TMB&r

23 RbRktiTinExrsuT

50

24 elxGtaeLIgs&kqaMqv

61

25 elxGtaeLIgs&kqaMxalnigezaH

62

26 elxGtaeLIgs&kqaMvk

63

27 esckIBnlEzmBIRtgpaseQaHvar
28 RbRktiTinExr-:raMg 30qaM

65-68
69-103

29 e:szbJti

104-123

29 k|nrkviZIeZVIRbRktiTin

124-131

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29

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30

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33

15 buNRbeTsGWrub

35

16 qaM ExRsukGWrub

36

17 eKacrRBHcn mNlRBHcnRsukGWrub

38

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39

19 RbRktiTines[m

41

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46

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mhaskraC culskraC e:raNskraCenaHg .
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BVaneTA KWBMuEmnskraCepSgKaeLIy EtCRmHbkskraCdUc
RBHsgdUecH ehACRmHRtwmRtvCamZm eRBaHBuTskraCeLIg
ralqaM BIzmuxzeLIgs&kCaZmtaenaH 15ekItExBisaxRBH
BuTskraCTI1 qaMmSajks&k EttamTmabzamSajbJs&k
cmayBIzeLIgs&k31z ebInwgbkskraCoRtwmRtveBjbribU
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nwgdEdlenAz13ekItExecRt dUcqaMBuTskraCTI1enaHk*eT
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dl5ekItExBisaxpg .
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dl5ekItExBisax enaHebIykEt15ekItExBisaxCaTIbMput
skraC>enHCYnelIsCYnxVH ehtuenaHsUmcUlcitcuH .
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RKisskraC KWCaskraCRsukGWrubmanTIbMputqaMcaseRscEt
enAz31Exedsm qaMzIrabBIz1yuaMgvIeyr .
qaM

qaMTaMgLayman 12 KW CUt qv xal ezaH

erag mSaj mmI mEm vk rka c kur . ehACa
Pasa:lIza; musieka sePa BeKa sesa naeKa
seb|a GesSa Leka mk,eda kuk,eda eseNa
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qaMcnKti qaMcnKtimanEx 12 13 cMnYnz 354
355 385 . qaMcnKtiEdlmansuTin 354 KWqaM
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Ca bfmTutiy qaMcnKtidUecHmYyyag .
qaM1yageT[t ehAqaMsuriyKti manGZib|ayCa
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TahrNTI1;

eZVItamreb[bBuTskraC
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29z ktik 30z . enAnaqaMGZikvar qaMcnZimas

elakEzm1zkgExeCs KWdakExeCsenHCa 30zvij .
titI

yk

12 har
2594 12
0094 207
10 Caess
dUecHeyIgcabrabBIqaMmSajzaess1 CaedImRBHBuTskraC
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g ebIesssUnKWqaMerag CaqaMmunqaMedImskraC .
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- ezaH
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- c ess6
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titIKWCaeKacrRBHcn rabBI 1 dl 30 kiriyaEdl

eyIgrabza 1 ekIt 2 ekIt 3 ekIt 1 erac 2
erac 3 erac enaHehIyehAtitI rabzatitI1
titI2 titI3 dUecHk*:n . kgExnImYy>elakEckCaBIr
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titI 15 Canic cMENkxagcugmantitI 15 14 tam
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suRk esAr kg1z KWybmYy zmYyman24emag .

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elaktaMgCaeKalputzmun nwgtaMgCaTIedImzmux . BuT
bJtiEdlRBHsgsameNrnUv:sk:sika oykputz
enAevlaPWKWevlaGruNrH bJtienH:nEtkgkickarCaRbeya
CnZm(vin&y
eRBaHZm(vin&ynwg:nsMedAykeQaHzk*eT
KWykEtybmYyzmYyCa1z . kareRkABIenaHelakKit
putznigeQaHzpasRtgGRZaRtenaHg titIk*pasTIKaRtg
enaHEdr .
yam

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orabyam1 RtgRbhamRsageTA evlaybrab1 RtgRB
lbeTA Etkgsm&yLvBMusUveRbIyameT eRBaHmannaLika
cglemagehIy kgmYyyamRtvmYyemagknH yammYy
Rtgemag 7knHRBwkeTA . yam2Rtgemag 9knH .

a
R:saTbUraN

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emag

emagkg1zman24 emagTI1enArMlgGRZaRt .
RtgRBwkPWRsagemag6 RtgzRtgemag12 RtgRBlbemag
18 RtgGRZaRtemag24 . EtkgnaLikaeKRkitEtBak
kNalzKW 12emag ehtuenaH:nCazeRCBIRtgnaLika
vay 1saeLIgvijeT[t .
viZIrkeQaHqaM

nwgrkeQaHqaMNa>eTaHeTAmuxBIeRkaykI otaMg
skraCcuH KWculskraC yk12harEckmaness o
rabBIqaMedImer[gKaeTAesInwgess KWessmYy 1qaM ess
2 rab2qaM ess3 rab3qaM .l. RtveQaHqaMGVIKWqaM
enaHg ebIesssUn KWeQaHqaMmunqaMedImskraC .
ebItaMgRBHBuTskraC obJl1qaM eTIbyk12har.
eQaHqaMenAedImskraCenaHKW
edImskraCe:raNKWqaMkur
edImRBHBuTskraCqaMmSaj edImhaskraCqaMezaH edImcul
skraCqaMkur dUce:raNskraCEdr .
-7-

ess6 ctVas&k ess7 bJs&k ess8 qs&k

ess9 sbsk& esssUn Gdsk& ebIelxBuTskraC
eLIgBI 628 eTAelI oTayessdUcculskraC mha
skraCdUcKa .
TahrN; ekItkg Ks 1950
KitCa Bs 2494
KitCa cul 1312 10
031 131
012
02 Caess
ebIeXIjesselx2 KWeTas&kqaMenaHehag .
eTaHcgdwgzaqaMkMeNItxns&kGVI otaMgs&kraCbcb|n
ykGayuxnbny 1qaMlub eZVIelxsg yk10har .
ebIessbunan oTaytamessdUcGZib|ayxagelI .
s&kqaMRtvnwgelxxagcugskraCCaRbRktI enaHebIeXIjelx
cugGVI oTayzas&kenaHEtmgk*:n EtRBHBuTskraCoTay
-12-

TahrNTI2 ;

eZVItamreb[bculskraC

-RBHBuTskraC RKisskraC = 544 qaM`ekItkg Ks 1972

culskraC ; RBHBuTskraC - 1182 qaM
RBHBuTskraC ; 1972 = 544 2516
culskraC ; 2516 - 1182 1334
yk
12 har
1334 12
013 111
014
02 Caess
ebIeXIjessbunan orabBIqaMedImer[gKaeTAesInwgess
eQaHqaMedImculskraC KWqaMkurzaess1 qaMCUtess2 .
dUecHGkekIt Ks 1972 RtvqaMCUt . esssUnRtvqaMc
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ess2 CUt
- mmI
- qv
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- mSaj
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sUmbJakn&y skraC EdlExreyIgniymeRbIenA
kgk|nxatenaH KWsMedAeTAelIRBHBuTskraC nigculskraC
sRmabykmkKitEbgEckkickarepSg> RKisskraCminyk
mkeRbIeT .
eTaHcgdwgcMnYnqaMtaMgBIskraCbunanBIGtIt mkdl
skraCbcb|n otaMgskraCbcb|necj rYcykskraC
GtItmklubeZVIelxsg skraCGtItenaHoelaHecal1
bny1eTIblub manessbunanozabueNaHehag .
TahrN; 2547
skraCbcb|n
2493
skraCGtIt
elaHecal - 1 enAsl 2492

cMnYnqaMman ; 2547 - 2492 55 qaM

bJak; ebIykRBHBuTskraCmktaMg nwgeZVIkarGVITaMgBYgo
bJlcugelxskraCmYyCaRbRktI rYceTIbbUk lub KuN
har tamZmtaeTA . ebIKitkarGVIenArvagRBHBuTskraCBI
623eLIgeTARBHBuTskraCTI1enaH minobJlelx1tYdUc
GZib|ayxagelIeLIy .

