Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast A gifted political cartoonist who attacked Boss Tweed in a series of cartoons which

eventually sent him off to jail. His cartoons were influential because Tweeds illiterate followers could understand them Horace Greely American newspaper editor, a founder of the Liberal Republican Party, a reformer and politician. He was nominated by the Democrats in 1872 to oppose Grant in the presidential election. Roscoe Conkling New Yorker who was both a senator and a member of the House of Reps. Leader of Stalwart faction and the last person to refuse a Supreme Court appointment after he had already been confirmed by the U.S. Senate James G. Blaine Maine congressman who led the Half-Breed faction. He lost the presidential race to Grover Cleveland Samuel Tilden The New York attorney who led the prosecution of the Tweed Ring in the 1870s Charles J. Guiteau Hard or Sound Money An American lawyer who assassinated President James A. Garfield on July 1881. He was hanged Gilded Age A name for the late 1800s coined by Mark Twain to describe the increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the luxuries it allowed the rich. The industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the rich hid the social problems of the time high poverty rate & crime rate, and corruption in the government Bloody-Shirt Campaign tactic used by Grant in the 1868 election; revived gory memories of the Civil War. The slogan, Vote as You Shot appealed to army veterans Tweed Ring American politicians most notable for being the boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine that played a major role in 19th century NY politics. They milked NYC of $200 million during the 1860s Credit Mobilier Scandal A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes Whiskey Ring The group of people who conspired with Grants private secretary in 1875 to rob the U.S. Treasury of millions of excise taxes on alcohol Resumption Act Act passed in 1875 in which the government was to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and begin in 1879 to redeem all paper currency in gold.

Crime of '73 Ended the minting of silver and placed the country on the gold standard. This was attacked by advocates of an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers who believed in the unlimited coinage of silver. Bland-Allison Ac t An 1878 law requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices. Half-Breed Moderate Republican faction led by Sen. James Blaine that favored some reforms of civil service system and a restrained policy towards the South. Were half loyal to Grant & half committed to reform the spoils system. Compromise of 1877 Democrats agreed to accept Hayes' election if North withdrew the federal troops from two remaining states. Civil Service Reform The group set up by the Pendleton Act charged with administering a competitive exam for federal jobs. Pendleton Act Federal legislation which created a system in which federal employees were chosen on the basis of competitive examinations, therefore making ability the reason for hiring people to fill federal positions. "Billion Dollar" Congress Under Benjamin Harrison, the 51st Congress reached a spending milestone and was nicknamed this. James A. Garfield The Stalwarts and Half-Breeds nominated this compromise "dark horse" for president. Chester A. Arthur Appointed customs collector for the port of NY; implemented a heavy spoils system. Became 21st president. Grover Cleveland Vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform. Mugwump Republicans who supported Democratic nominee Cleveland instead of their nominee, James G. Blaine. Thomas B. Reed Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept the Democrats in line. Pension Act Awarded stipends to all Civil War veterans who had fought for at least 90 days and were no longer able to do manual labor.

Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? was not good presidential material; he did not have political experience. He won because of the revival of Civil war memories (Bloody Shirts) and the votes of 500,000 former slaves. The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. Great majority of businesspeople and government officials conducted their affairs with decency and honor, but the whole postwar atmosphere was fetid. People in position acted unscrupulously. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. Greely was nominated because he pleased the Democrats when he pleaded for clasping hands across the bloody chasm. He was a less than ideal candidate because he was notoriously unsound in his political judgements. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley 4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate? Greely was nominated because he pleased the Democrats when he pleaded for clasping hands across the bloody chasm. He was a less than ideal candidate because he was notoriously unsound in his political judgements Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? People thought more money meant cheaper money and rising prices and easier-to-pay debts. Others opposed this because they did not want depreciated dollars Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? different ethnic and cultural backgrounds

The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? Tilden won the popular vote but was one vote short of the Electoral College. It was so close that the Electoral Commission had to be made with 7 Republicans and 7 Democrats. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? Ended racial equality, allowed the passing of Jim Crow laws, and resulted in black disenfranchisement.

