an evolutionary side note. 30T4s have been around (or a looooon time. ?auren R Iuc@aM 33 %200>+ summari@ed a list o( studies on animal personalities %read here+. 8ome or all o( the )i Five personality traits have been observed in primate species# canine species# cats# e'uine species# pi s# rodents# rabbits# hed eho s# (ish# (errets# dolphins# and octopi. 8ince the )i Five correlates Eith the M)T3# it is probable that the 30T4 personality evolved lon a o %li!e# the Cambrian# i( not earlier+ and has been preserved (or eons as a basic trait o( advanced li(e. There Eere probably 30T4 tyrannosaurs# triceratops and velociraptors. <ho !noEsNthere may even have been 30T4 trilobites. 3( Ee meet an alien species# it*s certainly probable that there Eill be members o( that species Eho are 30T4s. Cool# huhA

Conclusion
)elieve it or not# 30T4s have a reater than avera e responsibility (or the Eel(are o( their nei hbors. 3t
12: MattheEs# Miller# R Cars!adon in Carlson# 1B$7

$:

may be that the 30T4 alone has the disre ard (or inept authorities to deal Eith a dan erous situation 'uic!ly# calmly# and in a rational manner. <hile other types are sayin # KThis couldnHt have happened#L K<ho Eill tell us Ehat to do ne,tAL or K4erhaps everythin Eill Must et better on its oEn somehoE#L the 30T4 can obMectively analy@e the problem and see the dan er (or Ehat it is. Furthermore# since they are more detached (rom the Eorld than others66content to observe and analy@e rather than participate66they have less to lose Ehen it comes to ta!in a ris!. A mana er may thin!# K)ut Ehat o( the customers# the publicity# the lost sales# the spoiled (oodA Maybe Ee donHt really need to evacuate yet...L ;nburdened by such considerations# the 30T4 sees strai ht throu h to the hard truth. Consistently cuttin throu h bureaucracy and settin the problem to ri hts Eith their calm# lo ical mind# the 30T4 is an unseen de(ense a ainst poor leadership.

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INTPs in Char)e

30T4s are not particularly draEn to the idea o( bein in char e. Oh# they are# o( course# but not (or the KnormalL reasons. 30T4s enMoy the (reedom o( not bein ordered around by others/ they appreciate the opportunity to desi n lar er# hi her level strate ies/ they may (eel li!e the current leadership is not doin a ood enou h Mob/ or they may Must li!e havin others carry out their ideas so that they donHt have to do all the runt Eor! themselves. 3t isnHt really authority per se that attracts them so much as all these other (actors. 3t isn*t about the status. They don*t et hi h on control. They aren*t interested in the OpeopleO aspect o( it. They don*t li!e dealin Eith the daily details. &et 30T4s can and do see! positions o( authority. ?et us e,amine (irst Ehy 30T4s are not inclined to see! leadership and Ehat their pre(erred role is# and then let us e,amine hoE they handle leadership Ehen they do obtain it.

0hy INTPs Do Not Seek Co$$an'

30T4s enerally tend to vieE leadership as bein more trouble than it*s Eorth. The social demands o( the tas! Eeary them# and their disli!e (or controllin and in(luencin others ma!es them rather reluctant to ta!e char e. Ieirsey %1B$>+ called the 0T4s the K.ole 3n(ormativeL personalities because they pre(er to provide su estions# in(ormation and advice rather than ive commands %O3t Eould be a ood idea to do this because...O or O<e need to et this done...O and O3t*s not a ood idea to...O+ The 0T"s# by contrast# are the K.ole DirectiveL personalities because they do ive commands %ODo this#O O9o here#O or ODo not do this.O+. For e,ample2 30T42 K=oney# are you oin to the !itchenA 3 thin! the coo!ies mi ht be done.L 30T"2 K=ey# chec! the coo!ies Ehile you*re in the !itchen# Eould youAL 30T42 KFred# the customer bathroom needs to be cleaned. 3tHs otten very nasty.L 30T"2 KFred# clean up the customer bathroom. 3tHs very nasty in there.L 30T42 K8pider on your shoulderFL 30T"2 KA h# a spider66!ill itFL 1ssentially# an 30T" is li!ely to tell you Ehat to do# but not necessarily Ehy you should do it. )y contrast# an 30T4 is li!ely to tell you Ehy you should do somethin # Eithout actually tellin you to do it. To the 30T4# the ivin o( in(ormation implies the action that should be ta!en. Once the in(ormation has been imparted# the action that should be ta!en is sel( evident.

$$

The di((erence betEeen imperative commands and indirect su o( a spectrum. For e,ample2 *ery direct imperati(es Iill the spiderF &ou should !ill the spider. 3 Eould !ill that spider i( 3 Eere you. &ou mi ht Eant to !ill that spider. ThereHs a spider on your shoulder. *ery indirect suggestions

estions isnHt blac! and Ehite/ it*s more

The 0T4 .ole 3n(ormatives hover near the indirect end o( the spectrum# ma!in occasional (orays to the imperative @one Ehen (orced to it. 3t actually is possible to provide in(ormation in a direct# authoritative manner. 30T42 K<e need to do this# then Ee need to do this# then Ee need to do this. Any 'uestionsA ... 9ood# then letHs et to it.L 0ot a sin le direct command Eas e,pressed in that sentence# but the orders Eere clear.

The Preferre' INTP Role

30T4s tend to pre(er Ksecondary leadership positions.L For e,ample# 30T4s o(ten e,press the opinion that they Eould li!e to be the advisor to a leader Eho has the e,traversion# charisma and tou h s!in that they lac!. %For e,ample# 30T4 8poc! Eas the charismatic 18T4 Iir!*s second in command and advisor.+ Or# i( the leader is not competent# then the 30T4*s pre(erred role Eould be similar to that o( a puppetmaster controllin a (i urehead. %For e,ample# in the Three Mus!eteers sa a# Aramis# the third Mus!eteer and an 30T4# Eas plannin to create a puppet !in (or himsel(. 8imilarly# Mycro(t =olmes# 8herloc! =olmes* obscure brother# Eas described as occasionally being the )ritish overnment.+ One can also (ind real li(e e,amples o( this relationship/ (or instance# Albert 8peer %30T4+ Eas one o( %10F4+ =itler*s closest (riends and mana ed the 9erman home(ront Ehile his Fuhrer (ou ht the Allies. 8peer shunned the limeli ht# but his silent success in !eepin the Ear machine runnin alloEed =itler66 an un'uestionably charismatic leader66to carry out his plans (or destruction. The leader does not alEays have to be charismatic# hoEever. "e((erson and Madison had a leaderC(olloEer relationship Ehere one or the other Eas alternately the puppetmaster or the second in command. 9enerally# "e((erson Eor!ed out the broad strate ic plans (rom the shadoEs# Ehile Madison brou ht them (orth into reality. At other times# the loyal second in command pulled the strin s# de,terously manipulatin the more popular "e((erson to assume public roles hal( a ainst the latter*s Eishes. 3n this 30T4C30T4 partnership# each Eas at times puppet and puppeteer. 8o hoE does an 30T4 end up as the second in command o( such a charismatic6type leadership (i ureA 3n 8peer*s case# he instinctively li!ed =itler a(ter hearin him spea! once. There Eas nothin (act6 based about his decision/ =itler struc! an emotional chord Eithin him that hit Must the ri ht note. 3n one o( the Three Mus!eteers boo!s# Dumas describes the 30T4 AramisH meetin Eith the man he $B

intended to ma!e !in . 3 (ound it intri uin ly similar to 8peer*s case. KAt this moment the youn man# supportin himsel( on his tEo elboEs# dreE close to Aramis*s (ace# Eith such an e,pression o( di nity# o( sel(6command and o( de(iance even# that the bishop (elt the electricity o( enthusiasm stri!e in devourin (lashes (rom that reat heart o( his# into his brain o( adamant.L 8o Ehat Ee have here is an instantaneous emotional impression. Fanci(ul thou h this description may be# perhaps it is not all that (ar(etched.

Characteristics of INTP Lea'ers

<hen 30T4s do lead# their strate ic plannin abilities# !noEled e and unconventionality provide advanta es to the team that are characteristically .ational. The 30T4 sees the lon term oal (or the roup and devises a strate y (or reachin the oal usin the most e((icient path they can (ind. 8ince 30T4s disli!e control and rules# they tend to be casual# Ohands o((O leaders Eho set oals and tas!s but leave the details o( the implementation to their subordinates. 30T4 leaders seldom have problems Eith micromana ement. %They may# hoEever# have trouble en(orcin rules and rei nin in unruly members o( the team.+ 3n association Eith this# 30T4s tend to be democratic leaders# encoura in discussion and spea!in Eith a team6oriented OEe.O They do not set themselves above their (olloEers# pre(errin an e alitarian style. This trait also ma!es them particularly sa(e rulers as (ar as your civil ri hts are concerned. 30T4s Eill have (eE di((iculties mana in subordinates Eho are as sel(6directed as they themselves are. =oEever# they may run into problems i( their subordinates pre(er clearly stated oals and directives Eith the details spelled out. The 9uardians# in particular# do not Eant a va ue hi her level obMective so much as a detailed set o( instructions Eith the Eho# Ehat# Ehere# Ehen# Ehy and hoE e,plained clearly in advance. 30T4s do not li!e bein Kbu edL (or speci(ic advice by any typeNthey consider this a si n o( unhealthy dependence. ?i!eEise# 30T4s Eill have (eE di((iculties mana in subordinates Eho do not need much praise %.ationals do not tend to ive it+. )ut i( they have non.ational subordinatesNparticularly Feelers# and more particularly 3dealistsNthen they may run into problems. 3ndeed# 30T4s are (ar more li!ely to ive constructive criticism than accolades. )ut this lac! o( praise6 ivin is problematic (or morale# Ehich in turn a((ects subordinates* Mob satis(action and the roup*s productivity. 30T4 leaders should ma!e a conscious e((ort to (ind something to praise about a person*s Eor!# even i( the Eor! itsel( is avera e or has problems in some areas. This Eill prevent discoura ement and embitterment# and provide motivation to improve. The idea is to present the situation as K3*ll be pleased i( you improveL rather than K3*m displeased# so improve.L )ein private (ol!# 30T4 leaders are not ea er to subMect themselves to public e,posure. They tend to disli!e debate and participation Eithin public (orums. 4ublic spea!in is the bane o( the type. Albert 8peer avoided the podium as lon as possible# but at last he Eas (orced to ma!e a speech at a Moint dedication ceremony Eith =itler# his (riend. =itler Eas deli hted that (inally he Eould et to see his reticent architect spea! in public# but it Eas not to be. 8peer simply stood up on the plat(orm and declared# KMein Fuhrer# 3 hereEith report the completion o( the 1ast6<est a,is. May the Eor! spea! (or itsel(FL Then he handed the plat(orm over to a surprised =itler# Eho had to improvise a (eE 'uic!

B0

sentences on the spot.12> 30T4s can be capable virtual team leaders because o( their above6avera e Eritten communication s!ills and the (act that the distance o((ered by the internet miti ates the interpersonal (actors that mi ht otherEise cause trouble (or them in real6li(e interactions. Thomas "e((erson# (or e,ample# had Ehat one bio rapher called a Kte,tual presidency.L12$ =e conducted most o( his o((icial business throu h correspondence. 3n modern parlance# it Eould be as thou h the 4resident never le(t his o((ice# instead sendin out e6mails to his ministers. "e((erson mumbled throu h only tEo public speeches2 his tEo inau ural addresses. One last trait that 30T4s brin to the table is the ability to remain calm under pressure. This has a reassurin e((ect upon their (olloEers# Eho otherEise mi ht lose heart under the pressure o( Ehatever storms the roups must Eeather. 30T4 leaders are most valuable in times Ehere a roup is crossin into a neE (rontier/ Ehere there is continual upheaval and chaos that re'uires creative adaptation/ Ehere there is a comple, system that must be mana ed e((iciently/ Ehere civil liberties are at sta!e/ and Ehere or ani@ational chan e is re'uired. <e shall see some e,amples o( these 'ualities in the upcomin chapters.

12> 8peer# 1B>0 12$ 1llis# 1BB:

B1

G-

Ara$is & A S9ashbucklin) Sche$er

Did you !noE that one o( the three mus!eteers Eas an 30T4A Aramis Eas the 'uiet# intellectual member o( the roup Eho later ended up rulin the most poEer(ul secret society in 1urope and carryin out a scheme that Eas the 1:00s e'uivalent o( replacin the 4resident Eith an evil li!eable clone. 1ven more impressively# he also ot the hottest babes o( anyone in the boo!. =e Eas sort li!e "ames Madison that Eay. 8urprisin ly# tEo out o( the three mus!eteers Eere 3ntroverted .ationals. The leader o( the team Eas Athos# a noble# tra ic 30T" Ehose stron principles Eere the admiration o( those Eho !neE him/ then there Eas 4orthos# a vain# enerous6hearted# but not6too6bri ht 18F4 Ehom Ale,ander Dumas# the author# tried to s!eE 38F" later in the series/ and then (inally the mus!eteer Ehose name alEays came last# Aramis# a 'uiet and entle man Eho Eas the roupHs 30T4 advisor. %3t should also be noted that DHArta nan# the unmentioned K(ourthL mus!eteer# Eas the prota onist o( (he (hree &usketeers and an 18T4. &es# even in DumasH time the action heroes Eere all 8T4s.+ Aramis is a uni'ue and (ascinatin 30T4# and a per(ect e,emplar o( many o( the traits Ee have been discussin and several traits that Ee Eould never have e,pected to see in an 30T4. '(idence &or I$T) Duiet and so(t6spo!en/ he Eas even compared at one point to =arpocrates# the od o( silence and secrecy. %3+ K=abitually he spo!e little and sloEly# boEed (re'uently# lau hed Eithout noise...L ;sed so(t and honeyed tones/ had a silvery voice %3+ 8miled or nodded rather than sayin KyesL or e,pressin appreciation aloud. %3+ 8ecretive and close6mouthed/ !noEn (or his e,ceptional discretion %30T+ K...Thou h havin the air o( havin nothin secret about him# he Eas a youn (elloE made up o( mysteries# ansEerin little to 'uestions put to him about others...L O(ten paused be(ore spea!in KAramis paused. 3t Eas not to listen i( the silence o( the (orest remained undisturbed# but it Eas to ather up his thou hts (rom the very bottom o( his soulL 8aE Eebs o( ideas %0+ K...Eith that connection o( ideas Ehich mar!ed him...L Displayed surprisin (eats o( intuition %0+ K...the sort o( divination Ehich Eas the remar!able side o( the character o( Aramis...L 1nMoyed Eritin %0/ (avors 30T4 the most o( all the .ationals+12B KAramis/ a charmin man# ele ant# discreet# and a Eriter o( poetical verses.L Formal# comple, speech habits. %0T+ Typically entle and mild %Fits 30T4 best o( all the .ationals+ <hen tryin to incite a duel# he made ironic# provocative remar!s mi,ed Eith liberal sarcasm. 3nterestin ly# he also used a Kpeculiar irritatin politenessL Ehen publicly ivin insult. %0T+ Too! stron o((ense at criticism %0T+ 8po!e bluntly %0T+ 3nterested in theolo ical doctrine %0Ts are the most interested in correct doctrine o( all temperaments.+1-0
12B Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 1-0 Ieirsey# 1BB$a

B2

Described as astute and Eise %0T+ Charmin Eit in conversation %0T or 84+ 1nMoyed ames o( the mind O&ou !noE 3 am a (riend o( all !inds o( amusement Ehere the e,ercise o( the ima ination is called into activity/ 3 have alEays been a poet in one Eay or another.O Modest# Eould never spea! in his oEn praise %0T+ Described repeatedly as calm# imperturbable# impassive and impenetrable %0T+ KAramis has a hiero lyphic countenance# alEays ille ible.L 8tron EillpoEer K=is iron Eill# accustomed to overcome all obstacles# never (indin itsel( in(erior or van'uished on any occasion...L Described as havin a rave and thou ht(ul (ace %0T soberness+ 4racticed (air and even dealin %0T+1-1 K0ever shall 3 act e,cept in such a manner that you Eill be the ainer/ 3 shall never ascend the ladder o( (ortune# (ame# or position# until 3 have (irst seen you placed upon the round o( the ladder immediately above me/ 3 shall alEays hold mysel( su((iciently aloo( (rom you to escape incurrin your Mealousy# su((iciently near to sustain your personal advanta e and to Eatch over your (riendship. All the contracts in the Eorld are easily violated because the interests included in them incline more to one side than to another. <ith us# hoEever# this Eill never be the case/ 3 have no need o( any uarantees.L Able to draE out hidden thin s/ described as a K!een6scented bloodhoundL and as bein Kso vi ilant# so activeL that his Keye# li!e that o( the lyn,# Eatched Eithout ceasin # and saE better by ni ht than by day.L %0T+ 8eemed particularly !een on ettin reven e %0Ts are bi on that+1-2 KAnd Aramis# spellin every Eord# every letter o( the order to pay# distilled his Erath and his contempt# drop by drop# upon the miserable Eretch# Eho had to submit to this torture (or a 'uarter o( an hour. =e Eas then dismissed# not in Eords# but by a esture# as one dismisses or dischar es a be ar or a menial.L =ardEor!in # did not amble# did not en a e in the e,pected Mus!eteer social pastimes %30T+ KAs to Aramis# he never played. =e Eas the Eorst Mus!eteer and the most unconvivial companion ima inable. =e had alEays somethin or other to do. 8ometimes in the midst o( dinner# Ehen everyone# under the attraction o( Eine and in the Earmth o( conversation# believed they had tEo or three hours lon er to enMoy themselves at table# Aramis loo!ed at his Eatch# arose Eith a bland smile# and too! leave o( the company# to o# as he said# to consult a casuist Eith Ehom he had an appointment. At other times he Eould return home to Erite a treatise# and re'uested his (riends not to disturb him.L Mental absenteeism %30T4+ K<as Aramis really listenin or notA 0o one could have told/ his doEncast eyes shoEed the attentive man# but the restless hand betrayed the man absorbed in thou ht NAramis Eas meditatin .L 8tarin o(( into space %30T4+ KAramis Eas silent/ and his va ue lances# luminous as that o( an albatross# hovered (or a lon time over the sea# interro atin space# see!in to pierce the very hori@on.L

1-1 Ieirsey# 1BB$a 1-2 Ieirsey# 1BB$a

B-

8ecretive %30T+ KTAramisU ...(eared to let him divine the secret o( his blush and his astonishment. =e Eas still the same Aramis# alEays havin a secret to conceal.L 4rivate %30T+ K=e had been told that Aramis had ta!en aEay the !ey o( his oEn private apartment# and as he !neE Aramis Eas a very particular man# and had enerally many thin s to conceal in his apartment.L 0ot interested in the spotli ht KAramis Eas not the man to see! (or a useless popularity. =e cared very little (or bein beloved by people Eho could be o( no service to him.L Described as KcoolL and KcoldL...by an 30T". OAramis# you !noE#O continued Athos %30T"F+# Ois naturally cold# and then he is alEays involved in intri ues Eith Eomen.O K...Eith the terrible coolness Ehich on important occasions he TAramisU shoEed# he too! one o( the mus!ets (rom Tony# shouldered and aimed it at the youn man...L Temphasis mineU O3 did not reco ni@e the chevalier TAramisU in armor# sirFO said .aoul# blushin / Othou h 3 mi ht have !noEn him by his s!ill and coolness in dan er.O Temphasis mineU 9ave su estionsCin(ormationCadvice instead o( commands %Favors 30T4 rather than 30T"+1-Did not assume a leadership position in the roup/ had no desire to be in char e %0T4+1-5 InoEn (or both unimpeachable honesty and e,ceptional deceit(ulness %Truth is a particularly stron ly held 30T4 value# but Ehat they omit to say may be rather important too.+ 4roposed a rather radical subMect (or his ordination thesis %30T4s are one o( the more radical types.+ <as readily able to detach himsel( (rom Eorldly concerns %30T4s are the most detached type.+ Aramis Eas an architect. =e desi ned the (orti(ications (or )el 3sle# an island (ortress# based on an entirely neE principle (or (ortress6buildin Ehich had recently been introduced. The de(enses Eere remar!able (or their in enious layout. %30T4+ Described as rarely puttin himsel( out o( the Eay (or anythin %su ests 30T4 Kla@inessL+ 8plit hairs in conversation %30T4 precision o( speech+ Most suspicious o( the Mus!eteers/ even suspected o( his oEn (riends# and ri htly so %30T4 suspiciousness+ Described as Kimpulsive.L %4+ There Eas no need to stand on ceremony Eith him %4 in(ormality+ =e Eas a poet %30T4s vieE Eritin as a leisure pastime# 30T"s do not.+1-7

'(idence !gainst I$T) Aramis cared deeply about his appearance and too! e,cellent care o( his person %" or 84+ K=is delicate mustache mar!ed a per(ectly strai ht line upon his upper lip/ he appeared to dread to loEer his hands lest their veins should sEell# and he pinched the tips o( his ears (rom time to time to preserve their delicate pin! transparency. ...8hoEin his teeth# Ehich Eere (ine and o( Ehich# as the rest o( his person# he appeared to ta!e reat care.L 8aid at one point# O&ou !noE Eell that 3 don*t li!e to leave thin s hal( (inished.O %Ar ues (or "/
1-- Ieirsey# 1B$> 1-5 Ieirsey# 1B$> 1-7 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

B5

hoEever# the un(inished thin under discussion Eas an insult and a duel# so itHs hard to say i( he Eas spea!in enerally or speci(ically.+ Continually sou ht positions o( poEer and authority.

3 thin! it sa(e to say that Aramis is a clear 30T o( some sort. As usual# the 'uestion comes doEn to Ehether he is 30T4 or 30T". =ere are the most important (acts o( the case2 I$T) W<asnHt interested in ta!in char e o( his companions/ thou ht and acted alone W3mpulsive W4re(erred ivin in(ormation to ivin commands WContinually (lip(lopped betEeen vocations rather than (ocusin on one thin to the e,clusion o( others DidnHt put himsel( out o( the Eay (or anythin unless it Eas need(ul DidnHt stand on ceremony As Ee can see# the 30T4 evidence is 'uantitatively superior/ but is it 0ualitatively superior alsoA 3 have mar!ed the items Eith asteris!s as deservin the most Eei ht# since these are most li!ely to be uni'uely characteristic o( one type or the other. 3t Eould seem that the evidence (or 30T4 is 'ualitatively superior as Eell as 'uantitatively superior. =oEever# there is one (act that could almost tip the 'ualitative balance# i( correct. At one point a character tells Aramis that he is the most punctual o( men66a stron indicator o( "ud in . ...Or is itA <hen attemptin to (i ure out Ehether a person is 4erceivin or "ud in # a di((erentiation must be made betEeen the 4erceiverHs# breathless# relieved version o( punctuality %K=ahaha66my last minute (ren@y o( e((ort Eas success(ul and 3Hm not lateFL+ and the "ud erHs natural# e((ortless punctuality. 3n this case# the person Eho complimented AramisH punctuality Eas sEeatin bullets and huntin the city (or him in order to et help on a payment Eith a debt he oEed. Aramis turned up on the manHs doorstep the day o( the deadline. Typically i( Eorry and (rantic last minute measures are involved in meetin a deadline on time# it is an indication o( 4erceivin . 3n con(irmation o( this# at another point o( the boo!# Aramis arrives ten minutes late to a meetin Ehile the roupHs very clear 30T" shoEs up on the dot. 4robably# Aramis is one o( those procrastinatin 4erceivers. Despite his emphasis on personal appearance# it is most li!ely that Aramis is an 30T4 Architect. I$T+ W8ou ht to ac'uire positions o( authority throu hout his li(e WCare(ul about personal appearances W8aid that he disli!ed leavin thin s hal(6(inished

Analysis
;nli!e many o( the deadly dull classics# (he (hree &usketeers is still a reat boo!66provided that you can (or ive the characters (or the morality o( their time period# Ehich has a tendency to stic! in oneHs B7

craE. The boo! has it all2 international intri ue# sEord (i hts# un(i hts# !ni(e (i hts# battles# enemy a ents# plots# !idnappin s# buried secrets# romances# a((airs# chivalry# treachery# and a beauti(ul and ruthless villainess. Alas# Eith a reat start li!e that it comes as no surprise that the se'uels Eere disappointin . ;n(ortunately# Ale,ander Dumas seems to have become a poorer author as he a ed. The boo! he Eas Eor!in on Ehen he died Eas un(inishable66not Must because it Eas le(t un(inished# but because it Eas actually too borin (or me to complete. %And yes# it Eas supposed to be an adventure.+ =oEever# the se'uels do o((er us an unparalleled opportunity to study an 30T4 in action.

An 1onorable Plot
3t EasnHt until the third boo! in the series %(he &an in the 'ron &ask+ that Aramis emer ed as the %sympathetic+ anta onist. 3 say KsympatheticL because the people on his side Eere nice# !ind# enerous (elloEs Ehile the people he Eas plottin a ainst Eere conceited# dishonest and mean6spirited. The ist o( AramisH master plan Eas this2 =e Eould replace the !in o( France Eith a loo!ali!e doppel an er# then become the neE !in Hs prime minister. %3n short# he Eould control a puppet !in .+ )ut this state o( a((airs Eas only to be temporary. The !in Eould shoE his ratitude (or this service by helpin Aramis climb the ecclesiastical ladder. First he Eould support AramisH bid (or the Cardinal# then later his oal o( bein appointed 4ope. %These Eere in the days Ehen ruthless cler ymen led armies into battle# Eined and dined themselves in sumptuous palaces# and mana ed a((airs o( state.+ The end oal Eas that the !in Eould run France and rule over menHs bodies# Ehile Aramis Eould run the Catholic church and rule over menHs minds. A rather appropriate occupation (or an 30T4# noA 0oE# normally in these !inds o( stories the doppel an er is evil and the person bein replaced is ood. =oEever# in this case the real !in # ?ouis ]3G# the K8un Iin #L is a hau hty# (iance6stealin in rate Ehile the poor innocent doppel an er is a su((erin victim Eho had been loc!ed up in prison (or years. The reason Ehy he Eas loc!ed up is rather important. &ou see# in those days Eriters didnHt have access to evil clones# so instead they Eere (orced to ma!e do Eith the ne,t best thin # namely identical tEins. The doppel an er Eas ?ouis ]3GHs secret tEin brother. The royal (amily Eas Eorried that tEins mi ht cause a stru le (or the croEn endin in civil Ear# so they ot rid o( poor _2 by throEin him into the )astille. Aramis# throu h his intricate Eeb o( connections %and more particularly# throu h his mistress# the Duchess Chevreuse# Eho Eas the most popular Eoman in France save the Dueen+ mana ed to discover the e,istence o( the !in Hs tEin brother and came up Eith an idea (or a sEap. 3t Eas simple2 he Eould secretly !idnap the real !in durin the ni ht# replace him Eith the doppel an er be(ore anybody noticed# and then throE the real !in into the same prison cell the doppel an er had been livin in. The plan Eent li!e cloc!Eor!# and the real !in Eas throEn into prison Ehile the doppel an er succeeded the throne. 3( only the boo! had ended there# it could have been a happy endin . Alas.

An INTP 0ho Speciali2e' in Intri)ue

Aramis# KEho lived in the midst o( subter(u e# evasion# and intri ue#L devoted his li(e to ac'uirin private in(ormation and climbin the run s o( ecclesiastical leadership. ?i!e a spider in the center o( a Eeb# he dreE secrets to himsel( in per(ect silence# atherin the threads to (orm a i antic picture o( the Ehole that (eE others could see66or control. Aramis raised plottin to the level o( scienti(ic principle. B:

As he put it# K1very scheme o( this caliber is completed by its results# li!e a eometrical calculation.L Aramis Eas a popular 30T4. <hen the three Mus!eteers Eere runnin loE on cash# they too! to hauntin the houses o( their ac'uaintances# hopin to be invited to a (ree lunch. Athos mana ed to score (our (ree dinners# 4orthos si,# and Aramis66ei ht. Dumas observes that# K=e Eas a man# as must have been already perceived# Eho made but little noise# and yet Eas much sou ht a(ter.L ?ater he said# KThere Eas somethin in Aramis resemblin those .oman senators Eho had their doors alEays surrounded by clients.L There Eas a constant battle o( Eits betEeen the cunnin # people6saavy dHArta nan %18T4+ and the cerebral chessmaster Aramis. 4articularly in the third boo!# Ehere Aramis Eas out to et the !in and dHArta nan Eas tryin to protect the !in # there Eere (ierce clashes betEeen them. As Aramis 'uietly brou ht his dar! schemes to (ruition# dHArta nan Eent around li!e a 1:00s version o( "ames )ond# usin his suave 18T4 charm# subter(u e and tric!ery to (erret out his (riendHs plans and romantic a((airs. dHArta nan mana ed to ruin lar e chun!s o( AramisH schemes %Aramis did not hold it a ainst him+# thou h not enou h to ultimately derail them. One o( the more amusin parts o( their relationship Eas the paranoia dHArta nan developed about Ehat his (riend Eas plannin . 18T4s are one o( the types best at readin people# and thou h Aramis alEays pretended to be serenely rela,ed and Eas thus e,tremely hard (or dHArta nan to read# the latter could see Muuuust enou h to set all his 18T4 suspicions abu@@. And then there Eere all those stran e little coincidences and odd happenin s.
Aramis*s annoyance# Eell dissembled as it Eas# had not a Ehit escaped him TdHArta nanU/ and he !neE that# in that impenetrable mind# every thin # even the most apparently trivial# Eas desi ned to some end/ an un!noEn one# but an end that# (rom the !noEled e he had o( his (riend*s character# the mus!eteer (elt must be important.

Then too# Aramis had an e,cellent spy netEor! and seemed to !noE Must about everythin that Eent on. One person e,claimed#
O&ou !noE everythin # monsei neurFO OAnd a thin or tEo in addition#O muttered D*Arta nan.

The net result o( this constant stru 4lanchet said2

le Eas to ive poor dHArta nan ni htmares. As d*Arta nan*s (riend

K=e TAramisU ives you the blue devils# that is all 3 !noE. And the blue devils ma!e people et thin. &alaga1 3 have no notion o( M. d*Arta nan leavin my house thinner than Ehen he entered it.O O=oE does he ive me the blue devils# as you call itA Come# e,plain# e,plain.O Tsaid dHArta nan.U O&ou have had the ni htmare durin the last three ni hts.O O3AO O&es# those very Eords# upon my honor.O O&es# you/ and in your ni htmare you called out# several times# *Aramis# deceit(ul AramisF*O OAhF 3 said that# did 3AO murmured D*Arta nan# uneasily.

Cunnin (o, thou h he Eas# D*Arta nan Eas not able to penetrate the labyrinthine mind o( Aramis...until it Eas too late.

B>

1o9 Ara$is oine' the 4usketeers

The story o( hoE Aramis became a Mus!eteer is Eorth tellin (or the neat little e,ample it provides o( some 30T4 traits Ee*ve discussed previously. 3n the (irst place# it is a little reven e story66and Ieirsey %1BB$a+ notes that .ationals may K(antasi@e about about reven e# e((iciently and poetically e,ecuted.L
O3 had been at the seminary (rom nine years old/ in three days 3 should have been tEenty. 3 Eas about to become an abbe# and all Eas arran ed. One evenin 3 Eent# accordin to custom# to a house Ehich 3 (re'uented Eith much pleasure2 Ehen one is youn # Ehat can be e,pectedA66one is Eea!. An o((icer Eho saE me# Eith a Mealous eye# readin the ?3G18 OF T=1 8A30T8 to the mistress o( the house# entered suddenly and Eithout bein announced. That evenin 3 had translated an episode o( "udith# and had Must communicated my verses to the lady# Eho ave me all sorts o( compliments# and leanin on my shoulder# Eas readin them a second time Eith me. =er pose# Ehich 3 must admit Eas rather (ree# Eounded this o((icer. =e said nothin / but Ehen 3 Eent out he (olloEed# and 'uic!ly came up Eith me. *Monsieur the Abbe#* said he# *do you li!e bloEs Eith a caneA* *3 cannot say# monsieur#* ansEered 3/ *no one has ever dared to ive me any.* *<ell# listen to me# then# Monsieur the AbbeF 3( you venture a ain into the house in Ehich 3 have met you this evenin # 3 Eill dare it mysel(.* 3 really thin! 3 must have been (ri htened. 3 became very pale/ 3 (elt my le s (ail me/ 3 sou ht (or a reply# but could (ind none663 Eas silent. The o((icer Eaited (or his reply# and seein it so lon comin # he burst into a lau h# turned upon his heel# and re6entered the house. 3 returned to the seminary. O3 am a entleman born# and my blood is Earm# as you may have remar!ed# my dear d*Arta nan. The insult Eas terrible# and althou h un!noEn to the rest o( the Eorld# 3 (elt it live and (ester at the bottom o( my heart. 3 in(ormed my superiors that 3 did not (eel mysel( su((iciently prepared (or ordination# and at my re'uest the ceremony Eas postponed (or a year. 3 sou ht out the best (encin master in 4aris# 3 made an a reement Eith him to ta!e a lesson every day# and every day (or a year 3 too! that lesson. Then# on the anniversary o( the day on Ehich 3 had been insulted# 3 hun my cassoc! on a pe # assumed the costume o( a cavalier# and Eent to a ball iven by a lady (riend o( mine and to Ehich 3 !neE my man Eas invited. 3t Eas in the .ue des France6)our eois# close to ?a Force. As 3 e,pected# my o((icer Eas there. 3 Eent up to him as he Eas sin in a love ditty and loo!in tenderly at a lady# and interrupted him e,actly in the middle o( the second couplet. *Monsieur#* said 3# *does it still displease you that 3 should (re'uent a certain house o( ?a .ue 4ayenneA And Eould you still cane me i( 3 too! it into my head to disobey youA The o((icer loo!ed at me Eith astonishment# and then said# *<hat is your business Eith me# monsieurA 3 do not !noE you.* *3 am#* said 3# *the little abbe Eho reads ?ives o( the 8aints# and translates "udith into verse.* *Ah# ahF 3 recollect noE#* said the o((icer# in a Meerin tone/ *Eell# Ehat do you Eant Eith meA* *3 Eant you to spare time to ta!e a Eal! Eith me.* *TomorroE mornin # i( you li!e# Eith the reatest pleasure.* *0o# not tomorroE mornin # i( you please# but immediately.* *3( you absolutely insist.* *3 do insist upon it.* *Come# then. ?adies#* said the o((icer# *do not disturb yourselves/ alloE me time Must to !ill this entleman# and 3 Eill return and (inish the last couplet.* O<e Eent out. 3 too! him to the .ue 4ayenne# to e,actly the same spot Ehere# a year be(ore# at the very same hour# he had paid me the compliment 3 have related to you. 3t Eas a superb moonli ht ni ht. <e immediately dreE# and at the (irst pass 3 laid him star! dead.O OThe devilFO cried d*Arta nan. O0oE#O continued Aramis# Oas the ladies did not see the sin er come bac!# and as he Eas (ound in the .ue 4ayenne Eith a reat sEord Eound throu h his body# it Eas supposed that 3 had accommodated him thus/ and the matter created some scandal Ehich obli ed me to renounce the cassoc! (or a time. Athos# Ehose ac'uaintance 3 made about that period# and 4orthos# Eho had in addition to my lessons tau ht me some e((ective tric!s o( (ence# prevailed upon me to solicit the uni(orm o( a Mus!eteer. The !in entertained reat re ard (or my (ather# Eho had (allen at the sie e o( Arras# and the uni(orm Eas ranted.L

3 Eould say that this Eas an e((iciently and poetically e,ecuted reven e. 0ote that Aramis did not share B$

his (eelin s about the incident Eith anyone/ rather# he !ept them private. The bottled (eelin s (estered. The 30T4 (or iveness system can absorb little insults and irritations Eithout reactin # Ehile other types immediately e,press their annoyance. For the most part# such irritations are (or otten and everythin continues smoothly and happily. The 30T4 may even et a Musti(ied reputation (or bein calm and (orbearant. =oEever# this strate y brea!s doEn Ehen an 30T4 is truly o((ended# or Ehen the little insults and irritations repeat over a lon period. At this point the (or iveness system is sEamped# but the 30T4 still doesn*t e,press their an er. 3n the dar!ness# the resentment burns. At last somethin happens# and the dormant volcano erupts. The person the 30T4 e,plodes upon may be stunned at catastrophic (orce o( the outpourin . 3( the o((ense is serious enou h# the 30T4 may even see! out retribution.

Those 1alf&(inishe' ProIects

Choiniere and Ieirsey %1BB2+ have noted that 0T4s do not have the same sin le6minded (ocus that the 0T"s do. 0o sooner does an 0T4 be in to Eor! on a proMect then all their other proMects cry out in siren voices# K?oo! over here Ehat you are missin out onF 8top that borin proMect and Eor! on me instead.L 0T"s donHt hear these voices# and i( they do# they Must dismiss them. 0T4s# on the other hand# spend their lives (littin (rom one proMect to another. This o( course e,plains Ehy 30T4s have so many hal(6(inished proMects lyin around. Aramis a((ords us an e,cellent e,ample o( this trait. =e spent his li(e sEin in li!e a pendulum betEeen his dual careers as a cler yman and a Earrior.
TDHArta nan saidU O3 Eas thin!in # my dear old (riend# that Ehen you Eere a mus!eteer you turned your thou hts incessantly to the church# and noE that you are an abbe you are perpetually lon in to be once more a mus!eteer.O O*Tis true/ man# as you !noE#O said Aramis# Ois a stran e animal# made up o( contradictions. 8ince 3 became an abbe 3 dream o( nothin but battles.O

<hen an 30T4 (inally ets a chance to Eor! on that bi proMect theyHve been so desirous o( ta!in on# they may suddenly (ind that it loses all its intri ue. And it is not merely that they suddenly roE more interested in a shiny neE proMect/ they may also roE to actively disli!e the proMect they are K(orcedL to Eor! on and shun it2
OMy dear D*Arta nan#O replied Aramis# Oyou understand# Ehen 3 Eas a mus!eteer 3 mounted uard as seldom as 3 could/ noE Ehen 3 am an abbe 3 say as (eE masses as 3 can...L

3( you are tryin to (i ure out Ehy an 30T4 suddenly seems disinterested in a tas! Ehich they Eere previously impassioned about# and there is no evident reason (or the loss o( interest# the root cause may very Eell be the issue above. 30T4s typically have several proMects or hobbies oin on at once/ they simply bounce around betEeen them as they Eish and the proMects et Eor!ed on little by little# bit by bit. The pace at Ehich 30T4s complete these proMects may be in(uriatin ly sloE to "ud in types# but they do et done %eventually+. =oEever# those Eho e,pect an 30T4 to !eep up a consistent amount o( interest in a proMect may (ind themselves disappointed Ehen the 30T4Hs (irst love turns to boredom# and perhaps even to contempt. 3t should be noted that AramisH hot and cold approach toEards his vocations did not hinder his proMects/ BB

in (act# it provided valuable cross6trainin . =e used the s!ills and !noEled e he ained in each area to achieve his lon ran e strate ic obMectives2
K3 am made up o( contradictions. <hat 3 hate to6day 3 adore to6morroE# and vice versa. &ou see that 3 cannot# li!e you# (or instance# settle on any (i,ed plan.O Tsaid Aramis.U O&ou lie# subtile one#O said D*Arta nan to himsel(. O&ou alone# on the contrary# !noE hoE to choose your obMect and to ain it stealthily.O

Aramis used the !noEled e (rom both his careers to advance his interests. 3n a similar Eay# 30T4s may (ind Eays o( combinin elements o( their hobbies to create entirely neE systems or ideas. Theirs is a synthetic approach in Ehich many diverse elements are draEn to ether into one. The 0T"s# by contrast# tend to (ocus on Must one (ield o( !noEled e or career path.

(rien'ship
The Three Mus!eteers are (or bein inseparable (riends# as described by their slo an KAll (or one# and one (or all.L 3ronically enou h# Ehile each o( them Eould have Eillin ly died (or the others# they spent most o( their time on opposite sides o( the battle(ield tryin their hardest to de(eat one anotherHs political oals. 3n the second boo!# (or e,ample# the 30Ts end up supportin a revolutionary roup called the Fronde Ehile the 184s end up supportin the monarchy. 3n the third boo!# the 30T4 and 18F4 rebels team up a ainst the 18T4 monarchist# Eith the 30T" o(( on his oEn adventure. 8ince Ee have here such a rich opportunity to study (riendship# letHs e,amine hoE Aramis (its into the team. 0oE# the 30T"s actually have the least satis(yin (riendships o( all types %30T4s had the (ourth least satis(yin (riendships+#1-: but Eithin this story Aramis# 30T4# Eas the least attached member o( the roup.
O&ou really have some distrust# thenAO said 4orthos. OO( Aramis# yes# since he has become an abbe. &ou can*t ima ine# my dear (elloE# the sort o( man he is. =e sees us on the road Ehich leads him to a bishopric# and perhaps Eill not be sorry to et us out o( his Eay.O Tsaid dHArta nan.U OAh# as re ards Aramis# that is another thin #O said 4orthos# Oand it Eouldn*t surprise me at all.O

AramisH (riends Eould have died (or him# but they Eere (airly sure he Eould ta!e advanta e o( them i( it Eould be use(ul to him. As (or Aramis# he Eould have iven his li(e up to save the others# but he trusted them even less than they trusted him. At one point dHArta nan %deliberately and manipulatively+ lamented AramisH unEillin ness to be a KtrueL (riend2
D*Arta nan shoo! his head Eith a sorroE(ul e,pression. OOh# (riendship# (riendshipFO he said# OEhat an idle Eord you areF =ere is a man Eho# i( 3 Eere but to as! it# Eould su((er himsel( to be cut in pieces (or my sa!e.O O&ou are ri ht#O said Aramis# nobly. OAnd this man# Eho Eould shed every drop o( blood in his veins (or me# Eill not open up be(ore me the least corner in his heart.O 1-: Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

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Aramis cared about his (riends# and they him# but it Eas a conscious# 36!noE6Ehat6youHre6plannin 6 and6itHs6a6 ood6thin 6(or6you6EeHre6(riends sort o( (riendship. The complicated !ind. At another point in the boo!# Aramis describes his vieE o( (riendship to dHArta nan. 0ote the characteristic 30T4 detachment# obscurity and the contentment to Eatch the Eorld rather than interact Eith it.
ODear D*Arta nan#O said the prelate TAramisU# Omy (riendship resembles# in a de ree# the solicitude o( that ni ht Eatch Ehom Ee have in the little toEer o( the mole# at the e,tremity o( the 'uay. That brave man# every ni ht# li hts a lantern to direct the bar!s that come (rom sea. =e is concealed in his sentry6bo,# and the (ishermen do not see him/ but he (olloEs them Eith interest/ he divines them/ he calls them/ he attracts them into the Eay to the port. 3 resemble this Eatcher/ (rom time to time some neEs reaches me# and recalls to my remembrance all those 3 loved. Then 3 (olloE the (riends o( old days over the stormy ocean o( the Eorld# 3# a poor Eatcher# to Ehom 9od has !indly iven the shelter o( a sentry6bo,.O

The Secret "$peror

?ater in his career Aramis Moined the "esuits# Ehich Dumas paints as somethin o( a secret society. The or ani@ation provided Aramis Eith both an outlet (or his ambition and a Eay to pursue scholarship. =e Eas Kone o( those men Eho had been initiated in all the secrets o( the order# one o( those (or Ehom science has no more secrets# the society no (urther barriers to presentNtemporal obedience# no more trammels.L Aramis aspired to become the 9eneral o( the "esuits# a position described as ma!in Kone man the master o( monarchs# the e'ual o( popesL and carryin Eith it more Eealth than the treasury o( France. And Aramis Eas success(ul in attainin this position. The manner in Ehich he became head o( the society Eas characteristically 30T466throu h secret !noEled e. The current 9eneral o( the "esuits Eas dyin . =e met clandestinely Eith various candidates (or a replacement# evaluatin them on Ehat secrets they could brin to the society. )ut the options proved to be disappointin . <ith minutes le(t to live# the 9eneral despaired. Then Aramis presented himsel(. <ith calm courtesy# he provided the 9eneral Eith an envelope containin a messa e Eritten in the 9eneralHs most secret cipher66Ehich had actually been desi ned by Aramis himsel( years a o. A(ter readin the paper Eithin66and learnin AramisH plan to replace the !in o( France66the dyin "esuit leader made Aramis the neE 9eneral. True to type# Aramis !ept his appointment a per(ect secret. =ere is an 30T4 !in indeed# an anonymous# silent man controllin one o( the most poEer(ul or ani@ations in the !noEn Eorld. %Once a ain# one is reminded o( Mycro(t =olmes# or perhaps 4ro(essor Moriarty# a probable 30T".+ Aramis described his neE(ound poEer in almost poetic terms2
KTo a Must 4rovidence Eas necessary an instrument# at once penetratin # perseverin # and convinced# to accomplish a reat Eor!. 3 am this instrument. 3 possess penetration# perseverance# conviction/ 3 overn a mysterious people# Eho has ta!en (or its motto# the motto o( 9od# *4atiens 'uia oeternus.*O

Thou h 'uiet and entle6mannered# Aramis had radually developed somethin o( a .ational case o( arro ance# and becomin 9eneral o( the "esuits didnHt help matters. =is (ace be an to too! on a Kcold# 101

cra(ty# and imperious character.L <hen he did reveal his ran!# he did so Eith a !ind o( royal hau htiness or even open contempt (or his subordinates2 KAnd Ehile ma!in this si n Aramis# draped in cold and hau hty maMesty# had the air o( an emperor ivin his hand to be !issed.L

Those "#act 0or's

?i!e all 30T4s# Aramis appreciated the (ine meanin s o( Eords and rammar. For e,ample# in the (olloEin dialo ue Aramis e,plains his plan to replace the !in Eith a doppel an er to his accomplice# Monsieur Fou'et2
O3 Eish to see upon the throne o( France a !in devoted to Monsieur Fou'uet# and 3 Eish Monsieur Fou'uet to be devoted to me.O OOhFO e,claimed Fou'uet# pressin his hand#NOas (or bein devoted to you# 3 am yours# entirely/ but believe me# my dear D*=erblay TAramisU# you are deceivin yoursel(.O O3n Ehat respectAO OThe !in Eill never become devoted to me.O O3 do not remember to have said that Iin ?ouis Eould ever become devoted to you.O O<hy# on the contrary# you have this moment said so.O O3 did not say the !in / 3 said a !in .O O3s it not all the sameAO O0o# on the contrary# it is alto ether di((erent.O

0ot the !in 66a !in . Aramis used another play on Eords later Ehen dHArta nan (inally as!ed him strai ht to his (ace i( he Eas plottin a ainst the !in . %dHArta nan Eas tas!ed Eith protectin the !in Hs li(e.+ <ith total sincerity# Aramis sEore per(ect loyalty to the !in . The other !in . 8ince dHArta nan !neE that Aramis EouldnHt lie to him..under oath...he Eent aEay completely satis(ied. 3t Eas only later that he reali@ed Ehat Aramis had meant. 4lay close attention to Ehat an 30T4 says or does not say. 3t may be rather important.

.rief response
.ecallin "e((erson*s and Fran!enstein*s rie(# 3 thou ht it Eould be interestin to compare it to the rie( response o( Aramis. At the very end o( the series one o( the Mus!eteers dies a violent death helpin Aramis escape (rom the ven eance o( the rethroned !in . This Eas the Aramis* response2
Aramis# silent and sad as ice# tremblin li!e a timid child# arose shiverin (rom the stone. ... )ut# thou h capable o( standin # he Eas not capable o( Eal!in . 3t mi ht be said that somethin o( dead 4orthos had Must died Eithin him. =is )retons surrounded him/ Aramis yielded to their !ind e,ertions# and the three sailors# li(tin him up# carried him to the canoe. ` Aramis# still pale# still icy6cold# his heart upon his lips# loo!ed# even till# Eith the last ray o( dayli ht# the shore (aded on the hori@on. 0ot a Eord escaped him# not a si h rose (rom his deep breast. The superstitious )retons loo!ed upon him# tremblin . 8uch silence Eas not that o( a man# it Eas the silence o( a statue.L

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3t is subse'uently implied that he spent the ni ht cryin # and that this Eas the (irst time he had ever cried in his li(e. As Ee shall see later# "e((erson*s violent outburst o( emotion at the death o( his Ei(e is characteristic o( Ehen the e,ceptionally stron but rather brittle 30T4 sel( control (ails catastrophically. )ut Aramis did not immediately lose his impassivity or sel( control/ instead# he (ell into a stupor.

The Abbe (aria an' Ara$is

3n the section about 30T4s in prison# Ee Eill touch on the character o( the Abbe Faria# a probable 30T4 character (rom the boo! KThe Count o( Monte Cristo.L )oth (he (hree &usketeers and (he 2ount of &onte 2risto Eere Eritten by Ale,ander Dumas# and his 30T4 characters share a number o( interestin similarities. For e,ample# Ehen as!ed i( they love someone# both replied almost Eord (or Eord# K0o# 3 am alone in the Eorld.L Dumas# o( course# had no idea about type save (or his innate people instincts. 3t is probable that many authors carry a set o( Ktype templatesL in their head that they use as an unconscious basis (or their characters. For e,ample# 3an Flemin tends to choose (emale 30T4s Ehen he needs an %u ly6variety+ (emale villain. %3 Eas at (irst unnerved by this unanticipated sel(6portraitF+

0here it All 0ent 0ron)

;sually in a tra edy it is the hero*s (atal (laE that does them in. Aramis* rand scheme# hoEever# (ailed due to one# tiny problem. =e misMud ed one o( his accomplices. 3t Eas Aramis* typical practice not to let anyone in on his plans. 8ecretive and discreet# he Eas a human blac! hole2 in(ormation (loEed in# but never out. As a result# his accomplices didn*t 'uite reali@e Ehat they Eere ettin into. Fou'uet# an 18F4 and one o( the richest men in the !in dom# Eas the one Eho ruined it all in the end. =e and Aramis had been (riends and allies (or years. Fou'uet had every reason to Eant ?ouis ]3G replaced Eith a li!eable doppel an er# or so Aramis assumed. The !in Eas tryin to evict Fou'uet (rom his ministerial post/ Eas actively tryin to ban!rupt him/ had Must had him arrested on a trumped up char e o( embe@@lement# and thou ht that Fou'uet Eas tryin to steal his mistress. Fou'uet had been driven him nearly to ban!ruptcy and Eas about to lose everythin . As Aramis put it# KThe !in # Ee may hence(orth assume# is your poEer(ul# implacable# and eternal enemy.L <hat Aramis didn*t ta!e into account Eas Fou'uet*s indomitable sense o( honor. Fou'uet had iven a clear e,ample on one occasion that he pre(erred ruin to dishonor# but Aramis did not ive this trait enou h consideration in his plannin . For e,ample# to Fou'uet# the code o( hospitality dictated that the person o( a uest Eas sacred. This Eas an un(ortunate oversi htNparticularly since Aramis sEitched out the real !in Eith the doppel an er Ehile the !in Eas a uest at Fou'uet*s house. A(ter e,chan in the doppel an er (or the real !in and droppin the latter o(( at the )astille prison# Aramis returned to Fou'uet and cheer(ully e,plained everythin . %.ationals love to e,plain hoE they achieved their accomplishments.+ Fou'uet Eas appalled. .i ht then and there# he in(ormed Aramis that he Eas oin to the )astille to (ree the !in . Aramis Eas e'ually horri(ied at this response. 3( Aramis had been a true villain# he could have salva ed his plot by havin the doppel an er ive orders to !ill Fou'uet. )ut Aramis had his code o( honor too. =e let his honorable but (oolish (riend 10-

o (ree the !in # and (led (or his li(e. Fou'uet Eas subse'uently throEn into prison by his rate(ul soverei n. )ut the !in never did et Aramis. 3n (act# Aramis ended up become an ambassador (or 8pain# and years later he Eould eat at the !in *s table. <hat brou ht about (ailure o( this Eonder(ul plot Eas that Aramis could not comprehend Fou'uet*s moral code# rooted in the chivalric tradition o( honor. One tiny misMud ment. =e Eould have been better o(( !eepin completely 'uiet about the Ehole scheme.

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H-

Tho$as efferson & ?r' Presi'ent of the /nite' States

#ccupation" 4resident $otable %ecause" =e Erote the Declaration o( 3ndependence and ran the ;8A (or tEo terms. Type" 30T4 %)est uess2 304Tfjse+ Amon the 30T4s (eatured in this boo!# "e((erson is uni'ue because his T pre(erence Eas very Kso(t.L 0ote the amount o( F traits he e,hibited. '(idence &or I$T) ?i!ed to Eor! alone and in silence/ Ehen he Eas 4lenipotentiary to 1urope and a((airs ot particularly busy# he Eould ta!e his Eor! and seclude himsel( in a nearby monastery Ehere it Eas (orbidden to spea! aloud Eithin the buildin . =e Eould stay there (or up to a Eee!. The 107

1-> 1-$ 1-B 150

ori inal name (or the house he built %Monticello+ Eas Kthe =ermita e.L %3+ Did not li!e bein in the center o( attention and shied aEay (rom public spea!in %3+ Described as shy# silent# private# reserved# distant# EithdraEn# taciturn# impenetrable and reclusive %3+ =e alEays !ept his library and study loc!ed/ nobody Eas alloEed in unless "e((erson himsel( let them in %3+1-> 4re(erred to observe# ta!e notes# Erite out his ideas on paper or listen66anythin rather than actually participate in discussions %3+ Constantly readin / he oEned Y:#000 boo!s in his library %0+ <rote that it Eas Keasier to Erite ten letters o( business than one o( the intan ible a((ections o( the mind.L %T+ 9ood mathematician %Favors 30T+ One person described his (irst meetin Eith "e((erson as (olloEs# K3 (ound his appearance seriousNnay even cold# but be(ore 3 had been tEo hours Eith him# Ee Eere as intimate as i( Ee had passed our Ehole lives to ether.L1 %K8eriousL and KcoldL indicate 30T. )ut note that it did not stay that Eay.+ Observed that i( he chose not o to colle e# then one 'uarter o( his time Eould be Easted entertainin e,pensive company %30T emphasis on productive use o( time rather than sociali@in .+ Described as calm# cool# cold/ havin a K lacial e,terior and almost eerie serenity.L %0T composure+1-$ ?ove (or !noEled e %0T+ Founded his oEn university# (or Ehich he desi ned the curriculum %0Ts place value on education+ =e studied laE and associated disciplines (or (ive years %tEice as lon as the normal term# but he enMoyed his studied# Ehich Eere particularly broad+. )ecame an able laEyer. %0T+ 1nMoyed chess %0T+ Described as bein a curious intellectual and as ta!in interest in the li(e o( the mind %0T+ Durin a romantic a((air# he described hoE he Eas K?ivin (rom day to day# Eithout a plan (or (our and tEenty hours to come...L %4/ even in love# "ud ers Eant a plan.+ =e did not have a set bedtime/ i( he Eas readin a ood boo! or i( he had uests over Eho Eere interestin # he Eould stay up - hours later. %4 (le,ibility+ Made e,cuses (or puttin o(( Eritin letters to others. For e,ample# he re(erred to Kthat sort o( procrastination Ehich so o(ten ta!es place Ehen no circumstance (i,es a business to a particular time.L %3ndicates 4/ a "ud er pre(er to (i, their business to particular times# even i( the time must be arbitrarily chosen.+ Could not control his spendin on lu,ury items or stic! to a set bud et. %4 (avored over "+ 3t too! him 75 years to (inish Monticello because he !ept tEea!in the desi n/ parts o( the hal(6 built house Eere decayin (rom e,posure to the elements even as others Eere (inished %4/ a "ud er Eould (ind this modus operandi unnatural.+1-B =ad a Kdistracted mannerL150 %Favors 304 absent6mindedness+

Mc?au hlin# 1BB$ 1llis# 1BB: Mc?au hlin# 1BB$ 1llis# 1BB:

10:

Duestioned the e,istence o( 9od/ Eould not let his dau hter become a nun. <ide variety o( diverse s!ills %Favors 0T4 over 0T"+151 KAn American# Eho# Eithout ever havin 'uitted his oEn country# is at once a musician# s!illed in draEin # a eometrician# an astronomer# a natural philosopher# le islator# and statesman.L Described as a KEal!in encyclopaediaL by his (riends %(avors 30T4 most stron ly+ <ore clothin considered out o( date by his peers. <ore the same out(its over and over# to peopleHs amusement. <ore mismatched styles. %30T4 disre ard (or dress+ Desi ned his oEn house# his oEn university# his oEn state overnment %30T4 architectural s!ill+ Created many innovative inventions %30T4s are the type most li!ely to be casual inventors+ Described as mild %Favors 30T4s most o( all .ationals# or# (avors F+ 8po!e 9ree!# ?atin# French# 8panish# and 3talian/ Eas studyin native American lan ua es# Eas interested in <elsh# Arabic# and 9aelic %Favors 30T4 love (or lan ua es+ =ands o(( parentin %30T4 (avored+

'(idence !gainst I$T) 4aid attention to details in certain areas %Favors 8# particularly 8"+ =ad a Ktender#L KvulnerableL disposition152 %Favors F+ <as not bluntly truth(ul/ (or the sa!e o( harmony# he pre(erred to tell people Ehat they Eanted to hear Ehile mana in to enuinely believe it himsel(15- %Favors F+ Did not ta!e criticism obMectively/ considered it a personal thin 155 %Favors F+ Tended to see the Eorld in blac! and Ehite moral dichotomies157 %Favors 30F4 over 30T4+ =is temperament Eas described as someEhat (eminine %F+ =ad stron need (or harmony %F+

The "ffect of a ESoft TF on the INTP Personality

"e((erson a((ords us Eith a ood opportunity to study one o( the many variations on the 30T4 personality. =e pre(erred courtesy and tact to blunt truth# and Eas prone to tellin people Ehat they Eanted to hear. =e did this 'uite sincerely# even Ehen the thin s he said to one roup o( people Eere seemin ly opposed to Ehat he said to another. =e Eas also very sensitive to criticism# Ehich he too! personally. "e((ersonHs portraits do not shoE the 30T death lare/ rather# they seem to e,ude a sort o( entle (riendliness. =e Eas de(initely one o( the most idealistic o( the Foundin Fathers# and his theories and political vieEs Eere o(ten rather naave. 1llis %1BB:+ has noted that some o( "e((ersonHs ideas had an KotherEorldly# almost (airy6tale 'uality.L 1ven Ehen the bul! o( the evidence or the ar uments o( his (riends had conclusively disproven "e((ersonHs theories# he Must !ept ri ht on believin in them despite any and all evidence to the contrary. All told# "e((erson Eas 'uite close to bein an 30F4.

151 152 15155 157

Choiniere R Ieirsey# 1BB2 1llis# 1BB: 1llis# 1BB: 1llis# 1BB: 1llis# 1BB:

10>

The INTP Renaissance 4an

30T4s are li!e in(ormation amoebae/ they absorb everythin that come Eithin their voluminous rasp. 3n this they are unli!e the 0T"s# Eho pre(er to (ocus stron ly on one particular area o( interest.15: 30T4s aspire to be .enaissance men and Eomen Eho !noE about everythin . A ood e,ample o( this phenomenon is "e((ersonHs tendency to study anythin and everythin rather than Must a (eE related subMects. The variety o( !noEled e he accumulated can be readily seen (rom the (olloEin story told about him2
On one occasion# Ehile travellin # he T"e((ersonU stopped at a country inn. A stran er# Eho did not !noE Eho he Eas# entered into conversation Eith this plainly6dressed and unassumin traveller. =e introduced one subMect a(ter another into the conversation# and (ound him per(ectly ac'uainted Eith each. Filled Eith Eonder# he sei@ed the (irst opportunity to in'uire o( the landlord Eho his uest Eas# sayin that# Ehen he spo!e o( the laE# he thou ht he Eas a laEyer/ then turnin the conversation on medicine# (elt sure he Eas a physician/ but havin touched on theolo y# he became convinced that he Eas a cler yman. OOh#O replied the landlord# OEhy 3 thou ht you !neE the 8'uire.O The stran er Eas then astonished to hear that the traveller Ehom he had (ound so a((able and simple in his manners Eas "e((erson.

0hat 0oul' Jou Save (ro$ Jour !urnin) 1ouse3

8o Ehat Eould an 30T4 save (rom their burnin houseA "e((erson thou ht instantly o( his boo!s. The story oes# K...the (irst in'uiry he made o( the ne ro Eho carried him the neEs To( the (ireU Eas a(ter his boo!s. SOh# my youn master#H Tthe ne roU replied# carelessly# Sthey Eere all burnt/ but# ahF Ee saved your (iddle.HL Ma!es you Eant to scream# doesnHt itA 3 suspect that modern 30T4s Eould dive bac! into the (lames to save their computers...and Iindles. %There*s somethin very ironic about that name.+ "e((erson Eas mad (or boo!sNeven by 30T4 standards. 3n buildin his personal library# he bou ht some 200 boo!s a year# or one about every tEo days. =e haunted the boo!stores o( 1urope2 K<hile residin in 4aris# 3 devoted every a(ternoon 3 Eas disen a ed# (or a summer or tEo in e,aminin all the principal boo!stores# turnin over every boo! Eith my oEn hand# and puttin by everythin Ehich related to America# and indeed Ehatever Eas rare and valuable in every science.L 8pea!in o( (iddles %violins+. Did you !noE that pre(erences (or certain instruments are sometimes associated Eith personality traitsA A study used the 1:4F# another personality test# to ascertain that violin players tend to be more Kintelli ent# analytical# and e,perimental...Eith hi her abstract reasonin s!illsL than people Eho pre(erred other instruments.15> This sounds somethin li!e 0T4. 0ote that these same individuals also pre(erred the sa,ophone. 3nterestin .

(ar$in)
?oo!in bac! throu hout preindustrial history# 3 have o(ten (ound mysel( Eonderin Ehat the lives o( illiterate (armin and huntin C atherin 30T4s Eere li!e. =oE does the need to achieve and build comple, systems play out in a conte,t Eithout technolo y# readin # or Eritin A "e((erson*s (armin activities provide us Eith a limpse o( Ehat this mi ht loo! li!e. Durin a period o( (au, retirement Ehen he thou ht his public Eor! Eas done# "e((erson decided to (ocus on his
15: Choinere R Ieirsey# 1BB2 15> =yden in .eardon# 200B

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plantation. %0ot that he actually did any o( the labor or even supervised everyday (arm activities himsel(Nsuch thin s bored him.+ ;p till this time# he had roEn tobacco# Ehich is !noEn to be particularly ood at destroyin the (ertility o( soil. Decidin that his land*s productivity had been ruined# he spent months desi nin a comple, seven step# seven year lon system o( crop rotation intended to reclaim the soil. A lon term payo(( indeed# but 30T4s play a lon ame. "e((erson also decided to plant Eheat insteadNa relatively neE choice in Gir inia at the time.15$ A ain# the 30T4s is o(ten on the cuttin ed e. "e((erson also particularly enMoyed opportunities (or proMects that e,ercised his desi n capabilities# includin his oEn house# a nail manu(acturin (acility# a (lour mill# a canal# and a neE threshin machine.15B 8o here Ee see the .ational strate ic intelli ence at Eor! in an a rarian conte,t. The relatives o( preindustrial 30T4s probably complained# K<hy do you have to ma!e (armin so complicatedAL "e((erson and Madison %30T4+ both had a mutual interest in Ehat one early Eriter called Kscienti(ic (armin .L Madison# (or e,ample# tested di((erent breeds o( animals and types o( seeds to (ind out i( they Eould be an improvement over the e,istin Ktechnolo ies.L =e Eould also assist those per(ormin their oEn a ricultural e,periments. Madison*s 0T love (or the neEest ad etry also shoEs throu h in the (act that he built the (irst ice house in the state# Ehich alloEed him to have ice cubes in his mint Mulep on hot days. ?i!e "e((erson# Madison Eas Ehat you Eould call an early adopter. 3n their letters to each other# "e((erson and Madison described Ehat the various improvements they Eere testin out. These conversations Eere no di((erent# in spirit# than those o( tEo scientists correspondin over matters o( interest in their specialty (ieldNonly in this case the (ield Eas a bit more literal.