-10-

-11-

s&kqaM

nwgrkqaMNas&kGVI eTaHRBHBuTskraC culskraC

mhaskraCkI otaMgskraCqaMenaHecj yk10har
esselxGVIs&kqaMenaHehag esssUn KWsMrwTis&k
ess1 ks&k ess2 eTas&k ess3 RtIsk&
ess4 ctVas&k ess5 bJs&k ess6 qs&k
ess7 sbs&k ess8 Gdsk& ess9 nBs&k .
BuTskraC ebIelxskraCcuHBI 623 mkeRkam
ozaskraCdUecH ess1 nBs&k ess2 sMrwTis&k
ess3 ks&k ess4 eTas&k ess5 RtIsk&

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sg,anCa1ekItExecRtkanzGVI ehIyos<alExNaCaEx
xat ExeBjmanGZib|ayxaelIehIyenaH ebIExxat1ekIt
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1z KW1ekItkanzGVI enAExdaczel}n1 .
bmadUcqaMNamYy RtvzGaTitna1ekItExecRtenaH o
rabza GaTit1ekIt GaTit14erac ExBisax cn1ekIt
Gg<arExdac . ExeCs BuZ1ekIt BuZ14erac ExGasaZ
RBhs|ti1ekIt suRkdacEx . ExRsaBN esAr1ekIt
esAr14erac ExPRbT GaTit1ekIt cnExdac . Ex
GsSC Gg<ar1ekIt Gg<ar14erac Exktik BuZ1ekIt
RBhs|tiExdac . ExmiK<sir suRk1ekIt suRk14eraC Ex
pl<n Gg<ar1ekIt BuZdacEx . ebIqaMGZikmas cna
Zimas oKittamExeBjExxatdUecHg dwgRKbzkgqaMenaH
ehag .

a
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tamreb[bxagelI .
TahrN;
ekItqaM 1972
BuTskraCbcb|n ; 2004 = 543 2547
Gayubcub|n
;2004 - 1972 32
bEnm 1qaMCanictamqaMExr ; 32 = 1 33
rks&kqaMkMeNIt ; 2547 - 33 2514 10
051 251
014
04 CactVas&k
viZIrabGayu

nwgrabGayuodwgbunanqaMehIy enaHosm<alemIlCa
mnusSenaHGayukgrvag 10qaM 20qaM 30qaM 40qaM
50qaM 60qaM 70qaM 80qaM 90qaM 100qaMehIy
enaHebIrvagdbqaM:y KWticCag20 orabBIqaMkMeNIter[gKa
tamExqaM 10qaM orabter[gdlmkqaMEdlnwgKitGayuenaH
-13-

qaMbcb|n eXIjbunanoTayzaGayu 10qaM: ybueNaH

ehag KWrabteTA:n2-3qaM ozaGayu 12qaM 13qaM .
ebImnusSGayukgrvag 20:y KwticCag30qaM o
rabBIqaMkMeNItter[gKa 8qaM TukCa20 ehIyorabter[gqaM
mkdlqaMnwgKitqaMbcb|n:nbunan oTayzaGayu20:y
bueNaHehag . ebIrvag30qaM:y orabBIqaMkMeNIter[gKa
eTAdl6qaM TukCa30 ebImanqaMbunantmkdlqaMnwgKit
qaMbcb|n oTayzaGayu30:ybueNaHehag . ebIrvag
40qaM orab4qaMer[gKaBIqaMkMeNItTukCa40qaM slbunanmk
dlqaMnwgKit KWGayu40qaM:ybueNaHehag . ebIrvag50
orab2qaM TukCa50 BiqaMkMeNItrabtBI2eTA :nbunano
TayzaGayu50:ybueNaHg . Gayurvag60 orab12
qaM TukCa60 orabteTAer[gKa:nbunanozaGayu60:y
bueNaHehag . rvag70 orab10qaM TukCa70 rvag80
orab8qaM TukCa80 rvag90 orab6qaM TukCa90 rvag
100qaM orab4qaM TukCa100 qaM:yeTAoeZVIdUc
GZib|ayxagelI .

TahrN ; RBHkruNasIusivti RBHCnvsSa:nbunan

ehIykgqaMezaH nBVs&k culskraC 1289enH /
enaHRBHkruNaenAkgrvag80qaM RBHGg<RbsURtkgqaMCUt enaH
orab 8 BIqaMCUtmk KWCUt qv xal ezaH erag
mSaj mmI mEm enAqaMmEmenaHRBHCnSa80 orabteTA
eT[tKW vk rka c kur CUt qv xal ezaH :n8qaM
enAqaMezaHenHoTayza RBHCnSa:n 88 ehag .

-14-

-15-

viZIrkeQaHz

eTaHcgdwgeQaHzenAtitIbunanekIt bunanerackgEx
Na>kI Rtvodwgzna1ekIt ebI1ekItzGVI 8ekItzenaHEdr
z15ekIteQaHzdEdlehag . xagrenack*dUcxagexIt
ebI1eraczGVI Kb|Idwgza8eracRtveQaHzdEdl . ebIEx
xatenA14erac eQaHzy 1 . bmadUcExNazGaTit
enA1ekIt orabGaTit1ekIt GaTit8ekIt GaTit15ekIt
cn1erac cn8erac ebIExxatozy 1 z KwzGaTit
vij .

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CRmHGayunbuK<lepSg>

eTaHCRmHkMNtraCkarCaqaM:raMg k*eZVIdUcqaMExrEdr o
katecal2qaMCaZmta eTaHcgdwgzaRBHkruNasIusuvtiesay
raC:nbunanqaMExzehIydlz 31ExsUeyt qaM1927
enH RBHkruNa:nTTYlsm|tiBIzGaTit 24ExGavril qaM
1904 Rtvnwgz10ekIt ExBisaxqaMeragqs&k culskraC
1266 kMNtraCBIqaM 1904 mkqaM 1927 Rtv24qaMo
yk2lub ess22RtaTuk . orabtaMgBIExem qaM1904
eTAdlExedsm rab:n 8ExRtaTuk . orabExkgqaM
1927 BIyuaMgvIeyreTAdlExsUeyt rabeTA:n7Ex o
bUknwgExRtaTukmun :n1qaM 3ExRtaTuk . orabzkgEx
Gavril qaM1904 BIz24eTA30 rab:n7z oykeTA
bUknwgkMNtesayraCRtaTukmun enaHKW23qaM 3Exnig
7zsUercehag .
eTaHeZVIyagenHvijk*:n KWorabelaHecalqaM1904
KWBIqaM 1905 eTAqaM 1926 :nbunanRtaTuk orabzBI

nwgCRmHGayubuK<lTaMgLay nwgykskraCCRmHk*
:n EtnwgCRmH:ngayRsYlgayenaH ykEtGayutaMg
ehIyokanBIrqaMsuTin slbunanoRtaTuk eTIborabExkg
qaMkMeNItmkExpl<n:nbunan orabExkgqaMnwgKitenaH BI
ExEcRteTA:nbunan obUkpSMKanwgExqaMkMeNIt:nbunan o
RtaTuk eTIborabzkgExkMeNItykmkpSMnwgExnaqaMEdlnwg
KitenaH ebIcMnYnEx:n12 ekInelIsoyk12har l&B
CaqaMRtaTuk essCaExRtaTuk cMnYnzk*dUcMnYnExEdr ebI:n
30 ekInelIs30 o30har l&BCaEx essCaz
ehIybUkqaMnigExzRtaTukCamYynwgqaM Ex z RtaTukBImun
eTIb:neRscCaGayubueNaHqaMExzehag .
bmaza nwgcgdwgRBHCnvsSaRBH:Tsemc RBHsIu
suvti enAz14ekIt ExeCsqaMezaHnBs&k culskraC
1289 . RBHkruNaRTgRbsUt enAzGg<ar 12eracEx
RsaBnqaMCUteTas&k culskraC 1202 . kgqaMezaHenH
RBHCn:n 88 qaM . taMgRBHCn88cuH yk2lub ess
l&B sMlB:lT elxl&B ; elxEdlKiteXIjCacMnYneRsc ehIyRtaTuk .

