Numerical Simul of Transonic Flow of Wet Steam in Nozzles and Turbines

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TRANSONIC FLOW
OF WET STEAM IN NOZZLES AND TURBINES

Jan HALAMA, Jaroslav FO
RT
Department of Technical Mathematics
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, CTU Prague
screen no. 1 ESCO 2012, Pilsen
MOTIVATION
colaboration with steam turbine manufacturer

Skoda (still most of numerical simu-
lations are performed neglecting the phase change effects)
signicant inuence of latent heat addition/extraction to the ow - importance to use
non-equilibrium two-phase ow models
condensation model issues: droplet size spectra approximation, equation of state,
balance between complexity and aplicability for multi-D numerical code
numerical method issues: big range of time scales, numerical dissipation, proper
implementation of physics
recent simulations of stator-rotor interaction have initiated the model modications
MOTIVATION TO TEST MODEL MODIFICATIONS
3rd stage
4th stage
small droplets
polydispersed mixture
4th stage
bigger droplets
monodispersed mixture
FLOW MODEL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TWO PHASE FLOW
Considerations:
dominant homogenous nucleation, heterogenous nucleation neglected
small size droplets, i.e. no slip velocity between droplets and vapor, the whole
mixture considered as a continuum
volume of droplets is neglected (sufcient for cases of ow in turbines)
common pressure for the vapor and the liquid
whole spectra of droplet sizes decribed by Hills method of moments
Q
0
= n, Q
1
=
n
i=1
r
i
, Q
2
=
n
i=1
r
2
i
,
r =
_
0, 10
6
_
Q
2
/Q
0
, > 10
6
AVG-P FLOW MODEL
t
W =
x
F
y
G+Q
t
_
u
x
u
y
e
Q
2
Q
1
Q
0
_
_
=
x
_
_
u
x
u
2
x
+p
u
x
u
y
(e +p)u
x
u
x
Q
2
u
x
Q
1
u
x
Q
0
u
x
_
y
_
_
u
x
u
y
u
x
u
2
y
+p
(e +p)u
y
u
y
Q
2
u
y
Q
1
u
y
Q
0
u
y
_
_
+
_
_
0
0
0
0
4
3
r
3
c
J
l
+4Q
2
r
l
r
2
c
J +2Q
1
r
r
c
J +Q
0
r
J
_
_
p = ( 1)
(1)
1+(1)
_
e
1
2
(u
2
x
+u
2
y
)+L
_
, = (T)
DSDF-P FLOW MODEL
Q =
_
_
0
0
0
0
4
3
r
3
c
J
l
+4
_
_
0
r
2
N(r) r(r)dr
_
l
r
2
c
J +2
_
_
0
rN(r) r(r)dr
_
r
c
J +
_
_
0
N(r) r(r)dr
_
J
_
_
0 5e-08 1e-07 1.5e-07 2e-07
droplet radius [m]
N
(
r
)
log-normal distribution
N(r) = Q
0
1
r ln(
g
)
2
exp
_
ln
2
(r/r
g
)
2ln
2
(
g
)
_
r
g
=
r
exp(0.5ln
2
(
g
))
g
= exp
_
ln(c
2
v
+1)
r =
Q
1
Q
0
- mean value
c
v
=
Q
0
Q
2
Q
2
1
1 - coefcient of variation
MECHANISMS OF CONDENSATION
Nucleation (Becker and D oring):
J =
2
m
3
v
2
v
l
exp
_

4r
2
c
3k
B
T
_
, r
c
=
2
L
l
ln(T
s
/T)
= 1.328p
0.3
cor
, (p
cor
[bar])
entropy
e
n
t
h
a
l
p
y
T
0
saturation
line
p
cor p
0
Droplet growth:
r =

v
(T
s
T)
L
l
(1 +3.18 Kn)
r r
c
r
2
=

v
L
l
(1 +3.18 Kn)
_
T
s
T
r
2T
L
l
r
2
T
s
/T 1
ln(T
s
/T)
_
T
s
/T 1
ln(T
s
/T)
= 1 +
1
2