Chapter #26.1

The Great West Big Picture Themes

1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War. George A. Custer United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn. Chief Joseph Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations. Sioux Wars Clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. It was spurred by gold miners rushing into Sioux land. Ghost Dance Ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native tribes to their land. Dawes Severalty Act Federal law that attempted to dissolve tribal landholding and establish Indians as individual farmers. Battle of Wounded Knee Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act. Joseph F. Glidden Invented a superior type of barbed wire and produced 600 miles of the product each day; the barbed wire was used against trespassing cattle. James B. Weaver Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West Oliver H. Kelly Founded the National Grange; improved lives of farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. Mary Elizabeth Lease An advocate of the suffrage and temperance movement; best known for working with the Populist Party. Comstock Lode Huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth and statehood to Nevada. Long Drive The herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming.

Homestead Act Federal law that offered generous land opportunities to poorer farmers but also provided the unscrupulous with opportunities for hoaxes and fraud. Patrons of Husbandry A support system for struggling western farmers. This organization was an educational and social organization, but under the leadership of Oliver Kelley, this organization began to lobby state and federal governments for legislation that would protect farmers from the effects of big business. Granger Laws Series of laws passed in the Western states after the Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates. Also addressed long and short haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers. Farmers' Alliance The first "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist Party. It sponsored social gatherings, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers. Populists Third political party that expressed rural grievances and mount major attacks on the Dems and Reps. Jacob S. Coxey A socialist American politician who ran for elective office several times in Ohio. Supported and helped establish paper money and led protest of unemployment in the Panic of 1893. Williams Jennings Bryan Lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school. Bimetallism Combining silver and gold to make cheaper currency. Free Silver Unlimited coinage of silver. Depression of 1893 Began due to rail road companies overextending themselves, causing bank failures. Cross of Gold Speech An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs," who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold. Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. It caused competition among the many tribes and also among the settlers

Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" By exterminating most of the Native American population and stealing their land Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? The bison had been slaughtered for their tongues, hides, or for amusement. Both whites and natives were using the buffalo for a source of food and other things. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? The Carlisle Indian School destroyed Native American culture when the children were taken from their families and taught English culture. The government also outlawed many religious practices, like the ghost dance. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West? It led to the increase in Westernized movement, and also spurred a more industrialized society in the West. The "American dream" became clearer, as many people became prosperous from the metals. Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people? They were assimilated and forced to adopt white ways. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? Cattle ranching was so profitable because they could be shipped to the East Coast on the refrigerator cars. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains? It often turned out to be a cruel hoax as the land frequently proved inadequate on the rain-scarce Great Plains.

The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? Many western states joined the Union. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? The west Frontier represented the symbol of opportunity that Americans longed for

Chapter #24: Industry

Comes of Age Big Picture Themes

1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies Money that the government provided companies with. Transcontinental Railroad Linked the Eastern railroad system with Californias railroad system. It made it so that it was easier for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper. Native Americans lost land and many were killed in the early stages. Cornelius Vanderbilt Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise. Jay Gould United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market. Interstate Commerce Commission Federal regulatory agency used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition. Vertical Integration Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution. Horizontal Integration Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. Joining or consolidating with competitors to create a MONOPOLY. Trusts A combination of corporations, usually in the same industry, in which stockholders trade their stock to a central board in exchange for trust certificates. J.P. Morgan

A robber baron banker who bought out Carnegie Steel and renamed it to U.S. Steel. He refinanced railroad during depression of 1893 and built the intersystem alliance by buying stocks from competing railroads. Sherman Anti-Trust Act First federal action against monopolies that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States. It was initially misused against labor unions. Yellow Dog Contracts A labor contract in which an employee must agree not to join a union as a condition of holding the job. Blacklists A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses. Haymarket Square incident A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings. Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads? The disadvantages were that the railroad building was costly and risky. Also, the extension of rails into underpopulated areas was unprofitable. Advantages were long-term preferential rates for postal service and military traffic. Granting land avoided new taxes for direct cash grants Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. The construction gangs worked at frantic pace. Chinese immigrants worked at one end of the railroad, and Irish immigrants worked at the other end. They met near Ogden, Utah and were connected. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. Americans were more connected to each other, and traveling was made much easier. Food was more fresh because of the faster transportation. However, railroad construction was laced with scandals, which hurt Americans financially. The work was also very dangerous. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? More efficient and economical steel rails, standard gauge of track (which reduced need for numerous car changes), the Westinghouse air brake which increased safety, and other safety devices like the telegraph.

Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? The railroads of America bonded the nation, and united it into one. Farmers started building farms next to the railroad, and brought them farming tools and allowed them to transport their fresh goods to the marketplaces across the country. Every town in the country had their own time, and the railroad had to spereate the United States into four time zones. Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? Stock watering (which enabled railroad stock promoters to inflate their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sell stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad's actual value) as well as other corruption such as bribery. Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? It was intended to help commoners by outlawing rebates and pools, but the powerful found ways around it. Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? Skyscrapers made it so cities expanded up, and trains allowed transportation from coast to coast. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? They used horizontal integration, trusts, and interlocking directorates The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization? Steel making, notably rails for railroads, typified the dominance of "heavy industry," which concentrated on making "capital goods," as distinct from the production of "consumer goods. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan 11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan. By 1900, Carnegie was producing of the nation's Bessemer steel. Morgan financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. Carnegie, looking to sell his business, bartered with Morgan until they agreed on 400 million dollars. Morgan went on to develop the first 1.4 billion dollar business.

Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? His Standard Oil Company sold 95% of all oil sold in the U.S. he used horizontal integration to drive competitors out of business The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? justified their wealth with the idea of survival of the fittest from Social Darwinism, also through the gospel of wealth. Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? Sherman Anti-Trust Act tried to outlaw trusts and monopolies, but did not work, and was turned back against the government by the Robber Barrons. The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? They were not as successful as the North and still produced less than before the Civil War and farming was often done by sharecroppers The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans. Positive- improved living standards, women gained increasing roles in business. Negativepollution, overpopulation, immigrants causing shortage of well-paying jobs. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? Increased immigration allowed employers to easily replace unwanted workers Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. Similarities- welcomed skilled and unskilled workers. Wanted 8 hour workdays NLU- barred Chinese immigrants and had only some blacks and women. Wanted arbitration of worker complaints. KL- welcomed blacks and women but banned nonproducers : liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, stockbrokers.

Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square Made of small, independent unions tied together by association. It was made of skilled craftsmen as unskilled workers would weaken the union. The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 20. How was the AFL different from previous unions? They favored the organization of workers according to pride and statement Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas? Knights had conservative ideas. The highly conservative leadership of the Knights of Labor issued a secret circular describing their position.

Chapter #25: America

Moves to the City Big Picture

Themes
1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl.

Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley A settlement house worker who championed the protection of female workers and was against child labor. Mary Baker Eddy Founder of the Church of Christ, she believed that praying could cure any sickness and solve any problem. William James Helped establish the discipline of behavioral psychology, with his books Principles of Psychology, etc. Henry George San Francisco journalist who published Progress and Poverty which jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics. It proposes on putting a single tax on land as the solution to poverty. Horatio Alger Popular novelist during the IR who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work. Mark Twain He wrote many enduring American novels such as the masterpiece of satire, Huckleberry Finn. Nativism A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born individuals. Philanthropy Foundations that helped the people and foreign nations. Social Gospel Religion & human dignity would help the middle class overcome problems of industrialization. Settlement House

Houses that people could settle in before they found their own place. Women's Christian Temperance Union Anti-alcohol women's group. Eighteenth Amendment Banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol Chapter #25: GUIDED READING QUESTIONS The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? grew due to inventions such as the electric trolley, steel, and skyscrapers. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? New immigrants came around 1880 from southern and eastern Europe- Poland, Italy, Slovakia, Croatia. They were usually Catholic, uneducated, and generally penniless Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? They came to America in such large numbers because there was overpopulation in Europe, and many wars and discrimination, along with economic opportunities in America. Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron 4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America? They clustered in tightly knit urban communities and worked as industrial laborers Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? They traded jobs and services for votes. They often found housing for immigrants, gave them food and clothing, and helped set up schools, parks, and hospitals in ethnic communities. Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty 6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? contradicted the recent federal laws which blocked the Chinese and undesirables from the nation. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Christian socialism pricked the consciences of the middle class for future reform, and city programs like YMCA helped the needy. Catholic leaders employed growing influence to assist reform movements.

Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, 8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches? It created many rifts in the church. Modernist clergymen were thrown out and unbelief was promoted. The Lust for Learning Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua 9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War? The ideal of tax-supported elementary schools, adopted on a nationwide basis before the Civil War, was still gathering strength. A grade school education was the birthright of every citizen. Free textbooks were provided by taxpayers, teacher-training schools expanded, and kindergartens gained support. New immigration brought vast new strength to private Catholic parochial schools. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington's self-help approach to solving the nation's racial problems was labeled "accommodationist" because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy, instead of promoting practical education and economic independence. Du Bois demanded complete and immediate equality for blacks in society, economy, and life. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act 11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase? In the years after the Civil War, college enrollment dramatically increased due to land grants that allowed the development of multipurpose institutions with programs characteristic of the leading twentieth-century universities (elective approach) throughout the country. Philanthropy also helped. The March of the Mind Know: William James 12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s. Advances in public health and increased philosophy and psychology (William James). Elective selection of courses in higher education The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? Cheaper newspapers meant appealing to the masses who could now afford them; content became riddled with sex, scandal, rumor, and human-interest.