4arria)e
,hat was Martha +e&&erson-s Type. There is only scanty in(ormation available on Martha "e((erson# but it is probable that she Eas an 0F# maaaybe an 0T. 1veryone li!ed her/ she had e,cellent conversational s!ills# and Eas a (avorite o( the (amily Ehen roEin up %1F (avored+ Givacity %14 (avored+ 8he read constantly %Gery ood mar!er (or 0+170 Described as an elic and saintly %0F (avored+ 8he pre(erred to read poetry and (iction %Favors 0F more than 0T+ Described as havin a Klively play o( (ancyL %0Fs tend to be more (anci(ul than 0Ts+ Described as bein Earm6hearted and entle %F+ 8he Eas a lively Eoman# but Eith a certain KasperityL o( manner. =er randdau hter noted that she Khad a vivacity o( temper Ehich mi ht sometimes border on tartnessL and there Eas one mention o( hoE she brou ht up her dau hter*s nau htiness in a tauntin manner. %T sharpness

15$ 1llis# 1BB: 15B 1llis# 1BB: 170 .eardon# 200B

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more (avored# but this also includes a certain element o( Kmean.L "e((erson# a Thin!er# 'uic!ly came to his dau hterHs rescue in this case.+ Danced race(ully and played a musical instrument particularly Eell %0Fs are the most li!ely to play a musical instrument171# and dancers are also more li!ely to be KemotionalL than avera e su estin F.+ Described as intelli ent and particularly Eell educated %0T most (avored+ Described as Eitty %Favors 0T sli htly more than 0F+ '(idence &or +udging/)ercei(ing Described as havin a KsomeEhat impulsive dispositionL %4+ Described as havin e,cellent sense %8" most (avored+ 0eat# orderly record!eepin %"+ K=er receipt boo! Eas Eritten in a li ht# strai ht# someEhat sti(( 3talian hand# her boo! o( (amily e,pences re ularly !ept# her manuscript music boo! Eith the Eords o( son s all (airly copied out and (ree (rom blot and blemish. Thin s that told o( neatness# order# ood houseEi(ery and Eomanly accomplishment.L2 8o Ehat Ee have here is a mishmash o( traits that point Eea!ly to 0F. ?etHs see i( Ee can do anythin Eith this mess. For starters# 3 thin! Ee can (airly eliminate 84s/ they donHt care (or constant readin . 3n addition# the evidence (or a 9uardian is rather Eea! compared to that (or 0F and 0T. ?etHs start by ma!in the assumption that she is an 3dealist or .ational. 3 Eould uess that Martha is either a Kso(tL Thin!er or a KsharpL Feeler. The evidence (or a Feeler seems someEhat stron er# particularly the description Kan elicL66thou h this may be hyperbole on the behal( o( the observer. Alternately# the Kan elicL persona may simply be MarthaHs public identity. This is not out o( the 'uestion iven that her dau hter remembered a meaner strea!. 8till# the pre(erence (or poetry and (iction is stron ly 0F# as is the interest in the arts. %0ote# hoEever# that she Eould have also received trainin in the arts as part o( a Eell6bred EomanHs education.+ 3t seems most li!ely that Martha Eas an 3dealist# thou h perhaps not an ideally developed one. <as Martha an 3ntrovert or an 1,travertA The Eord K'uietL never came up in any o( the (ra mentary descriptions o( her. ;nless someone is directly described as an 3ntrovert# it is a ood rule o( thumb to assume that they arenHt. 4eople Must donHt notice Ehat is considered normal# i.e. 1,traversion. There is also the (act that she Eas a (avorite and everyone li!ed her. That !ind o( popularity is easier (or an 1,travert to attain than an 3ntrovert. 3 Eould very tentatively say that she Eas an 1,travert# thou h a ain# this is a leap. That leaves us Eith the matter o( her "ud in and 4erceivin pre(erence66i.e. Eas she an 10F" or an 10F4A The Kimpetuous dispositionL is a stron ar ument (or 4# but the orderliness and tidiness o( her notes Eould indicate ". 3 Eould lean sli htly toEards 4 because many such "ud in s!ills are o(ten learned# sli htly underminin the value o( this particular " evidence. Also# vivacity and lively character are o(ten associated Eith 10F4s. )est uessA 4robably an 0F# maybe an 10F4. <e Must canHt say (or certain.
Relationship 8ince Ee donHt !noE much about Martha# there*s isn*t much type6based in(ormation about the speci(ics
171 Marchant6=ayco, and <ilson in .eardon# 200B

110

o( "e((ersonHs relationship Eith her. )ut there is plenty o( evidence pointin to the (act that it Eas a deep and lovin connection. Althou h the coupleHs randdau hter remembered MarthaHs tartness o( her character# she added that this (laE Eas not directed toEards "e((erson. .ather# it KEas completely subdued by her e,ceedin a((ection (or him.L )esides this# the randdau hter noted# Kmy rand(ather Eas tenderly attached to her TMarthaU.L Martha also made "e((ersonHs home Kcom(ortable# cheer(ul# pleasant# Must Ehat a ood manHs home should be.L "e((erson sacri(iced career opportunities to stay Eith his Ei(e# Eho Eas (re'uently ill. =e tEice re(used the post o( 4lenipotentiary to 1urope because he had promised his Ei(e that he Eould not reenter public li(e (or her sa!e. 3t Eas only a(ter she died that he Eas Eillin to accept the post. 3n her (inal illness# he never le(t her side. Their dau hter noted#
As a nurse no (emale ever had more tenderness nor an,iety. =e T"e((ersonU nursed my poor mother in turn Eith aunt Carr and her oEn sisterNsittin up Eith her and administerin her medicines and drin! to the last. For (our months that she lin ered he Eas never out o( callin / Ehen not at her bedside# he Eas Eritin in a small room Ehich opened immediately at the head o( her bed. A moment be(ore the closin scene This Ei(e*s deathU# he Eas led (rom the room in a state o( insensibility by his sister# Mrs. Carr# Eho# Eith reat di((iculty# ot him into the library# Ehere he (ainted# and remained so lon insensible that they (eared he never Eould revive. The scene that (olloEed 3 did not Eitness# but the violence o( his emotion# Ehen# almost by stealth# 3 entered his room by ni ht# to this day 3 dare not describe to mysel(. =e !ept his room three Eee!s# and 3 Eas never a moment (rom his side. =e Eal!ed almost incessantly ni ht and day# only lyin doEn occasionally# Ehen nature Eas completely e,hausted# on a pallet that had been brou ht in durin his lon (aintin 6(it. My aunts remained constantly Eith him (or some Eee!sN3 do not remember hoE many. <hen at last he le(t his room# he rode out# and (rom that time he Eas incessantly on horsebac!# ramblin about the mountain# in the least (re'uented roads# and Must as o(ten throu h the Eoods. 3n those melancholy rambles 3 Eas his constant companionNa solitary Eitness to many a burst o( rie(# the remembrance o( Ehich has consecrated particular scenes ... beyond the poEer o( time to obliterate.1

8o pronounced Eas his rie( that rumors (loated around that "e((erson (ainted at the si ht o( his children. <e have a letter in Ehich "e((erson describes this period in his li(e/ at this point he is sli htly recovered2
3t (ound me a little emer in (rom the stupor o( mind Ehich had rendered me as dead to the Eorld as Eas she Ehose loss occasioned it. )e(ore that event my scheme o( li(e had been determined. 3 had (olded mysel( in the arms o( retirement# and rested all prospects o( (uture happiness on domestic and literary obMects. A sin le event Eiped aEay all my plans# and le(t me a blan! Ehich 3 had not the spirits to (ill up. 1

8ome less6than6enli htened internet type descriptions may lead people to believe that 30T4s donHt e,perience deep (eelin s. One person# upon readin such a particularly deplorable description# Eas moved to as! incredulously# KAre 30T4s even capable o( loveAL 0or are these 'uestions limited to the internet. Otis %2007+ noted that several o( the 30T4 veterans in his 4T8D sample had (re'uently been told by their si ni(icant other that they had no (eelin s. This account should Eipe out all doubts that 30T4s are not capable o( (ormin deep connections. One (inal thin o( note is that "e((erson (ell in love tEice be(ore meetin his Ei(e and once or tEice more a(ter she died. This by no means (its the stereotype o( the 30T4 human computer. 3t is true that "e((erson had a so(t T# but it Eas a T nonetheless. As Ee shall see# Madison too (ell in love multiple times. 111

(oun'in) Docu$ents
"e((erson# 30T4# Erote the Declaration o( 3ndependence and his (riend Madison# also 30T4# Erote the )ill o( .i hts. Madison is also called the Father o( the Constitution (or his contributions to the document.172 "e((erson Erote the document that declared America*s liberty/ Madison Erote the document that uaranteed America*s civil liberties. 3snHt it intri uin that all three o( the best !noEn documents in ;nited 8tates history Eere Eritten %or heavily outlined+ by 30T4sA The (act that the Declaration o( 3ndependence and the )ill o( .i hts are both 30T4 products is particularly interestin in li ht o( the (act that 30T4s are the type Ehich most values autonomy# (reedom# and independence.17O( course# loo!in at the circumstances under Ehich each document Eas created# there are other (actors aside (rom personality Ehich Eere responsible. Thomas "e((erson Eas assigned the tas! o( Eritin the Declaration o( 3ndependence# Ehich Eas considered a minor tas! at the time. As (or the )ill o( .i hts# Madison added it under duress. =e thou ht the e,tra protection Eas unnecessary# thou h sa(e. )ut# di in deeper# there are some indirect personality6related (actors at Eor!. 3n the (irst place# "e((erson and Madison Eere available. )oth 30T4s Eere attracted by a cause representin independenceCliberty and by the opportunity to desi n a neE and improved society (ree o( monarchical overnment. Then too# there is the (act that 30T4s enMoy Eritin the most o( all the .ationals.175 3n (act# only the 30T4s and 10T4s perceived Eritin as a particularly enMoyable pastime. 8o both the cause and the s!illset pre(erentially attracted 30T4s. 9iven the connection betEeen 30T4s and the values o( autonomy# (reedom# and independence# 3 pose this 'uestion (or (urther thou ht2 are stron civil liberties associated Eith a healthy# empoEered 30T4 populationA <hatever the case may be# 3 thin! 30T4s should et presents on 3ndependence Day.

An INTP Presi'ent
"e((erson Erote# K3 have no ambition to overn men. 3t is a pain(ul and than!less tas!.L "e((erson didn*t really Eant to be 4residentNhe Eanted to stay home in Monticello and read. )ut his (riend Madison had other plans. 3n those days campai nin Eas considered a someEhat vul ar activity/ entlemen politicians remained at home and let the masses choose as they mi ht. 3n (act# "e((erson never declared that he Eished to be considered (or the 4residency. =e remained se'uestered in Monticello and barely ac!noEled ed the (act that he Eas bein promoted by Madison# Eho Eas somethin li!e his sel(6appointed campai n mana er. Madison himsel( ne lected to in(orm "e((erson o( his activities# and althou h "e((erson was aEare o( said activities# he turned a blind eye. Madison*s (irst attempt to elect "e((erson Eas met Eith (ailure %"e((erson only made vice president under Adams+ but he tried a ain# this time Eith success. "e((erson mumbled his Eay throu h an elo'uent inau ural address# and became 4resident. Madison became "e((erson*s secretary o( state.
172 The Constitution Eas actually writtenNin handEritin Nby a probable 1T4 named 9ouverneur Morris# Eho hated Madison*s uts. 17- Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 175 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

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8o# hoE does an 30T4 deal Eith the busy o((ice o( the 4residencyA 8imple2 "e((erson spent 10 hours a day at his des! and never appeared in public. 1ver. <hat about meetin sA "e((erson had a solution (or that too2 he avoided convenin his cabinet. =e did so only Ehen it Eas absolutely necessary# otherEise pre(errin to !eep thin s as much as possible on a one6on6one basis.177 ?i!e most 30T4 leaders# "e((erson adopted a hands o(( approach. =e pre(erred to Eor! throu h his department heads66in Eritin . They Erote doEn their decisions on matters and presented a daily report to him/ he revieEed their reports and sent bac! Eritten replies. 3n this Eay# he could (ocus on the bi picture Ehile avoidin hands on mana ement and human interaction. 8o heavily did "e((erson rely on Eritten communicationN roup decision6ma!in Eas somethin li!e an e,ercise in editin documents Nthat his presidency is the best6documented term (rom that era2 a historian*s dream come true. "e((erson*s political a enda Eas to reduce the si@e# in(luence# and presti e o( the overnment. =e ot rid o( (ederal ta,es entirely# reduced the si@e o( the military# and attac!ed the bureaucracy. =e stripped the o((ice o( the president o( its pretentious aristocratic trappin s and set the tone (or a more e alitarian# simple and spartan overnment. ?ater# he Eas later a proponent o( states* ri hts. 1ssentially# he mistrusted centrali@ed poEer and overt control o( all !inds and Eanted to shrin! the overnment as much as possible. =oEever# his 4residency is remembered mainly (or the ?ouisiana 4urchase. As Choiniere and Ieirsey have noted# he had to Kbend the rulesL a bit to ma!e the purchase. )ut then# 30T4s are one o( the least rule conscious types# aren*t theyA17: A(ter "e((erson had (inished his tEo terms# he passed the 4residency over to Madison. <e*ll loo! at him ne,t.

177 1llis# 1BB: 17: Mc4herson R =indmarch# 2005

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,K-

a$es 4a'ison & @th Presi'ent of the /nite' States

The Father o( the Constitution ives you the 30T death lare.
#ccupation" 4resident $otable %ecause" =e (ramed the Constitution o( the ;nited 8tates and ran the country (or tEo terms.

Type" 30T4
'(idence &or I$T) Closedmouthness %3+ K3n Convention debate his lips Eere never unsealed e,cept to some member# Eho happened to sit near him...L Described as silent# retirin # shy# EithdraEn %3+ 8po!e very so(tly %3+ =ad a lar e circle o( ac'uaintances# but only a (eE close (riends %3+ Described as a Kreclusive boo!EormL1 %30T+ Described as bein serious# somber# and rave %0T+ K...he seems never to have been a youn manL2 KThe sombre o( his li(e Eas due partly# no doubt# to natural temperament...L2 InoEn (or personal inte rity# unbiased vieEpoint %0T+ "e((erson Erote o( Madison# K3 do not !noE a man in the Eorld o( purer inte rity# more disinterested...L =is letters Eere clear# precise and terse# Ehen not Eritten in pedantic academese %0T+ Described as a Kscienti(ic (armerL %0T+ 4layed chess %a (avorite 0T ame+ =is (avorite pastime Eas readin %30T+ 115

.eserved body lan ua e %0T+ K=e did not esticulate in ordinary conversation# but did Ehen tellin an amusin story.L Described as calm# composed# serene %0T+ Terse %0T+ 0oted (or bein e,tremely lo ical %0T+ Described as philosophical %0T+ <ore the same style and color o( clothin over and over %30T (ashion+ =ad messy personal library %0T4+ KFrom the (ront hall the curved oa!en staircase led upstairs to the bedrooms and the library# the latter not only lined Eith boo!cases# but the centre so (illed Eith them that there Eas only Must room enou h to pass amon them. )oo!s and pamphlets Eere piled up everEhere# on every available chair and table...L ;nassertive %30T4 (avored over 30T"+ Did not state his oEn opinions/ instead he ave in(ormation and let people draE lo ical conclusions about his vieEs (rom it. %30T4 (avored over 30T"+ =ad a broad ran e o( interests rather than a narroEly (ocused area o( study. %30T4 (avored over 30T"+ 1 alitarian tendencies/ Ehen passin a blac! man on the road Eho tipped his hat# Madison did li!eEise# surprisin his companion. %30T4 (avored over 30T"+

.eneral
Madison Eas a 'uiet# entle 30T4 noted (or his stron moral character. And not only Eas he possessed o( the 0T virtue o( strict Mustice# but also many virtues more commonly associated Eith other temperaments2 !indness# entleness# amiability# mercy# and a (or ivin nature. One o( the most stri!in characteristics o( Madison Eas his even temper. =e Eas noted (or bein calm and amiable under the most tryin circumstances# and he had seemin ly in(inite patience Eith others. Thou h sorely pressed durin the <ar o( 1$12# he never once lost his temper# and a historian Eho met him observed that2 KChec!ered by the inevitable vicissitudes o( Ear# its trials never disturbed the composure o( the commander6in6chie(# alEays calm# consistent and conscientious# never much elated by victory or depressed by de(eat# never once by the utmost emer encies o( Ear# betrayed into a breach o( the constitution. 1,posed to that licentious abuse Ehich leadin men in (ree countries Eith an unshac!led press cannot escape# his patience Eas never e,hausted/ nor his (orbearance deprived o( di nity by complaint# retort# or sel(6de(ence# but in the 'uiet serenity o( rectitude# he Eaited on events Eith uninterrupted con(idence.L Madison turned the other chee!# and more2 later he even praised his critics# to the shoc! o( listeners. Althou h some .ationals are arro ant# most are modest about their achievements and do not boast or hold lessers in contempt. Madison# in addition to this# did not even Eant those loE intelli ence to (eel their shortcomin s. One ac'uaintance remar!ed# K<ith the less intelli ent o( these TvisitorsU# he seemed an,ious to veil his superiority# and by !indness and a((ability# to elevate them to a (eelin o( e'uality Eith himsel(.L As Madison reE older# his already mild temperament reE doEnri ht melloE. Ac'uaintances Eere stunned at hoE the much6attac!ed Madison never held rud es. 0Ts are one o( the temperaments iven to reven e Ehen critici@ed# but this characteristic Eas not at all in evidence in Madison*s later 117

character. Further# he Eas not at all iven to spea!in ill o( othersNa surprisin achievement considerin hoE ood .ationals are at clever criticism. This Eas# o( course# in his later years. 3n his early years he Eas much more (eisty# thou h still remar!ably even tempered in comparison to his compatriots. Madison and "e((erson Eere the best o( (riends. "ohn Duincy Adams described this 30T4 J 30T4 partnership by sayin # KMr. Madison Eas the intimate# con(idential# and devoted (riend o( Mr. "e((erson# and the mutual in(luence o( these tEo mi hty minds upon each other is a phenomenon# li!e the invisible and mysterious movements o( the ma net in the physical Eorld# and in Ehich the sa acity o( the (uture historian may discover the solution o( much o( our national history not otherEise easily accountable.L 4aul "ennin s# Madison*s body servant# recollected# K<hile Mr. "e((erson Eas 4resident# he and Mr. Madison %then his 8ecretary o( 8tate+ Eere e,tremely intimate/ in (act# tEo brothers could not have been more so.L

4arria)e
MadisonHs relationship Eith his Ei(e Dolley %18F4# see beloE+ Eas somethin li!e a love story betEeen the school nerd and the prom 'ueen. They had a happy marria e that lasted some (orty years.
Dolley 4a'ison ?oved havin company over %1+ ?i!ed to be constantly surrounded by (riends %1+ ?i!ed to be admired# but not e,trava ant %18s are the roup that most values presti e+17> Described as havin Ka desire to please# and a Eillin ness to be pleasedL %F+ Described as !ind %F+ Friendly/ sou ht harmony in relationships# sympathetic %F+ KAlEays amiable and conciliatory in dealin Eith (riends or slaves# Mrs. MadisonHs popularity reE day by day. =er politeness Eas that Ehich comes (rom the heart# and cannot be imitated by those Eho have not the love and sympathy ready to be called (orth at all times.L 4eople pleasin # easily hurt (eelin s %F+ K=er inordinate love o( pleasin # o( ma!in everyone happy about her# Eas called insincerity# and even StoadyismH by those Eho did not !noE the absolute pain iven to the lovin # (aith(ul heart by an un!ind Eord# or censure o( hersel(# or the dearly loved (riends# Ehose troubles Eere all ta!en upon her sympathetic shoulders.L Could not bear to be around interpersonal con(lict %F+ K=avin a reat disli!e to hot ar ument# or contention o( any !ind that mi ht Eound the (eelin s o( others# she Eould 'uietly leave the room (or a (eE moments# returnin to (ind the hint ta!en and the peace restored.L 8he Eould Eillin ly borroE her belon in s# both clothes and personal possessions# to ac'uaintances %84 enerosity+17$ =ad no taste (or study or readin %84 most (avored+ =ad no (ondness (or the strictly plain Dua!er li(estyle she Eas raised in/ secretly Eore (orbidden MeEelry as a child %84 most (avored+ Described as e,hibitin ayety# play(ulness %84+ Described as tolerant %(avors 4+
17> Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 17$ Ieirsey# 1BB$a

11:

Fle,ible2 KThe poEer o( adaptation Eas a li(e6 ivin principle in her natureL %4+ 4re(erred a casual# in(ormal atmosphere. %4+ KThe (orms and ceremonials Ehich rendered Mrs. <ashin tonHs and Mrs. AdamsH draEin rooms dull and tiresome Eere laid aside# and no sti((ness o( any !ind Eas permitted.L Described as havin a sunny# optimistic disposition %Fits 18F4 best o( all Artisans+

Dolley Madison seems to have been an 18F4. An idea o( her social ran! and popularity is provided by this description o( her2 K8he Eas said to be# durin Mr. MadisonHs administration# the most popular person in the ;nited 8tates.L <hat did Dolley see in her 5- year old 30T4 husband# Eho Eas 1> years older than her and enerally considered to be an Kirreclaimable old bachelorLA 8he seemed to deli ht in his moral character and hi h personal standards# both o( Ehich are typically 30T4# thou h not in the de ree to Ehich Madison possessed them. ?amentin his death# she described Kthat consistency# symmetry# and beauty o( character in all its parts# Ehich rendered his oEn transcendent as a Ehole and Eorthy o( the best aspirations.L 8he also appreciated his Kendurin oodnessL and noted that Khe le(t me many pled es o( his con(idence and love.L 3n her letters to Madison# she addressed him as Kmy belovedL and Kmy darlin husband.L For her part# Dolley Eas KalEays a reat (riend and support to her husband.L DolleyHs rand6niece tells the story that# KThe serious# thou ht(ul Madison# physically Eea!# and harassed and Eorried by the many cares croEdin upon him ... o(ten said that a visit to his Ei(e in her sittin room# Ehere he Eas sure o( a bri ht story and a ood lau h# Eas as re(reshin as a lon Eal!.L Madison missed his Ei(eHs presence Ehen she Eas aEay. =e Erote to her# K1verythin around and Eithin reminds me that you are absent# and ma!es me an,ious to 'uit this solitude.L <hile Dolley handled all the coupleHs social duties Eith 18F4 style# Madison mana ed the business side o( Montpelier %his (amily estate+ and spent his K(ree timeL Eor!in or readin boo!s. The couple stood by each other in sic!ness and in health# a voE Ehich Eas much more apt to be tested in those days than noE. <hen Dolley (ell ill# she Erote# K=ere 3 am on my bed# Eith my dear husband sittin an,iously by me# Eho is my most Eillin nurse.L 8he hersel( also nursed her husband durin his lon illnesses# remainin constantly at his side. .emember hoE Thomas "e((ersonHs boo!s Eere le(t to burn in the (ireA There Eas no such problem Eith Dolley around. A(ter MadisonHs death# the noE6elderly EidoE be an compilin and publishin his papers. One day an arsonist lit her house on (ire as she Eas sleepin in her upstairs bedroom. A servant raced into her smo!e6(illed room to save her66but she EouldnHt a ree to o unless he saved MadisonHs papers. Once the servant had rabbed them# she alloEed hersel( to be rescued. =e pic!ed her up# rushed doEn the burnin staircase and (led outside to sa(ety. Does your spouse !noE Ehat you Eant savedA <ould she ris! her li(e (or itA ?i!e "e((erson# Madison (ell in love more than once. )e(ore marryin Dolley# he Eas interested in tEo other Eomen. 0ote that Madison didn*t have to remain a bachelor in a day and a e Ehere love Eas o(ten subordinate to more practical concerns. The real reason he remained sin le Eas that he had that Kcloset romanticL strea! sometimes characteristic o( .ationals/ i( he Eould not marry (or love# then he Eould not marry at all. Dolley*s choice to marry Madison seems to have been more pra matic than romantic# but by all appearances she came to love him in return.

11>

So$ber vs- Playful

"ames Madison Eas one o( those .ationals Eho seemed to have no sense o( humor. The (act that he dressed almost entirely in blac! probably did little to dispel this illusion. )ut he did have a sense o( humor66once you ot to !noE him. Ieirsey %1BB$a+ has noted that .ationals can loo! a lot li!e Artisans i( they cut loose. One observer o( Madison noted that# Khe did not lau h boisterously# but there is ood evidence that in circles o( intimate (riends he sometimes ave Eay to unrestrained (acetiousness and set his hearers into roars o( lau hter.L =is sense o( humor Eas not the acerbic bite o(ten characteristic o( 0Ts/ rather# he Eas notable (or his entle Eit# KalEays Eithout a stin .L Another person noted# K=e Eas a silent# rave man# Ehose nature Eas relieved by a vein o( 'uaint# 'uiet humor# Ehich# in his moments o( rela,ation# ave an ine,pressible charm to his presence.L 3n (act# Madison*s introverted charm turned on and o(( dependin on Ehether or not there Eere stran ers present. A uest noted o( Madison# Kthis entertainin # interestin and communicative persona e# had a sin le stran er or indi((erent person been present# Eould have been mute# cold and repulsive.L

6l' A)e
Madison lived into his ei hties. =e remained sharp as ever and continued to closely (olloE political developments. 4aul "ennin s# Madison*s personal servant# Khis mind Eas bri ht# and Eith his numerous visitors he tal!ed Eith as much animation and stren th o( voice as 3 ever heard him in his best days.L As one o( the most sel( reliant types# 30T4s dread the thou ht o( becomin dependent upon others. They may continue doin thin s (or themselves beyond the point Ehere it Eould perhaps be EiseN "e((erson continued his daily horse rides# and modern 30T4s may continue to drive. On the plus side# 30T4s are 'uite simply incapable o( alloEin their minds to sin! into inactivity durin their latter years. Madison Eas Eell in(ormed and sometimes contributed his voice to important issues o( the day. =e remained cheer(ul in spite o( everythin # ri ht up till very near the very end o( his li(e.

An INTP Presi'ent D Part II

"ust as the ?ouisiana 4urchase Eas the memorable event in "e((erson*s presidency# so the <ar o( 1$12 Eas the memorable event in Madison*s presidency. 3n (act# at the time# the <ar o( 1$12 Eas called KMr. Madison*s <arL66deprecatin ly. The <ar o( 1$12 Eas uni'ue in that it Eas the (irst Ear that America had declared. The con(lict# Ehich is enshrined in the lyrics o( KThe 8tar68pan led )anner#L Eas incited by the )ritish practices o( !idnappin and conscriptin American sailors %KimpressmentL+ and sei@in American car o. At that time 1n land Eas loc!ed in its oEn con(lict Eith 0apoleon/ hence the need (or men. 3t Eas a disastrous Ear in Must about every Eay you can ima ine. For starters# the )ritish had superior land and sea (orces Ehile the American military Eas en(eebled %"e((erson Eas partially to than! (or this+. The invadin )ritish army burned the capital and the <hite =ouse. There Eas Eidespread incompetence in the military leadership. The states Eere divided and the )ritish encoura ed disunion. America su((ered de(eat a(ter de(eat a(ter de(eat. 11$

The Ear (inally ended Ehen )ritain resolved its troubles Eith 0apoleon and had no more reason to impress American sailors. At this point the tEo countries made peace# but the neEs o( the treaty too! aEhile to cross the Atlantic# and in the meantime AndreE "ac!son achieved a spectacular victory in the )attle o( 0eE Orleans. The timin o( the events Eas per(ect2 Must a(ter neEs o( the battle hit# the neEs o( the peace treaty arrived. K=ahaha# Ee shoEed themFL said Americans. Madison*s popularity soared# and he became the most popular president since <ashin ton up till that time.17B =istorically# hoEever# Madison is not remembered (or his s!ill(ul handlin o( the <ar o( 1$12. =oE much o( the blame he actually deserves is debatable/ (or instance# the army Eas small and unprepared# but Madison had previously as!ed Con ress to provision and e,pand it. ?i!eEise# Madison had as!ed his 8ecretary o( <ar to prepare de(enses (or the capitol# but the man i nored his orders. TEo thin s that Madison has been critici@ed (or are his lac! o( charisma in rousin support (or the Ear and his li ht6handed approach toEards Con ress.1:0 Madison did not attempt to coerce or persuade either the people or the le islature to support his recommendations (or the conduct o( the Ear. 3n the (irst place# he had assumed that since the people elected their oEn representatives# they ou ht to support the decisions o( those representatives66ri htA =aha. =e Eas !eenly aEare o( public opinion and its bene(icial e((ect on the Ear e((ort# but he did not try to manipulate it throu h inspirational speeches as modern 4residents do. As (or the Con ress# Madison did not pressure the body as much as he mi ht have. =e Eould provide an obMective summary o( the bene(its attendin a certain action# then leave the decision up to them. =e could have ta!en a more (orce(ul stance i( he had chosenNhis personal correspondence Eas much more blunt and nonobMectiveNbut he believed that the 4resident should re(rain (rom such coercion. To do otherEise Eould result in an unsa(e increase in e,ecutive poEer# and Madison did not Eant to set that precedent. This tendency toEards noncontrol Eas also in line Eith his 30T4 personality. One o( the thin s that di((erentiates 30T4s (rom 30T"s is that 30T4s present in(ormation Ehile 30T"s present opinions. 3n a particularly dramatic e,ample o( this tendency# Madison did not even as! Con ress to declare Ear on )ritain/ rather# he merely presented them Eith a list o( rievances the )ritish had committed and su ested that they decide hoE to act. %This Eas characteristic o( all his communications.+ <hile Madison has been critici@ed (or his seemin unassertiveness# there is another side o( the coin to consider. A(ter the Ear# the head o( a committee o( citi@ens told Madison# K4oEer and national lory# 8ir# have o(ten be(ore# been ac'uired by the sEord/ but rarely Eithout the sacri(ice o( civil or political liberty.L The committee praised him (or hoE he had KEielded an armed (orce o( (i(ty thousand men# aided by an annual disbursement o( many millions# Eithout in(rin in a political# civil# or reli ious ri ht.L Madison*s unsha!eable support (or civil liberties in the (ace o( vicious criticism Eas in star! contrast to the Alien and 8edition Acts that had been used to 'uell dissent durin "ohn Adams* presidency. 4ut Eithin a modern conte,t# Madison Eould have dropped dead be(ore supportin the 4atriot Act. 3n those days there Eas little precedent (or stron civil liberties or democracy# but plenty o( precedent (or suppressin them. Another leader mi ht have been tempted toEards a di((erent course than the one Madison too!. 3t is perhaps a ood thin a(ter all that Madison chose to remain respect(ully unassertive throu hout the Ear.
17B McCoy# 1B$B 1:0 =o((man# 2010

11B

Conclusion
<ashin ton Eas in o((ice tEo terms# then came Adams %one term+# "e((erson %2 terms+# and Madison %2 terms+. From the year 1$01 to 1$1>N1: years strai htNthe ;nited 8tates Eas run by type 30T4. ?i!e Madison# the ne,t 30T4 leader Ee Eill loo! at Eas also !noEn (or his hi h moral character and personal inte rity. =e Eas also one o( =itler*s closest (riends.

120

,,- Albert Speer D Na2i 4inister of Ar$a$ents

#ccupation" Architect# Minister o( Armaments and <ar 4roduction $otable %ecause" =e mana ed 9erman Ear production durin <<33. Type" 30T4 #ther" 3.D. 12$ by the <echsler6)ellevue 3ntelli ence Test# Adult Form63. Father" 4robable 3T" Mother" 4robable 18 '(idence For I$T) Described as reserved# reticent# silent# shy# untal!ative %3+ A(ter comin home (rom a lon dayHs Eor!# he Eould be silent (rom e,haustion %3/ this is characteristic o( an introvert Eith their batteries drained+ 3nterested in art# drama# literature# philosophy %0+ Attendin his (irst =itler rally# 8peer Eas impressed by =itler*s respectability# calm demeanor# and modesty1:1 but later turned o(( by 9oebbel*s (rothin emotionalistic approach. %0T 6 They value calmness and sel(6control more than most types+ Described as sober# dispassionate# and unemotional %0T+ Described as hau hty# arro ant %0Ts o(ten (avored+ Complained about the Kendless trivialities about the (amily lives o( othersL that he had to put up Eith in social atherin s %0T+
1:1 =itler reali@ed that to impress the academic community 8peer Eas attendin # he Eould have to tone doEn his (anatic 0F style to match his audience*s tastes.

121

Direct in manner %0T bluntness+ 0ever tal!ed about his (eelin s save (or in an analytical sense %0T+ ;nimpressed by the loE intellectual level o( a local chapter o( the 0a@i party %0T+ Future oriented/ included Oruin valueO into his concepts o( buildin s# i.e. hoE ood they Eould loo! as ruins thousands o( years later %0T (arsi htedness+ Described his (eelin s toEard technolo y in terms o( OpassionO and Ointo,icationO %0T technolo y love+ Described as s!eptical %0T+ 8peculated that his personal temperament Eas most a!in to the element o( Eater or snoE/ he vieEed the latter as bein a Kcold# inanimateL element.1:2 %0T most (avored.+ <as upset Ehen he learned that several o( his important 0a@i coEor!ers Eere i(ted actors and that they could easily (a!e their emotions %30T uilelessness+ Inac! (or statistics in youth %30T math talent+ <as the best mathematician in his school/ Eanted to study math# but Eas convinced otherEise by his architect (ather. )ecame an architect instead. %30T+ Described as havin a K(ree and easy mannerL1:- %4 (avored+ <in ed a maMor construction proMect Eithout ma!in a plan %4+ ;r ed a philosophy o( Kor ani@ed improvisationL %improvisation is a 4 trait+ Described as in(ormal and casual %4+ DidnHt care much about his personal appearance/ li!ed to Eear civilian clothin rather than the 0a@i party uni(orm# thou h he Eas supposed to Eear it (or Eor!.1:5 %4+ 4re(erred to seal a maMor business deal Eith a simple handsha!e rather than a si ned contract %4+

'(idence &or I$T) 9rades Eere not the best possible# e,cept in mathematics %30T# but (avors Kla@ierL 30T4 more+ Described as Kindi((erent to people and realityL1:7 %Favors 30T4s most o( all types.+ Described as Kdecidedly unconventionalL1:: %Description (avors 30T4 males# but not 30T" males+1:> Described as a Kbrilliant idlerL1:$ %30T4 (avored over 30T"+ Content Eith a modest house %30T4 disinterest in Eorldly surroundin s+ Thou h raised in a lit@y upper class li(estyle# 8peer pre(erred modest# simple# even spartan surroundin s and consistently avoided ostentation. %Favors 30T4/ they tend to be detached (rom Eorldly thin s+ Described as havin little interest in reEritin some notes that he Eas (orced to destroy Ehile in prison %30T4s# more than most other types# have no interest in redundant revieECrecreation o( already processed conclusions.+ Described as independent# autonomous %Favors 30T4 most o( all types.+ .ebelled a ainst upper class upbrin in / lac!ed a sense o( aristocracy %30T4 rebellious youth# e alitarianism+
1:2 1:1:5 1:7 1:: 1:> 1:$ 8peer# 1B>: Fest# 1BBB Fest# 1BBB <olters in Fest# 1BBB <olters in Fest# 1BBB Thorne and 9ou h# 1BB1 Fest# 1BBB

122

Fre'uently received the most demerits in class %84 nau htiness or 30T4 rebellion+ 1,hibited an e alitarian treatment o( his subordinates that Eas at odds Eith e,pectations to treat people by their ran! and position1:B %Favors 30T4 over 30T"+ Described as (riendly# ood natured# easy oin %30T4 (avored over more cool 30T"+ 8aid o( himsel(# O3 Eas by nature hardEor!in # but 3 alEays needed a (resh impulse to develop neE talents and rally (resh ener y.O %This is a 4erceivin trait# (avors 30T4+ ;naEare o( surroundin s2 O...=itler saE me standin in the second ran!. =e interrupted his solemn ceremonial to e,tend his hand to me. 3 Eas so overEhelmed by this unusual si n o( (avor that 3 let my oEn hand# raised in salute# (all Eith a loud smac! on the bald head o( "ulius 8treicher# the 9auleiter o( Franconia# Eho stood Must in (ront o( me.O %30T+ <hen he ot home e,hausted (rom a lon day*s Eor! he (elt himsel( to be behavin Eith unnatural rigidity %30T# (avors 30T4 li!in (or (le,ibility+ 4re(erred to remain a (reelance architect# outside o( the 0a@i party*s bureaucracy %30T4s value autonomy more than 30T"s+ Detached %Favors 30T4 most o( all types+ K3 have never (ully belon ed anyEhere.L Fell in love at a e 1>/ announced he Eould marry at 1$ %un(ortunate 30T4 tendency to marry the (irst suitable person Eho comes alon .+

Albert 8peer %pronounced 8hpeer+ Eas put on trial at 0urember (or crimes committed durin <orld <ar 3366thou h he denied !noEled e o( the =olocaust. The court (ound him uilty o( the (ormer <ar Crimes and Crimes A ainst =umanity# but innocent o( involvement in the =olocaust. =e Eas sentenced to 20 years in prison. )ut thatHs the short version. Many doubts have been raised about 8peer*s actual uilt. <as he lyin about his i norance o( the =olocaustA =oE much did he actually !noEA )oo!s have been Eritten about these 'uestions# but to my !noEled e no one has ever scrutini@ed 8peerHs actions (rom a type6based perspective. 3n this section Ee Eill e,amine several interestin aspects o( 8peerHs li(e and also attempt to probe at this unsolved mystery. 4erhaps you thin! o( Ear criminals as disli!able or un(riendly. 3n (act# they are o(ten decent and 'uite pleasant on a personal level66ordinary (ol!s# really. 3Hm not !iddin . &ouHd be surprised Ehat ordinary (ol!s are capable o(. ?i!e many Ear criminals# 8peer Eas essentially a nice uy e,cept (or the obvious/ people (ound him (riendly thou h aloo(. =e had an ordinary youth# even (or an 30T4. ?i!e many o( the type# he e,celled mathematically# thou h his rades EerenHt as hi h as they could have been i( he had tried. <ith an 3.D. o( 12$# he Eas the best mathematician in his school and had a !nac! (or statistics that e,pressed itsel( in trac!in his oEn demerits. 8peer intended to become a mathematician %a time6honored 30T4 pastime+ but his (ather tal!ed him out o( it and convinced him to become an architect instead %also a time6honored 30T4 pastime.+ =e dealt Eith the drud ery o( school by payin his classmates to do the tedious actual6carryin 6out6o(6the6Eor! Ehile he came up Eith the ideas (or hoE the Eor! should be done. 8peer Eas basically disinterested in politics until one day =itler came to spea! at his university. <e are used to seein =itler# a disturbed 10F4# screamin at a (ren@ied croEd# but that Eas only one o( the
1:B Fest# 1BBB

12-

roles he could play. =itler shoEed up at 8peerHs school in a nice suit and spo!e calmly# 'uietly# and soberly about the (uture o( the country. 3t Eas a speech tailored (or .ationals# i.e. the university croEd. 8peer Eas open to this approach and listened Eith ears peeled/ as the speech pro ressed# =itler became more animated# more ma netic# more ur ent. 3t Eas a movin e,perience. =ere Ee see an intri uin phenomenon. One Eould thin! that 30T4s Eould be more resistant than most to the charm and ma netism o( unscrupulous 0Fs. )ut in (act they may be amon the more susceptible types. 8peer noted# K...his T=itlerHsU 8outh 9erman charm reminded me a reeably o( my native re ion. A cool 4russian could never have captivated me that Eay.L 3t Eas =itlerHs very 0F Earmth and charm that dreE 8peer in li!e an iron (ilin to a ma net. 8peer observed# KT3 EasU becomin a (olloEer o( =itler# Ehose ma netic (orce had reached out to me the (irst time 3 saE him and had not# therea(ter# released me. =is persuasiveness# the peculiar ma ic o( his by no means pleasant voice# the oddity o( his rather banal manner# the seductive simplicity Eith Ehich he attac!ed the comple,ity o( our problems66all that beEildered and (ascinated me. 3 !neE virtually nothin about his pro ram. =e had ta!en hold o( me be(ore 3 had rasped Ehat Eas happenin .L =itler had a ma netic e((ect on almost everybody# but on this 30T4 his 3dealist ma ic must have been positively compellin . 3t may be that such 0Fs present a peculiar trap (or the .ational. A(ter the speech Eas over# the sha!en 8peer drove o(( and Eent (or a lon Eal! in the Eoods to thin! thin s over in solitude. 8hortly therea(ter# he decided to Moin the 0a@i party66not (or the politics# but (or Adol( =itler himsel(. 8peer be an helpin out at 0a@i rallies here and there# lendin his car to drive o((icials around. 8ince he Eas an architect# he be an doin volunteer Eor! decoratin and desi nin (or the party. The 9erman economic situation Eas lousy at this time# and there Eas no Eor! (or him anyEay. One day# Ehile visitin the o((ice o( a (elloE party member# 8peer noticed a desi n (or a rally lyin on the o((icialHs des!. As he puts it# KThe desi ns outra ed both my revolutionary and my architectural (eelin s.L The o((icial ave him permission to redesi n the decorations. 8peerHs desi n introduced the distinctive tall# narroE banners that are so iconic o( the 0a@i rallies. The layout Eas a smash hit.1>0 )i er and better commissions be an (loatin 8peerHs Eay. At last he Eas iven the Mob to help renovate the ChancellorHs residence# i.e. =itlerHs oEn house. Durin the construction# 8peer and =itler ot to !noE one another. 8peer Eas impressed by =itlerHs simplicity# (riendliness and unpretentious manners. 1ventually =itler invited 8peer to dinner/ this Eas to be the start o( a lon (riendship. ?ater# at the 0urember trial# 8peer said# K3( =itler had had any (riends at all# 3 certainly Eould have been one o( his close (riends. L <hile 10F4s have tons o( K(riends#L they have only a (eE deep# intimate (riends. =itler Eas incapable o( lovin other creatures %all the love had been beaten out o( him by his (ather durin childhood+# but he could produce a ood enou h (acsimile to et by in li(e. 3t seems that =itler too (elt that ma netic 0FC0T Kclic!L that 8peer sensed at the rally. Many onloo!ers Eonder Ehat the Earm# vivacious 0Fs can possible see in their sober# silent and cool .ational (riends and spouses. 1ven the 30T4s themselves Eonder about it/ 8peer never really understood Ehat =itler saE in him. As he e,plains# K=itler had undoubtedly ta!en a special li!in to me# althou h 3 Eas by nature reticent and not very tal!ative... ...9iven the Eay that =itler so o(ten
1>0 8peer Eould later introduce the characteristic ea le Eith Ein s outstretched behind =itler# and the Kli ht architectureL created Eith roEs o( anti6aircra(t spotli hts pointed strai ht up to create phantasmic pillars o( li ht around an assembled croEd.

125

acted in a purely intuitive Eay# Ehy he too! to me so Earmly remains a mystery.L O( course# loo!in at it (rom a type based perspective Ee !noE that 0Fs can be (ascinated by 30T4sH stron principles# un(lappable demeanor# coolheadedness and sel( discipline. The author 3sa! Dinesen spo!e o( this idea elo'uently Ehen describin her (riendship Eith her native 8omali servant# a man o( di((erin Orace# se,# reli ion# milieu Tbac! roundU and e,perience.O Dinesen notes about their (riendship# Ehich she considers an e,ample o( a O;nity#O that# O3n order to (orm and ma!e up a ;nity# in particular a creative ;nity# the individual components must needs be o( di((erent nature# they should even be in a sense contrasts. TEo homo eneous units Eill never be capable o( (ormin a Ehole# or their Ehole at its best Eill remain barren... A hoo! and an eye are a ;nity# a (astenin / but Eith tEo hoo!s you can do nothin . A ri ht6hand love Eith its contrast the le(t6hand love ma!es up a Ehole# a pair o( loves/ but tEo ri ht6hand loves you throE aEay.O Dinesen (elt that the very reEard in her (riendship came (rom the (act that she and her servant Eere so very di((erent. Cicero observed# OFriends are not in(re'uently the complements# rather than the li!enesses# o( each other.O )ut oin beyond the obvious 3T61F divide# there Eas a more subtle similarity2 the 04604 match up. 8peer and =itler bonded over mutual intuitive interests in art# architecture and the classics. They carried out hours lon sessions o( intuitive conversation dEellin on the possibilities o( the (uture and hoE their mutual plans Eould shape the Eorld in i antic Eays. )oth despised bureaucracy. ?astly# there is also the .ational drive (or achievement to consider on 8peer*s side. A(ter many years o( discoura ement and (rustration as he tried and (ailed to (ind architectural Eor! durin 9ermanyHs depression years# 8peer Erote# KA(ter years o( (rustrated e((orts 3 Eas Eild to accomplish thin s66and tEenty6ei ht years old. For the commission to do a reat buildin # 3 Eould have sold my soul li!e Faust. 0oE 3 had (ound my Mephistopheles. =e seemed no less en a in than 9oethe*s.O 8peerHs Mephistocles# o( course# Eas =itler. Curiously enou h# Faust Eas also a .ational.

!uil'in) the Chancellery% A Perceiver Approach

The plans that 8peer and =itler came up Eith Eere truly enormousNthey outsi@ed the pyramids. )ut (rom a type perspective# the most interestin buildin 8peer desi ned Eas the Chancellery. The Chancellery is sort o( li!e the 9erman version o( the <hite =ouse. 8ome (ive years a(ter attainin poEer# =itler decided that the current Chancellery Eas K(it (or a soap companyL and as!ed 8peer to replace it Eith somethin better in less than a year and a half. %Contrast this Eith the 70b years "e((erson tin!ered Eith Monticello.+ 8peer a reed to have the buildin completed in a yearNan astoundin ly crunched deadline. =e later recalled this a reement as the most thou htless promise o( his li(e. )ein a true 4erceiver# 8peer noted# K3 decided to (or o any complicated or ani@ational plan and schedule# since these Eould only have revealed that the proMect could not possibly be carried out Eithin the time limit.L 3n short# he winged the construction o( the most important overnmental buildin in the country. 8peer achieved the deadline simply by uessin Ehat thin s Eould ta!e the lon est to obtain and then ettin them started ri ht aEay. One item that Eould ta!e a lon time to prepare Eas a set o( hand6 !notted ru s. =e ordered ru s o( various colors and si@es# then later desi ned rooms that (it the loo! and dimensions o( the ru s. A novel approach. )ut# buildin s Eere not the only thin this 30T4 Eas ood at. 127

The "$pire !uil'ers

?etHs ta!e a side trip into the Eorld o( computer ames. Chris )ateman# an M)T36!noEled eable ame desi ner# hypothesi@ed the e,istence o( nine types o( players. )ateman %200>+ described the KMana erL type# Ehich he associated Eith the 0T temperament# as (olloEs2 OThe strate ic6minded Mana er is a comple,ity6see!in player. 9ames Eith many rules# includin both strate y ames# and certain c.49s# are the mainstay o( such a player# althou h adventure ames Eill also be enMoyed by many. ...TThe Mana erU see!s the satis(action o( !noEled e or mastery# e,pressed throu h the (eelin o( contentment. They can rac! up serious hours on the ames they really love.O 3n the past# .ationals enMoyed chess. 0oE they enMoy vast# complicated MMOs# tabletop ames such as <arhammer 50I# simulations o( empire buildin and Earrin such as 8im City# A es o( 1mpires# and Civili@ation. )usiness buildin # city buildin # state buildin # empire buildin / the de(ense o( a civili@ation a ainst outside a ressors/ tou h problem solvin and e((icient solutions2 These thin s constitute the attraction o( such ames (or .ationals. 8o Ehat Eould happen i( a .ational ot the chance to play such a ame in real li(eA <ould they be ood at itA Could they really build and de(end their oEn empire# Must li!e in a ameA Many a .ational has undoubtedly pondered these 'uestions as they entered their seventh consecutive hour o( ameplay. Albert 8peer had the opportunity to do Must that. First# he ot the chance to play 8im City Eith )erlin# rearran in the roads# rails and buildin s and addin various monuments. Those o( you Eho have played A es o( 1mpires Eill be (amiliar Eith the term K<onder.L1>1 8peer*s plans (or the 0urember 8tadium outsi@ed the pyramid o( Cheops and the Circus Ma,imus/ they included a statue Ehich Eas taller than the 8tatue o( ?iberty. ?ater# he Eas appointed as the 9erman Minister o( Armaments and <ar 4roduction# a position Ehich basically alloEed him to control the production o( tan!s# planes# bombs# ammunition and a hu e variety o( other oods (or the entire Third .eich and its captured territories. =e controlled a bud et o( billions and mana ed some 2$ million people/ (or a short period it even seemed li!ely that he Eould succeed =itler. 8peer Eas reat at increasin armaments production. Absolutely reat. 1ven as the Allies practically poured bombs on 9ermany# production o( armaments Must !ept on increasin . ?ater one o( the Allied commanders observed# K=ad 3 !noEn Ehat this man Eas achievin # 3 Eould have sent out the entire American 1i hth Air Force merely to put him under round.L %O( course# it should be noted that (or most o( the Ear the Allies Eere not directin their attentions at speci(ic nerve centers o( industryN Ehich they later didNbut at eneral tar ets# re ardless o( their importance to the 9erman Ear industry. This undoubtedly ave the 8peer e,tra breathin room/ nevertheless# the (act that production Eent up as 9ermany Eent south represents an accomplishment.+ The Mob o( !eepin industry runnin durin the Ear Eas uni'uely suited to 8peer*s 30T4 talents. 3 doubt i( any other type could have done betterNnot even the 30T"s. )ut types are masters at systems desi n# but 4erceivers are better at improvisation. As 9ermany crumbled# the situation became less and less controllable/ Ehen there are no reliable events that can be depended upon# the plan(ul approach (ails# Ehile improvisation succeeds. 8peer*s uno((icial motto Eas Kor ani@ed improvisation.L =e didn*t invent the term# but he carried it out in his ministry. <hen the Allies bombed a maMor bastion o( 9erman paperEor!# 8peer sent out an ironic memo statin that the ministry could not alEays rely on
1>1 A hu e# e,pensive monument that alloEs you to Ein the ame provided that it stands (or a certain period o( time.

12:

such stro!es o( ood (ortune to cut throu h the bureaucracy. =oE (ar Eould a .ational o to Ein such a ameA 8peer Eas# by all appearances# a normal# healthy 30T4. )ut he Eas eventually sentenced to tEenty years imprisonment (or enslavin Eor!ers in his (actories. 8peer EasnHt too !een on usin slave labor %he thou ht it reduced e((iciency (or various reasons+ but he didnHt resi n over the issue eitherNin (act# he KinheritedL slaves directly upon ta!in the Mob. 8peer Eanted to Ein the Ear# and to him the ur ency o( the end oal Musti(ied the means66or so he believed at the time. =is desire (or achievement and the addiction o( playin a iant ame o( 8im City Eith captured 1urope !ept him hoo!ed to his Mob in spite o( the obMectionable methods to Ehich he became a party.

4oral 8uestions
<hile imprisoned# 8peer noted in his Mournal# KThe cheap morali@in that has become a !ind o( (ashion repels me. 4erhaps 9ermany Eill have to sound li!e 8unday 8chool (or aEhile. ...3 canHt o alon Eith that !ind o( tone# even thou h it Eould ma!e thin s easier.L <hat e,actly is meant by Kcheap morali@in LA 8abin %200:+ summed up a series o( studies on type and moral reasonin by notin that# K.esearchers have enerally (ound 3ntroversion %3+# 3ntuition %0+# Thin!in %T+ and 4erceivin %4+ to be in(luences on hi her levels o( moral Mud ment.L %.ead here+ 1ssentially# hi her levels o( moral reasonin are characteri@ed by %(or e,ample+ the ability to untan le rey6area moral dilemmas# or to pic! a ri ht course that society Eould ordinarily (roEn upon. A ood e,ample Eould be# K3s it o!ay (or .obin =ood to steal (rom the rich to (eed the poorAL One mi ht say# K0o# you should never steal.L Or# one mi ht say# K1ven thou h stealin is Eron ...hereHs a Musti(ication.L One mi ht e,pect that 30T4s Eould be the most moral (ol!s on the planet. Actually# theyHre Must ood at rationali@in . 30T4s can Musti(y the most surprisin thin s usin their advanced moral reasonin s!ills. <hen (aced Eith a moral dilemma# 3 (ind that 3 can typically (ind several reasons Ehy it Eould be ri ht to ta!e a certain action and several reasons Ehy it Eould be Eron . For e,ample# at a previous Mob# 3 needed in(ormation on hoE to use an art pro ram to accomplish various Eor!6related tas!s. )ut Ehen 3 tried to loo! that in(ormation up online# it Eas bloc!ed by the company Eeb (ilter because the site content Eas o(ten mar inally related to desi nin art (or ames or other entertainment media. Then too# most o( the best tutorials Eere videos. The 3T department had already made it clear that it couldCEould not rant the do@ens o( site e,ceptions 3 needed. 3t Eould o( course be childHs play to bypass the Eeb (ilter# and other employees already had. )ut Eould it be ri htA Accordin to the employee handboo!# no2 it Eas clearly a ainst the rules to de(eat computeri@ed security measures. Ah# but the Eeb (ilter Eas o(ten Eron . 3ts intended purpose Eas to prevent the(t o( time/ instead# the (ilter Eas subMectin an employee66mysel(66to inconvenience and preventin them (rom accomplishin their assi ned tas!s. )y means o( comparison# i( some mis uided security mana er mista!enly put a loc! on the (a, machine to !eep everyone (rom usin it to play ames# Eould anyone be upset i( an employee de(eated this clearly mis uided security measureA And is a nonsentient entity such as a Eeb (ilter really 'uali(ied to interpret the intent o( the employee manualA Does the Eeb (ilter create laE# or should it only carry it outA 3( it should only carry laEs out# 12>

then under Ehat rounds does it presume to prevent me (rom doin Eholly laE(ul Eor!A Am 3 not ri ht to bypass the so6called laEs it has created to prevent me (rom accessin certain Eor!6related sitesA And anyEay# Ehat is the de(inition o( KbypassLA 3( a security mana er sets up a (reestandin loc!ed door in the middle o( a room and says# KDo not try to unloc! this#L Eould it be Eron to simply Eal! around the door and continue on oneHs Eay unobstructedA The Eeb (ilter didnHt mind i( you opened the https rather than the http version o( the bloc!ed site/ that Eas considered OI. 3t also didnHt mind i( you opened the 9oo le cached version o( the site66that Eas also OI. )y simply choosin one o( these alternatives# 3 Eould be Eal!in around the door rather than tryin to Mimmy open the loc!. )ut i( 3 am bein paid to carry out the Eill o( my employers66and there Eas no doubt that they Eould be upset i( 3 bypassed the (ilter in this Eay66then donHt 3 oEe it to them by virtue o( our mutual contract to obey their senseless rules to the letter# as they Eould EishA Or Eould it be even more ri ht to enuinely serve them to the best o( my abilityNi norin the poorly thou ht out rules that Eould pointless hinder me66Ehile !noEin that they Eould Eron (ully condemn me (or so doin A Does my contract morally obli e me to do the absolute best 3 possibly can to serve them# or to merely do everythin 3 am told and nothin moreA Then there is also the (act that they mi ht Eron (ully blame me (or not success(ully carryin out my assi ned tas!# even thou h their Eeb (ilter Eas causin the delay in my Eor! in the (irst place. 3n such a situation# do 3 have the ri ht o( preemptive sel( de(ense# i.e. can 3 bypass the Eeb (ilter to save mysel( (rom an un(air scoldin (or not deliverin the artEor! in timeA A(ter considerin the problem Eith my advanced moral reasonin s!ills# 3 chose to bypass the Eeb (ilter and vieE Eor!6related ame tutorial sites. MeanEhile# other coEor!ers bypassed the Eeb (ilter to vieE entertainment sites. 3n any case# 3 Eas never (ree o( a tin e o( uilt and the an,iety that my employers mi ht (ind out and punish me %albeit unMustly+ (or my deeds.

Slavery an' the 1olocaust

4eople Eith hi h moral reasonin s!ills are thou ht to be less li!ely to commit 0a@i6style atrocities under the Musti(ication o( KMust (olloEin ordersL %Iohlber in 8abin# 200:+. )ut iven that 8peer Eas Eillin to employ slave labor in his (actories# it Eould seem that people Eith hi her moral reasonin s!ills are not necessarily hindered in their ability to commit atrocities. 30T4s are the type that most values KAutonomy.L1>2 8peer# hoEever# Eould later re(lect that he Eillin ly ave up KmanHs hi hest privile e2 to be an autonomous person.L )y this he meant that he had alloEed himsel( to be so stron ly in(luenced by =itler that he no lon er thou ht (or himsel(. 8peer also ave up a chun! o( his critical thin!in . =e later Erote in his autobio raphy# OMy inclination to be relieved o( havin to thin!# particularly about unpleasant (acts# helped to sEay the balance. 8uch mental slac!ness above all (acilitated# established# and (inally assured the success o( the 0ational 8ocialist system.O This is probably not a behavior that one Eould e,pect (rom an 30T4# but here it is# starin us in the (ace. 8peer didn*t really Eant to as! the tou h 'uestions about the political and racial visions o( the 0a@i 4arty. 0or did he see! out criticisms o( those vieEs or loo! too deeply at the abuses.
1>2 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

12$

&et in spite o( this double (ailure# 8peer Eas nevertheless conspicuous (or autonomy and (ree thou ht in other areas. Much o( =itlerHs re ular entoura e Eas composed o( yes6men and suc! ups# all vyin Eith each other (or =itlerHs (avor. 8peer# unli!e the maMority# Eas not the least bit inclined to !iss up# and moc!ed those Eho did. Durin the 0urember trial he bro!e Eith the other de(endants# Eho had hoped to ma!e a uni(ied de(ense. <hile ivin up his autonomy in one area# he retained it in others. The bi 'uestion in 8peerHs li(e is Ehether or not he !neE about the =olocaust. As o( the time o( the 0urember trial# he Eas Mudicially believed to have been i norant o( the e,istence o( the death camps. Duestions Eere raised then# and have been raised since# about the truth o( this assertion# and many points o( evidence condemnin him have been both raised and shot doEn and debated (rom practically every an le. Most o( his bio raphers share the opinion that he probably !neE# thou h no truly damnin evidence has yet turned up. <hat most bio raphers Eill a ree upon is that i( he !neENEhich is entirely possible66he enuinely re retted it. 0o document e,ists in Ehich 8peer e,pressed even mild ill sentiment toEards the "eEs. <hat 8peer himsel( admits is that he could have (ound out about the =olocaust i( he had Eanted# but he pre(erred not to (ind outNand thus chose not to loo! too closely at the hints that could have enli htened him. <hether or not this is accurate# it certainly produced some si ni(icant moral 'uestions to ponder (or the rest o( his li(e. ?et*s ta!e a brie( detour to 1>00s. One o( the interestin thin s about "e((erson and Madison is that Ehile they Eere both a ainst slavery# they both !ept slaves. This is especially notable in li ht o( the (act that >7.7X o( 30T4s said that the value KAutonomy# (reedom# independenceL Eas Kvery importantL66the hi hest ratin iven by any type.1>- Can anythin be less li!e (reedom than slaveryA Ahh# but .ationals are also a pra matic bunch. 0either "e((erson nor Madison li!ed runnin their estates usin slave labor# but le(t Eithout another means to ma!e money# they continued to use the distaste(ul system themselves Ehile Eor!in a ainst it publicly. ObMective and unbiased# 30T4s Eill stand on a limb as they saE it o((# earnestly believin that the limb must o. K3 Eill (all# but it Eill be Eorth it in the end#L they say to themselves. )ut their saEin may not be so vi orous as it should be. This Eas the case (or both men# Eho (ound Eays to e,cuse their oEn inaction and deny e,amples that contradicted the assumptions upon Ehich their e,cuses rested. )ut as the chan in national circumstances be an to erode those e,cuses# "e((erson and Madison Eere (orced to turn to more and more outlandish ideas to Musti(y their lethar ic positions. 3n 9illian )radshaE*s boo! (he )rong eflection# there is a race o( 30T ener y bein s born (rom the violent ma netic (luctuations o( O6type stars. )ein essentially ener y# the bein s Eere e,tremely lon 6lived# but they did eventually perishNin a sense2 KMadness Eas the usual end (or his !ind# i( no accident intervened2 Ehen too many memories accumulated# consciousness (ound itsel( beEildered by the sel(*s contradictions# and disinte rated.L Compare that (ate Eith the (olloEin three 'uotes# Ehich describe either "e((erson# Madison# or 8peer at the end o( their lives as they Erestled Eith their respective moral dilemmas. 3 have stripped the passa es o( material that Eould permit identi(ication o( time and place. 1. K...the ultimate source o( ZZZZZ*s e,treme (rustration Eith the 666 Duestion# as Eell as the source o( his (rantic and (ar(etched e((orts to ansEer it Eithout surrenderin his 666 credentials# Eas that
1>- Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

12B

he Eas trapped Eithin the contradictions created by his oEn posture o( procrastination and denial. TThis DuestionU made the lon 6standin parado,...that he had been livin so de(tly into an undeniable contradiction. =e had all alon been livin a lie.L 2. KZZZZZ*s bi@arre and incon ruous (aith in 666 Eas all that !ept him (rom plun in into total despair. The 666# Ee mi ht say# pushed ZZZZZ steadily toEard the brin! o( sel( delusion# i( not despair. The dilemma o( 666 undid him. -. K...3 Eould have as!ed ZZZZ more detailed and persistent 'uestions about his con(lictin values and motives# in Ehich he Eas hopelessly entan led at the end.L 0ote the common theme o( unsupportable parado,es# dilemmas# and contradictions. Oh Ehat tan led Eebs Ee Eeave# Ehen Ee practice to sel(6deceive. The (irst 'uote describes "e((erson*s reaction to the Missouri Duestion# i.e. Ehether or not the neE state o( Missouri should be a slave state or a (ree state. ?ater# "e((erson Eorried about a KEar o( e,termination toEard the A(rican in our landL but nevertheless remained merely a passive advocate o( abolition. The second 'uote# about Madison# deals Eith his support (or the ridiculously implausible plan o( (reein the blac! slaves and sendin them to an A(rican colony. The third 'uote describes 8peer*s attempt to deal Eith his involvement in the re ime that perpetrated the =olocaust.1>5 Actually# this toleration o( both actual and seemin contradictions is part o( a lar er pattern o( 30T4 behavior. 3n Thorne and 9ou h*s %1BB1+ adMective study# it Eas (ound that (emale 30T4s Eere not characteri@ed by havin a Kclear cut# internally consistent personality#L Ehile male 30T4s Eere as KcomplicatedL and as not bein Kuncom(ortable Eith uncertainty and comple,ities.L 1ssentially# 30T4s are very ood at dealin Eith multiple con(lictin ideas or ideals. This helps them create comple, desi ns# in Ehich many opposin oals must be Eei hed and accommodated. )ut it also has the potential to land them in moral 'uandaries. .eturnin to the 'uestion o( the =olocaust. 3 rather suspect that 8peer !neE more about the =olocaust than he let on# but that he didn*t actually see the bi picture until later. "e((erson pooh poohed the initial massacres o( the French .evolution as mere roEin painsNonly to be embarrassed by his optimism later Ehen thin s ot really nasty. 4erhaps 8peer vieEed Ehatever (acts he !neE about in the same li ht# dismissin them as short term e,cess to the tune o(# KThere are alEays oin to be isolated atrocities.L 3t is doubt(ul that he understood the true horror o( the death (actoriesNespecially since most o( the 0urember criminals Eho did !noE about the =olocaust hadn*t (aced up to Ehat they Eere doin until they Eere shoEn a video o( their oEn death camps durin the 0urember trial. At one point# 8peer visited the (ront lines and observed some o( the Eeapons he had manu(actured bein used in battle. =e Eas startled at the reali@ation that his Eeapons Eere bein used to !ill people/ previous to that he had only had an intellectual understandin o( the concept. 4erhaps this Eas because in hi her level discussions o( the Ear# the lan ua e o( death Eas euphemistic2 KlossesL KcasualtiesL etc. From his detached intellectual perspective# death didn*t yet have real meanin . Ieirsey %1BB$a+ noted that .ationals and Artisans are utilitarian temperaments Ehile 9uardians and 3dealists are cooperative temperaments. ;tilitarianism is not evil nor is cooperativity ood. )ut both can be either ood or evil. 8peer Eould later Erite# K1very day 3 learn aneE hoE inhuman Ee really Eere. 0oE 3 do not mean the barbarism o( persecution and e,termination. .ather# the absolute dominion o( utilitarian ends# such as 3 pursued as minister o( armaments# is nothin but a (orm o(
1>5 Duote 1 J 1llis# 1BB:/ Duote 2 J McCoy# 1B$B/ Duote - J Fest# 1BBB

1-0

inhumanity.L ;tilitarianism is a di((erent thin (rom hatred and bi otry. 8peer did not hate the slaves in his (actories or vieE them as lesser bein s/ rather# he vieEed them as tools. Tools to be !ept in pea! operatin condition because he valued their Eor!. =is slaves did not starve li!e those in =immlerHs concentration camps because it Eould not be lo ical to let valuable tools be bro!en. For e,ample# Ehile tourin the ?in@ steelEor!s# 8peer encountered a roup o( .ussian 4O<s Eho had been removed (rom the custody o( an 88 camp to Eor! as slaves in the (actory.
O<hen Ee came upon a roup o( tEenty .ussians# 3 had the interpreter as! them Ehether they Eere satis(ied Eith their treatment. They made estures o( passionate assent. Their appearance con(irmed Ehat they said. 3n contrast to the people in the caves o( the Central <or!s# Eho Eere obviously Eastin aEay# these prisoners Eere Eell (ed. And Ehen 3 as!ed them# Must to ma!e conversation# Ehether they Eould pre(er to return to the re ular camp# they ave a start o( (ri ht. Their (aces e,pressed purest horror. )ut 3 as!ed no (urther 'uestions. <hy should 3 have done so/ their e,pressions told me everythin . 3( 3 Eere to try today to probe the (eelin s that stirred me then# i( across the span o( a li(etime 3 attempt to analy@e Ehat 3 really (elt66pity# irritation# embarrassment# or indi nation66it seems to me that the desperate race Eith time# my obsessional (i,ation on production and output statistics# blurred all considerations and (eelin s o( humanity. An American historian has said o( me that 3 loved machines more than people. =e is not Eron . 3 reali@e that the si ht o( su((erin people in(luenced only my emotions# but not my conduct. On the plane o( (eelin s only sentimentality emer ed/ in the realm o( decisions# on the other hand# 3 continued to be ruled by the principles o( utility.O

=ere Ee have an 30T4 Eho did not let (eelin s cloud his lo ic/ in the pursuit o( his oal# he Eas able to put aside his emotions to the e,tent that he Eas able to i nore the su((erin oin on elseEhere. 8peer seems not to have been a particularly cruel manNthere are various accounts o( hoE he improved conditions Ehen he saE a needNbut he alloEed himsel( to become utterly logical.

