Com - Maths 13

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ixhqla; .Ks;h
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.Ks ; fomd;fka ; = j
oHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;s l wOHdmk wdh;kh
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ixhqla; .Ks;h
.=re udf.damfoaY ix.%yh
13 jk fY%aKsh ^2010&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ISBN
.Ks ; fomd;fka ; = j
oHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;s l wOHdmk wdh;kh
fj wvh : www.nie.lk
uq Kh(
ii
WmfoaYkh
wdpdh Wmd,s t' fiaor
wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
u,a ishU,df.dv uhd
iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a" oHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wlaIKh
,d,a' t' fisxy uhd
wOHlaI - .Ks; fomd;fka;=j
oHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
inkalrKh
fla' .fkaI,sx. uhd
12 - 13 .Ks; jHdmD;s lKavdh kdhl
Ihud,d lgqj
12- 13 fY%aKs .Ks;h jHdmD;s lKavdhu
fla' .fkaI,sx. uhd
' mS' t' c.;a l=udr uhd
t' tka' mS' mSia h
' t,a' lreKdr;ak uhd
v' whs' ' r;akdhl h
tia' rdfkaka uhd
ma;s .=KjOk fuh
m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Od

jHdmD;s ks,Od
jHdmD;s ks,Od
jHdmD;s ks,Od
jHdmD;s ks,Od
jHdmD;s ks,Od
jHdmD;s ks,Od
Ihud,d ixialrKh
1'
uydpdh hQ'tka'' idkdhl -
2'
wdpdh ta'ta'tia' fmfrd
3'
wdpdh v''vjqkaofialr
4'
wdpdh t't' kiS
5'
wdpdh ta'ta'whs' fmfrd
uydpdh" .Ks; fomd;fka;=j

fmardfoKsh YajoHd,h
fcHIaG lldpdh" .Ks; fomd;fka;=j
fmardfoKsh YajoHd,h
fmardfoKsh YajoHd,h
fmardfoKsh YajoHd,h
fmardfoKsh YajoHd,h
NdId ixialrKh
' t' .=Kr;ak is,ajd uhd" Wm.=re" fndah uOH uyd oHd,h" lvqfj,
mrs.Kl joka ieliqu
v' t' Old h
tia' mS' ,shkf.a h
vi
mgqk
mfoh
msgqj
01'
m<uqjeks jdrh
01-21
02'
fojeks jdrh
22-41
03'
;=kajeks jdrh
42-65
04'
mdi,a mok lr.;a ;lafiarej
67-84
05'
ksmqK;d ug wxlj,g wod< ksmqK;d ug
85-87
06'
wdY%s; .%ka:
88
vii
m<uqjeks jdrh
ixhqla; .Ks;h I
ksmqK;d
ugu
11.3
bf.kq M,
1'
;d;a;al
ixLHdjl
udmdxlh ^ksrfmalaI w.h&
w: olajhs'
jdrh)
(m<uq
(m<uqjeks jdrh)
Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu iòyd w;aje,la

udmdxl iys; wiudk;d
hehs .ksuq'
ld,fo
.Kk
06
f,i w: olajkak'
2'
Y%;hl udmdxlh w: olajhs'

s
Y%s;hla hehs .ksuq'

Y%;hl udmdxlh
s
w: olajkak'
my; oelafjk m
WodyrK u.ska oyd olajkak'

3'
Y%s;hl udmdxlfha m%ia;dr

w`hs'
fuys
jk m jQ ksh; f'
by; wdldrj, Y%s;hkays m%ia;dr weùg

isiqka fhduq lrkak'
4'
udmdxl iys ; wiudk;d

iòhs'
(i) hj
(ii) m%ia;dlj
my; oelafjk wdldrfha wiudk;dj,
i` l=,l fiug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
fuys
f'
2
jk m jQ ksh;
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
ld,fo
.Kk
ir, fLdj
27.1
1'
iy
ir, fLdjl wkql%uKh

^nEjqu& jrKh lrhs'
,laIH yryd hk ir,
fLdf wkql%uKh
f,i w:
olajkak' fuys
ir, fLdjla x wlaIfha Ok Ydj iu.
jdudj;j idok fldaKh k tu ir,
fLdf wkql%uKh
nj myod
fokak' fuys
igyk( y wlaIhg iudka;r ir, fLdjl
wkql%uKh w: fkdoelaf'
2'
ir, fLdjl ilrKfha

O wdldr jHq;mkak lrhs'
a
wkql%uKh m yd wka;(LKavh c jq
ir, fLdjl ilrKh
yryd hk wkql%uKh m jk
ir, fLdjl ilrKh
iy
,laIH yryd hk
ir, fLdjl ilrKh
fuys
fLdf ilrKh
jk g ir,
.
x yd y wlaI u; wka;(Lkav ms<sfj,ska

a yd b jQ ir, fLdjl ilrKh
.
uQ, ,laIHfha isg ir, fLdjg ,n

r p o tu ,nh x wlaIfha Ok Ydj
iu. jdudj;j idok fldaKh
o
jk ir, fLdjl ilrKh
fuh ir, fLdjl ilrKfha
wNs,n wdldrh f'
idOdrK wdldrh
by; wdldrj, ilrK ,nd .ekSug

isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
3
05
ksmqK;d
ugu
27.2
bf.kq M,
Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu iòyd w;aje,la ld,fo

.Kk
ir, fLd foll fok iudka;r fkdjk ir, fLd foll fok
,laIHh fidhhs'
,laIHh fiu iòyd wkqrEm ir, fLdj,
ilrK i`h hq;= nj fmkajd fokak'
2'
27.3
1'
02
iy
iudka ; r fkdjk ir,
fLd foll fok ir, fLd foflys fok ,laIHh yryd
,laIHh yryd hk kEu hk ir, fLdjl ilrKh
ir, fLdjl ilrKh
jHq;amkak lr .eg
wdldrfhka jHq;amkak lrkak'
iùg Nd; lrhs'
fuys
yd
mrd;Ska f'
.eg iùg isiqka fhduq lrkak'
ir, fLdjla yd
we;s ir, fLdjla
wkq n oa O fhka ,la I H foll iy ( x2 , y2 ) ,laIH folla we;s g tu
,laIH ir, fLdf tlu me;af;a fyda
msysu y`kd .kshs'
fome;af;a u wkqj
>
<
02
nj fmkajd fokak'
1'
ir, fLd folla w;r ir, fLd folla w;r fldaK folla we;s
fldaKh w: olajhs'
nj;a idudkHfhka tlla iq fldaKhla o
wfkl uyd fldaKhla o jk nj;a m%ldY
lrkak'
2'
27.4
ir, fLd folla w;r wkql%uK

,
jk ir, fLd folla
fldaKh fiug iQ;%hla
,nd .kshs'
w;r iq fldaKh
nj ,nd
.kak' fuys
wkql%uKh
02
yd
jk ir, fLd folla

(i)
iudka;r jkafka
ku muKla nj;a
k yd
(ii) ,n jkafka
k yd ku
muKla nj;a fmkajd fokak'
27.5
1'
ir, fLdjl mrd;s l

ilrKh ,shhs'
,laIHh yryd hk ir, fLdjl

mrd;sl ilrKh
nj
hkq ir, fLdj x
fmkajkak . fuys
wlaIfha Ok Ydj;a iu. jdudj;j idok
fldaKh f'
4
10
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
.
hkq mrd;shls'
,laIHh yryd hk
ir, fLdf mrd;sl
ilrKh
nj fmkajkak'
fuys
2'
,laIHhl isg ir,

fLdjg ,n r fidhhs'
hkq mrd;shls'
,laIHfha isg
fLdjg ,n r
ir,
nj fmkajd
fokak'
yd
iudka;r ir, fLd fol w;r ,n r
nj wfmdaykh lrkak'
3'
ir,
fLdjla
u;
ir, fLdj u;
,laIHhl
m%;snh
,laIHhl m%;snh
jHq;amkak lrhs'
fmkajkak' fuys
4'
nj
.
fokh jk ir, fLd

yd
foll fldaK iufolj, hk fokh jk ir, fLd foflys fldaK
ilrK ,nd .ksh's
iufolj, ilrK
nj fmkajkak'
jD;a;h
28.1
1'
m:hla f,i jD;a;h w: ;,hla u; wp, ,laIHhl isg ksh; rlska

olajhs'
p,kh jk ,laIHhl m:h jD;a;hla nj
w: olajkak'
wp, ,laIHh jD;a;fha flakh nj o ksh;
a
r jD;a;fha wrh nj o mjikak'
2'
jD;a;hl ilrKh ,nd