1
12
2
+
1
24
19
720
4
+
3
160
5
, = T
s
/T 1
Kn =

v
2R
v
T
4rp
ALTERNATIVE MODEL OF GAS
p
T
= R
v
_
1 +B +C
2
_
B =

1
(1 +)
+
2
exp()
_
1
1
exp
5/2
()
_
+
3
C = 1.772
T
v
647.286
0.8978
exp
11.16T
v
647.286
+0.0000015
=
1500
T
v
, R
v
= 461.52
= 10000.0,
1
= 0.0015,
2
= 0.000942 ,
3
= 0.0004882
models based on this equation of state are referred as AVG-V and DSDF-V models
SPLITTING METHOD FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW
different time scales of convection-diffusion and condensation
separate treatment of both phenomena - splitting method
t
W
= Q(W
), W
(t
n
) = W(t
n
)
t
W
=
x
F(W
)
y
G(W
), W
(t
n
) = W
(t
n
+t/2)
t
W
= Q(W
), W
(t
n
) = W
(t
n
+t) W
(
t
n+1
) = W
(t
n
+t/2)
W
(0)
i
= W
n
i
W
(k+1)
i
= RK(W
(k)
i
,
t
2N
), k = 0, . . . , N 1
W
(N+1)
i
= FV(W
(N)
i
, t)
W
(k+1)
i
= RK(W
(k)
i
,
t
2N
), k = N +1, . . . , 2N
W
n+1
i
= W
(2N+1)
i
where N = t/
t comes from the stability condition
of cell-vertex method for the equation (ii)
=
(1 )c
p
r
2
l
(1 +3.18Kn)
3
v
w
(Young)
TESTS CASES FOR NOZZLE FLOW
x
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
i
o
w
w

Frame 001 26 Feb 2007
case S M L MONO POLY BAR
p
0,inlet
[Pa] 21061 21061 21061 21061 21061 78390
T
0,inlet
[K] 334.3 334.3 334.3 334.3 334.3 373.1
inlet
[] 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0.349 0
Q
0,inlet
[kg
1
] 8.33 10
19
8.33 10
16
8.33 10
13
3.95 10
17
5.55 10
16
0
Q
1,inlet
[mkg
1
] 8.33 10
11
8.33 10
9
8.33 10
7
1.60 10
10
1.59 10
9
0
Q
2,inlet
[m
2
kg
1
] 8.33 10
3
8.33 10
2
8.33 10
1
6.47 10
2
9.09 10
1
0
CASE BAR - DIFFERENT NUMERICAL METHODS
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

/

t
o
t
a
l

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
L-W
VFFC with P_3(x)
experiment
SRNH
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
x [m]
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

/

t
o
t
a
l

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
L-W
VFFC with P_3(x)
experiment
SRNH
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
w
e
t
n
e
s
s
L-W
VFFC with P_3(x)
SRNH
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0
1e-08
2e-08
3e-08
4e-08
r
a
d
i
u
s
L-W
VFFC with P_3(x)
SRNH
CASE BAR - DIFFERENT FLOW MODELS
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
P
a
]
model AVG-P
model AVG-V
model DSDF-P
model DSDF-V
experiment
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
M
a
c
h

n
u
m
b
e
r

[
-
]
model AVG-P
model AVG-V
model DSDF-P
model DSDF-V
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
w
e
t
n
e
s
s
model AVG-P
model AVG-V
model DSDF-P
model DSDF-V
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0
1e-08
2e-08
3e-08
a
v
e
r
a
g
e

r
a
d
i
u
s

[
m
]
model AVG-P
model AVG-V
model DSDF-P
model DSDF-V
The results for the case BAR achieved by L-W method and all presented models.
INFLUENCE OF INCOMING DROPLET SIZE
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
5000
10000
15000
20000
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
P
a
]
case S
case M
case L
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0.5
1
1.5
M
a
c
h

n
u
m
b
e
r
case S
case M
case L
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
w
e
t
n
e
s
s
case S
case M
case L
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
a
v
e
r
a
g
e

r
a
d
i
u
s

/

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

i
n
l
e
t

r
a
d
i
u
s

[
-
]
case S
case M
case L
The results for three cases S, M and L achieved by the L-W method and AVG-P model.
INFLUENCE OF DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION SPECTRA
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
5000
10000
15000
20000
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