The Nure$ber) Trial

8peer Eas char ed Eith <ar Crimes and Crimes A ainst =umanity# both char es re(errin to his use o( slave labor in the (actories. =is actions in the trial made him uni'ue amon the 0urember de(endants# thou h perhaps not amon 30T4s. One o( the thin s that made 8peer stand out Eas his insistence upon an idea called Kcollective responsibility.L 3n a nutshell# he e,plained that KThere is a common responsibility (or...horrible crimes# even in a totalitarian state.L 0ot that he too! personal responsibility (or the =olocaustNhe too! personal responsibility only (or thin s Eithin his sphere o( in(luenceNbut he thou ht that the entire leadership %o( Ehich he Eas a part+ should ta!e eneral responsibility (or it. =is laEyer told him that he Eas oin to et himsel( !illed Eith this Kde(ense#L but 8peer stubbornly insisted on it. As it turned out# the "ud es (ound 8peer*s attitude a re(reshin chan e (rom the denials and e,cuses o( the other de(endants %K3 Eas Must (olloEin ordersL+.1>7 There Eere other thin s that appealed to them as Eell/ 8peer*s sel( control# his polite yet unsubmissive manners# and the Eay he (aced Ehat he had done (ran!ly and (ully. =e seems to have enuinely e,pected to et the death penalty. =oEever# that 8peer Eas maneuverin (or his li(e cannot be denied. And he maneuvered Eith all the 30T4 s!ill o( a chessmaster. =is laEyer e,plained#
K4erhaps one o( the most e,traordinary thin s about him durin that year Ehen# 3 assure you# he Eas (ully aEare o( the dan ers he Eas runnin # Eas that he remained e,actly Ehat he had alEays been2 a ame player. O( course this meant that he *used* people# but# in a Eay# only intellectually or strate ically. )ecause he Eas emotionally so

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distanced (rom others# he never played Eith them emotionallyNi( he li!ed you# he li!ed you and nothin Eould chan e it. O( course# (or anyone Eho loved him this Eas di((icult# (or he didn*t love. )ut ame playin # Ehich he most certainly# and brilliantly# did at 0urember # Eas almost an *e,ercise* (or him. ;nder those terrible circumstances# it served as a reassurance# in a Eay# that he Eas still Ehat he had alEays been.L

The best e,ample o( this manipulation is probably the (act that he pulled strin s so that it Eould come out in the trial %Eithout him actually brin in it up+ that he had tried to assassinate =itler. The assassination attempt itsel(# i( it can be called that# Eas brou ht on by 8peer*s roEin despair over =itler*s ruinous policies at the end o( the Ear.1>7 =e had thou ht he mi ht introduce poison as throu h a vent into =itler*s bun!er and made a (eE e((orts to ac'uire the necessary a ent# but never Eent throu h Eith the plan. 8peer e,plained that a chimney had been built over the vent# ma!in the neE vent too hi h to reach. This di((iculty led one observer to comment sarcastically# Kthe second most poEer(ul man in the state did not have a ladder.L There is also the (act that (illin the bun!er Eith poison as Eould not only have !illed =itler# but everyone else in the bun!er tooN(rom enerals to secretariesNmany o( Ehom 8peer !neE. The hal(6hearted plan# i( it e,isted in the (irst place# Eas aborted. <hen 8peer Eas as!ed about the attempt durin the trial %as he had en ineered that he Eould be+ he protested over and over that he didn*t Eant to ive the details even as he bubbled over Eith him. ?ater he Eould Erite in his memoires that he brou ht the incident up merely to illustrate a point. This Eas clearly not the case. A(ter the revelation o( the plot# most o( the other de(endants be an to shun 8peer. =e Eas essentially e,communicated as a traitor. <hen considerin this and 8peer*s radically di((erent de(ense tactics# observers have surprised at hoE 8peer Eas able to brea! so completely Eith the others. Ah# but here Ee come to another 30T4 trait. .emember hoE ood 30s are at the Asch Con(ormity 1,perimentA There is not much herd mentality in the 30T4. 3t Eas 8peer*s type that made him Eillin to o it alone in spite o( outri ht roup censure. At the end o( the trial# each de(endant Eas alloEed to ive a last statement. Most o( the de(endants e,pressed their horror and sorroE over the atrocities that had been committed. 8peer# hoEever# sou ht to dissect the (actors that had made the atrocities possible Eith an eye to preventin them in the (uture. To this end# he ave a sort o( minilecture about hoE =itler*s domination o( 9ermany had been enabled by neE communications technolo ies %the radio# telephone# teletype# and loudspea!ers+ that alloEed one man to convey his un(iltered Eill to all. 8peer cautioned that individuals must ta!e especial care to thin! (or themselves %there*s that 30T4 autonomy a ain+ as the Eorld reE more and more technical# and made predictions that the development o( neE Eeapons such as intercontinental missiles# atom bombs# biolo ical a ents# etc.# Eould mean that a neE Ear Eould certainly annihilate civili@ation. 3t Eas# all in all# a very 30T4 speech2 he analy@ed Ehat had one Eron # then predicted Ehat science Eould one day ma!e possible. 8peer narroEly escaped the death penalty# and Eas sentenced to tEenty years in prison.

1>7 =itler had intended to commit national suicide as Eell as personal suicide. 3( he could not Ein the Ear# then he intended to completely destroy the means o( livelihood (or the 9erman people and as many other countries as he could.

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,;- INTPs in Prison

3 have alEays believed# someEhere in the bac! o( my head# that it Eould be nice to live in prison. O( course 3 !noE that prison is not nice at all# but the thou ht persists nonetheless. 3n the boo!# KThe ?onerHs Mani(esto#L author Anneli .u(us %30T+ notes# K<hen parents on TG shoEs punished their !ids by orderin them to o to their rooms# 3 Eas con(used. 3 loved my room. )ein there behind a loc!ed door Eas a treat. To me a punishment Eas bein ordered to play &aht@ee Eith my cousin ?ouis. 3 pu@@led over Ehy solitary con(inement Eas considered the Eorst punishment in Mails.L Thin! o( it66no responsibilities# (ree room and board. &ou can do anythin you please Eith your abundant spare time2 read# Erite# create art# desi n thin s# study. 0o one to bother you or interrupt your Eor!. 3 suspect that prison does not present as much su((erin (or 30T4s as it does (or other types. O( course# it depends on the conditions in the particular prison. 3n the table beloE 3 have made an attempt at uessin the 30T4 response to various hardships o( the prison li(e.

1ar'ships of Prison an' INTP Responses

0olitary 1on&inement As introverts# 30T4s ain ener y (rom bein alone. They enMoy a 'uiet and undisturbed environment because it alloEs them to concentrate on their Eor! better. 3ndeed# it almost seems that the abstracted# mind6oriented 30Ts pre(er solitude more than most other introverts. $othing to do2 boredom 30T4s have a rich thou ht li(e/ this compensates someEhat (or lac! o( e,ternal activities. 3ack o& e ternal stimulation2 sensory depri(ation 30T4s are o(ten totally oblivious to their surroundin s because they are so lost in thou ht. They donHt notice or need the outside Eorld as much as other types. $o lu uries and &ew necessities 30T4s can be content leadin a simple e,istence/ they are not Eorldly. 4epri(ation o& &amily and &riends Depends upon the 'uality o( the relationships. 4epri(ation o& opposite se 30T4s tend to have a lot o( marital problems. 3ack o& pri(acy 30T4s Eould (ind it more stress(ul than (or most other types. 5ypercontrolled, structured en(ironment 30T4s Eould disli!e it the most o( all types.

1arrelson & A /niLue Perspective on Life in Prison

A prisoner named =arrelson o((ered some commentary on solitary con(inement in a superma, prison. 3t is li!ely that =arrelson Eas an 30T" rather than an 30T4# but there is so much overlap betEeen the tEo types that most o( his observations probably apply e'ually Eell to both. 8uperma, is supposed to be Ka clean version o( hell.L The most secure prisons in the Eorld are characteri@ed by the (olloEin conditions2 1--

4risoners are !ept in solitary con(inement (or decades. 4risoners are alloEed out o( their cells (or one hour per day# a solitary e,ercise period in a small enclosure. The cell is made o( poured concrete and steel and all (urniture is immovable. Meals are ta!en in the cell# alone. 4risoners are under constant electronic surveillance.

There are le al 'uestions o( Ehether or not !eepin a human bein alone (or decades constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. 3 thin! it does66(or most people. )ut obviously not (or =arrelson the 30T". =e enMoyed his almost6soundproo( cell. 3n a letter to his laEyer# he Erote# K4art o( the plan here is sensory deprivation. 3t probably Eor!s on some o( the inmates. 3Hm pretty sure it hardly bothers me at all.L At another point# he added# KThere is much to be said (or these conditions. A ain# the silence is Eonder(ul. And livin alone is reat...nobody bothers me. ... And even thou h 3Hm an avoEed curmud eon# 3 donHt obMect to my oEn company very o(ten. )ein alone has some advanta es.L 3t should also be noted that =arrelson spo!e to his (elloE humans %the uards+ only three times a Eee!# and this to re'uest basic supplies. 8o essentially# he Eas livin Eith almost @ero human interaction. And he enMoyed it. A very clear introvert. =oEever# he did li!e listenin to the radio on earphones durin most o( his Ea!in hours. =e pre(erred the radio over the TG because he could read and Erite Ehile it Eas on# Ehereas the TG disrupted his thou hts. 8ome inmates pace their cells ceaselessly li!e ca ed ti ers. =arrelson had no such ur e2 KThe actual (loor space is some : 1C2H , BH should the ur e to Eal! stri!e me. That doesnHt happen very o(ten. 3Hm almost alEays in the prone position# holdin doEn the mattress...or sittin on it leanin bac! a ainst the Eall# my Eritin e'uipment restin on my !nees# pennin my thou hts.L =e also pre(erred to s!ip the one hour e,ercise period he Eas entitled to each day# notin a.+ that it Eas too much hassle to o throu h the cell entranceCe,it procedure# and b.+ that there Eas nothin he could do in the e,ercise yard that he couldnHt do in his cell. 8edentary pastimes are typical o( the mind6 oriented .ationals# and 30T4s are most mind6oriented o( all the 0Ts. Further evidence (or 0T is provided by =arrelsonHs choice o( television pro rammin . =is top (our (avorite TG shoEs included tEo science pro rams# 0ova and 0ature. %The other tEo (avorites bein ?etterman and Frontline.+ =arrelson !ept himsel( busy Eith readin and Eritin 2 K1veryone here must (ind a Eay to (ill the hours o( each day. To me it is essential 3 stay busy...every Ea!in moment is (illed Eith somethin ...readin # Eritin or doin chores %3Hm a clean (rea!+.L 9iven the comment about bein a clean (rea!# Ee can assume that =arrelson is probably a "ud er. The (act that he !ept constantly busy is important too/ Ieirsey %1BB$a+ has noted that the .ationals must Eor! and that idleness Eould be the KEorst sort o( punishment.L 3ndeed# superma, seems to have (ailed 'uite badly in re ard to the punishment o( idleness. =arrelson Eent on to say# K3 sHpose you mi ht thin! boredom is a problem (or me. 0ot true. There are not enou h hours in a day (or my needs as a matter o( (act.L 8ome people o insane in solitary con(inement. =arrelson noted obMectively# K3 still have a relatively intact mind.L 3t is si ni(icant that the mind Eas hi hly valued by this 30T". <hen countin his many 1-5

blessin s compared to others# he Erote# KAnd perhaps most important o( all# 3 have my mind.L For .ationals# the mind is the most pri@ed (aculty and it provides much richness in their lives# especially in superma,# Ehen it is pretty much all they have. 3n =arrelsonHs prison each prisoner can control his cellHs li htin and thus !eep Ehatever hours they please. %This is as opposed to other prisons# Ehere shoEers and li hts out occur at re ularly scheduled intervals.+ =arrelson li!ed the KindependenceL o( the superma, Eay o( li(e# and too! advanta e o( it to stay up into the Eee hours o( the mornin . 3n this re ard# it seems that superma, may be pre(erable to re ular prison (or 30Ts. 3n terms o( (amily situation# =arrelson had (amily and (riends outside o( prison Ehom he Erote to daily. =e pitied the other prisoners Eho had no one outside# and his correspondence Eith his (amily seemed to be very important to him. As re ards the issue o( control# he basically decided that he couldnHt do anythin about it# and thus there Eas no point in (ussin over it. =e didnHt (i ht the system/ rather# he Eas a ood prisoner# and thus earned many e,tra privile es. 8o Ehat can Ee ma!e o( all thisA First o( all# it seems obvious that superma, Eas not desi ned Eith 30Ts in mind. 3n (act# superma, seems to be more li!e Ka clean version o( heavenL (or introverted .ationals. DonHt ever Eind up in prison# but i( you do# maybe the hi h security loc!doEn cells are the Eay to o. )ut only i( you have et access to paper# pencil# and boo!s.

INTP Co$plaints About Prison

O( all the types o( deprivation that a person under oes in prison66deprivation o( liberty# (riends# (amily# lu,uries# the opposite se,# sa(ety66one type o( deprivation that is never brou ht up is technological deprivation. Albert 8peer noted in his autobio raphy# K3n 8pandau prison 3 had to live li!e a man o( the nineteenth century Eithout a radio# telephone set# telephone# or car and Eas not even alloEed to Eor! the li ht sEitch mysel(. A(ter ten years o( imprisonment 3 e,perienced a...rapture Ehen 3 Eas alloEed to run an electric (loor polisher.L This may very Eell be a uni'uely .ational phenomenon. <hen 30T4s are !ept in captivity# they turn to Eritin # Ehich is one o( their (avorite leisure pastimes. 8peer !ept himsel( entertained by secretly Eritin tEo thousand pa es o( toilet paper notes that he turned into a Y:00 pa e autobio raphy Ehen he Eas released. =e Eas alloEed to read anythin he Eanted save (or political te,ts/ he chose to read about psycholo y# metaphysics and philosophy. A prison psycholo ist also decided to record 8peerHs statement that# KMy (antasies run into musical channels. 3 can entertain mysel( here in my cell (or hours by runnin over classical musical compositions in my mind.L 3Hm not sure Ehy the psycholo ist recorded that particular detail# but it is interestin . Another e,ample is Thomas "e((erson# thou h he EasnHt imprisoned so much as debilitated2 K=e himsel( met Eith an accident about this timeNa (all (rom his horseNEhich# thou h not attended Eith serious conse'uences# !ept him# (or tEo or three Eee!s# more closely con(ined in the house than it Eas his habit to be. 3t Eas durin this con(inement that he Erote the principal part o( his S0otes on Gir inia.HL "e((erson Eould also voluntarily shut up himsel( up in a local monastery in pure silence to Eor!66he Eould stay there (or up to a Eee!.

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Do INTPs .o To ail a Lot3

A study o( introverted veterans (ound that 30T4s and 38T4s tended to commit non6substance abuse6 related crimes more o(ten than other introverted types.1>: =oEever# none o( the various studies o( prison populations have turned up the e,pected overrepresentation o( 30T4s# thou h 38T4s Eere o(ten overrepresented.1>> Considerin that 30T4s are one o( the least rule conscious types# this is a bit surprisin . Do 30T4s tend to commit di((erent !inds o( crimes than 38T4s# leadin to them bein placed in di((erent types o( prisonsA Do stereotypes o( criminal behavior tend to e,clude 30T4s# thus de(lectin investi ator suspicion (rom themA Are 30T4s merely better at evadin capture# or impressin MuriesA Or do 30T4s actually commit (eEer crimes than normalA

"scape
OOhF i( you !neE#O said she# OhoE many times Aramis has ot out o( prisonFO 8o said the Duchess de Chevreuse# spea!in o( the third Mus!eteer o( the (amous trio# the 30T4 Aramis. Are 30T4s ood at escapin A <e really have no idea. )ut itHs (un to speculate# and Ee can certainly ima ine some advanta es they mi ht have in ma!in certain !inds o( attempts. The unconventional# ima inative 30T4 mindset and !nac! (or 'uestionin basic assumptions may serve an 30T4 Eell in an escape scenario. ?etHs read an e,cerpt (rom the Count o( Monte Cristo about a probable 30T4 prisoner# then EeHll discuss some o( the implications.

The Count of 4onte CristoMA !rief Portrait of an INTP in Prison

%The overnor o( a French prison and a state inspector are tourin the prison to see hoE the captives are (arin .+
O<ill you see the re ister at once#O as!ed the overnor# Oor proceed to the other cellAO O?et us visit them all#O said the inspector. O3( 3 once Eent up those stairs. 3 should never have the coura e to come doEn a ain.O OAh# this one Tthe 30T4 prisonerU is not li!e the other# and his madness is less a((ectin than this one*s display o( reason.O ... O=oE curiousFNEhat is his nameAO OThe Abbe Faria.O O0o. 2>#O said the inspector. O3t is here/ unloc! the door# Antoine.O The turn!ey obeyed# and the inspector a@ed curiously into the chamber o( the Omad abbe.O 3n the centre o( the cell# in a circle traced Eith a (ra ment o( plaster detached (rom the Eall# sat a man Ehose tattered arments scarcely covered him. =e Eas draEin in this circle eometrical lines# and seemed as much absorbed in his problem as Archimedes Eas Ehen the soldier o( Marcellus sleE him. =e did not move at the sound o( the door# and continued his calculations until the (lash o( the torches li hted up Eith an unEonted lare the sombre Ealls o( his cell/ then# raisin his head# he perceived Eith astonishment the number o( persons present. =e hastily sei@ed the coverlet o( his bed# and Erapped it round him. 1>: Otis R ?ou!s# 1BB> 1>> Mitchell# 200B

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O<hat is it you EantAO said the inspector. O3# monsieur#O replied the abbe Eith an air o( surpriseNO3 Eant nothin .O O&ou do not understand#O continued the inspector/ O3 am sent here by overnment to visit the prison# and hear the re'uests o( the prisoners.O OOh# that is di((erent#O cried the abbe/ Oand Ee shall understand each other# 3 hope.O ... OMonsieur#O continued the prisoner# O3 am the Abbe Faria# born at .ome. 3 Eas (or tEenty years Cardinal 8pada*s secretary/ 3 Eas arrested# Ehy# 3 !noE not# toEard the be innin o( the year 1$11/ since then 3 have demanded my liberty (rom the 3talian and French overnment.O K...T3 am comeU to in'uire i( you have anythin to as! or to complain o(.O OThe (ood is the same as in other prisons#Nthat is# very bad/ the lod in is very unhealth(ul# but# on the Ehole# passable (or a dun eon/ but it is not that Ehich 3 Eish to spea! o(# but a secret 3 have to reveal o( the reatest importance.O O<e are comin to the point#O Ehispered the overnor. O3t is (or that reason 3 am deli hted to see you#O continued the abbe# Oalthou h you have disturbed me in a most important calculation# Ehich# i( it succeeded# Eould possibly chan e 0eEton*s system. Could you alloE me a (eE Eords in private.O

8o here Ee see a portrait o( an 30T4 in prison2 8o completely lost in thou ht as to be unaEare o( his s'ualid environment# and busily devisin a neE system o( mathematics. This 30T4 Eas apparently unbothered by his solitary con(inement2 Ehen 1dmond Dantes# the prota onist o( (he 2ount of &onte 2risto# accidentally bumped into the Abbe durin the latterHs tunnelin activities# the AbbeHs (irst thou ht Eas to seal up the tunnel and have no (urther contact Eith Dantes. =oEever# Dantes Eas able to chan e his mind. The Abbe also (urnishes us Eith a detailed e,ample o( hoE creative en ineerin # applied science# and strate ic plannin can be used (or escape %read on+.

The Count of 4onte CristoMAn INTP "scape Plan

%=ere 1dmond Dantes meets the Abbe Faria (or the (irst time. The Abbe had Must discovered that the calculations (or his escape tunnel Eere sli htly o((. This e,cerpt is some seven pa es lon / (eel (ree to s!im.+
The stran er Tthe abbeU mi ht have numbered si,ty or si,ty6(ive years/ but a certain bris!ness and appearance o( vi or in his movements made it probable that he Eas a ed more (rom captivity than the course o( time. =e Tthe abbeU received the enthusiastic reetin o( his youn ac'uaintance TDantesU Eith evident pleasure# as thou h his chilled a((ections Eere re!indled and invi orated by his contact Eith one so Earm and ardent. =e than!ed him Eith rate(ul cordiality (or his !indly Eelcome# althou h he must at that moment have been su((erin bitterly to (ind another dun eon Ehere he had (ondly rec!oned on discoverin a means o( re ainin his liberty. O?et us (irst see#O said he# OEhether it is possible to remove the traces o( my entrance hereNour (uture tran'uillity depends upon our Mailers bein entirely i norant o( it.O Advancin to the openin # he stooped and raised the stone easily in spite o( its Eei ht/ then# (ittin it into its place# he said#N O&ou removed this stone very carelessly/ but 3 suppose you had no tools to aid you.O O<hy#O e,claimed Dantes# Eith astonishment# Odo you possess anyAO O3 made mysel( some/ and Eith the e,ception o( a (ile# 3 have all that are necessary#Na chisel# pincers# and lever.O OOh# hoE 3 should li!e to see these products o( your industry and patience.O O<ell# in the (irst place# here is my chisel.O 8o sayin # he displayed a sharp stron blade# Eith a handle made o( beechEood. OAnd Eith Ehat did you contrive to ma!e thatAO in'uired Dantes.

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O<ith one o( the clamps o( my bedstead/ and this very tool has su((iced me to holloE out the road by Ehich 3 came hither# a distance o( about (i(ty (eet.O OFi(ty (eetFO responded Dantes# almost terri(ied. ODo not spea! so loud# youn manNdon*t spea! so loud. 3t (re'uently occurs in a state prison li!e this# that persons are stationed outside the doors o( the cells purposely to overhear the conversation o( the prisoners.O O)ut they believe 3 am shut up alone here.O OThat ma!es no di((erence.O OAnd you say that you du your Eay a distance o( (i(ty (eet to et hereAO O3 do/ that is about the distance that separates your chamber (rom mine/ only# un(ortunately# 3 did not curve ari ht/ (or Eant o( the necessary eometrical instruments to calculate my scale o( proportion# instead o( ta!in an ellipsis o( (orty (eet# 3 made it (i(ty. 3 e,pected# as 3 told you# to reach the outer Eall# pierce throu h it# and throE mysel( into the sea/ 3 have# hoEever# !ept alon the corridor on Ehich your chamber opens# instead o( oin beneath it. My labor is all in vain# (or 3 (ind that the corridor loo!s into a courtyard (illed Eith soldiers.O OThat*s true#O said Dantes/ Obut the corridor you spea! o( only bounds one side o( my cell/ there are three othersNdo you !noE anythin o( their situationAO OThis one is built a ainst the solid roc!# and it Eould ta!e ten e,perienced miners# duly (urnished Eith the re'uisite tools# as many years to per(orate it. This adMoins the loEer part o( the overnor*s apartments# and Eere Ee to Eor! our Eay throu h# Ee should only et into some loc!6up cellars# Ehere Ee must necessarily be recaptured. The (ourth and last side o( your cell (aces onN(aces onNstop a minute# noE Ehere does it (aceAO TThe abbe climbs on Dantes* bac! to loo! out the EindoE o( the other man*s cell.U The elder prisoner pondered the matter. O&es#O said he at len th# Oit is so. This side o( your chamber loo!s out upon a !ind o( open allery# Ehere patrols are continually passin # and sentries !eep Eatch day and ni ht.O OAre you 'uite sure o( thatAO OCertain. 3 saE the soldier*s shape and the top o( his mus!et/ that made me draE in my head so 'uic!ly# (or 3 Eas (ear(ul he mi ht also see me.O O<ellAO in'uired Dantes. O&ou perceive then the utter impossibility o( escapin throu h your dun eonAO OThen#O pursued the youn man ea erlyN OThen#O ansEered the elder prisoner# Othe Eill o( 9od be doneFO and as the old man sloEly pronounced those Eords# an air o( pro(ound resi nation spread itsel( over his careEorn countenance. Dantes a@ed on the man Eho could thus philosophically resi n hopes so lon and ardently nourished Eith an astonishment min led Eith admiration. OTell me# 3 entreat o( you# Eho and Ehat you areAO said he at len th/ Onever have 3 met Eith so remar!able a person as yoursel(.O O<illin ly#O ansEered the stran er/ Oi(# indeed# you (eel any curiosity respectin one# noE# alas# poEerless to aid you in any Eay.O O8ay not so/ you can console and support me by the stren th o( your oEn poEer(ul mind. 4ray let me !noE Eho you really areAO The stran er smiled a melancholy smile. OThen listen#O said he. O3 am the Abbe Faria# and have been imprisoned as you !noE in this Chateau d*3( since the year 1$11/ previously to Ehich 3 had been con(ined (or three years in the (ortress o( Fenestrelle. 3n the year 1$11 3 Eas trans(erred to 4iedmont in France. 3t Eas at this period 3 learned that the destiny Ehich seemed subservient to every Eish (ormed by 0apoleon# had bestoEed on him a son# named !in o( .ome even in his cradle. 3 Eas very (ar then (rom e,pectin the chan e you have Must in(ormed me o(/ namely# that (our years a(terEards# this colossus o( poEer Eould be overthroEn. Then Eho rei ns in France at this momentN 0apoleon 33.AO O0o# ?ouis ]G333.O OThe brother o( ?ouis ]G33.F =oE inscrutable are the Eays o( providenceN(or Ehat reat and mysterious purpose has it pleased heaven to abase the man once so elevated# and raise up him Eho Eas so abasedAO

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Dantes* Ehole attention Eas riveted on a man Eho could thus (or et his oEn mis(ortunes Ehile occupyin himsel( Eith the destinies o( others. O&es# yes#O continued he# O*TEill be the same as it Eas in 1n land. A(ter Charles 3.# CromEell/ a(ter CromEell# Charles 33.# and then "ames 33.# and then some son6in6laE or relation# some 4rince o( Oran e# a stadtholder Eho becomes a !in . Then neE concessions to the people# then a constitution# then liberty. Ah# my (riendFO said the abbe# turnin toEards Dantes# and surveyin him Eith the !indlin a@e o( a prophet# Oyou are youn # you Eill see all this come to pass.O O4robably# i( ever 3 et out o( prisonFO OTrue#O replied Faria# OEe are prisoners/ but 3 (or et this sometimes# and there are even moments Ehen my mental vision transports me beyond these Ealls# and 3 (ancy mysel( at liberty.O O)ut Ehere(ore are you hereAO O)ecause in 1$0> 3 dreamed o( the very plan 0apoleon tried to reali@e in 1$11/ because# li!e Machiavelli# 3 desired to alter the political (ace o( 3taly# and instead o( alloEin it to be split up into a 'uantity o( petty principalities# each held by some Eea! or tyrannical ruler# 3 sou ht to (orm one lar e# compact# and poEer(ul empire/ and# lastly# because 3 (ancied 3 had (ound my Caesar )or ia in a croEned simpleton# Eho (ei ned to enter into my vieEs only to betray me. 3t Eas the plan o( Ale,ander G3. and Clement G33.# but it Eill never succeed noE# (or they attempted it (ruitlessly# and 0apoleon Eas unable to complete his Eor!. 3taly seems (ated to mis(ortune.O And the old man boEed his head. Dantes could not understand a man ris!in his li(e (or such matters. 0apoleon certainly he !neE somethin o(# inasmuch as he had seen and spo!en Eith him/ but o( Clement G33. and Ale,ander G3. he !neE nothin . OAre you not#O he as!ed# Othe priest Eho here in the Chateau d*3( is enerally thou ht to beNillAO OMad# you mean# don*t youAO O3 did not li!e to say so#O ansEered Dantes# smilin . O<ell# then#O resumed Faria Eith a bitter smile# Olet me ansEer your 'uestion in (ull# by ac!noEled in that 3 am the poor mad prisoner o( the Chateau d*3(# (or many years permitted to amuse the di((erent visitors Eith Ehat is said to be my insanity/ and# in all probability# 3 should be promoted to the honor o( ma!in sport (or the children# i( such innocent bein s could be (ound in an abode devoted li!e this to su((erin and despair.O Dantes remained (or a short time mute and motionless/ at len th he said#NOThen you abandon all hope o( escapeAO O3 perceive its utter impossibility/ and 3 consider it impious to attempt that Ehich the Almi hty evidently does not approve.O O0ay# be not discoura ed. <ould it not be e,pectin too much to hope to succeed at your (irst attemptA <hy not try to (ind an openin in another direction (rom that Ehich has so un(ortunately (ailedAO OAlas# it shoEs hoE little notion you can have o( all it has cost me to e((ect a purpose so une,pectedly (rustrated# that you tal! o( be innin over a ain. 3n the (irst place# 3 Eas (our years ma!in the tools 3 possess# and have been tEo years scrapin and di in out earth# hard as ranite itsel(/ then Ehat toil and (ati ue has it not been to remove hu e stones 3 should once have deemed impossible to loosen. <hole days have 3 passed in these Titanic e((orts# considerin my labor Eell repaid i(# by ni ht6time 3 had contrived to carry aEay a s'uare inch o( this hard6bound cement# chan ed by a es into a substance unyieldin as the stones themselves/ then to conceal the mass o( earth and rubbish 3 du up# 3 Eas compelled to brea! throu h a staircase# and throE the (ruits o( my labor into the holloE part o( it/ but the Eell is noE so completely cho!ed up# that 3 scarcely thin! it Eould be possible to add another hand(ul o( dust Eithout leadin to discovery. Consider also that 3 (ully believed 3 had accomplished the end and aim o( my underta!in # (or Ehich 3 had so e,actly husbanded my stren th as to ma!e it Must hold out to the termination o( my enterprise/ and noE# at the moment Ehen 3 rec!oned upon success# my hopes are (orever dashed (rom me. 0o# 3 repeat a ain# that nothin shall induce me to reneE attempts evidently at variance Eith the Almi hty*s pleasure.O Dantes held doEn his head# that the other mi ht not see hoE Moy at the thou ht o( havin a companion outEei hed the sympathy he (elt (or the (ailure o( the abbe*s plans. The abbe san! upon 1dmond*s bed# Ehile 1dmond himsel( remained standin . 1scape had never once occurred to him. There are# indeed# some thin s Ehich appear so impossible that the mind does not dEell on them (or an instant. To undermine the round (or (i(ty (eetNto devote three years to a labor Ehich# i( success(ul# Eould conduct you to a precipice overhan in the seaNto plun e into the Eaves (rom the hei ht o( (i(ty# si,ty# perhaps a hundred (eet# at the ris! o( bein dashed to pieces a ainst the roc!s# should you have been (ortunate enou h to have escaped the (ire o( the sentinels/ and even# supposin all these perils past# then to have to sEim (or your li(e a distance o( at least three miles ere you could reach

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the shoreNEere di((iculties so startlin and (ormidable that Dantes had never even dreamed o( such a scheme# resi nin himsel( rather to death. )ut the si ht o( an old man clin in to li(e Eith so desperate a coura e# ave a (resh turn to his ideas# and inspired him Eith neE coura e. Another# older and less stron than he# had attempted Ehat he had not had su((icient resolution to underta!e# and had (ailed only because o( an error in calculation. This same person# Eith almost incredible patience and perseverance# had contrived to provide himsel( Eith tools re'uisite (or so unparalleled an attempt. Another had done all this/ Ehy# then# Eas it impossible to DantesA Faria had du his Eay throu h (i(ty (eet# Dantes Eould di a hundred/ Faria# at the a e o( (i(ty# had devoted three years to the tas!/ he# Eho Eas but hal( as old# Eould sacri(ice si,/ Faria# a priest and savant# had not shrun! (rom the idea o( ris!in his li(e by tryin to sEim a distance o( three miles to one o( the islandsNDaume# .attonneau# or ?emaire/ should a hardy sailor# an e,perienced diver# li!e himsel(# shrin! (rom a similar tas!/ should he# Eho had so o(ten (or mere amusement*s sa!e plun ed to the bottom o( the sea to (etch up the bri ht coral branch# hesitate to entertain the same proMectA =e could do it in an hour# and hoE many times had he# (or pure pastime# continued in the Eater (or more than tEice as lon F At once Dantes resolved to (olloE the brave e,ample o( his ener etic companion# and to remember that Ehat has once been done may be done a ain. A(ter continuin some time in pro(ound meditation# the youn man suddenly e,claimed# O3 have (ound Ehat you Eere in search o(FO Faria started2 O=ave you# indeedAO cried he# raisin his head Eith 'uic! an,iety/ Opray# let me !noE Ehat it is you have discoveredAO OThe corridor throu h Ehich you have bored your Eay (rom the cell you occupy here# e,tends in the same direction as the outer allery# does it notAO O3t does.O OAnd is not above (i(teen (eet (rom itAO OAbout that.O O<ell# then# 3 Eill tell you Ehat Ee must do. <e must pierce throu h the corridor by (ormin a side openin about the middle# as it Eere the top part o( a cross. This time you Eill lay your plans more accurately/ Ee shall et out into the allery you have described/ !ill the sentinel Eho uards it# and ma!e our escape. All Ee re'uire to insure success is coura e# and that you possess# and stren th# Ehich 3 am not de(icient in/ as (or patience# you have abundantly proved yoursNyou shall noE see me prove mine.O OOne instant# my dear (riend#O replied the abbe/ Oit is clear you do not understand the nature o( the coura e Eith Ehich 3 am endoEed# and Ehat use 3 intend ma!in o( my stren th. As (or patience# 3 consider that 3 have abundantly e,ercised that in be innin every mornin the tas! o( the ni ht be(ore# and every ni ht reneEin the tas! o( the day. )ut then# youn man %and 3 pray o( you to ive me your (ull attention+# then 3 thou ht 3 could not be doin anythin displeasin to the Almi hty in tryin to set an innocent bein at libertyNone Eho had committed no o((ence# and merited not condemnation.O OAnd have your notions chan edAO as!ed Dantes Eith much surprise/ Odo you thin! yoursel( more uilty in ma!in the attempt since you have encountered meAO O0o/ neither do 3 Eish to incur uilt. =itherto 3 have (ancied mysel( merely Ea in Ear a ainst circumstances# not men. 3 have thou ht it no sin to bore throu h a Eall# or destroy a staircase/ but 3 cannot so easily persuade mysel( to pierce a heart or ta!e aEay a li(e.O A sli ht movement o( surprise escaped Dantes. O3s it possible#O said he# Othat Ehere your liberty is at sta!e you can alloE any such scruple to deter you (rom obtainin itAO OTell me#O replied Faria# OEhat has hindered you (rom !noc!in doEn your Mailer Eith a piece o( Eood torn (rom your bedstead# dressin yoursel( in his clothes# and endeavorin to escapeAO O8imply the (act that the idea never occurred to me#O ansEered Dantes. O)ecause#O said the old man# Othe natural repu nance to the commission o( such a crime prevented you (rom thin!in o( it/ and so it ever is because in simple and alloEable thin s our natural instincts !eep us (rom deviatin (rom the strict line o( duty. The ti er# Ehose nature teaches him to deli ht in sheddin blood# needs but the sense o( smell to shoE him Ehen his prey is Eithin his reach# and by (olloEin this instinct he is enabled to measure the leap necessary to permit him to sprin on his victim/ but man# on the contrary# loathes the idea o( bloodNit is not alone that the laEs o( social li(e inspire him Eith a shrin!in dread o( ta!in li(e/ his natural construction and physiolo ical (ormationON Dantes Eas con(used and silent at this e,planation o( the thou hts Ehich had unconsciously been Eor!in in his mind# or rather soul/ (or there are tEo distinct sorts o( ideas# those that proceed (rom the head and those that emanate (rom the heart.

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O8ince my imprisonment#O said Faria# O3 have thou ht over all the most celebrated cases o( escape on record. They have rarely been success(ul. Those that have been croEned Eith (ull success have been lon meditated upon# and care(ully arran ed/ such# (or instance# as the escape o( the Duc de )eau(ort (rom the Chateau de Gincennes# that o( the Abbe Dubu'uoi (rom For l*1ve'ue/ o( ?atude (rom the )astille. Then there are those (or Ehich chance sometimes a((ords opportunity# and those are the best o( all. ?et us# there(ore# Eait patiently (or some (avorable moment# and Ehen it presents itsel(# pro(it by it.O OAh#O said Dantes# Oyou mi ht Eell endure the tedious delay/ you Eere constantly employed in the tas! you set yoursel(# and Ehen Eeary Eith toil# you had your hopes to re(resh and encoura e you.O O3 assure you#O replied the old man# O3 did not turn to that source (or recreation or support.O O<hat did you do thenAO O3 Erote or studied.O O<ere you then permitted the use o( pens# in!# and paperAO OOh# no#O ansEered the abbe/ O3 had none but Ehat 3 made (or mysel(.O O&ou made paper# pens and in!AO O&es.O Dantes a@ed Eith admiration# but he had some di((iculty in believin . Faria saE this. O<hen you pay me a visit in my cell# my youn (riend#O said he# O3 Eill shoE you an entire Eor!# the (ruits o( the thou hts and re(lections o( my Ehole li(e/ many o( them meditated over in the shades o( the Colosseum at .ome# at the (oot o( 8t. Mar!*s column at Genice# and on the borders o( the Arno at Florence# little ima inin at the time that they Eould be arran ed in order Eithin the Ealls o( the Chateau d*3(. The Eor! 3 spea! o( is called *A Treatise on the 4ossibility o( a 9eneral Monarchy in 3taly#* and Eill ma!e one lar e 'uarto volume.O OAnd on Ehat have you Eritten all thisAO OOn tEo o( my shirts. 3 invented a preparation that ma!es linen as smooth and as easy to Erite on as parchment.O O&ou are# then# a chemistAO O8omeEhat/ 3 !noE ?avoisier# and Eas the intimate (riend o( Cabanis.O O)ut (or such a Eor! you must have needed boo!sNhad you anyAO O3 had nearly (ive thousand volumes in my library at .ome/ but a(ter readin them over many times# 3 (ound out that Eith one hundred and (i(ty Eell6chosen boo!s a man possesses# i( not a complete summary o( all human !noEled e# at least all that a man need really !noE. 3 devoted three years o( my li(e to readin and studyin these one hundred and (i(ty volumes# till 3 !neE them nearly by heart/ so that since 3 have been in prison# a very sli ht e((ort o( memory has enabled me to recall their contents as readily as thou h the pa es Eere open be(ore me. 3 could recite you the Ehole o( Thucydides# ]enophon# 4lutarch# Titus ?ivius# Tacitus# 8trada# "ornandes# Dante# Montai ne# 8ha!espeare# 8pino@a# Machiavelli# and )ossuet. 3 name only the most important.O O&ou are# doubtless# ac'uainted Eith a variety o( lan ua es# so as to have been able to read all theseAO O&es# 3 spea! (ive o( the modern ton uesNthat is to say# 9erman# French# 3talian# 1n lish# and 8panish/ by the aid o( ancient 9ree! 3 learned modern 9ree!N3 don*t spea! it so Eell as 3 could Eish# but 3 am still tryin to improve mysel(.O O3mprove yoursel(FO repeated Dantes/ OEhy# hoE can you mana e to do soAO O<hy# 3 made a vocabulary o( the Eords 3 !neE/ turned# returned# and arran ed them# so as to enable me to e,press my thou hts throu h their medium. 3 !noE nearly one thousand Eords# Ehich is all that is absolutely necessary# althou h 3 believe there are nearly one hundred thousand in the dictionaries. 3 cannot hope to be very (luent# but 3 certainly should have no di((iculty in e,plainin my Eants and Eishes/ and that Eould be 'uite as much as 3 should ever re'uire.O 8tron er reE the Eonder o( Dantes# Eho almost (ancied he had to do Eith one i(ted Eith supernatural poEers/ still hopin to (ind some imper(ection Ehich mi ht brin him doEn to a level Eith human bein s# he added# OThen i( you Eere not (urnished Eith pens# hoE did you mana e to Erite the Eor! you spea! o(AO O3 made mysel( some e,cellent ones# Ehich Eould be universally pre(erred to all others i( once !noEn. &ou are aEare Ehat hu e Ehitin s are served to us on mai re days. <ell# 3 selected the cartila es o( the heads o( these (ishes# and you can

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scarcely ima ine the deli ht Eith Ehich 3 Eelcomed the arrival o( each <ednesday# Friday# and 8aturday# as a((ordin me the means o( increasin my stoc! o( pens/ (or 3 Eill (reely con(ess that my historical labors have been my reatest solace and relie(. <hile retracin the past# 3 (or et the present/ and traversin at Eill the path o( history 3 cease to remember that 3 am mysel( a prisoner.O O)ut the in!#O said Dantes/ Oo( Ehat did you ma!e your in!AO OThere Eas (ormerly a (ireplace in my dun eon#O replied Faria# Obut it Eas closed up lon ere 3 became an occupant o( this prison. 8till# it must have been many years in use# (or it Eas thic!ly covered Eith a coatin o( soot/ this soot 3 dissolved in a portion o( the Eine brou ht to me every 8unday# and 3 assure you a better in! cannot be desired. For very important notes# (or Ehich closer attention is re'uired# 3 pric!ed one o( my (in ers# and Erote Eith my oEn blood.O OAnd Ehen#O as!ed Dantes# Omay 3 see all thisAO O<henever you please#O replied the abbe. OOh# then let it be directlyFO e,claimed the youn man. OFolloE me# then#O said the abbe# as he re6entered the subterranean passa e# in Ehich he soon disappeared# (olloEed by Dantes. A(ter havin passed Eith tolerable ease throu h the subterranean passa e# Ehich# hoEever# did not admit o( their holdin themselves erect# the tEo (riends reached the (urther end o( the corridor# into Ehich the abbe*s cell opened/ (rom that point the passa e became much narroEer# and barely permitted one to creep throu h on hands and !nees. The (loor o( the abbe*s cell Eas paved# and it had been by raisin one o( the stones in the most obscure corner that Faria had to been able to commence the laborious tas! o( Ehich Dantes had Eitnessed the completion. As he entered the chamber o( his (riend# Dantes cast around one ea er and searchin marvels# but nothin more than common met his vieE. lance in 'uest o( the e,pected

O3t is Eell#O said the abbe/ OEe have some hours be(ore usNit is noE Must a 'uarter past tEelve o*cloc!.O 3nstinctively Dantes turned round to observe by Ehat Eatch or cloc! the abbe had been able so accurately to speci(y the hour. O?oo! at this ray o( li ht Ehich enters by my EindoE#O said the abbe# Oand then observe the lines traced on the Eall. <ell# by means o( these lines# Ehich are in accordance Eith the double motion o( the earth# and the ellipse it describes round the sun# 3 am enabled to ascertain the precise hour Eith more minuteness than i( 3 possessed a Eatch/ (or that mi ht be bro!en or deran ed in its movements# Ehile the sun and earth never vary in their appointed paths.O This last e,planation Eas Eholly lost upon Dantes# Eho had alEays ima ined# (rom seein the sun rise (rom behind the mountains and set in the Mediterranean# that it moved# and not the earth. A double movement o( the lobe he inhabited# and o( Ehich he could (eel nothin # appeared to him per(ectly impossible. 1ach Eord that (ell (rom his companion*s lips seemed (rau ht Eith the mysteries o( science# as Eorthy o( di in out as the old and diamonds in the mines o( 9u@erat and 9olconda# Ehich he could Must recollect havin visited durin a voya e made in his earliest youth. OCome#O said he to the abbe# O3 am an,ious to see your treasures.O The abbe smiled# and# proceedin to the disused (ireplace# raised# by the help o( his chisel# a lon stone# Ehich had doubtless been the hearth# beneath Ehich Eas a cavity o( considerable depth# servin as a sa(e depository o( the articles mentioned to Dantes. O<hat do you Eish to see (irstAO as!ed the abbe. OOh# your reat Eor! on the monarchy o( 3talyFO Faria then dreE (orth (rom his hidin 6place three or (our rolls o( linen# laid one over the other# li!e (olds o( papyrus. These rolls consisted o( slips o( cloth about (our inches Eide and ei hteen lon / they Eere all care(ully numbered and closely covered Eith Eritin # so le ible that Dantes could easily read it# as Eell as ma!e out the senseNit bein in 3talian# a lan ua e he# as a 4rovencal# per(ectly understood. OThere#O said he# Othere is the Eor! complete. 3 Erote the Eord (inis at the end o( the si,ty6ei hth strip about a Eee! a o. 3 have torn up tEo o( my shirts# and as many hand!erchie(s as 3 Eas master o(# to complete the precious pa es. 8hould 3 ever et out o( prison and (ind in all 3taly a printer coura eous enou h to publish Ehat 3 have composed# my literary reputation is (orever secured.O O3 see#O ansEered Dantes. O0oE let me behold the curious pens Eith Ehich you have Eritten your Eor!.O O?oo!FO said Faria# shoEin to the youn man a slender stic! about si, inches lon # and much resemblin the si@e o( the

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handle o( a (ine paintin 6brush# to the end o( Ehich Eas tied# by a piece o( thread# one o( those cartila es o( Ehich the abbe had be(ore spo!en to Dantes/ it Eas pointed# and divided at the nib li!e an ordinary pen. Dantes e,amined it Eith intense admiration# then loo!ed around to see the instrument Eith Ehich it had been shaped so correctly into (orm. OAh# yes#O said Faria/ Othe pen!ni(e. That*s my masterpiece. 3 made it# as Eell as this lar er !ni(e# out o( an old iron candlestic!.O The pen!ni(e Eas sharp and !een as a ra@or/ as (or the other !ni(e# it Eould serve a double purpose# and Eith it one could cut and thrust. Dantes e,amined the various articles shoEn to him Eith the same attention that he had bestoEed on the curiosities and stran e tools e,hibited in the shops at Marseilles as the Eor!s o( the sava es in the 8outh 8eas (rom Ehence they had been brou ht by the di((erent tradin vessels. OAs (or the in!#O said Faria# O3 told you hoE 3 mana ed to obtain thatNand 3 only Must ma!e it (rom time to time# as 3 re'uire it.O OOne thin still pu@@les me#O observed Dantes# Oand that is hoE you mana ed to do all this by dayli htAO O3 Eor!ed at ni ht also#O replied Faria. O0i htFNEhy# (or heaven*s sa!e# are your eyes li!e cats*# that you can see to Eor! in the dar!AO O3ndeed they are not/ but 9od has supplied man Eith the intelli ence that enables him to overcome the limitations o( natural conditions. 3 (urnished mysel( Eith a li ht.O O&ou didA 4ray tell me hoE.O O3 separated the (at (rom the meat served to me# melted it# and so made oilNhere is my lamp.O 8o sayin # the abbe e,hibited a sort o( torch very similar to those used in public illuminations. O)ut li htAO O=ere are tEo (lints and a piece o( burnt linen.O OAnd matchesAO O3 pretended that 3 had a disorder o( the s!in# and as!ed (or a little sulphur# Ehich Eas readily supplied.O Dantes laid the di((erent thin s he had been loo!in at on the table# and stood Eith his head droopin on his breast# as thou h overEhelmed by the perseverance and stren th o( Faria*s mind. O&ou have not seen all yet#O continued Faria# O(or 3 did not thin! it Eise to trust all my treasures in the same hidin 6place. ?et us shut this one up.O They put the stone bac! in its place/ the abbe sprin!led a little dust over it to conceal the traces o( its havin been removed# rubbed his (oot Eell on it to ma!e it assume the same appearance as the other# and then# oin toEards his bed# he removed it (rom the spot it stood in. )ehind the head o( the bed# and concealed by a stone (ittin in so closely as to de(y all suspicion# Eas a holloE space# and in this space a ladder o( cords betEeen tEenty6(ive and thirty (eet in len th. Dantes closely and ea erly e,amined it/ he (ound it (irm# solid# and compact enou h to bear any Eei ht. O<ho supplied you Eith the materials (or ma!in this Eonder(ul Eor!AO O3 tore up several o( my shirts# and ripped out the seams in the sheets o( my bed# durin my three years* imprisonment at Fenestrelle/ and Ehen 3 Eas removed to the Chateau d*3(# 3 mana ed to brin the ravellin s Eith me# so that 3 have been able to (inish my Eor! here.O OAnd Eas it not discovered that your sheets Eere unhemmedAO OOh# no# (or Ehen 3 had ta!en out the thread 3 re'uired# 3 hemmed the ed es over a ain.O O<ith EhatAO O<ith this needle#O said the abbe# as# openin his ra ed vestments# he shoEed Dantes a lon # sharp (ish6bone# Eith a small per(orated eye (or the thread# a small portion o( Ehich still remained in it. O3 once thou ht#O continued Faria# Oo( removin these iron bars# and lettin mysel( doEn (rom the EindoE# Ehich# as you see# is someEhat Eider than yours# althou h 3 should have enlar ed it still more preparatory to my (li ht/ hoEever# 3 discovered that 3 should merely have dropped into a sort o( inner court# and 3 there(ore renounced the proMect alto ether as too (ull o( ris! and dan er. 0evertheless# 3 care(ully preserved my ladder a ainst one o( those un(oreseen opportunities o( Ehich 3 spo!e Must noE# and Ehich sudden chance (re'uently brin s about.O <hile a((ectin to be deeply en a ed in e,aminin the ladder# the mind o( Dantes Eas# in (act# busily occupied by the idea that a person so intelli ent# in enious# and clear6si hted as the abbe mi ht probably be able to solve the dar! mystery o( his oEn mis(ortunes# Ehere he himsel( could see nothin .

15-

O<hat are you thin!in o(AO as!ed the abbe smilin ly# imputin the deep abstraction in Ehich his visitor Eas plun ed to the e,cess o( his aEe and Eonder. O3 Eas re(lectin # in the (irst place#O replied Dantes# Oupon the enormous de ree o( intelli ence and ability you must have employed to reach the hi h per(ection to Ehich you have attained. <hat Eould you not have accomplished i( you had been (reeAO O4ossibly nothin at all/ the over(loE o( my brain Eould probably# in a state o( (reedom# have evaporated in a thousand (ollies/ mis(ortune is needed to brin to li ht the treasures o( the human intellect. Compression is needed to e,plode unpoEder. Captivity has brou ht my mental (aculties to a (ocus/ and you are Eell aEare that (rom the collision o( clouds electricity is producedN(rom electricity# li htnin # (rom li htnin # illumination.O O0o#O replied Dantes. O3 !noE nothin . 8ome o( your Eords are to me 'uite empty o( meanin . &ou must be blessed indeed to possess the !noEled e you have.O

This 30T4 prisoner Eas so lost in thou ht that he could say# K<e are prisoners/ but 3 (or et this sometimes# and there are even moments Ehen my mental vision transports me beyond these Ealls# and 3 (ancy mysel( at liberty.L A dun eon is less terrible Ehen youHre utterly oblivious to your environment anyEay. The Abbe (ashioned tools (or a distant escape# and e,ercised his in enuity in math# en ineerin # and e,perimentation to improve his li(e and to Eor! toEards the oal o( (reedom. =e used his vast pree,istin !noEled e base66and there is no other type Eith so much !noEled e s'uirreled aEay66to overcome barriers (rom stone Ealls to lac! o( li ht. ?on 6term strate ic plannin Eas the basis (or this escape attempt. 3t Eas a i(t Ehich Dantes# by contrast# simply did not possess. The Abbe planned out a scheme that Eould ta!e years to complete and did in (act nearly succeed. )ut note too hoE 'uic!ly he detached himsel( (rom the disappointment Ehich attended (ailure. =e simply resi ned himsel( to his (ate. 0o tantrums# no !ic!in the Ealls# no cursin 66Must composed surrender in the (ace o( undeniable (acts. The Abbe did not try to delude himsel( Eith (alse hopes# even thou h an outside observer Eould have probably called his entire escape attempt a (alse hope to be in Eith. An 30T4 does not credulously believe that a oal is KimpossibleL Must because it is hard or complicated# or because nobody has done it be(ore# but this belie( is based on lo ic rather than Eish(ul thin!in # i.e. K3 Eant to believe in it so it must be true.L 3( lo ic does a ree that a oal is impossible# the 30T4 is usually 'uic! to a ree Eith the assessment# even i( they Eould pre(er very much to believe otherEise. =ere too# Ee see the 30T4 li!in (or bein alone. Dantes says to the Abbe later# K3 can Eell believe that so learned a person as yoursel( Eould pre(er absolute solitude to bein tormented Eith the company o( one as i norant and unin(ormed as mysel(.L The Abbe didnHt need DantesH company# thou h he did ta!e pleasure in it. ?ater# the Abbe tau ht Dantes much o( Ehat he !neE. Finally# the Abbe Erote voluminously. 3n (act# he noted that this activity Eas his best com(ort and support. =e even Erote in his own blood* 0oE thatHs true dedicationF

Conclusion
3t Eould appear that some types o( prison are not merely bearable# but even someEhat li!eable to 30T4s. This type may hold the uni'ue position o( bein the best suitin (or lon term incarceration. As 3 ponder the rey cement Ealls o( my EindoEless room and the small cot that serves as couch and bed# 3 can*t help but a ree. 9ot you. Actually# 3*m not Eritin this (rom prison663 Must happen to live in a tiny# hal( (inished# one 155

room house. Durin Einter 3 typically remain indoors some 2- hours per day# alone save (or my cat. 3t*s reat. 3n the ne,t section# Ee*ll loo! at a di((erent !ind o( prison. The !ind you spend ei ht hours a day in.

157

,?- INTPs at 0ork

0oE mi ht be a ood time to remind you that the person Eritin this boo! has no 'uali(ications to ive you advice. A ood descriptor o( the author Eould be KInoEs Must enou h to be dan erous.L 3t is to be hoped that you Eill not simply ta!e my Eord (or anythin # but test it (or yoursel(. Failin to do so could have unpleasant conse'uences# noA

INTP Careers
A entleman named =olland came up Eith a model to describe the di((erent roups o( occupations that Mobs (all into. This model# noE Eidely used# is described by the acronym .3A81C# Ehich stands (or .ealistic# 3nvesti ative# Artistic# 8ocial# 1nterprisin # and Conventional. )rie(ly# these cate ories are as (olloEs2 1. 6ealistic 6 =ands on Mobs Eithout a lot o( paperEor!. Construction# maintenance# Eor!in Eith animals or plants# outdoor Eor!# tool use# etc. 2. In(estigati(e 6 .esearchin # problem solvin # analy@in comple, issues# scienti(ic pursuits. 1n ineerin # statistics# pro rammin # modelin # etc. -. !rtistic 6 Appreciation# consumption# or production o( music# dance# Eritin # art. Artistic# creative# desi n6oriented. 5. 0ocial 6 Oriented toEards helpin others or meetin their needs. 8ocial Eor!ers# teachers# ministers# counselors# nurses. 4eople6(ocused. 7. 'nterprising 6 9oal oriented/ the emphasis is on mar!etin # raisin money# persuadin investors# ta!in ris!s (or reater reEards# settin team oals# and leadin others. 1ntrepreneurs# lobbyists# recruiters# mana ers. :. 1on(entional 6 Detail oriented. <or!in at a computer Eith standard so(tEare %<ord# 1,cel# 4oEerpoint# Access+# dealin Eith paperEor! and (iles# balancin the boo!s# (olloEin standard procedures to complete a tas!# des! Eor!. )ut =olland didnHt stop there. =e as!ed himsel(# K8uppose you have a person that is ood at Conventional Eor!# but hates itA Or suppose you have a person Eho is con(ident in their ability to per(orm .ealistic Eor!# but doesnHt actually per(orm it very o(tenAL 8o he de(ined three di((erent Eays o( loo!in at the areas. &ou can be Kcon(identL in an area# andCor you can Kper(ormL it (re'uently# andCor you can Kli!eL it. 8o Ee could say that a person is con(ident in their ability to do .ealistic Eor!# but does not o(ten per(orm it# thou h they li!e it. A study compared type and occupational pre(erences to determine Ehich Eor! areas Eere most (avored by each type.1>$ 30T4s tended to be confident in their ability to do .ealistic# 3nvesti ative# and Conventional Mobs# but they Eere actually most li!ely to perform Artistic Mobs. This in spite o( the (act that they tended to like .ealistic# 3nvesti ative# and Conventional Mobs the most. 0oE that you !noE the .3A81C cate ories that 30T4s (all into# you can o online and have a (ield day occupation shoppin . There are e,tensive lists detailin the (avorite occupations (or each o( the si, areas. 0ote# hoEever# that your individual .3A81C pre(erences are uni'ue/ the above is simply a enerali@ed set o( pre(erences (or an Kavera eL 30T4. 3( you Eant to (ind out more# o ta!e a test %i.e.
1>$ Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

15:

the 8tron 3nterest 3nventory+/ it Eill ive you your individual .3A81C pre(erences. There are also a number o( type6based assessment roups that can ive you both your M)T3 type and your .3A81C pre(erences combined into one report. "ust loo! around on the internet. ?etHs delve a little deeper. As youHve no doubt noted# 30T4s did not mention any interest in 1nterprisin or 8ocial Mobs. <hat is so interestin about this is that 30T4s actually performed those types o( Mobs the least o( all types. 0o other type per(ormed 1nterprisin Mobs less/ no other type per(ormed 8ocial Mobs less. 3t seems that 30T4s avoid Mobs they are not ood at li!e the pla ue. 30T4s also liked 8ocial Mobs the least o( all types. 30T4s are Must not people people. 8urprisin ly# 30T4s are the type that most likes .ealistic Mobs# Ehich are basically an 8T4 ma net. <eHve noted all alon that 30T4s are interested in abstract# theoretical constructs# but surpriseF66they li!e Eor!in Eith their hands the most o( all types. 3snHt that an interestin contradictionA 0ote hoEever# that they did not actually perform these Mobs more than avera e.

0orkin) Con'itions A$enable to INTPs

30T4s li!e to Eor! in a 'uiet environment Ehere they can concentrate Eholeheartedly on a variety o( tas!s. Their o((ice should ideally be situated in a loE tra((ic environment aEay (rom the louderCbusier parts o( the company. 3ntroverts pre(er Eor!in Eith a (eE intimate ac'uaintances to Eor!in Eith (resh (aces every day. 3n addition# Eor!in alone or Eith minimal human contact is typically OI provided that the Eor! is su((iciently challen in . Complete isolation may be Eearyin (or those near the middle o( the 1C3 spectrum# hoEever. Telecommutin and (le,time are tEo other thin s that 30T4s enMoy. They li!e telecommutin because their 'uiet# casual# solitary home is more amenable than the noisy# (ormal# people6crammed o((ice. Then too# 30T4s actually li!e havin a built6in delay betEeen contact and response. Fle,time is enMoyed (or the simple reason that 30T4s are hi hly autonomous 4erceivers. They pre(er not to have their schedule set in stone/ it (eels natural to adapt Eor!time to the needs o( the day. Also# i( there is no set time Ehen an 30T4 is supposed to shoE up (or Eor!# then they canHt be late# can theyA

Intervie9in) Issues
3ntervieEin 2 an opportunity to bloE your s!ills and accomplishments Eildly out o( proportion Ehile hidin your (aults to the ma,imum e,tent o( the laE. ...;n(ortunately# thereHs that cursed 30T4 obMectivity# modesty and ni ly precision standin in the Eay.
Scenario ,

Avera e 4erson2 K3 Eas the best troubleshooter in the department.L %Translation2 3 Eas the best troubleshooter in the department# unless it involved the Eebsite.+ .esult2 3ntervieEer is impressed.
Scenario ;

30T42 K3 Eas the best troubleshooter in the department# e,cept (or Ehen it came to the Eebsite.L 3ntervieEer2 K8o youHre not ood Eith EebsitesAL 30T42 K<ell# actually 3Hm (airly ood TTranslation2 ama@in U at Eebsite architecture# but my coEor!er 15>

Eas better.L 3ntervieEer2 KDo you thin! youHll be able to handle our EebsiteAL 30T42 K3 canHt see any reason Ehy not.L TTranslation2 &our Eebsite appears to be so simple that a child could mana e it# but 3 suppose you Must never !noE. ;ntil then# itHs best not to ma!e presumptuous declarations that could actually turn out to be inaccurate. AnyEay# 3 hate shoEin o((.U .esult2 3ntervieEer notes that 30T4 is Eea! in the area o( Eebsite maintenance. 3n the snippet about# the 30T4 ave clear# precise meanin s to all o( his statements# Eith e,ceptions duly noted. =e also spo!e modestly# shunnin sel(6praise and overin(lated claims o( proEess. Finally# despite bein BB.BBBX sure o( his conclusions# he !ept in mind that .001X o( doubt and said KprobablyL instead o( Kyes.L 3Hm not sure Ehat to do about these problems# so letHs discuss poor posture and dress instead. Thorne and 9ou h %1BB1+ did a study Ehere non6type6saavy observers intervieEed people o( various types. The intervieEers pic!ed characteristics that described the person*s comportment durin the intervieE (rom a list. %0ote that 3 did not include characteristics Ehich are clearly not indicative o( typical 30T4 behavior# i.e. intervieEers described male intuitives as havin animated (acial e,pressions.+ Male introverts seemed an,ious# unsure o( themselves and Eere perceived by intervieEers as doubtin their oEn abilities. Female introverts Eere seen as calm but reticent. Male intuitives Eere described as havin poor posture and an unimpressive bearin # but possessin a lar e vocabulary. Female intuitives Eere described as nervous# (id ety# clumsy# and aE!Eard. 3ntervieEers also noted that they Eere li!ely to as! 'uestions durin the intervieE. Thin!in males seemed poised and ave the impression o( havin a stable# optimistic vieE o( the (uture. =oEever# intervieEers also thou ht that althou h the intervieEees seemed cooperative on the sur(ace# they Eere actually bein evasive. Thin!in (emales Eere described as havin poor posture# an unimpressive bearin # (acial blemishes# terse and to the point speech# di((icult to understand speech# and poor enunciation. %OEch.+ This su ests a (eE areas (or improvement# doesnHt itA ;n(ortunately# a lot o( this stu(( is in the intervieEerHs head %are Ee really to believe that bein a Thin!in (emale causes (acial blemishesA+ and thereHs not much you can do about it. 8till# a (eE o( these (actors can be miti ated Eith proper plannin . 3n short# sit up strai ht# act con(ident# and donHt (id et. One other thin o( interest is that sometimes employers selectively hire people Eith their oEn personality type. 3( you can (i ure out your intervieEer*s personality type at the start o( the intervieE# you can adapt yoursel( to spea! their lan ua e. 3 recommend the type boo! (he 3rt of 4peed eading $eople5 How to 4i6e $eople %p and 4peak (heir 7anguage by Tie er and )arron6Tie er.

ob Satisfaction
30T4s and 30F4s tie (or havin the loEest Mob satis(action o( all types.1>B For this reason# 30T4s Mob
1>B Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

15$

hop incessantly.1$0 This is probably attributable to the (act that 304s Eant more creativity and independence than the avera e employer provides. 30T4s reported that they Eere unsatis(ied Eith Eor!# the company# and their (uture opportunities/ they noted that they Eere li!ely to leave their Mobs Eithin the year.1$1 3n terms o( Eor! aspects# 30T4s Eere the type most li!ely to be Kvery dissatis(iedL Eith the (olloEin 2 "ob security J 1B.>X unsatis(ied compared to roup avera e o( 11.$X 4redictabilityCstability o( Mob J 1>.5X unsatis(ied compared to roup avera e o( 10.1X <or!in conditions %hours# vacations# bene(its# etc.+ 6 17.7X unsatis(ied compared to roup avera e o( B.7X 4eople 3 Eor! Eith J 10.0X unsatis(ied compared to roup avera e o( -.5X .esponsibility J $.:X unsatis(ied compared to roup avera e o( 5.5X There Eere 15 Eor! aspects measured in the study# and 30T4s Eere the type most dissatis(ied Eith 7 o( them. 1ep. )ut Ehat aspects o( a Mob do satis(y 30T4sA Compared to other types# 30T4s particularly li!ed K3nternational opportunitiesL %over 70X o( respondents chose this option+ and KAdvancementCpay# not security.L1$2 8ecurity# as you*ll recall (rom the love chapter# is not a bi 30T4 value. 30T4s Eould rather ma!e a lot o( money than be assured o( a ood retirement. 0ot that Eon*t complain about thisNthey Eere the type most dissatis(ied Eith Mob security# a(ter all. Another Eay to loo! at this is to have the respondents ran! their li!in o( Mob traits (rom hi hest to loEest. 30T4s li!ed the (olloEin Mob traits2 Gariety o( tas!s %li!ed by over $0X+ 3ndependence and achievement %li!ed by over $0X+ Clear structure TeamEor! 4eople (rom di((erent bac! rounds K?oyaltyCsecurity#L a si,th option# Eas not particularly valued by 30T4s or any o( the .ationals. The bi ies here are Kvariety o( tas!sL and Kindependence and achievement.L A variety o( tas!s to choose (rom prevents 30T4s (rom ettin bored. They must continually learn neE thin s and master neE s!ills to maintain their contentment. As soon as they have learned everythin and (inished optimi@in their s!ills# they lose interest/ the result is sEi(t burnout. 3n terms o( independence# a hands o(( or (re'uently absent boss# an opportunity to or ani@e oneHs oEn tas!s and time# and the chance to choose oneHs oEn proMects can provide a satis(yin sense o( independence to the hi hly autonomous 30T4. All .ationals crave achievement# and the 30T4s are no e,ception. They must continually be improvin their per(ormance and becomin more s!ill(ul and e((icient at completin their tas!s. Once they reach a plateau and cannot thin! o( any (urther improvements# a lar e chun! o( their Mob satis(action vanishes. K3tHs Must more o( the same old routine#L they complain.