.ksh'
s
flakah o wrh r o jk jD;a;hl

ilrKh
5
nj ,nd .kak'
02
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
uQ , ,la I Hh fla k a h jk g th
njg m;ajk nj o fmkajkak'
3'
jD;a;hl idOdrK
ilrKh jrKh lrhs'
jD;a;hl
idOdrK
ilrKh
wdldrh jk
nj o
nj fmkajd tys flakah

wrh
nj o ,nd .kak' fuys

h hq;= nj o meye,s
lrkak'
4'
28.2
yd
,laIH YalNhl
jD;a;hl
YalNhl
fofl<jr
,laIHj, fofl<jr jk jD;a;fha ilrKh
LKavdxl okakd g jD;a;fha
ilrKh fidhhs'
nj fmkajkak'
jD;a;hla wkqnoaOfhka ,laIHhl

msysu y`kd .kshs'
01
,laIHh yd
jD;a;h
we;s g ,laIHh jD;a;fhka msg;" u; fyda
we;=<; u wkqj
>
<
nj fmkajd fokak'
28.3
1'
jD;a;hla wkqnoaOfhka ir,

fLdjl ms y s u idlPd
lrhs'
ir, fLdj iy
jD;a;h
i,luq'
(i)
S = 0 yd U = 0 i`f ,efnk x
fyda y ys j.c ilrKfha fplh
ie,lSfuka
(ii) jD;a;fha wrh yd jD;a;fha flakafha

is g ir, fLdjg we;s ,n r
ie,lSfuka
U = 0 ir, fLdj S = 0 jD;a;hg
(a) msg;ska msysu
(b) iamY u
(c) fokh u
(i) yd (ii) ys iòyka wjia:d fol u hgf;a
idlPd lrkak'
03
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
2'
jD;a;h u; we;s ,laIHhl

isg jD;a;hg we` iamYlfha
ilrKh ,nd .kshs'
ld,fo
.Kk
jD;a;h
u;
ys iamYlh
nj fmkajd fokak'
28.4
1'
jD;a ; hlg ms g ;s k a ms y s
,laIHhl isg jD;a;hg we`
ms y s
iamYlhl . fidhhs'
iamYlhl .
msg;ska
04
,la I Hfha is g we`

nj ,nd
.kak'
2'
ndysr ,laIHhl isg jD;a;hlg ndys r ,la I Hhl is g jD;a ; hlg we`
we` ia m Ylj, ilrK iamYlfha ilrKh ,nd .kak'
,nd .kshs'
3'
iamYlj, iamY cHdfha

ilrKh ,nd .kshs'
,laIHfha isg
jD;a;hg
we` iamYlj, iamY cHdfha ilrKh
nj fmkajkak'
u.ska S = 0 jD;a;fha yd
ir, fLdf fok ,laIHh yryd hk
jD;a;hl ilrKh ,efnk nj myod
fokak' fuys
hkq mrd;shls'
03
jD;a; foll idfmalI msyu flaka ms<sfj<ska C1 iy C2 o wrhka r1

a
s
jrKh lrhs'
yd r2 o jQ jD;a; folla i,luq'
10
ilrKh jrKh
28.5
lrhs'
28.6
1'
(i)
jD;a; fol ndysrj iamY f k tg

C1C2 = r1 + r2
(ii) jD;a; fol wNHka;rj iamY f k

tg
(iii) jD;a; fol fokh f k tg
(iv) tla jD;a;hla wfkla jD;a;h we;=<;

f k" tg
(v) jD;a; fol tlsfklg ndysrj msysghs
k" tg
7
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
2'
ld,fo
.Kk
jD;a; folla m%,nj fokh jk jD;a; foll fol fldaKh

fokh ug wjYH;djh w: olajkak'
,nd .kshs'
iy
jD;a; fol m%,nj fokh ug wksjdh
yd m%udKj;a wjYH;djh
nj ,nd .kak'
3'
fmd iamYlj, ilrK S = 0 yd S/ = 0 hk tlsfkl iamY jk

jD;a; foll iamY ,laIHfha we` fmd
fidhhs'
iamYlfha ilrKh S - S/ = 0 nj
fmkajkak'
S = 0 yd S/ = 0 jD;a; follg we` fmd
iamYlj, ilrK jHq;amkak lrkak'
28.7
ilrKh
jrKh lrhs'
iy
02
jD;a; fol i,luq'

(a) S = 0 yd S/ = 0 jD;a; fokh jk
u.ska
jk
g
/
g S=0 yd S =0 jD;a;j, fok
,laIHh yryd hk jD;a; ksrEmKh
lrhs' fuys hkq mrd;shls'
jk g S = 0 yd S/=0 jD;a;j,
fmd cHdh ksrEmKh lrhs'
(b) S=0 yd S / =0 jD;a; tlsfkl iamY
jk g
u.ska
/
jk g S=0 yd S = 0 jD;a;j,
iamY ,laIHfha tu jD;a; iamY
lrk jD;a; ksrEmKh lrhs'
jk g S=0 yd S / = 0 jD;a;j,
ia m Y ,la I Hfha we` fmd
iamYlh ksrEmKh lrhs'
fla;=l
29.0
1'
,laIHhl m:h f,i ;,hl p,kh jk ,laIHhla tu ;,h

u; jQ wp, ,laIHhlg we;s r;a" tu ;,h
fla;=l w: olajhs'
u; jQ wp, fLdjlg we;s ,n r;a w;r
wkqmd;h ksh;hla jk fia p,kh f
k tu ,laIHfha m:h fla;=lhla f,i
w: olajkak'
8
03
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
P
wp,
fLdj
S hkq wp, ,laIHhla hehs o l hkq wp,

fLdjla hehs o kEu P ,laIHhl isg
l fLdjg we` ,nh PM hehs o .kak'
= ksh;hla jk fia jQ P ys m:h
fla;=lhla jk nj meye,s lrkak'
wp, ,la I Hhg kdNs h hehs o wp,
fLdjg kshduk wlaIh hehs o ksh;
wkqmd;hg f;akl;dj hehs o mjikak'
a s
k fla;=lh b,smaihla f,i
o"
k fla;=lh mrdj,hla f,i o
k fla;=lh nyqj,hla f,i o
y`kajd fokak'
by; iòyka l< fla;=l iy jD;a;h"
fla;=jl fo u.ska ,efnk wdldrh
meye,s lrkak'
2'
fla;=lj, ilrK
jHq;amkak lrhs'
wdldrhg mrdj,hl ilrKh

o
jQ
wdldrhg b,smaihl hk ilrKh o

jQ
wdldrhg
nyq j ,hl ilrKh o jHq ; a m ka k

lrkak'
by; fla;=lj, kdNsfha LKavdxlh o
kshdul wlaIfha ilrKh o ,nd .kak'
nyqj,fha iamYfhdakauqL
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

yd
u.ska ,efnk nj
fmkajkak'
fuys
g nyqj,fha iamYfhdakauqL
tlsfklg ,n nj o nyqj,fha ilrKh
nj o fmkajd th
iDcqfldaKdi% nyqj,hla f,i y`kajk nj
o mjikak'
iDcq f lda K di% nyq j ,fha
ia m Yfhda k a u q L wla I f,i f.k tys
ilrKh
fuys
10
f,i ,nd .kak'
hkq mrd;shls'
ld,fo
.Kk
ixhqla; .Ks;h II
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
(m<uq
jdrh)
(m<uqjeks jdrh)
ld,fo
.Kk
ldhh" Yla;sh
31
.0
1'
zzldhh ms<snò ixl,amh jia;=jla u; n,hla fhfuka tu n,fha

meye,s lrhs'
Wmfhda.s ,laIHh ia:dmkh f k tu
n,h u.ska ldhhla flfrk nj mjikak'
2'
ksh; n,hla u.ska

flfrk ldhh w: olajd
tys udk iy tall m%ldY
lrhs'
ksh; n,hla u.ska flfrk ldhh" tu

n,fha Yd,;a j fh;a n,fha Wmfhda . s
,la I Hfha ia : dmkfha n,fha Ydjg
ixrplfha Yd,;ajfh;a .=Ks;h f,i
w: olajkak'
B
n,h u.ska
by; w: oelau wkqj

flfrk ldhh =
= F
cos
=
nj fmka j ka k ' ldhh wYhla nj
mjikak'
ldhfha udk M L2T-2 nj o tallh cQ,a
nj o mjikak'
1 N n,hla jia;=jla u; fhfuka n,fhaa
la
Wmfhda.S ,laIHh n,fha Ydjg
ia:dmkh f tu n,h u.ska flfrk
ldhh ksgka gr 1 fyj;a cQ,a 1 la
f,i w: olajkak'
1k =10 J
J 00
3'
Yla;sh meye,s lrhs'
ldhh lsf yelshdj Yla;sh f,i w:

olajkak' Yla;fha udk iy tall ldhfha
s
udk iy tall u nj mjikak' ;j o Yla;h
s
o wYhla nj mjikak'
11
08
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
4'
hdka;%sl Yla;sh meye,s Yla;sfha O m%fNao ;snqK o jHjydl

lrhs'
.Ks;fha wm ie,ls,a,g .kq ,nkafka
hdka;%sl Yla;sh muKla nj mjikak'
hdka;%sl Yla;sh wdldr follska hqla; jk
nj o tajd
1' pd,l Yla;sh
2' Nj Yla;sh
f,i k lrk nj o mjikak'
5'
pd,l Yla;sh w: olajhs' jia;=jl p,s;h ksid thg wh;ajk Yla;sh

pd,l Yla;sh f,i y`kajk nj mjikak'
p,kh jk jia;=jl pd,l Yla;sh" tu
jia;=j ksYap, lrug p,s;hg tfrys j
l< hq;= ldhh m%udKhg iudk nj meyeos,s
lrkak'
m ialkaOh we;s" v f.fhka p,kh jk
jia;=jl pd,l Yla;sh
nj ,nd
.kak'
jia;jl msyu ksid thg wh;a jk Yla;h
=
s
s
Nj Yla;sh f,i y`kajk nj fmkajkak'
ixia;sl n, lafIa;%hka y`kajd tjeks
lafIa;%hl h msysul we;s jia;=jl Nj
Yla;sh" jia;=j tu msysf isg iu;
msysug f.k taf lrk ldhhg iudk
nj mjikak'
6'
Nj Yla;sh w: olajhs'
7'
%
s
.=re;ajdlIK Nj Yla;h .=re;ajdlIK lafIa;fha iu; msyulg
s
h Wila by<ska we;s ialkaOh m jk jia;jl
=
meye,s lrhs'
Nj Yla;sh mgh nj o iu; msysug h
rla my<ska we;s ialkaOh m jk jia;=jl
Nj Yla;sh -mgh nj o ,nd .kak'
8'
m% ; Hdia : Nj Yla ; s h we ;ka;=jl fyda kakl fyda ixfldapkh

meye,s lrhs'
we;s kakl .e we;s Yla;sh m%;Hdia:
Nj Yla;sh f,i y`kajd fokak' ;ka;=j
fyda kak fyda tys iajdNdl .g f.k
taf lrk ldhh tys m%;Hdia: Nj
Yla;sh nj mjikak' m%;Hdia: kakl fyda
;ka;=jl iajNdl . a " m%;Hdia:;d
iy ;;sh fyda ixfldapkh
udmdxlh
12
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
fyda x jk g tys .e we;s Nj Yla;sh
nj ,nd .kak'
9'
=
ixia;sl n, meye,s lrhs' n,hla hgf;a hlsis jia;jla tla ia:dkhl
isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg f.k hdf flfrk
ldhh jia;j .uka lrk fmf;ka iajdh;a;
=
k tu n,h ixia;sl n,hls'
^Wod( .=re;ajdlIK n,h&
10' hdka;%sl Yla;s ixia;sl ixia;sl n, hgf;a p,kh jk moaO;shl

uQ,Ouh meye,s lrka fyda jia;jl pd,l Yla;h yd Nj Yla;fha
=
s
s
.eg iùg th Nd; tl;=j ksh;hlaj mj;S' fuh hdka;%sl Yla;s
lrhs'
ixia;sl uQ,Ouh nj mjikak'
pd,l Yla;sh + Nj Yla;sh } ksh;hla
hdka;%sl Yla;s ixia;sl uQ,Ouh Nd;
lr .eg iùg isiqka fhduq lrkak'
311
.
1'
cjh
cjh" tys udk iy tall ldhh lsf iS>%;djh cjh f,i w:
w: olajhs'
olajkak'
cjfha udk
07
nj myod fokak'
cjfha tallh fjd (W) w: olajkak'

2'
m%lIK n,h ia;r lrhs' tkaulska fhfok uq n,h m%lIK n,h

^t,jq n,h& f,i y`kajd fokak'
3'
cjh iòyd iQ;%hla m%lIK n,h F o f.h v o jk tkaul

cjh P = Fv nj ,nd .kak'
jHq;amkak lrhs'
F ksgkaj,ska o" v ;;amrhg grj,ska o
.;a g P fjdj,ska ,ef'
ldhh" Yla;sh yd cjh inkaO .eg
iùg isiqka fhduq lrkak'
wdf.h
31
.2
1'
ksh; n,hla
wdf.S l%hdj meye,s lrhs' jia;=jla u;
s
;=< we;s lrk wdf.h
w: olajkak'
13
ld,hla
f,i
08
ksmK;d
q
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
tkhska
nj ,nd .kak' fuys
m jia;=f ialkaOh o wdf.h fhug

fmr f.h o"
wdf.h fhfuka miq
f.h o f'
nj fmkajd fokak'
2'
wdf.fha udk iy tall wdf.fha udk M LT-1 o wdf.fha tallh

m%ldY lrhs'
N o jk nj mjikak'
s
wdf.h ffoYslhla ksid
iQ;h
%
Nd;fha wdf.fha yd m%f.fha Yd

ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h'
3'
=
fh .uH;d ixia ;s jia;jla fyda moaO;shla u; hlsis Ydjlg
ndysr n, fkdue;s k tu Ydj Tiafia
uQ,Ouh m%ldY lrhs
tys .uH;dj ixia;sl f ^fkdfjkia j
mj;S& fuh fh .uH;d ixia;s uQ,Ouh
f,i y`kajd fokak'
4'
wdf.h fya;fjka we;sjk pd,l Yla;s fjki

=
pd,l Yla;s fjki
u.ska ,efnk nj m%ldY lrkak' ;j o
fidhhs'
nj m%ldY
lrkak'
wdf.h inkaO .eg iùg isiqka
fhduq lrkak'
ir, .egqu
31
.3
1'
ir, .egqu meye,s lrhs' jia;= folla tlsfkl .ef tajdfha

m%f." .efgk fudfydf;a ta jia;= fofla
fmd wNs,Nh Tiafia f k tjeks
.egqula ir, .egqula f,i y`kajkak'
2'
.egq u iòyd ks gka f .a jia;= folla ir,j .efgk g .egqug

mrS l a I Kd;a u l ks h uh miq tajd fjka f idfmalaI m%f.fha
m%ldY lrhs'
Yd,;ajh iy .egqug fmr tajd ,xf
idfmalaI m%f.fha Yd,;ajh w;r ksh;
wkq m d;hla we;" hkq f jka ks gka f .a
mlaIKd;aul kshuh m%ldY lrkak'
14
15
ksmK;d
q
ugu

.Kk
by; 2 ys ksh; wkqmd;h .egqu iòyd
.egqu iòyd m%;Hd.;s
m%;Hd.;s ix.=Klh f,i y`kajk w;r th
ix.=Klh w: olajhs'
e u.ska olajk nj mjikak'
bf.kq M,
3'
Wod(
.egqug fudfyd;lg
fmr
.egqug fudfyd;lg
miq
e ksh;h .efgk jia;= fofla iajNdjh u;

muKla ròd mj;sk w;r
nj o
k .egqu mQK m%;Hdia: ^flaj,
m%;Hdia:& .egqula nj o
k .egqu
wm%;Hdia: nj o mjikak'
f.da,hla iy wp, ;,hla Wod(
w;r ir, .egqu meye,s wdf.h fhug fmr wdf.h fhug miq
lrhs'
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
4'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ks gka f .a mla I Kd;a u l ks h uh wkq j

.egqug miq m%f.h ,efnk wkaou meye,s
lrkak'
5'
.egq u l is jk pd,l ialkaO m1 yd m2 jk jia;= folla ir,

Yla;s ydksh .Kkh lrhs' f,i .ef isjk pd,l Yla;s ydksh
nj ,nd .kak'
fuys v hkq .egqu isjk fudfydf;a idfmalI
a
m%f.hhs'
k
nj myod fokak'
jD;a; p,s;h
31
.4
1'
;,hla u; p,kh jk
wxY=jl fldaKsl m%f.h
iy fldaKsl ;ajrKh w:
olajhs'
P
10
15
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
O hkq wp, ,laIHhla o" OA hkq wp,
fLdjla hhs o .ksuq' P wxY=jla fuu wp,
,laIHh yd wp, fLdj wvx.= ;,fha
p,kh f hehs .ksuq' O g wkqnoaO j P ys
fldaKsl m%f.h POA fldaKh fjkia
f iS>%;dj f,i w: olajkak'
k" P ys flda K s l m% f .h
f,i w: olajkak' fuys
hkq t ld,fha fldaKsl ia:dmkhhs'
^;;amrhg
fldaKsl m%f.h tall
fhk& u.ska fokq ,ef'
fldaKsl m%f.h fjkia f iS>%;dj
fldaKsl ;ajrKh f,i w: olajkak'
P wxY=f fldaKsl ;ajrKh
fyda
f,i w: olajkak'
fldaKsl ;ajrKfha tall rad/s2 ^;;amrhg
;;amrhg fhk& u.ska fokq ,ef'
2'
ldiSh LKavdxl iy
O%ejl LKavdxl w;r
inkaOh ,shka ffoYsl
.Ks; lu yiqrejhs'
O
P ys O%ejl LKavdxl
o" ldiSh
LKavdxl
hehs o .;a g
f,i ,efnk nj myod fokak'