[
P
a
]
case MONO, model AVG-P
case POLY, model AVG-P
case POLY, model DSDF-P
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
M
a
c
h

n
u
m
b
e
r

[
-
]
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
w
e
t
n
e
s
s

[
-
]
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1
x [m]
4e-08
4.5e-08
5e-08
5.5e-08
6e-08
6.5e-08
a
v
e
r
a
g
e

r
a
d
i
u
s

[
m
]
Cases MONO and POLY computed by L-W method and AVG-P and DSDF-P models.
CONCLUSIONS
good agreement with measured pressure along nozzle axis for all methods
and models for BAR case (zero wetness at the inlet)
the total mass of water (wetness) is insensitive to chosen method (numerical
diffusion) as well as to chosen model
however droplet spectra structure is very sensitive to used numerical method
as well as model
importance to predict well the inow droplet size spectra
TURBINE STAGE - PROBLEM FORMULATION
i
w
w
p
stator
inlet
(abs. s.)
stator
outlet
(abs. s.)
rotor inlet (rel. s.)
rotor motion
rotor
outlet
(rel. s.) rotor
motion
o
p
i
(inlet boundary): T
0
, p
0
, angle
w
(wall): (u, v)n = 0
o
(outlet boundary): p
given
p
(periodical boundary): point to point period-
icity
c
(interface): continuity of solution across in-
terface
TURBINE STAGE - EFFECT OF INCOMING DROPLET SIZE
polydispersed small droplets monodispersed bigger droplets
pressure contours
wetness contours
average radius
subcooling contours
CELL-VERTEX FINITE VOLUME METHOD
it is based on the Lax-Wendroff scheme
dual volumes V and V
for the rst and the second order terms respectively

modied one-sided volumes along boundaries
solution stabilized by conservative articial viscosity terms of Jamesons type
derivatives for viscous uxes are evaluated using Gauss theorem on volume V
i, j
i, j+1
i, j-1
i-1, j-1
i-1, j
i-1, j+1
i+1, j+1
i+1, j
i+1, j-1
x
y
V
i, j
i, j+1
i, j-1
i-1, j-1
i-1, j
i-1, j+1
i+1, j+1
i+1, j
i+1, j-1
x
y
V
*
FLUX SCHEME FOR 2D SYSTEM
t
n+1
_
t
n
_
K
(
t
W+
x
F(W) +
y
G(W)) dKdt = 0
W
K
(t
n+1
) = W
K
(t
n
)
t
vol(K)
_
K
[F(t
n
)n
x
+G(t
n
)n
y
] ds
W
n+1
K
= W
n
K
t
vol(K)
N
j=1
(W
n
K
, W
n
j
, n
j
)s
j
CFFV AND SNRH FLUXES
CFFV
(W
n
K
, W
n
j
, n
j
) =
= T
1
j
N
m=1
_
_
l
m
_
_
F(
W
K
) +F(
W
j
)
2
sign(
m
)
F(
W
j
) F(
W
K
)
2
_
_
_
_
r
m
SNRH
(W
n
K
, W
n
j
, n
j
) = T
1
j
F(W
)
W
=
N
m=1
_
_
l
m
_
_
W
K
+

W
j
2
sign(
m
)
W
j

W
K
2
_
_
_
_
r
m

Numerical Simul of Transonic Flow of Wet Steam in Nozzles and Turbines

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Numerical Simul of Transonic Flow of Wet Steam in Nozzles and Turbines

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TRANSONIC FLOW

OF WET STEAM IN NOZZLES AND TURBINES

for the rst and the second order terms respectively

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