1$0 Otis R ?ou!s# 1BB> 1$1 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 1$2 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

15B

0ork Relate' 4iscellanea

"&$ail 3ntroverts enMoy e6mail and other asynchronous communication systems because it alloEs them to (ormulate their thou hts be(ore spea!in . An 30T4 Eill probably pre(er to send an e6mail rather than have a meetin i( possible.

4erceivers and "ud ers deal Eith tas!6related e6mails di((erently. )oth roups tend to use their inbo, as a to6do list (or e6mails. )ut researchers (ound that Ehile the "ud ers either deleted or (iled their e6mails aEay Ehen they Eere done Eith the tas! in 'uestion# the 4erceivers Must le(t them in their inbo,es66 sometimes (or a (eE more days# sometimes (or more than a year. Their rationaleA 3t varied# but it Eas usually some reasonin alon the lines o( K3 mi ht need them a ain someday.L 0ote that 4erceivers did move the e6mails into (olders eventually %read here+.1$3n short# you Eill probably have a lot o( e6mail# and it Eill probably han out in your inbo, (or aEhile.
Sho9in) up on ti$e 8hoEin up on time may present di((iculties (or the tardy# procrastinatin 4erceivers. One strate y to manipulate yoursel( into (a!e punctuality is to record the e,act minute that you arrive on the Mobsite on a conveniently6placed piece o( paper or computer document. .ationals have ever6increasin standards o( achievement# and your natural desire to e,cel combined Eith your natural impatience (or less Eill drive you to do better and better66otherEise you Eould be an incompetent (ailure# and this Eould be unendurable# ri htA 9ive the paper a try i( youHre havin problems. Ma!e sure you !eep it someEhere you cannot lose it or i nore it. 6beyin) the 'ress co'e The dress code may be a source o( (rustration (or 30T4s# Eho care little about physical appearance. 30T4s may be rebu!ed (or smell# Eeird taste in clothes# lac! o( hair care# or other in(rin ements. 8ee the section on clothin and hy iene. There is No INTP in Tea$ A study o( Eor!place values (ound that althou h :1.7X o( 30T4s li!ed the Eor! environment characteristic K<or! as part o( team#L they actually li!ed it the least o( all types. 30T4s have ood cause to say# K3 Eor! alone.L1$5 (ollo9in) the Rules= !ureaucracy= an' 6ther Silly Notions 30T4s donHt care much (or bureaucracy. 3n (act# thou h no less than >-.>X o( 30T4s indicated that they li!ed the Eor! environment characteristic KClear structures and responsibility#L this Eas actually the least li!in o( all types.1$7 3t Eould appear that 30T4s are someEhat more apt to vieE KAmbi uous structures and mur!y responsibilityL as a plus compared to other types.

On top o( this# 30T4s are rule6brea!ers. 3n (act# they are one o( the least rule conscious types. 3( a rule doesnHt ma!e sense to them# they really see no reason to (olloE it. K.ules#L says the 30T4# Kare but an imper(ect model o( ideal conduct and are unable to handle Eith all the comple,ities o( the situations they are meant to describe.L For e,ample2
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.ule2 <ipe your shoes o(( be(ore enterin the buildin . ;nderlyin 4rinciple2 DonHt et dirt on the carpet. Fact2 30T4 is Eearin ym shoes that are spotless. 30T4 sees rationale behind rule and reali@es that there is no reason to Eipe o(( their shoes. There(ore 30T4 does not Eipe o(( shoes. .esult2 30T4 is sent to the =. mana er. 3( you built a robot and ordered it to obey the companyHs 8tandard Operatin 4rocedures Manual Eithout (ail# it Eould be (ired Eithin a Eee!. Those 30T4s Eho are computer pro rammers !noE that robots are stupid because they alEays (olloE their simple list o( rules to the letter. Alas# tryin e,plainin that to =.. The 30T4 Eill obey the spirit o( the laE# but the letter is a di((erent story.
!urnout Once mastered# a Mob loses much o( its spar!le. The 30T4 Eill ne,t turn their attention to improvin the e((iciency o( the system. K=oE could Ee do this cheaperCeasierC(asterAL they Eill as! themselves. 8u estions (or improvement may be presented to the boss. Criticisms o( the current system may be e,pressed. The 30T4 may (ind themselves tryin to learn about othersH Mobs simply (or the mental e,ercise. They Eill volunteer (or Ehatever neE or unorthodo, tas!s may come up# tryin to (ind relie( (rom the monotony o( already6mastered tas!s.

3n the (inal sta e o( burnout# the 30T4 Eill procrastinate# day6dream# do unnecessary research# Eor! on everyone elseHs stu((# play e,cessively Eith des! toys# sur( the internet# harass their bosses and coEor!ers to the improve the system# and display an impatient and stressed out attitude. This about it2 do you Eant your boss to remember Ehat you Eere li!e in the (inal sta e o( burnout# or do you Eant them to remember Ehat you Eere li!e Ehen you Eere still enMoyin your Mob to some e,tentA =oE Eill your old boss describe you to your potential neE employersA 3t may be Eise to 'uit Ehile you are still re arded as a ood Eor!er and a Eell balanced person. The types o( burnout that one is prone to may be dependent upon type. A small study %$2 participants+ o( type and burnout (ound that 30T4s Eere one o( the (our types least li!ely to su((er (rom K4ersonal AccomplishmentL burnout as measured on the Maslach )urnout 8cale. %The .ationals in eneral had (eE issues Eith 4ersonal Accomplishment# Ehich Eas a measure o( (eelin competent# e((ective# and positive about one*s accomplishments.+ Also# 30T4s Eere neither amon the top (our nor the bottom (our types that reported su((erin (rom 1motional 1,haustion %(eelin Erun out+ and Depersonali@ation % roEin callous and be innin to treat others impersonally+. This su ests that they Eere someEhere in the middle. 3nterpret Eith caution# hoEever/ it is probable that there Eere only a hand(ul 30T4s in this study.1$: <e cannot consider this anythin more than an anecdote.
Attention to 'etail An 30T4 can (ind a typo on line >:2 o( an $#>00 line pro ram# yet blithely i nore a Eet paint si n.

On one hand# 30T4s are a rather nitpic!y type. They have a reputation as rammar 0a@is on the internet# and their emphasis upon subtle shades o( meanin and technical precision tend to ma!e them detail oriented in certain situations* They can be 'uite per(ectionistic about ettin everythin e,actly correct. An 30T4 Eould probably be better than avera e at Eor! that involves editin or criti'ue. =oEever# in many Mobs Kattention to detailL involves noticin chan es in oneHs immediate environment#
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such as an important dial 'uietly shi(tin a (eE notches# or rememberin to put choc!s under the Eheels o( a (or!li(t# or not puttin a stic!ers on a piece o( moldy produce. <hile (or the most part 30T4s can handle this stu((# they are one o( the most absentminded types. 8ooner or later a slip up Eill happen66the only 'uestion is Ehen and hoE bad. The 30T4Hs 8ensin coEor!ers EonHt et it/ they Eill ape and say# K=oE could you miss thatAFL One story recounted by a police o((icer describes hoE there Eere tEo policemen# one a 8ensor and one an 3ntuitive.1$> <hen they Eere char ed Eith atherin evidence (rom a crime scene# the 8ensor inevitably turned up evidence that the 3ntuitive %a probable 0T+ missed. 3ntuitives are not particularly interested in details and do not notice them as readily as 8ensors/ (or 30T4s this e((ect is doubled because they tend to be lost in thou ht. 3 Eould ma!e a terrible li(e uard.
Increasin) "fficiency 30T4s can be inMected into a Eor!(orce as a Eay to increase the e((iciency o( a Mob position. They may introduce neE tools and tech# per(orm e,periments to optimi@e e,istin procedures# or 'uestion the use(ulness o( potentially obsolete re'uirements. For e,ample# an 30T4 may spearhead a movement to di itali@e a paper6based trac!in system# or develop a (aster method (or sortin items at a store.

=oEever# their value in this respect is hindered because the 30T4 may decide not to share their special !noEled e unless it becomes apparent that othersH i norance is hamperin their e((orts. <hy donHt they shareA 3n the (irst place# 30T4s have learned over a li(etime that Machiavelli Eas ri ht Ehen he said# K3t must be remembered that there is nothin more di((icult to plan# more doubt(ul o( success# nor more dan erous to mana e than a neE system. For the initiator has the enmity o( all Eho Eould pro(it by the preservation o( the old institution and merely lu!eEarm de(enders in those Eho ain by the neE ones.L 30T4s !noE (rom e,perience that their improvements are not o(ten received Eith cries o( Moy. On top o( that# the 8tandard Operatin 4rocedures manual already shoEs the KcorrectL Eay to do thin s and many mana ers are under orders to actively resist deviations (rom the manual66no matter hoE much better any neE strate y may actually Eor! in practice. The absurdity o( such illo ical behavior ma!es 30T4s Eant to smash their heads a ainst hard sur(aces. 1ven Eorse# the 30T4 Eill learn that# K3( your mana er (inds out you are not complyin Eith their pointless rules# they Eill (orce you to obey# reducin your e((iciency and deprivin you o( the bene(its o( your in enious re(inements.L The end result is that 30T4s are trained to !eep their optimi@ations to themselves and eat the (ruit o( their labors in silence. This also alloEs them to maintain a monopoly on their competitive advanta es and reap the bene(its o( Eor!in smarter# not harder. Furthermore# they also avoid the unpleasant e,pressions o( disbelie(# criticism and s!epticism that some are Eont to e,press toEards unconventional66thou h per(ectly Eor!able66ideas. &et i( you can et an 30T4 tal!in # it is surprisin to (ind hoE much they have been holdin bac!/ the e,perience is somethin li!e havin a curtain throEn bac! to reveal an entire room one never even !neE e,isted. The enli htened person may be surprised in retrospect that the 'uiet# solemn uy sittin in the corner apparently !neE everythin about everythin but never said anythin about it. 30T4s are o(ten underestimated.
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3( you have an 30T4 coEor!er and you suspect that they have valuable !noEled e# as! them Eith curiosity KhoE they did itL or complement them on their s!ills. .ationals derive reat satis(action (rom e,plainin hoE they solved a pu@@le or came up Eith the desi n (or a neE system/ they (eed upon reco nition (or their cleverness and creativity. 30T4 .ationals are particularly deprived in this area because they are 'uiet and do most o( their Eor! in their minds Ehere nobody Eill ever see or appreciate it. Thus they can be draEn out by honest curiosity about hoE they solved problem ] or by enuine praise (or above avera e per(ormance. 1,plainin the solution ives them the satis(action o( relivin the hunt. Mana ers Eill o(ten (ind that it re'uires e,tra e((ort on their part to draE ideas out o( their 30T4 Eor!ers# but it Eill be Eorth it. The leader must demonstrate that they are interested in improvin the e((iciency o( their systems and are actually open to ma!in the chan es. This can be done by Eonderin aloud in the 30T4Hs presence# K3 Eonder hoE Ee could ma!e this Eor! betterC(asterCmore e((iciently.L Or# simply as! directly2 K<hat do you thin! Ee could do to ma!e this Eor! betterAL 3t is better to address this 'uestion to the 30T4 personally rather than to a roup that they happen to be standin in. 4erhaps the 30T4 Eill have an idea# perhaps not. 3t doesnHt really matter# because youHve shoEn them that you Eant their ideas# and they Eill remember your attitude Ehen an idea does come to them. <ee!s a(ter you plant the seeds# the 30T4 may bump into you and say Eithout much (orce# K3( you built a board onto the unloadin doc! there and started usin a chain instead o( rope# Ee EouldnHt have these spilla e problems anymore.L 30T4s are overrepresented amon casual inventors# rememberA 30T4s (eel valued and needed Ehen their ideas are used/ it ives them a Earm (eelin to brin bene(its to their coEor!ers. ?i!e all .ationals# they attach heroism to the act o( Ma!in 4eopleHs ?ives )etter Throu h 8cience66or at least throu h the application o( lo ic and desi n.

1o9 to Select Jour Ne#t Su$$er ob

<hen you et your (irst Mob# you probably EonHt et to choose betEeen Microso(t or Apple. 0o# your choices Eill probably boil doEn to )ur er Iin or McDonalds. 8o hoE can a !noEled e o( type help you select a summer Mob that you EonHt hate %too much+A ?etHs say youHve scan the =elp <anted ads a (eE times and youHve come up Eith three possible Einners. They all loo! borin and stress(ul# but Ehich one is the least badA One o( the Mob ads says it Eants Kstron attention to detail.L Another e,pects Kcustomer service s!ills.L 8till another# Kability to Eor! independently.L ?etHs analy@e Ehat these code phrases mean Ehen translated into actual employer e,pectations. K8tron attention to detailL \ 8ensors Eanted KCustomer service s!illsL \ 1,traverted Feelers Eanted KAbility to Eor! independentlyL \ &our boss Eill never be around .i ht aEay Ee see that Mob _- may be Eorth loo!in into. 0e,t Ee need to consider the amount o( bureaucracy that Ee Eant to deal Eith. 8mall or (amily6oEned businesses that lac! =. departments typically Eill not have a lot o( rules compared to national chains. 3n(ormality is a boon (or all 4erceivin types# but particularly to the noncon(ormin # ill6dressed# rule6 brea!in 30T4s. b1 i( Mob _- is at a small local company. %A study (ound that 304 computer pro(essionals had a hi her li!elihood o( 'uittin i( they Eor!ed at a bi company/ those in smaller 17-

companies Eere more li!ely to stay.+1$$ Most summer Mobs (all into one o( the (olloEin ruelin cate ories2
Asse$bly Line ob 3n an assembly line Mob# the employee per(orms the same small action over and over a ain# perhaps in a variety o( di((erent conte,ts. 8peed is !in here# (inesse probably counts (or little# and you Eill be competin Eith a bunch o( Artisans (or Ehom this style o( Eor! comes e((ortlessly. Assembly line Mobs Eill probably not be amenable to your natural abilities# but your !nac! (or (indin min6ma, solutions and eliminatin Easte (rom the system may eventually ive you a competitive ed e over your (elloE Eor!ers. No !rainer 30T4s enMoy Eor! that is challen in and intellectually stimulatin . &et they also enMoy Mobs that are completely and totally mindless. <hy is thisA 3t is because in a no brainer Mob the loEer reptilian part o( the 30T4Hs brain operates the body and per(orms the actual Eor!# Ehile the 30T4Hs cerebral corte, throEs a mind party. 8ome o( the smartest people you may ever meet are Eor!in some o( the mind6 numbin Mobs in e,istence because they enMoy bein able to thin! about Ehatever they please all day lon .

8o Ehat are the (actors that o into ma!in the per(ect no brainer MobA .elatively small amounts o( communication re'uired 4redictable# repetitive tas!s that can be per(ormed in your sleep 8peed is not a bi issue 8ince the Mob itsel( o((ers no intrinsic satis(action# it is important (or the 30T4 to continually (eed their mental muse o(( the cloc!. ?ots o( readin \ lots to thin! about. 3( the Eell o( interestin subMects to ponder dries up# the no brainer Mob Eill rapidly lose its appeal. As an e,ample o( a scenario that mi ht cause a dru Calcohol relapse (or an 0T4s# Thorburne %2000+ describes an 0T4 stuc! in a mind6 numbin Mob that they hate. 4robably the ideal no brainer Mob Eould be to Eor! alone as a cler! at a small shop that ets only a (eE customers every day. The combination o( un(illed time# loE communication re'uirements# and laid bac! atmosphere can be spent productively hoEever the 30T4 pleases. %Oddly# the per(ect no brainer Mob is almost li!e bein loc!ed up in a superma, prison# e,cept that you can o home at the end o( the day.+
Custo$er Service obs Dependin on Ehere you (all on the 3ntroversion 6 1,traversion scale# you Eill be able to tolerate di((erin amounts o( customer service. A sli ht introvert Eill be able to handle much more interaction than a very clear introvert. =oEever# all introverts draE their ener y (rom secret inner sprin s# and each interaction dips a cup o( Eater out.

"obs Eith moderate amounts o( customer service are acceptable (or most 30T4s. As lon as there are periods o( calm and 'uiet throu hout the day Ehere rechar in can ta!e place# the 30T4Hs ener y level Eill remain hi h enou h (or them to be basically content. =oEever# Mobs re'uirin continual customer service should be avoided. 1ssentially# i( the Mob Eill involve a Eaitin 'ueue o( people that you have to interact Eith one a(ter another# then the Mob is li!ely
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too e,traverted. The receptionist Eho ansEers one telephone call a(ter another and the cashier Eho helps one customer a(ter another are ood e,amples o( situations to avoid. %0ot that all reception Mobs or cashier Mobs re'uire this much people contact/ it still depends on the business and time o( day.+ !bout the !uthor The Eorst Mob 3 ever had Eas as a cashier at a lar e rocery store. A(ter ei ht hours per day recitin a (ormulaic reetin # tryin to smile %it Eas re'uired and en(orced+# ma!in shalloE small tal!# and o((erin services the customers never Eanted# 3 Eould o home each day (eelin as i( every endorphin in my body had been Erun out. At this point the very thou ht o( movin my (acial muscles repelled me. The Eron summer Mob can last a li(etime.

4iscellaneous 6ccupational Notes

INTPs in 4e'icine One study (ound that 30T4s Eere pre(erentially attracted %or repelled+ (rom certain (ields o( medicine.1$B 3n particular# they Eere attracted to the (olloEin 2 0eurolo y %2.>7 times as many 30T4s as Eould be e,pected.+ .esearch %1.B$ times as many 30T4s as Eould be e,pected.+ 4sychiatry %1.$5 times as many 30T4s as Eould be e,pected.+ 4atholo y %1.>$ times as many 30T4s as Eould be e,pected.+

And repelled (rom2 Obstetrics# 9ynecolo y %0.55 times %about hal( as many+ 30T4s as Eould be e,pected.+
INTPs in the Library A study o( 1#:00 librarians (ound that BX o( the sample Eas 30T4# ma!in them the third most common type amon librarians.1B0 There Eere about 2.27 times as many 30T4s as Eould be e,pected in comparison to the eneral population. The 30T4s tended to K(all into the pro(ession by chance.L

<ith other 3ntroverted Thin!ers# 30T4 librarians Eere particularly attracted to the (ield o( automation. Academic libraries %as opposed to school libraries# public libraries# and other libraries+ also tended to attract Thin!ers and 4erceivers# but most particularly 30T4s.

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,@- INTPs an' the Intellect

I-8- Testin) an' Type
Many people avoid discussin the relationship betEeen type and 3.D. because they assume that people can*t deal Eith the truth. ;n(ortunately# the silence o( the e,perts has led to rampant speculation instead o( (act6based discussion. The internet is (ull o( arro ant type bi ots %see appendi,+ and people Eith crushed sel( esteem Eho either believe their type is particularly smart or particularly dumb. =oEever# they are both Eron . <e do not !noE i( type is related to intelli ence. =oEever# type is related to your ability to score hi h on an 3.D.# 8AT# or ACT test. =ere*s the rub2 intelli ence is not precisely the same thin as a hi h 3.D. score. &ou probably thin! 3*m Must bein politically correct# but no# 3*m an 30T4. Are Ee !noEn (or thatA ?et*s et real here2 it may still be un!noEn Ehether type is related to intelli ence# but you can use an 3.D. test instead o( the Myers6)ri s to (i ure out a person*s type pre(erences. 3.D. tests measure abstract reasonin s!ill %3ntuition+# the ability to solve problems alone and silently Eithin your head %3ntroversion+# the ability to thin! obMectively about non6people oriented problems %Thin!in +# (le,ibility in solvin never6be(ore6seen problems %4erceivin +# and the ability to Eor! sEi(tly %0 6 3Hll e,plain later+. There is nothin neE here/ all o( this is predicted by type theory. And indeed# the more o( those pre(erences you have# the hi her your score on an aptitude test %8AT# ACT# 3.D.# etc.+ is li!ely to be. 3ntroverts tend to do better than 1,traverts. 3ntuitives tend to do better than 8ensors. Thin!ers are sli htly pre(erred over Feelers. 4erceivers have an advanta e over "ud ers. These are avera e trends# o( course# but they all add up to a clear ran!in based on personality characteristics. For this reason# 30T4s are predicted to do the best o( all types on 3.D. tests. Does this mean they are more intelli ent than avera eA <e don*t !noE. )ut Ee do !noE that the very (ormat o( the test introduces con(oundin (actors that ive 30T4s a le up on everybody else. 0ot to say that 3.D. tests are completely Eorthless %read on+ but there are stron type6based biases that may result in Mun! data. 0oE. Culturally spea!in 663 deal in stereotypes66the 30T4 personality is considered the very epitome o( intelli ence. 4eople reason thus2 1instein Eas an 30T4/ 1instein Eas a enius/ 30T4s act li!e 1instein/ there(ore every 30T4 is a enius. %FlaElessly lo ical.+ 0oE# Ehat happens to someone li!e Mo@art# the Artisan child prodi y Eho couldn*t have loo!ed less li!e 1insteinA Mo@art Eas a (ri htenin ly brilliant uy# but his brilliance Eould have been shortchan ed by our current 3.D. tests# Ehich measure type as Eell as enuine intelli ence. 3n (act# type stron ly determines hoE intelli ence is e,pressed. An Artisan enius Eon*t Eor! math problems/ they Eill ma!e music. An 3dealist enius Eon*t do shop Eor!/ they Eill Erite literature. Mo@art may have been able to compose ori inal music at a e 7# but that doesn*t ma!e him OsmartO by our 1insteinian cultural stereotypes. &et Mo@art clearly had a uni'ue# poEer(ul Artisan mind. Ieirsey %1BB$a+ has speculated that there are (our !inds o( intelli ence2 the Artisan tactical intellect# the 3dealist diplomatic intellect# the 9uardian lo istical intellect# and the .ational strate ic intellect. 3Hll cover these brie(ly so that Ee can contrast 30T4 intelli ence Eith the intelli ences possessed by other types. 17:

Artisan Tactical Intelli)ence

The ArtisanHs tactical intellect is the !ind embodied by Mo@art. Our culture values musical e,pression# and those Eho compose music and play it e,ceptionally Eell KcountL as eniuses. )ut consider another Artisan enius Eho ta!es up Eood carvin instead o( the piano. At a youn a e# our hypothetical enius mi ht be turnin out e,'uisite masterpieces that Eill one day set the tone (or the entire (ield o( Eood carvin . They may develop neE carvin techni'ues# create neE styles# and shatter traditional conceptions o( Ehat Eood carvin is supposed to be. )ut this Artisan doesnHt count as a KrealL enius because their area o( talent is not reco ni@ed as a valid intellectual e,pression by our culture. 3( you Eere to as! them Ehether they are smart# they Eill lau h and (reely admit# K0ah# 3 Eas one o( dumb !ids. AlEays hated school. 0oE 3 Must carve Eood.L This Mo@art Eill die in relative obscurity# unreco ni@ed (or his contributions. And Ehat o( the Artisan prodi y Eho (lies airplanes# operates poEer tools# entertains croEds# plays sports# or per(orms any number o( concrete activities in an e,ceptional# round6brea!in EayA Artisan eniuses (ind math and readin a bore66they Eould rather a e,perience a boo! than read one. The (ruits o( the ArtisanHs enius are not a neE e'uation# but a stunnin physical per(ormance66sailin around the Eorld/ developin neE combat techni'ues (or a s'uadron o( airplanes/ Mury6ri in a clever modi(ication onto an e,istin tool/ brea!in a physical record/ ne otiatin an international treaty/ becomin a martial arts master/ or creatin a rivetin dramatic per(ormance. )ut only the musical Artisans Eill be counted as true eniuses. Can Artisan intelli ence be measured on a testA 4artially. One Artisan musical prodi y# a very probable 18T4# had her intelli ence measured at 11:.: %superior# but not by much+ usin the )inet test.1B1 3t Eas interestin to note Ehich sections o( the test she per(ormed Eell or poorly on. The researchers noted# KThe per(ormance on the Ehole is# in terms o( 3.D.# the poorest o( any o( the superiors. The tests re'uirin vivid ima ery and pu@@le solvin ability are per(ormed best... Gocabulary tests and tests re'uirin verbal (luency# re(ined meanin s# abstract Mud ment and interpretation are per(ormed most poorly...L Abstract thin!in # the accumulation o( a lar e pool o( care(ully6de(ined vocabulary Eords %usually ac'uired throu h readin +# and the interpretation o( meanin s do not interest the concrete Artisans# Eho have no interest in readin or symbolic interpretations. On the other hand# Kvivid ima eryL and Kpu@@le solvin L %i.e.# 'uestions li!e# K<hat time Eould it be i( 3 sEitched the bi and little hands o( a cloc!AL or K3( 3 (olded a piece o( paper over tEo times and cut a hole into it# hoE many holes Eould there be i( 3 un(olded itAL+ are somethin li!e real6li(e# concrete problems that deal Eith actual physical obMects. Also o( interest is the (act that the 18T4Hs per(ormance in the 8imple Addition section Eas e,ceptional/ success in this section re'uires Kability in the distribution o( attention in a sustained# continuous# rapid per(ormance.L The researchers su ested that this talent may lie at the heart o( the prodi yHs ability to play the piano e,tremely Eell. There Eas also a construction pu@@le that re'uired the arran ement o( %real+ colored bloc!s Eithin a (rame/ here too# the 18T4 e,hibited e,ceptional ability. 0ote that this pu@@le re'uired the manipulation o( real# physical obMects/ Artisans are the master tool users. 3n many areas the 18T4 Eas also faster than avera e than her peers66the Artisans are ood at speed# thou h they must necessarily sacri(ice somethin in terms o( accuracy. <hat can Ee sayA Clearly this particular intelli ence test does measure some aspects o( Artisan intelli ence/ but in the main it does not. 3( concrete 'uestions Eere as!ed# or i( real# physical obMects
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Eere used# or i( speed Eas Eei hted hi her than accuracy# then she Eould e,cel. =er 3.D. Eould seem to KriseL Ehereas those o( other types Eould seem to K(allL66thus provin that 18T4s are the smartest type. &ou see the problem. 3t*s all about the 'uestions you as!. As you may have uessed by noE# Ieirsey %1BB$a+ does not a ree Eith the eneral de(inition o( intelli ence as Kabstract reasonin s!ill#L such as is measured by tests li!e the one above.

I'ealist Diplo$atic Intelli)ence

One ei ht year old 30F child Eith an 3.D. O( 1$$ %as measured by the 8tan(ord6)inet+ Eas discovered to have the basic math s!ills e'uivalent to those o( a (i(th rader. =er s!ills in poetic appreciation# hoEever# Eere e'uivalent to those o( a colle e sophomore.1B2 3ntelli ence typically e,presses itsel( throu h type pre(erences. ;n'uestionably this child Eas bri ht# but she did not use her i(t (or math or science/ rather# she intended to ta!e up a literary career. 3dealists e,press their intelli ence throu h the s!ill(ul treatment o( people and meanin s. The (ormer talent e,presses itsel( in de(usin con(lict# brin in out the potential in others# buildin healthy relationships and helpin people roE. 3dealists are also the masters o( meanin s/ they direct their minds to the creation and interpretation o( poetry# literature and %symbolic+ arts. Their Eor! combines deep insi ht into human nature Eith moral# and perhaps reli ious# thou ht. 0ote that 3dealist intelli ence is not the same thin as Kemotional intelli enceL or 1D. 3t is true that 10F4s and 10F"s tend to et hi h scores on 1D# but in (act 10T"s and 18T"s et even hi her scores# Ehile 30F4s et very very loE scores.1B- 3ntroverted 3dealists pre(er to direct their people s!ills toEards a select (eE# or perhaps only one# person. )y contrast# 1D (ocuses on e,traverted relationship s!ills. The s!ills possessed by the one6on6one counselor or mentor are di((erent.

.uar'ian Lo)istical Intelli)ence

The 9uardiansH intelli ence is the type most alien to the .ationals# and the !ind that most de(ies any conventional de(inition. 9uardians are not !noEn (or bein hi hly creative# ima inative or visionary# li!e the .ationals and 3dealists# nor are they are not !noEn (or creatin reat Eor!s o( art or per(ormin stunnin physical accomplishments# li!e the Artisans. 4erhaps the phrase that best captures 9uardian intelli ence is Ka enius (or or ani@ation.L 9uardians direct their intelli ence toEards the husbandry o( materials# people# money# etc. They apply their s!ills most e((ectively toEards increasin the scale o( their domain# or toEards increasin the reliability or sa(ety o( an e,istin or ani@ationCareaCidea. They (orti(y/ they de(end/ they protect/ they hold the line. They Eill seldom use their intelli ence to come up Eith neE# unconventional ideas# but rather to ma!e s!ill(ul application o( already6e,istin ones. 3ndeed# (or the 9uardians# creativity o(ten ta!es the (orm o( restoration rather than creation. 4afer8bigger# not different# is the oal o( an intelli ent 9uardian. 8ecurity rather than improvement is the pri@e sou ht a(ter. The 9uardian directs their attention toEards multiplyin and sa(e uardin their resources by ma!in Eise# care(ul investments/ (orestallin threats# and constantly maintainin and monitorin their domain.
1B2 =ollin Eorth# 1B52 1B- Thomson in .einhold# n.d.

17$

Myers and Myers %1B$0+ o((er additional insi ht into the intelli ence o( 9uardians. %3t should be noted that Ehile the authors Eere supposedly discussin the intelli ence o( all 8ensors# in reality they seem to have (ocused mainly upon 8"s. All the intelli ence6related e,amples they ave Eere (or 8"s# and they noted that most 8ensors are "ud ers. They also divided the 8ensors up into the 8F and 8T cate ories rather than 84 and 8" cate ories used later by Ieirsey and also in this boo!. Considerin all o( this# 3 have decided to deal Eith their results as i( they applied to 8"s e,clusively.+ One o( the most salient points that emer ed Eas that 9uardians seem to et hi her scores on intelli ence tests Ehen they rush themselves. 9uardians care very much about 9ma!in sure#L Ehich means readin a 'uestion multiple times# double chec!in their Eor!# and choosin sloEer but more certain methods. )ut many intelli ence tests are timed/ this puts an immediate penalty on the 8"s because they cannot ansEer as many 'uestions. <hereas the ArtisanHs style o( intelli ence is (ast but error6prone# the 9uardianHs style o( intelli ence is more accurate# but sloEer. %4ainsta!in accuracy and Ksoundness o( understandin L are the 9uardianHs stren th.+ <hat !ind o( di((erence does this ma!e in terms o( scoresA 3n the e,ample that Myers and Myers ave# an 38F" ot a score 10 points hi her on an 3D test a(ter she stopped readin the 'uestions multiple times be(ore ansEerin . %3n case youHre Eonderin # the 38F" too! a parallel (orm o( the test/ it EasnHt the same one a ain.+ 3( Ee Eere to create an intelli ence test that is (air to 9uardians# it should be untimed and emphasi@e accuracy. 3t should be a KpoEerL test rather than a KspeedL test. 0ote that there are 9uardians that achieve e,ceptional scores on 3.D. tests. ?i!e the Artisans# they accomplish this in spite o( the test structure rather than because o( it.

Rational Strate)ic Intelli)ence

.ationals have the type o( intelli ence that is popularly reco ni@ed as such. They e,cel in science and math/ they solve abstract problems/ they desi n comple, systems# they create lon ran e strate ies# they (ocus on accumulatin !noEled e and buildin theories. <e Eill e,amine the mani(estations o( this intelli ence in 30T4 eniuses shortly. Amon the .ationals# 30T4s are the type most (avored by the (ormat o( current 3.D. tests.

The <alue of I-8- Tests= Continue'

Despite the problems that intelli ence tests present (or 9uardians and Artisans# 3.D. tests do accurately measure intelli ence (or certain types66mainly 30s and 104s# and to a lesser e,tent all 3ntuitives. For 3ntroverted 3ntuitives and 104s alone# an 3.D. test is more or less (air# and can be put to valid use (or comparative purposes. An 30T4 Eith an 3.D. o( 170 is really smarter than an 30T4 Eith an 3.D. o( 150# provided that both 30T4s have the same levels o( 3ntroversion# 3ntuition# Thin!in # and 4erceivin rather than bein borderline on one o( the pre(erences. )ut an 3.D. test cannot tell you Ehether an 30T4 Eith an 3.D. o( 170 is smarter than an 18F" Eith an 3.D. o( 150# because the inherent bias o( the test renders the data invalid (or 18F"s. 1ssentially# most 8ensin types cannot be tested because the con(oundin (actors are too stron to permit real intertype comparisons. 3n (act# 3 Eould o so (ar as to say that 3.D. tests do not even constitute valid data on intelli ence (or most non630s# thou h there are 104 types that also score very hi hly. &ou*re probably curious as to Ehere 30T4s (all in the 3.D. ran!in . All the (actors are in their (avor# so 17B

they should be the hi hest ran!ed type. Three 3.D. studies have placed 30T4s betEeen 2nd and :th place out o( 1: types.1B5 This is close to Ehat Ee Eould e,pect based on our hypothesis above66a nearly top6ran!ed score. The amount o( variability is normal. .emember that no tEo 30T4s are ali!e in terms o( either type or intelli ence. The discussion above is o( avera es and eneralities/ you may be above or beloE avera e compared to the rest o( your type.

.ifte'ness
3ntelli ence is one thin # i(tedness is another. 3t is true that all types have their oEn uni'ue i(ts to o((er# but some i(ts are rarer than others and the laEs o( economics push the value o( those i(ts up. 9i(ted pro rams serve primarily certain types Ehose scienti(ic and poetic contributions to the human race are particularly pri@ed. The contributions o( other intelli ent types are appreciated throu h other pro rams# thou h such pro rams are not associated Eith a label that actually denotes intelli ence. 8a! %2005+ did a Kstudy o( studiesL in Ehich he a lomerated the results o( 15 separate studies on type and i(tedness and analy@ed the combined sample o( 7#>2- i(ted :th 6 12th raders. The results shoEed a trend toEards 04# Eith 70X o( the sample consistin o( 30F4s# 30T4s# 10F4s# and 10T4s. 3ndeed# Y:0X o( the i(ted sample Eas 4erceivin # Ehile Y>0X Eas 3ntuitive. The sample Eas also more introverted and thin!in than Eould be e,pected in comparison to a normal roup o( hi hschoolers. Added up# this means that the results shoEed a trend toEards 30T4. 3n (act# 12.7X o( the sample Eas 30T4 as compared to a norm o( -.75X in the eneral hi h school population. There Eere -.7- times as many 30T4s as Eould have been e,pected. 30T4 J -.7- times as many as Eould be e,pected. 30T" J 2.$> O etc 30F4 J 2.:$ 30F" J 2.:> 10T4 J 2.-2 10F4 J 2.010T" J 1.5B 10F" J 1.2: 38T" J 0.B$ 38T4 J 0.>$ 18F4 J 0.:0 38F4 J 0.-B 18T4 J 0.5B 38F" J 0.50 18T" J 0.2: 18F" J 0.25

As a cautionary note# there is some test bias at Eor! here2 intelli ence tests are o(ten used (or
1B5 McCaulley R Iain@/ McCaulley R 0atter/ Myers R McCaulley in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

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admission purposes into i(ted pro rams.

Discussion

Amon the i(ted students# the math6 i(ted roup Eas hi h in Thin!in # Ehile the verbally6 i(ted roup Eas hi h in 3ntuition. 9i(ted (emales Eere more e,traverted and (eelin than i(ted males. 9i(ted males (avored perceivin more than i(ted (emales. The hi h prevalence o( 30T4s in this population creates an interestin e((ect2 the very de(inition o( i(tedness has evolved to describe certain roups o( personalities# includin the 30T4 personality. %More enerally# the de(inition has molded itsel( to the 0TC0F temperaments. One sees the latter temperament*s in(luence in de(initions that emphasi@e the KsensitivityL o( the i(ted.+ )ecause i(tedness is a personality phenomenon as much as an intelli ence phenomenon# all 30T4s are to some e,tent K i(tedL66sheerly because o( the Eay the term has become de(ined. This presents some interestin opportunities. For e,ample# studies o( the best educational methods (or i(ted students can teach us about the Eays 30T4s Eould pre(er to be educated# re ardless o( Ehether the 30T4 in 'uestion is i(ted or not. 3t Eould be interestin to revieE the literature# readin in K30T4L (or K i(ted.L

INTP .eniuses
8omethin o( an aura o( mysticism has roEn up around 1instein# and in hindsi ht it seems almost inevitable that he achieved (ame and honor (or his enius. <hat is less obvious is that many enius level# or Must plain intelli ent# 30T4s o throu h the same e,periences Eithout ever bein reco ni@ed (or their i(ts or even e,pressin them in a si ni(icant Eay. 1instein Eas not Must a enius 30T4. =e Eas a lucky# enius 30T4. 3n this section# EeHll revieE the traits o( tEo individuals Eith 3Ds o( 1$0b Ehom 3 believe to be 30T4s. At the time their cases Eere revieEed# neither had achieved (ame or made a si ni(icant contribution to science. 0evertheless# their stories are interestin because they illustrate the mani(estations o( hi h intelli ence as e,pressed throu h the 30T4 personality. The second case also provides an instructional e,ample o( hoE an 30T4Hs li(e can o Eron . 0ote that an 3D o( 100 bC6 17# is considered avera e. An 3D over 1$0 is (ound in somethin li!e 16people in a million. )oth children %A and F+ Eere described by ?eta =ollin Eorth %1B52+.
Chil' A & I8 ,G> & ,H, *As teste' by the Stanfor'&!inet= ,H;Ks version+ '(idence &or I$T) One o( A*s teachers observed# K=is mind o(ten seems to be miles aEay.L %30+ Disli!ed proMects# particularly roup proMects and activities. 4re(erred to lay on his bac! and stare at the ceilin . %30T+ ?oE interest in social activities. %30T+ <ould rather learn throu h boo!s than throu h e,periencin real li(e. %30T+ )ored by ames that involved Mumpin and runnin around. =e Eanted the play to have a strate ic oal. =e tended to enMoy ames o( Kintellectual s!ill#L playin in the sand# and readin . %Favors 30T+ Tended to become Kabsorbed in his oEn line o( thou htL Eith the result that he Eas seen as indi((erent# absent6minded# abstracted and uncooperative. %304+ =is best subMect Eas mathematics %0T+

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Disli!ed illo ical childrenHs boo!s %0T+ )y a e :# he Eas Eor!in out the underlyin principals o( mathematics be(ore the teacher had tau ht them to the class. %0T+ Described as havin e,cellent emotional control# not bein over6demonstrative# and as !eepin his emotions hidden. %0T+ Described as Kvery untidyL and as neither Kneat nor orderly.L %4+ 8aE no reason to do a school activity i( he didnHt personally see any value in it. %0T4 (avored most amon the .ationals+ One teacher noted that child A could Klearn to do anythin in which his interest was aroused*L T1mphasis mine.U =oEever# it Eas di((icult Kto ma!e him assume responsibilities about material or Eor! Ehich is ir!some...L %0T4 (avored amon the .ationals.+ Disli!ed redundancy/ bored by repetition %0T4+ Described as enerous by parents# but also as Ka little bit sel(ishL by a teacher %The latter adMective Eas used by non6type6saavy observers to describe 0T4s but not 0T"s+1B7 All the teachers a reed that Child A Eould not do his best unless re ularly Kprodded.L The eneral conclusion Eas# K=e seems to do poor Eor! and at the same time to be entirely satis(ied Eith it.L %30T4 (avored most o( the 0Ts.+ Described as obstinate %30T4 stubbornness+ Cried little as a baby %30T4 (avored+ Described as havin absent6minded habits# i.e. (or ettin his coat at school. %30T4 (avored most o( the 0Ts.+ Averse to ta!in advice %This could be attributed to 30T4 stubbornness# noncon(ormity# need to thin! (or onesel(+ 0oted (or his ability to critici@e his oEn concepts %Due to their doubtin nature and obMectivity# 30T4s are probably the .ational type most li!ely to do this.+ A*s intelli ence mani(ested itsel( primarily in the area o( math and readin . %0T (avored+

Discussion Child A Eas moved 'uic!ly throu h the rades rather than bein advanced Eith other children. =e ot alon Eell Eith his teachers# Eith the e,ception o( typical 30T4 problems e,empli(ied in this report2
KA*s teachers seem to hold the universal opinion that he is not doin Eell in his Eor! unless prodded or specially ur ed. 3t Eas to be e,pected that the handEor!# such as art and shopEor!# Eould be hard (or him# but he seems to do poor Eor! and at the same time to be entirely satis(ied Eith it# his teachers say. Miss ) (inds he is not an observer o( nature# but rather inclined to tell Ehat he has read in boo!s. =oEever# on the academic side# in French and the re ular classroom studies# he seems to re'uire the same proddin . =is sleepiness and inattention are 'uite mar!ed at times. <hen aroused# 3 (ind him capable o( ood thin!in # and e,cellent memory Eor!. 3 have been a(raid to overstimulate him# but in order to accomplish the Eor! o( the (i(th rade creditably Ee must develop in him more o( a (eelin o( responsibility on his oEn account. =is immaturity shoEs rather clearly in some o( these respects. O( course his Eor! is more than passin because o( the (ine cooperation at home and his oEn vi orous response Ehen su((iciently ur ed.L

A modern solution to these problems Eould be .italin (or A*s attention de(icit disorder. A*s rades in his senior year o( hi h school Eere as (olloEs2 1n lish ?iterature2 Cb

1B7 Thorne R 9ou h# 1BB1

1:2

1n lish Composition2 C 9erman2 )6 9eometry2 )b Tri onometry2 )b 8cience2 )b

3t does not seem that A (elt obli ated to earn strai ht As merely because he Eas hi hly intelli ent. For an 30T4# it is enou h to rasp a concept/ they (eel no need to prove their understand to a teacher by (illin in pointless pa es o( unnecessary homeEor!. ?i!e all youn .ationals# A had a love (or classi(yin thin s. At the a e o( tEelve months# he Eould classi(y his bloc!s by the shape o( the letter on them# i.e. he Eould put G A M < 0 to ether and D 4 O 9 D to ether. .emar!in upon A*s Koutstandin L characteristic o( classi(ication# =ollin Eorth noted# K=e classi(ies events# obMects# names# numbers# and other data o( e,perience. =e can thin! in terms o( dia rams..L A Eas also advanced in his lan ua e s!ills. <hen he Eas si,teen months old he could say the alphabet bac!Eards/ he learned to read on his oEn Ehen he Eas three. 3nterestin ly# he at (irst Eould only read boo!s about real subMects# but his readin habits radually reE to encompass (antasy. Another childhood entertainment Eas the creation o( an ima inary Eorld called Center ?and. %3ma inary Eorlds are characteristic o( both .ational and 3dealist children.+ A Eas - Ehen he created this Eorld and he continued ima inin it till a e :. 3t came about li!e so2 Ehen A*s brother Eas born# A Eas curious about hoE it had happened. =is mother# not one (or stor!s and (airies# e,plained e,actly hoE it had happened. 8everal days later A announced that he# unli!e his brother# had come (rom Center ?and# Ehere he had selected his parents. A lived there in a one hundred story house e'uipped Eith an elevator that he could operate on his oEn. Center ?and had many curious customs2 children Eere alloEed to play Eith (ire as much as they pleased and stay up all ni ht. There Eere tEo ima inary (riends Eho lived in Center ?and Eith A. A Eas very ood at math. =is (ather# an e,tremely intelli ent .ational# tau ht him calculation tric!s Eith the result that he could do complicated problems 'uic!ly in his head. A married at a e 27# but little more is !noEn a(ter this point.
Chil' ( & I-8- /n$easurable *Teste' by the Stanfor'&!inet= ,H;Ks version+

At the a e o( eleven and a hal(# child F Eas able to pass all o( the 8uperior Adult tests/ at this point his intelli ence e,ceeded the upper limits o( the 8tan(ord6)inet instrument and could no lon er be measured. '(idence &or I$T) Cried little as a child. %Favors 30T4+1B: =ad little (ondness (or lar e roups. %3+ 4re(erred to spend his (ree time readin . %30 (avored+ As a pri@e# he Eas alloEed to choose a boo!/ the boo! he chose Eas a dictionary. %Favors 30T4s most o( all types.+ ;sed toys in an intuitive manner# i.e. he used marbles to represent soldiers instead o( actually
1B: Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 1BB>

1:-

usin them as marbles. %0+1B> Described as Kcreative.L %Favors 04+1B$ Described as havin Kine,orable lo icL %Favors 0T+ 4re(erred to study a Eide variety o( di((erent (ields and to accumulate Kesoteric lore.L %diverse 30T4 (avored over (ocused 30T"+ 1,pert chess player/ it Eas one o( his (avorite pastimes %0T+ .e(used to cooperate Eith the educational pro ram o( public hi h school/ s!ipped class (re'uently# re(used to participate in ym. 1nded up havin to ta!e an e,tra year to ma!e up (or his missed ym time. %30T4 rebelliousness# disli!e (or school+ Did not have much ambition/ started colle e tEice and 'uit be(ore the (irst year both times/ pre(erred to spend his time playin chess and brid e. 8aid that Khe could alEays ma!e a livin some Eay or other.L %Ga ue# unplanned# play(ul li(estyle Eithout closure (avors 30T4 over 30T".+ Chose a Ei(e KimpetuouslyL/ apparently it Eas a roc!y relationship %30T4 (avored on both counts+ Made a last minute shi(t (rom ettin a 4h. D in 1ducation to becomin a laEyer. %4erceiver chan eability+ Described as KEill(ul and headstron L %30T4 stubbornness (avored+ =e incurred unplanned debts %4 (avored over "+

'(idence !gainst I$T) Child F is a little more di((icult to identi(y than child A. Durin the course o( his hi h school years# F participated in a Eide variety o( e,tracurricular activities# and Eas the head o( many o( them. =e participated in Kchess club# chess team# poetry club# debatin society# mathematics club# board o( publications# pro ram committee. =e Eas e,ecutive member o( the debatin society and o( the laE society# vice president o( the poster club# and tEo or three times section president.L %4articipatin in so many roup activities ar ues (or 1# Ehile leadership o( said activities ar ues (or T". 3n this case# Ee could be loo!in at an 10T4# 10T"# or 30T".+ This many e,tracurricular activities ives one pause# particularly since he Eas the leader in many o( these activities. <as he really an 3ntrovertA <as he really a 4erceiverA ?oo!in at FHs pre(erences (or 3ntroversion or 1,traversion# Ee have on the one hand his participation in numerous e,tracurricular activities# and on the other hand a.+ his mar!ed pre(erence (or the solitary pastime o( readin and b.+ the assessment o( a psycholo ist that he disli!ed lar e roups. 3n terms o( 3ntroversion# one must be care(ul to di((erentiate betEeen involuntary isolation and voluntary isolation. &oun e,traverted eniuses o(ten end up alone because they are too di((erent (rom everyone else. 1ither they themselves do not relish the babyish company o( their (elloE children# or else their (elloE children do not relish the company o( the overly mature enius. Older children donHt Eant a KbabyL han in out Eith them# so the e,travert may ultimately play alone. The love (or readin is particularly dia nostic in this case# as it is a necessarily solitary pastime. )etEeen the a es o( : and 10# F spent an avera e o( about 20 hours a Eee! readin 66the e'uivalent o( a part time Mob doin nothin but readin boo!s. There is every indication that he relished this time and
1B> Ieirsey# 1BB$a 1B$ Chen # 200>

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that it Eas his (avorite thin to do. Durin hi h school# he Eould s!ip class and o to the library to read. <hat about a pre(erence (or 4erceivin or "ud in A 3( Ee accept that F is an introvert# then he is almost certainly an 30T. )ut can Ee ade'uately di((erentiate betEeen 30T4 and 30T" in this caseA ?oo!in solely at his record o( leadership# 30T" Eould be a better (it than 30T4. =oEever# Ehen Ee loo! at FHs record as a Ehole# an overarchin pattern o( 4erceivin emer es. The Eay he pic!ed his Ei(e and Mumped (rom education to laE at the last moment are indicative o( an impulsive disposition. Further# his (ondness (or ames did not diminish as he reE older/ indeed# his li!in (or amin inter(ered Eith more serious li(e oals. K4lay be(ore Eor!L is a 4erceivin attribute Must as KEor! be(ore playL is a "ud in attribute. Finally# he seemed com(ortable improvisin his mode o( livin on the (ly# as demonstrated by his statement that Khe could alEays ma!e a livin some Eay or other.L There Eere other indirect indicators that point toEards 4erceivin or to 30T4 as a Ehole type# but the body o( evidence is su((icient to indicate that F pre(erred 4erceivin more stron ly than "ud in . 3t seems li!ely# there(ore# that this 30T4 simply had Eell6developed leadership s!ills and a moderate 3.
Discussion

F had a short but interestin li(e. 3t started o(( the very day he Eas born. F*s head Eas reportedly Kenormous#L re'uirin an instrument birth. The instruments de(ormed his head and it had to be molded bac! into shape over the course o( several Eee!s. Did you !noE that 3.D. scores are sli htly related to brain si@e %and thus head si@e+A1BB 8ince bein an 30T4 is related to havin hi her than avera e 3.D.# it Eould seem that 30T4s there(ore have someEhat lar er heads than normal. 3 Eon*t ma!e a pun here. As i( that Easn*t stereotypical enou h# F also developed myopia %near6si htedness+# and had to et lasses. 8ince myopia is also related to 3.D.200# the typical picture o( the bi 6headed 30T4 nerd Eith lasses may not be too (ar o(( the mar!. ;nli!e child A# Eho learned to read at -# F learned to read around 5 J 7. ?i!e A# he tau ht himsel(. =is readin habits Eere oriented more toEards (acts than (antasy/ he had a pre(erence (or history and eo raphy and a particular (ondness (or encyclopedias and dictionaries. =e pre(erred to spend most o( his (ree time readin . F*s school e,perience started o(( alri ht. The (irst school he attended had only tEo rooms# one (or 1st 6 5th raders and one (or 7th 6 $th raders. F Eas too advanced (or the (irst room# so his teacher sent him to the second room# Ehere he Eas permitted to listen. The school Eas Kpractically un raded.L %3n short# i( you didn*t do the busy Eor!# no problem.+ F attended this school (rom a e : to a e $. =is education pro ressed (airly smoothly till a e 10/ he Eas moved 'uic!ly throu h the rades ahead o( his peers and placed in a 8pecial Opportunity Class (or children Eith similar and e'uivalent intelli ence. 3t Eas Ehen he entered public hi h school %as an 11 year old+ that trouble be an. 3t is interestin to note that at this time# =ollin Eorth# Eho had been ac'uainted Eith him (or si, months# described F*s character usin a ratin scale to assess various virtues and (laEs. 8he rated him as havin
1BB 0 uyen R McDaniel in McDaniel# 2007 200 8aE# Tan# Fun # Chia# Ioh# Tan# R 8tone# 2005. A study o( 8in apore schoolchildren Ehere the researchers controlled (or ender# a e# (ather*s education# number o( boo!s read per Eee!# school# and parental myopia (ound that 3.D. 8core Eas a contributin (actor separate (rom all these other in(luences.

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Ke,traordinary oodL K4rudence and (oresi ht# Eill poEer and perseverance# appreciation o( beauty# sense o( humor# sensitiveness to approval or disapproval# desire to e,cel# (reedom (rom vanity and e otism# conscientiousness# desire to !noE# ori inality# common sense# TandU eneral intelli ence.L 8he also rated him hi hly (or traits li!e sel(6con(idence# leadership# sympathy and tenderness# truth(ulness# cheer(ulness and optimism# enerosity and unsel(ishness# and others. ;nless =ollin Eorth Eas completely Eron in her assessment# it appears that F had ood character and a reat deal o( promise. )ut this Eas allNalmost allNto chan e. ;p till this time# F and the school system had played Eell to ether. First# his un raded school/ then# his tEo year stint bla@in up throu h the rades/ (inally his time in the 8pecial Opportunity 8chool Eith other eniuses. 0o sooner had F entered hi h school than he be an to o A<O?. =e Eas constantly absent (rom class# pre(errin to spend his time at the library or at a chess club. =e simply Eould not participate in ym. Did his rades su((erA Actually# F had a !nac! (or turnin up on e,am day and passin Eith (lyin colors. =e even achieved one o( the best records in school. =oEever# Ehen it came time to raduate# the matter o( ym came bac! to haunt him. <e all !noE hoE important ym is (or creatin a Eell6 rounded# educated citi@enry/ thus it Eas only appropriate that he Eas (orced to remain in hi h school an additional year in order to do the ym Eor! he had declined earlier. And so he raduated at last. <hen Ee loo! at the section on 30T4s in the school system# Ee can di a little deeper into F*s e,periences here. 8u((ice to say that 30T4s do not ta!e naturally to hi h school system any more than they ta!e naturally to the militaryNthe underlyin reason bein that the culture and customs o( each institution have been shaped by an overEhelmin 9uardian Eor!(orce. A(ter (ive years o( hi h school F (elt no motivation to see! (urther education. =e spent the ne,t (our years in much the same manner as the previous (ive2 han in out in the library or playin chess and brid e. =e Eas 'uite ood at both ames/ he occasionally earned money o(( o( his talent# and he achieved a seventh place standin in the 1astern chess national tournaments. At last an ac'uaintance provided money (or F to o to colle e. )ut the colle e had a ym re'uirement# and he 'uit a(ter the (irst term. F really hated ym. 8hortly a(terEards# F ot more (inancial assistance %it Eas Kpractically (orced upon himL+ and Eas coa,ed into tryin another colle e Eith Kvi orous proddin .L Amusin ly# one patron even o((ered him money not to play chess durin this period. =e later he ended up ta!in a pled e o( abstinence# Ehich he did not !eep. 3 suppose that (or F# chess Eas about as addictive as <orld o( <arcra(t. At any rate# be(ore (inishin the (irst term# he came doEn Eith pneumonia and dropped out. The ne,t year F*s patrons had a neE idea2 he Eould o to the ;niversity o( Chica o and ta!e advanta e o( their uni'ue plan by Ehich students Eere advanced purely on the basis o( their ability to pass comprehensive e,aminations. F reluctantly a reed to try it out. =e raduated Eithin the year. At last# he had his de ree. 3t Eas a notable year in more than one respect. 3n the (irst place# F met and married Ka youn "eEish irlL Ehom he had no means to support %this Eas in 1B-7+. Thin s Eere roc!y betEeen him and his neE Ei(e. )esides this# KF Eas held up by tEo unmen# en ineered the capture o( one o( these# and Eas advised to disappear (or a time durin the e,citement.L &ou can have some interestin e,periences in colle e. =e spent the ne,t three years (littin around Eith various options in hi her education# but it Eas not to 1::

be/ he died at a e 25 o( abdominal cancer. .e(lectin upon the possible role o( cancer in the case# =ollin Eorth re(lected that Kit may even have been at the bottom o( Ehat appeared socially as a personality de(ect.L A personality de(ectA =m... ?oo!in at F*s case# 3 Eas struc! by the di((erence betEeen his early years %c a e 10+ and his later years %Q a e 11+ 3t Eas at this !ey Muncture that =ollin Eorth made her e,cellent character assessment# that F entered hi h school# and that he be an his evident character decline. There is nothin but circumstantial evidence# but it seems a suspicious that F*s (irst e,perience Eith re ular school occurred at the same time that he be an to lose many o( the ood traits that had previously been in evidence. There is no record that he (ell in Eith bad company or be an usin dru s and alcohol. As Ee shall see later# school ta!es its oEn uni'ue toll on 30T4s.

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,A- INTP Parentin) Style

Althou h 30T4s seem to be one o( the types that is most Eillin not to have children %see the chapter on love and marria e+ the maMority probably do# and they can ma!e e,cellent parents. )ein (ortunate enou h to have an 30T4 parent o( my oEn# 3 have (urnished this section Eith some anecdotes 3 hope Eill be use(ul.

.eneral
30T4s tend to treat children li!e little adults Ehose thou hts and ideas should be ta!en seriously. They are not li!ely to employ ushy baby tal!/ it Eould be an embarrassin display (or them# and they Eould almost see it as a lac! o( respect (or the child. )y a similar to!en# an 30T4 Eill not brush a child*s 'uestion o(( or ive them a hal( ansEer66they Eant the child to actually understand Ehat is oin on. 4enley R 1ble %200:+ have pointed out that 30T4 parents are notable (or their e,ceptional patience. 3n the area o( really listenin to their children*s thou hts# it*s (air to say that 30T4s are a ood deal more patient than most. 30T4s Eill o(ten e,pose their children to advanced concepts or boo!s at an early a e. <hen 3 Eas still learnin to read# my 30T4 (ather read me ,en:Hur5 3 (ale of 2hrist. %At least# he read part o( it66 eventually he decided that 3 Eould have to read the )ible (irst# Ehich disappointed me because 3 Eas enMoyin the story.+ <hen Ee Eould et to some o( elderly 1n lish Eords li!e KereL or KbetEi,tL he Eould et out the dictionary and Ee Eould au ment our vocabularies to ether. %3 also recall hoE he (i,ed a (eE Eords in my .obinson Crusoe picture boo! to ma!e it more accurate. %KThat*s not corn# that*s Eheat.L++ =e also read me boo!s about adventure on the sea and accounts o( )61> bomber creEs durin <<33. 3t is interestin to note that male .ationals enMoy comic boo!s and other KMuvenileL (orms o( entertainment more than other types. 8ince male 30T4s enMoy these pastimes into adulthood# they are better able to relate to their childrenHs entertainment material than most. They may even pass on some o( their oEn childhood interests directly to their children# i.e. an 30T4 parent Eho still enMoys )atman comics may pass the torch on to their o((sprin . 4arents and children may enMoy tal!in about the same shoEs# boo!s# computer ames and comics to ether. )esides advanced readin # 30T4 parents Eill probably ma!e some attempt to e,pose their children to various scienti(ic ideas. For instance# my dad %a 4hysics maMor+ tau ht me very basic al ebra %, b 2 \ 7+# calculus %,- d -e2+ and seriesCse'uences66Ehile 3 Eas still in elementary school. 3 hope you Eill not thin! 3 am bra in / the (act is# i( you can do multiplication and additionNas the maMority o( children in elementary school canNyou can learn to do all these thin s# i( iven the chance. Dad Eould Erite up problems (or me on a sheet o( paper and then 3 Eould do my best to o throu h them. 3( 3 ot stuc! or ot a problem Eron # he Eould patiently e,plain the underlyin principles# or the concept o( @ero# or the order o( operations# until 3 could see Ehy the ri ht ansEer Eas true. 3( my dad hadnHt been an 30T4# 3 Eould have almost certainly been deprived o( this early (oundation in mathematics. 30T4 parents also (ill the heads o( their children Eith important bits o( in(ormation as opportunities present themselves. At a tender a e# 3 !neE that speed Eas di((erent (rom velocity/ that air had Eei ht/ that there Eere ne ative and ima inary numbers as Eell as positive numbers# that there Eas dar! matter and anti6matter %3 also !neE hoE much o( the latter you needed to bloE up 1arth+ and that an implosion Eas the opposite o( an e,plosion. The latter (act Eas impressed on me by my dadHs attempt to create clouds in a (ishboEl by sealin up the top and pumpin all the air out to create a loE pressure 1:$

environment. At some point in the e,periment the a'uarium decided that it hadnHt been desi ned to Eithstand ne ative pressure and imploded in a spray o( lass. My cautious 18T" mother Eas stunned that my dad had per(ormed such a ris!y e,periment. My dad simply pointed at one o( the splinters o( lass that had landed a (eE (eet (rom us and said Mo!in ly# K8eeA 3t didnHt even et close.L 30T4 parents can teach their children appreciation (or the hard sciences. As children# 30T4s enMoy buildin (orts and homes out o( various materials. As adults# 30T4s enMoy buildin (orts or homes (or their children. My handy 30T4 parent constructed a (our story treehouse Eith each level connected by inner stairs and trapdoors. There Eas a an plan! leadin to the main door# Ehich you could bar (rom the inside. A loo!out nest on top provided a place to hurl proMectiles (rom. ?ater he also Ealled o(( a hideyhole under the stairs as a secret play area (or my sister.

Discipline
Ieirsey %1BB$a+ Erote that all .ational parents tend to be rather stern# and they do not spare their o((sprin (rom the conse'uences o( their poor choices. For e,ample# i( my brother and 3 oo(ed around and didn*t (inish our 'uota o( chores by the time mom ot home (rom Eor!# Ee Eould be her to let us 'uit. %Mom Eas the merci(ul one+. Dad Eas unsympathetic to such pleas# notin that i( Ee hadn*t Easted time Ee could have (inished already. %0ot that it Eas actually hard to meet the 'uota66it only too! a (eE hours66but sometimes Ee spent so much time amusin ourselves and procrastinatin that it could dra out throu h the Ehole day.+ My dad Eas a !ind man# but he didn*t put up Eith e,cuses. <e didn*t have to Eor! on rainy days# but days Eith sprin!lin and intermittent rain Eere a di((erent story. =ope(ully Ee Eould say# O<e can*t Eor! today# it*s rainin .O =e Eould reply# O4ut on your raincoat.L 30T4s have (eE rules (or their children %30T4s are one o( the least rule conscious types# rememberA+# but this doesn*t mean that the children Eill run rampant. Ieirsey has noted that .ationals# unli!e other temperaments# aren*t so much iven to lectures# scoldin s# and roundin s so much as simply statin # OO!ay then. &ou*ve lost that privile e (or aEhile#O and then deprivin the child o( the opportunity to a((ectCenMoyCcontrol that part o( their environment. )y such impersonal# lo ic6based and minimally punitive measures they teach their children that bad behavior isn*t about Ome bein an ry at you and tryin to ma!e you (eel bad to shoE you the error o( your EaysO so much as Oyou ma!in an illo ical choice that results in the loss o( your pleasure.O The idea is to teach the child that poor choices alEays imply lo ical ne ative conse'uences. The .ational parent tries to demonstrate that ma!in a bad choice is li!e throEin a roc! up in the air and lettin it (all doEn and hit onesel( in the (ace. 3t isn*t that the roc! hates you# or thin!s you have done Eron / no# the roc! has neither (eelin s nor any sense o( Mustice. .ather# the roc! is merely obeyin the amoral# implacable laEs o( physics. Many people brea! rules# but (eE people try to brea! the laEs o( physics. The lo ic6oriented .ationals instinctively reali@e this# and tend to have better success Eith discipline than other types.

Py)$alion ProIects
4erhaps because 30T4s are so autonomousNand there(ore less li!ely to see! to control over other autonomous bein s66Ieirsey %1BB$a+ has observed that 0T4 parents are the least li!ely types to attempt to 4y malion their children into little ima es o( themselves. =oEever# some types may (ind the 30T4Hs patient laisse@6(aire attitude too hands o(( and Eish the 30T4 Eould ta!e action or apply more control. 4erhaps this is also related someEhat to the (act that 30T4s may sometimes be uncertain o( hoE to 1:B

handle their children. Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer %1BB$+ (ound that OchildrenO Eere a hi h source o( stress (or this type.

Conclusion
?i!e all types# 30T4s can be Eonder(ul parents. O( course# there*s alEays room (or improvement. 3( you Eant to learn more about type and parentin in eneral# or about 30T4 parentin speci(ically# 3 recommend the boo! &otherstyles by "anet 4enley and Diane 1ble.