Ydjg tall ffoYslh
nj w: olajkak'
16
ksmqK;d
ugu

.Kk
bf.kq M,
nj o"
nj o
, l g
,n nj o fmkajkak'
3'
jD;a;hl p,kh
wxY=jl m%f.h
;ajrKh fidhhs'
jk
iy
P jD;a;hl p,kh jk w;r

OP = a(ksh;hls)
tg
nj myod fokak'
P wxY+f m%f.h
iy
;a j rKh
hkm% ; s M ,
jrKh lrkak'
<
O
m%f.h
;ajrKh
m%f.h(
iamYlh Tiafia l%shd lrk nj o
;ajrKh(
1
.
flakah foig ixrplh
2
.
ia m Ylfha Ydjg ixrplh

nj o myod fokak'
17
nj o
ksmqK;d
ugu

.Kk
ta l dldr
m%f.fhka m%f.h
iamYlfha Ydjg iy f.h
jD;a;hl p,kh jk taldldr nj myod fokak' tg
ksh;
wxY=jl m%f.h iy
f' tg
ksh; nj o
Y=kH jk nj o
;ajrKh m%ldY lrhs'
myod fokak'
bf.kq M,
4'
iamYlfha Ydjg
m%f.h
iy ;a j rKh
fla k a h
foig nj o meye,s lrkak'

wxY=j taldldr f.fhka p,kh jk ksid;a
;ajrKh flakah Ydjg l%shdlrk ksid;a
n,h flakah Ydjg l%shd l< hq;= nj iy
fuu n,hg flakadNsid n,h hehs lshkq
,nk nj o myod fokak'
5'
6'
31
.5
taldldr f.fhka ;sria

jD;a;hl p,kh jk
wxY= j la u; l% s h d lrk
n,fha Yd,;ajh yd Ydj
fidhhs'
;sria jD;a; p,s;h inkaO ;sria jD;a;hl p,kh jk wxY= inkaO

.eg iòhs'
.eg fla;=l wj,nh o we;=<;a jk fia
1'
isria jD;a; p,s;h meye,s wxY=jla wrh a jQ isria jD;a;hl

lrhs'
iys;j p,kh f hehs .ksuq'
m%f.hla
tg ;ajrKh flakah Ydjg

iamYlh Ydjg
nj;a
nj;a myod fokak'
2'
m%f.h
;ajrKh
<
isria ;,hl wp,j ilr

we;s jD;a;dldr lhla
u; p,kh jk uq jl$ p,s;h jD;a; u; isjk nj myod fokak'
isria ;,hl wp,j ilr wxY=j u; l%shd lrk ndysr n,
we;s iqug jD;a;dldr 1' lfhka fyda ;,fhka wxY=j u; we;s
lrk wNs,n m%;sl%shdj flakah yryd
k,hl p,s ; h meye,s
hk nj o
lrhs'
18
10
ksmqK;d
ugu

.Kk
bf.kq M,
2'
wxY=f nr isria j my<g l%shdlrk nj

o" wNs,N m%;sl%shdj ieu g u wxY=f
p,s; Ydjg ,n ksid tu n,h u.ska
ldhhla is fkdjk nj o tu ksid
hdka;l Yla;s ixia;s kshuh fhh yels
s%
nj o meye,s lrkak'
;j o" tu p,s;hg
1' Yla;s ixia;s kshuh fhfuka m%f.h
fidhd .; yels nj o"
2' flakh Ydjg
a
p,s; ilrKh
fhfuka wNs,N m%;lhdj R fidhd .;
s s%
yels nj o rEm igyka weiqka meye,s
lrkak'
uqjg lsisu gl jD;a;dldr lh w; yer
hd fkdyels neka uqjg imQK jD;a;hla
f.jd hdug wksjdh wjYH;dj lfha by<u
,laIHfha uqf m%f.h Y=kHhg jvd Yd,
u nj o myod fokak'
;j o by; wjia:df m%f.h Y=kH jqjfyd;a
v
uqj by<u ,laIHfha ksi, jk nj o
meye,s lrkak'
u hkq uqf my<u ,laIHfha m%f.h k"
k uqj imQK jD;a;hla
()
a
f.jd hk nj o"
k by<u ,laIHfha ksi,
()
b
jk nj o
k by<u ,laIHhg hdug
()
c
fmr m%f.h Y=kH uqj foda,kh jk

nj o myod fokak'
B
3'
wp, ,laIHhlska t,a,d

we;s ieye,a w;kH
;ka ; = j lg .eg .eiQ
wxY= j l is r ia jD;a ;
p,s;h iòyd wjYH;d
fidhhs'
T P
A
ialkaOh m jQ wxY=f my<u ,laIHfha

fldaKhlska
;sria m%f.h u hehs o wxY=j
19
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
yereKq g m%f.h v yd ;ka;=f wd;;sh T
f,i o .kq ,nk nj mjikak'
Yla;s ixia;s kshuh iy flakah Ydjg
fhfuka
hk inkaOh ,nd .kak'

my; iòyka wjia:d idlPd lrkak'
k ;ka;=j iEu gu we
1
.
mj;sk w;r O yryd hk ;sria ugug

my<ska foda,kh f'
2
.
l,ska
fug
ug
jk ksid ;ka;=j yelsf,a'
wjia:df ;ka;j yels,S .shfyd;a
=
v = l%
wlaIh u; 0 shd lrk tlu n,h tys nr
muKla ksid wxY=j m%laIsma;hl m:h f.jd
hk nj o
g
3
.
wxY=j imQK jD;a;hla f.jd hk nj o

meye,s lrkak'
igyk( wp, iqug f.da,hl we;=,a me;a;
u; is r ia jD;a ; hl p,kh jk
wxY=jl p,s;h o by; wdldrhg u
isjk nj myod fokak'
O
4'
wp, iqug f.da,hl msg

me;a; u; isjk isria
jD;a;dldr p,s;h ia;r
lrhs'
f.da,hl flakah O o wrh a hehs o .kak'

f.da,fha by<u ,laIHfha isg u ;sria
m%f.fhka ialkaOh m jQ wxY= j la
m%lafIamKh lf<a hehs .kak'
20
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
p,s;fha my; iòyka wjia:d idlPd lrkak'
(
i
)
k wxY=j f.da,h u; ;enQ jydu

m%lfIamK ,laIHfha u f.da,h yer hhs'
a
^by<u ,laIHfha &
()
i
i
k wxY=j Wvq isri iu.

fldaKhla idok wrh u; jQ ,laIHhl
f.da,h yer hk nj o" fuys
nj o meye,s
lrkak'
isria jD;a; p,s;h inkaO .eg iùg

isiqka fhduq lrkak'
21
fojeks jdrh
ixhqla; .Ks;h I
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
(fojeks jdrh)
(fojeks jdrh)

.Kk
wkql,kh
25.1 1'
wjl,kfha m% ; s j ; $
k"
hkq
m%;sjHq;amkak l%shdj,sh
f,i wkq l ,kh w: m%;sjHq;amkakh nj olajkak'
olajhs'
ys
2'
h m%dka;rhla ;=< Y%;hl Y%s;hl m%;sjHq;amkakh wkkH fkdjk nj;a"

s
kEu m%;jHq;mkak folla th ksh;hlska fjkia h yels nj;a meye,s
s
a
ksh;hlska fjkia jk nj lrkak'
meye,s lrhs'
3'
wksYa; wkql,hla
k"
m%;sjHq;amkak ish,af,ys
ixl,khla f,i w: f,i ,shd oelah yels nj m%ldY lrkak'
fuys c hkq wNsu; ksh;hls'
olajhs'
4'
wks Y a ; wkq l ,hka y s 1.(a)

iu; wdldr y`kd .ksh's
(b)
(c)
2.(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
3.(a)
(b)
by; m%;sM, Nd;fhka .eg iùg isiqka
fhduq lrkak'
23
03
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
5'
ld,fo
Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu iòyd w;aje,la .Kk
x iòyd
fhfok
k"
g" wksYa; wkql,hl
iu; wdldrh ia ; r
tg
lrhs'
nj m%ldY lrkak' fuys
f'
iy g, hkq x ys Y%s; k iy k hkq