-20-

-17-

86 RtaTuk . orabcMnYnExzqaMkMeNItKWqaMCUt KWorabBI

ExPRTbTeTAExpl<n rabeTA:n 7ExRtaTuk . orabBIEx
EcRteTATlnwgExeCs KWEcRtBisax rabeTA:n2Ex obUk
nwgExRtaTuk Rtv:n 9ExRtaTuk . orabcMnYnzkgEx
kMeNIt rabeTA:n3z ehIyrabcMnYnzkgExeCsdlTIz
nwgKit KWenA14ekIt rabeTA:n14z eTIbobUkpSMKanwgz
kgExkMeNIt bUkeTA:n17z rYcehIyeTIboyk 9Ex
EdlRtaTuk nig 17zEdlRtaTukenaHeTAbUknwgqaMEdlRta
TukBImun KWRBHCnRBHkruNaCRmHeRsc:n 86qaM 9Ex nig
17zsUercehag .
TahrN; cgdwgRBHCnvsSaRBH:Tsemc RBHsIu
suvti naz14ekIt ExeCs qaMezaHnBs&k cul;1289 .
RTgRbsUtzGg<ar12eracExRsaBqaMCUteTas&k cul;1202.
naz 14ekIt eCs cul; 1289
RbsUt12erac RsaB cul; 1202
:nRBHCn ; 1289 - 1202 88
yk2lub ; 88 - 2 86 qaMRtaTuk
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RbsUt ExRsaBn orabBIEx PRTbT 1

GsSc 2
ktik 3
miKsir 4
busS 5
maX 6
pl<n 7
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orabBIExEcRt eTATlnwgEx eCs
Bisax
eCs
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:n 3 z
ehIyorabzkExeCs 14ekIt :n 14 z
bUksrubz :n 17 z
KWRBHCnRBHGg<eRsc:n 89qaM 9Ex 17z .
-19-

manbnatExVgCaRkLaCaZmta bnatenaHgsm<alcmay
sm<alGgSa sm<alemag . nKr:raMgesstaMgGgSaTI
mYyenARkg:rIs nKrGgeKstaMgTImYyenARkgLgRd .
RkugPMeBjeyIgenHenARtgGgSaTI 102 nig 36libda KW
enAekItRkg:rIs102 GgSa 36lIbda ebInwgcgdwg
cmayCaKILEmRt cgdwgemagRsukeyIgnwg:rIskgevla
CamYyKa eKykGgSalibdaenaHgmkKit . `BMuniyay
CaBisarBIkarelakIyEdlecjBviCaeharasas eRBaHOkasticeBk EtsUmsnidanylza kareharamanRbeyaCn
eRcInRbkarkugelak . k|neharaenARbeTsGWrub eTaHGk
R:C\:ner[btakEtgoRsYlgay k*BMurMlgk|neharaExeLIy
eRBaHk|neharaExrGacoEtgRbRktiTin s,atykqaMNaExNa
skraCBImunman eTaHBImuxBIeRkaykI swgeZVI:ndwgRKb
lkN;qaM Ex skraCenaH k|nRbeTsGWrub eRbIdUecaHBMu
:n . enARsukExrsBVzenH manGkxHBMuTanylkiriya
eRbIRbRktiTin xHk*zak|nRbRktiTinCak|nBIRBHBuTdIkamankg
KmIr xHk*zaedayBicarNaepSg> . esckIzadUecaH KWP&n

24ExGavrileTAdacEx :nbunanRtaTuk orabExelaHecal

KWExGavril KWorabBIExem qaM1904 eTAExedsm:nbunan
oykeTAbUknwgcMnYnExkgqaM 1927 BIExyuaMgvIeyreTAEx
sUeyt . eTIbobUkpSMKasUercehag .
esckIcMNaM ebIKitenAevlaxusdacEx orabelaH
ecalExenaH ehIyorabykEtcMnYnzkgExenaH BIz1er[g
eTAdlznwgKitenaH .
ebIKitenAz31 Exedsm orabeBj KWkMuelaHecal
ExenaHkgqaMenaH . ebIGkraCkarcUleZVIkarBIz1yuaMgvIeyr
ehIyKitCRmHkMNtraCkarenAz 31ExedsmqaMnanwgKit
enaH orabtaMgBIqaMtaMgcUleZVIraCkarer[geTAdlqaMEdKitdUc
Zmta KWmineZVItamk|nelIeLIy .

-24-

-21-

Rbvtiehara

siTikar ebInwg:ndwgkicklRbRktiTin RtvoecHk|n

eharasas eTIbnwgKanesckIsgS&y:n k|nehara
sasminEmnCaviCagay> nwgsabnwger[neLIy eRBaHCa
viCaecjmkBIemXTaMgmUl enaHkareharaTaMgbunanswgCakar
TassPaBcitGkTaMgBYgehag bmadUcGkTaMgBYgeXIjRBH
GaTitRBHcnedIrBIrekIteTAlic eharazaRBHGaTitnUvRBHcn
edIrBIliceTAekItvij GkTaMgBYgs<alza RBHGaTitnUvrUbta
rakrTaMgLaysitelInEpndI eharaza RBHGaTitnUvtarakr
TaMgLayenaHsitenAesInwgEpndI KWminTabxsBIKa RKan
EtenAqayBIKa kargay>EtbnicbueNaH k*eXIjzaTas
xusnwgcitGkTaMgBYgeBkNasehIy enaHebIkareRCAliteTA
eT[tesckIqlGkTaMgBYg nwgekIteRcInRkElgminxan .
GkR:C\RbeTsGWrub :nBayammutmaMCayUrGEgVgkg
kareharaKitt>Ka edayesckIBayamKitenaH GkR:C\xHk*
rkeXIjkarRbeyaCnZMepSg> . GkR:C\mYynakkgnKr
eQaH KalIel (Galil) rkeXIjza RbzBImUldUcEpRkc
-22-

zg nigrkeXIjdMeNIrRBHGaTitRBHcnnUvp,aytarakrcrenA
ck,rasI . GkR:C\enH:nbeg,ItEkvyitemIl:nqay
EdlmanEbbyageKeRbIkgelaksBVzenH :nbeg,IteRK}g
vasZatuekARtCak ehAETrmUEmRt (thermomtre) GkR:C\
kgnKr:raMgesseQaHGaraeKa (Arago) Caeharal|Iekr
s&B :nrkeXIjehtup,ayduHkny eZVIk|nekNelxrk
p,ayduHknyenaH TayzanwgmanmkenAevlaNa> . :n
rkeXIjza sUrRKas cnRKasnUvp,ayduHknyCarbs
Zmta minCarbsoTukosuxGVI ehIy:ncgk|nTukEbb
gay>BiZIrkcnRKas sUrRKasenaHg . GkR:C\enH:n
rkkarRbesIreT[tCaeRcIn . viCaeharaEbbeTACaviCaEpnTI
PUmisas ykp,ayemruCaTItaMg dwgTistMbnkgevlayb
dwgcmaytMbnelIEpndIBIeCIgeTAt|g dwgtMbnenHenARtg
bueNH bueNaHGgSanaTI yklMenARBHGaTitnazRtg
ykmNlp,ayrasICaTItaMg dwgcmaytMbnelIEpndI BI
liceTAekIt dwgevlatMbnenHemagbueNH tMbnenaHemag
bueNaH . enAkgEpnTImhaRbzBI EpnTItMbnRbzBItUc>
-23-