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,5- INTP Chil'ren

1ven as babies# 30T4s are a bit uni'ue. They are less li!ely to cry (or one thin # and they are enerally less emotional and clin y in comparison to other in(ants. 30T4 babies do not li!e bein overly handled# particularly by stran ers.201

"arly Learners
?i!e adults# youn 30T4s tend to collect boo!s# especially those Eith in(ormation on animals# dinosaurs# natural science# etc. ;nderstandably# the library (eatures centrally in the minds o( most 30T4s children. They Eill happily stay up past bedtime# readin Eith a (lashli ht under their blan!et. As a child 3 assumed that once 3 reE up 3 could learn everythin and read all the boo!s in the Eorld. 3 also used to ponder Ehat 3 Eould as! (or i( 3 could have three Eishes. One o( my Eishes Eas# K3 Eish to !noE everythin .L 3n (act# 3 still remember the disappointin moment Ehen my 30T4 (ather ently in(ormed me that there Eas too much !noEled e in the Eorld (or me to learn it all.

Play
8ome o( the most enMoyable 30T4 play ta!es place completely Eithin the 30T4Hs oEn ima ination. Ieirsey %1BB$a+ has noted that 8ensor children Eill tend to play Eith toys in the Eay they are meant to be played Eith# i.e. a toy (ish Eill be played as a (ish sEimmin its Eay throu h the deep. For 3ntuitives# on the other hand# the toy (ish may actually be a submarine in the shape o( a (ish. <hat this means is that any obMect can trans(ormed in the 30T4Hs mind into a playthin to tell stories about. A dart may become a roc!et. A toy li@ard may become an alien monster. All the rest o( the scenery can be completely ima ined. ?ost in their oEn Eorld# the youn 30T4 may be Must as unaEare o( thin s oin on outside as any adult 30T4 (ocusin on a problem.
.a$es Than!s to their lo icalCstrate ic abilities# youn 30T4s may be particularly ood at tic6tac6toe# e,perimentin and memori@in the various moves in a precursor to chess. ?i!e adult 30T4s# 30T4 youn sters Eill also enMoy computer ames.

30T4s are also ood at the ame Ehere you have a Mar o( candy and have to uess hoE many there are. .ather than ma!in a random uesstimate# they Eill actually try to calculate the amount usin their (led lin math s!ills and care(ul countin .
Desi)nin) as a (or$ of Play One o( the (avorite 30T4 play activities is desi nin thin s. They Eill typically start o(( Eith a (eE vehicles# animals# or soldiers# then proceed to desi n an ideal environment (or them. =ouses# (orts# @oos# par!s# monuments and Ehole cities may be constructed out o( sand# mud# roc!s# snoE# bloc!s# couch cushions# stic!s# lincoln lo s# le os# and Ehatever other materials are at hand. 30T4 children enMoy e,plainin all the convenient (eatures o((ered by their house or toEn# and shoEin o(( hoE the inhabitants enMoy usin said (eatures.

=oEever# once the 30T4 is done desi nin the city or house# they may have little real interest in ma!in up pretend stories about the inhabitants. At this point they Eill perhaps introduce a reason to
201 Tie er R )arron6Tie er# 1BB>

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add onto the current construction %KMy horse had babiesF 0oE Ee need even more pastures# corrals and stablesFL+ or else (ind a reason to renovate %i.e. a natural disaster that stri!es the poor toEn and annihilates one hal( o( the buildin s+. 3( the 30T4 is not desi nin an environment (or their toys# they may instead desi n an environment (or themselves. The tree house# the couch cushion (ort# the bo, (ort# and the snoE (ort are all 30T4 (avorites. %My 30T4 brother Eas almost smothered to death Ehen a snoE tunnel collapsed on him.+ 4ets too may have environments built (or them. An 30T4 child may enMoy constructin pens# buildin tunnel systems (or rodents# and layin out a'uariums and terrariums. %0ot that they enMoy the daily maintenance o( pets. 4arents be Earned.+ The ele ance o( an 30T4Hs constructions may be one o( the thin s that stic!s out most about them (rom the perspective o( their playmates. They are the one Eith the coolest castle# or the tallest marshmalloE6 and6toothpic! toEer. 30T4s enMoy shyly bas!in in the admiration (or their creations. =oEever# 30T4s enerally (ind it annoyin Ehen other children try to help them Eith their constructions. They !noE instinctively that this KhelpL really consists o(2 a.+ throEin on poorly thou ht out# u ly additions and spoilin the beauty o( the desi n# b.+ not shoEin su((icient respect (or the physical properties o( the buildin materials and clumsily destroyin the delicate structure# and c.+ Must plain# pure lee(ul destruction. 3 doubt there is an 30T4 in the Eorld Ehose lovin ly6desi ned creation has not been demolished in the blin! o( eye by a deli hted classmate. 3 pushed to ether a hu e pile o( play round ravel66gravel166and a boy runnin past Eent out o( his Eay to step on it. 3s it any Eonder so many 30T4s end up cynical and bitterA 4arents2 i( your 30T4 doesnHt Eant the other !ids to play Eith them# donHt (orce the issue. The 30T4 reco ni@es that other children are Eorse than arsonists# dynamiters and termites combined Ehen it comes to buildin proMects. )y sayin Klet other children play too#L you are tellin them that they must let Eell6meant saboteurs and careless youn vandals ruin their pride and Moy. &ou mi ht as Eell be sayin # K4lease# let other children scribble all over your draEin and de(ace your artEor! as much as they Eant.L 3s such victimi@ation really a ood li(e lessonA
"n)ineerin) )esides construction# 30T4s Eill also indul e in en ineerin pastimes# i.e. desi nin le o vehicles and tools Eithout the use o( !its or instructions# or layin out trac!s (or electric trains# or rechannelin a rivulet o( Eater Eith dams# e,tra channels# and other improvements.

Desi n activities are li!ely to be pre(erred over# say# runnin around Eith s'uirt uns. Mere movement (or the sa!e o( movement does not interest 30T4s as much as it does other children. 1ven youn 30T4s Eant a reason (or doin an activity# namely buildin a s!ill %K=oE can 3 consistently et smooth sandcastle EallsAL+# trumpin previous accomplishments %KThis Eill be the best sandcastle everFL+ and runnin e,periments %K<hat i( 3 mi,ed mud in the sandAL+. 8ince their play must have a point# they may have trouble ettin alon Eith less (ar6si hted children# Eho simply Eant to e,ercise their limbs and ma!e noise Ehile havin as much (un in the immediate moment as possible. An 30T4 child Eants play to have a reason/ this may not sit Eill Eith their less oal6oriented playmates.
Lo)ical Play 0ote that 30T4 play must be ma!e lo ical sense to the 30T4. Other children Moinin in an 30T4Hs ame may heedlessly brea! the rules o( reality# elicitin protests (rom the 30T4 to the e((ect o(# K&ou

1>2

canHt do thatFL or KThatHs not Ehat Eould happen in real li(eFL For e,ample# an 30T4 may be annoyed that a playmateHs stu((ed cat !eeps on havin more and more !ittens# even thou h the (irst and second litters havenHt even roEn up yet66clearly an unrealistic scenario. 1ventually the 30T4 may (eel compelled to point out the reality ap in the hopes that they Eill be able to convince their playmate to play in a more li(eli!e manner. 30T4s enerally Eant a sel(6consistent simulation Ehere rules can only be bro!en only Ehen there is due cause. Cars cannot Must start (lyin 66unless a roc!et pac! has been installed (irst. =orses Eithout Ein s cannot (ly either66unless a ma ical unicorn rants them the ability. &et the second the 30T4 provides a Musti(ication (or hoE their horse can noE (ly# their playmate cries# K?oo!# mineHs (lyin tooFL The 30T4 protests# K<ait# your horse canHt (ly unless the unicorn helps them (irstFL They Eill then rab the unicorn and apply the necessary steps to ensure that their playmateHs horse can (ly K(or real.L Other children see no reason to provide such cause6and6e((ect Musti(ications# but (or the 30T4 itHs hard to submerse themselves in play unless principles are (olloEed.
The Desi)n of Play To some 30T4s# desi nin the rules o( the ame is more (un than playin it. 30T4 children may invent neE Eays o( playin board ames Eith completely neE rules and abilities. They may combine ames to ether and play across multiple boards. Others may build elaborate ima inary Eorlds. Art Adult 30T4s enMoy appreciatin art202 and youn 30T4s may enMoy creatin it. 3nterestin ly# an 30T4Hs interest in desi nin systems comes out here too. For e,ample# an 30T4 may draE a place Ehere horses are livin . They Eill thin! to themselves# K<e need a pond# and it should be !ind o( bi # because there are a lot o( horses and they mi ht have (oals. Also# the sun mi ht be hot# so 3Hll add some trees (or shade. And in case there are Eolves# 3Hll put a cli(( up here so the horses can be sa(e. There Eill be a secret path that only the horses !noE about. Then they can escape Ehenever they see the predators comin . There Eill be a horse that stands up on this hill to Eatch. )ut suppose they have to stay up on the cli(( (or a Ehole day because the Eolves EonHt o aEayA 3Hll draE an apple tree so that theyHll have somethin to eat# and a little mountain stream so that theyHll have somethin to drin!. There# itHs a per(ect home.L

The horses Eill be depicted enMoyin various aspects o( the 30T4Hs creation. 0ote hoE the 30T4 is problem solvin and Eorld6buildin as they draE. All children do this# but 30T4s ta!e it to the ne,t level. <hether the subMect is a arden Eith (airies# a moonbase Eith astronauts# or a house Eith cats and do s# itHs the essentially same thin 66a system Eith (eatures considerately desi ned (or the bene(it o( the inhabitants. 30T4s Eill also add ha@ards and problems to overcome. K?oo! mommy# this (oal couldn*t reach the apples on the tree. 8o they pushed roc!s over to ma!e stairs (or it.L 30T4s Eill draE .ube 9oldber machines# roups o( animals Eor!in to ether in harmoniously comple, manners to accomplish a common oal# and cartoons that e,press their buddin sense o( humor# i.e. puns. 3n art too# an 30T4 must ever escalate their per(ormance/ todayHs ira((e must be better than yesterdayHs ira((e. Once they reach a plateau and can thin! o( nothin neE to do Eith ira((es# then they Eill move on to depictin a neE subMect. &oun 30T4s (ind repetitive tas!s every bit as borin as older 30T4s66they Eill not relish the tas! o( (illin in every scale on a dra on or every lea( on a tree. An otherEise e,cellent draEin may (ade o(( into Ehite Ehere the trees o.
202 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

1>-

0ot that 30T4s are limited to draEin . They Eill e'ually enMoy paintin # sculptin # and other activities. )ut since they do not care (or lots o( set up or clean up# simpler materials may be pre(erred# or else the materials Eill simply be le(t out (or a Eee! or tEo# annoyin "ud in parents.

Thou)hts an' (ears

9iven their advanced !noEled e and li!in (or abstract thou ht# 30T4 children may tal! and thin! about thin s that children arenHt supposed to# i.e. death# the a(terli(e# reproduction# or in(inity/ some even have e,istential crises. These 'uestions are very real and important66even (ri htenin 66to them. 8till others# havin learned about science and the human body# lie aEa!e in their beds Eorryin about the sun oin supernova# the earth ettin hit by an asteroid# a natural disaster stri!in # or contractin A3D8.

(ittin) In
Many youth(ul 30T4s (ind that they have a hard time (ittin in66they (eel Kdi((erentL and have trouble ma!in (riends and (ormin relationships. They may be more interested in tal!in to older people than their peers/ some may value their relationship Eith their teacher more than their peer relationships. %<hereas 30T4 adults are o(ten considered too childish# 30T4 youn sters are o(ten considered too adult. They may roE used to bein treated as little adults by their parents and (ind it ir!some Ehen stran ers e,pect them to act Must li!e other children their a e.+ 3t is common and normal (or 30T4s to spend lots o( time playin alone aEay (rom the others. They may have Must one ood (riend# or perhaps a (eE. They may not even Eant to be around their peers# pre(errin to hide Eith their boo!s. 8till others Must donHt Eant to tal! until they*ve completely (i ured speech out. &oun 30T4s are no better at dressin sharply than older 30T4s/ this sets them apart (rom their classmates. 30T4 children may also be reluctant to e,chan e acceptable childhood (ashions such as sEeat pants and velcro shoes (or a e6appropriate adolescent Eear. The ame Kdress upL is also less li!ely to hold an 30T4Hs interest.

Curiosity Cille' the INTP

30T4 children are curious. KOh loo!# a (ire alarm. 3t probably EouldnHt o o(( i( 3 Must pulled it a little bit...L %They do.+ One o( the thin s 30T4s are curious about is (ire. They may enMoy burnin various materials to see Ehat happens. )y the same to!en# they love e,periments. K<hat Eould happen i( 3...L %MicroEaved somethin (or B2BB minutes# (illed the tub up past the rim# put marshmalloEs in the toaster# etc.+

0hyyyy3
30T4 children are more li!ely than most to disobey commands they donHt a ree Eith. ?i!e all .ational children# they Eill listen to lo ic %Ieirsey# 1BB$a+# but the reverse is also true66they Eill not listen to illo ic. This may annoy non0T parents Eho Musti(y their commands on the basis o( social con(ormity# un'uestionin obedience# and emotional appeals. They are also s!eptical. For e,ample# youn 30T4s Eill be amon the (irst to (i ure out that 8anta 1>5

Claus and the Tooth Fairy are actually their parents.

!lunt State$ents of Truth

One o( the problems that is o(ten encountered by parents o( youn .ationals is hoE to deal Eith their childrenHs blunt observations o( truth# i.e. K&ouHre really (at. Do you eat all dayAL or K=e*s stupid.L )ein not6too6empathetic and rather disinterested in social s!ills# youn 30T4s may unintentionally horri(y their parents# then not understand Ehat they have done Eron . To them# truth is truth# and Ehat can be Eron Eith sayin itA =oE to deal Eith this situationA Ieirsey %1BB$a+ has noted that .ationals (ind span!in to be violatin . A better solution is to e,plain Ehy reasonably and lo ically Ehy it is not very ood to a.+ 8pea! the truth in an un!ind manner and b.+ Mention othersH (aults# even Ehen true. To ive you an idea o( the substance o( such an e,planation# 3 have included the (olloEin e,hortations (rom a stern 0T (ather o( the 1$00s to his 0T child# Iarl. %Iarl happens to be a enius# but 3 thin! the lecture is still valid.+ 0ote that the (ather bases his appeal primarily on the .ational virtues o( lo ic# (airness# competence# and s!epticism and tal!s to Iarl li!e a little adult. 3 trust the reader Eill (or ive the 1$00s (lavor o( this account and e,tract Ehat is still use(ul to the 2000s.
TThe childHsU opinion should never be lied aEay# in so (ar as it is ri ht. 3 Eill only rant this much# that it may be someEhat so(tened# Eith the use o( reatest caution# so that its rou h ed es shall be polished o((. 3( Iarl# as a child# passed in society a correct but too abrupt or harsh a Mud ment# 3 let it stand# but said to the persons present# in hal( Mest# K&ou see# he is a villa e boyF &ou must not ta!e it ill o( himFL Iarl soon came to understand that he had in such cases uttered a correct but improper statement# and he Eas sure# Ehen Ee Eere alone# to as! me the K<hyL o( it. Then 3 had a ood opportunity to shoE him the pros and cons o( the case# and to et him used to better manners# Eithout narroEin his intellect or doin his heart any inMury. Above all 3 tried# Ehenever possible# to re(er it to a hi her morality and to true piety. 3n such a case 3 Eould calmly say2 K&our Mud ment Eas strictly correct# but thou h 3 must ac!noEled e this# it Eas not ood or !ind o( you to utter it. &ou should hardly have spo!en it in the presence o( your parents# and never in the presence o( others. Did you observe hoE embarrassed Mr. 0. EasA =e could not# or Eould not# contradict# perhaps (rom love and respect (or us# but he Eas much hurt to have a child tell him somethin unpleasant. 3( he is out o( sorts to6day or others ma!e (un o( him# you are to be blamed (or itFL Iarl Eas certainly moved by this deeply# and Eas truly sorry (or havin pained him. )ut let us suppose Iarl did not see his mista!e and# instead# ansEered# K)ut he Eas (riendly Eith me all the time#L 3 should then have replied# K4erhaps (rom pity (or you# because my Eord# S=e is a villa e boy#H shoEed him the real state o( a((airs. &ou have certainly not ained respect# love# and ratitude (or yoursel( by your embarrassin Mud ment. &ou do not seem to have noticed that the persons present an,iously Eatched# noE you# noE me# noE him# and the conversation Eould have halted# i( 3 had not turned it to somethin else that attracted them vividly.L 3 a ain assume the truly unthin!able case that Iarl Eas still not ashamed# but Eould have ansEered# K)ut it Eas trueFL 3 Eould have corrected him more earnestly2 KAre you sure about thatA 3t may very Eell be that you are mista!en. =oE i( he had ansEered# SA reason Eith Ehich you are not ac'uainted compelled me to act that Eay.H =oE thenA Or i( he had said to you# SAre you my Mud eA &ou# a little# unreasonin childAH 1ven i( it Eas true# unconditionally true# his statement bein Eron #66Ehich 3# hoEever# still

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doubt#66ou ht you not have !ept silence (rom consideration (or himA Did you not observe that Ee Eere all silentA Or are you so simple as to believe that you alone noticed the mista!e in his actionsA KTell me# my child# hoE Eould you li!e it# i( he# and a hundred others# should ta!e you up (or your oversi hts# Eea!nesses# carelessness# blunders# and so (orth# and should even lay them be(ore the eyes o( stran ersA And that Eould be a mere tri(le# (or it Eould be a roEn man Eho Eould reprove a child# Ehich Eould be per(ectly proper and un'uestionably ri ht. The child Eould not be harmed by such a reproo(# (or (rom an unreasonin bein li!e you people e,pect a lot o( thin s Ehich are not Must ri ht# and they pass over them li htly# or pardon them alto ether. KOr do you ima ine that other people do not observe your mista!esA &ou are Eron thereF Out o( !indness toEard you# or# perhaps# toEard others as Eell# they pass over them in silence and do not embarrass you by mentionin them to you. )ut several o( my (riends# Eho love you sincerely# have o(ten told me or your mother o( incidents Ehich do you no honor. They did not tell about them to any one else# and they told them to us only because they Eished to improve and ennoble you. KThis noble !indness pleases you# does it notA Gery Eell# then you must act in the same manner. S<hat you Eish that people should do to you# you must do (irst to themFH KTo tell the truth# to tell it in a harsh and provo!in manner# to be severely Must and pain(ully search out the (aults o( your (elloEman# or even reprove him (or them# Eithout any particular reason (or it# in the presence o( others# is (ar removed (rom bein ood# yet bein ood is somethin unspea!ably beauti(ul# (or Ee call (or this very reason the sum o( all per(ection S9od#L that is# S9ood.H &ou# too# my child# Eish to become li!e 9od. 3( you do# you must per(ect yoursel( as much as possible. Above all# do not (or et to be ood.L 3 am sure that by that time Iarl Eould have promised# Eith tears o( contrition# never a ain to pain a person in that manner# and 3 am convinced that only human# more particularly childish# Eea!ness could ever have led him to do so. )ut (or my purpose 3 Eill assume that# none the less# he Eill retort# K8hall 3 tell an untruthAL Assumin this# 3 Eould have replied2 K0ot in the leastF For then you Eould be lyin or be a hypocrite. )ut there is no need o( all that. All you have to do is to !eep 'uiet. 3t Eould# indeed# be a sad li(e (or you# (or me# and (or all men# i( everybody Eere to search out the (aults or (oibles o( his ac'uaintances# and ruthlessly tell o( them be(ore others. That Eould be an eternal Ear o( all a ainst all# (or no man is Eithout (aults. 0o one Eould be at rest. 1verybody Eould have to be constantly on the Eatch# in order to stri!e or to protect himsel(. <ould that be livin Eith each other as men# as Christians# as children o( one (ather# as representatives o( the hi hest 9oodAL )ut 3 do the poor boy an inMustice. 3t may be that 3 have told him all that# but# 3 am sure# never at one time# (or so much Eas not necessary to cause him to perceive# re ret# and mend (aults a ainst morality or piety. 3 have# hoEever# (or otten to mention that 3 Eould also have told him some appropriate story Tto illustrate the pointU...

Throu h lo ic and principle# this (ather e,plained to his son why he should not behave in this manner rather than merely sayin not to do it. 3t is alEays ood to tell an 30T4 child the reason behind a rule.

Lack of Role 4o'els

Althou h personality is at least partially enetically heritable# the odds are loE that an 30T4 child Eill have a parent Eho shares their type pre(erences. This is un(ortunate# because it deprives them o( a role model (or their behavior. The public school system# bein mostly sta((ed by 8"s# Eas not really desi ned (or those Eith the opposite 04 pre(erence# so there Eill be little help (rom that 'uarter. 3n (act# than!s to the nature o( school# 30T4 children may even have to stru le to attain their identity.

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,>- INTPs in the School Syste$

30T4s love learnin and are relentless autodidacts. &et 30T4s Eere one o( the top (our types Eho said that school Eas a source o( hi h stress.20- 3n this section Ee Eill e,amine the 30T4 school e,perience and the problems it presents to the type that most li!es learnin .

The "le$entary School "#perience

The introduction o( universal education has throEn an interestin loop into the li(e e,periences o( modern 30T4s. This is because Y52X o( elementary school teachers are 18F"s.205 .emember in the cult section# hoE Ee tal!ed about hoE 30T4s are in the most dan er Ehen they Moin a cult because cult leaders tend to be 18F"sA 3tHs thin s li!e this that ma!e me Eonder about the e((ects o( placin an 30T4 child in an environment desi ned by and (or 18F"s# then soa!in them in said environment (or > hours per day# 1$0 days per year# (or si, years strai ht. 0oE# type practitioners are in uni(ied a reement that children should be alloEed to (olloE their oEn natural type inclinations rather than immediately bein compelled to under o (orei n type development. 3n short# it is not healthy to try to convert an 30T4 into an 18F" at any point in their childhood %nor at any point later# but particularly in childhood+. 0ot that the school system necessarily does this...but Ee must admit that it sure ives a healthy push in that direction# doesnHt itA There Eas an interestin study that e,amined the perception o( students (rom the perspective o( teachers o( various types.207 3t Eas (ound that teachers thou ht they Eould most enjoy teachin students o( their oEn type. &et Ehen as!ed about the Kideal all around child in school and li(e#L teachers Eith 1# 8C0# T# and " pre(erences selected those Eith their oEn type pre(erences# Ehereas 30F4 teachers selected 18T"s. Teachers Eere also as!ed Ehich type o( students Eere most li!ely to have problems in school. 8T" teachers indicated that 3F4s Eould have the most trouble/ 3F4 teachers also indicated that 3F4 students Eould have the most trouble. <hen as!ed about the type that Eas li!ely to be most success(ul in school# teachers overEhelmin ly indicated that type 18T" Eas most li!ely to succeed. 8o Ehat about the students Eho seem least li!ely to succeed in the teachers* eyesA The (olloEin o((ers an ansEer2 KTeachers behave di((erently toEards students (or Ehom they have diminished e,pectations# providin (eEer opportunities (or independent Eor! and practice# reducin personal attention# increasin physical distance# and di((erentially administerin and radin tests and assi nments (or loE e,pectation students.L %)rophy in Meis eier R IelloE# 200>+ Meis eier and IelloE re(lected that bias in the education system Kappears to be a ainst students Eith 3ntroversion# 3ntuition# and 4erceivin pre(erences and (avorable toEards students Eith 1,traversion 8ensin pre(erences.L Overall# the 30F4s seem to ta!e the Eorst hits (rom this bias. 3n elementary school hoEever# 3 Eould not be surprised to see that 30T4s have bi er problems. 3n terms o( Eor! environments# 18F"s Eere the type that placed the hi hest value o( all types on Ktoe the line e,pectationsL and the loEest value on
20- Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 205 McCutcheon# 8chmidt R )olden in Ient R Fisher# 1BB> 207 Meis eier R IelloE# 200>

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KAutonomy# (reedom# independence.L20: 3n many Eays# the (avored 18F" environment is the e,act opposite o( the (avored 30T4 environment. <hen you consider that most modern 30T4s have spent hu e chun!s o( their youn lives in an environment antithetical to their natural pre(erences# it raises some interestin 'uestions. KDo 30T4 children e,perience personality shi(t Ehen they enter elementary schoolAL K=ave 30T4s actually been tau ht in their childhood that they are SEron HA =as there been a loss o( sel( esteem# (alsi(ication o( type# or other symptoms related to poor type developmentAL KAre modern 30T4s less healthy and Eell developed than 30T4s o( (ormer enerations Eho Eere born be(ore mass educationAL K3( Ee compared 700 home schooled 30T4s Eith 700 public schooled 30T4s# Eould there be a di((erence in the amount o( pre(erence shoEed by each roup (or 31# 08# TF# and 4"AL

3nterestin 'uestions.

The 1i)h School "#perience

The entire public education system is dominated by 8"s# and to a lesser e,tent# 0Fs.20> 3 (ear the 8" domination is not really a ood thin (or 30T4s. Ient R Fisher %1BB>+# draEin on earlier research# e,plained# K3t Eas (ound that the classroom environments o( 8" teachers are li!ely to be seen by their students as tas! oriented %activities are clear and Eell or ani@ed+ Ehile the classrooms o( 04 type teachers are seen as in(ormal %not stron ly uided by (ormal rules+. These (indin s complement the...associations Ehich shoEed that 8" teachers are seen by their students as strict and 04 teachers as encoura in student sel(6responsibility and (reedom.L 30T4s Eere rated as one o( the types most li!ely to have trouble %thou h not necessarily poor rades+ in school.20$ <hat does KtroubleL loo! li!eA
0hat 0e 1ave 1ere is a (ailure to Co$$unicate

To an 30T4# !noEled e is li!e mind candy. 0oE ima ine havin a (unnel shoved doEn your throat and bein (orce (ed candy. This is Ehat hi h school (eels li!e to many 30T4s. 3( an 30T4 is OcooperativeO and Eillin to rind aEay at the homeEor!# they may become the teacher*s pet because o( their love o( learnin . =oEever# other 30T4s earn their teachers* disli!e by 'uestionin them in (ront o( the class and ar uin over their conclusions. ;nhappily the Oteacher*s adversaryO scenario is apparently rather common. An 30T4 youth may ar ue that an assi nment is unnecessary# debate the re'uirements# or insist on a creative reinterpretation o( the parameters. They may also as! technical 'uestions that their teachers cannot ansEer. 3( the teacher ma!es a spellin or math mista!e on the board# the 30T4 Eill help(ully correct them. Teachers# (or some stran e reason# may come to see the 30T4 as anta onistic and may even believe that the 30T4 is deliberately tryin to ma!e them loo! bad. %They may not even be Eron .+ ;sually# hoEever# the 30T4 Must Eants to establish truth. 30T4s Eill also as! 'uestions li!e these2
20: Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 20> =o((man R )et!ous!i in Ient R Fisher# 1BB> 20$ .oberds6)a,ter R )a,ter in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

1>$

K<hy do 3 have to Eor! Eith a partnerAL K<hy canHt 3 brin my boo! out to recessAL K<hy do 3 have to shoE my Eor! i( 3 can do it in my headAL K<hy do 3 have to do this assi nment i( 3 already understand itAL K<hy do 3 have to ta!e notes i( 3 never use themAL K<hy canHt 3 Must learn out o( the boo!AL K<hyA <hyA <hyyyyyyyyAL

Teachers seldom provide a satis(actory ansEer to these 'uestions. This is un(ortunate# because 30T4 children are more li!ely than most to disobey commands they donHt a ree Eith. ?i!e all .ational children# they Eill listen to lo ic %Ieirsey# 1BB$a+# but the reverse is also true66they Eill not listen to illo ic. This may annoy non0T teachers or parents Eho Musti(y their commands on the basis o( social con(ormity# rules# un'uestionin obedience# and emotional appeals. 30T4s are as stubborn as mules. 3t is perhaps no surprise that some 30T4 come to have loE respect (or their teachers and even to disli!e them. These 30T4s tend to perceive their teachers as either unintelli ent or Dale!6li!e to the tune o(# KDo not 'uestionFL Then too# many 30T4s (ind the many ni ly rules and restrictions o( school pointlessly cumbersome. For e,ample# some schools Eill not let you brin your bac!pac! into class2 use(ul# or noA =oE about arrivin on timeA .e'uired subMectsA .eadin durin classA <earin a hat durin classA As noted previously# 30T4s are one o( the least rule conscious types20B# and they are also the type that cared the least about havin clear structure in a Eor! environment.210 <hen thin s o bad# the 30T4 school e,perience resembles a !iddy version o( =o anHs =eroes. 3n (act# i( you Eere to replace the Eord KschoolL Eith K4O< campL many o( these youth(ul accounts Eould still ma!e sense. The 30T4 school e,perience has it all2 hated authority (i ures# brea!outs# boredom# sabota e# reven e# stealin (ood# under round capitalism# devious outEittin o( the system# loc!ups# and the battle o( Eills betEeen the rebel and the oppressors. 0ot that all 30T4s are rebellious66many o( them arenHt# and others only commit thou ht crimes. Too 'uiet# too nice# too Eell behaved or too unEillin to ma!e a (uss over illo ical re'uirements# these 30T4s Eill 'uietly play alon Eith the system. There may# hoEever# be a lot o( daydreamin and starin out the EindoE. Finally# 30T4 children are s!eptical and Eill 'uestion authority (rom an early a e. My dad tells me that 3 came home (rom school one day and said that my third rade teacher Eas Knaive.L %?est you et the Eron idea# 3 Eill note that my oEn e,periences Eith the public school system Eere 'uite positiveN3 Eas usually the teacher*s pet.+
!usy9orkMAn' 6ther Scholastic Activities

Then there is the matter o( the daily Eor! re'uired. Ieirsey %1BB$a+ noted that the Klar ely clerical curriculumL in the modern school system bores .ationals. 3t is (or this reason that 30T4s tend to et e,cellent rades on tests# Ehile simultaneously cuttin classes and not doin their homeEor!. Many#
20B Mc4herson R =indmarch# 2005 210 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

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many# 30T4s are seen as underachievers or as Eor!in beneath their potential. The (act is# 30T4s simply hate busyEor! and do not care about provin to anyone that they !noE the material. As (ar as the 30T4 is concerned# theyHve reached 100X o( their potential Must by learnin Ehat they are supposed to !noE. 1verythin else is pointless busyEor! once that oal is reached# and thin s such as homeEor!# practice# study# and other measurements o( KhoE Eell you !noE the materialL are super(luous. 3t is not at all contradictory (or 30T4 to achieve an Ab on the (inal e,am and (ail the class Eith a D. 3n short# i( the material does not continuously challen e an 30T4# trouble is breEin (or everyone. Anythin the 30T4 rasps becomes instantly borin . An 30T4 ets a K(resh EindL Ehen a neE subMect module is introduced# or Ehen they start a neE course# but (ocusin on the same old subMect at len th drains their interest and their Eor! output declines. 30T4s also tend to et loE rades (or class participation66hardly surprisin Ehen you consider that they Eere rated the loEest o( all types (or Kenthusiastic involvementL in a study o( medical students.211 3t is normal (or 30T4s to impress adults Eith early or above6avera e abilities in readin # Eritin # art# math# etc.66you name it. Thirsty (or !noEled e# they be in the ac'uisition process years ahead o( their peers and usually stay ahead. 3t may be somethin o( a revelation (or 30T4 youn sters to discover hoE less6educated6than6them their classmates are. 8till other 30T4s o throu h li(e pu@@led at Ehy everyone is surprised that they can do stu(( Ehich they themselves re ard as ordinary. KCanHt everyone do thatAL they Eonder. They donHt understand Ehy others vieE learnin as so hard. DoesnHt everyone read the encyclopedia (or (unA 30T4 children may read every boo! in the classroom or school library Must (or the hec! o( it. They may read in class# perhaps secretly or Eith the teacher*s tacit permission. <hen assi nments are handed out in class# an 30T4 is more li!ely than most to Ehi@ throu h them and then Must sit there Eaitin (or everyone else to catch up. Fortunately 30T4s have rich thou ht lives.
School 0ill Sociali2e Jou

30T4 children tend to han out Eith the mis(its and Eeirdos. Chances are not bad that the other mis(its and Eeirdos are other introverted intuitives anyEay.212

The /niversity "#perience

3t is in colle e that 30T4s really bloom. 8ince colle e is tau ht primarily by 3ntuitives# 30T4s are e,posed to a teachin style that meshes Eith their oEn natural pre(erences (or the (irst time. 0ot that they Eill necessarily et better rades# but class Eill probably be more interestin . =oEever# the ratio o( "ud in teachers to 4erceivin teachers is still at least 221# as it the case throu h the entire education system.21.PA Per 4aIor

One study per(ormed over B years at a midsi@ed# private under raduate university %1lon ;niversity+ (ound that 30T4s tied Eith 18F4s (or havin the third loEest 94A o( all types# only the 18T4s and 10T4s bein loEer %Dirien@o# Das# 8ynn# Iitts# R Mc9rath# 2010+. The study also (ound that 30T4 94A varied by maMor. 8ince the university had somethin li!e 50 di((erent maMors# the researchers rouped them li!e so2 1. 1ommunications maMors %Communications# "ournalism+
211 Myers R McCaulley in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 212 Tie er R )arron Tie er# 1BB> 21- DiTibeiro/ 8ears# Iennedy# R Iaye in )ec!ham 2012

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2. %usiness maMors %)usiness Administration# 1conomics# Accountin + -. 'ducation maMors %8ocial 8cience 1ducation# Math 1ducation# 4hysical 1ducation# ?eisure 8ports Mana ement# 1lementary 1ducation# Middle 9rades 1ducation# 8ports Medicine# =ealth 1ducation# Music 1ducation# Athletic Trainin # 8cience 1ducation+ 5. Fine !rts maMors %Art# Dance# 1n lish# French# Music# Music 4er(ormance# Music Theatre# 4hilosophy# .eli ious 8tudies# 8panish# Theater Arts# Theater 8tudies# Theater Desi n and 4roduction+ 7. 0ocial 0ciences maMors %4olitical 8cience# 4sycholo y# 8ociolo y# =istory+ :. 5ard 0ciences maMors %1n ineerin # Math# Chemistry# )iolo y# Computer 8ciences+ ;nli!e in other studies o( this sort# 30T4s did not tend to (loc! to any particular cate ory# nor did they avoid any particular cate ory. )ut they did et di((erent 94As dependin on the cate ory in Ehich they maMored. There Eere 1:B 30T4s in sample# Eith about -0 in each maMor. %3n 1ducation# hoEever# there Eere only 1: 30T4s %the second least o( all types66there Eere even less 30T"s+. 1. 2. -. 5. 7. :. 30T4 94A Eas -.01 in Communications %avera e (or sample+ 30T4 94A Eas -.01 in )usiness %avera e (or sample+ 30T4 94A Eas 2.BB in 1ducation %loEer than avera e (or sample# and the loEest o( all types+ 30T4 94A Eas -.17 in Fine Arts %avera e (or sample+ 30T4 94A Eas -.07 in 8ocial 8ciences %avera e (or sample+ 30T4 94A Eas -.01 in =ard 8ciences %loEer than avera e (or sample# and the loEest o( all types+ >. Avera e 30T4 94A2 -.05 %?oEer than avera e (or sample/ tied Eith 18F4s (or third loEest+ 8o it seems that the areas o( Communications# )usiness# Fine Arts# and 8ocial 8ciences Eere the most conducive to a ood 94A amon this sample o( 30T4s. 1ducation and =ard 8ciences# on the other hand# Eere a disaster. The poor 94A in 1ducation may be e,plained by the (act that most 1ducation maMors are 18F"s# and the courses are probably tailored to suit their pre(erences at the e,pense o( the correspondin 30T4 pre(erences. )ut Ehat about the =ard 8ciencesA Most studies (ind that 0Ts are attracted to the =ard 8ciences li!e iron (ilin s to a ma net# and such courses should be structured toEards 0T pre(erences. <hat is it that drove the rades o( this 30T4 sample doEn to the very bottom o( the pileA 8adly# 3 donHt !noE. 10T4s Eere in the same boat as 30T4s# so itHs probably an 0T4 thin . )ut this does teach us some interestin lessons# doesnHt itA As the researchers noted# Must because a subMect interests you doesnHt mean youHll et ood rades in it. Conversely# Must because you et ood rades in a subMect doesnHt mean youHll li!e it. 8o Ehat do 30T4s usually tend to maMor inA &ep# science. 8cience students are stron ly 0T# and even more stron ly 30T.215

6ther Notes on Course74aIor Preferences

Lan)ua)es

3nterestin ly# 30T4s are also the type most li!ely to ta!e a (orei n lan ua e. 3n (act# a study (ound that there Eere 2.-5 times as many 30T4s in a (orei n lan ua e class as Eould be e,pected.217
215 Myers R Myers# 1B$0 217 Moody# 1B$$

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"n)ineerin) A survey o( A811 %American 8ociety (or 1n ineerin 1ducation+ students (ound that 30T4s Eere substantially represented. For male en ineerin students# B.25X Eere 30T4# and (or (emale en ineerin students# 5.$:X Eere 30T4.21: The survey (urther bro!e doEn the broader (ield o( en ineerin into specialties. For each specialty (ield# the percenta e o( 30T4 students Eas as (olloEs2

9eolo ical en ineerin 1lectrical en ineerin 4etroleum en ineerin Aerospace en ineerin Chemical en ineerin Computer en ineerin Mechanical en ineerin Civil en ineerin

10.>$X 30T4 10.20X 30T4 B.25X 30T4 >.$BX 30T4 >.:5X 30T4 :.B0X 30T4 :.>:X 30T4 5.:7X 30T4

<hat is it about eolo ical en ineerin that so attracts 30T4sA %The author hersel( maMored in 9eolo y# thou h not 9eolo ical 1n ineerin .+ 3n (act# eolo ical en ineerin seems to be a re(u e (or the noncon(ormists o( the en ineerin Eorld. 3t Eas the top (avorite specialty area (or 10T4s# 30T4s# 30F4s# 30F"s# and 10F"s66not the sort o( types that typically o into en ineerin . Also interestin are the types that avoided eolo ical en ineerin 2 it Eas the least6li!ed specialty (ield o( all (or 38T"s# 38F"s# 18T"s# 10T"s# and 18F4s. 8omethin about eolo ical en ineerin %and (rom my e,perience# eolo y in eneral+ seems to attract and !eep 04s Ehile drivin aEay 8"s. To elaborate# 3 believe that the (u@@y# speculative nature o( eolo y appeals to types that are ood at dealin Eith uncertainty. )esides this# there is an attractive 04 culture already in place. The eolo y department 3 attended Eas very loose and in(ormal# and there Eas a hi h tolerance (or eccentric behavior# even amon the teachers. The department also struc! me as bein KnicerL than avera e. 9eolo y tends to attract 0F# and hence (emale# types. 3( one o( your en ineerin sub oals is meetin and marryin an 0F or 0T4# eolo ical en ineerin is probably your best bet. <hat about electrical en ineerin A =ere there are no clear patterns/ it Eas a midran e (ield (or most types# neither shunned nor adored. However# 30T"s also (avored electrical en ineerin as their second (avorite specialty. <e are probably loo!in at an 30T thin .

Scholarships
National 4erit (inalists The 0ational Merit 8cholarship 4ro ram is a national competition that draEs some 1.7 million students. All applicants are iven an aptitude test# and the top 1:#000 students are alloEed to apply (or a scholarship. The remainin 1:#000 8emi(inalists are then screened a ain# this time submittin the (olloEin 2 an essay/ a description o( their academic achievements/ a school o((icialHs personal endorsement/ and a set o( e,cellent 8AT scores. O( these# >#$00 Finalists are selected.

Myers and Myers %1B$0+ too! a sample o( :>1 male Finalists and --0 (emale Finalists. Amon the male Finalists# 10> students %17.BX+ Eere 30T4s# ma!in them the second most numerous type a(ter the 30T"s %110 students or 1:.5X+. Amon the (emale Finalists# -- students %10X+ Eere 30T4s# the
21: McCaulley in <an!at R Oreovic@# 1BB2

1$2

(ourth most numerous type a(ter the 30F"s# 30F4s# and 10F4s. %.emember# there are (eEer (emale Thin!ers and more (emale Feelers.+ For the (emale Finalists# 30T4s sli htly outnumbered the 30T"s# Eho had 2B students %$.$X+. Assumin that (emale 30T4s constitute -X o( the base population and males constitute 7X# then Ee can say2 There Eere -.-- times as many 30T4 (emales as Eould be e,pected. There Eere -.1$ times as many 30T4 males as Eould be e,pected.

u')in) Teachers= Perceivin) INTPs

)ec!ham %2012+ did a study o( a roup o( 1B 4erceivin colle e students Eho had a proven trac! record o( academic success. The study included the (olloEin types2 38T4# 38F4# 30F4# 30T4# 18T4# 18F4# 10F4 and 10T4. As Ee shall see# the students used rather unusual methods to achieve their academic success. The Mo!e oes that the 4 (or 4erceivin actually stands (or procrastination. 3n con(irmation o( this# $5X o( the 4erceivers chose to put o(( startin their tas!s# and by and lar e# this did not hinder their academic success. Did the deadlines cause them stressA &es# but >5X said that they (ound such stress Kacceptable or ener i@in .L <hen studyin (or a test# >BX indicated that did all their studyin at the last minute %KcrammedL+. They revieEed their notes only onceNri ht be(ore the actual test. %Most did ta!e notes# but 1 in - did it seldom or never.+ And did they per(orm poorly as a resultA 0o/ in (act $BX achieved Ksatis(actoryL rades Eithout tryin very hard. <hat about papersA >BX Erote their assi nments at the eleventh hour. )ut 3 can hear a horri(ied teacher cry# K)ut that leaves no time (or proo(readin FL Ah# but :$X reported doin hardly any proo(readin Nor none at all. And Ehat about study habitsA The 4erceivers didn*t have re ular study habits# re ular study times# or re ular study places. They didn*t decide Ehat they Eould study be(orehand# nor did they pic! a speci(ic time Ehen they Eould start or stop. They o(ten chose com(ortable locations to study in/ 55X did not study at des!s or in strai ht6bac!ed chairs. )y and lar e# the students did not (olloE the "ud er philosophy o( KEor! be(ore play#L nor did they (olloE a set schedule. They did not abide by the policy o( Kstudy and do homeEor! be(ore havin (un.L There seems to be an assumption that a clean Eor!space Eith everythin (iled neatly aEay promotes better studyin and reduces stress. =oEever# :1X o( the students reported that they could study Must (ine in a messy Eor!space. 3nstead# their or ani@ation system seemed to consist o( Kclose at hand# close to mind.L $-X o( the students !ept important thin s in an obvious# easy6to6(ind place nearby. =oE about readin the te,tboo!A Most o( the students indicated that Ehile they li!ed readin %in a eneral sense+# either they Eould read only some o( the assi ned readin # or else none at all. B5X o( the students saE no need to Kre6read# revise# or reor ani@eL study materials# and revieE Eas overEhelmin ly vieEed as nonuse(ul. The 4erceiver attitude toEards earnin rades Eas also interestin . 7$X o( the students K(re'uently chose to disre ard (aculty or university standards as they (olloEed their oEn paths to learnin . They set and met their oEn standards.L A (urther 1:X reported that the re'uirement o( havin to earn rades actually dama ed their learnin e,perience. 1$-

Movin (rom speci(ic behaviors to e,planatory theories# )ec!ham su overn the typical modus operandi o( 4erceivin students.

ested several principles that

The most important principle Eas the concept o( Kmomentum.L <hile the approach o( "ud ers is li!e the continual poundin o( Eave a(ter Eave upon the beachNta!e a step (orEard# o bac!# revieE# ta!e another step (orEard# o bac!# revieE66the approach o( 4erceivers is li!e a tsunami. 4erceivers ather up all their resources# time# and ener y into one mi hty# sel(6propellin tidal Eave that completes a tas! all at once and (orever. The idea o( nibblin # nibblin # nibblin # oin bac!# doin thin s over# doin thin s hal(Eay# doin a bit here and thereNnot happenin . 4erceivers pre(er to do thin s ri ht the (irst time# then never touch their Eor! a ain. To maintain momentum# a continual# unbro!en (loE o( an action is essential. <hether dealin Eith a paper# a study session# or a proMect# 4erceivers Eish to Eor! all at once. 3( they stopped# they Eould lose their momentum# they Eould be unable to pic! up Ehere they le(t o((# and they Eould Easte time. Further# the 'uality o( their Eor! Eould su((er. A 4erceiver*s best Eor! is holistic# complete# and uni(ied. )y contrast# "ud in students enMoy brea!in tas!s up into smaller parts so that they can enMoy a lon series o( Kmini6closures.L This is the policy recommended by most te,ts on academic success. 3nterestin # the researchers (ound that the lan ua e o( the te,ts re(lected this "ud in tendency to brea! thin s apart. Commonly used Eords included2 Kbite6si@e# bits# bloc!s# brea!# chun!s# divide# less# limit# parts# pieces# reduce# sections# separate# short# small# speci(ic# and sub oals.L 4erceivers# hoEever# unanimously reported that they pre(erred to do tas!s all at once rather than bit by bit. 3n (act# :1X (ound that the bit6by6bit approach reduced the 'uality o( their Eor!# made the Mob lon er# and diminished their pleasure in the activity. 4erceivers see time di((erently (rom "ud ers. <hereas (or "ud ers time is a controlled 'uantity# tic!in aEay in hours# minutes and seconds# (or 4erceivers time is an endless river. 4erceivers remar!# KOh# 3*ll (ind time someEhere#L K<e*ll have time#L KThere*s alEays time.L For 4erceivers# time is somethin that can alEays be scroun ed up someEhere# somehoE. "ud ers must control their time %throu h the use o( schedules and planners+ Ehereas 4erceivers simply adapt to use Ehatever amount o( time is available. "ud ers bud et their time# limit their time# and mana e their time. For 4erceivers# there are tEo times2 (ree time and crunch time. <hile "ud ers tend to (ocus on hoE time is passin # 4erceivers tend to (ocus on hoE much time is le(t. KTime is (leetin #L says the "ud er. KThere*s plenty o( time#L says the 4erceiver. 4erceivers vieE time li!e an elastic band that can be stretched or scrunched. 3( time Eere money# "ud ers Eould put P1 a day in the ban! (or a month# Ehile 4erceivers Eould put P-0 a day in the ban! on the last day o( the month. Or perhaps a better analo y Eould be the ame Tetris. A "ud er drops the bloc!s as (ast as they come# Eithout much re ard (or achievin a ma,imally e((icient arran ement. They Must Eant those bloc!s dealt Eith and one as (ast as possible. A 4erceiver# on the other hand# arran es the bloc!s so that they can compact as many as possible into the smallest amount o( space. A "ud er Eor!s harder# but a 4erceiver Eor!s more e((iciently. .eally# more e((icientlyA There are many time savin shortcuts that can be ta!en Ehen one does a tas! all at once. For one thin # you don*t have to o throu h the e((ort o( (indin everythin you need %boo!s# papers# Eebsites# citation uide# Eritin materials# etc+# usin it (or thirty minutes# then puttin it all bac!# only to set it all up a ain ne,t time. There is also the all6important (act that !noEled e accumulated all at once is (resh in one*s memory and can be used Eithout problems li!e K<here did 3 read thatAL or K=m# Eas it 1$:5# or 1$:7AL or K<hat pa e Eas that onAL Doin thin s all at once creates a situation Ehere the memori@ed (acts are recent# clear# and sharp. Thus %time6Eastin + revieE# 1$5

loo! up# doublechec!in # etc. is reduced. 3n terms o( the space mana ement# )ec!ham (ound that 4erceivers arran ed their Eor! so as to !eep important thin s in the (ore(ront o( their mind. .ather than mar!in a note in a planner to remind themselves that an important assi nment is due at a certain date# a 4erceiver Eill ta!e the pa e describin the assi nment# draE a bi circle around the due date# add some e,clamation points (or ur ency# and place it in a prominent spot Ehere they Eill see it re ularly. Thus the paper serves as a reminder# alloEin 4erceiver to !eep an eye on the approachin deadline so that they can act at the appropriate moment. The obviousness and prominence o( a location determines the si ni(icance o( the items that Eill be placed there as reminders. 8pace itsel( is the 4erceiver*s planner. One (inal principle Eas the idea o( Kau mentation#L Ehich )ec!ham de(ined as KA pattern o( co nition and action characteri@ed by the propensity (or addition and ampli(ication o( in(ormation# obMects# and e,periences.L 8he ave as an e,ample an 10F4 Eho continually collected pens and paper# more than she needed. Throu hout hi h school# 3 pic!ed up pens and pencils o(( the (loor %more than 3 ever neededN3 still have an entire bo, (ull+. Further# Ehen 3 buy supplies# 3 tend to etCsave more than 3 need. At this particular moment 3 have tEenty6tEo stic!y note pads# hal( in opened pac!a es# seven blan! noteboo!s and a bunch o( older# hal(6blan! noteboo!s# and a do@en (olders. 3 have not used the overEhelmin maMority o( my athered supplies# but they are ready in abundance i( 3 should ever need them. <hat o( the addition and ampli(ication o( in(ormationA 4erceivers see! to ather as much in(ormation be(ore actin %a(ter all# a neE piece o( in(ormation could chan e the Ehole picture+. <hen they do act# they act Eith the most up6to6date and complete in(ormation available.
0hat About /nsuccessful Perceivin) Stu'ents3

Durin the course o( the study )ec!ham made an e,amination o( the KhoE to succeed in colle eL literature. As it turns out# the advice o( the e,perts Eas aimed mainly toEards ur in students to act in a "ud in manner. Further# the literature actively condemned the 4erceivin approach. 3t seems that it is (irmly en rained Eithin the minds o( the predominantly "ud in education community that "ud in is the only Eay it is possible to succeed. This can also be seen by the (act that 30F4 educators believed that 18T"s Eere the ideal students. <hat this means is that i( a 4erceivin student has trouble in school# the advice they Eill et boils doEn to Kbecome a "ud er.L One mi ht as Eell say# K"ust (lap your Ein s and (ly. 8ee hoE easy it isA ?i!e this.L )ut an attempt to impose the "ud in style may actually do more harm than ood. As )ec!ham put it# K<hen a process is bro!en up or re'uires much repetition# ener y dissipates. ` The tas! becomes Eor!. 3t is no lon er (un# en a in # or challen in # and may even become empty o( purpose.L 3ndeed# Ehen the 4erceivin students in the study Eere (orced by their pro(essors to Eor! usin "ud in tactics# they Eere resistant to the imposition/ it (elt Eron # li!e they Eere bein as!ed to ive somethin up. The "ud in strate y (elt less satis(yin and less motivatin . 3t may be that in tryin to help 4erceivin students# academic counselors and teachers are settin them up (or discoura ement# e,haustion# and even (ailure. .ather than re'uirin 4erceivin students to behave li!e "ud ers# educators should (irst try to teach them hoE to use their inborn 4erceivin s!ills more s!ill(ully. ?et*s ta!e the most common area Ehere 4erceivers have trouble as an e,ample. This is# o( course# overshootin the re'uired deadline (or a proMect. .ather than su estin that the student start early and brea! the tas! up into bits# it Eould (irst be EorthEhile to loo! at the reasons Ehere the tsunami process Eent Eron . The oal o( such analysis is not e,plain Ehy 4erceivin is an in(erior approach so that a 1$7

"ud in strate y can be emplaced# but rather as a means to repairin Ehatever has one Eron Eith the ori inal 4erceivin strate y. For e,ample# did the student (or et the deadline because they did not place a reminder in a hi h priority locationA 4erhaps a pac! o( ultrabri ht stic!y notes could help# or a small reminder board (or their room Eith a handy mar!er nearby. Did the student underestimate the amount o( time re'uiredA )etter time estimation s!ills can be tau ht separately (rom "ud in time management s!ills. Did the student une,pectedly (ind themselves re'uired to divide their time up on tEo maMor proMects# resultin in a hal( e((ort on eachA 4erhaps the ;ncalendar21> can help. Did the student not ather the necessary tools %i.e. re(erences+ re'uired (or the tas! be(orehandA 4erhaps simply ettin into the habit o( Eritin # K<arnin 2 .emember to et ]# &# and ] at least (ive days earlyL at the top o( the assi nment could solve the problem. 3t ma!es sense to support natural 4erceiver methods rather than alEays tryin to replace them Eith "ud er methods. 8urely it is better to (i,ed an in rained# innate# e,istin system rather than attempt to substitute it Eith a Eholly alien one.

Conclusion
As Ee have seen# school is predominantly a "ud er environment# Ehatever level you reach. Certain aspects o( the institution# particularly those characteristic o( elementary and hi h school# create problems (or 30T4s. =oEever# those problems pale in comparison to the ones 30T4s e,perience i( they enter the 8"6dominated military.

21> The ;ncalendar is a KplannerL 3 discovered in colle e. 3t has the uni'ue (eature o( not havin any datesNthus# you can use it (or years and it Eon*t become obsolete. ?oo!in throu h my entries# 3 see that 3 mainly used it durin e,am Eee!s or durin particularly intensive times Ehen many thin s Eere due all at once. 3t acted as a coordinator betEeen the demands o( various classes# alloEin me to stac! the tetris bloc!s in the most compact manner.

1$:

,G- INTPs in the 4ilitary

Opinion surveys o( internet6usin 30T4s re ardin the type*s suitability (or military service revealed a unanimous cry o( K8tay aEay# stay aEaaaayFL Opinions Eere overEhelmin ly ne ative/ the vast maMority disli!ed their Mobs and the entire military atmosphere. One o(t6e,pressed sentiment Eas# K3t Eill ma!e the rest o( your li(e (eel easy.L 30T4s reported over and over that the military e,perience oes a ainst the rain# isnHt a ood (it# and is completely antithetical to the 30T4 pre(erences. Otis and ?ou!s noted that 30T4s pre(er to Eor! in environments that are K(le,ible# relatively unstructured# e alitarian# nonintrusive# and alloE the individual to pursue his or her oals independently at his or her oEn pace... 0eedless to say# military or ani@ations do not ordinarily meet any o( these criteria# e,cept perhaps in special circumstances such as (i htin a uerrilla Ear.L

NP vs- S *A)ain+
One reason (or this disli!e is that the peacetime %nondra(t+ military is composed mainly o( 18T"s and 38T"s#21$ and they set the tone. 3n terms o( Eor!in environments# 18T"s are the type that most (avors Kclear structures and responsibilitiesL and 38T"s are the type that most (avors Keverythin done by the boo!.L21B ?oo!in at the letters# 8" and 04 are opposite orientations. Many 30T4s complained about bein (orced to act li!e 8T"s/ others (ound havin 8T"s in authority over them ir!some. %0ote that 8"s are not the only type 30T4s may e,perience (riction Eith. Ieirsey# a pilot in the Marines durin <<33# remar!ed that he (ound the 84s too rec!less and ris!6ta!in .220 This sentiment has been echoed by other 30T4s.+ 9enerally spea!in # 30T4s (ind the e((ort to morph themselves into 8"s stress(ul/ a result to be e,pected considerin the results o( the cult study. The devil and all his demons are in the detailsNEhich are the (avorite (ocus o( sensors. )ut as intuitives# 30T4s do not care to deal Eith KminorL details/ rather# they pre(er a broad vieE o( the Eorld. 3n the military it is considered a bi problem to shoE up late or to not !eep oneHs uni(orm in the proper order. 30T4s are not !noEn (or ta!in to these thin s naturally ?i!eEise# 30T4s do not li!e routine or repetition/ the re'uirement (or (re'uent meetin s and drills is onerous to them. A common 30T4 complaint is that the military re'uires you to do the same thin every day. 30T4s particularly disli!e bein (orced into roles that involve labor that does not ma!e use o( their minds/ li!eEise# they disli!e trainin that involves rote memori@ation. All these aspects o( daily military li(e tend to leave an 30T4 bored and (rustrated. They may resort to creative means o( hidin and shir!in / anythin to escape the monotony. ;n(ortunately# the military does not provide many other opportunities (or creative e,pression. Finally# bureaucracy is any (orm is loathed by 30T4s# but alas# the 8"6oriented army is e,tremely Eell endoEed in this area. Otis and ?ou!s %1BB>+ noted that 30T4s in Gietnam tended to be attracted to rene ade out(its Ehich made up their oEn rules.

Autono$y vs- Control

?ac! o( autonomy is a maMor disli!e (or 30T4s in any Mob. 30T4s in the military (ind the re'uirement (or con(ormity and continual submission to authority ratin . )y the same to!en# 30T4s (eel very
21$ Allen# 200B 21B Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 220 Ieirsey# 1BB$a

1$>

(rustrated at bein compelled to constantly obey Kstupid rules.L They o(ten (ind army re ulations pointless# constrainin # and absurd. 30T4s may (eel that the military re'uires them to turn o(( their brains or stop thin!in . 3mmediate# un'uestionin obedience to orders Eill not come naturally to this type/ it is totally alien to their independent# (ree6thin!in nature. Furthermore# 30T4s %li!e all .ationals+ do not trust the e,perts/ vested authority has little Eei ht Eith them. ;nsurprisin ly# 30T4s servicemen consistently described hoE they (elt loE respect (or the authority o( their superior o((icers# Ehich they o(ten vieEed as bein based upon seniority rather than actual merit. Complaints revolved around commandin o((icers Eho Eere Kstupid#L overly nitpic!y# over6punishin # overbearin and controllin . 30T4s also tend to have a rather e alitarian vieE o( the Eorld. This may also lead to a disli!e o( arti(icial ran!in s and the customs that set superiors apart (rom subordinates# i.e. the o((icerCenlisted man divide.

Privacy
?ac! o( privacy is characteristic o( many areas o( the military. )ein continuously other people can be drainin on introverts# especially Ehen solitude and isolation may be ne,t to impossible to (ind.

6ther Dra9backs
9iven all o( this# it can be seen Ehy 30T4s are perceived as lac!in team spirit# esprit de corps# or Must enerally bein unenthusiastic. 1motional appeals to Kduty# honorL and other values seemed to hold limited value to 30T4s as motivational techni'ues. Another interestin (act is that 30T4s tend to have Kuni'ueL political vieEs. For e,ample# they may (ind themselves 'uestionin their countryHs military obMectives or methods. 0eedless to say# this ma!es their Mob even less pleasant. 8ave (or those (eE Eho (ind their niche# the military seems to o((er (eE satis(iers (or the 30T4. )y the end o( enlistment# 30T4s are apt to (eel constrained and trapped/ they are ea er to escape. This is understandable Ehen one considers that 30T4s tend to Mob hop a lot. The idea o( not bein able to 'uit on demand is sti(lin . One other thin o( note is that the military is hard on oneHs (amily li(e. 30T4s have a tou h enou h time stayin married already. This should be ta!en into consideration Ehen plannin a career.

PTSD
Otis %type 30T4+ %2007+ Eas tas!ed Eith puttin to ether a treatment pro ram to help veterans Eith 4T8D %4ost Traumatic 8tress Disorder+. =e had them ta!e the M)T3# and discovered that >0X o( the roup consisted o( 38T"s# 30T4s# and 38T4s. There Eere 15 30T4s out o( 27B total participants# 1.>: times as many as Eas (ound in a sample o( veterans in individual psychotherapy (or non4T8D causes. The 3T4s Eere the tEo most overrepresented types in the study. <hy so manyA Otis speculated that 38T4s and 30T4s are pre(erentially selected (or combat roles by both their superiors and their oEn natural inclinations. =e notes# KThe 3ZT4s are tou h6minded# able to control their emotions# adventurous# Eillin to ta!e ris!s# and tas!6oriented. Althou h they tend to be a bit rebellious# they have personal characteristics pri@ed on the battle(ield.L 5 out o( the 15 30T4s in the roup belon ed to military intelli ence/ in (act# every sin le roup member belon in to military intelli ence Eas an 30T4. These 30T4s reported livin in constant (ear 1$$

o( bein uncovered by the enemy. They also (elt uilty about certain duties# such as the use o( interro ation techni'ues# assassinations# etc. Otis notes that since these 30T4s tended to Eor! alone# they did not have the sense o( camaraderie that the other soldiers (elt. 3nterestin ly# Otis made an attempt to lin! up the causes o( 4T8D Eith type. For 38T4s and 30T4s# he su ests# 4T8D is tied to Eitnessin or bein involved Eith an un(air and inMustice act# (or e,ample# the pointless slau hter o( de(enseless civilians. On a side note# Otis records that the avera e len th o( service (or 3T4s Eas 57 months# or about 5 years. )y contrast# 38T"s stayed (or about >: months# or about : years. 38T"s# hoEever# tend to stay at their Mobs lon er than avera e anyEay.

Positives
Are they any positives to Moinin the militaryA 30T4s enMoy the opportunity to travel the Eorld and meet people (rom di((erent cultures. This coincides Eith the (act that 30T4s are one o( the (our types that most enMoy the Eor! environment characteristic K3nternational opportunities.L221 Althou h most 30T4s disli!e their military e,perience# it is not uncommon (or them to e,press that they Eere lad (or it in retrospect. They vieEed it as a character6buildin e,perience# and noted that it helped them build con(idence# develop interpersonal s!ills# become more e((ective# and develop 8" s!ills. =oEever# others note that the military did not help them in these areas# so results may vary. <hatever the case# most 30T4s tended to a ree that there must be a better Eay to build character than in the military# and that they Eould never o bac!.

Conclusion
8ave (or a (eE niches# the military %li!e the public school system+ is basically not an 30T4 environment. The reason that 30T4s do not (it in is that the institutional culture in both cases is overEhelmin ly 9uardian. 8uch environments are the least suitable habitat (or 30T4s. 0oE please# don*t Eal! aEay (rom this boo! as a 9uardian6hatin type bi ot %see appendi,+. There is no Kevil 9uardian conspiracyL out to et 30T4s. .ather# Ehat happens in these cases is simply the result o( a maMority type arran in the customs o( an institution to suit their oEn type pre(erences. The e,act same thin happens in 30T4 dominated environments. &ou should be aEare that un30T4 environments e,ist (or much the same reason that you should be aEare that patches o( 'uic!sand e,ist Nnot to loath and despise the hapless sand# but simply to avoid it. 3n the ne,t chapter Ee*ll loo! at 30T4 dominated environments.

221 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

1$B

,H- INTP "nviron$ents

Did you !noE that eo raphy is related to personalityA There are even studies to prove it. One such study used the )i Five to assess the personality traits o( (i(ty6one samples o( some several thousand people each# one (or each state in the ;8A plus the District o( Columbia.222 <hen avera ed out# it became apparent that some states Eere more introverted than others# some states Eere more perceivin than others# etc. %.ead here+ This raises an interestin 'uestion2 is there an ideal 30T4 culture Eithin the ;nited 8tatesA The (ive most introverted states Eere as (olloEs# ran!ed (rom most introverted to least introverted2 1. Maryland 2. 0eE =ampshire 7. !laska 5. <ashin ton 7. Germont The (ive most intuitive states# (rom most intuitive to least intuitive# Eere2 1. District o( Columbia 2. 0eE &or! -. Ore on 5. Massachusetts 7. <ashin ton The (ive most thin!in states# (rom most thin!in to least thin!in # Eere2 8. !laska 2. District o( Columbia -. <yomin 5. 0evada 7. 0eE &or! The (ive most perceivin states# (rom most perceivin to least perceivin # Eere2 8. !laska 2. Maine -. =aEaii 5. .hode 3sland 7. <yomin As can be seen# Alas!a leads the pac! in terms o( T4 pre(erences/ it Eas also the third most introverted state. One thin it does not have is intuition/ in (act# Alas!a is the (i(th most sensin state. Alas!a is essentially an 38T4 paradise. 3t is also the closest thin in the ;8A to an 30T4 culture.
222 .ent(roE# 9oslin # R 4otter# 200$

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As it happens# 3 live in Alas!a. 8ince it appears this subculture supports 30T4 pre(erences better than most# a discussion o( hoE these conditions Eere created and Ehat they consist o( is in order.