25.2 uQ,sl wkql, kS;s m%ldY lr
ksh;hla k"
ia;r lrhs'
03
1.
2.
nj bosm;a lrkak'
25.3 1'
2'
ks Y a ; wkq l ,kh w:
ola j d ^l,kfha uQ , s l
m%fhkays fojeks whr
Nd;fhka&
ksYa;
wkql,k we.hSu iòyd tys
m%fhdack m%ldY lrhs'
hkq
ys m%;sjHq;amkakhla k"
02
f ( x)
ksYa; wkql,j, uQ,sl (i)

,laIK m%ldY lrhs'
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
fuys
(v)
(v) ys idOkh n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'
ksoiqka u.ska meye,s lrkak'
25.4 1'
,jh" yrfhys jHq;amkakh

jk g mfh Y% s ; hla
wkql,kh lrhs'
fuys f / ( x ) hkq
05
ys jHq;amkakhhs'
ksoiqka u.ska meye,s lr .eg iùg

isiqka fhduq lrkak'
24
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
2'
Ns k a k Nd. Nd;fhka
mfh Y%s;hla wkql,kh
lrhs'
fuys
yels ud;%h
ld,fo
.Kk
hkq idOl fjka l<

jQ nyqmo Y%s;hls'
25.5
;%sfldaK;sl Y%s; wkql,kh iu; wkql, ,nd .ekSu iòyd ;%fldaK;sl

s
lrhs'
ijiduHhka Nd; lrk whqre isikg myod
q a
fokak'
03
25.6
wdfoaY Nd;fhka wkql,kh iqiq wdfoaYhla Nd;hg Wmfoia fokak'

lrhs'
(i)
(m hkq Ok T;af;a ks,hls)
04
wdfoaYh
(m hkq T;af;a ks,hls)
(ii)
wdfoaYh
(iii)
fuys m, n Ok ks, f'

m T;af;a k
fhdokak'
n T;af;a k
fhdokak'
''
(iv)
wdfoaYh
wdfoaYh
(v)
wdfoaYh
25
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
ld,fo
.Kk
(vi)
wdfoaYh
(vii)
wdfoaYh
(viii)
wdfoaYh
(ix)
wdfoaYh
iy fjk;a wdfoaY u.ska wkql, we.hSug
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
by; wdfoaY ksoiqka u.ska meye,s lrkak'
25.7
1'
fldgia jYfhka wkql,k

l%uh Nd;fhka wkql,kh
lrhs'
iy
wjl,H Y%s; k"
nj fmkajkak'
fldgia jYfhka wkql,kh Nd; jk
2'
jl%hla hg j.M,h jl%hla hg j.M,h ksYa; wkql,hla

kSKh lrhs'
f,i w:l:kh lrkak'
hkq jl%hla hehs .ksu'
q
26
05
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
ld,fo
.Kk
jl%fhka o" x wlaIfhka o

yd
fLdj,ska o udhs jQ m%foaYfha
j.M,h
jk nj is i q k a g
meye,s lr fokak'
fuh
jl%h;a
yd
u.s k q ; a wka ; .; jk j.M,h f,i

y`kajkq ,ef' fujeks j.M, fiug
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
3'
ixjD; m%dka;rh ;=<
jl% folla w;r j.M,h

fidhhs'
hkq
iy
jk m jQ Y%s;
folla hehs .ksuq' jl% foflka iy

yd
fLdj,s k a jg jQ j.M,h
u.s k a ,efnk nj
myokak'
8.1
1'
l%udfrdams; w: olajhs'
ixlrK a ixfhdack
x n
m= iy
l%udfrdams; n ys w: oelau bm;a
lrkak'
idudkH wxlkfhka : 0! = 1
n! = 1. 2. 3 ...n
iydkqhd; wdldrh : F(0) = 1
02
fuys n hkq Ok ks,hls' WodyrK u.ska

meye,s lrkak'
2'
.Kka lsf uQ,l uQ,Ouh .Kka lsf uQ,sl uQ,Ouh

s
tla luhla fjkia wdldr m .Kklg o
ia;r lrhs'
fojeks luhla fjkia wdlr n .Kklg
o is l< yels k wkqhd;j lu folu
is l< yels fjkia jQ wdldr .Kk
nj meye,s lrhs'
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
8.2
1'
Pn w: olajd nPn iòyd n fjkia jQ jH ixLHdjlska ish,a,u jH

f.k l< yels ixlrK .Kk f,i nPn
iQ;%h ,nd .kshs'
w: olajd nPn = n! nj fmkajkak'
n
27
06
ksmqK;d
ugu

.Kk
n
n
P r w: ola j d Pr iòyd fjkia jH n
.Kklska jrlg
iQ;%hla ,nd .kshs'
r
ixLHdjla f.k l< yels
bf.kq M,
2'
ixlrK .Kk f,i

n
Pr
w: olajd
nj fmkajkak'
Pr =
.eg iùg isiqka fhduq lrkak

3'
jH mqkrdj;khg ksoyi jrl tlu jH kej; kej;;a fhdod

we;s g ixlrK fidhhs' .ekSug ksoyi we;s g fjkia jH n
ixLHdjlska jrlg r ne.ska f.k l< yels
ixlrK .Kk
jk nj fmkajd fokak'
ksoiqka bm;a lr .eg iùg isiqka

fhduq lrkak'
4'
is h ,a , fjkia fkdjk jH n ixLHdjlska jH p ixLHdjla tlu

jH n .Kkl ixlrK j.fha o b;s ish,a, fjkia o jk g
ixLHdj fidhhs'
jH ish,a,u f.k iEosh yels ixlrK
nj fmkajkak'
.Kk

5'
jD;a;dldr ixlrK ia;r tlsfklg fjkia jH n ixLHdjl

lrhs'
nj
jD;a;hla u; ixlrK .Kk
fmkajkak'
by; iòyka l< tla tla wjia:dj ksoiqka
u.ska meye,s lr wod< .eg iùg isika
q
fhduq lrkak'
8.3
1'
ixfhdack w: olajhs'
tlsfklg fjkia jH n ixLHdjlska

jrlg r ne.ska jQ ixfhdack .Kk f,i
w: olajd
nj
fmkajkak'
nj;a"
nj;a
(i)
nj;a fmkajkak'
(ii)
by; (i) yd (ii) Nd; jk O wdldrfha

28
07
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
2'
ld,fo
.Kk
ixlrK yd ixfhdack w;r ixlrKj, mmdh jeo.;a jk nj;a

ixfhdackj, mmdh fkdi,lk nj;a
fjki meye,s lrhs'
meyeo,s lrkak'
tlsfklg fjkia jia;+ n .Kklska jrlg
kEu jia;+ka .Kkla ne.ska jQ ixfhdack
uq .Kk
nj fmkajkak'
ixlrK yd ixfhdack .eg iùg isika

q
fhduq lrkak'
21.1 1'
fY%aKs
ixLHd wkqluhla w: olajhs' h kS;shlg wkql+,j mo ,nd .; yels
%
fYaIs; mmdhlg wkqj ieliqk mo
fm<la wkql%uhla f,i w: olajk nj
meye,s lrkak'
hkq wkql%uhl
jk moh k
u.ska wkql%uh wxlkh lrk nj m%ldY

lrkak'
mj;S k ^m; ixLHdjla k&
wNsid hehs lshkq ,nk nj;a" tfia
fkdf k
wmid hehs lshkq ,nk
nj;a m%ldY lrkak'

2'
wkql%uhl wdxYsl ftlHh wkql%uhla yd fY%aKshla w;r inkaOh

u.ska m; fY%aKshla w: meye,s lrkak'
olajhs'
f,i w: olajk nj;a fuh n jk wdxYsl
ftlHh f,i y`kajk nj;a myokak'
3'
iudka;r fY%aKshl ftlHh iudka;r fY%aAKsh w: oelau'

wkql%uhl m<uq mohg miq we;s iEu mo
fidhhs'
folla w;ru fjki ks h ;hla ^fmd
wka;rh& k th iudka;r fY%aKshla fyda
iudka;r fY%ahla f,i w: l:kh lrk
nj m%ldY lrkak'
(i)
idOdrK moh
jk nj fmkajkak'
fuys a m<uq moh o d fmd wka;rho
f'
29
04
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

(ii) mo n ys ftlHh
ld,fo
.Kk
k"
fyda
fyda
nj fmkajkak'
fuys hkq fY%aKsfha wjidk mohhs'
by; jHq;amkak l< iQ;% Nd;fhka .eg
4'
.=fKda;a;r fY%aKshla w: oelau(