Cati eharayameyaK1 viCaeharayameyaKswgCaviCa

sZarN; manmnusSecHCaeRcIn ehIymanTahrN nig
RbeyaKpSMKa:nCan&yEvgtTIbMput . viCaeharasas
mann&yEtBIkarkMNtz Ex qaM emagevla skraCoeT[g
Tat nwgkMNteKacrRBHGaTit RBHcn RBHrahU RBHektunUv
p,ayRBHeRKaHbueNaHg EtviCaeharasasCaviCaliteRCARk
mnusSecH . `CaGkGZib|ayk|neharasasenH k*man
tRmiHGnzytictYcNas EtkgkalsBVz enARsukExr
eyIgenH k|neharasasmankarxUcxat:tesIrEtnwgvinas
sUn enaH`xMRtdreq{triHrk cgRbmUleLIgvij RKan:nCa
ehtubRmgTukCasRmabEpndIExr enaHebIelakNaecHviCa
enHeRcIn sUmCYybMeBjokarenH:nRbesIrteTA .

-28-

RcLM eRBaHRsukeyIgenHCaTIRbCMunmnusSeRcInsasn enaH

RbRktiTink*manepSg>CaeRcIn .
kmIrTaMgLayEdlCaZm(RBHsmasmT enaHelak
GkecHPasa:lITaMgLayza BMuEdl:neXIjKmIrNa
mYyEdlGZib|ayBIk|nEtgRbRktiTineT GZib|aylkN;GVI
EdlCakarehara BakelakGkecHPasa:lIzaKandUecHenH
KYrEmnBit eRBaHk|neharaekItmunkMeNItRBHBuTsmNeKatm
CaGmas 11 qaM dUcmanskraCburaNCaTItaMgRsab enaH
RBHBuTnwgcgk|nNa:n ebIBMuTanRbsUtBITrmatapg .
n&y 1 eT[teyIgralKa:ndwgehIyza RBHBuTCaGmas
eyIgRTgRbsUtenAqaM c eTas&k skraCburaN12 enAz
BuZeBjbUN(mI ExBisax enaHeQaHqaM Ex znigtitIdUc
:nBN(naxagelI k*lmeyIgralKacUlcitza k|nehara
manCamunR:kd n&y 1 vijeT[tza ehara8nakTMnay
zVayRBHraCkumarpg enaHk*eyIgeXIjzak|neharaCaviCamaM
mYnrbseharabUraNmunmk minCaviCanRBHBuTeLIy esc
kIZm(kgKmIrepSg> k*manniyayBanelIkareharaEdr enaH
-25-

RKanEtCaeRK}gBnlesckIZm(oGkpgcUlcitgay bma
dUcykemXykPMykExzqaM
yknaTImkniyaykgZm(
epSg>enaHCakarehara mYykgCatkepSg> manniyayza
stVecHniyayPasamnusS BakzastVecHniyayk*TukEtCa
beg<aloeyIgTajykesckImUlZm( nwgzastVecHPasa
mnusSenaHtGg<Wman elIkEtstVeskstVsarika Edl
eKbgatoecHniyay eTIbecHniyay:n ehIyniyaymin
:nCakarGVIpg . kiceharaTaMgbunancUrsnidanzaBMuEmnCa
karnRBHBuTEtg EtkgKmIrxHmanbJtikarmag>kgsasna
oeRbItamkickarehara bmadUceyIgralKaZabdwgeXIj
sNabRbevNIGMBIburaN luHdlLvBI kMNtcUlvsSa
ecjvsSa kMNteZVIbuNkfin nigkMNtepSg>CaeRcIneT[t
kMNtTaMgenaHBMuEdlrMlgsNabRbevNIeLIy RbevNIenH
RtvtamzEx qaMnUvrdUvTaMg3nqaMcnKtiEdleharasMercTukmk
BIburaNenaHg . edIm|Inwg:nCUnCasNabdlelakTaMg
BYg `nwgsUmGZib|ayteTAGMBIkarehara EdlcUlCabc&y
nwgsasnadUcxageRkay . `minniyayBIesckIRbtibtikg

sasnaeLIy
Et`nwgGZib|ayGMBIkareharaEdlcUlCa
bc&ykgBuTsasna RKan:nCakarBisuTnk|nehara
KmIrEdl`nwgcglenaHBMu:nsBVRKbeT elakGkecH:lI
TaMgLayzamanKmIreRcIneT[t EtzaesckIminEbkKabunan
KWzamann&yRbEhl>KadEdl enaH`k*min:ctamrkKmIr
eT[teLIy eRBaHKmIrmaneRcInrabBMuGs . Zm(RBHBuTzaman
8 hWn 4 Banxn xnmYy>maneRcIneTAeT[t enaHnwger[n
nwgemIlosBVRKbBMu:n EtZm(TaMg8hWn4BanxnenHsMedA
mkEtrbs 3 yagbueNaHg KWeZVIcitbrisuTRbRBwttam
bnathatosat nwglHbgRTBminRbesIrenaH eTaHZm(kg
KmINa> k*beganmkEtrbs 3 bueNaHg karehara
Edlmkbcy
& nwgsasnak*mann&ydUcKa min:ctamrkkg
KmIrrT[teLIy . `nwgelIkykkareharaEdlmankgKmIr
epg>RBmTaMg:lI edIm|IkarBaresckIsgS&ynelakTaMgBYg
za eharaecHEtzatamGMeBIcitdUcmanBakbrm|raza PUtenA
eha ecarenACag BakenHmanmkCayUrGEgVgehIy Etza
eharamanBIrCMBUkepSgBIKa ehAeharasas1 eharaRBh

-26-

-27-

esc:raMgesscUlqaMenAz25edsm KW
enAzbuNNUEGl (Nol) CanmuneT[t kalkgrevagqaM
1100 eTA 1200 cUlqaMkMNtenAzbuN:k (Pque)
munskraC 1100enHcUlqaMenAz 1 ExmarS kalBIedIm
ExTI1nqaMeRkec[g (Chrtien) KWExmarS eTIbCabeQaHEx
luHdlLv KWExesbtmCaExTI7 ktUbTI8 NUmTI9
edsmTI10 EtLveKykExyuaMgvIeyrCaTI 1 vij enaHEx
edsmCaExTI12 EtsBVzEdltaMgExyuaMgvIeyrCaEx TI1
enAmanBakGkR:C\xHCECkzataMgqaMdUecHminl eRBaHEx
edsm31z enACabKanigExyuaMgvIeyr 31zEdr ehIy
mYyeT[t BMuKYrnigykExehVvrIeyreTAdakCakNalExeT[t
eRBaHExehVvrIeyrenHCaExxat sRmabelIkbMeBj KYrEtenA
cugqaM ExsUeytnigExG)UtEdlenACabKa mancMnYnz 31
dUcKak*manBakminsmEdr .
(Charlemagne)