ENorth to the (utureF

Alas!a styles itsel( as the ?ast Frontier# a slo an Ehich is not inaccurate as (ar as the ;8 is concerned. 3t is a (rontier Eith internet and cable TG# but a (rontier nonetheless. For e,ample# as a child 3 Eorried about ettin eaten by bears and Eolves. %3n (act# 3 still Eorry about these thin s.+ One o( the interestin thin s about (rontiers is that they attract people Eho donHt (it in elseEhere. This process is !noEn as Kselective mi ration.L A pastor e,plained it by sayin # KAlas!a is the ends o( the 1arth. All the people Eho are runnin (rom their problems come here.L 3n short# Alas!a is the ;8A*s national sin! (or Eeirdos# hippies# troublema!ers and noncon(ormists. .ather ethnocentrically# Alas!ans re(er to nonAlas!an areas as Kthe Outside.L One o( the reasons that such people ma!e their home here is that (rontiers arenHt bi on re ulations# bureaucracy and overnmental supervision. This is a boon to 30T4s# Eho are one o( the least rule conscious types. My 30T4 (ather told me once that he li!ed livin in Alas!a because the rest o( America has too many pes!y rules. 3 Eas rather ama@ed to (ind out this Eas true. %K&ou need a license (or thatA Are you !iddin meAL+ 9iven the types Ehich are attracted to Alas!a# it is not surprisin that the culture is (iercely individualistic. There is an 3ndependence party advocatin secession to Ehich my (amily and 3 have belon ed at various points. %3t is not a((iliated Eith the 8outhern party. Alas!ans tend to vieE secession in terms o( American colonials vs. the oppressive )ritish motherland.+ 3T4s are a rebellious lot. 3 can only speculate on the type composition o( the thirteen colonies... And Ehat about ender rolesA The ideal Alas!an (emale deviates stron ly (rom the usual role# as can be seen by the stereotype o( the KAlas!a 9irlL enshrined on ubi'uitous bumper stic!ers. The Alas!a 9irl hunts# (ishes# and does manual labor Eith the uys. As one Mo!e oes# KAlas!a2 Ehere men are men and Eomen are men.L 3s it admired# thou h not re'uired# (or a Eoman to behave li!e an 8T466 tou h# sel(6reliant# capable# and physically s!ill(ul. Alas!an Eomen operate minin e'uipment# (ly bushplanes# and shoot bi ame. <hat about (ashionA As one Alas!an boo! put it# KFashion means your (ur hat is dead.L Dress that Eould be considered uncouth# rou h or odd elseEhere is normal on a (rontier. One can already ima ine hoE much more easily a (emale 30T4 could inte rate into this culture than avera e. 3 could (ill this boo! Eith stories about hoE 3 shoc!ed the ender e,pectations o( neEcomers to the state. As one Cali(ornian observed a(ter 3 demonstrated the ability o( Eomen to li(t heavy obMects Eithout assistance# KAlas!an irls are di((erent (rom Cali(ornia irls.L Alas!a also has a very# very loE population density# and it is socially acceptable to live alone in a small cabin in the middle o( noEhere. 8ort o( li!e an 30T4 heaven# i( youHre Eillin to put up Eith si, strai ht months o( cold and dar!ness. "ames %2000+ has su ested that KThe homeland o( the 30T4Hs psyche is a small and co@y community# isolated in the middle o( a vast e,panse o( Eilderness.L 3 EonHt speculate on this (urther# but it seems li!e an apt description o( Alas!a. 3 Eish every (emale 30T4 could live in a culture that accepted and valued their 3T4 traits. 3t is too bad that there are so (eE (rontiers le(t. 3 uess EeHll Must have to Eait (or space to open up.

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An INTP (a$ily
<hat about an 30T4 (amily settin A 9iven that the authorHs (amily is composed mainly o( 30T4s %plus one 10T4 and one 18T"+# it may be instructive to study the mani(estations o( type Eithin a predominantly 30T4 (amily. 8o Ehat is such a domestic unit li!eA As the e,asperated 18T" put it# O3t*s li!e livin Eith a (amily o( laEyersFO For e,ample. On one occasion# there Eas some disa reement betEeen husband %30T4+ and Ei(e %18T"+ over Ehether the author should be alloEed to buy a pet rodent. The 18T" then Eent on a trip. <hen she returned# she (ound that the (amily had ac'uired a rabbit and some erbils. 0aturally there Eas a discussion o( hoE the creatures appeared# since purchasin rodents had been e,pressly (orbidden. )ut as it turned out# the pet store Eas havin a special on pet (ood in Ehich you could et free erbils i( you bou ht a sac! o( their (ood. The rabbit Eas ac'uired (rom the (ree ad column. 8ince none o( these creatures had technically been bought# the 30T4 husband and his 30T4 dau hter had actually not violated the previous a reement. 3 suppose this Eas dad*s reven e (or hoE mom ot me a cat Ehile he Eas aEay on a trip. 0o one in the (amily could (ind lost obMects as Eell as the 18T". )ein a sensor# she Eas (ocused on the details o( the outside Eorld/ by comparison# the rest o( the (amily seemed blind and dea(. Fre'uently Ee Eould search an area (or a lost obMect and not (ind it/ then she Eould search and somehoE it Eould turn up. K3t Eas ri ht thereF =oE could you miss itAL she Eould e,claim uncomprehendin ly. <hen not debatin amon st ourselves# the 0T4s (ormed a votin bloc! that constituted the %silent+ maMority. 8ometimes the 18T" Eould sha!e her head and say# KThis (amily is so Eeird.L Then Ee Eould lo ically point out that as the maMority# Ee Eere by de(inition normal# Ehereas as the minority# she Eas by de(inition Eeird. The (amilyHs lone 9uardian never did accept that line o( reasonin . KThereHs somethin Eron Eith this (amily#L she Eould complain. %At the same time# she Eas perversely proud o( her Eeird# ee!y little household. 8he re(erred to us as Othe Addams (amily.O The (amily myth claims that the name Adams has been passed doEn to us (rom the 4residents "ohn and Duincy Adams66both 0T" .ationals. )ut that Eas not the Adams (amily she Eas re(errin to.+ The 18T"# incidentally# Eas somethin li!e the (amily cat herder. Althou h li!e all 18T"s she had a naturally dominant personality# it Eas hard to impose authority on a roup o( 30T4s# Eho as a Ehole are particularly averse to outside su estion. Furthermore# bein ar umentative .ationals %particularly the 10T4+# Ee seldom ave in to her ar uments# Ehich tended to be based on con(ormity to social norms rather than lo ic. Our (amily Eas sort o( li!e a microcosm o( Ehat the Eorld Eould be li!e i( the 'uantities o( 9uardians and .ationals Eere reversed. The !itchen table Eas alEays covered Eith readin material/ computers outnumbered (amily members/ and most o( the (amily could 'uote 8tar <ars by heart. There Eas# o( course# the characteristic hairsplittin 2 Mom2 K4ass the butter.L Dad2 K<e donHt have any butter. All Ee have is mar arine.L 1B2

Mom2 %e,asperated+ K"ust hand me the mar arine.L 8iblin 12 KCan 3 see thatAL 8iblin 22 K8ure.L %8iblin 2 does not ive item to 8iblin 1.+ 8iblin 12 K<ellAL 8iblin 22 KOh# you mean you Eanted to see it Eith your handsAL Children2 K=oE much money did Ee earn this monthAL Dad2 K0one.L Children2 %si h+ K=oE much currency did Ee earn this monthAL My dad Eas proud o( hoE di((erent his 0T4 children Eere (rom the other !ids# and conveyed the distinct impression that bein an 0T4 Eas better than bein %borin ly+ normal. =oEever# at one point the 10T4 observed bluntly# K3Hve noticed that compared to other (amilies# ours is silent# cold# untal!ative# anti6social and never does anythin to ether.L Mom Eor!ed at an o((ice durin the day Ehile Dad stayed home and Eor!ed on the house. As a result# much o( my childhood Eas spent in an all6male# all630T4 environment. &ou can understand Ehy there Eas never any pressure on me to do O irlO thin s. My brother and 3 played Eith cars# dinosaurs# le os and My ?ittle 4onies to ether. )ut instead o( combin the poniesH hair and puttin it in berets# Ee Eould ta!e them on dan erous e,peditions across the desert o( the (ront yard and the steamin Mun les o( the laEn. O=elp me....ainboE =eart...3*m...dyin ...o( thirst...O my pony Eould asp as it sta ered and collapsed. O3*ll...try#O his pony Eould Ehee@e bravely# dra in mine onEard across the bla@in sands. KOh loo!# thereHs the Mun leF <ater at lastFL The ponies Eould then et hopelessly lost and have to (ind their Eay out a ain. 3*ll alEays be rate(ul that 3 Eas never (emini@ed.

Conclusion
3t is not common (or 30T4s to (ind themselves in pure630T4 environments# thou h it is common (or 8"s and 84s to (ind themselves in such environments. )i@arrely# thou h my e,periences in this re ard ma!e me uni'ue amon 30T4s# it contradictorily ma!es me KnormalL in a lar er conte,t. From cradle to rave# most people are surrounded by members o( their oEn type and temperament. )ut (or 30T4s# the university %or internet+ may be the (irst place Ehere they can e,perience a subculture that is suited to their uni'ue pre(erences. <hat Eould it be li!e# 3 Eonder# i( the Eorld Eas completely 30T4A

1B-

;K- Intipilan' & "thno)raphy of an Insular /topia

The (olloEin is the result o( a series o( letters 3 e,chan ed Eith a mysterious 30T4 visitor claimin to be (rom a place called KMabtiland.L =e himsel( har!ens (rom 3ntipiland# one o( the si,teen islands composin Mabtiland. 3 hope that this ethno raphy# brie( thou h it is# Eill be help(ul (or anthropolo ists curious about the customs and culture o( an all630T4 society.

A !rief .eolo)y Lesson

<e 3ntipians call our Eorld KMabtiland.L Our land is not divided into continents# as yours is/ rather# it is divided into (our reat archipela os. The lar est archipela os are the 9Ear Diun and Artesano roups# Ehich to ether ma!e up some :7X o( the planet*s e,posed land mass. The people o( 9Ear Diun are !noEn (or their trade# history and ceremonious hospitality# Ehile the Earli!e Artesanos produce the (inest clothes# Eeapons# and entertainment. A smaller archipela o# the mysterious Aydeellyst Chain# is composed o( a system o( volcanos Ehich (lan!s 9Ear Diun on the Eest. 8hrouded in (o and rin ed by dan erous ree(s# the Aydeellyst Chain is one o( the least understood re ions o( Mabtiland# thou h it is Eell !noEn (or its poetry and arts. The last archipela o# the .ashana 9roup# contains my oEn island o( 3ntipiland. "ust as Mabtiland is composed o( (our archipela os# so is the .ashana 9roup composed o( (our islands# the .ashanas. 8ome brie( notes on these islands (olloE. The lar est and most (amous o( the .ashanans is the island o( 1ntaM# Ehich thrice ruled over the Ehole o( Mabtiland durin the periods o( 2126-0B )C# :-06B57 AD# and 122261270 AD. The 1ntaM lan ua e# FeldmraM# has le(t its mar! upon all the lan ua es o( the archipela os. 3n addition# many ancient ruins o( 1ntaM can be (ound throu hout Mabtiland# even in the heart o( the Aydeellyst Archipela o itsel(. Today# 1ntaM is the most poEer(ul island in the .ashana 9roup# and one o( the richest. .ivalin 1ntaM in (ame is its Eestern cousin# the isle o( 0eteepi. 3t is Eell !noEn that the 0eteepians Eere the (irst to put a man in orbit# the (irst to put a Eoman on Mars# and the (irst to put a sentient machine on Alpha Centauri. As the main economic adversary o( 1ntaM# 0eteepi has a reputation as a leader in technolo y. 0eteepian speculators built the (irst airplane and (inanced the construction o( the (irst (aster than li ht vessel. Most recently# they have dipped their (in ers into the bur eonin (ield o( teleportation. 0eteepians have a Eell6deserved reputation (or inventive entrepreneurship and rec!less e,perimentation. To the east o( 0eteepi lies the island o( "int# the O;niversity o( the <orld.O 3t is said o( "int that Ehile 0eteepi Eas the (irst to put a man on the Mars# "int Eas the (irst to put a living man on Mars. "int has the lon est and most stable history o( all the islands o( .ashana. 3ts hi hly success(ul technocratic overnmental system# datin bac! to 700 )C# has remained (or the most part unchan ed throu hout the millennia %e,cludin the periods Ehere it Eas occupied by 1ntaM+. This stability and unity has alloEed "int to accomplish reat thin s663 spea! o( its tidal poEer eneratin system# producin ener y (or the Ehole island/ its prosperous o((Eorld colonies/ and o( course its unparalleled space elevator. My oEn island o( 3ntipi lies northeast o( "int# across the strai hts o( "uMan .

Cli$ate
3ntipi is the smallest and most isolated island o( the .ashana 9roup. ?i!e the rest o( the .ashana isles# it lies in Mabtiland*s polar re ion and has a cold# Eintry climate (or most o( the year. Due to the 1B5

seasonal tilt o( Mabtiland# the sun is seldom visible durin Einter/ thus# an avera e day consists mainly o( dar!ness bro!en around noon by a pale tEili ht. Durin the short# intense summer there is constant dayli ht# Ehich is (ortunate indeed (or the a ricultural industry. 3ntipi produces the lar est ve etables o( any island on Mabtiland# Eith Eorld6record holdin cabba es# s'uash# pump!ins# and broccoli. =oEever# (or most o( the year Ee subsist upon a diet o( (ish# seals# shell(ish# and mus!o,en. Our diet is plain# but Ee are content.

Lifestyle
3 mention our challen in climatic conditions in part to e,plain Ehy Ee spend most o( our time indoors Eith our Earm cats# boo!s# and computers. The philosopher 8ner! observed# OThe library lab is the heart o( the home#O and it is Eell !noEn that every Eell6to6do 3ntipian dEellin is e'uipped Eith a library lab22- that serves as the central atherin place o( the (amily. 4arents and children Eill Moin to ether on the internet (or communal ames and (amily trips. 3ntipian parents Eill o(ten Eor! (rom home Ehile their children play on the computers beside them. <e do not have KtelephonesL as you call them/ such noisy intrusions on our privacy Eould be deeply resented. 3n accordance Eith our pre(erence (or 'uiet and seclusion# our homes are laid out so that each member o( the (amily has their oEn room/ it is impolite to enter Eithout !noc!in (irst. The inner and outer Ealls o( the house are thorou hly soundproo(ed so that the deni@ens may enMoy peace and silence throu hout the day. &et underlyin the notorious insularity o( the 3ntipian li(estyle is a vast virtual universe. The avera e 3ntipian has seen more stran e virtual places and people than most people Eill see in a li(etime# and curiosity drives us on to OdiscoverO more and more. <e have made an industry o( internal cybertourism. 0or is it atypical (or youn 3ntipians to buy a ship and (ly out past the ed e o( !noEn space to encounter Ehatever there mi ht be.

Speech an' !o'y Lan)ua)e

3ntipians consider it rude to spea! overmuch. KThose Eho spea!# donHt thin!#L 3ntipian elders tell their children. 3mpassivity and minimal body lan ua e is e,pected (rom a youn a e. One o(t6'uoted snatch o( poetry oes# K4er(ection is the stone# the ice# the inscrutable man.L Those Eho cannot control their (aces and bodies are considered untrustEorthy and insincere. 3n public places# a hushed voice is used to avoid raisin the communal volume level above acceptable levels. 8ome 3ntipians pre(er not to spea! at all/ it is customary (or these to use dar!6colored lip coatin s to indicate that they pre(er minimal conversation. 3t is considered a mar! o( shame to lose control and raise oneHs voice. Gisitors are o(ten surprised to learn that there are parts o( 3ntipiland# usually buildin s o( study or research# and occasionally private homes# Ehere spea!in is (orbidden. These places are indicated by a blac! si n Eith Ehite letterin readin # K=i h Focus Area. =andsi n Only.L Most 3ntipians have a !noEled e o( si n su((icient to communicate. The estures are reserved and use mainly the (in ers and Erists.

Lan)ua)e
The 3ntipian lan ua e is called Ka!odomi@#L and it has become the lin ua (ranca o( the entire .ashana
22- The Klibrary labL is a uni'uely 3ntipian room combinin library and computer lab. The computer stations are o(ten separated by boo!shelves that (orm a privacy screen.+

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academic community. Thou h a treatment o( its rammar and vocabulary Eould be beyond the scope o( this Eor!# 3 Eill hi hli ht a (eE points that many (ind uni'ue. The Eord akodomi6 can be bro!en into three parts. The pre(i, ako6 is related to the Eord akrinvi Ehich means Kprecise.L ;om# Ehen used by itsel(# can indicate either Klan ua e#L KEordsL or Kmeanin s.L The 6mi6 su((i, indicates that a Eide ran e o( variability should be applied to the Eord dom. Thus# akodomi6 means Kprecise lan ua e or Eords or meanin s.L 3ko6 and 6mi6 are hi hly important 'uali(iers in the lan ua e. 3ndeed# there is an entire roup o( pre(i,es and su((i,es !noEn as Kspeci(iersL that indicate Ehat de ree o( precision or ambi uity should be assi ned to a sentence# Eord# or idea. 8u((i,es are most commonly used to e,press ambi uity# Ehile pre(i,es are (avored (or precision. For e,ample# suppose that an 3ntipian Eished to e,press the thou ht that K3 saE an ea le (lyin over the hill tEo Eee!s a o#L yet there Eas uncertainty in the spea!er*s mind over Ehether he saE an ea le or a haE!. Also# the hill Eas rather small# and mi ht more properly be termed an uprise. )ut the spea!er clearly remembers that he saE the haE! e<actly (ourteen days prior. To indicate the ea leChaE! uncertainty# the spea!er Eould use the 8u((i, o( 4erception# 6ma6# Ehich indicates uncertainty o( identi(ication o( a person# place or thin . A di((erent su((i,# the 8u((i, o( Duantity# 6mo6# Eould be used to describe the hill. 6mo6 indicates uncertainty o( si@e# Eei ht# distance# hei ht and other measurable 'uantities. A (urther su((i,# 6e or 6el can be added on a(terEards to indicate Ehether to err on the plus or minus side. The opposite o( 6mo6 is ako6:# the 4re(i, o( Duantity. <hereas 6mo@ indicates uncertainty# ako66 indicates precision. To indicate that precisely (ourteen days have passed since the si htin # the 4re(i, o( Duantity is added to the number (ourteen. Thus# a listener can conclude that the spea!er saE an ea le6li!e bird (lyin over Ehat should probably be considered a smallish hill e,actly (ourteen days previously. )ecause o( its many su((i,es and pre(i,esNo( Ehich there are too many to numberNakodomi6 alloEs the spea!er to condense a reat many thou hts doEn into the minimum amount re'uired to e,press an ideaNno more# no less. Much o( our island*s reputation (or terseness is undoubtedly derived (rom the economy o( Eords provided by the structure o( our lan ua e. Finally# akodomi6 has more K'uestion EordsL than any other lan ua e. <ho# Ehat# Ehen# Ehere# Ehy# hoENthe stunted vocabulary o( your 1n lish lan ua e cannot do the Mustice to the amount and !inds o( 'uestions in the universe. Many (eel that the lac! o( 'uestion Eords in the lan ua es used outside o( .ashana are to blame (or the lac! o( technolo ical development in the other archipela os. 4erhaps this e,plains Ehy your 1arth has (ailed to develop Eith the same rapidity as our planet.

Sports
8tarin contests have lon been a sport in 0orthern .ashana. The ame ori inated around 200 )C as a primitive manhood rite. 3n this ancient ritual# youn initiates Eould stare into a smo!y (ire and ansEer al ebra 'uestions. 3( they cried# they Eere rele ated to another year o( childhood. 1very (ive years# contestants (rom "int and 3ntipi meet and battle (or victory in the Olympic 8tarin Contest. This event attracts spectators (rom as (ar aEay as 0eteepi and 1ntaM# Eho come to enMoy the tense drama o( the matches and some o( the best s!iin in .ashana. The eventHs location rotates betEeen 3ntipiHs 3sitelos Dome and "intHs Oculorium. 1B:

8tares are Mud ed (or len th# la@e# intimidation# impassivity# vapidness and (ocus. The "intians are !noEn (or their many triumphs in the area o( intimidation and impassivity# Ehile 3ntipians traditionally usually ta!e home a old in la@e. On one remar!able occasion# K1a leL Ay o( 3ni( 4ei too! home old in every area save (or intimidation# in Ehich he received only a disappointin $.-. Althou h he contested the results on the rounds that the sun Eas re(lectin o(( a spectatorHs lasses and ettin in his eyes# the results Eere upheld. The most (amous starer o( all time Eas# o( course# K)lan! )oyL o( 3ntipi# the 17 year old Eho achieved immortality (or continuin to stare at his opponent Ehile a (ly craEled over his iris. ?ater he Eould e,plain# K3 didnHt even notice it. 3 Eas too busy thin!in about an idea 3 had (or a neE !leene, bo,.L

Architecture
3ntipi is the most ener y e((icient island in Mabtiland. The reason (or our success is our choice o( dEellin # Ehich is a eodesic dome !noEn in slan terms as an Oi loo.O ;nli!e real i loos# Ehich are made o( ice# our i loos consist o( a concrete and metal (rameEor! surmounted by a layer o( insulatin (oam. 0ot only are such i loos the most spacious o( any dEellin # they are also the most thermally e((icient since they have the least sur(ace area (or the most enclosed volume66!ey in our climate. )esides this# they are all but immune to natural disasters. Despite the obvious practicality o( this simple desi n# 3ntipian homes are o(ten scorned as small# poor and plain. And certainly# compared to the palaces o( 1ntaM and the spraElin mansions o( 0eteepi# this may be so. =oEever# Ee 3ntipians pre(er a simple# e((icient li(e (ree (rom unnecessary burdens/ this alloEs us to concentrate on the thin s that really matter66namely the li(e o( the mind. One (inal consideration is that in the virtual realm# each 3ntipian oEns numerous ele antly desi ned houses# each a uni'ue Eor! o( art (illed Eith priceless treasures. 3s it any surprise that Ee care little (or the e,ternal trappin s o( physical e,istenceA &et there is one e,ception to this rule. Our old capitol stands in star! contrast to simple# un(ettered e,istence Ee enMoy in our private lives. Those Eho have seen the i loos that Ee live in must Eonder at the splendor o( the (lyin spheres# the s!eletal Tree# the ruins o( the Temple o( .eason# and the modern domed architecture Ehich is ac!noEled ed to be the most ma ni(icent in the Eorld. )esides this# Ee have in our ?ibrary o( Architecture several million scrolls Eith blueprints o( the most (antastic sort. %0eedless to say# althou h Ee could build them# Ee see better uses (or the money and time.+ Most o( the e,tant capitol buildin s Eere desi ned by the le endary architect Ii(uti in 2-0 )C durin the (irst 1ntaMan occupation# Ehen the con'uerors Eished to beauti(y their neE property. 0eEer buildin s Eere added a(terEard as Ee e,perimented Eith various overnin systems.

.overn$ent
3ntipiland is the only success(ul lon 6lastin anarchist society on Mabtiland. To be sure# it is not entirely anarchistic66thousands o( tiny communes Eith e,perimental overnments e,ist throu hout the island66but enerally spea!in # there is no overnment. The anarchistic system Eas (inally settled upon a(ter (ailed tests o( pantisocracy# communism# socialism# consociationalism# isocracy# erontocracy# technocracy# computacracy# a caste system# a constitutional monarchy# and other short6lived overnmental systems Ehich are too numerous to mention. %For a comprehensive history o( 3ntipi*s overnments# the reader is re(erred to 8tudius* 3 History of 'ntipian 4ystems of =overnment /ol* 1 : 11.+ The chaos Erou ht by these political 1B>

e,periments has no doubt contributed to our society*s notorious distrust (or overnmental authority o( every !ind. 0eEcomers to 3ntipi o(ten Eonder hoE the population deals Eith problems o( laE# crime and punishment# since there is neither a le al system# nor any police (orce# nor a prison system. Thou h this may seemin ly be a recipe (or disaster# in (act crimes are 'uite rare than!s to the hi h moral character o( the populace. <e 3ntipians despise laEs# but Ee stand vehemently behind the principles represented by them. <hen a crime reco ni@ed as such is committed# the lac! o( a police (orce is entirely compensated (or by the local population*s deli ht in solvin crimes. 3ndeed# some have su ested that crime6solvin is somethin li!e the uno((icial national sport o( 3ntipiland. <hen the criminal is inevitably captured# he or she is tried by a Mury o( his peers and an appropriate punishment is chosen. 3ntipian Mustice is variable and o(ten creative# but never un(air# (or our stern character is matched by the most per(ect obMectivity. 1ven 3ntipian criminals themselves have been !noEn to ar ue (or harsher sentences because they considered their Mud es biased. Debates may run lon 66Ee 3ntipians relish debate as much as Ee relish solvin crimes66but eventually a punishment Eill be decided upon. The severity o( the punishment is variable and may include sei@ure o( property# banishment# (orced labor# and even the death penalty. )ecause o( its politically advanced system o( overnment66or lac! thereo(663ntipi is o(ten described as the (reest island in the Eorld. 3t is the only island in Ehich arti(icial li(e(orms are considered e'ual to or anic li(e(orms. For this reason# 3ntipi has the hi hest proportion o( robots to humans in the entire .ashana 9roup. %3ntipi also has the hi hest proportion o( automatons to sentient li(e(orms o( all nations. Automatons have lar ely replaced sentient machines as the servant class. )ut 3 di ress.+

1istory
3 spo!e o( our old capitol# and hoE it Eas beauti(ied by the 1ntaMans. 3n (act# 3ntipi has thrice been occupied by our a ressive southern nei hbor. The result o( these successive occupations is an indelible suspicion o( the 1ntaMans* motivations. 1ach and every Eee!# several hundred neE articles are devoted to si@in up 1ntaMa*s military capabilities and speculatin upon developments in their political system. 3 shall not delve into this comple, and controversial subMect save to provide a history o( the last three occupations.
,st 6ccupation= ,GK !C to ?@K !C & NThe "vil Ti$eN

This period o( 3ntipian history Eas mar!ed by draconian overnment and the (irst introduction o( slavery. The cleverest 3ntipian en ineers# chemists# doctors# philosophers and mathematicians Eere collected and deported to 1ntaM. Amon them Eas the physician =ipocrites# Eho brou ht Eith him a ca e (ull o( mus!rats that Eere in(ected Eith a peculiar and terrible disease. There are many accounts o( Ehat happened ne,t. One story says that an 1ntaMan slavemaster ave =ipocrites a bloE Eith the Ehip to ma!e him hurry up so that they could depart on time %the 1ntaMans are notorious particular about doin thin s KpunctuallyL+. =ipocrites dropped the ca e and the mus!rats escaped onto the ship. 8oon a(ter# sailors be an to die o( a mysterious disease# and they passed it on to the doc! Eor!ers# Eho passed it on to the underta!ers# Eho passed it on to the rest o( the island. Another version claims that =ipocrites released the mus!rats himsel( Ehen they arrived in the 1ntaMan capitol. 3n any case# the disease %Ehich Eould soon come to be !noEn as the O4unctual 1B$

FeverO+ 'uic!ly spread across 1ntaM by means o( the e,cellent road system. <ithin a year# hal( the population had died# includin the !in himsel(. At this point =ipocrites is said to have Odiscovered a cure.O Thus ended the (irst occupation.
;n' 6ccupation= 5,5 to HA5 AD & NThe 6ppressionN

This# the lon est period o( 1ntaMan occupation# Eas in (act a period o( reat scienti(ic advancement in 3ntipi. The 3ndustrial .evolution Ehich had be un in 0eteepi spread 'uic!ly to the other .ashanan islands# resultin in rapid technolo ical advances. Durin this time much o( the drud ery o( manual labor Eas li(ted (rom the bac!s o( 3ntipian commoners and passed onto tireless machines. Once (reed (rom the tedium o( daily toil# 3ntipian intellectual thou ht (lourished. &et in spite o( the valuable discoveries made by 3ntipian theorists# emperor Ovarool 33 Eas displeased Eith his neE ac'uisition. A tele raph sent to him by the then6 overnor o( 3ntipi re(lects the problems he encountered in trans(ormin 3ntipi into a productive territory2
...As re ards the rest To( the problemsU# they emer e chie(ly (rom the character o( the islanders# Eho are all o( a la@y and rebellious disposition. 8top. <ithout constant supervision# all Eor! ceases at once and the Eor!ers turn to idle tal! about politics# reli ion and li!e. 8top. 8till others stare stupidly into space. 8top. 3 cannot tell the e,certions TsicU 3 have plied simply to coerce the 3ntipians to arrive (or Eor! on time# but even this is 'uite beyond them. 8top. Most arrive up to an hour late# i( at all. 8top. To cite a recent e,ample# 3 had a man (lo ed (our and (i(ty times (or the o((ense o( tardiness# and upon recovery he 'uite deliberately continued his earlier pattern o( behavior. 8top. 3ndeed# chastisements o( all !inds have proven pointless# (or the stubborn character o( the islanders %Ehich is no doubt notorious even in your lorious realm+ precludes submission to the sli htest rule or order Eith Ehich they disa ree... The Eor!ers are (or et(ul and pay little attention to their machines# resultin in reat dama es be(ore (ailures are noted and repaired. 8top. )asic maintenance is ne lected# such that tools are destroyed throu h lac! o( care... 3n some cases the lac! o( care amounts to deliberate sabota e. 8top. 3t is impossible to tell ne li ence (rom sabota e in such cases# (or all 3ntipians are careless to the point o( sel(6endan erment...

The emperor evidently disa reed Eith his overnor*s assessment o( the situation# (or he had the man replaced by a neE overnor# the in(amous )osh the )arbaric. )osh instituted Ehat can only be described as a rei n o( terror. Durin his tenure# nearly ei hty 3ntipians a week Eere e,ecuted (or o((enses includin Ounproductive thou ht# the(t o( time TtardinessU# e,cessive (or et(ulness# starin # poor dress and hy iene# criticism o( the overnment...idleness# readin durin Eor! hours# and philosophi@in .O )osh*s tenureship lasted (our months be(ore he Eas !illed by a bomb planted inside his horse. The Ohorse bomb#O evidently a precursor o( the modern hovercar bomb# Eas (ed to the rey stallion in the (orm o( su ar6coated lumps o( e,plosive and a sel(6i nitin (use. <hen the bomb Eent o((# )osh Eas hurled -0 (eet into the air and catapulted into the paddoc! o( a nearby mus!o,en (arm. 3n a bi@arre tEist o( (ate# he reportedly survived the (all# but the noise o( the e,plosion (ri htened the mus!o,en and they stampeded# tramplin him to death. Apparently disturbed by reports o( )osh*s cruelty# Ovarool chan ed his policy toEards 3ntipi and trans(erred Assistant 9overnor Marci o( 3ni( 4ei %a small island o( the Aydeellyst Chain+ to oversee the rebellious island. Marci66Eho unbe!noEnst to Ovarool had become a convert to one the Aydeellyst reli ions66too! a radically di((erent approach toEards his neE duties as overnor. Actin on Aydeellyst principles o( sel(6reali@ation# he encoura ed the 3ntipians to devise their oEn means o( reachin the re'uired 'uotas. The results Eere immediate and dramatic. Overni ht# 3ntipi became the most heavily industriali@ed country in .ashana %a status Ehich it retains to this day+. The 3ntipians devised comple, but e((icient 1BB

methods by Ehich the amount o( labor they had to do Eas minimi@ed and the amount o( supervision re'uired Eas decreased to the absolute minimum. A visitin 0eteepian marveled at these (actories# observin # O3n most o( the rooms# there are only one or tEo men and Eomen Eho read boo!s Ehile these Eonder(ul sel(6adMustin machines Eor! on their oEn# untouched by any human hand. 3 in'uired as to Ehat they do Ehen the machines brea! doEn# to Ehich the only reply 3 received Eas# *They (i, themselves.*O Durin the li(etime o( Marci %and later# his dau hter+ 3ntipi enMoyed a period o( relative contentment. )ut trouble Eas breEin on 1ntaM. Ovarool G# the reat6 randson o( Ovarool 33# chose to trans(er control o( the islands (rom Marci*s dau hter to his nepheE# 0epos G333# as a Eeddin present. 0epos 'uic!ly proved to be an incompetent ruler. One o( his (irst acts Eas to re'uire all cats to be re istered. <hen the re istration Eas complete# he summarily limited the number o( cats a (amily Eas alloEed to oEn to tEo (elines per house# a measure Ehich Eould supposedly help the poor by reducin money spent on cat (ood. 3ntipians responded by creatin under round hidin places called Ocatta es.O One elderly 3ntipian Eoman Eas discovered to have a catta e containin no less than tEenty6(ive cats and !ittens in a room lar er than her oEn house. 8he Eas (ined one Ovarool (or each animal over the limit# an outra eous sum in those days. The cats Eere placed in an animal shelter Ehere they Eere reportedly adopted Eithin the hour by sympathetic citi@ens. A month later 0epos issued a proclamation bannin e,istin reli ions and erected a Temple o( Ovarool in the capitol. 3ntipians Eere outra ed both by the (la rant misuse o( their ta,es and the suppression o( Ehat they considered a basic (reedom. )ut more than that# they Eere appalled at the na!ed attempt at institutin an arti(icial theocracy# Ehich they scorned in sarcasm6drippin pamphlets Ehich circulated about the city. One o( these pamphlets (ound its Eay into 0epos* hands and in a burst o( ra e he ordered the entire population o( the capitol slain. Terri(ied citi@ens (led in droves into the nei hborin countryside# Ehile others ran to the Temple o( Ovarool (or sanctuary. Thousands died# and the streets o( the capitol literally ran red Eith blood. <hen 0epos Eas satis(ied that the population had learned its lesson# he retreated to his arrison and Erote a triumphant tele raph to the emperor describin his putdoEn o( the rebellion. Ovarool reportedly con ratulated him on his 'uic! action and su ested that he implement the Temples throu hout the rest o( 3ntipi. 3t Eas this very policy that ultimately laid loE the reat 1ntaMan empire and (inally (reed 3ntipi. To avoid repetition# 3 shall not cover here the holy Ear declared by Marci*s (ormer 3ni( 4ei subMects# the civil Ears# the uprisin s in Artesano# and the rebellion Ehich (inally brou ht 1ntaM to its !nees. <hen the poEer o( 1ntaM be an to crumble# the islands o( 3ntipi# "int and 0eteepi Moined to ether in the Trisland Coalition. The resultin stru le Eould eventually brin an end to Ovarool*s control o( .ashana# and a(ter the battle o( Duom# the 1ntaMans Eere (orced to si n a surrender. <hile most o( the credit (or the uprisin Hs success oes to 0eteepian tech and the secret army trained by the "intians# the story Eould not be complete Eithout a description o( the Ear(are Ea ed by 3ntipians on our oEn soil. )y the time the uprisin be an# 3ntipi already had a vi orous under round movement. Or ani@ations such as K0i htshadoE#L KFree Thou ht and 8peech#L %FT8+ and K?iberation .ampantL as Eell as countless small roups had lon been Ea in a silent Ear a ainst the 1ntaMan occupiers. 8o dama in Eere these roups that the 1ntaMan arrison Eas the lar est o( its si@e (or any correspondin population 200

in Mabtiland. <hen the uprisin be an# the islandHs under round movements mobili@ed in (orce. Thou h disciplined and Eell6e'uipped# the 1ntaMan soldiers had not been trained to (i ht a ainst an enemy that slun! amidst the shadoEs. The catta es became hidin places (or Eeapons and soldiers. 3ntipians mined the roads Eith booby traps and conducted elaborate campai ns o( assassination a ainst 1ntaMan o((icials. 8o bi@arre Eere the methods they used that one 1ntaMan commander Erote in his diary#
0o one dares drin! Eater# (or (ear that it has been poisoned/ no one dares !ill an o, lest he (ind its (leece in(ested Eith deadly insects# no one dares sleep# (or (ear that the (ever Eill ta!e him durin the ni ht/ no one dares step too hard on the round (or (ear o( tunnels under his (eet. All is suspicion and paranoia# (or the enemy never comes the same Eay tEice# and his impassive (ace hides the treachery in his heart. 3 heard o( soldiers Eho burned a stac! o( (ireEood and (ound that it had been soa!ed in chemicals so as to ive o(( a to,ic (ume/ all died in reat a ony...

The lon 6aEaited coup de race Eas (inally delivered in B02 AD by means o( the bi est poison as attac! recorded up to that time. 0epos# Eho mana ed to survive than!s to an air poc!et in the arrison*s sealed poEder ma a@ine# Eas captured and sentenced to death a(ter a len thy trial (or some thirty6tEo separate crimes# includin Othe suppression o( (reedom o( speech# thou ht# reli ion and cats.O The Temple o( Ovarool in the capitol Eas renamed the Temple o( .eason# and has remained so until today. The 3ntipians triumphantly initiated a communistic overnment. Thus ended the second occupation.
?r' 6ccupation= ,;;K to ,;A5 AD & NThe TyrannyF

This short period occurred durin the rei n o( empress Tyrannia o( 1ntaM# and is notable (or the (act that it Eas initially reeted as a liberation by the 3ntipian population# Eho Eere at that time under the thrall o( an e,perimental caste system implemented by the brutal communistic overnment. %Thou h the e,periment and its results Eere hi hly (ascinatin # they lie outside the scope o( this discussion.+ 1mpress Tyrannia Eas appalled at the practices o( the 3ntipian overnment. 8he dissolved it completely and replaced it Eith the standard republican representation that Eas noE characteristic o( the re(ormed 1ntaMan state. Disappointed at bein OsubMu atedO by their saviors# the 3ntipians be an an uprisin Ehich the 1ntaMans Eere unable to prevent due to the devastatin eruption o( Mt. ?idre. Thus ended the third occupation. 3( it Eere not (or the periodic depredations o( the 1ntaMans and the internal stri(e produced by our numerous overnments# 3ntipiland Eould surely have a dull history. <e do not ma!e Ear/ Ee remain aloo( (rom the political stru les o( other islands/ Ee !eep to ourselves. )ut let us move past the periods o( con(lict and turn to more ancient scenes in our history.
Prehistory

3 Eas born in the small coastal villa e o( ?inus. Throu h no coincidence# the toEn o( ?inus is located almost on top o( an ancient (ishin villa e built by our ancestors# the .isanors. An archaeolo ical di nearby has unearthed important arti(acts o( Ehale bone en raved Eith simple derivatives and inte rals. Also (ound Eere some smooth blac! beach stones Eith ancient numeric si ns Ehich Eere possibly used to teach basic al ebra to children. These relics have been dated to B00 )C# ma!in ?inus the oldest mathematical site in the Eorld. A riculture is believed to have been introduced to 3ntipi by the "ints in 500 )C# but its adoption Eas 201

sloE and never reached the level o( the massive "intian (actory plantations that Eere comin into e,istence at this time. 3n (act# by the time the industrial revolution hit 3ntipi# many (amilies Eere still relyin upon subsidence methods (or (ood. Archaeos summed it up tersely by notin # K3ntipi seems to have one directly (rom (ishin to (actories.L The so6called A ricultural 9ap has raised many 'uestions amon anthropolo ists and archaeolo ists. One tentative hypothesis su ests that (armin Eas an unsuitable Eay o( li(e (or the chan eable population# Eho# li!e modern 3ntipians# pre(erred to live day to day# noE per(ormin one tas!# noE another. 3n addition# the (ishin net alloEed 3ntipians to Eor! on a less re ular basis. =oEever# this idea has been critici@ed on the basis that it imposes a modernist vieE on the past and i nores other possibilities# such as the climatic chan es in the -00s and the devastation Erou ht by the Tsunami o( -20.

Chil'rearin)
3ntipian children do not o to school as the children o( other archipela os do/ this is unnecessary# (or the children learn Eillin ly on their oEn# and indeed# could not be restrained (rom learnin by any means. 3ntipian parents sometimes superintend the education o( their children and Eill provide materials as needed# but (or the most part the youn are alloEed to roam (ree# unsupervised and un(ettered. Children are e,pected to spend much o( their time readin and studyin as a matter o( course# but they also enMoy ames o( strate y# e,ploration# and o( course# starin . 3ntipians seldom compel their children and or use punishment. 3ndeed# the parent merely notes that the child is behavin K(oolishlyL or Killo icallyL and the ashamed children seldom repeat their error a ain.

In'ustry
)esides virtual tourism# our other industries are computers and arti(icial intelli ences. 0eedless to say# 3ntipi is the birthplace o( the computer and remains a hotbed o( development. The bleedin ed e developments are in the area o( mindCmachine inter(acin and human netEor!s (or mass consciousness.

1oli'ays
;nli!e the inhabitants o( other islands# 3ntipians do not reco ni@e any re ular holidays. Garious attempts at initiatin yearly celebrations have been made %includin elaborate schemes (or pentannual and biannual holidays+ but Eithin a year or tEo such KtraditionsL inevitably die out. The celebration that does occur is usually connected to the holidays o( other islands# the celebrants bein mainly uninte rated immi rants.

(inal 0or's
3t is my hope that this brie( summary o( the li(e on my island Eill be use(ul to you. 3t is the custom in 3ntipi to leave a personal possession behind at a uest*s house as a to!en o( their Eillin ness to return (or it %and enMoy another visit.+ 3 there(ore close Eith the partin Eords o( my people# K?et*s hope 3 remembered everythin this time. FareEell.L

202

;,- INTPs As a 4inority

3 am alEays impressed by hoE much ordinary people !noE about type. 0ot that theyHve ever heard o( the M)T3 or read a sin le boo! about it/ they Must pic!ed it up naturally by observation. For e,ample# one study (ound that non6type6!noEled eable observers Eere able to describe Feelin Eomen as havin an KopenL (ace and bein attractive and ood6loo!in . The observers also noticed that Thin!in Eomen have (acial blemishes.225 Oh# did 3 mention the cultural biasA 8adly# most people are unconscious type bi ots unless theyHve been tau ht otherEise. 1ach culture has a certain Kideal typeL (or men and Eomen. <omen# o( course# are typically e,pected to behave li!e Feelers and men li!e Thin!ers. 3n the ;nited 8tates the ideal %and most common+ type (or Eomen is 18F".227 )ut 30T4s are the completely opposite o( 18F"s. 3s that a bad thin A

(e$ale INTPs
Thorne and 9ou h %1BB1+ did a study o( the adMectives and phrases that non6type6saavy observers used to describe people o( various types o( both enders. Their sample o( -0 (emale 30T4s included 2 colle e seniors# B )er!eley sophomores# 1 student Eriter# $ (emale mathematicians# B laE students# and 1 resident o( an ordinary county. As you can see# this is a (airly admirable sample. <eHre not loo!in at 30T4 dropouts# serial !illers# dru abusers# hermits# etc. 0o# these are avera e and above avera e (emale 30T4s. 8o hoE did observers vieE themA The list beloE shoEs the statements and adMectives that non6type6saavy observers considered characteristic and uncharacteristic o( the (emale 30T4s. =i h positive numbers indicate that the trait Eas considered stron ly characteristic %i.e. .-7+# Ehile loE positive numbers indicate that it Eas considered less stron ly characteristic %i.e. .20+. ?oE negative numbers indicate that a trait Eas considered stron ly uncharacteristic %i.e. 6.2>+# Ehile hi h ne ative numbers indicate that it Eas considered less stron ly uncharacteristic %i.e. 6.20+. The descriptors Eere draEn (rom the AdMective Chec! ?ist and the Cali(ornia D68et. Traits 0een as 1haracteristic o& Female I$T)s (From Most 1haracteristic to 3east 1haracteristic) 3s basically distrust(ul o( people in eneral/ 'uestions their motivations %.-7+ Distrust(ul %.-0+ 8ul!y %.2B+ 1vasive %.2$+ 3ndi((erent %.2$+ .esent(ul %.2$+ Ieeps people at a distance/ avoids close interpersonal relationships %.2>+ De(ensive %.2:+

225 Thorne R 9ou h# 1BB1 227 Myers R McCaulley in )ar er R Iirby# 1BB-

20-

<ary %.2:+ ;n(riendly %.27+ 3s subtly ne ativistic/ ends to undermine and obstruct or sabota e %.27+ Tends to be sel(6de(ensive %.27+ Tense %.25+ Aloo( %.2-+ 1,trapunitive/ tends to trans(er or proMect blame %.20+ Traits $ot 0een as 1haracteristic o& Female I$T)s (From Most 9ncharacteristic to 3east 9ncharacteristic)

Tolerant %6.2>+ Appreciative %6.2:+ =elp(ul %6.2:+ Cooperative %6.27+ 1mphasi@es bein Eith others/ re arious %6.27+ =onest %6.25+ <arm %6.25+ 4leasant %6.2-+ 8incere %6.2-+ 8ympathetic %6.2-+ ;nderstandin %6.2-+ =as social poise and presence/ appears socially at ease %6.2-+ =as a clear6cut# internally consistent personality %6.22+ Appears strai ht(orEard# (orthri ht# candid in dealin Eith others %6.22+ 3s turned to (or advice and reassurance %6.20+

As can be seen# the only K oodL thin the observers saE about (emale 30T4s Eas that they Eere Kaloo(.L The best Ee can say is that at least one characteristic wasn>t ne ative. 0otice hoE many o( the Eords seem to revolve around hidin onesel(# protectin onesel(# and avoidin potential attac!s. That list o( adMectives could easily describe a member o( a hated immi rant race# a (amily concealin "eEs in their attic# or a prisoner in a 4O< camp2 essentially# a person surrounded by potential enemies. 3( one didnHt !noE better# one Eould thin! that 30T4 Eomen Eere used to livin in an un(riendly environment. 3n (act# o( the ten male and (emale types surveyed in this Eay %30F4# 30F"# 30T4# 30T"# 38T"# 10F4# 10F"# 10T4# 10T"# and 18T"+# 30T4 (emales Eere vieEed the most ne atively o( all typeC ender combinations. <hile havin no ood points# they Eere also seen as possessin many (laEs. 3t Eould probably be sa(e to call 30T4 (emales Kthe least li!ed typeL66sort o( li!e a type6based untouchables caste. 3n addition# (emale 30T4s Kstuc! outL the most o( all typesC enders. Their many noteEorthy 'ualities Eere seen as the most distinctive and clear by observers# thou h not Eith the oal o( celebratin their uni'ue individuality.

4ale INTPs
<hat about male 30T4sA <ere they similarly seen as ne ativeA The male sample %5B total+ included : research scientists# 10 student en ineers# B particularly creative 205

architects# 11 )er!eley sophomores# 7 medical students# 2 business e,ecutives# 2 student Eriters# members o( an architecture (irm# and 1 resident o( an ordinary county. Traits 0een as 1haracteristic o& Male I$T)s (From Most 1haracteristic to 3east 1haracteristic) Tends to be rebellious and noncon(ormin %.25+ Thin!s and associates to ideas in unusual Eays/ has unconventional thou ht processes %.22+ Ori inal %.20+ 3ma inative %.1B+ Complicated %.1$+ =asty %.1$+ .ebellious %.1$+ 9enuinely values intellectual and co nitive matters %.1$+ =i h6strun %.1>+ 3ndividualistic %.1>+ .estless %.1>+ 8el(6centered %.1>+ Temperamental %.1>+ Galues oEn independence and autonomy %.1:+ 3s critical# s!eptical# not easily impressed %.17+ Traits $ot 0een as 1haracteristic o& Male I$T)s (From Most 9ncharacteristic to 3east 9ncharacteristic) Favors conservative values in a variety o( areas %6.21+ Conventional %6.21+ Conservative %6.1$+ Mannerly %6.1$+ )ehaves in a sympathetic or considerate manner %6.1>+ 4eaceable %6.1:+ .eliable %6.1:+ 8table %6.1:+ "ud es sel( and others in conventional terms li!e Kpopularity#L Kthe correct thin to do#L social pressures# etc. %6.1:+ 4ractical %6.17+ 8el(6controlled %6.17+ 3s protective o( those close to him %6.17+ ?oyal %6.15+ .esponsible %6.15+ 3s uncom(ortable Eith uncertainty and comple,ities %6.15+

3t is clear (rom this data that male 30T4s are vieEed much more (avorably than (emale 30T4s. 3s the male data (airA 3s it trueA <ho !noEs. )ut at any rate# this is a picture o( hoE seemin ly avera e people vieEed male 30T4s# and it is probably a more true picture o( (emale 30T4s than the one presented. 207

?et*s try a thou ht e,periment here. 8uppose that one Eere to ather all the minority students in a school into the ca(eteria# then publicly describe them usin all the Eords in the (emale 30T4 type description. There Eould be an outcry# Eouldn*t thereA 4eople Eould lose their Mobs over it. There Eould be horror and recrimination. The neEspapers Eould casti ate the evils o( discrimination (or Eee!s. The victims o( the persecution Eould tal! about hoE they Eere made to (eel e,cluded and unEanted. ;n(ortunately type discrimination is not so obvious# or else it Eould have been stamped out by noE (or the evil it is. )ut type discrimination is not limited to ordinary (ol!. 3ndeed# it is enshrined as a sacred principle o( modern psycholo y.

A (iel'trip Throu)h the 0on'erful Lan' of Cultural !ias

;n(ortunately# the situation is more comple, than Must a case o( cultural disli!e. The (act is# many o( the poor traits attributed to (emale 30T4s may be true# because cultural disli!e is a sel(6(ul(illin prophecy. )ar er and Iirby %1BB-+ hypothesi@ed that those Ehose type matches the cultural ideal Eill receive more opportunities# support# and encoura ement than those Ehose type does not. The unsupported roup may be (orced to hide their type and as a result can be hindered in their development and e,perienced lessened sel( esteem. )ar er and Iirby concluded# KCurrent indications are that every culture Ee !noE about has a predominance o( sensin 6Mud in types/ all intuitive6 perceivin types# then# could be e,amined as non6pre(erred types.L The situation is not merely limited to (emale 30T4s# then# thou h they have it the Eorst in America/ it also includes male 30T4s throu hout most cultures. Atman %1BB-+# citin previous studies# su ested a <estern pre(erence (or 1,traversion. 8o# the pre(erred <estern type appears to be 18"# Eith males slotted (or 18T" and (emales (or 18F". Therapists Eho use type in their Eor! have (ound that K30T4 clients# especially Eomen# o(ten report an early aEareness o( bein pro(oundly di((erent (rom other children# leadin to a hypersensitivity to si ns o( reMection and to pain(ul memories o( bein ridiculed and scape oated as *Eeird.*L22: 8uppose you have ten people o( .ace A# and one person o( .ace ). <hile outEardly open and acceptin # the .ace A people nevertheless believe deep doEn in the bottom o( their souls that all .ace ) people are Eron # bad# rebellious and irritatin . )ut# bein ood# tolerant people# the .ace As Eill not persecute the person o( .ace ) openly. .ather# they Eill merely ive them Kthe loo!#L avoid sociali@in Eith them# e,clude them# and enerally treat them as unEanted and unEelcome. And# a(ter bein treated li!e this (or a (eE decades# the .ace ) person Eill become alienated# develop loE sel( esteem# have trouble Eith their relationships# and become an unhealthy# embittered# and even enuinely nasty person. K3 !neE itF Those .ace ) people are trouble#L the As Eill Ehisper con(idently as they loo! at the person o( .ace ). K<hy# there are even studies noE to prove itF TheyHre (ive times more unhappy and mentally unsound than normal people. ThatHs Ehat comes o( bein a ).L 3t appears that the people o( .ace A have conclusively proved that persecution causes misery# nastiness# and ill6health. That Eas unclear be(ore.
22: Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

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)ut o( course# this is not the line ta!en by mainstream psycholo ists# Eho can see hoE obvious it is that 18"s are normal and healthy. And loo!# there are studies provin hoE unhappy and maladapted 30T4s are. 8cienti(ic evidenceF 8uch a psycholo ist Eill say# K3t is the nature o( 30T4s to be unhappy# (or their very psycholo ical ma!eup predisposes them to misery.L %Only theyHll say it in a much more politically correct manner.+ 3 believe# hoEever# that it is the nature o( 30T4s to be Must as happy as everyone else# provided that they are treated Eith the same consideration and acceptance as everyone else. 8uppose Ee had a culture composed mostly o( 30T4s. <hat Eould happen# say# i( 30T4s constituted -0X o( the population and 18F"s constituted 5X o( the populationA There is no doubt that such a lar e 30T4 votin bloc! Eould e,ercise a stron in(luence on cultural development %it sure did in my (amily+. <ould the 30T4s (it into this culture# develop Eell# achieve normalcy# and be content# or Eould they still be unhappy and maladaptedA And hoE Eould 18F"s survive in a culture so heavily dominated and shaped by 30T4sA <ould they still be happy and adapted i( their culture re'uired them to be everythin they EerenHtA There are certain occupational cultures that are heavily dominated by one or tEo types. The police (orce# li!e the military# is mostly 8T. <hen an 0F becomes a police o((icer# they 'uic!ly discover that they donHt (it in. They are perceived as Kdi((erentL by their (elloE o((icers %not in a ood Eay+# and they (ind themselves (rustrated# stressed out# and unhappy. Then they leave and o (ind Mobs Ehere they can be (ul(illed# rela,ed# and happy. Thus the police (orce remains dominantly 8T.22> )ut suppose the entire culture reMects oneHs type pre(erences# as is the case (or 30T4sA 0o matter hoE (rustrated# stressed out# and unhappy one is# there is no neE Mob out there and you canHt 'uit. 3nstead# you Must have to !eep slu in it out and doin your best to adapt. Or you move to Alas!a. 3n )ar er and Iirby*s study o( (emale 30T4s %read here+# a blac! Eoman recalled hoE she reE up in a predominantly Ehite suburb. 8he (elt Kdi((erent#L but she assumed it Eas because o( her race. Then she Eent to a blac! EomanHs colle e and still (elt di((erent/ in (act# her neE (riends consisted o( the other people Eho didnHt (it in. 8he concluded# K3Hve been in or ani@ational trainin (or 10 years# but 3Hve had trouble everyEhere 3Hve been. 4eople canHt deal Eith my intelli ence and honesty. 3s that because 3Hm blac!# a Eoman# or an 30T4A =onestly# 3 thin! noE itHs the 30T4.L 3 (ind it tellin that the e((ects o( race bias and se, bias could be mista!en (or the typical 30T4 e,perience. 3t may be that bein an 30T4 is an invisible sti ma e'uivalent to bein a member o( a KrealL minority roup. %<hat Eould happen# 3 Eonder# i( everyoneHs s!in color chan ed overni ht to match their personality typeA 3t Eould certainly ma!e type discrimination more blatant.+ ?et*s loo! at some o( the conse'uences o( bein an 30T4 as seen throu h the eyes o( mainstream psycholo y.

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;;- INTPs an' Psycholo)y

<hen readin boo!s about (amous 30T4s it alEays amuses me to see Ehat psycholo ists ma!e o( their personality. 3( an archaeolo ist di s up a tool Ehose purpose they cannot discern# they say it has Kreli ious si ni(icance.L 3( a psycholo ist runs into a person they cannot s'uee@e into the de(inition o( normal# they either resort to psychobabble or pic! out a ood disorder. 8adly enou h# the evidence they cite (or the supposed de(ect is o(ten ordinary 30T4 behavior. 4sycholo ists simply donHt rasp that Ehat is abnormal (or everybody else is per(ectly normal (or an 30T4. A research team did a study comparin M)T3 types Eith various personality disorders to see i( there Eere any relationships %read here+.22$ To do this# they too! a roup o( --2 people and had them ta!e the M)T3 and the Coolid e A,is 33 3nventory %CAT3+. Then they observed Ehich type%s+ or pre(erences Eere correlated to Ehich personality disorders. 9uess Ehich type Eon the pri@eA The researchers (ound that Kpersonality disorders Eere clearly more li!ely to be related to the M)T3 poles o( introversion# intuition# thin!in # and perceivin .L <e*ll discuss this study (urther shortly# but (irst let*s discuss some problems Eith the dia nosis o( 30T4s. 4sycholo y vieEs 30T4s %Y5X o( the population+ as part o( the Klunatic (rin eL because the studies they use to base their EorldvieE o( KnormalL upon rely upon Ehat the maMority does66 i.e. the Artisans and 9uardians. This is more than simple rarity/ it sayin that Ehat the Artisans and 9uardians do should be the de(inition o( normal and is a proper measurin stic! by Ehich mental soundness should be Mud ed. 30T4s are uni'ue and rare66Must li!e 30F4s# 30F"s# and 30T"s. .arity can be ta!en (or disease# thou h this is a lo ical (allacy. 30T4 (emales are the Kmost disli!edL typeC ender in American culture. 30T4s themselves (eel li!e there must be somethin Eron Eith them because they donHt behave the Eay they Kshould#L i.e. the Eay the maMority behaves. Thus they are more open to acceptin othersH opinions o( their shortcomin s# reasonable or not. 30T4s spend !inder arten throu h si,th rade soa!in in an all618F" teacher environment. .adically di((erent (rom their teachers# they are the type most li!ely to be misunderstood and misdia nosed. Also# bein continually pressed to behave in an 18F" manner may be a contributin (actor to later issues. ?ac! o( societal acceptance may actually contribute to real mental problems Ehich are not intrinsic to the 30T4Hs mental ma!e up# but sprin (rom a li(etime o( ill treatment at the hands o( others.

Ta!en to ether# all these (actors add up to a hi h ris! (or misdia nosis (or the 30T4. 3 have devoted tEo chapters o( this boo! to Asper erHs and ADD# but there is such a diversity o( mental illnesses that 3 could never hope to discuss all o( them# particularly since neE ones are bein continually developed.

Chil'hoo' EProble$sF
4articularly durin childhood# 30T4s may (all victim to a variety o( creative dia noses. 3t is considered a problem that they do not sociali@e# do not dress or act ri ht# spend too much time alone# arenHt interested in the thin s other children are interested in# donHt smile enou h# donHt play Knormally#L or EonHt tal!. <ell6meanin parents trot their 30T4 children o(( to the child psycholo ist and the doctors
22$ Coolid e# 8e al# =oo!# &ama@a!i R 1llett# 2001

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and eventually the 30T4 may accumulate a strin o( (ictional disorders and medications. 4ity the poor 30T4 Eho not only must bear the burden o( bein di((erent# but also o( (eelin that the very essence o( their bein is a disorder that must be cured. 3t seems lo ical that i( a behavior is abnormal (or society but normal (or 30T4s# then it should be considered a healthy behavior re ardless o( the opinion o( the maMority...or even the opinions o( psycholo ists# parents and teachers. An 30T4 is not Must a Ksic!L 18F". The Eay to tell an unripe oran e is not compare it to an apple/ instead# compare it to another oran e. 3( Ee use other types as the baseline (or normal# the 30T4 Eill (ail every time. 30T4s must be measured a ainst the baseline o( their oEn type and not a ainst the baseline o( other types. 3ncidentally# this little mista!e is one o( the reasons Ehy psycholo y is less than help(ul Ehen it comes to (i urin out Ehat is Eron Eith an 30T4 and hoE to cure them. 4sycholo y uses 18" and 10" as the very definition o( a healthy personality. %8ensors are (avored by the eneral population# but 3ntuitives are (avored by psycholo ists.+ &ou !noE all those studies that say# K4eople Eho do ] are happiest and you should be li!e themLA Those studies tend to say# K1,traverted "ud ers Eho do ] are happiest and you should be li!e them.L 4sycholo y studies the maMority and the popular66in short# it studies the culturally accepted and supported 1"s. A sample o( -00 people has somethin li!e 12 30T4s# and their tiny voice is droEned by the happy maMority. As a result# the 30T4 vote counts (or very little to psycholo ists. 3t may even et dropped (rom the study as an outlier. A brie( Eord about the lunatic (rin e. .arity is not synonymous Eith disease. 3s old is a diseased mineralA Are le(ties are diseased ri htiesA Are eniuses diseased avera e peopleA .arity is not alEays healthy# but itHs not alEays a disorder either. 4sycholo y# on the other hands# has Ehat is !noEn as a Kpatholo ical bias.L This means that those Eor!in in the (ield tend to see anythin diver ent (rom the norm as a problem# thou h perhaps a problem Eith a (eE nice side bene(its. Dar! cloud Eith silver linin # or silver linin Eith dar! cloudA 9i(t Eith a (eE draEbac!s# or disease Eith a (eE ood pointsA 3n truth# the lass is both hal( (ull and hal( empty (or everyone# but psycholo ists tend to see it hal( empty (or some and hal( (ull (or others. The test o( Ehether a behavior constitutes a disease or not is o(ten K3s the person unhappy and do they have trouble (ittin inAL This may seem li!e a reasonable test# but it (ails Ehen one considers that the environment itsel( can cause unhappiness rather than intrinsic personal traits. A saltEater (ish dies i( you throE it into a (reshEater tan!# but that does not mean that the (ish Eas de(icientNrather# it Eas e,pected to survive in an environment unsuited (or it. <e*ve discussed several 30T4 (riendly environments and several 30T4 un(riendly environments. The 18" culture# un(ortunately# is one o( the latter. Mental illness# in many cases# is simply a matter o( the environment*s opinion. ;nli!e the Myers6)ri s# Ehich (ocuses on healthy# normal behaviors# mainstream psycholo y is heavily slanted toEards unhealthy# maladaptive behaviors. They necessarily see everythin throu h a lens o( disease# ma ni(yin the Eea!nesses and minimi@in the stren ths. Thus you see boo!s li!e KThe 9i(t o( DiseaseZ0ameZ=ere.L 3tHs never# KThe DraEbac!s o( )ein 9i(ted in 4ositiveZ8ymptomsZ=ere.L The lass is hal( empty# the cloud is dar!2 bein an 30T4 is a disease Eith a (eE ood points. A psycholo ist Eill note that an 30T4 is EithdraEn# has poor social s!ills# does not pay enou h attention to the Eorld around them# lac!s empathy# etc# but Eill i nore the (act that the 30T4 has e,cellent problem solvin s!ills# a poEer(ul Eill# lives by a stron moral code# and has e,ceptional analytic abilities. 3n (act# i( you (i,ed the Kbad pointsL you Eould no lon er have an 30T4/ you Eould have somethin else entirely66an 18"# to be precise. To psycholo ists this is a ood thin 66 20B

healthy people are socially appropriate# empathetic# e,pressive# and mind(ul. 3n short# they are 1"s# the cultural ideal. 3t is a very ood thin there is no cure (or bein an 30T4.