.= f Kda ; a ; r fY% a K s h l fY%aKshl m<uq mohg miq" iEu mo folla
w;r u jQ wkqmd;h ksh;hla k ^fmd
ftlHh fidhhs'
wkqmd;hla we;ak& th .=fKda;;r fY%Khla
a
a s
nj m%ldY lrkak'
(i)
idOdrK
nj
moh
fmkajkak'
fuys a m<uq moh o" r fmd wkqmd;h
o f'
(ii) mo n ys ftlHh
nj;a fmkajkak'
by; jHq;amkak l< iQ;% Nd;fhka .eg
21.2
21.3
iud-.= f Kda ; a ; r fY% a K s h l iud-.=fKda;a;r fY%aKshlg ksoiqka foka

ftlHh fidhhs'
iud-.=fKda;a;r fY%aKshl mo n ys ftlHh
fidhk whqre idlPd lrkak'
1'
wdl,kh ms < s n ò uQ , s l
(i)
m%fhhka olajhs'
02
03
^fuys k hkq
(ii)
ksh;hls'&
nj fmkajkak'
30
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
idOdrK jYfhka"
f'
by; m%;sM, ksoiqka u.ska meye,s lrkak'
2'
ksKh lr" by; m%fh
fY%aKsj, ftlHh fidhhs'
yd m%;M, Nd; jk .eg idlPd lrkak'

s
ksoiqka( (i)
(ii)
.eg iùg fhduq lrkak'
21.4
1'
fY%aKsj, ftlHh fiu fY%aKsj, wdl,kh iòyd

iòyd O l%u Nd; lrhs'
(i) wka;r l%uh
(ii) Nskak Nd.
(iii) .Ks; wNHqykh
bm;a lr tajd Nd; lrk whqre ksoiqka
u.ska meye,s lrkak'
2'
fY%aKshl wkka;h olajd

moj, ftlHh idlPd
lrhs'
o hehs .ksuq'
(m;hs) k
fY%Kh wNsid hehs o wkka;h olajd

a s
tys ftlHh l hehs o lshkq ,ef'
tk"
f'
iòyd iSudjla fkdmj;S k

wmid hehs lshkq ,ef'
iud-.= f Kda ; a ; r fY% a K s h l wNs i d;dj
idlPd lrkak'
31
10
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
.=fKda;a;r fY%aKshl m<uq moh a o fmd
wkqmd;h r o g"
k fY%aKsh wNsid nj o tys
wkka;h olajd ftlHh
nj o fmkajd
fokak'
fhduq lrkak'
32
ixhqla; .Ks;h II
ksmqK;d
ugu
2.11
bf.kq M,
1'
(fojeks jdrh)
(fojeks jdrh)

.Kk
ialkaO flakah ^.=re;aj flakah&
;,hl jQ wxY= moaO;shl tal;, wxY= moaO;shl ;,fha f;dard .;a

ia l ka O fla k a h w: iDcqfldaKdi% ldiSh LKavdxl moaO;shla
olajhs'
,la I Hfha jQ
wkq n oa O fhka
wxY=f ialkaOh
fuys
hehs .ksuq'
.
iy
jk fia jQ
,la I Hhg wxY=
moaO;sfha ialkaO flakh hehs lshkq ,ef'

a
by; w: oelau bm;a lrkak'
2'
s
;,hl jQ wxY= moaO;shl tla tla wxY=f nr" isriaj my<g l%hd lrk
mr
.= r e;a j fla k a h w: ksid tajd iudka;r n, jk w;r" ta n,
ish,af,ys im%hl;h fyj;a wxY= moaO;sfha
q a
olajhs'
uq nfrys" wxY= msys ;,h u; jQ l%shd
,laIHhg tu wxY= moaO;sfha .=re;aj flakh
a
hehs lshkq ,nk nj m%ldY lrkak'
3'
wdia;rhl ialkaO flakh wdia;rhl ;,fha f;dard .;a iDcqfldaKdi%

a
ldiSh LKavdxl moaO;shla wkqnoaOfhka"
w: olajhs'
,laIHfha jQ wxY= ud;% ialkaOh
hehs .ksuq'
iy
m jQ
,laIHh ialkaO flakah
f,i w: olajkak'
4'
=
fLdjla jgd iu;s l iEu ;ekl u >k;ajh tl u jk jia;jlg
=
taldldr jia;=j, .=re;aj taldldr jia;jla hehs lshkq ,nk nj m%ldY
lrkak'
flaka fidhhs'
33
10
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
my; oelafjk wjia:d bm;a lrkak'
1'
isyska taldldr oKavl .=re;aj flakah

A
2'
taldldr iDcqfldaKdi%dldr wdia;rhl

.=re;aj flakah
3'
ta l dldr jD;a ; j<,a , l .= r e;a j

flakah
4'
taldldr jD;a; ;ehl .=re;aj flakh

a
5'
taldldr wdia;rhl .=re;aj 1'

flakah fidhhs'
ta l dldr ;% s f lda K dldr wdia ; rhl

.=re;aj flakah(
;%fldaKfha uOHia:j, ix.uk ,laIHh
s
fyj;a flakalh" tys .=re;aj flakah
jk nj fmkajkak' tla tla YSIfha
isg .=re;aj flakahg r" tu YSIh
yryd jQ uOHia:fha .ska
o fmkajd fokak'
34
la jk nj
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

2'
taldldr iudka;rdi% wdia;rhl .=re;aj

flakah(
iudka ; rdi% f ha lKj, fok
,laIHh" tys .=re;aj flakah jk nj
fmkajkak'
6'
21'2
ld,fo
.Kk
;,hla jgd iu;sl my; oelafjk taldldr jia;=j, .=re;aj

jia;=j, .=re;aj flakah flaka idlPd lrkak'
(i) l=yr is,skavrh
fidhhs'
(ii) >k is,skavrh
(iii) l=yr f.da,h
(iv) >k f.da,h
1'
.= r e;a j fla k a h oka k d fldgia m;

wkql,kh Nd;fhka
iu;sl jia;=j, .=re;aj .Kklg fnod fjka l< fkdyels g .=re;aj
flakah okakd fldgia wm; .Kklg
flakah fidhhs'
fnod fjka lrk nj myokak'
.= r e;a j fla k a h fiu iòyd wkq l ,
Nd;fhka tla tla fldgfia >QKhkaf.a
c ftlHh .kq ,nk nj meye,s lrkak'
wkql, Nd;fhka my; iòyka m%;sM, ,nd
.kak'
1'
flakafha
fldaKhla wdmd;kh
lrk wrh a jQ taldldr jD;a; pdmhl
.=re;aj flakah iu;sl wlaIh u;"
flakafha isg
rlska msysgk
nj fmkajkak'
2'
fla k a fha
flda K hla wdmd;kh
lrk wrh a jQ taldldr jD;a; LKavhl
.=re;aj flakah iu;sl wlaIh u;"
flakafha isg
rlska msysgk
nj fmkajkak'
3'
wrh a jQ >k wO f.da,hl .=re;aj

flakah iu;sl wlaIh u; flakafhaa
isg
35
rlska msysgk nj fmkajkak'
06
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
4'
wrh a jQ l=yr wO f.da,hl .=re;aj

flakah" wdOdrlfha" flakafha isg
iu;sl wlaIh u;
rlska msysgk
nj fmkajkak'
5'
Wi h jQ taldldr >k iDcq jD;a;

fla;jl .=re;aj flakh" wdOdrlha isg
=
a
rlska iu;sl wlaIh u; msysgk
nj fmkajkak'
6'
Wi h jQ taldldr iDcq l=yr fla;=jl

.=re;aj flakah wdOdrlfha isg
rlska iu;sl wlaIh u; msysgk nj
fmkajkak'
2'
mN%uKfhka cks; jk jl% h l fldgila h wla I hla jgd

jia;=jl .=re;aj flakah mN%uKh fuka iEfok >k jia;=jl
.=re;aj flakafha msysu idlPd lrkak'
fidhhs'
ksoiqk(
jl% h x wla I h jgd
mN%uKh fuka iEfok
iy
w;r jQ >k jia;=f
.=re;aj flakah fidhkak'
ks o iq k a u.s k a meye,s lr O .eg
2'13
ixhq l a ; >k jia ; = j l" >k jia;=jla .=re;aj flakah yd nr okakd
jia;=jlska b;s jQ fldgil fldgia follska fyda Bg je .Kklska
.=re;aj flakah fidhhs'
iE we;s g" ixhqla; jia;=f nr ta ta
fldgiaj, nfrys im%hqla;fhka ,efnk
nj;a tys .=re;aj flakh fiu iòyd >QK
a
uQ,Ou Nd; lrk wdldrh;a meye,s
lrkak'
ixhqla; jia;+kaf.a .eg idlPd lrkak'
tf,iu jia;=jl fldgila bj;a l< g
b;s jQ fldgil .=re;aj flakah ,nd .;
yels nj o ksoiqka u.ska fmkajd fokak'
2'14
.eg iù iòyd isiqka fhduq lrkak'
36
04
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
iu;=,s; jia;+kaf.a ia:dhs;dj 1'

