Styles of Scientific Thinking in the European Tradition

The history of argument and explanation especially in the mathematical and biomedical sciences and arts VOLUME III

A.C. Crombie

Duckworth

Contents

Preface Acknowledgements List of Illustrations References and Conventions Synopsis

ix xv xvii xix xxi

VOLUME I I. Historiography of Science 1. Science in Intellectual Culture 2. Intellectual and Moral Commitments of Science; Levels of Historical Investigation; the Variety of Scientific Methods II. Postulation and the Ancient Search for Principles and Methods Greek Mathematics Greek Medicine V Aristotle Analysis and Synthesis: the Mathematical Sciences and Arts

3 56

3. 4. 5. 6.

93 183 229 277

III(a). The Experimental Argument 7. Medieval Logic of Experiment 8. The Rational Artist 9. The Rational Experimenter: Controlled Postulation and Experimental Exploration

313 424 499

vi

Contents VOLUME II III(b). The Experimental Argument (continued)

10. The Science of Music 11. Exemplary Thinkers IV. Hypothetical Modelling 12. The Imitation of Nature 13. The Modelling of the Senses 14. The Analogical Model: Knowing is Making V. Taxonomy 15. Commitments of Taxonomy 16. The Search for a Natural System VI. Probabilistic and Statistical Analysis 17. 18. 19. 20. The Calculus of Expectation and Choice: Commitments The Calculus of Expectation and Choice: Mastery The Calculus of Expectation and Choice: Deployment The Statistical Economy of Nature VOLUME III VII. Historical Derivation: the Genetic Method 21. 22. 23. 24. Commitments of Historical Derivation History of the Human Mind History of Nature Evolution by Natural Selection Reflections

783 895

1081 1106 1167

1245 1262

1295 1322 1367 1421

1547 1587 1634 1723 1762

Additional References Bibliography I. Sources II. Studies Index

1819 1831 1831 1960 2421