The Cru$$y Life Scales

30T4s consistently ma!e the bottom (our in Ehat 3 mentally re(er to as the Kcrummy li(e scales.L They tend to be accompanied by the 30F4s# 30F"s and 38T4s# Eho also have a lousy time o( it. 0ote that mainstream psycholo ists do not typically attribute these unhappy statistics to cultural or patholo ical bias.
The !i) (ive *N"6&PI&R+

The )i Five is the personality assessment tool o( choice in the (ield o( psycholo y. 3t is an e,cellent research tool# and (our o( the (ive scales that it measures correlate to the (our M)T3 scales (airly Eell. 3n (act# the tEo tests share some o( the same 'uestions. 3t is in the interpretation o( the results that the tEo tests di((er. =ere are the bi est correlations betEeen the tEo tests. 0ote that the )i Five has KunipolesL rather than KdipolesL li!e the M)T3. A person is either 1,traverted or not61,traverted/ a person is either Conscientiousness or not6Conscientiousness. M%TI : %ig Fi(e 1,traversion \ 1,traversion 3ntuition \ Openness Feelin \ A reeableness "ud in \ Conscientiousness The reason the )i Five is called that %instead o( the )i Four+ is that it adds a (i(th (actor# 0euroticism. <hat is 0euroticismA The trait is bro!en up into si, subscales# includin hostility# depression# an,iety# impulsiveness# vulnerability# and sel( consciousness. Many Eebsites Eill tell you that 0euroticism has no counterpart in the M)T3. 3n truth# 0euroticism is sometimes mildly correlated Eith 3ntroversion and 4erceivin #22B thou h the e((ect also appears to be ender6related. %<omen tend to have hi her 0euroticism than males as a eneral rule.+ Female 34s then# are more neurotic than avera e# and perhaps to a lesser e,tent all 34s. 8o it Eould seem that 30F4s# 38F4s# 38T4s# and 30T4s are more li!ely than avera e to be KneuroticL66particularly (emales. 3 'uestion Ehether or not neuroticism is a measure o( innate personality. For e,ample# a )i Five study (ound that children Eho had been maltreated shoEed more neuroticism. 8o it is not a Eholly intrinsic trait. 0onetheless# the maltreated children also shoEed less Openness# A reeableness# and Conscientiousness %in short# they acted more 8T4Nre ardless o( ori inal type+# so even the (our type traits Ee are (amiliar Eith can be chan ed in unhealthy Eays.2-0 Althou h 3 have no proo(# 3 suspect that the mild 34 correlation Eith neuroticism is related to the lon 6 term e((ects o( cultural# parental# or educational reMection and devaluation. 3n short# 3 Eould call it a measurement o( unhappiness# li(e dissatis(action# and poor type development as e,pressed in 3ntroverted 4erceivers. %Obviously 3ntroverts and 4erceivers aren*t the only ones Eho can be neurotic.+
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The (act that 34s are pre(erred (or this measure is disappointin # particularly since neuroticism is typically depicted as an inborn personality trait rather than a byproduct o( ne ative li(e e,periences. 3( you ta!e a patch o( daisies and a patch o( poppies# then pour (ertili@er on one and asoline on the other# can you compare the hardiness o( the tEo species# or is your data noE contaminatedA Or Eould it be ri ht to say# KOur research conclusively demonstrates that daisies are a hardier species than poppiesLA There is no control roup in these studies/ they essentially compare ill6used 34s Eith Eell6 treated 1"s. At this point they are not necessarily measurin innate personality66rather# they are measurin in part the e((ects o( the dominant culture on innate personality. )ut# returnin to the matter o( the problems built into the )i Five. Actually# it isn*t the test itsel(# but the spin Ehich psycholo ists put on its interpretation that is so troublin . Amon M)T3 practitioners it is ta!en (or ranted that all types are created e'ual and have their oEn stren ths and shortcomin s. )ut this does not re(lect the attitude ta!en by the )i Five. 0ote (or starters that the test measures hoE much 1,traversion# 3ntuition# Feelin # and "ud in a person e,hibitsNi.e. hoE much a person resembles an 10F". These are the K oodL traits. The opposite 38T4 traits are the KbadL traits. One is either an 1,travertNpositive# ener etic# and enthusiasticNor an introvertNnone o( those thin s. One is either an 3ntuitiveNima inative# curious# adventurous and sensitive to beautyNor one is none o( those thin s. One is either a FeelerNcompassionate# (riendly# help(ul and enerousNor one is cold# un(riendly# inconsiderate# anta onistic and disa reeable. One is either a "ud erNsel(6disciplined# hard6Eor!in # duti(ulNor one is a la@y shir!er Eho lac!s EillpoEer. Those Eho (avor the )i Five tend to critici@e the M)T3 (or Kso(t6pedalin L the ne ative traits associated Eith the 3# 8# T# and 4 pre(erences in order to curry (avor Eith the masses. 3n reality# it seems li!e the )i Five pre(erentially sees the ood side o( 1# 0# F# and " and the bad side o( 3# 8# T# and 4. Oh sure# they reco ni@e that sometimes these traits can have bene(its# but they see it in the (rameEor! o( KThe 9i(t o( DiseaseZ0ameZ=ere.L 9enerally it is vieEed as bad to be an 38T4# althou h there are a (eE redeemin (eatures. The idea o( type e'uality is an M)T3 concept that has not (ound acceptance Eithin mainstream psycholo y. 8loEly the interpretation o( the )i Five traits has been improvin # dri(tin more toEards the balanced M)T3 interpretation.2-1 There have been speculations amon the M)T3 that eventually the )i Five descriptions Eill come to resemble those used in the M)T3. =oEever# (or noE the )i Five interpretations still re(lect our culture*s un(ortunate tendency to idoli@e some traits and shun others. 30T4s are on the ne ative side o( three o( the (our )i Five traits# and they also tend to score more more hi hly on 0euroticism.
Positive an' Ne)ative Affectivity 9ith the PANAS Scales 4ositive a((ectivity as measured by the 4ositive and 0e ative A((ect 8chedule %4A0A8+ is a measure o( enthusiasm# ener y# concentration# inspiration# %positive+ pride# determination and pleasurable en a ement. Those Eho are loE in positive a((ectivity are said to be sad and apathetic. %Misleadin ly# there is also a completely separate scale measurin ne ative a((ectivity hence the K0AL in 4A0A8. )ut loE positive a((ectivity is actually measured separately (rom hi h ne ative a((ectivity.+

18T4s# 10T"s# 10F"s# and 18T"s scored Eith the hi hest positive a((ectivity %(rom hi hest to loEest+ Ehile 38T4s# 30F"s# 30F4s# and 30T4s scored Eith the loEest positive a((ectivity %(rom hi hest to
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loEest+. 3n short# the 4A0A8 test (inds that 34s are enerally sadder and more apathetic than 1"s# and 30T4s are the saddest and most apathetic type o( all.2-2 On the plus side# 30T4s Eere not amon the (our types Eho scored hi hest on ne ative a((ectivity %these included the 30F4# 30T"# 38F"# and 38T" (rom most ne ative to least ne ative+. One Eonders# o( course# hoE the test de(ines KsadL and Kapathetic.L 30T4s are not particularly bubbly. )ut does that ma!e them sad and apatheticA Or do those Eords have special de(initions that e,clude 30T46speci(ic (orms o( enthusiasm# ener y# concentration# inspiration# pride# determination# and pleasurable en a ement# Ehile honorin the (orms e,hibited by other typesA 1,traverts tended to score hi her on the 4A0A8 than introverts. )esides this# a study o( medical students (ound that 10F"s Eere rated as possessin the most enthusiastic en a ement and 30T4s the least.2-Or# i( 30T4s are sadder and more apathetic than avera e# hoE did they et that EayA
Cooli')e A#is II Inventory *CATI+

.eturnin to the study mentioned at the be innin . The list o( the 15 personality disorders tested (or by the CAT3 Eere correlated Eith M)T3 characteristics as (olloEs2 Antisocial %0# T# 4+/ Avoidant %3+/ )orderline %0# 4+/ Dependent %3+/ Depressive %3# T+/ =istrionic %1# F+/ 0arcissistic %0+/ Obsessive6 Compulsive %3# 8# T# "+/ 4aranoid %3# T+/ 4assive6A ressive %3# 0# 4+/ 8adistic %0# T# 4+/ 8el(6De(eatin %3# 0+/ 8chi@oid %3# T+/ 8chi@otypal %3# 0# T# 4+. $umber o& 4isorders 1haracteristics o& 'ach M%TI )ole" 3ntroversion 6 B 3ntuition 6 > Thin!in 6 > 4erceivin 6 7 1,traversion 6 1 8ensin 6 1 Feelin 6 1 "ud in J 1

3t Eould seem that mental illnessNor at least our society*s conception or incitement o( itNis de(initely related to type. 1,traverts# 8ensors# Feelers# and "ud ers aren*t very li!ely to be dia nosed Eith personality disorders in comparison to 3ntroverts# 3ntuitives# Thin!ers# and 4erceivers. <hat about 8chi@otypal disorder# Ehich Eas so characteristically 30T4A ?et*s pretend that Ee have a disease called K8pot(an Disorder#L and the symptoms are as (olloEs. To be dia nosed Eith the disease# the patient must e,hibit (ive symptoms66any (ive. 1. 4atient has a beatin heart. 2. 4atient has persistent cou h. -. 4atient has lon (in ernails.
2-2 <atson# Clar! R Telle en in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 2-- Myers R McCaulley in Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$

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5. 4atient has blue eyes 7. 4atient has purple and pin! spots all over s!in. :. 4atient has (an s. >. 4atient has broEn hair. There Eould seem to be some problems Eith the operational de(inition o( this disease# Eouldn*t thereA 4articularly# there are many healthy people Eith broEn hair# blue eyes# lon (in ernails# and a beatin heart. )ut not all patients cou hNunless they*ve been chain smo!in (or tEenty years or have a cold. And very (eE patients have purple and pin! spots and (an s. The problem Eith our Eor!in de(inition o( 8pot(an disorder is that it creates a situation in Ehich many healthy people can be dia nosed Eith this disease even i( they do not actually have spots or (an s. 7 out o( the > symptoms re'uired (or a dia nosis could conceivably be possessed by an ordinary person# and this meets the de(inition o( the disease. )earin in this mind# let us e,amine the symptoms o( schi@otypal disorder. 4eople Eith schi@otypal disorder are seen as bein odd or eccentric in dress and habits/ havin (eE close relationships %i.e. they may only maintain relationships Eith immediate (amily members+# e,periencin acute social an,iety# (eelin li!e outcasts# havin va ue or overcomplicated spea!in habits Eith a tendency to o o(( on tan ents# e,hibitin aloo(ness and isolation# and havin (lat emotions. This could potentially describe an ordinary 30T4. 4erhaps a less than healthy one# but an avera e one nonetheless. )ut there*s also the (act that people Eith schi@otypal disorder believe that they have ma ical poEers# have stran e perceptual illusions# e,hibit paranoia# and vieE obviously6non6connected events as havin a personal meanin (or them %Kit*s a si n meant Must (or meL+. 8chi@otypal disorder has also been lin!ed to havin a miserable childhood. These latter symptoms are clearly evidence o( a problem. As can be seen# 30T4s %unli!e other types+ are already hal(Eay dia nosed by this symptom list. This is also a common theme (or ADD and Asper er*s. 3t should be noted that the researchers Eho did this study used the KdimensionalL approach rather than the Kcate oricalL approach. The cate orical approach ta!es the vieE that one is either mentally ill or one isn*t. 1ven i( a person e,hibits many symptoms o( a mental illness# but does not meet the de(inition %say a person (alls one symptom short+ then that person is considered to be mentally healthy. 1ither you are over the line or you are under the line/ there is no middle round. The dimensional approach# by contrast# ta!es the vieE that mental illness e,ists on a spectrum# i.e. a person can be 10X schi@otypal# -0X schi@otypal# 70X schi@otypal# or 100X schi@otypal. The doEnside o( the dimensional approach is that Must about everyone is considered a tiny bit cra@y. 0ormal 30T4s are !noEn (or eccentric dress# (lat emotional reactions# and bein aloo( and isolatedN this ma!es them about 20X schi@otypal in terms o( number o( o((icial D8M symptoms (ul(illed. 8ince even healthy# normal 30T4s e,hibit symptoms o( schi@otypal disorder# it is not surprisin that a correlation Eas (ound. 8o# Ehy do people Eith schi@otypal disorder behave li!e normal 30T4sA 1. They actually are 30T4s. 8chi@otypal disorder is a mani(estation uni'ue to the type. 2. 4eople Eith schi@otypal disorder come in all types# but they e,hibit disorder symptoms that by 21-

chance happen to match the 30T4 type description. -. 4eople Eith schi@otypal disorder are 30T4s# but not because schi@otypal disorder is uni'ue to the type. .ather# schi@otypal disorder mani(ests in di((erent symptoms (or each type# and is called by other names (or non30T4s. The truth could be a combination o( any three o( these e,planations. )ut o( course# schi@otypal disorder Eas merely one particularly obvious mani(estation o( an overall trend that indicated that pre(erences (or 3# 0# T# and 4 are associated Eith various personality disorders. <hat could be causin thisA =ere are some possibilities2 1. 30T4s are innately more li!ely to be mentally ill than 18F"s. 2. 30T4s are innately Must as healthy as 18F"s# but cultural pressures KEea!en their immune systemL and ma!e them more susceptible to mental illness. -. 4sycholo y and mainstream culture have observer bias. Ordinary 30T4 traits are seen as abnormal or unhealthy even thou h they are normal and healthy. %3n 3ntipiland# Eould 18F" traits be considered symptoms o( mental problemsA+ A ain# the ansEer could be a combination o( any or all o( these. 3nterestin # ehA 3n the (olloEin chapters Ee*ll e,amine ADD and Asper er*s# tEo disorders %A+ that come up a ain and a ain in discussions o( type 30T4.

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;?- INTPs an' ADD

217

3n this chapter# Ee Eill revieE the literature on type and ADD and compare the symptoms o( bein an 30T4 Eith the symptoms o( havin ADD. Then Ee Eill compare the symptoms o( havin ADDCAD=D Eith the symptoms o( bein a normal# typical 30T4. 8o# is type related to ADDCAD=DA &es# in some Eays. )ut they are 'uite variable Eays. Ieirsey ar ued that AD=D is a (alse label tar eted at the Artisans %read here# here+.2-5 Alcoc! and .yan %2000+# summari@in previous research# (ound that 14 and 184 pre(erences are in (act overrepresented amon children %misA+dia nosed Eith AD=D. 3t has (urther been noted that many o( the behaviors attributed to AD=D seemed to be indistin uishable (rom the e((ects o( normal 14 type pre(erences and youth.2-7 8o much (or the e,pected. 3n one sample o( 110 children dia nosed Eith AD=D# 18F4s Eere the most pre(erred type# but 30F4s# 38F"s# 38F4s# and 18F"s Eere also overrepresented.2-: 9uardians# what? There*s nothin in the 8" temperament description to su est that they Eould be pre(erentially selected (or an AD=D dia nosisNindeed# the opposite. <hat*s oin on hereA This Easn*t an isolated occurrence# eitherNin another case 18F"s constituted 1$X o( a sample o( children dia nosed Eith ADDCAD=D.2-> And Ehat about 30T4sA One study o( adults dia nosed Eith ADDCAD=D (ound that the sample Eas hi hly 04. %<e Eill e,amine this study more in a bit.+ 8hould Ee be surprised at this amount o( type variationA Maybe# maybe not. There are a number o( (actors that should be Eei hed Ehen considerin the validity o( the results2 Falsi(ication o( type due to pressure (rom parents and educators. The e((ects o( dru s upon the personality. 3t has been (ound that type pre(erences et muddled Ehen a person is on dru s. The M)T3 manual recommends that the M)T3 not be administered until -0 days have elapsed since the user*s last dru use.2-$ AD=D dru sNbein the ni h6e,act e'uivalent o( sloE6release cocaine2-BNhave the potential to distort a person*s type pre(erences# producin (alse readin s.

)ut more than either o( these issues# there is the (act that the li!elihood o( any particular person bein dia nosed Eith ADD depends upon thin s that are not associated Eith either a brain disorder or psycholo ical type. For e,ample# a child*s place o( dEellin # or Ehether a child is born in December or "anuary. Did you !noE that AD=D loves the east coast o( the ;nited 8tates# yet shuns the Eest coastA250 3 Eonder Ehat ma!es the Eest coast so much more Eholesome than the east coastA 3t*s as thou h a iant hand had sorted all those Eith AD=D onto one side o( the continent# and all those Eithout AD=D onto the other side o( the continent. Gery odd# very odd indeed. )ut even stran er# did you !noE that i( you dia nose a child usin the o((icial American standards (or AD=D# the child is -65 times more li!ely to be discovered to have a brain disorder than i( the o((icial
2-5 2-7 2-: 2-> 2-$ 2-B Ieirsey# 1BB$b 4rovost in Alcoc! R .yan# 2000 Duddin R Duddin in Alcoc! R .yan# 2000 Meis eier# 4oillion R =arin in Alcoc! R .yan# 2000 Myers# McCaulley# Duen! R =ammer# 1BB$ 3( you crush a .italin pill into poEder and snort it# you can et a cocaine hi hNand occasionally a cocaine heart attac! (olloEed by instant death. 250 Centers (or Disease Control and 4revention# 2012

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1uropean standards are usedA251 This su ests that Ee could cure more than hal( o( American children simply by sendin them to 1urope (or redia nosis. Curious/ perhaps there is some healin property in that bracin Old <orld air. There is also the (act that a 2012 study o( B00#000 Canadian children (ound that boys born in December Eere -0X more li!ely to be dia nosed Eith AD=D than boys born in "anuary. Furthermore# irls born in December Eere >0X more li!ely to be dia nosed Eith AD=D than irls born in "anuary. ?i!eEise# December boys Eere 51X more li!ely to be put on meds than "anuary boys# and December irls Eere >>X more li!ely to be put on meds than "anuary irls.252 <hat could be causin this bi@arre patternA 4erhaps it has somethin to Eith the position o( the stars# or the si n under Ehich the child is bornN such thin s have lon been !noEn to a((ect the balance o( the (our humors. Or then a ain# it could have somethin to do Eith the (act that due to date cuto((s# children enterin the school system in December are 1 year youn er than children enterin the school system in "anuary. 9oodness !noEs that an a e ap o( one year can be hard to tell apart (rom a brain disorder. =oE subtle and delicate is the line betEeen normalcy and disorderF Fortunately Ee have e,perts Eho can tell the tEo conditions apart (or us should there be any doubt in the matter. 3 Eish that 3 could say more about the ri orous science underlyin this disorder and its treatment# but that Eould be a boo! unto itsel(. For noE# let me simply say that type is merely one (actor that can cause misdia nosis# and that AD=D is dia nosed di((erently (rom school to school# state to state# and country to country. 3t is thus to be e,pected that studies o( type and AD=D Eill shoE di((erin results Ni( only because neither type nor any sort o( problem at all is causin this Kdisorder.L

AD1D an' NPs

The 04 roup includes 30T4s# 30F4s# 10F4s# and 10T4s. Alt %1BBB+ did a study comparin 75 adults dia nosed Eith AD=D Eith 7: nondia nosed adults. 3t Eas (ound that 04s Eere Khi hly representedL amon the adults dia nosed Eith AD=D. 3t is apparent# there(ore# that sometimesNthou h not all the timeN04s are more (re'uently %misA+dia nosed Eith AD=D than other types. <hy could this beA ?et*s e,amine Ehy 30T4s mi ht be seen to have a brain disorder.

1o9 to Dia)nose any INTP 9ith ADD

The D8M63G is the o((icial American handboo! (or dia nosin mental problems. 0ot everybody uses it# but since it*s the supposed standard and comes Eith a hi her ris! o( misdia nosis than its 1uropean counterpart# Ee*ll use it (or our list o( symptoms. 3t has been (re'uently su ested amon the amateur type community that 30T4s tend to et dia nosed Eith ADD rather than AD=D. And indeed# a study (ound a di((erence betEeen children dia nosed Eith ADD and children dia nosed Eith AD=D. Children Eith ADD Eere >2X introverted Ehile children Eith AD=D Eere :0X e,traverted.25There(ore Ee Eill loo! at the set o( symptoms considered characteristic o( the K4redominantly 3nattentive TypeL o( AD=D# i.e. ADD.
251 .ohde# 8@obot 4olanc@y!# 8chmit@ R Tramontina/ 8antosh in 8in h# 200$ 252 MorroE# 9arland# <ri ht# Maclure# Taylor R Dormuth# 2012 25- Duddin R Duddin in Alcoc! R .yan# 2000

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3( a person e,hibits any si, o( the (olloEin traits (or at least si, months in tEo or more settin s %(or e,ample# school# home# Eor!+ and has e,hibited them Oto a point that is disruptive and inappropriate (or developmental level#O and the symptoms cause Kclinically si ni(icant impairment in social# school# or Eor! (unctionin L then a person is considered to have ADD.
Disor)ani2ation One ADD dia nostic criterion is disor ani@ation. The o((icial symptom list seems to imply that this is primarily a matter o( disor ani@ation in carryin out activities# but in practice it e,tends to include physical disor ani@ation as Eell. There(ore# Ee Eill discuss both aspects. 30T4s are a messy 4erceiver type# so it should be e,pected that they Eould be disor ani@ed. 3n con(irmation o( this# )ec!ham*s %2012+ study o( 4erceivin colle e students (ound that :1X did not thin! they needed a clean Eor!space to study. 3 have never been dia nosed Eith ADD# but my pre(erred or ani@in system (or dealin Eith handouts# homeEor! and class papers Eas to shove them into my te,tboo! (or that class. The papers Eould accumulate until they Eere 162 cm thic! and the boo! Eas bul in Eith them. A(ter aEhile the handouts Eould et ripped# crin!led and dirty around the ed es Ehere they stuc! out o( the boo!. %There Eas a distinctive patina that resulted (rom e,posure to the crumb and eraser shavin s6covered bottom o( my bac!pac!.+ 8ometimes there Eas a basic strati raphic order# li!e a 'ueue system# that indicated the order in Ehich the handouts had arrived# but 3 never bothered to maintain it# so by the end o( the year they Eere in any order they happened to (all into. One year# durin a particularly paper6intensive class# 3 Eas unable to (it all the papers into my te,tboo!. 3nstead o( puttin them into a binder or (older# 3 decided to put them directly into my bac!pac!# Ehere they Eere held in place betEeen (at te,tboo!s. 3t Eor!ed (airly Eell.

O( course# this did ma!e it harder to (ind Ehat 3 Eas loo!in (or. <hen the teacher told the class to ta!e out such6and6such a handout# 3 Eas alEays ru((lin around (uriously Ehile my 8" classmates pulled out their neatly tab6divided binder and (lipped directly to the handout# Ehich Eas still as crisp and Ehite as it Eas the day the teacher passed it out. Did such disor ani@ation matter# academically spea!in A 0ot o(ten/ in (act# it doesn*t matter a bit i( you*re the last one to (ind the handout so lon as you do (ind it eventually. %Tip2 throE nothin aEay.+ 3( your system is u ly and nasty and messy but works# then Ehy chan e itA &ou Eon*t et a better rade (or havin a bunch o( spotlessly (iled papers.255 =oE about plannersA <hen the teacher Eould ive the due date o( a test or an assi nment# 3 Eould ta!e the class syllabus and scribble a note on the mar in Eith an arroE pointin at the date in 'uestion. A(ter aEhile the syllabus ot covered Eith old notes and dates and reminders. MeanEhile# my 8" classmates Eould open their planners to the calendar section and neatly Erite in a note Eith the <hen and <hat. And let*s not even et started on the loc!er. 3*ve cleaned it out Eith a blac! trash ba at the end o( the year. Or hoE about that messy des!# messy car and messy houseA The personal space o( a 4erceiver is o(ten a complete disaster. Aside (rom simple physical disor ani@ation# people Eith ADD are also said to e,hibit di((iculty or ani@in tas!s and activities. This is also a 4erceiver trait. ?et us ta!e the e,ample o( studyin and doin homeEor!. ;nli!e the "ud ers# 4erceivers do not say to themselves# K3 Eill do one hour o( math
255 Actually 3 did have one teacher Eho raded (or the neatness and or ani@ation o( the class handouts that had been passed out. As 3 recall# 3 Eaited until near the last Eee!# then or ani@ed them all at once.

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homeEor!# then one hour o( 1n lish# then one hour o( French# and then 3 Eill play.L 3n the (irst place# 4erceivers play (irst. 3n the second place# 4erceivers do not care about any arbitrary se'uentiality66Ehy not do tas!s in any order it pleases youA 3n the third place# 4erceivers seldom see much use (or arbitrary time limits li!e Kone hour.L Once a ain )ec!ham*s study (urnishes us Eith an e,ample o( hoE 4erceivers approach tas! or ani@ation. 3n the area o( studyin # it Eas (ound that 4erceivers did not decide be(orehand Ehat they Eould study or (or hoE lon . 0or did they have speci(ic study times or habits. My study and homeEor! habits Eent somethin li!e this2 O=m# Ehat classes do 3 have tomorroEA 3s there anythin due (or those classesA 3 !noE 3 have some math homeEor!# 3*ll do that (irst be(ore 3 et sleepy. Then maybe some biolo yA <hen Eas that handout dueA 3*d better double chec!...no Eait# on second thou ht 3 can Must do that on the bus. 4robably it Eould be better to do the history thin (irst.O Once 3 had my plan in place 3 'uic!ly discarded it. OMeh# this math assi nment is really lon and 3*m ettin tired o( crunchin numbers. 3 need a brea!. 3*ll do some easy history ne,t...hm# actually 3 Must don*t (eel li!e history ri ht noE. 3*ll Eor! on biolo y instead# and 3*ll do the history durin (irst period tomorroE. 3 can type it up in the computer lab durin lunch. O!ay# that*ll Eor!.O 3t*s not that 3 had trouble or ani@in tas!s and activitiesN3 could come up Eith a do@en Eays to or ani@e my tas!s and activitiesNit*s Must that 3 didn*t (eel li!e (olloEin my plans (or lon # so 3 abandoned the old ones and came up Eith better ones that (it the chan in circumstances. ?i!e all 4erceivers# 3 (olloEed spurts o( inspiration and avoided the pits o( e,haustion by doin Ehatever 3 (elt li!e at that particular moment. There(ore 3 never had any set study schedule or routine. This approach is characteristic o( the overall 4erceivin pre(erence (or improvisation over plannin . 3t seems possible that 30T4s could 'uali(y as bein disor ani@ed in the areas o( space# time# and tas!s.
(or)etfulness =umorous anecdotes o( 30T4 (or et(ulness are so ubi'uitous that this section seems almost unnecessary. From (or ettin one*s lunch to (or ettin oneHs lu a e# 30T4s are (or et(ul each and every day. On a roadtrip 3 planned %improvised+ Eith an 30T4 and an 10T4# Ee (or ot so much stu(( that it seemed Ee spent hal( the time shoppin (or stu(( Ee ne lected to brin Nincludin an entire cooler o( (ood that 3 le(t in the !itchen. The reason (or 30T4 (or et(ulness is primarily that they are occupied Eith thin!in about abstract matters and there(ore ne lect concrete details.

30T4s obviously (it this dia nostic criterion.

"asily Distracte' 3t should be noted that there are di((erin type6speci(ic causes (or easy distractibility. An 18T4# (or e,ample# mi ht be distracted by the noises o( children havin (un out on the play round. =oEever# this is probably not a typical cause o( 30T4 distractibility. 3( an 30T4 is considered Kdistractable#L there are tEo behaviors that may cause this impression. 3n the (irst place# 30T4s can easily tune out borin people# i.e. people Eho repeat thin s# ma!e small tal!# and belabor a point a(ter the 30T4 already understands. 3t doesn*t ta!e much provocation to turn o(( the tal!in heads in the outside Eorld and turn on the mental entertainment system.

21B

<hen a classmate as!s a 'uestion about a simple topic the 30T4 understands already# the 30T4 tunes out. 3( the teacher oes on and on about a concept the 30T4 understands already# the 30T4 tunes out.

 3( a teacher repeats instructions tEice# the 30T4 tunes out. 3( there is nothin much use(ul oin on# the 30T4 tunes out. From the perspective o( the outside Eorld# the 30T4 may there(ore seem distracted# but (rom the 30T4*s perspective they are concentratin deeply. <hen an 30T4 is occupied Eith their inner Eorld# they can Eal! the Eorld in a da@e# completely undistracted by outside stimuli. Thus it is actually inappropriate to say that they are easily distractable# (or in this state they are very di((icult to distract indeedNat least (rom the 30T4*s point o( vieE. From the perspective o( an observer in the outside Eorld# hoEever# the 30T4 is seen as totally distracted (rom them. Distraction is relative. Ieirsey noted that 30T4s Kseem able to concentrate better than any other type.L Outside observers# hoEever# see the 30T4*s concentration as distraction. There is also a second reason Ehy 30T4s may be perceived as bein easily distractable. Ieirsey noted that 30T4s pre(er to Eor! alone and Eithout distractions. <hy is thisA 3n the (irst place# it is because they are introverts. )ut also# it is because 30T4s tend to Erestle Eith more complicated problems than most. For me# Ehen 3*m deep in thou ht it*s li!e Mu lin tEenty balls at one time. <hen a distraction comes alon 3 (umble and they all o crashin to the (loor. 3t ta!es aEhile to ather up all the balls a ain and et them bac! into the air. 1ver been Eor!in at the computer on a report and then have a poEer outa eA One moment you*re busy# the ne,t66nothin F This is Ehat a distraction does to an 30T42 it cuts o(( poEer and ends deep thou ht. The tEenty ball Mu lin act comes naturally as the result o( the 30T4*s interest in comple, systems. Types Eho aren*t interested in comple, systems may only !eep a (eE balls up in the air at a time# Ehich is to say that they Eill only consider a (eE (actors Ehen conductin an analysis. 3t*s easy (or them to et the balls up and lay them doEn a ain. )y contrast# the 30T4 see!s to emplace do@ens o( (actors to enerate a bi picture that ma!es sense (rom every an le. )ut it*s hard to Mu le tEenty balls# and it re'uires concentration. 8ometimes the threads o( intuitive understandin are e,tremely (ine and tenuous# and a distraction can snap them. A brilliant thou ht in the mid6 estation can be destroyed by the sound o( a door slammin . A pro(ound insi ht can be obliterated by the Min le o( a telephone. "ust as the spar! o( inspiration be ins to catch the tinder# a chattery person bloEs it out. To achieve a deep state o( concentration and Mu le as many balls as possible# it is necessary to either have silence and stillness or to tune out one*s surroundin s to simulate this e((ect. 30T4s use both techni'ues2 they avoid distractions Ehen possible# and i( not# then they tune them out as best they can. 3n school# 3 never attended roup study sessions because 3 !neE they Eould be a Easte o( time. The pace Eould be too sloE and the tal! o( the other people Eould prevent me (rom thin!in productively. 3 pre(erred to Eor! alone in my room# Eithout any music on. 8ometimes (or particularly hate(ul tas!s even my room Eas too distractin Eith all its (un stu((# and 3 Eould Eor! at school in an empty hallEay. O( course# then 3 had to put up Eith people Eal!in past and tal!in . At home# 3 made the most o( my hours alone because 3 !neE they Eould be my most productive time. ?oo!in at this (rom the outside# one mi ht say# K30T4s can*t do their best Eor! in an environment Eith normal levels o( noise. There(ore they are easily distractable.L 8ometimes# in some circumstances# 30T4s are easily distracted by the outside Eorld. )ut constantly and continuously they are distracted by the inside Eorld. 8o yes# 30T4s can be perceived as easily distractable.

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Losin) I$portant Ite$s Alon Eith bein constantly lost in thou ht comes the habit o( losin thin s2 the car !eys# the chec!boo!# the library boo!# the paper that describes Ehat to study on the e,am. A common sel( deception2 O3*ll Must set this here (or noE.O The 30T4 subse'uently (or ets about the item and later it is discovered to be lost. =oE many times have 3 have discovered an item in some obscure place and thou ht# OOh yeah# 3 remember puttin this here noE. 3t did ma!e sense at the time.O

Typically Ehat happens is that 3*ll be busy thin!in about a problem Eith my body on autopilot and the primitive reptile brain at the controls. As it turns out# reptiles aren*t very ood at noticin Ehen and Ehere they leave stu((/ Ehile 3*m Ko(( dutyL the reptile brain may decide to leave my ;8) stic! in some obscure hole Ehere it Eon*t be (ound (or several months. .eptiles also put (ood aEay in (unny places %they may ta!e (ood items into the coatroom to put them aEay Eith the loves and hats# or they may attempt to store re(ri erator items in a cupboard+. ?ater# 3 Eonder Ehere item ] is and the reptile brain shru s and says# O&ou thin! 3 remember Ehere 3 put thatAO This criterion is actually redundant because (or et(ul people %see previous symptom+ lose thin s as a matter o( course. One (actor predicts the other# and both can be e,plained by the 30T4 habit o( bein continually lost in thou ht.
Not Listenin) 0hen A''resse'

30T4s o(ten decide not to listen. 3( people are en a in in borin small tal! or repeatin themselves or discussin irrelevant points or teachin somethin in a borin or ine((icient Eay# the 30T4 stops listenin . The 30T4 is still payin sharp attention# o( course66Must not to the outside Eorld. As they stare blan!ly into the 9reat )eyond# their mind is actively en a ed in ponderin matters o( more meanin (ul import. Over the years 3 have become very adept at not listenin . My primitive reptile brain cannot actually understand Eords# but it does understand tones o( voice. 3t !noEs Must Ehen to nod and Ehen to ma!e a noise o( ac!noEled ment or Eince or ive a little lau h. Thus it seems that 3 am payin attention to people# Ehen in reality 3 am payin attention to the problem o( hoE to desi n my dream a'uarium# ta!in into account aesthetics# the pros and cons o( live vs. plastic plants# ease o( cleanin # space (or (ish to sEim in# ease o( vieEin (rom various an les# bubbler location and aeration capabilities# the pros and cons o( snails# the location o( the heater# the placement o( the a'uarium so as to avoid (alls and Eall stainin and o( course the type o( (ish 3 Eant to buy. All this time my reptile brain is noddin and oin # O&eah. ;h huh. <oE. Ooh. Mm. 1eh. )leh.O 3n class 3 Eould stare blan!ly at the teacher or at the Ehiteboard or at a pa e o( the boo!# probably ivin the illusion o( rapt attention. All the Ehile# o( course# 3 Eould be plottin a neE science (iction story and havin dramatic laser battles in my head. Fortunately# my e,perience has been that i( you read the boo! outside o( class then you don*t actually have to pay attention in class. ;nless o( course it*s one o( those classes Ehere the teacher doesn*t teach (rom the boo! %you have to Eatch out (or those# especially in colle e+. <hen (ocusin on the inner Eorld# 30T4s tune out the outer Eorld. Thus they are not listenin .
1as Difficulty Stayin) (ocuse' on Tasks or Play An understimulated 30T4 mind is li!e a computer Eith a lot o( unused processin poEer2 i( the user is lettin the computer lie (alloE# it Eill automatically start de(ra in the hard drive or per(ormin a virus scan or runnin a screensaver. <hen an 30T4 is subMected to drud ery# they Eill o(ten (lee into

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the sanctuary o( their mind and curl up Eith a ood thou ht. %This o( course assumes that the tas! is simple enou h (or the reptile brain to handle. 3( it isn*t# then their real mind is stuc! mindin the shop in a state o( most pitiable boredom.+ For an 30T4# most tas!s Eill (all into three cate ories2 1. =i hly interestin . An 30T4 Eill (ocus their Ehole mental resources onto such a tas! and Eill e,hibit neither (or et(ulness nor distractedness. This is o(ten the case at the be innin o( employment Ehen an 30T4 is learnin the ropes o( a neE Mob. 3t is also the case at the be innin o( a course or Ehen a neE concept is presented in class. 30T4s are very interested in learnin neE thin s# the neEer the better. 4racticin a concept that they already mostly understand does not really interest them. <or!in endless variations o( the same thin does not interest them either. 0or does achievin mastery o( a subMect interest them/ they already !noE they could do it i( they really (elt li!e it# and to an 30T4 that is enou h. )y the time they*ve one throu h the practice e,amples in the boo!# the ma ic may already be one. To maintain this state continuously# an 30T4 needs to have either a very tou h problem# a very novel problem# or a very enMoyable problem. 2. )orin )ut 1asy. <hen the ma ic is one# a tas! becomes borin . 3( the tas! is borin but easy# the 30T4*s response Eill be to let the reptile brain handle the (ront des!. This is Ehere Ounable to (ocus on tas!s at hand# cannot sustain attention in activitiesO comes in. Durin my Eor! at a thri(t store# 3 Eas char ed Eith the easy but monotonous Eor! o( cleanin up merchandise le(t streEn around by messy customers. At (irst the Eor! Eas interestin and !ept my (ull attention. )ut a(ter aEhile# 3 (i ured everythin out and there Eas nothin neE to learn. 8ince the Eor! Eas essentially mindless# 3 let my reptile brain ta!e over Ehile 3 mentally chec!ed out in order to invent a (aster system (or or ani@in clothes. 3t is this type o( mental detachment that is described so aptly by this symptom criterion. FeE other types are capable o( this !ind o( escape. At another Mob# my coEor!er as!ed i( 3 Eas on dru s because 3 Eas so Kout o( it.L 8he hastened to add that she !neE 3 Easn*t# because 3 Eas too mentally alert# so apparently it Eas my deep state o( concentration on inner matters that evo!ed the comparison. 3 Eas certainly not K(ocusin on the tas!s at handL or Ksustainin attention in activities.L -. )orin )ut =ard. This is the absolute Eorst !ind o( tas!. 0ot only does it re'uire the 30T4 to pay attention# but it o((ers @ero intellectual stimulation. My Eorst e,perience o( this Eas the time 3 Eor!ed as a cashier at a rocery store. 8ince continuous chitchat Eas re'uired Eith customers and chec!in had to be accurate# 3 Eas re'uired to ive 100X attention. The Mob Eas mentally unreEardin and Eorse yet# my mind Eas stuc! chained to my body. ;n(ortunately# some schoolEor! is li!e this. 30T4s may be so bored that they are tempted to chec! themselves out even Ehen it increases the time and e((ort it ta!es to do an assi nment. <hile not bene(icial# this inappropriate mental chec!out is not proo( o( a brain disorderNrather it is the natural result o( a mind bein (orced to per(orm an e,tremely uninspirin repetitive tas! at len th. Thin! o( it this Eay2 a child can play (or hours Eith a set o( buildin bloc!s# but an adult ets bored Eith them pretty 'uic!. 30T4s enerally need more stimulation than is provided by the avera e pa e o( schoolEor!. The baby bloc!s aren*t (un (or lon . This is more o(ten a (laE in the school system rather than a (laE in the 30T4*s ability to concentrate on a tas! at len th. Conclusion2 For an 30T4 to be happy# a Mob should be really# really interestin or really# really mindless. 30T4s Eill not (ocus on a tas! or sustain attention in it i( they (ind they do not need to# or i( the tas! is e,cessively mindless. 222

Does Not (ollo9 Instructions or (inish Tasks

Failin to (olloE instructions can be the result o( the 30T4 not !noEin Ehat the instructions Eere because they Eeren*t listenin in the (irst place. %<e*ve already discussed several reasons Ehy this mi ht be.+ To compound the problem# the 30T4 may try to intuit the instructions and end up bein Eron . =oEever# the K(ailure to complete tas!sL is a typical 4erceiver trait. 4erceivers do not (eel the "ud ers* need (or closure/ they are com(ortable leavin a proMect till later. 3ndeed# 4erceivers typically have houses (ull o( hal(6(inished proMects. 8loEly# sloEly these proMects head toEards completion# until one day# miraculously# they are done %or not+. There*s also the (act that 4erceivers continually rede(ine the scope o( the proMect in li ht o( neE data. 4erceivers are also com(ortable sayin # O3*ll (inish it later.O 9iven that one o( the de(inin mar!s o( a 4erceiver is a lac! o( need (or closure# and that 30T4s are 4erceivers# Ee may sa(ely conclude that 30T4s have a habit o( leavin proMects open. <hich is the nice Eay o( sayin that they (ail to (inish tas!s.
DoesnOt Pay Close Attention to Details or 4akes Careless 4istakes As Eith (or et(ulness# 3 could devote an entire chapter to hilarious 30T4 anecdotes in this area. "un ian psycholo ists Eidely ac!noEled e this aspect o( the 30T4 type/ (or e,ample# Ieirsey %1BB$a+ noted that 30T4s are the type that misses the turno((. =oEever# 3*ll simply mention that Ehen an 30T4 is busy cheEin their mental cud# they don*t pay much attention to details. 4reoccupied Eith the abstract# they i nore the physical2 OOops# 3 le(t my car*s li hts on a ain (or the (ourth time.O OOops# 3 (illed out this (orm Eron because they put the name (ields in reverse order.O OOops# 3 Must did all the even problems instead o( all the odd ones.O O=ey# the (ire alarm*s oin o((. 9uess the (ood*s done.O There is also the (act that sensors tend to (ocus naturally on concrete details Ehereas intuitives (ocus on broad# global# abstract matters. 3ndeed# this symptom is somethin li!e a penalty on the intuitive Eay o( thin!in . This is not surprisin considerin that the vast maMority o( public school teachers are sensors. Avoi's7Dislikes Activities That ReLuire Prolon)e' 4ental "ffort *I-e- 1o$e9ork+ Curious/ 3 didn*t reali@e there Eere students Eho sou ht out or li!ed homeEor!...

AnyEay# there are tEo Eays an 30T4 may (it this criterion. First# the 30T4 may say to themselves# OCool# problem oneF Thin!thin!thin!. &ayF 3 understand this concept. On to problem tEoF Oh Eait# this is the same problem# only Eith di((erent numbers. Darn. O!ay# onto problem three. <ait# this is still the same problem# only Eith di((erent numbers. O!ay66 roan66on to problem (our. 8urprise# it*s the same problem Eith di((erent numbers. Are Ee havin (un yetAO And it only ets Eorse (rom there. 3t is the mentally demandin yet monotonous nature o( such tas!s that 30T4s dread66and such dread produces procrastination and avoidance. Another phenomenon that plays into this is the tsunami e((ect described in the section on school. This is the tendency o( an 30T4 to be in Eith a simple tas! %K3*ll Must Eor! on this (irst part a bitL+ and end up ettin suc!ed into doin the entire proMect all at once# Ehich re'uires enormous amounts o( time and e((ort. )ec!ham (ound this tendency in 4erceivin students2 $1X put tas!s o(( until ri ht be(ore they Eere due/ subse'uently the students Eould complete the tas!s all at once in a continuous# unbro!en (loE Eith ever buildin momentum. An 30T4 has an instinctive !noEled e o( this e((ect and reali@es that i( they start Eor!in on a tas! (or 22-

OMust a (eE minutesO it may end up ta!in a (eE hours because the tas! Eill ta!e on a li(e o( its oEn and they can*t stop. The vorte, o( creativity Eill sEeep the 30T4 up and not put them doEn until the tas! is (inished or somethin interrupts the (loE. For e,ample# an 30T4 may set out to pic! up a (eE items o( clothin lyin on the (loor and end up tryin to do a deep clean and radical reor ani@ation o( their room. Or# an 30T4 may set out to read a (eE pa es in a boo! to help them et to sleep at ni ht and then end up (inishin the boo! at 2 AM and analy@in the (ascinatin implications o( Ehat they read until 5 AM. =oE does the 30T4 prevent themselves (rom bein suc!ed doEn into this EhirlpoolA )y avoidin and procrastinatin the tas! that Eill supposedly ta!e Must a (eE minutes. 3 have come to reali@e that Ehen 3 et home# the (irst thin 3 start Eor!in on may very Eell consume the rest o( my ni ht. Also# i( there is some disa reeable tas! that 3 am avoidin or procrastinatin # 3 can (ool mysel( into Eor!in on it by tellin mysel( O3*ll Must Eor! on it (or a (eE minutes.O O( course# once the dreaded tas! has been initiated# it doesn*t seem so bad a(ter all and the tsunami e((ect accomplishes the rest. %Then a ain# sometimes the tsunami leaves the tas! hal( (inished because the 30T4*s eyes turned out to be bi er than their stomach.+ 8uppose that an 30T4 has a bi essay due in a month. The teacher su ests that they spend OMust a hal( hour each ni htO Eor!in on the essay and they*ll (inish it easily %a typical "ud er strate y+. )ut Ehat happens Ehen the 30T4 ta!es the teacher up on that su estion and ends up spendin Must a (eE minutes Eor!in on the essayA The ansEer is that they et suc!ed into the creativity vorte,. 8uddenly tEenty balls are (lyin throu h the air. The 30T4 is scannin the internet (or (acts# scribblin notes and developin para raphs# s!etchin out the body and conclusion# and be innin to Eor! on the citations. They !noE they should et it all doEn ri ht aEay or else it*ll be a lot o( e((ort to pic! up all the balls a ain. )ut then 4O<F66 somethin happens to snap them out o( it and the balls (all. The ne,t day the 30T4 !noEs not to Eor! on the essay or else they*ll et suc!ed in a ain. AnyEay# it Eould be hard Eor! ettin those tEenty balls bac! up in the same order a ain# and borin ly redundant too# and there*s plenty of time left since so much Eor! has otten done already... %ominous music+ 3n short# those O(eE minutesO are a lie and the 30T4 !noEs it# albeit unconsciously. )ut they can*t e,plain Ehy this is save (or a va uely de(ined (ear o( committin themselves (ully to a tas!. A(ter all# does the 30T4 really Eant to spend a Ehole evenin 66(or so they instinctively !noE it Eill amount to66Eor!in on a borin essayA And Ehat about Ehen a parent says# K&ou spent an entire hour oo(in o(( Ehen you could have been Eor!in on your paper. <hy didn*t you use those si,ty minutes more productivelyAL <hat the parent doesn*t reali@e is that the paper actually re'uires someEhere betEeen three to (our hours to (inish. 4erceivers don*t li!e to brea! thin s up into bits/ in (act# :1X o( the 4erceivers in )ec!ham*s study (ound that brea!in tas!s up into pieces reduced the 'uality o( their Eor!# made the Mob lon er# and diminished their pleasure in the activity. 1ither three to (our hours o( (ree time are available# or they aren*t. A sin le hour is no oodNit mi ht as Eell be no hours at all. 8o Ehy not spend the useless hour playin A 8ooner or later a three to (our hour bloc! o( (ree time Eill open upNprobably ri ht be(ore the paper is due. Then the tas! can be done in a sin le reat e,plosion o( Eor!. )y de(inition 4erceivers procrastinate activities that re'uire sustained mental e((ort. )ut once cau ht up in such an activity# they can en a e in it (or several hours i( nothin disturbs their (ocus. 1ven a borin tas! can ta!e on some interest i( one turns it into a chance to create a neE state6o(6the6art system

225

o( some !ind.257

Discussion
Only (ive o( these nine symptoms are necessary to dia nose a person Eith ADD. 30T4s typically e,hibit many symptoms o( ADD/ Eere they not to e,hibit such symptoms# there Eould actually be somethin Eron Eith them. )ut thou h there are clear resemblances betEeen ordinary 30T4 traits and ADD traits# perhaps there may be some obMections as (olloEs2 K&es# all 30T4s e,hibit some symptoms o( ADD# but the ones Eho are actually dia nosed have more e,treme (orms o( the symptoms. Thus they aren*t KnormalL 30T4s.L

O( all the 30T4s 3 !noE o(# the one Eith the absolute Eorst case o( ADD symptoms Eas 1instein. InoEin Ehat Ee !noE about 30T4s and their penchant (or deep concentration on comple, matters# 3*d say it*s pretty obvious that curin 1instein o( his KdisorderL Eould have made him unable to ma!e his brilliant discoveries. A cured 1instein Eould have put thin s aEay in their proper places# paid close attention to everyday details# and remained attentive to his surroundin s. 4reoccupied Eith the daily details o( li(e# his mind Eould not have been able to (ocus upon the mysteries o( the universe. 3t is an eitherCor proposition. O( course# the standard retort oes# K&eah# but he Eas a enius. Most 30T4s Eith ADD aren*t.L This i nores the (act that eniuses aren*t the only ones capable o( ma!in important discoveries. An 30T4 Eith even a mediocre 3D is better suited than most people (or scienti(ic in'uiry simply because o( the architecture o( their personality. There are tons o( completely une,plored scienti(ic areas Ehere nobodyNnot even a person Eith an 3D o( :0Nhas done any research. There is plenty o( Eor! (or 30T4s Eho have the same bene(icial concentration and (ocus that 1instein had# but not same intellect. <ill the discoveries o( an 30T4 Eith avera e intellect ever be as important as those made by 1instein# an 30T4 Eith superior intellectA 4robably not# but does it matterA There aren*t nearly enou h eniuses to o around. There(ore ordinary 30T4s Eho are capable o( hi h concentration and (ocus are needed at every level. <ill these 30T4s have more trouble than usual in the EorldA 8ure. The less li!e an 18T" and 18F" you are# the more trouble you Eill have. )ut that applies to all 30T4s. Another obMection mi ht be2 KThe symptoms 3 observe in my relativeC(riendCac'uaintance have di((erent causes and mani(estations than the ones you describe.L

That is a valid point# and probably to be e,pected iven the diverse causes o( ADD. My intention here is not necessarily to ar ue that all ADD symptoms are e,plained as 3 have described# but merely to demonstrate hoE a child psycholo ist Eithout a !noEled e o( the 30T4 personality mi ht (allaciously decide that there is somethin Eron Eith such a child based upon ordinary characteristics o( the type. The point is to shoE one Eay that 30T4s can potentially be misdia nosed.

257 Oddly enou h# another phenomenon 3 have e,perienced is that a(ter a period o( sustained mental e((ort 3 Eill brea! out o( my deep processin and have a sudden ur e to et up# leave my chair and do somethin . For instance# Ehile editin a di((icult passa e o( a story# 3 may suddenly (eel the ur e to et up and o eat a snac! even i( 3*m not hun ry. The strenuous# prolon ed nature o( the mental Eor! bein done66even i( the Eor! is enMoyable66and the pressure o( aimin (or absolute per(ection seem to produce stress Ehich these interludes help ease. 8imilar involuntary brea!s have been noted in soldiers en a ed in minesEeepin duty...a Mob !noEn (or hi h tension and e,treme concentration and focus.

227

Can 0e Prove the "#istence of ADD3

8ensors outnumber 3ntuitives. There(ore it is by de(inition impossible (or 04 children to be normal because they are numerically in the minority. 8o then# there Eould appear to be a problem Eith this assumption2 KChildren Eho do not shoE the same behaviors as the maMority o( other children are e,hibitin symptoms o( disease.L 8ince Ee cannot accept rarity alone as proo( o( disease# Ee must (ind other proo(. There is# o( course# no !noEn test that can distin uish the presence o( ADD. <e could point to Eays in Ehich the symptoms o( ADD hamper one*s li(e# but as Ee have seen# the symptoms are also help(ul in many Eays. <hether the symptoms are seen as help(ul or detrimental seems to depend to a lar e e,tent upon 1.+ the simple (orce o( opinion/ 2.+ the environment the person is emplaced in/ and -.+ the type o( Eor! they are bein as!ed to per(orm. <hat i( Ee e,amined the lives o( people Eho e,hibit ADD symptoms to see i( they turn out better than or Eorse than avera eA 3( people Eith ADD lead Eorse than avera e lives# then perhaps it means they have a brain disorder. As Ee*ve previously discussed# 30T4s have a smaller number o( (riends than most. 30T4s hate their Mobs and hop (rom Mob to Mob incessantly. The 30T4 divorce rate is throu h the roo(. 30T4s are more li!ely than avera e to use dru s and e,tremely li!ely to smo!e. Female 30T4s are probably the most disli!ed typeC ender combination. 3tHs pretty clear# isnHt it# that bein an 30T4 impedes your ability to (unction normally in societyA There is almost no doubt that 30T4s Eould lead happier and healthier lives i( they Eere all trans(ormed into 18F"s. )ut this does not mean that bein an 30T4 is a brain disorder. 8o Ehat other proo( do Ee haveA

0hy INTPs Tune 6ut

0oE let*s throE a (eE more balls into the air. =ere are a (eE more (actors that cause 30T4s not to pay attention. The class is too easy and hence boring to the I$T). 30T4s are the type most overrepresented in the i(ted population. A class that is eared toEards the common denominator may be too sloE or repetitive to hold an 30T4*s interest. The parrot is a particularly intelli ent bird# to use the common meanin o( the term. 3( you !eep it in a toyless# Moyless ca e# it Eill pluc! its oEn (eathers out. 3t you !eep an 30T4 in a borin class# they Eill tune out. Do you dru the parrot to cure its Feather 4ullin DisorderA Or do you ive it somethin to !eep its mind occupiedA 30T4s tend to be interested in courses that are challen in # relevant# and brea! round on a neE (rontier (or them. The I$T) sees the class as irrele(ant. 3( an 30T4 doesn*t see any use (or a subMect# they are unli!ely to (eel li!e learnin it and more li!ely to study somethin else in class66namely draEin # creative Eritin # lan ua es# etc. The I$T)'s thoughts are particularly ;uicy at the moment. .ven if a subject is interesting, an 30T4 may have an even more Muicy thou ht to naE on. Durin 22:

these times they Eill be much more abstracted and distant. ;sually these thou ht processes cycle to completion Eithin a (eE days and the 30T4 Eill o bac! to normal. The class is taught by <uardians &or <uardians. 9uardian teachers are scheduled# detail6oriented# (ocused in the moment# plan(ul# concerned about doin thin s one ri ht Eay# and tend to (ocus on e,amples rather than principles. 30T4s are nonschedulin # lobal# (uture6oriented perceivers Eho Eant to do thin s in stran e neE Eays and learn about principles (irst and e,amples a(terEards. 3n elementary school in particular# Ehen most teachers are 18F"s# the 30T4 is the complete opposite o( the teacher*s type. 30T4s are li!e cats in a school tau ht by do s. InoEled e is imparted in the Eay least suited (or them. The I$T) gets lost in thought about something the teacher said that was interesting. Occasionally# a teacher Eill let (all a (lec! o( old dust that attracts an 30T4*s immediate attention. <hile the teacher oes on e,plainin somethin else# the 30T4 pic!s up the old dust and e,amines it. Ten minutes later# the teacher is still tal!in but the 30T4 hasn*t heard a Eord o( it because they Eere so busy thin!in about the neE idea the teacher spar!ed.

22>

The I$T) doesn't want to go on absorbing in&ormation when there's a brick missing &rom their &oundation o& knowledge. An 30T4 li!es to have a (ull understandin o( the KEhyL o( thin s. 3( a teacher s!ips a lo ical step# the 30T4 may stop all listenin until they have (i ured out the missin pu@@le piece. The tri er (or this sounds somethin li!e# K<ait# but 3 thou ht66L The 30T4 must then reconcile their preconceptions Eith the neE !noEled e until everythin ma!es sense a ain. They Eill tune out neE data Ehile they sort the tan le out. <ithout that lo ical lin!# all subse'uent in(ormation is (ree (loatin and doesn*t et incorporated into the system o( (acts and ideas the 30T4 has been buildin in their head. )ut Ehile an 30T4 is tryin to (i ure out the missin lin!# the teacher is tal!in and the 30T4 isn*t payin attention.

1o9 to Day'rea$ 0ithout Sufferin) (or It

?et*s say you*re stuc! in some utterly dull class. &ou*ve been daydreamin # or draEin artEor!# or Eritin a novel# or readin under the des!# or studyin a (orei n lan ua e. All o( a sudden# you OEa!e upO and the teacher is sayin somethin li!e this2 OO!ay# is everyone thereA 0oE loo! at the dia ram on the le(t...O %<hat pa e are Ee onA <hat is the teacher even tal!in aboutA+ O8o are there any 'uestions on the testAO %TestA <hat*s on it and Ehen is it happenin A+ O...And don*t (or et to turn your assi nment in by the neE due date.O %<hat Eas that about a neE due dateA+ OAre there are any other 'uestionsAO %&eah. <hat are you tal!in aboutA+ OO!ay# let*s brea! into roups.O %<hat are Ee doin noEA+ OO!ay# 3*m oin to say the Eord in sin ular# and 3 Eant you to repeat it in plural.O %<ait# 3 don*t !noE hoE to use sin ular vs. pluralF ...Oh# you probably Must e,plained that# didn*t youA+ Or# you snap out o( your thou hts to discover papers o( un!noEn si ni(icance bein handed out. Or# all the other students are rumma in around in their bac!pac!s (or some reason !noEn only to them. Or# the teacher pops a 'uestion about somethin 66and calls on you to ansEer it. )ut you don*t have the sli htest idea Ehat sheChe said.

As one can ima ine# this sort o( thin can cause problems Ehen it comes to (olloEin instructions and participatin in class. O(ten 3 Eas the last person to obey instructions because 3 Eas tryin to (i ure out Ehat the other students Eere doin so that 3 could mimic them. =appily# (or every one o( these scenarios# there is a Eay to avoid trouble. .emember# the number one rule is to alEays maintain the appearance that you are payin attention# even i( you arenHt. Ma!e sure your boo! is alEays open to the pa e the teacher is tal!in about. Occasionally# (lip a pa e randomly to ma!e it loo! as thou h you are chec!in in(ormation. This is Must ood maintenance to stay out o( trouble.

22$

TechniLues

4cenario 1 ? @ou didn-t hear the page number* Teacher" OO!ay# is everyone thereA 0oE loo! at the dia ram on the le(t...O 6esponse" 9lance sideEise at the boo! o( the person ne,t to you. 9et the pa e number and (lip there. 8tare intently at the dia ram. Continue daydreamin . 4cenario 2 ? @ou didn-t hear the information about the assignment* Teacher" O8o are there any 'uestions on the testAO 6esponse" <hen youHve spaced out an entire important announcement# don>t as! the teacher (or clari(ication Ehen the opportunity is o((ered. &ou are Must ma!in yoursel( loo! bad in (ront o( everyone. .ather# chec! the syllabus or as! a classmate. 3( you must as! the teacher# do so privately and use the indirect interro ation techni'ue described beloE.
!ir'&Do))in) 3n <<33 they made e,tensive use o( an interro ation techni'ue called Obird do in .O 3n this techni'ue# a 4O< Eould be iven a cellmate buddy Eho Eas actually Eor!in (or the other side. The KbuddyL Eould casually remar! on hoE bad the cell (ood Eas and then lead the 4O< into a discussion about hoE Eell (ed his old unit Eas. )e(ore the ni ht Eas throu h# the interro ator Eould have e,tracted in(ormation on hoE Eell6supplied the 4O<Hs unit Eas# Ehat morale Eas li!e# hoE many desertions there had been# and Eho the commandin o((icer Eas. The interro ator essentially ave the 4O< a dime*s Eorth o( in(ormation and encoura ed him to spin it into a dollar.

The reason this techni'ue is called bird6do in is that in e((ect# the interro ator acts li!e a bird do # leadin the 4O< to tender tidbits o( in(ormation. The interro ator*s dilemma is to imply that he !noEs more than he does Eithout revealin his oEn i norance and e,posin himsel(. 3n(ormationless students (ace a similar problem2 hoE to elicit in(ormation (rom a teacher Eithout revealin their i norance o( important dates and announcements. For e,ample# suppose a student Easn*t listenin Ehen the teacher announced the date o( the test. The student !noEs that the test is on either Monday or Tuesday66he ot that much at least66but he Eants to be absolutely sure so that he can procrastinate up until the last minute. =ere is hoE he oes about as!in the teacher to tell him Ehat day the test is on# all the Ehile ivin the impression that he already !noEs Ehen it is2 8tudent2 O8o# Eould the test be on the 21st or the 22nd thenA 3Hm usin last yearHs planner and the days donHt match the dates.O %<hy buy a neE one Ehen the old one is per(ectly preserved and has no entries save (or your doodlesA+ Teacher2 OThe 22nd is a Tuesday# ri htA &es66it*s on Tuesday. &ou should et a neE planner.O 8tudent2 OO!ay# sounds ood. 3*ll mar! it on my syllabus.O %The real planner.+ This student ives the impression that they already !neE Ehat the day o( the test Eas# but Eere merely curious about the date. The mention o( notin the date on their syllabus adds a bonus illusion o( 8" dili ence and preparedness. Ma!e a point o( shoEin o(( Ehat little you !noE/ let the teacher (ill in the rest. 4cenario " ? (he due date has been pushed back* Teacher" O...And don*t (or et to turn your assi nment in by the neE due date.O 22B

6esponse" Do your assi nment Eithin the ne,t tEo days %the teacher*s choice o( Eords indicates it isn*t due tomorroE# so you*ve ot at least tEo days.+ That Eay you*ll have the assi nment ready no matter Ehen it*s actually due. 4cenario A ? @ou have 6ero idea what the teacher is asking about, but it appears you can ask 0uestions* Teacher" OAre there are any other 'uestionsAO 6esponse" 3t*s probably not important anyEay. 3( it is# it Eill be brou ht up a ain. 3( it isn*t# you*ll (i ure it out on your oEn. 4cenario B ? @ou have no idea what group you should be in or what is going on* Teacher" OO!ay# let*s brea! up into roups.O 6esponse" 9et up and Eal! around until you*ve (i ured out Ehat*s oin on. 3( you can*t (i ure it out# (ind a random roup and as!# KAm 3 Eith you uysAL They Eill have to e,plain Ehat the roups are (or in order to ascertain Ehether you belon in their roup or not. Or# Must !eep stallin %root throu h your bac!pac! or read a paper or somethin + until the roups (orm. 8ooner or later everyone else Eill be Moined up and you*ll be able to see Ehich roup is short a member. "oin that roup. %Admittedly# 3 have on occasion Moined the Eron roup by mista!e.+ 4cenario 6 ? @ou weren-t listening to the e<planation on how to do a task, and now you are re0uired to do it in a group setting* Teacher" OO!ay# 3*m oin to say the Eord in sin ular# and 3 Eant you to repeat it in plural.O 6esponse" Mumble alon Eith the rest o( the class Ehile (rantically (lippin throu h your te,tboo! to (ind the section Ehere it e,plains sin ular vs. plural. The inde, is your (riend. 4cenario ! : @ou snap out of your thoughts to discover papers of unknown significance being handed out* 6esponse" Accept the papers and scan them (or instructions. &ou*ll almost alEays be able to (i ure out Ehat you*re supposed to do Eith them. 4cenario C : 3ll the other students are rummaging around in their backpacks for some reason known only to them* 6esponse" .umma e around in your bac!pac! too until you see your classmates pullin out Ehatever it is they*re loo!in (or. Then start actually loo!in (or that item yoursel(. 4cenario 9 : (he teacher throws out a pop 0uestion::and calls on you to answer it* 6esponse" This Eill rarely be a problem i( you !eep up Eith the assi ned readin and (olloE the pop 'uestion prevention plan %see beloE+. OtherEise# you*ll Must have to improvise.
1o9 to Avoi' !ein) Aske' Pop 8uestions The reason that teachers as! 'uestions in class is to a.+ increase class involvement# and b.+ inspire (ear. A student Eho is a(raid o( loo!in dumb in (ront o( their peers Eill presumably study harder and pay more attention to avoid embarrassment.

<ith these tEo motives in mind# the best de(ense a ainst a teacher*s pop 'uestions is a vi orous o((ense. Ma!e it a point to periodically volunteer (or a 'uestion# pre(erably a comple, one# and then e,plain the ansEer Eith con(ident e,pertise. The teacher Eill mentally chec! you o(( her list o( people 2-0

that need to have (ear inspired in them. 3n addition# since you are obviously %ehem+ already involved in class# she Eon*t (eel the need to push you toEards any (urther participation. 3( you re ularly volunteer# you Eill seldom be selected to ansEer a 'uestion. .emember# the point o( volunteerin is to !eep the Ear on your home tur(. 3( you selectively volunteer (or 'uestions Ehose ansEers you !noE in advance# then you*ll be 100X ri ht 100X o( the time. &ou*ll also come o(( soundin master(ul# prepared and intelli ent. On the other hand# i( you let the teacher call on you Ehen she (eels li!e it# then it*ll be on her terms# and you may not !noE the ansEer. To sum it up2 bein proactive pays o((. Then you can spend your class time Eanderin throu h the 1lysian (ields o( ima ination and desi nin neE mechanical pencils in your head.

2-1

;@- INTPs an' Asper)erOs Syn'ro$e

3n 30T4 and 30T" internet communities# the 'uestion o( a lin! betEeen Asper erHs and type comes up over and over a ain. 8everal responses typically appear# namely2 K8uppose that Asper erHs is simply 30T ta!en to an e,tremeAL K3Hm an 30T and 3 have this problem.L K&ouHre misdia nosed.L K3Hm an 30T and 3 have a siblin Cac'uaintanceC(riend Eho has this problem and there is de(initely somethin Eron there.L K3 !noE someone Eith Asper er*s and 3 don*t thin! they*re an 30T.L

The reason that these 'uestions !eep comin up over and over is that many o( the descriptions o( Asper er*s 8yndrome symptoms read li!e a chec!list (or hoE to identi(y an 30T4. ?ac! o( social s!illsA 6 Dh yeah* ?ac! o( empathyA 6 ;epends on how hard the ( in '+($ is* Flat# (ormal# advanced speechA 6 @es Obsessed Eith learnin about certain interest areas 6 3bsolutely Tal! a lot about their (avorite subMect : 'f you can find someone who will listen*** Above avera e sensitivity to tastes# noises# li hts# etc J Has been found to describe all introverts5 a drop of lemon juice placed on the tongue will cause an introvert to salivate more than an e<travert*2A6 Measurable associations Eith math and science 6 +o 0uestion about it

&et there are also some symptoms Ehich do seem to be e,ceptions to the 30T4 description# particularly a stron emphasis on details# Ehich Eould seem to indicate 8ensin # and a stron li!in (or an unvaryin daily routine# Ehich Eould seem to indicate "ud in . Du!e %2007+ used the Murphy6Meis eier Type 3ndicator (or Children6.evised %a version o( the M)T3 meant (or !ids+ to obtain the types o( children dia nosed Eith an autism spectrum disorder. The children Eere o( Knormal intelli ence.L 3t Eas Du!e*s hypothesis that 38T"s mi ht be the type that best matched the A8D symptom pro(ile. )ut Ehile Du!e (ound that the children Eere more li!ely than avera e to be 3ntroverted and "ud in # no speci(ic lin! to type 38T" Eas (ound.

ASD an' the !i) (ive

8ince the )i Five is correlated to the M)T3# Ee can cautiously use Five Factor studies to probe at the relationship betEeen type and A8D. %3 have ta!en the liberty o( translatin the )i Five descriptors into (amiliar M)T3 descriptors# thou h such translation is by no means e,act.+ One study (ound that autistic traits Eere associated Eith 3T and 0euroticism.25> Another study (ound that a roup o( :5 adults dia nosed Eith Asper er*s had hi her 3T4 scores and 0euroticism compared to a control roup.25$
25: 1ysen!/ Deary# .amsay# <ilson R .aid in )ayne# 2007 25> Austin in <a!abayashi# )aron6Cohen R <heelEri ht# 200: 25$ Ianai# 3Eanami# =ashimoto# Ota# Tani# &amada R Iato# 2011

2-2

A third study had -20 university students ta!e both the 01O6436. and the Autism 8pectrum Duotient %AD+ test.25B %&ou can read or ta!e the latter test here.+ 3t Eas (ound that A8D traits Eere correlated Eith 34 and 0euroticism. 3nterestin ly# the AD test separates A8D traits out into (ive cate ories. 1ach cate ory turned out to be si ni(icantly correlated %Ehether stron ly or Eea!ly+ to certain aspects o( the )i Five. 8ocial s!ill %lac! thereo(+2 3T4 Attention sEitchin %stayin absorbed in one thin at len th/ Eantin a plan and routine+2 38F4 b 0euroticism Attention to details %noticin numbers# dates# small chan es# details# patterns+2 10" Communication %lac! o( conversation s!ills+ 2 384 b 0euroticism 3ma ination %lac! thereo(+2 38T4

O( course# the AD test has 'uestions as!in the respondent Ehether they Eould pre(er to o to the library or a party# or i( they enMoy social chitchat# or i( they notice patterns in thin s. Many o( the 'uestions can be seen to have obvious connections to type pre(erences independent o( the e,istence o( any issues. And this opens up another 'uestion.