RbRktiTindT

esckIbJtie:sz tamBuTPasitnigGdkza dUc

GZib|ayrYcehIyenAkges[vePAeQaH suriyaRteLIgs&k
sUmelakTaMgBYgsnidancUlcit kale:szTaMgbunan
CakalkMNtcnKti qaMcnKtienaHgEdlEckCardUv 3
manehmnCaedIm ehIyEckCaEx 12 13 swgman
eQaH KWExmiK<sirCabfm ExktikCabrieyasan Edlman
kgRbRktiTin EdleharaExrEtgrabqaMtamsNabRbevNIGMBI
buraN BMuEdlmankarTasnwgkale:szdlmgeLIyenaH
edIm|InwgbJakesckIoGsesckIsgS&ynelakTaMgBYg `
nwgGZib|ayteTAeT[t GMBIRbRktiTinRbeTsdTCUnCasNab
ebIelakTaMgBYgnwgkatRbmaN:nza
enHCarbsExrGMBI
buraN enaHCarbsTMenIbeTIbekItzI nigenHCarbsRbeTs
eKdT eharaGMBIedImBMuEdlelIkykk|nRbeTsdTmkGZib|ay eRBaHBIedImBMuEdlmanvibritGVIBIkarehara dUckgsm&y
LvEdlmnusSRkLascit eh[bEtnwge:Hecalrbsxn

-32-

-29-

esckIviblascitnmnusSsBVz
elakTaMBYgk*:nRCab
ehIyKWrbsGVICarbsxn swgCarbsezakTab rbsGVICa
rbsdTCarbsRbesIr n&y 1vijeT[tcitmnusSeyIgrnH
mankiriyadUcTwkGUrhUrtamKngCaGMeBIRsYlehIy EtebIman
eKCIkRbLay eTaHtUckI ZMkI TwkenaHnwghUrtamRck
RbLayenaHxH TaMgGsvij `sUmGZib|ayoeXIjc|as
BIkarehara EdlCarbsExrEtgrabGanTukCaRtwmRtvtaMgBI
buraNmk nigkareharaEdlminEmnCarbsExrrabGan KWCa
karRbeTsdT ykmkdakpwmKa edIm|InwgCUnCasNabdl
GselakTaMgBYgCatiCaExr gaysabdUcteTA .
RbRktiTinRbeTGWrub

RbRktiTinRbeTsGWrubEdleRbIsBVzenH eTIbnwgEk
ehIyseRmcTukmkCaRtwmRtvBIRKisskraC 1582 enAqaM
1582enH :beRKkVar (Pape grgoir) CaescKNsg
RsukGItalI Rkgeram kat10zecal eRBaHyleXIjza
qaMel]nhYsrdUv k*ykz 11 ExehVvrIeyrCaz 1 ehVv-30-

rIeyrvij
ehIytaMgk|nodakqaMsuTin366enAnaqaMEdl
elxskraCharnwg 4 dacKansl elxskraCqaMeRkABI
CMBUkenaHRtvrabsuTin 365zCaZmta Etkg 4 qaMelIk
bMeBj1z dUecHqaMenAel]nenAeLIy eRBaHqaMnImYy>ZMhYs
qaMeT[gTat 11 mInutnaLika enaHnwg:nEkkarTasxus
enaH eTIbbJtioelaHecalqaMEdlelxskraCTaMgBIrxag
cugsUn ehIyelxEdlslenaHEcknwg4BMudacpg tam
bJtienaHeXIjolHecalEtqaM 1700-1800nigqaM1900
KWqaMTaMg3enH elxskraCEcknwg4dac EtoelaHecalkug
reb[bqaMEdlmansuTin366z oTukCaqaMsuTin365zvij.
zcUlqaMskraCRKis CazsntrabykEtKt KWtmank|n
elxKitosatEckqaMzI nigqaMcas odwgputnigcabedImBI
evlaNaenaHeLIy cMnYnzkgqaMman365znig6emag Et6
emageKBMuKit luHRKb4qaMehIy eTIbeKelIkbMeBj 1z
:nCazcUlqaMEdleyIgZabeXIjkMNtEt enAz1yuaMgvIeyrenaHg . kMNtcUlqaMenAz1yuaMgvIeyr eTIbnwg
ERbmkBIqaM 1563 . kalkgraCescsalmaj
-31-

qaMRsukGWrub

skraC

qaMRsukGWrubmanEtmYyyag ehAqaMsuriyKtiEckCaBIr
cMENk KWqaMsuPaB1 qaMGZik1 . qaMCaZmtamancMnYnz
365 nig 6emag qaMGZikmancMnYnz 366Kt cMnYnzkg
ZaMkMNttamEpnTI crkgGakas:n1CMuRBHGaTitKW 365z
nig6emag . ZaMRbeTsGWrubKaneQaHeLIynwgrabZaMeKrab
skraC ehIyqaMTaMgLaymin:nykrasIelIemXCaTItaMg
eT cUlqaMseRmcenAz1ExyuaMgvIeyr dacqaMseRmcenAz
31Exedsm .

skraCRKisCaskraCeRkec[g rabcabedImBIqaMkMeNIt
es)suy RKisskraCenHeRbIRKbRsukEdlkansasnaRKisaMg enAqaMxalGds&kculskraC1288 RKisskraC:n
1926 . eKehAskraCRKisaMg eRBaHykBIkMeNIteRBH
RKis kalmunskraCenHRsukGWrubeRbIskraCrUmaMg skraC
enHmunskraCRKisaMg 753qaM . skraCmus)ulman KW
skraCnmham&t .
kMeNItskraCmus)ulmanBIskraCRKisaMg 622 .
kgqaMxalGdsk& enH .
skraCrUmaMg 2678 taMgBIkMeNItRsukeram skraC
RKisaMg 1926 skraCmus)ulman 1305 taMgBIkMeNIt
Rsukeram culskraC 1288
mhaskraC 1848
BuTskraC 2470
buraNskraC 2560

ExRsukGWrub

ExRsukGWrubCaExseRmccMnYnz tamesckIRBmeRB{g
KaGMBIburaN enaHBMu:ntaMgtamrasIRBHGaTitdUcExsuriyaKti
Exrk*eT cMnYnExman12swgCaExsnttameKacrRBHGaTit KW
ExyuaMgvIeyr31z ExehVvrIeyr28 29z ExmarS31z
ExGavrIl30z Exem31z ExyUvaMg30z ExsUeyt31
-36-

-33-

zbuNRsukGWrub

kMNtbuNmanBIryag KWbuNmankMNtnwg 1
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NUEGlsMercEtenAz25edsm kMNtminnwgenaHKW buN
kMNttameKacrRBHGaTitRBHcn KWdUcCabuN:k (Pques)
buNGasgsIuyug (Ascension) buNbgtWkUt (Pentecte)
buN:kCabeg<albuNdT buNenHkMNttameKacrRBHGaTitRBHcn KWykzEdlRBHGaTitcUldlpveKavizICaTI
taMgnwgrkkMNtbuN:kenaHg kMNtbuN:kenHercuH
eLIg:nBIz 22marS eTATlnwgz 25ExGavrIl KWkg
rvag35z . nwgrkkMNtbuN:k eKykzTI20marSCaz
RBHGaTitcUlmksitenAnapveKavizIenaH eKrkeKacrRBHcnBI
munz20marS ebIRBHcneBjbUN(mIelIzNa eKykz
GaTitCaxagmuxzeBjbUN(mI enaHCazbuN:k . buN
:kCabeg<albuNdT
enaHebIkMNtbuNenH:nehIy
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-34-

zBIbuN:keTIbkMNtbuNGasgsIuyug orabteTA10
zeT[teTIbRtvkMNtbuNbgtWkUt KWrabBIbuN:kmk50z
nwgbJakesckIBIkMNtbuNTaMg3CMBUkenH KWrabz 1 cM
zbuN:kcuHeTAzTI40 CazbuNGasgsIuyug zTI50
CazbuNbgtWkUt . buNeT[tCabuNmankMNtnwgCa
RbRktI dUcCabuNGasSmsIuyug (Assomption) enAz15
ExG)Ut buNTusSaMg (Toussaint) enAzmYyExNUm buN
NUEGlenAz25Exedsm . buN1CMBUkeT[tCabuN
sRmabCnanuCnKWbuNcUlqaM enAz1yuaMgvIeyr buNsan
dak (Jeanne darc) enAzGaTitrvagTI10Exem buN
NasIuyUnal (Nationale) enAz14ExsUeyt buNvictVar
(Victoire) enAz11ExNUm . buNkgsasn1CMBUkeT[t
ehAeNamd&r (Nombre dor) CabuNmg<lZM EtbuNenH
:neZVIedaykRm buNeNamd&renHeZVI:nEtenAzTI1yuaMgvIeyr ehIyzenaHCazRBHcnrmmNlCamYynigRBHGaTit
KWRtvnwgzExdacenaHg .
-35-