Apostles of Reform Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy 14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time? They published works that reflected the problems such as poverty Postwar Writing Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson 15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain. It made it a good period for literature because people read many books, and many authors became famous during this period. Literary Landmarks Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common? They all wrote about realism such as Kate Chopins works about adultery and suicide, or Mark Twains stories of life including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The New Morality Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock 17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality? Works were published by Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin about free love, and Anthony Comstock made it his mission to stop all moral threat. Sex talk also became more and more openly discussed. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? Women were pushing more and more for their rights, and Womens Clubs starting popping up in cities. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? Women and many men were involved in the cause against alcohol, leading to the Womans Christian Temperance Union and the 18th Amendment. Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?" American art was finally becoming uniquely American, and not some imitation of European styles.

The Business of Amusement Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith 21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900? The circus became popular, baseball, horse racing, and other sports also started emerging

Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes

Chapter #23.2 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislators pass something that will get me reelected. 2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out.

Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions

The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513. The data shows that the people were working hard and despite all of the growing economy they were growing in numbers but not in wealth. Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act 2. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? The Strike of 1877 crippled the nation and president Hayes called in federal troops to stop the unrest amongst the workers. Garfield and Arthur Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883 3. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act? It affected at first only 10% of federal jobs, but it stopped the worst offences of giving jobs to buddies and it set the tone for civil service reform in the future.

The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion 4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884. There was m uch mudslinging so if ones character was not good, the public would soon find out from the scandals mentioned by rivals. Old Grover" Takes Over 5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would."

He utilized the military to solve problems and had the G.A.R. ( Grand Army of the Republic) Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff 6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs? He had a budget surplus and couldnt justify the government profiting off of the people by taking in more than the government needed The Billion Dollar Congress Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 7. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers. The tariff caused manufactured goods to become even more expensive than before. The Drumbeat of Discontent Know: Populists 8. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence. The most revolutionary aspect was the fact that they had reached out to Southern blacks because even though blacks were freed, there was still prejudice against them in America at that time. Cleveland and Depression Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act 9. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil? He would have turned to J.P. Morgan for $65 million in gold.

Cleveland Breeds a Backlash Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff 10. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the forgettable presidents a fair one? Explain. It is unfair because the some of the presidents did try their best to keep the US afloat, and the US is still in existence today so they were able to accomplish their goal.

Chapter #26.2 Agricultural

Revolution and Populism Big

Picture Themes
1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didnt. 2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money. 3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops. 4. The farmers struggles led to the Peoples (or Populist) Party. This party sought cheap money (or silver money) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts. Chapter #26:2 Identifications Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions The Farm Becomes a Factory Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine 1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry." The inventions used to make farming more convenient and efficient was as advanced as the machines of the factories in the cities. Deflation Dooms the Debtor Know: Deflation 2. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century? Farmers faced debt due to low crop prices and the little money in the circulation Unhappy Farmers 3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers? Nature did not cooperate, droughts, floods, or insects would destroy crops. The government heavily taxed farmers, and business cause farmers an even more tiring life. The Farmers Take Their Stand Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver 4. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers? The Grange was aimed at advancing farmers agenda, and getting the trusts off of farmers backs

Prelude to Populism Know: The Farmers Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease 5. What steps did the Farmers Alliance believe would help farmers? They believed that socializing would help farmers and push their agenda. It excluded tenant farmers, share-croppers, farm workers, and blacks Coxeys Army and the Pullman Strike Know: Coxeys Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company 6. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike? The railroad workers had stopped the trains, harming commerce in the US. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech 7 Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain. Yes, he confronted all tribulations of the day with strength and assertiveness. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders Know: Fourth Party System 8. The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincolns victories in 1860 and 1864. Explain. During Lincolns time, the slave issue was the most significant election Republican Standpattism Enthroned Know: Dingley Tariff Bill 9. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president? The election was centered around a controversial topic just as Lincolns election had been. Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really Won? Know: Frederick Jackson Turner 10. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain The idea that the America was shaped only by the western wilderness was wrong. The culture of the United States was also defined in the eastern cities, where many centers of activities occurred.