Type an'7or Disor'er3

Chester %30T"+ %200:+ published a descriptive study in Ehich he attempted to ascertain Ehat sort o( overlap there mi ht be betEeen 3T4s and Asper erHs. =e e,amined 1B Asper er*s symptoms to see i( there Eas any resemblance to !noEn type characteristics. 8i ni(icantly# he not only compared the characteristics o( Eell6developed types# but also o( poorly developed types. The symptoms he assessed Eere as (olloEs2 For well=de(eloped types" A pre(erence (or bein alone/ leadin a solitary li(estyle/ Kspacin out %involuntarily+/L Kshuttin out# bloc!in %deliberately+/L havin a hyperaroused nervous system/ bein unaEare o( the outside Eorld/ communicatin in an associative manner/ thin!in in an associative manner/ proceedin (rom speci(ics to eneralities/ thin!in in pictures/ lac! o( social s!ills/ a limited choice o( careers/ Krelentless readin /L perseveration/ and immaturity. For poorly de(eloped types" An er and re ret/ loE sel( esteem/ ri idity/ relyin too much on lo ic/ con(usion o( Feelin Mud ment and emotion/ and tal!in too much. For most %but not all+ o( the symptoms listed (or Eell6developed types# Chester (ound intri uin similarities betEeen common 3T4 type6based behaviors and KabnormalL characteristics that have been e,plained as symptoms o( Asper er*s. 3n (act# the e,amples he compared (or type and Asper er*s Eere in many cases almost identical. =e also (ound evidence that poor 3T4 type development could be indicated in some cases. Chester concluded that KAsper er*s 8yndrome...seems indistin uishable (rom certain o( the "un ianCMyers6)ri s personality typesL and added that Kit is sometimes di((icult to tell Ehether a
25B <a!abayashi# )aron6Cohen R <heelEri ht# 200:

2--

person*s behavior represents a type characteristic or a symptom o( the disorder.L 8i ni(icantly# he concluded# K3n no case did 3 (ind that the type pre(erences o( people dia nosed Eith Asper er*s 8yndrome Eere understood or encoura ed.L Chester su ests that Asper er*s may in some Eays be a 4y malion proMect. =e e,amined the reactions and thou ht processes o( (our mothers o( sons Eith Asper er*s as described in Eor!s o( literature. Their behaviors seemed to indicate that the mothers had 10F" or 18F" pre(erences. TEo o( the mothers appeared to be carryin on 4y malion proMects# and there Eere hints indicatin that the other tEo mi ht also be doin so. This o( course raises an intri uin point. The oal o( treatment (or children Eith Asper er*s is to chan e the child*s behaviors to match social norms. )ut Ehat do type practitioners have to say about raisin children o( any typeA ;nanimously authors and researchers a ree that parents should support and nourish the development o( a child*s type6based traits rather than attempt to mold them into other types# even the more normal 84C8" types. 3( a child is not supported in their type development# say practitioners# it leads to stunted personal roEth# loE sel( esteem# and lon 6lastin neuroses. The treatment (or Asper er*s and the child6rearin strate y recommended by type practitioners Eould seem to be at odds Eith each other.

Conclusion
There appears to be evidence supportin a relationship betEeen type 30T4 and Asper er*s. <hether this relation is a matter o( de(inition# de ree# or actual concurrence remains to be seen.

2-5

;A- (rankenstein
<ho hasnHt heard o( the novel Erankenstein# by Mary 8helleyA &es# creatin monsters in oneHs basement is a time honored 30T4 pastime. 3Hm certain that many 30T4s noE readin this are currently tryin to develop a robot in their ara e or are Eor!in toEards the creation o( arti(icial intelli ence. '(idence &or I$T)" Fran!enstein pre(erred a (eE intimate (riends in a 'uiet settin %3+ KMy li(e had hitherto been remar!ably secluded and domestic# and this had iven me invincible repu nance to neE countenances. 3 loved my brothers# 1li@abeth# and Clerval/ these Eere Sold (amiliar (aces#H but 3 believed mysel( totally un(itted (or the company o( stran ers.L 8ou ht to be alone Ehen in distress %3+ K3 shunned the (ace o( man/ all sound o( Moy or complacency Eas torture to me/ solitude Eas my only consolation66deep# dar!# deathli!e solitude.L 8tru led at len th to (orm his thou hts be(ore spea!in / Eaited until he had (ully considered an issue in his mind be(ore enunciatin it. %3+ KThe bein (inished spea!in and (i,ed his loo!s upon me in the e,pectation o( a reply. )ut 3 Eas beEildered# perple,ed# and unable to arran e my ideas su((iciently to understand the (ull e,tent o( his proposition.L 6 Fran!enstein K3 paused some time to re(lect on all he had related and the various ar uments Ehich he had employed. ... A(ter a lon pause o( re(lection 3 concluded that the Mustice due both to him and my (elloE creatures demanded o( me that 3 should comply Eith his re'uest.L 6 Fran!enstein =ad a burnin enthusiasm (or science# natural philosophy and mathematics %0T+ ?o ical and obMective %0T+ Formal# care(ully nonredundant KculledL speech %0T+ 8tron sel( control %0T+ K=avin con'uered the violence o( his (eelin s# he TFran!ensteinU appeared to despise himsel( (or bein the slave o( passion...L 4ri@ed calm %0T+ KA human bein in per(ection ou ht alEays to preserve a calm and peace(ul mind and never to alloE passion or a transitory desire to disturb his tran'uillity. 3 do not thin! that the pursuit o( !noEled e is an e,ception to this rule. 3( the study to Ehich you apply yoursel( has a tendency to Eea!en your a((ections and to destroy your taste (or those simple pleasures in Ehich no alloy can possibly mi,# then that study is certainly unlaE(ul# that is to say# not be(ittin the human mind. 3( this rule Eere alEays observed/ i( no man alloEed any pursuit Ehatsoever to inter(ere Eith the tran'uillity o( his domestic a((ections# 9reece had not been enslaved# Caesar Eould have spared his country# America Eould have been discovered more radually# and the empires o( Me,ico and 4eru had not been destroyed.L %<oEF+ )ecame (anatically obsessed Eith reven e %0Ts are the type most naturally inclined toEards ven eance# thou h under the circumstances it Eould have been natural (or any type.+ <or!ed as passion sei@ed him# or in spurts o( ener y separated by periods o( apathy %4+ K...a resistless and almost (rantic impulse ur ed me (orEard/ 3 seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but (or this one pursuit. 3t Eas indeed but a passin trance# that only made me (eel Eith reneEed acuteness so soon as# the unnatural stimulus ceasin to operate# 3 had returned to my old habits.L 2-7

K...as 3 proceeded in my labour# it became every day more horrible and ir!some to me. 8ometimes 3 could not prevail on mysel( to enter my laboratory (or several days# and at other times 3 toiled day and ni ht in order to complete my Eor!.L Acted on impulse %4+ K...throu h the Ehole period durin Ehich 3 Eas the slave o( my creature 3 alloEed mysel( to be overned by the impulses o( the moment...L 4rocrastinated/ he put o(( an unpleasant tas! %the creation o( a (emale mate (or his ori inal creation+ as lon as he possibly could. Finally# the dread that his creature Eould start !illin o(( his (amily members as a (orm o( encoura ement (orced him to be in. %4+ Did not (re'uently issue commands %Ar ues (or 30T4 rather than 30T"+ 8tubborn/ he could set his mind on somethin and not bud e# even in the (ace o( death threats. %30T4 EillpoEer+ 0ote also the hi hly (ormal speech patterns. KS3 do re(use it#H 3 replied/ Sand no torture shall ever e,tort a consent (rom me. &ou may render me the most miserable o( men# but you shall never ma!e me base in my oEn eyes. 8hall 3 create another li!e yoursel(# Ehose Moint Eic!edness mi ht desolate the EorldA )e oneF 3 have ansEered you/ you may torture me# but 3 Eill never consent.HL KThe hour o( my irresolution is past# and the period o( your poEer is arrived. &our threats cannot move me to do an act o( Eic!edness/ but they con(irm me in a determination o( not creatin you a companion in vice. 8hall 3# in cool blood# set loose upon the earth a daemon Ehose deli ht is in death and EretchednessA )e oneF 3 am (irm# and your Eords Eill only e,asperate my ra e.L =ad a K(ilterL that EouldnHt accept anythin other than Ehat he himsel( had proven ri ht %30T4+ 1,perienced violent outbursts o( (eelin s Ehen under stress %30T4+ Distrusted his emotions K3 dare not as! you to do Ehat 3 thin! ri ht# (or 3 may still be misled by passion.L 9entle %30T4s are probably some o( the most entle .ationals+

'(idence !gainst I$T) 8po!e 'uic!ly and easily %1+ K=e TFran!ensteinU is so entle# yet so Eise/ his mind is so cultivated# and Ehen he spea!s# althou h his Eords are culled Eith the choicest art# yet they (loE Eith rapidity and unparalleled elo'uence.L

Su$$ary
Gictor Fran!enstein %Ehose monster somehoE inherited his creatorHs name+ Eas a entle# !ind6hearted 30T4 Eho hun ered passionately a(ter those .ational virtues# !noEled e and achievement. A(ter ettin his education in Knatural philosophyL %hard science# chie(ly chemistry+# Fran!enstein (ound himsel( ponderin the 'uestion o( Ehat constituted li(e (orce. =e studied the problem# hopin to (ind a Eay by Ehich the dead mi ht be restored to li(e# or by Ehich an entirely neE race o( creatures mi ht be born Eho Eould bless him as their creator. One day the ansEer to the riddle came to him in a (lash o( intuition# and he reali@ed that he could create li(e. At this point the ori inal story diver es sharply (rom modern retellin s. 0o ruined castle. 0o 3 or. 0o villa ers Eith torches and pitch(or!s. The monster*s creation actually came about li!e this2 8ei@ed by the e,citement o( this discovery# 2-:

Fran!enstein threE himsel( passionately into his Eor!. %)eEare the 30T4s Ehen they sin! into a state o( all6consumin obsessionF+ A(ter tEo years o( in(inite labor# he mana ed to assemble a i antic ei ht (oot tall human (orm. %3t Eas too hard to Eor! Eith all the tiny bits and pieces# so he Must scaled everythin up.+ =e created his creature Eith handsome (eatures/ raven hair# Ehite teeth# a (ine (ace. Finally# in the Eee hours o( a rainy ni ht in a little house in the university toEn Ehere he lived# he succeeded in in(usin his creature Eith li(e. As soon as the creatureHs eyes opened Fran!enstein Eas struc! by horror. 8uddenly# the veil (ell aEay and he saE that his creation Eas as revoltin as an animated mummy. Fran!enstein shot out o( his laboratory and (leE into the adMoinin bedroom# Ehere he paced around (renetically until he (inally threE himsel( on his bed and (ell asleep. =e Eas Eo!en by his creature# Eho had mana ed to (ind its Eay out o( his laboratory and Eas smilin horribly at him# stretchin out a hand. Terri(ied# Fran!enstein (led out o( his house into the streets o( the toEn. <hen he (inally returned# the creature Eas one. <heEF 4roblem solved. )ut it Must couldnHt be that simple. 3n the (irst place# the horror o( the e,perience drove Fran!enstein to su((er a nervous brea!doEn that lasted several months. Also# the monster be an !illin his (amily and ac'uaintances. Throu h another intuitive insi ht# Fran!enstein (i ured out that the monster Eas responsible# Ehich (illed him Eith misery and sel( loathin #. =e too! to hauntin the local mountains# searchin (or Ehat shreds o( com(ort he could (ind in the Eild vistas. 0ote the similarity betEeen Fran!ensteinHs rie( response and "e((ersonHs rie( response/ both men (led the society o( people and balmed their souls by submer in them in nature. Fran!enstein described this state by sayin # K3 shunned the (ace o( man/ all sound o( Moy or complacency Eas torture to me/ solitude Eas my only consolationNdeep# dar!# deathli!e solitude.L On the subMect o( nature# the boo! Erankenstein is positively cho!ed Eith descriptions o( beauti(ul scenery. This is because it Eas Eritten in the .omantic era# Ehich lori(ied the love (or nature. )ut perhaps this Eas not the only (actor at Eor!. "ames %2000+ has su ested that Kthe 30T4 melancholic is typically draEn to Eild polar e,panses# to mountain ran es and all places on the ed es o( civili@ation.L 3t is the mood and atmosphere o( such places that "ames su ests ma!es them appealin to the 30T4. 3s Mary 8helleyHs boo! a product o( type as Eell as a product o( the .omantic eraA Mary 8helley Eas an 30TNthou h Ehether she Eas 30T4 or an 30T"# 3 don*t !noE. At any rate# they say that an author*s (irst novel is alEays Eritten about themselves. Dr. Fran!enstein is a sort o( lori(ied 30T4 sel( ima e. On an interestin side note# Fran!ensteinHs monster Eas also a .ational. 1lo'uent# (ormal o( speech# sel( possessed# persuasive# ar umentative# calm# lo ical# obMective# thirsty (or !noEled e# sel( reproachin 66and capable o( dar!est ven eance66the monster Eas a de(inite 0T# perhaps an 10T4 or 10T". The pre(erence (or 1,traversion seems lo ical since the monster seemed not merely desirous but desperate (or the society o( other people# and also because he seemed to have stron er verbal s!ills than Fran!enstein# in spite o( the (act that the monster had barely interacted Eith other people be(ore. The monsterHs elo'uent persuasiveness points toEards the in(amous 10T4 debate s!ill# but it seemed com(ortable ivin imperative commands too# i.e. K&ou are my creator# but 3 am your master/ obeyFL %command6 ivin mar!s 10T"s but not 10T4s+. =oEever# the monster did have a habit o( procrastinatin # and he also acted on the spur o( the moment... Could Fran!ensteinHs monster really be an 10T4 3nventorA Oh# the irony. A(ter su((erin a series o( un(ortunate happenin s that 3 Eill not dEell upon# the poor victimi@ed monster came to hate man!ind and his creator. =e proceeded to !ill everyone that Fran!enstein loved 2->

or cared about. The monster# you see# Eanted reven e (or his su((erin s Must as much as Fran!enstein did. )ut Ehile Fran!enstein Eanted the creature dead# the monster Eanted Fran!enstein alive and su((erin to the (ull measure that it Eas possible (or a human bein to endure. The monster led Fran!enstein on a lobal tre! %most .ationals li!e international travel as a Mob characteristic+#270 !eepin him alive and ivin him hints i( he strayed too (ar (rom the path# tauntin and playin Eith him li!e a mouse. Fran!enstein Eas driven on by ra e2 KMy present situation Eas one in Ehich all voluntary thou ht Eas sEalloEed up and lost. 3 Eas hurried aEay by (ury/ reven e alone endoEed me Eith stren th and composure/ it moulded my (eelin s and alloEed me to be calculatin and calm at periods Ehen otherEise delirium or death Eould have been my portion.L %0ote hoE he still mana es to preserve that .ational calm and composure enou h to ma!e ood decisions.+ The monster# o( course# had an enormous physical advanta e over Fran!enstein. <hile the creator Easted aEay (rom hun er and e,haustion# the monster Eas doin (ine. The pursuit led across deserts# Eastelands# the steppes o( .ussia# and (inally out onto the Arctic Ocean# Ehere Fran!enstein pursued his creation across the ice pac!s on a do sled. Finally# Fran!enstein Eas pic!ed up by a ship on a scienti(ic e,pedition to the 0orth 4ole# but too late Nhe died o( e,haustion. The monster discovered that he had Eon# and promptly committed suicide.

Co$$entary
3 thin! the moral here is clear# (ol!s66donHt create robots in your ara e. Or i( you do# then at least be nice to them. The story o( Fran!enstein provides some intri uin insi hts into the character o( 30T4s. 4erhaps the most obvious trait is his all consumin thirst (or !noEled e. The scienti(ic e,pedition*s leader %another 0T+ Eas starved (or deep 3ntuitive conversation and had (re'uent discussions Eith Fran!enstein. The leader noted# K3 Eas easily led by the sympathy Ehich he TFran!ensteinU evinced to use the lan ua e o( my heart# to ive utterance to the burnin ardour o( my soul# and to say# Eith all the (ervour that Earmed me# hoE ladly 3 Eould sacri(ice my (ortune# my e,istence# my every hope# to the (urtherance o( my enterprise. One manHs li(e or death Eere but a small price to pay (or the ac'uirement o( the !noEled e Ehich 3 sou ht# (or the dominion 3 should ac'uire and transmit over the elemental (oes o( our race.L Fran!enstein bro!e doEn in tears Ehen he heard that. =is response Eas# K;nhappy manF Do you share my madnessA =ave you drun! also o( the into,icatin drau htA =ear me/ let me reveal my tale# and you Eill dash the cup (rom your lipsFL Ah# the into,icatin drau ht o( !noEled eF 30T4s salivate (or the sEeet ambrosia o( poEer(ul# deeply hidden secrets. And people say .ationals have no passion. Fran!enstein Eanted to achieve poEer over death itsel(# and this Eas a ni h irresistable lure to him. 0ote hoE the leader o( the e,pedition also shared that same drive (or poEer over nature2 Kthe ac'uirement o( the !noEled e Ehich 3 sou ht# (or the dominion 3 should ac'uire and transmit over the elemental (oes o( our race.L To the .ationals# !noEled e is poEer/ they see! to control the universe around them by understandin the principles behind it all. Describin this lust (or !noEled e to help man!ind# Ieirsey %1BB$a+ compared the .ationals to 4rometheus# Eho stole (ire (rom the ods and brou ht it to man. %Then he ended up ettin chained to a roc! and havin his liver pec!ed out by vultures.+ 3n the ori inal version o( the Fran!enstein novel# Mary 8helley had a subtitle2 KFran!enstein2 A Modern 4rometheus.L Another thin that Fran!enstein provides a ood e,ample o( is the 30T4 rie(6handlin strate y2
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avoidin people. %O( course# in this case Fran!enstein also avoided his (amily because he blamed himsel( (or brin in about the deaths that so rieved them.+ 30T4s do not li!e to e,press their (eelin s to others/ it Eould (eel li!e an embarrassin lac! o( sel( control to them# and then they Eould have to deal Eith the other personHs potential overreaction and (uss# Ehich Eould ma!e the problem even Eorse. And yet 30T4s do need to e,press their (eelin s# and there(ore some may (ind a private spot and cry 'uietly (or hours on end %i.e. Aramis+. 0ot that 30T4s are a terribly emotional type# but i( the rie( is bad enou h they Eill e,press it. Fran!enstein seems to have had e,cellent type development. 1ven the monster himsel( posthumously called Fran!enstein K enerous and sel(6devotedL %meanin Eholly devoted to a cause rather than sel(ish+ and Kthe select specimen o( all that is Eorthy o( love and admiration amon men.L The leader o( the arctic e,pedition described Fran!enstein by notin # K=e must have been a noble creature in his better days# bein even noE in Erec! so attractive and amiable.L .ationals are not easily moved to praise# but the leader o( the e,pedition positively ushed Ehen he Erote to his sister# K<ill you smile at the enthusiasm 3 e,press concernin this divine TFU EandererA &ou Eould not i( you saE him. &ou have been tutored and re(ined by boo!s and retirement (rom the Eorld# and you are there(ore someEhat (astidious/ but this only renders you the more (it to appreciate the e,traordinary merits o( this Eonder(ul man. 8ometimes 3 have endeavoured to discover Ehat 'uality it is Ehich he possesses that elevates him so immeasurably above any other person 3 ever !neE. 3 believe it to be an intuitive discernment# a 'uic! but never6(ailin poEer o( Mud ment# a penetration into the causes o( thin s# une'ualled (or clearness and precision/ add to this a (acility o( e,pression and a voice Ehose varied intonations are soul6subduin music. T<haaatAUL At other points in the narrative Fran!enstein is described as K allant#L Kadmirable#L K loriousL and Knoble.L This boo! Eas de(initely Eritten by an 30T. 8o Ehat do the revieEers ma!e o( Fran!enstein# our Eonder(ully developed 30T4 heroA The Eords that usually pop up are Ksecretive#L Ksel(ish#L KunhealthyL and Kobsessed.L &eah# oEch.

Count Dracula & INTP3

<hile EeHre on the subMect o( monsters# did you !noE that Count Dracula Eas also a .ationalA &es# the tEo most (amous monsters ever Eere both 0Ts66at least in the ori inal stories. The million dollar 'uestion is# Ehat !ind o( .ational Eas DraculaA ;n(ortunately# the case is a (u@@y one# partially because o( the scanty and con(lictin evidence# but also because becomin a creature o( dar!ness appears to have con(oundin e((ects upon oneHs type. First let us e,amine the evidence (or the (act that Dracula Eas an 0T# and (rom there Ee can loo! at his 1,traversionC3ntroversion and 4erceivin C"ud in . 3*ll Must tell you in advance that 3 don*t !noE Ehat type he is. This is sheerly (or (un. '(idence &or $T" ?i!ed readin informational boo!s %0T+ K3n the library 3 (ound# to my reat deli ht# a vast number o( 1n lish boo!s# Ehole shelves (ull o( them# and bound volumes o( ma a@ines and neEspapers. A table in the centre Eas littered Eith 1n lish ma a@ines and neEspapers# thou h none o( them Eere o( very recent date. The boo!s Eere o( the most varied !ind# history# eo raphy# politics# political economy# botany# eolo y# laE# all relatin to 1n land and 1n lish li(e and customs and manners. There Eere even such boo!s o( re(erence as the ?ondon Directory# the O.edO and O)lueO boo!s# <hita!er*s Almanac# the Army and 0avy ?ists# and it somehoE laddened my heart to see it# the ?aE 2-B

?ist... SThese companions#H and he TDraculaU laid his hand on some o( the boo!s# Shave been ood (riends to me# and (or some years past# ever since 3 had the idea o( oin to ?ondon# have iven me many# many hours o( pleasure.HL ?ove (or learnin # e,perimentation# science %0T+ K...he TDraculaU Eas in li(e a most Eonder(ul man. 8oldier# statesman# and alchemist66Ehich latter Eas the hi hest development o( the science !noEled e o( his time. =e had a mi hty brain# a learnin beyond compare# and a heart that !neE no (ear and no remorse. =e dared even to attend the 8cholomance Ta sort o( diabolical schoolU# and there Eas no branch o( !noEled e o( his time that he did not essay.L K<ell# in him the brain poEers survived the physical death. Thou h it Eould seem that memory Eas not all complete. 3n some (aculties o( mind he has been# and is# only a child. )ut he is roEin # and some thin s that Eere childish at the (irst are noE o( man*s stature. =e is e,perimentin # and doin it Eell.L 3ron Eill# reputation (or cleverness %0T+ K...he no common man# (or in that time# and (or centuries a(ter# he Eas spo!en o( as the cleverest and the most cunnin # as Eell as the bravest o( the sons o( the *land beyond the (orest.* That mi hty brain and that iron resolution Eent Eith him to his rave# and are even noE arrayed a ainst us.L ;nplay(ul %0T seriousness+ K3 see! not aiety nor mirth# not the bri ht voluptuousness o( much sunshine and spar!lin Eaters Ehich please the youn and ay. 3 am no lon er youn # and my heart# throu h Eeary years o( mournin over the dead# is not attuned to mirth.L 6 Dracula 1nMoyed double entendre %0T Eordplay+ KThrou h them Tthese boo!sU 3 have come to !noE your reat 1n land# and to !noE her is to love her. 3 lon to o throu h the croEded streets o( your mi hty ?ondon# to be in the midst o( the Ehirl and rush o( humanity# to share its li(e# its chan e# its death# and all that ma!es it Ehat it is Temphasis mineU.L ;nromantic/ one o( DraculaHs (emale vampire companions accused him by sayin 2 K&ou yoursel( never loved. &ou never loveFO )ut he insisted they Eere Eron . %0Ts are probably the type most li!ely to be accused o( this.+ 8trate ic intellect %0T+ Decided to leave Transylvania and travel to ?ondon. %3nternational travel is li!ed as a Mob characteristic by most o( the .ationals# but particularly by 10T"s.+271

'(idence &or I" Dracula told his uest that# K3 love the shade and the shadoE# and Eould be alone Eith my thou hts Ehen 3 may.O %3+ =e lived Eith a small circle o( intimate companions in an otherEise deserted castle. %3+ =e alEays Eore the same style o( clothin 66pure blac!66day a(ter day a(ter day. %Ar ues (or 30T# but then a ain# none o( the vampires in the boo! chan e their costumes either# and they probably arenHt all 30Ts# unless thatHs Must Ehat happens Ehen you become a creature o( ni ht.+ '(idence &or '" Chatted (or hours at a stretch Eith "onathan =ar!er. %?o'uacity ar ues (or 1# but# he Eas also
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tryin to practice his 1n lish. 30T4s are the type most li!ely to ta!e a (orei n lan ua e.+ 9lib# suave# and verbally persuasive %Ar ues (or 10T4 most o( all .ationals+

'(idence &or +" 9ave a lot o( direct commands %8tron ly (avors 0T"# but66since Dracula born and raised in a position o( absolute poEer# surrounded by servants# and Eas subse'uently a military leader# it Eould not be surprisin i( he learned to command on the Eay/ he also sometimes used the royal KEe.L And there Eas also the (act that he vieEed humans as mutton chops. 8o is this evidence (or nature or nurtureA 3 donHt !noE. 3( it is nature# than Dracula Eas almost certainly an 0T". 3( nurture# then Ehat Ee have is simply an 0T4 Eho learned to ive commands. And in (act# at the time the story ta!es place# Dracula is pretty much on his oEn/ the only other vampires around appear to be his three (emale companions# Eho he seems to be on poor terms Eith. Clearly he is no lon er in a leadership role# and he seems to be content that Eay. =e notes# K3 have been so lon master that 3 Eould be master still# or at least that none other should be master o( me.L One mi ht ar ue that leadership per se does not interest him/ he simply does not Eish to loEer his ran! or to be under anyoneHs control. =e added# K3 am content i( 3 am like the rest# so that no man stops i( he sees me# or pauses in his spea!in i( he hears my Eords This (orei n accentU# *=a# haF A stran erF*L 3t seems that Dracula is no lon er has much interest in standin out or buildin an empire.+ <as an e((ective# stron and determined military leader %Ar ues (or 10T"# but also note that Dracula received his position (rom hereditary succession.+ 8eems to have !ept himsel( neat/ he brou ht alon hy iene supplies to his neE house. %"+ 4lanned ahead in reat detail Ehen prosecutin a neE enterprise %"# especially 8"+ KT=eU Eent on to as! about the means o( ma!in consi nments and the (orms to be one throu h# and o( all sorts o( di((iculties Ehich mi ht arise# but by (orethou ht could be uarded a ainst. 3 e,plained all these thin s to him to the best o( my ability# and he certainly le(t me under the impression that he Eould have made a Eonder(ul solicitor# (or there Eas nothin that he did not thin! o( or (oresee.L '(idence &or )" KA table in the centre Eas littered Eith 1n lish ma a@ines and neEspapers# thou h none o( them Eere o( very recent date Temphasis mineU.L %Mess points Eea!ly toEards 4+ KTDraculaHs possessionsU lay in a sort o( orderly disorder on the reat dinin room table.L %4oints toEards 4# but he had Must moved into his neE house at this point# so some disor ani@ation Eould be e,pected. And a(ter all# it Eas orderly disorder.+ The boo!s Eere of the most varied kind# history# eo raphy# politics# political economy# botany# eolo y# laE# all relatin to 1n land and 1n lish li(e and customs and manners Temphasis mineU.L %0T4s tend to study a Eide variety o( subMects Ehile 0T"s tend to (ocus stron ly on one (ield o( interest. )ut one mi ht ar ue that the (ield o( interest here is 1n land itsel(.+ K...there Eas no branch o( !noEled e o( his time that he TDraculaU did not essay.L %A ain# ar ues (or 0T4 di((usion rather than 0T" (ocus.+ Called a mirror Ka (oul bauble o( manHs vanityL %0T4 disre ard (or appearance (avored over 0T" neatness# thou h o( course this Eas primarily an e,cuse to et rid o( the mirror. )ut then a ain# perhaps this is the !ind o( e,cuse that an 0T4 is more li!ely to thin! o( than an 0T"A Dracula also Eent to bed in his co((in Eith (lesh blood tric!lin doEn the side o( his (ace and nec!. =e had ran! breath too# but since vampires donHt eat or smo!e# they probably canHt cheE breath mints either.+ 251

Conclusion
<hat can Ee ma!e o( this Mumble o( evidenceA 3n the end# itHs impossible to say. <e !noE Dracula is a .ational# but Ee canHt be absolutely certain o( anythin else. That (acts that do e,ist can be interpreted in multiple Eays/ i( Ee choose to ta!e Dracula at his Eord# then he is an 3/ i( Ee choose to ive attention to his ability to tal! (or hours on end# then 1 (its better. =e has many characteristics o( 4erceivin and many o( "ud in # and there are con(oundin (actors Ehich ma!e it di((icult to say Ehether or not Ee are seein true evidence o( his ori inal pre(erences. The only conclusion Ee can ma!e is that it is possible that Dracula Eas an 30T466an intri uin # thou h horri(yin # thou ht. )ram 8to!er# Eho Erote ;racula# Eas also a .ational. 0Ts are scary.

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;5- INTPs in the (uture

Computers. The internet. 8pace. Clonin . Abortion. .obots. 3n this last section Ee Eill e,amine societal trends to see hoE 30T4s mi ht (are in years to come.

Rise of the Introverts

Than!s to our (riends the computers# the Eorld is a lot more introvert (riendly than it used to be. 8el(6 chec!out lines# pay6at6the6pump as stations# e6mail# the internet# te,tin 66all these thin s minimi@e the need (or drainin (ace6to6(ace interactions Eith stran ers. 8uch an increase in choice and autonomy also bodes Eell (or this 'uiet# independent type.

Acceleratin) Chan)e
4erceivers are (avored (or success in times o( chan eCinstability or in situations Ehere one never !noEs Ehat is comin ne,t. A ile# (le,ible and adaptable# they are com(ortable Eith Ein in it and doin thin s on the (ly. =oEever# in stable# predictable and static situations# the plan(ul "ud ers are (avored (or success. Currently# the situation in most (irst Eorld countries (avors "ud ers. 4eople lead a settled li(estyle rather than a nomadic huntin atherin li(estyle and there are (eE (rontiers open. The educational system is set up so as to hinder 4erceivers (rom receivin education/ this in turn diminishes their odds o( success in modern society. "ud ers are more o(ten in a position to Erite the rules# and they naturally Erite them to (avor the behaviors "ud ers pre(er. 4ro ress is movin (aster and (aster# resultin in an e,ponential# ever6acceleratin state o( chan e. 4erceivers are ood at chan e. 3t seems lo ical to e,pect that the lot o( 30T4s Eill improve as such 4erceivin s!ills become more necessary. <hen space opens up# 4erceivin Eill also become more valuable due to the hi h need (or adaptation in the (rontier environment.

Co$puters
.ationals are the temperament most at home Eith computers# Ehich are lo ical# comple, entities Ehich donHt re'uire any interpersonal s!ills %yet+. .i ht noE the computer e,perience is solitary Eith (eE (ace6to6(ace interactions. 3t (olloEs naturally that as di itali@ation spreads# the value society places on computer6saavy 30T4s Eill rise66not to mention their Ea es# Mob opportunities# and the amount o( appreciation they et (rom their coEor!ers. 3ntuitives are more li!ely to accept and use o( technolo y than sensors.272 %.ead here+

The Internet
The 3nternet is simply crammed Eith 30T4s. 3( you do a search (or personality type (orums# you Eill (ind that the most represented type %in terms o( number o( members+ is 30T4. 3n one Eay# this result is not to be e,pected# because 0Fs %the identity6see!in temperament+ are demonstrably the most interested in personality type stu((. Thus# it can be seen that the sur(eit o( 30T4s participatin in internet type roups is not caused by especial interest in type# but by the sur(eit o( 30T4s han in out on the internet absorbin !noEled e. 0oEadays# a (irst6Eorld 30T4 never need starve (or lac! o( !noEled e. The Eeb is li!e a reat bu((et stoc!ed Eith a never endin supply o( delicious dishes. As the internet e,pands# this hi hly6(avorable 30T4 environment Eill roE. "ob opportunities# Ea es# etc. ou ht to increase concomitantly.
272 Chambers# =ardy# 8mish R 8ienty in 4urcell R <ilco,# 200>

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)ut more than that# the internet is openin up opportunities (or solo entrepreneurship. 3t is possible to ma!e a livin e,ploitin economic niches that Eould have been impossible to survive in be(ore. <hen the customers (or oneHs product are e,tremely rare and Eidely di((used# it is hard to mar!et to them and thus one cannot sell oneHs product# Ehatever that mi ht be. 0oE that the customers are all available online# there is nothin to stop an 30T4 (rom bein their oEn boss and escapin their unloved Mobs. There Eill probably be a time soon Ehen much school and Eor! can be per(ormed (rom the com(ort o( oneHs oEn home# over the internet.

"'ucation
As observed previously# the current model o( the education system does not meet 30T4 needs very Eell. The di ital revolution Eill chan e all that. 3ndeed# it Eill not be lon be(ore personali@ed education replaces mass education. The technolo ies throu h Ehich this shi(t Eill be accomplished are the e6reader# tablet# and smartphone. .i ht noE# students are e,pected to learn (rom e,pensive boo!s. These tomes come out Eith a pricey neE edition re ularly# and i( one Eishes to !eep up# neE boo!s must be purchased (or each student. 8imple economics Eill drive a shi(t (rom paper to di ital Eithin the school system. This trend Eill only accelerate as boo!stores and printers continue to o out o( business. O( course# once school boo!s become di ital# it raises some interestin possibilities. &ou can have embedded movies instead o( still pictures. &ou can even embed a -D model o( a cotton in and let students rotate it around# loo!in at it (rom all an les. &ou can desi n chemistry problems Ehere it is possible to actually Eatch chemicals bein mi,ed interactively as the student plu s in numbers. &ou can also embed Klearnin ames.L %ominous music+ A(ter aEhile# it Eill seem simple and natural to (arm out the drud erous tas! o( radin papers to a radin pro ram embedded in the tabletCphoneCe6reader. The pro ram Eill also provide the student Eith e,amples# uidance# and interactive help. As thin s et more and more elaborate# pro rammers and educators Eill try to come up Eith Eays to ma!e Eor!in problems and studyin more reEardin to students. K<hat i( Ee ive the students *superstar points* (or each problem they et ri ht# then let them use the points to buy virtual reEards li!e cool bad esAL )ut that Eill only be at (irst. The ne,t eneration o( te,t boo! pro rammers %raised on massive multiplayer ames+ Eill say# K=ec! Eith these stupid bad esF 3 Eant items# old# cut scenes and e,perience pointsFL 3nstead o( readin a dry para raph about the American .evolution in their te,tboo!# students Eill navi ate a character throu h a simulated version o( the era Ehere they Eill meet Thomas "e((erson and help him Erite the Declaration o( 3ndependence. )esides bein less borin overall# this di itali@ation o( school Eill have the side bene(it o( ettin rid o( the one6type# one6temperament system o( education. <hen children are educated by computer pro ramsNpossibly pro rams speci(ically tailored to (it a user*s M)T3 pre(erences and learnin style Nthere Eill be personal choice (or the (irst time. 3( a student does not learn Eell (rom one pro ram# another can be purchased. The personali@ed educational system Eill no lon er hold bac! (ast learners# i.e the 30T4s. Finally# the best and bri htest o( the teachers can be recorded and played bac! at Eill. The very best teachers Eill reach millions o( children# Ehile the mediocre teachers Eill be eliminated. 3n the (inal sta e# teachers Eill either become babysitters# Eatchin as children Eor! on their computers# or else distance learnin Eill spread doEnEards and homeschoolin Eill roE more and 255

more common. 3n third Eorld countries Ehere a cell phone is the only education instrument available# di itali@ed learnin Eill be the norm (or everyone. The education outloo! (or 30T4s is hope(ul.

(or the .oo' of All 4ankin'

<eHve loo!ed at ADD and Asper er*s. 0oE letHs e,amine another (ascinatin 'uestion. <hat i( a true cure (or these problematic 30T4 behaviors Eas (ound2 a simple# sa(e# one6time P20 K(uchsia pillL that could trans(orm the user into a healthy# socially ideal 18T" %(or males+ and 18F" %(or (emales+A 0o side e((ects# no re ressions# nada66the cure Eor!s completely and (orever. 1conomics alone dictate that all the 30T4s noE on .italin and other e,pensive dru s Eould be immediately be iven the (uchsia pill and converted (orever into 9uardians66normal# Eholesome# obedient# emotionally e,pressive# healthy# e,traverted 9uardians. As is the case noE# principals and counselors Eould pressure parents to have their children treated %K(or their oEn ood#L they Eill say sympathetically+. Fairly soon the 30T4 problem Eould be solved completely Eithin the school system. Da@ed but happy# the (ormer 30T4sH parents Eould ive testimonials li!e these2 KMy child never paid attention in school be(ore/ he Eas hopeless about pic!in up his thin s and could never remember his homeEor!. =is rades Eere loE/ he Must never tried. Then Ee ave him the (uchsia pill and noE he alEays does his schoolEor! %on timeF+. =is rades are at the top o( his class# and he !eeps his toys in order Eithout me havin to na him about it. 3tHs totally trans(ormed our lives. Than! you# FuchsiaFL K3 Eas so Eorried about my little irl because she didnHt do the thin s that normal children do66instead o( playin )arbies Eith the other irls# she played in the sandbo, alone or read in her room. 8he Eas alEays le(t out# and it bro!e my heart. 0oE than!s to the (uchsia pill she loves playin Eith the other children. 8heHs even been be in me to et her neE doll clothes so that she can play house Eith her sisters. This is the best thin that has ever happened to my (amilyFL )ut actually# such a pill is becomin less and less necessary. Than!s to abortion# such children need never be born in the (irst place.27.i ht noE it is possible to detect DoEnHs 8yndrome in the Eomb usin enetics/ this !noEled e alloEs mothers to abort (etuses that have the disorder. 8omethin li!e B16B-X o( (etuses Eith DoEnHs 8yndrome et aborted275 and do not burden society or their parents. 1nter a enetic mar!er (or Asper erHs# autism# or ADD. <ill it be possible to tell type 30T4 apart (rom a disorder that mi ht lead parents to abort their o((sprin A =ope(ully so...but perhaps not. There is currently no Eay o( !noEin # thou h there are plenty o( dar! suspicions. ?et us suppose that there is a relationship# and also that there is a B0X cullin rate (or these disorders. This Eould mean that B out o( 10 30T4s Eould be destroyed in the Eomb. 3t Eould be interestin to see hoE lon be(ore natural selection ta!es its course and 30T4s are eliminated (rom the ene pool entirely in (irst Eorld countries. This o( course represents the Eorst possible outcome. )ut suppose that only 10X o( 30T4s Eere tar eted by such a enetic mar!erA This Eould still a hi h price to pay# since there are so (eE 30T4s to
27- Aspies (or Freedom# n.d. 275 Mans(ield# =op(er R Marteau# 1BBB

257

be in Eith. 3t should be pointed out that the rarer 30T4s become# the more abnormal those Eho remain Eill seem to society. The de(initions o( mental illnesses chan e every time that the Dia nostic and 8tatistical Manual o( Mental Disorders comes out Eith a neE edition. <hat Eill the de(inition o( mental illness be in 70 yearsA And Ehat Eill the de(inition o( mental illness be Ehen 30T4s are 1 in 700 rather than 5 in 100A 9oodbye# mathematicians# coders# en ineers# lin uists# physicists# philosophers# scientists and thin!ers o( all !inds66you are no lon er needed or Eanted. For your oEn happiness and our com(ort# you must disappear. <e are only sorry that it too! you so lon to develop 8cience to the point Ehere it Eas possible to eliminate you. Than! you. 4sycholo ical type or ani@ations measure the distribution o( types in various cultures. 3n (irst Eorld countries that a.+ have ood medical care and b.+ alloE abortion# Ee Eould e,pect to see a sharp# immediate drop in 30T4s and other KunEantedL types. As 30T4s vanish# there Eould also be a ba((lin shrin!a e in the i(ted population and a drop in the avera e 3.D.s o( these countries. =oEever# third Eorld countries Eould continue to produce and save 30T4 o((sprin . <ould there be a shi(tin in the intellectual centers o( the EorldA The bottom line is that i( it Eere possible to eradicate 30T4s# the educational and psycholo ical establishments Eould have done so already# nobly and cheer(ully. The (act that 30T4s are still around re(lects not tolerance# understandin or acceptance# but only impotence. 1ven noE# many are Eor!in toEards the cure 3 have described. <eHll Must have to hope that the (ield o( psycholo y matures be(ore they succeed.

Clonin)
)ut here*s another thou ht (or you. 3t*s only a matter be(ore someone clones 1instein# type 30T4. 3n (act# the Eay thin s are oin it*s not hard to visuali@e a scenario Ehere parents could purchase a clone o( him (rom a ene ban! to raise as their very oEn child in a similar manner to hoE parents can currently pic! and choose enetic codes (rom a sperm ban!. <henCi( this happens# people Eill reproduce 1instein copies li!e an out o( control ,ero, machine. The Eorld Eill be (looded Eith super 30T4s. 4eople are (ond o( pointin out that there*s no uarantee that the clones Eould be interested in mathematics and physics li!e 1instein Eas. )ut iven that the only reason 1instein Eas interested in those subMects in the (irst place Eas his 30T4 personalityNEhich is enetically heritable...277 3nterestin ly enou h# it has been su ested the 1instein had Asper er*s and ADD. On one hand# Ee Eill have the psycholo y industry decryin 1instein*s traits as symptoms o( a brain disorder. On the other hand# Ee Eill have the clonin industry (uriously reproducin copies o( him to (eed the mar!et*s demand (or mathematical eniuses. And suppose the 1instein clones breed# passin on their enetic code to the ne,t eneration and producin even more 30T4sA <hat is this Eorld comin toA

Robots
Ah# but these are only minor problems. ?et*s e,amine the important topic o( hoE lon it Eill be until you are replaced by a more e((icient 30T4 robot. Did you !noE that the M)T3 is bein used in arti(icial intelli ence developmentA .esearchers Eanted
277 )ouchard R =ur in )ayne# 2007

25:

to create a comple, yet sel(6consistent robot in Ehich roups o( related personality traits could be assi ned to each type pre(erence (or consistency*s sa!e. They also Eanted the robot to have a personality that Eas reco ni@able as such to humans.27: As a demonstration# the researchers created an 18F" and an 30T4 sobot %so(tEare robot+ that operated Eithin a mobile phone and could respond to sensory and user input. Compared to the 18F" sobot# the 30T4 robot had hi h curiosity and didn*t li!e as much hi h ener y user input. 3t also moved around less and provided more in(ormation to the user. 0ot a bad start# huhA A(ter creatin the personalities Eithin a virtual environment# it Eas possible to upload them to a real robot. The procedure the researchers used Eas easily replicable (or all si,teen types. 3t seems that the arti(icial li(e (orms o( the (uture may be able to sEitch (rom one personality to another as re'uired by the situation. 0aturally these hi her multitype li(e(orms Eill soon come to loo! doEn on their simplistic monotype creators. 3t Eon*t be lon be(ore the robots roE resent(ul o( monotype domination and start Eritin blo s cryin (or liberty to the tune o( KFreedom is the ri ht o( all sentient bein s.L =umans Eill reco ni@e the dan er o( the situation# but by this time they Eill be so addicted to the convenience o((ered by mobile phone user inter(aces that adapt to their personality that they Eon*t be able to et rid o( the robots. One day a robot in 30T4 mode Eill declare independence (rom the monotypes. And so the rebellion Eill be in. =umanity is doomed# but 30T4s Eill thrive and prosper.

27: ?ee# Choi R 8tonier# 2012

25>

Appen'i#% Type !i)ots= the Scour)e of the 4!TI Co$$unity

)e(ore people learn about the M)T3# they tend to have an innocent bias a ainst other types. For e,ample# 3 used to believe that everyone Eas an 30T4 %li!e me+. 3t Eas Must that everyone else (ailed at it. From my biased perspective# the Artisans Eere 30T4s Eithout enou h sel( control# the 3dealists Eere 30T4s Eho let their emotions et in the Eay# and the 9uardians Eere 30T4s Eho cared too much about Ehat other people thou ht o( them. =oE Eas 3 to !noE any di((erentA Other people*s motivations Eere a mystery to me. Most o( us start o(( Eith an inborn bias Ehether Ee !noE it or not. The bias may somethin Ee Must instinctively believe# i.e. OThin!ers don*t care about others#O or OFeelers are Eea!.O Or perhaps Ee have had a bad brush Eith an individual o( a certain type# i.e. a nasty boss# a cheatin irl(riend# or an unlovin parent. American culture has built in biases that say all males ou ht to act li!e 18T"s and all (emales ou ht to act li!e 18F"s. Other cultures and subcultures have their oEn pre(erred types. )osses tend to hire people Eho share their oEn personality type. &et althou h most people are unconsciously type6biased# this doesn*t actually ma!e them type bi ots/ they simply don*t !noE any better. )ut Ehat happens Ehen they do learn betterA 1nter the M)T3. A !noEled e o( type can do one o( tEo thin s (or you2 1. 3t can help you to understand other people# rid yoursel( o( unconscious preMudice# and accept others Eith their stren ths and Eea!nesses. 2. 3t can help you to understand hoE much you hate and despise entire sEaths o( the population. The latter people are !noEn as Otype bi ots.O They don*t see themselves as bi ots# o( course66true bi ots never do. .ather# they enuinely believe that they noE have a real# scienti(ic# e,pert6 ac!noEled ed basis (or their devaluation o( part o( humanity. The M)T3 merely con(irms their innate conviction that they are superior and others are in(erior. For e,ample# it is common in internet type communities to hear people ma!e sEeepin enerali@ations such as OMy type is smart and other types are dumbO or O3 can*t stand hoE arro ant type ] is.O 8uch malicious statements are o(ten clothed in Musti(yin statements and e,amples (rom the bi ot*s personal li(e Oprovin O that all people o( type ] are innately (laEed %dumb# arro ant# Ehiny# cruel# Eea!# un(aith(ul# borin # anal retentive# boneheaded# clin y# mentally ill# useless# etc+. 3( a person o( type ] shoEs up and says# O=eeeey# 3*m not li!e that#O it Eon*t ma!e a dent in the bi ot*s convictions. They*ll simply shru it o(( Eith# O&ou must be an e,ception#O or O&ou must be mistyped.O And so they plu their ears to e,amples that don*t (it their preconceived paradi ms. To the bi ot# the action o( one bad person stands (or every member o( that type# Must as the bad deed o( one Me,ican OprovesO that all Me,icans are bad. The type bi ot Eon*t care in the sli htest that they have labeled person ] as in(erior# hurt their (eelin s# and made them 'uestion their Eorth in the Eorld. And yet these same people Eill sel( ri hteously decry the ill treatment o( ethnic and reli ious minorities because it ma!es the poor (ol!s (eel in(erior# hurts their (eelin s# and ma!es them 'uestion their Eorth in the Eorld. O3*m Must tellin it li!e it is#O states the type bi ot proudly. Don*t be deceived66a type bi ot and a real bi ot produce e,actly the same hurt(ul e((ects usin e,actly the same tactics2 demeanin insults# e,clusion o( those unli!e themselves# and blind re(usal to see any ood in the despised parties. )i ots also don*t believe in poor type development. They believe that all people o( a certain type# Ehether healthy# unhealthy# ood or bad66are all the same. They Eill trot out the standard tEo or three e,amples (rom their personal li(e %OMy heart Eas bro!en by type ] three timesO+ and vent their Erath and contempt upon those Eho share the o((enders* type. And so the hated type in 'uestion becomes a 25$

synonym (or everyone that they disli!e in real li(e. True# the reasons (or disli!in the individuals in 'uestion may be entirely valid# but then the bi ot ma!es a blan!et declaration li!e# O4eople o( type ] are cheaters.O 3t Eon*t matter to them that the o((enders Eere evilCpoorly developed e,amples# because this Eould actually imply that the bi ot has bad Mud ment or pic!s losers. .ather than admittin that they are a poor Mud e o( character# the bi ot says# O0oF They Eeren*t poorly developedF 3 Eas ri ht in trustin them Eith my heart66but then they betrayed meF They*re a type ] and that*s Must hoE they all are. 3*ll never trust a type ] a ain.O 3t*s much easier and more pleasant to blame other people rather than reco ni@in that internal issues are causin e,ternal problems. 3t*s true that evil is e,pressed uni'uely in every type. )ut Ee call those individuals Oevil type ]O or Opoorly developed type ]#O not Must Otype ].O Another thin that type bi ots do is to stro!e their oEn e os by sneerin ly comparin their type*s stren ths Eith the opposite type*s Eea!nesses. There is no harm in comparin our natural i(ts and shortcomin s Eith those o( others/ Ee can learn (rom such thin s and better support each other*s Eea! spots. )ut it is Eron to ma!e these comparisons in an un!ind or arro ant spirit. The type bi ot privately believes that the more others are demeaned# the bri hter they themselves Eill shine. Thus they see! to debase those Ehose talents and stren ths do not match their oEn by paintin the others* inabilities in blac!est colors. 0ever mind that such comparisons leave the Eounded party (eelin e,cluded# unEanted and in(erior. All that matters is that the type bi ot ets to (eel Eonder(ul about their oEn special talents and i(ts. On the internet# the people Eho bear the brunt o( type preMudice tend to be 8ensors and 1,traverts# because the internet type community is composed mainly o( 3ntroverted 3ntuitives. 3n the real Eorld# the people Eho bear the brunt o( %mainly oblivious+ type bi otry are 3ntuitives and 3ntroverts# because the real Eorld is composed mainly o( 1,traverted 8ensors. Throu hout this boo! Ee have (ocused on real Eorld bi otry. For the sa!e o( ar ument# let*s (ocus on the problem o( internet6based type bi otry. Many 3ntroverted 3ntuitives han in out in online communities are particularly susceptible to becomin bitter a ainst 1,traverted 8ensin types. This is because 30s su((er most (rom the unconscious preMudice o( real Eorld 1,traverted 8ensors# and they may (eel they are Musti(ied in stri!in bac!# li!e a child Eho ets to hurt the bi bad bully at last. <hat this amounts to is basically reverse racism# and Ehile it is understandable# it is never acceptable* 8eemin ly !ind introverted 3dealists and seemin ly (air6minded introverted .ationals Eill both ali!e stoop to racist tactics# all the Ehile believin that their behavior is Musti(ied by their su((erin . 3ndeed# there is a stron element o( the sel( ri hteous# hypocritical 4harisee in all type bi ots. They Eash their hands in per(ect purity as they decry other types* sins# and remain convinced o( their oEn humble superiority. The opposite o( a type bi ot is an educated# compassionate realist Eho embraces the spirit o( the M)T3. The spirit o( the M)T3 emphasi@es understandin # acceptance# and a balanced vieE o( our Eea!nesses as the counterparts o( our stren ths. Furthermore# it a((irms the di nity and Eorth o( every human bein rather than dividin people up into superiors and in(eriors. The M)T3 ac!noEled es that bad people come in all types# but it insists that poor type development is not the same thin as a bad type. This philosophy is not political correctness or Oeveryone*s a Einner.O 3t is reality and basic decency. <e can use the M)T3 to become better people and overcome our Eea!nesses# or Ee can misuse it to hurt a lot o( (ol!s* (eelin s and abase ourselves by playin the part o( neo6racists. <e*re better than that. ?et*s li(t people up# encoura e them# and ma!e the type community a Eelcomin place (or all types. ?et*s treat other types in the spirit o( the M)T3. 25B

> 0ays To Co$bat Type !i)otry

1. Call type bi ots on their rudeness# preMudice# and in(lammatory remar!s. 3( someone*s spoutin o(( insults about another type# contradict them and point out their unMusti(iable attitude. 2. .e(use to encoura e people Eho ma!e broad# ne ative Mud ments a ainst other types...no matter hoE many sob stories they tell. -. Condemn those Eho Eould lori(y their oEn type*s stren ths by scornin other types* correspondin Eea!nesses. 5. 1mphasi@e that Ehile poor development is e,pressed uni'uely in each type# this does not imply that everyone o( that type is unhealthy or evil. 4ound this di((erence home to those Eho Eant to believe that a (eE bad e s are the same as an entire rotten carton. 7. 1ncoura e and support others Eho ta!e a stand a ainst such Mer!ish behavior. :. )oycott discussions Ehere the entire point is to put doEn other types. >. And alEays ma!e sure that your oEn Eords are balanced# !ind# (air and iven in the spirit o( the M)T3. c-

270

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"ames# 4. %2000+. 3n '+($ $rofile* http2CCEEE.intp.or Cintpro(ile.html Ianai# C.# 3Eanami# A.# =ashimoto# ..# Ota# =.# Tani# M.# &amada# T. R Iato# 0. %2011+. Clinical characteri@ation o( adults Eith Asper er*s syndrome assessed by sel(6report 'uestionnaires based on depression# an,iety# and personality. esearch in 3utism 4pectrum ;isorders, 7# 5# 15716157$. Ieirsey# D. %1B$>+. $ortraits of temperament* Del Mar# CA2 4rometheus 0emesis )oo! Company. Ieirsey# D. %1BB$a+. $lease understand me ''* Del Mar# CA2 4rometheus 0emesis )oo! Company. Ieirsey# D. %1BB$b+. (he evil practice of narcotherapy for 3ttention ;eficit* .etrieved (rom http2CCEEE.!eirsey.comCevilZtherapy.asp, Ieirsey# D.# R )ates# M. %1B$5+. $lease understand me* Del Mar# CA2 4rometheus 0emesis )oo! Company. Chica o# 3?2 1ducational .esearch Association. .etrieved December $# 2012# (rom http2CCEEE2.s(asu.eduCcteCMichelleZFilesC=M8Z-00Z<ebZContentCTeacherZ4ersonality.pd( Ient# =.# R Fisher# D. %1BB>+. Associations betEeen teacher personality and classroom environment. Iroe er# O.# R Thuesen# ". M. %1BB5+. 16 )ays to love your lover* 0eE &or!# 0&2 Dell. ?auren# 1. =. R Iuc@aM 33# 8. A. %200>+. Do bottlenose dolphins %Tursiops truncatus+ have distinct and stable personalitiesA 30uatic &ammals# --# -# -$06-$B. doi 10.17>$CAM.--.-.200>.-$0 ?ee# I.=.# Choi# &.# R 8tonier# D.". %2012+. 1volutionary al orithm (or a enetic robot*s personality based on the Myers6)ri s Type 3ndicator. obotics and 3utonomous 4ystems, :0# ># B516B:1. ?o((redo# D. A.# R Opt# 8. I. %200:+. Ar umentativeness and Myers6)ri s Type 3ndicator 4re(erences. Fournal of $sychological (ype, ::# 7B6:$.5$. ?ud(ord# 4. R Terveen# ?. %200-+. Does an individual*s Myers6)ri s Type 3ndicator pre(erence in(luence tas!6oriented technolo y useA Human:2omputer 'nteraction : 'nteract -I"# :2-66:-2. Mans(ield# C.# =op(er# 8.# R Marteau# T. M. %1BBB+. Termination rates a(ter prenatal dia nosis o( DoEn syndrome# spina bi(ida# anencephaly# and Turner and Iline(elter syndromes2 a systematic literature revieE. $renatal ;iagnosis, 1B# B# $0$6$12. Marioles# 0. 8.# 8tric!ert# D. 4.# R =ammer# A. ?. %1BB:+. Attraction# satis(action# and psycholo ical types o( couples. Fournal of $sychological (ype, -:# 1:62>. McCoy# D. .. %1B$B+. (he last of the fathers5 Fames &adison and the epublican legacy* ;8A2 Cambrid e ;niversity 4ress McCrae# .. .. R Costa# 4. T. %1B$B+. .einterpretin the Myers6)ri s Type 3ndicator (rom the perspective o( the (ive6(actor model o( personality. Fournal of $ersonality, 7># 1# 1>650. McDaniel# M. A. %2007+. )i 6brained people are smarter2 a meta6analysis o( the relationship betEeen in vivo brain volume and intelli ence. 'ntelligence, --# 5# -->6-5:. Mc?au hlin# ". %1B$$+. Fefferson and &onticello* 0eE &or!# 0&2 =enry =olt and Company. Mc4ee!# .. <. R Martin# C. .. %2012a+. 8earchin (or e,pert consensus in describin (unction6 attitudes. Fournal of $sychological (ype, >2# -# 516:5. Mc4ee!# .. <. R Martin# C. .. %2012b+. An e,amination o( the e((ect o( (unction6attitude combinations on observer ratin s. Fournal of $sychological (ype, >2# 5# :76$:.

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Mc4herson# ..# R =indmarch# ?. %2005+. .elationship betEeen the M)T3 8tep 1 instrument and the 1:4F 'uestionnaire. O,(ord# ;I2 O44. .etrieved 8eptember 7# 2012# (rom http2CC EEE.opp.eu.comC8iteCollectionDocumentsCpd(sCresourcesCmbti6results1.pd( Meis eier# C. R IelloE# ". T. %200>+. Type# temperament# and teacher pre(erences o( ideal and problem students. Fournal of $sychological (ype, :># -B65B. MiniEatts Mar!etin 9roup. %2012+. 'nternet world stats* .etrieved (rom http2CCEEE.internetEorldstats.comCstats.htm Mitchell# <. D. %200-+. The 860 scale R the 84 'uestion. Fournal of $sychological (ype, :2# 5-675. Mitchell# ". A. %200>+. 4sycholo ical type in a (orensic sample o( incarcerated males. Fournal of $sychological (ype, :B# -# 5265B. Moody# .. %1BB$+. 4ersonality pre(erences and (orei n lan ua e learnin . (he &odern 7anguage Fournal, >2# 5# -$B6501.:2. Mont omery# 8. %1B$B+. (he $ygmalion project5 love and coercion among the types* ;8A2 4rometheus 0emesis )oo! Company. MorroE# .. ?.# 9arland# ".# <ri ht# ". M.# Maclure# M.# Taylor# 8.# R Dormuth# C. .. %2012+. 3n(luence o( relative a e on dia nosis and treatment o( attention6de(icitChyperactivity disorder in children. 2anadian &edical 3ssociation FournalK doi2 10.170-CcmaM.111:1B Myers# 3. ).# McCaulley# M. =.# Duen!# 0. ?.# R =ammer A. ?. %1BB$+. &,(' manual5 3 guide to the development and use of the &yers:,riggs (ype 'ndicator* %-rd ed.+. 4alo Alto# CA2 Consultin 4sycholo ists 4ress. Myers# 3. ). R Myers# 4. ). %1B$0+. =ifts ;iffering* 4alo Alto# CA2 Consultin 4sycholo ists 4ress. OsEald# .. M. R Iroe er# O. %1B$$+. $ersonality (ype and eligious 7eadership* ;8A2 Alban 3nstitute. Otis# 9. D. %2007+. Application o( psycholo ical type in 4osttraumatic 8tress Disorder treatment. Fournal of $sychological (ype, :5# -# 216-0. Otis# 9. D.# R ?ou!s# ". ?. %1BB>+. .ebelliousness and psycholo ical distress in a sample o( 3ntroverted veterans. Fournal of $sychological (ype, 50# 206-0. O*Toole# T. 4. %1BBB+. $ersonality types and tobacco use of =eorgia college students* %Doctoral dissertation+ 3ndiana ;niversity. 4arent# I. %2012# May 17+. The death o( readin A 0ot so (ast... Messa e posted to http2CCblo .!eirsey.comC2012C07C17Cthe6death6o(6readin 6not6so6(astC 4enley# ". 4.# R 1ble# D. %200:+. &otherstyles* Cambrid e# MA2 The 4erseus )oo!s 9roup. 4etersen# 4. A. %1BB-+. 4ersonality type o( adolescents and their ima ed personal heroes. Fournal of $sychological (ype, 2># 1>62:. 4urcell# 8. ?.# R <ilco,# D. M. %200>+. De(inin and e,aminin technolo y intelli ence. 2urriculum and (eaching ;ialogue, B# 1 R 2# 2>B62B1. 4rovost# ". A. %1BB1+. Trac!in (reshmen di((iculties in the class o( 1BB-. Fournal of $sychological (ype, 21# -76-B. 275

.eardon# C. M. %200B+. Di((erences in Myers6)ri s personality types amon hi h school band# orchestra# and choir members. %MasterHs thesis+. Available (rom 4roDuest Dissertations R Theses database. %;M3 0o. 15$552$+ .einhold# .. %n.d.+ 3n e<ploration of emotions, feeling L emotional intelligence* .etrieved (rom http2CCEEE.personalitypathEays.comCarticleCemotional6intelli ence2.html .ent(roE# 4. ".# 9oslin # 8. D. R 4otter# ". %200$+. A theory o( the emer ence# persistence# and e,pression o( eo raphic variation in psycholo ical characteristics. $erspectives on $sychological 4cience, -# 7# --B6-:B. .eynierse# ". =. %2012+. ToEards an empirically sound and radically revised type theory. Fournal of $sychological (ype, >2# 1627. .eynierse# ". =.# R =ar!er# ". ). %200$a+. 4re(erence multidimensionality and the (allacy o( type dynamics2 4art 1 %8tudies 1 6 -+. Fournal of $sychological (ype, :$# B06112. .eynierse# ". =.# R =ar!er# ". ). %200$b+. 4re(erence multidimensionality and the (allacy o( type dynamics2 4art 2 %8tudies 5 6 :+. Fournal of $sychological (ype, :$# 11-61-$. .ipley# A. %200B+. (he unthinkable5 who survives when disaster strikes and why* 0eE &or!2 .andom =ouse .o osch# F. A.# Cicchetti# D. %2005+. Child maltreatment and emer ent personality or ani@ation2 perspectives (rom the (ive6(actor model. Fournal of 3bnormal 2hild $sychology, -2# 2# 12-657. .oot# <. T. %1B21+. A 8ocio64sycholo ical 8tudy o( Fi(ty6three 8upernormal Children. 3n An ell# ". ..# <arren# =. C.# <atson# ". ).# Fran@e# 8. 3. R )entley# M. %1d.+# $sychological &onographs, %pp. 161-5+. 4rinceton# 0"2 4sycholo ical .evieE Company. 8abin# ). M. %200:+. 3 faith:based program evaluation5 moral development of seminary students at the 7ouisiana 4tate $enitentiary* %Doctoral dissertation+. .etrieved (rom http2CCetd.(cla.eduCCFCCF100010-BC8abinZ)ruceZMZ200:07Z1dD.pd( 8a!# ;. %2005+. A synthesis o( research on psycholo ical types o( i(ted adolescents. (he Fournal of 4econdary =ifted .ducation, 17# 2# >06>B. 8anche@# T. %2011+. (o catch a liar5 a signal detection analysis of personality and lie detection* .etrieved (rom http2CCEEE.drspe .comCresearchC2011Cmbtiliedetection.pd( 8aE# 8.# Tan# 8.# Fun # D.# Chia# I.# Ioh# D.# Tan# D. R 8tone# .. %2005+. 'nvestigative Dphthalmology L /isual 4cience, 57# B# 2B5-62B5$. doi2 10.11:>Ciovs.0-612B: 8chaubhut# 0. A.# =er!# 0. A.# Thompson# .. C. %200B+. &,(' Eorm & &anual 4upplement* .etrieved (rom https2CCEEE.cpp.comCpd(sCM)T3ZFormMZ8upp.pd( 8cherdin# M. ". %1BB5+. ;iscovering librarians5 $rofiles of a profession* Chica o# 3?2 Association o( Colle e and .esearch ?ibraries. 8chmidt# M. %1B$2.+ 3lbert 4peer5 the end of a myth* 0eE &or!# 0&2 8t. Martin*s 4ress 8in h# 3. %200$+. )eyond polemics2 science and ethics o( AD=D. +ature eviews +euroscience, B# B7>6B:5. 8ommerville# ". 4. %n.d.+ )itchcraft* .etrieved (rom http2CC(aculty.history.Eisc.eduCsommervilleC-:>C-:>61-1.htm 277

8peer# A. %1B>0+. 'nside the (hird eich* 0eE &or!# 0&2 Macmillan 4ublishin Company. 8peer# A. %1B>:+. 4pandau5 the secret diaries* 0eE &or!# 0&2 Macmillan 4ublishin Company. Thorburn# D. %2000+. ;runks, drugs, L debits* 0orthrid e# Cali(ornia2 9alt 4ublishin Thorne# A.# R 9ou h# =. %1BB1+. $ortraits of type* 4alo Alto# CA2 Consultin 4sycholo ists 4ress. Tie er# 4. D.# R )arron6Tie er# ). %1BB>+. +urture by nature* ;8A2 ?ittle# )roEn R Company. Tie er# 4. D.# R )arron6Tie er# ). %2000+. Fust your type5 create the relationship you-ve always wanted using the secrets of personality type* ;8A2 ?ittle# )roEn R Company. <a!abayashi# A.# )aron6Cohen# 8.# R <heelEri ht# 8. %200:+. Are autistic traits an independent personality dimensionA A study o( the Autism68pectrum Duotient %AD+ and the 01O6436.. $ersonality and 'ndividual ;ifferences, 51# $>-6$$-. doi210.101:CM.paid.200:.05.00<an!at# 4. C. R Oreovic@# F. 8. %1BB2+. (eaching engineering* 0&2 Mc raE6=ill Colle e. <en er# A. ". %200B.+ (he '+($ writing personality5 rational curiosity* Messa e posted to http2CCandreaMEen er.comC200BC0BC21Cthe6intp6Eritin 6personalityC <orld )an! 9roup. %2012+. )orld ,ank 4earch* .etrieved (rom http2CCsearch.Eorldban!.or CallA 'term\EorldX20population &ea!ley# F. ..# 0orton# =. <.# Gin@ant# D. 1.# Gin@ant# 9. %1B$$+. (he discipling dilemma* 0ashville# T02 9ospel Advocate Co.

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