enAz21marS 23esbtm RBHGaTitrHcMBITisbUBa( enAz

22yUvaMg RBHGaTitrHEbrxageCIgbMput enAz22edsm
RBHGaTitEbrxagt|gbMput . lMenARBHGaTitnazRtgRtv
nwgemag22Kt ehIylMenARtgBIelIBit KWminEbreTAeCIgt|g
GkRsukRbeTsGWrub:nBisuT emIlehIyeXIjmankg1qaMEt
4z KWenAz15Gavril1 KWRtgzeLIgs&keharaExr enAz
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nwgEtgRbRktiTinRsukGWrubniyayedaysegbRtvodwg
skraC1 odwgqaMCasuPaBqaMGZik1 odwgcMnYnzkgEx1
odwgkMNtbuN1 odwgzedImrdUv1 . CMBUk1eT[tork
mNlRBHcn EtmNlRBHcnRtvkarEtxagkickarkgsasn karmhaCnmin:nmanRbeyaCnbunaneLIy lkN;
EtgRbRktiTinnRsukGWrubcbEtbueNH . emIlk|nehara:raMgEss .

a
-40-

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30z Exedsm31z . exehVvrIeyr29zenAnaqaMEdl
mansuTin366 . kgkalLvenH z1GavrIlenAeRkay
zeLIgs&keharaExr14z zeLIgs&keharaExrBMu:nQr
nwgkMNtenA15GavrIlk*eT eRBaHqaMRbeTsGWrubZMCagqaMRtwm
Rtv11mInut enaHzeLIgs&kecHEtel]neTAmux EtyUqaM
NaseTIbel]n1z mugsIueyuIrhVarU :nKitehIyeXIjza
kalculskraCcuHTI1 zeLIgs&keharaRtvnwgz22marS
`k*:nKitEdr enaHkalqaMkMeNItRBHkruNasIusuvti1841
zeLIgs&kRtvnig14GavrIl sBVzenHzeLIgs&kQrnwg
enAz15Gavril eRBaHenAqaM1900 EdlCaqaMRtvmancMnYn
366z eKelaHecal1zvij ebIBMuelaHecalenAqaMenaH
eyIgsBVzRtvmanzmanzeLIgs&k enAz16Gavril .

a
-37-

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rdUvRsukGWrub

RbeTsGWrubKanExcnKtieLIy EteKRtvkarnwgmNl
RBHcnedIm|InwgeZVIbuNTan enaHeKcuHmNlRBHcnkgEx
suriyKti ehIytaMgk|nrkmNlRBHcn . mNlRBH
cnEdlnwgykCaRbeyaCnkgkarbuNTan
eKykEt4
mNl KWmNleBjvg1 mNlRBHcnenAGamaBasSa
Exdac1 mNlRBHcnenARtITibck KWmNlRBHcnBak
kNalmYyxagexIt mYyxagrenac . mNlRBHcnTaMg
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ekIt 8erac ExeharaExrCYnminRbkbKa KWzyRCul1zBI
zeharaExrTaMg4CMBUkdUcmanxagelI . mNlRBHcn4CMu
BUk EdlRsukGWrubykCakarenaH k*BMu:nRtwmRtveRscdac
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sm<al enATIzsuriyaKtimNlRBHcnCaeCIgEkk Cavg
mUlexA cucCavgRBHcn .

rdUvRsukGWrubman4 swgCardUvsuriyKti taMgRtgz

EdlRBHGaTitcUldlpveKavizImYy taMgRtgzRBHGaTitcUl
dlpvnaKvizImYy taMgRtgRBHGaTitcUldlpveKavizIvijeT[t
mYyEtpvmag taMgenARBHGaTitcUldlpvGCvizImYy . rdUv
CaedIm KWrdUvEdlRBHGaTitcUldlpveKavizIdMbUgehAR:Mgtg
(Printemps) rabBIz21marS KWcmayBIeRkayzeLIgs&kExr
eyIg25zlMdabcuHeTArdUveGet (t) rabBIz22 yUvaMg
cmayBImuxzeLIgs&k67z . rdUvGUtUmn (automne) rab
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-38-

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-54-

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eLIgs&k 6 KwzsuRkCaBareLIgs&k . Gavman 39

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-66-

-67-

-96-

-95-

-99-

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-104-

-103-

ela vieJeya Gd ehani e:sza pK<NsS c

kaLma yav GasaLbNma Kimkaelati vieJeya Gd
ehani e:sza GasaLsS c kaLma yav
knikbuNma vsSkaelati vieJeya Gd ehani e:sza tUni bntiNnM bekttiystem catuTesati :tiemakM Tisni vinyJenati .
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-108-

eQaHExkgqaM ehAzaer[nrabbkKnna dUcmanvar:lIenH;

GnuCanami Pikev bkKNnM K<ehtni t
bkKNnM sk,bkkaLbkanM TivsKNnM K<ehtuni
briyabuNitM vdtIti Geta . K<ehtni vutta sk,bksS
kaLbksS Tivesn GaTitTivscnTivsGg<ar TivsBuTTivsKruTivssuRkTivsesarTivsKNnM K<ehtuM vdtIti vTni.
ekci K<ehtuni vutta suk,bksS kaLbkTivesn eyaeK
nket K<ehtuM vdtIti vTni .l. GnuCanami Pikev
seBVehv bkKNnM K<ehtunti t GhM sBVehv
bkKNnM K<ehtuni GnuCanamIti Jhireta . t
seBVehv ezern Pikna c nv Pikhi c bkKNnni
suk,bksSKNnM K<ehtuM vdtIti GBnreta .
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tamBuTanuJat nigGdkzadIkabJti oPiksgkMNtzeZVI
e:szkmTaMg3yagKW e:szkmenAz14mYy e:szkmenAz15mYy nige:szsamK<Isg1 Ete:sz
samK<IsgenH k*eZVI:nEtkgz 14-15 Edr . bJtiBI
-105-

kMNte:szkmTaMg3CMBUkenH
mankgKmIrvinyalg,ar
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cMENkdUcKa KWe:szbNrsI oeZVIkgz15eracExpl<n

kgz15ekItExecRt kgz15ekIt 15eracExBisax kgz
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cMnYnz29 .
ktiksS c kaLma yav pK<NbuNma ehmnka

-106-

-107-

enHenAkgbTcuLKNIBIsURtR:brdUv .
ebIqaMNamanGZivar cnaZimas KWelIkrenacEx
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manKmIrbg<aboRbRBwttamdUcman:lIenH ;
tsa yTa bzvisSera raCa sTivsM masM GakDI
tukaema eCdmaes kaLbke:szM bNrsw keranti
yacisSti tTa skw bksS catuTes va bNres vati
vcneta bNrsiyM e:szkreN eTaesa nti yTa
sDmassemv GakDitukaema catuTsiyM keranti
yacisSti vM sti bktiyabi eCdmaskaLe:seza
catuTesaeyvati ktVa eTaesa nti Pytabi e:seza
suketa ehati tsa GnuvtiteJV .
kg:lIenHesckIza ebIbrmkSRtsUmGaraZnaRBHPik
sg oeZVIe:szkmkgz15eraceCs enaHbJtioRBHPik
sgRbRBwttam rIeTasxuskgkiriyanPikTaMgLayeZVIe:szkmkgz15eracExeCsenaH minmankgkalenaHeLIy.