meyeos,s lrhs'
t,a , d ;s f nk jia ; = j l ia : dhs ; dj

idlPd lrkak'
jia;=j u; n, folla muKla l%shd
lrk ksid tu n, fol iudk m%;reoaO
s
j l%shd l< hq;= nj fmkajd fokak'
tk" T = W iy AG is r ia nj
fmkajkak'
A
G
2.
wdk; ;,hla u; ks Y a p , j we;s

jia;=jl ia:dhs;dj idlPd lrkak'
RB
> FB
RA
B
FA
A
>
W
jia;=j u; my; iòyka n, l%shd lrk nj

myokak'
(i) jia;=f nr
(ii) A yd B ,laIHj, l%shd lrk
wNs,n m%;sl%shd jk RA iy RB .
(iii) A yd B ys >IK n,
iu;=,s;;dj iòyd .=re;aj flakah isria j
A, B ,laIH w;r msysh hq;= nj fmkajd
fokak'
.=re;aj flakah Tiafia G isria j AB g
msg;ska msygkafka k tu.ska N%uKhla we;s
s
jk nj;a tg jia;=j fmr,Sfuka
iu;=,s;;dj fòk nj;a idlPd lrkak'
ksoiqka u.ska meyeos,s lr tjeks .eg,q
37
ld,fo
.Kk
04
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
4'1
1'

.Kk
iNd;dj
iiNd mlaIK ia;r iiNd mlaIKhla hkq l=ulaoehs idlPd
lrkak'
lrhs'
2'
s
kshe wjldYh w: h mlaIKhl ,eh yels ish u m%;M,
we;=<;a l=,lh kshe wjldYh f,i w:
olajhs'
olajkak'
3'
isohla w:l:kh lrhs' kshe wjldYfha jQ kEu Wm l=,lhla

a
isoahla nj m%ldY lrkak'
tk" isohla hkq mlaIKhl ,eh yels
a
tla m%;sM,hla fyda m%;sM, lsysmhla fyda nj
;jrg;a fmkajd fokak'
4'
is o a wjldYh meye,s iiNd mlaIKhl ish u isoakaf.ka

iuka; l=,lhg isoa wjldYh hehs lshkq
lrhs'
,nk nj m%ldY lrkak'
5'
ir, îq . u& is o a iy h iiNd mlaIKhla iòyd jQ isoahl

ixhq l a ; is o a meye,s m%;sM, tlla u muKla mj;sk g th ir,
isoahla nj m%ldY lrkak'
lrhs'
iiNd mlaIKhl tla m%;sM,hlg jvd
je .Kkla wvx.= isohla ixhql; isohla
a
a
a
f,i y`kajk nj o m%ldY lrkak'
;jrg;a my; iòyka mo meye,s lrkak'
(i) isoaka foll f,h
(ii) isoaka foll fokh
(iii) wfkHdkH jYfhka nysIaldr isoa
(iv) ksrjfYaI isoa
by; tl tlla ksoiqka u.ska meye,s lrkak'
4'2
iNd;df fm!rdKsl w: iuNjH m%;sM, N .Kklska iuka;

oelau yd tys iSud ls m%ldY iiNd mlaIKhl 'A' isoah is f
lrhs'
iNd;dj
f,i w:
olajk nj iòyka lrkak' fuys
hkq
A isoafha jQ ir, isoaka ^wjhj& ixLHdjhs'

;j rg;a my; iòyka iSud ms<snò j isiqka
oekqj;a lrkak'
(i) iuNjH m%;sM, rys; iiNd
mlaIKhla iòyd by; iQ;%h Nd;
l< fkdyel'
38
04
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
2'

.Kk
(ii) kshe wjldYh wm; jk g by;
iQ;%h j,x.= fkdf'
iNd;df iajisoauh iiNd mlaIKhl

w: oelau m%ldY lrhs' wkqrEm isoa wjldYh
kshe wjldYhg
hehs .ksuq'
my; iòyka wjYH;d ;Dma ; lrk

Y%s;hlg iNd;d Y%s;hla
hehs lshkq ,ef'
kE u
(i)
iòyd
(ii)
(iii) A1, A2 wfkHdkH jYfhka nysIaldr
isoaka folla k"
3'
iajisoauh w: oelau my; iòyka m%fhhka idOkh lrkak'

Nd;fhka iNd;d
m%fhhka idOkh lr tu (i)
m%fhhka Nd; lr (ii)
.eg iòhs'
(iii)
(iv)
k
(v)

fhduq lrkak'
4'3
1'
kshe
wiNdjH iNd;dj A yd B hkq iiNd mlaIKhl
wjldYh yd ix>; iso folla hehs .ksu'
a
q
w: olajhs'
A isoah is we;ehs we;s g B isoah
is f wiNdjH iNd;dj P(B/A)
u.ska wxlkh lrkq ,nk w;r"
f,i w: olajkak'
fuys P(A) > 0 f'
39
06
ksmqK;d
ugu

.Kk
wiNjH iNd;d my; oelafjk m%fhhka idOkh lrkak'
m%fhhka idOkh lrhs'
(i) P(A) > 0 k
bf.kq M,
2'
iy P(A) > 0 k
(ii)
(iii)
m%fhhka Nd;fhka .eg iùg isiqka

fhduq lrkak'
3'
.=Kk kS;h iòyka lrhs' isoaka folla iòyd .=Kk kS;sh

s
f,i m%ldY lrkak'
iso ;=kla iòyd .=Kk kS;h m%ldY lrkak'
a
s
4'4
wjldYfha isoka folla

a
iajdh;a; isoaka w: olajhs' A1 iy A2 hkq
hehs o A1 iy A2 iajdh;a; hehs o .ksuq'
06
f,i w:
olajkak'
iajdh;a; isoaka ;=kla iòyd fuh meye,s
lrkak'
4'5
1'
kshe wjldYhl
Nd.kh w: olajhs'
B1, B2,...Bn hkq iiNd mlaIKhl

kshe wjldYh yd ix>; isoa wjldYfha
jQ isoaka hehs .ksuq'
(i)
k
(ii)
ys Nd.khla
{B1, B2,...Bn } hkq
hehs lshkq ,nk nj m%ldY lrkak'
2'
uq iNd;d m%fhh {B , B ,...B } hkq

kshe wjldYh yd
1
2
n
m%ldY lrhs'
isoa wjldYfha jQ Nd.khla
ix>;
hehs .ksuq'
40
06
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
A hkq
iso wjldYfha jQ kE u isohla

a
a
k tg"
nj
fmkajkak'
fuys
f'

fhduq lrkak'
3'
isoa wjldYfha jQ
fiaf.a m%fhh m%ldY lr {B1, B2,...Bn } hkq
.eg iù iòyd Nd; Nd.khla hehs .kak' A hkq
isoa
lrhs'
wjldYfha jQ kEu isoahla k tg"
nj fmkajkak'
fhduq lrkak'
41
;=kajk jdrh
42
jdrh)
(;=
ixhqla; .Ks;h I (;=kajk jdrh)
ksmqK;d
ugu

.Kk
oamo m%idrKh
06
meial,a ;%fldaKh meyeos,s
s
1
lrhs'
1 2 1
1 3
3 1
1 4 6 4 1

bf.kq M,
1 . 1'
01
wka;j, ixLHd yereKq g wfkla kEu

ixLHdjla by; fma<fha fome;af;a jQ ixLHd
s
foll tl;=jla jk fia ie,;a ixLHd
je,la meial,a ;%sfldaKh f,i y`kajkq
,nk nj meye,s lrkak'
2'
oamo m%idrKh m%ldY lr Ok ks, iòyd

idOkh lrhs'
,
f,i oamo m%idrKh ,shd olajkak'
fuys
nj;a
nj;a m%ldY lrkak'

( .Ks; wNHqykh Nd;fhka
i
)
() ixfhdack Nd;fhka
i
i
oamo m%idrKh idOkh lrkak'
3'
oa mo ix.= K lhka yd
m% i drKfha ix.= K lhka
w;r fjki meye,s lrhs'
,
m%idrKfha
oamo ix.=Kl f,i;a
m%idrKfha ix.=Kl
f,i;a y`kajk nj m%ldY lrkak'
(
i
)
m%idrKfha mo
nj;a
.Kklska hql;
a
() idOdrK moh
i
i
olajk nj;a meye,s lrkak'
g" tk"
u.ska
,nd .kak'
wod, .eg iùg isiqka fhduq lrkak'

