f fu

ultimate strength of the laminate (CFRP)

cE

f fu*
fu CE

* fu
s
As

ultimate strain of the laminate (CFRP) environmental reduction factor for long term exposure to environmental conditions ratio of area of steel reinforcement to effective concrete area area of steel reinforcements width of concrete beam effective depth of the concrete beam existing substrate strain dead load moment at the member overall depth of concrete beam length of uncracked concrete moment of inertia of cracked section modulus of elasticity of concrete bond dependent coefficient number of plies modulus of elasticity of FRP thickness of FRP per ply neutral axis effective strain of FRP and steel steel stress steel yield strength effective strength of FRP and steel additional reduction factor for FRP

bi M DL h kd
I cr

b d

Ec

Ef
tf

fe
fs
fy
f
fe

Af

Af

As

area of steel reinforcements width of concrete beam neutral axis environmental reduction factor for long term exposure to environmental conditions effective depth of the concrete beam modulus of elasticity of concrete modulus of elasticity of FRP steel stress effective strength of FRP and steel ultimate strength of the laminate (CFRP) steel yield strength overall depth of concrete beam moment of inertia of cracked section length of uncracked concrete dead load moment at the member number of plies thickness of FRP per ply existing substrate strain effective strain of FRP and steel ultimate strain of the laminate (CFRP) bond dependent coefficient additional reduction factor for FRP ratio of area of steel reinforcement to effective concrete area

cE CE d
Ec Ef fs f fe
f fu

f fu*
fy

h
I cr

kd M DL

tf

bi fe fu

* fu
m s