vijeT[t sYrBIkalKYrRbRBwttam nigkalminKYrRbRBwttamenaH

dUcemceTIbRBHd*manRBHPaKRTgGJatza malPikTaMgLay
kalEdlKYrRbRBwt:nenaH KWkalkgRbRbtiTinescTaMgLay Rtvtamkale:szEdlPikTaMLayZabeZVImkBImun
KWkaldlmkkgz 1415 enaH Kb|IPikTaMgLayRbRBwttam
cuH minsabsUncakKuNKWsIlrbsxneT EtebIkale:szmanmkkgz 13kI kgz16kI xusGMBIkale:sz
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bJtimunBIkale:szbNrsI nige:szcatuTsIEdl
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Pik bn rJa bhitsasnM Pkveta GaeraecsMu
Pkva bn vsSbkDen PiknM KuNbrihaniya GPaveta

-112-

-109-

GnuCanami Pikev raCUnM Gnuvtituni Gevac kzM bn

GnuvtitBVM kzM n GnuvtitBVM yTM Gnuvten bueBV
bvtTivseta Tani bvsitBVM e:szTivesa catuTesa vabNresa va ehati tza sti GnuvtitBVM yTi
bn etsema va esaLsema va ehati n GnuvtitBVM
Gnuvtena hi Gnue:sz e:szM keta ehati teta n
Pikev Gnue:sez e:seza kateJV eya kery
Gabti Tk,dsSati vutM Tuk,dM GabCti tsa
sIlKuNbrihani smveta n GnuvtitBVM .
n&y1vijeT[tza ebIqaMNamanGZimas KWEzGasaZ
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Kim RtvoPikeZVIe:szkm10dg KWbJle:szkal
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RBH:lICaesckIsegbxI>dUecH ;
eka e:seza sm|eta st e:sza
Gtik,na Gzimasvesn eTV e:sza Gvsida .
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e:sz7kngehIy KW e:szCaGtIt e:sz2
EdlslenA KW e:szGnaKtedayGMNacqaMGZimas.
ebIdlz15eracExbfmasaZosURtza ;
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eka e:seza Gvsieda .
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e:sz8EdlkngeTAehIy KWe:szCaGtIt e:sz1
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ExTutiyasaZ osURtzaekae:seza sm|eta nv
e:sza Gtik,na eka e:sezaGvsieda nti esckI
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Kan emIlKmIrKytTIbnImhaKNIExS34 elakR:bzaBak

-110-111-

elakTaMgBYgcMNaMocaMCak GMBIkareharaEdlcUlCabc&y
nigkicsasna dUcmankgKmIrEdleBalxagelI KWehmn
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manelIkzenAExeCsdUecH kgrdUvKimRtvmane:szcatuTsIEtmYy KWenAz14eracExmaXenaHg . rdUvvsSannig
rdUvehmn mane:szenAnwgkMrwtBMuEdlerIruHeLIy .
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RkeBk bJtiza ebIPikNaRbRBwtoxuscakkMNtdUcman

-116-

-113-

eBalxagelInwgRtvGabtiTuk,d KWcakKuNsIlrkRbeyaCn
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bksS catuTes va bNres va :tiemak Tisituni
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GnuCanamIti Geta . catuTes va bNres vati ksS
tuena ttiey c stem c bek TviktM catuTes va
Gveses qktM bNres va . Gynav eka Geta .
GyM bn bktihritvesn vueta . skw bksS catuTes
va bNres vati vcneta bn tzarUeb bceyti ysw
catuTes va bNres va tzarUebti tza sPaev
bceyti kareN GzikreN va reJa kreN Pikena
kalktkareN va tsw catuTes va bNres va :ti

emakM TisitMu vdti catuTes va bNres va e:szM

katMu vdti . bNres catuTsw e:szvdti . GJmJsS brivtnM katMu vdtIti . cuLKNIbeT vutM .
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GenI KWenAzsg,anTaMg 34 z .
tamesckIBuTanuJat BIoPiksgeZVIe:szkalRKb
Rbkar BitaMgrdUv BielIkExGZimas elIkzGZivar BIcMnYnz
kgExcnKti BIExNaCaEx29 ExNaCaEx30 zenaHsUm

-114-

-115 -

Lay okale:szRtvnwgExeBj Exxat ExGZimas

ExcnaZimas . bJtiza kMuotamRbRktiTinbrmkSRtTaMg
Lay ebIRbRktiTinescTaMgLayenaH okale:szxus
kale:szEdlPikZabeZVIer[gmk KWRbRktiTinnaescTaMg
LayenaH okale:szzymk13ekIt 13erac
eLIgeTAdlz1ekItdlz1erac CaTI16enaHvij zaebI
RbRBwttamhwgRtvGabtiTk,d KWsansUncakKuNKWsIlrbs
xn .
taragdUcxageRkamenH RsgykTIe:szkgrdUvTaMg
3naqaMTaMg3CMBUk KWqaMsuPaB qaMGZivar nigqaMGZimas .
e:szkgrdUvTI1 KwrdUvehmnman8
Tie:sz
kgz

15
.12 .1
15

3
.1
14
xat

4
15
.2

5
.2
15

6
15
.3

7
.3
14
xat

8
15
.4

e:szxatTI 3 nigTi 7 .

sMKal; elxenABIelI.CaexIt enAxageRkam.Carenac

-120 -

z15eracExpl<n ExBisax eZVIkgz15ekItExecRt Ex

Bisax ExeCs oeZVIe:szcatiTsIkgz14eracExecRt
nigEceCs . ebIqaMcnaZimas RtvoeZVIe:szbNrsI
kgz15eracExeCs KWqaMenaHmane:szcatuTsIEt1vij
enAdacExecRt . ebIqaMNamanGZimas RtveZVIe:sz
bNrsIkgz15eracExbfmasaZ nig15ekItExTutiyasaZ
e:sz2enHenAkgKimrdUv
eRBaHqaMGZimasmanEx13
KimrdUvenAqaMGZimas Rtvman10e:sz e:sz8kgz
15 ekIterac e:sz2kgz14erac . enAqaMcnaZimas
e:szRtvmanEt8 Ete:szcatuTsImanEtmg eZVIkgz
14eracExecRt KWepSgnigqaMCasuPaBdUecHg . esckI
bJtie:szkal kgrdUvKimenHeT[tk*eXIjza rdUvnigcMnYn
zkgExnwgGZimas cnaZimasRtvKaeBjlkN;nwgRbRktiTinehara KWExpl<n ExBisax ExGasaZCaExmancMnYn
z30 dacExenA15erac ExecRt ExeCsCaEx29z dac
ExenA14erac . ebIqaMGZimaselIkExGasaZCa bfmaTutiya
mancMnYnz30dUcKa . enAqaMcnaZimasExeCs30z
-117

dacExenA15erac . bJtieharaenAqaMcnaZimasnig
qaMGZimas zaebIqaMNamancnaZimas ehIymanGZimas
RBmpgRtvoykEtGZimas oElgcnaZimas eRBaHExZM
Cagz ehIyeRBaHRBHcncrxat#kSCasRmabExpg qaM
cnaZImasRtvodakenAqaMxagmux
qaMGZimaspabKaenaH
ehtumanbJtieharadUecH RbEhlCakalmunBuTbJtiehara
elIkzkgExeCs ehIyelIkExGasaZpg luHBuTbJti
ehIy eTIbeharaseRmcza kMuoelIkzehIyelIkExRBmKa
Etmg edIm|InwgkMuomankale:szkgrdUvKimenHdlmkkg
z15er[gKadl4dg eTIbRtvtamBuTbJtiEdlzaebIbrmkSRt
elIkzehIyelIkExpg ebIbrmkSRtGaraZnaoeZVIe:sz
eTIteTasenaHg kgRbRktiTinehara BMuEdlmandakCa
mYyqaMNaEdlmancnaZimas ehIymanGZimasRBmpg
taMgBIbJtienaHmk .
vsSanrdUvrabedImBI1eracExGasaZ ebIqaMCasuPaB
rabcabedImBI1eracExTutiyasaZ ebIqaMGZimaseTATlnwg1
eracExktik KWputrdUvenHenAz15ekItExktik kgrdUvenHBuT

bJtioeZVIe:szkalbNrsI
kgz15eracExGasaZ
ebIqaMCasuPaB ebIqaMGZimas kgz15eracExPRTbTnigkg
z15ekItExRsaBn ExPRTbT ExGsSC ExktikoeZVIe:szcatuTsI kgz14eracExRsaBnnigExGsSC . bJti
e:szkgrdUvvsSanenH k*eXIjrdUvnigExRbkbnwgRbRktiTin
eharaedaysBVRKb KWExGasaZ TutiyasaZ ExPRTbT
ExktikCaExmancMnYnz30 dacExenA15erac . ExRsaBn
ExGsSCCaEx29z dacExenA14erac dUecHrYbrdUvTaMg3
eXIjzakgrdUvmYy>man4Ex EtebIqaMGZimas rdUvKimman5
Ex ExTaMg12enaH ExEdlcuHelx 2-4-6-8-10-12
CaExmancMnYnz30 qaMcnaZimas Exelx7 eLIgCaEx
mancMnYnz30vij . enAqaMGZimas ExTaMgLayman13
enaHExelx8 elIkCa2ExbnabmancMnYnz30dUcKa .
GMBIesckIbJtie:szkal sUmelakTaMgBYgsm<alkar
sMxanenHeT[t KWzaoPikeZVIe:sz tamRbRktiTinnabrmkSRtTaMgLaycuH EtRbRktiTinenaH RbkbRtvtamkMNte:sz EdlPikZabeZVIBImunmk KWzaebIRbRktiTinbrmkSRtTaMg

-118
-119

ehIyelxenAxagsaM . emIlzaEx .

viZIrabExqaMExr nig k|neZVRI bRktiTin

e:szkgrdUvTI2 KWrdUvKim

Ks

BszI

qaM

s&k

cul

Gavman;

bUtitI

1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921

2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2424

CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka
c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka

eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nB
sMriTi
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nB
sMriTi
k
eTa
RtI

1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283

201
64
630
493
356
219
93
648
511
374
228
111
666
529
403
266
129
684
558
421
248
147

15 =1
26 =1
7 =1
18 =1
29 =1
10 =1
22
2 =1
13 =1
24-25
6
17
27 =1
8 =1
20
1 =1
12 =1
22 =1
4 =1
15
26 =1
7 =1

ebIGavman;tUcCag 135 naqaMenaHExGasaZRtUvEzm1z

-124-

tamBuTaniJatman8
Tie:sz
kgz

1
.4
15

2
15
.5

3
.5
14
xat

4
15
.6

5
.6
15

6
15
.7

7
.7
14
xat

8
15
.8

e:szxatTI 3 nigTi 7 .
Oe:szrdUvTI3 KwrdUvvsSan
tamBuTanuJatman8
TIe:sz
kgz

1
.8
15

15
.9

15
15
15
.9 .10 .10 .11 .11 .12
14
15
14
xat
xat
e:szxatTI 3 nigTi 7 .
-121-

Oe:szkgrdUvKim naqaMGZIvareCselIk
tamBuTanuJatman8
TIe:sz
kgz

1
.4
15

2
15
.5

3
.5
14
xat

4
15
.6

5
.6
15

6
15
.7

7
.7
15

8
15
.8

e:szxatTaMg3rdUvkgqaMCasuPaBman6

ehmn
TI3

TI7

Kim
TI3

vsSan
TI7

TI3

.1 .3 .5 .7 .9 .11
14 14 14 14 14 14
enAqaMGZIvar e:szxatmanEt 5vij .

e:szxatTI3 .
Oe:szkgrdUvKimnaqaMGZimas
elIkExGasaZtamBuTanuJatman10
TI
e:sz
kgz

TI7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
15
15
15
15
15
.4 .5 .5 .6 .6 .7 .7 .8b .8b .8Tu
15
14
15
14
15
xat
xat

a
R:saTbUraN

e:szxatTI 3 nigTi 7 .

elx8bCaExbfmasaZ elx8TuCaExTutiyasaZ
-122-

-123-

Ks

BszI

qaM

s&k

cul

Gavman;

bUtitI

1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560

c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka
c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka

q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV

1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379

43
609
472
335
198
114
627
490
353
227
90
499
508
482
245
108
674
527
400
263
137
0
555
418

1 =1
16
27
8
19
1
11 =1
22
3 =1
15 =1
26
6 =1
17
29
10
21
2
13
24
5
17
-2 28
8
18

-148-

Ks

BszI

qaM

s&k

cul

Gavman;

bUtitI

1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945

2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488

c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka
c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka

ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nB
sMriTi
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nB
sMriTi
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb

1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307

21
576
439
313
176
39
594
468
331
194
57
623
426
349
212
86
641
504
367
241
104
659
522
396

19
29
10 =1
22
3 =1
14
24 =1
6 =1
17
28
9 =1
20
1
12
23 =1
2
15
26
7 =1
19
0 1ekItEx6
10 =1
21 =1
3 =1

-125-

Ks

BszI

qaM

s&k

cul

Gavman;

1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969

2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512

c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka
c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka

Gd
nB
sMriTi
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nB
sMriTi
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nB
sMriTi
k

1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331

259
122
677
551
414
367
140
14
579
432
306
169
32
587
462
324
187
50
616
479
342
205
79
634

bUtitI

14
25
5

7ekIt5

17
28
9
20
2 =1
12 =1
23
5 =1
16
27
7 =1
19
0 1ekIt6
11
22
3 =1
14
25
6
18
28

Ks

BszI

qaM

s&k

cul

Gavman;

bUtitI

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993

2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536

c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka
c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka

eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ

1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355

497
360
234
97
652
515
389
252
115
670
544
407
270
144
7
562
526
299
162
25
580
454
317
180

9
20
2 =1
13
32
4 =1
16
27
8
18
0 1ekIt6
11
22
4
15
25
6
18 =1
29
10
20
2
13
24

-146-147-

Ks

BszI

qaM

s&k

cul

Gavman;

bUtitI

Ks

BszI

qaM

s&k

cul

Gavman;

bUtitI

2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041

2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584

c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka
c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka

sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI

1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403

292
155
18
573
447
310
173
36
602
465
328
191
65
620
483
346
209
83
638
501
375
238
101
667

0
10
23
3
13
24
7
18
-2 29
-2 10
21
2
=2 14
=2 24
5
16
=2 28
=2 9
19
0
12
23
4
15

2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065

2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608

c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka
c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka

ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb

1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427

530
393
256
130
685
548
411
285
148
11
555
440
303
166
29
595
458
321
173
58
613
476
339
213

26
7
18
0
10
21
2
14
25
6
16
28
9
20
1
12
23
4
14
27
7
18
29
11

-152=

-149=

2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085

2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628

c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj
mmI
mEm
vk
rka
c
kur
CUt
qv
xal
ezaH
erag
mSaj

Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb
Gd
nBV
sMriT
k
eTa
RtI
ctVa
bJ
q
sb

1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447

76
613
494
368
231
94
660
523
386
249
123
678
530
404
278
141
4
559
432
2962

22
2
14
25
6
17
28
9
29
1
13
23
4
15
27
8
19
29
11
2

ebIqaMNaman GZImas nig GZIvarpg RtvelIkqaMGZimasmun ehIyqaMGZivarelIkeTAqaMbnab

acba