43
ksmqK;d
ugu
4'
1.
02

.Kk
.
oamo m%idrKfha ,laIK
meye,s lrhs'
m%idrKh Nd;fhka oamo m%idrKfha
,laIK ,nd .kak'
tu ,laIK Nd;fhka .eg iùg isika
q
fhduq lrkak'
bf.kq M,
oamo m%idrKfha je;u moh;a oamo m%idrKfha je;u moh;a je;u

je;u ix.=Klh;a fidhhs' ix.=Klh;a fidhk whqre idlPd lrkak'
06

isiqka fhduq lrkak'
ixlSK ixLHd
1.
41
1'
jk m i w;d;a; a l ta l lh
w;d;a ; a l ta l lh yd
w ; d ;a ; a l i x L H d j y`kajkak'
y`kd .kshs'
iy
jk ai wdldrfha ixLHd
yqfola w;a;d;al ixLHd f,i y`kajk nj
m%ldY lrkak'
2'
ixlSK ixLHd w: olajhs'
02
idlPd lrkak'
iy
g"
ixlSK ixLHdjla f,i y`kajk nj m%ldY
lrkak'
a, ixlSK ixLHdf ;d;a;al fldgi
hehs lshkq ,nk w;r th
u.ska
wxlkh lrk nj;a b, ixlSK ixLHdf
w;d;a;al fldgi hehs lshkq ,nk w;r
th
lrkak'
3'
4'
1.
42
ixlS K ixLHd foll

iudk;dj iòyd wjYH;d
m%ldY lrhs'
u.ska wxlkh lrk nj;a m%ldY

iy
f,i .kak'
iy
nj m% l dY
lrkak'
ixlSK
ixLHdjl
k z ixlS K ixLHdf
m%;snoaOh w: olajhs'
m%;snoaOh
u.ska wxlkh lrk w;r th
f,i w: olajk nj m%ldY
lrkak'
ixlSK ixLHd iòyd h lu

w: olajhs'
,
.kak'
44
iy
f,i
02
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
tg"
(
i
)
()
i
i
(i
i)
i
(v
i)
()
v
ixlSK ixLHd l=,lh by; lu hgf;a

ixjD; nj m%ldY lrkak'
iy
;d;a;al ixLHd nj fmkajkak'
1.
43
1'
a
ixlSK
ixLHdjla wd.ka igyk îxlSK ;,h& y`kajkak'
wd.ka
igykl ixlSK ixLHdjla wd.ka igyfkys
,laIHhlska ksrEmKh l< yels nj myod
ksrEmKh lrhs'
fokak'
g wd.ka igyfka
,laIHh u.ska z ixlSK ixLHdj ksrEmKh
lrkak'
.P
O
2'
ixlSK
ixLHdjl z ixlSK ixLHdf udmdxlh
wxlkh lrkak'
udmdxlh w: olajhs'
nj m%ldY lrkak'
45
u.ska
03
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
3'
ksYYkH jQ ixlSK
a =
ixLHdjla
wdldrhg olajhs'

.Kk
hkq ksYaY=kH jQ ixlSK ixLHdjla
hehs .kak' tg
fuys
iy
4'
f'
ixlSK
ixLHdjl z hkq ksYaY=kH ixlSK ixLHdjla f,i
;Dma; lrk
.kak'
ia:drh y`kajhs'
ia:drh f,i y`kajkak.
z ixlSK ixLHdf ia:drh ia:d z u.ska
wxlkh lrkak'
ia:d z = ag z
r
z ys m%Odk ia:drh ia:d ( = Arg z u.ska
z)
wxlkh lrkak'
k tg
nj m%ldY
Arg z =
lrkak'
5'
wd.ka
igykl z ixlSK ixLHdj we;s g my; iòyka
ixlSK ixLHd ksrEmKh ,laIH wd.ka igyfka ksrEmKh lsug
lrk ,la I H ks udKh wdrNl ksudK bm;a lrkak'
lrhs'
(
i
)
()
i
i
;
yd
ixlSK ixLHd we;s g my;
oelafjk ,laIH wd.ka igyfka ksrEmKh

lsug cHd;sl ksudK bm;a lrkak'
(
i
)
()
i
i
fuys
(i
i)
i
iòyd
nj idOkh lr wd.ka igyk u.s k a

cHd;slj myokak'
nj wfmdaykh lrkak'
ksoiqka u.ska meye,s lr .eg iùg isika
q
fhduq lrkak'
46
ksmqK;d
ugu
1.
44
bf.kq M,
1'

.Kk
ixlSK
ixLHdjl
udmdxlh yd ia : drh
fidhhs'
05
yd
k"
nj;a
nj;a fmkajkak'
2'
iy
ixlSK
iy
wd.ka igyfka ksudKh
ixLHd wd.ka igyfka lr olajkak'

ksrEmKh lsug ksudK z we;s g
fok
bm;a lrhs'
ixlSK ixLHdj ksrEmKh lrkak'
1.
45
ixlSK ;,fha m: fidhhs'
iy
ixlSK ixLHd ms<sfj<ska

,laIHj,ska ksrEmKh jkafka
hehs .kak'
u.ska fokq ,nk z ixlSK
(
i
)
ixLHdf m:h flakah iy wrh r

jk jD;a;hla nj fmkajkak'
m:fha ilrKh ,nd .kak'
()
i
i
ilrKfhka fokq
,nk z ixlSK ixLHdf m:h x
wlaIfha Ok Ydj iu.
fldaKhla
wO fLdfjka ^fLd
idok
LKavfhka& oelafjk nj fmkajkak'
ilrKfhka we;s
(i
i)
i
z ixlSK ixLHdf m:h

ys ,n
iufolfhka ksrEmKh jk nj
fmkajd tys ldiSh ilrKh ,nd
.kak'
O m: fiug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
47
04
ksmqK;d
ugu
1.
21
bf.kq M,
1'
kHdihla w: olajhs'

kHdi
kHdihla hkq iDcqfldaKdi% ixLHd je,la
nj;a kHdi A B C . wd bx.%Sis lemsg,a
, , .
wl= r ej,s k a wxlkh lrk nj;a m% l dY
lrkak'
fma<s m yd ;Sr n j,ska hq;a kHdihl ;ru

ôaudkh&
jk nj;a A kHdih
f,i ,shd olajk nj;a m%ldY
lrkak'
kHdihl wjhj
hkq i fma<sfha j ;Srfha wjhjhhs'
fma<s kHdih
tla fma<shla muKla wvx.= kHdihla fma<s
kHdihla f,i ye`kaf'
;Sr kHdih
tla ;Srhla muKla we;s kHdihla ;Sr
kHdihla f,i ye`kaf'
Y=kH kHdih
ishu wjhjhka Y=kH jk kHdihla Y=kH
kHdihla f'
by; ksoiqka u.ska meye,s lrkak'
2'
kHdij, iudk;dj w:
olajhs'
.
;ru iudk k iy ish
kHdi foflys
iòyd
k tg A = B nj m%ldY lrkak'
3'
kHdi wdl,kh w: wdl,kfha my; wjYH;d m%ldY lrkak'

olajhs'
( kHdij, ;ru iudk h hq;= nj
i
)
() wkqrEm w.hka tl;= lrkq ,nk nj
i
i
48
ld,fo
.Kk
02
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
kHdi wdl,kh
( ixjD; nj
i
)
() kHdfoaY nj
i
i
(i >gkh jk nj
i)
i
myod fokak'
4'
kHdihla wYhlska .=K

lsu w: olajhs'
ish
iòyd
nj m%ldY lrkak'
g
=
5'
kHdihl fmru w: A kHdihl fmru

olajhs'
lrk nj;a
A T u.ska wxlkh
fuys ish
iòyd
lrkak'
iy
nj;a m%ldY
(
i
)
()
i
i
nj i;Hdmkh lrkak'
1.
22
kHdij, fYaI wjia:d .Kh

jQ A kHdihl
g A
meyeos,s lrhs'
iup;=ri% kHdihla f,i w: olajkak'
kdhl ^m%Odk& lKh

f,i y`kajkak'
A iup;=ri% kHdifhys
o k A tall kHdihla f,i y`kajd

th I u.ska wxlkh lrkak'
n
49
04
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
A iup;=ri% kHdihl ish

iòyd
k th lK kHdihla
f,i w: olajkak'
A iup;=ri% kHdihl
k
A iu;s l kHdihla f,i w:
olajkak'
A iup;=ri% kHdihl
k
A l=l iu;sl kHdihla f,i w:
olajkak'
A iup;=ri% kHdihl
g
k A Wv;a ;%fldaKl kHdihla f,i
s
s
w: olajkak'
g
A iup;=ri% kHdihl
k A hg;a ;%fldaKl kHdihla f,i
s
s
y`kajkak'
by; tl tlla ksoiqka u.ska meye,s

lrkak'
1.
23
1'
kHdi .=Ks;h w: olajhs'
iy
kHdi fol i,lkak'
g" AB .=Ks;h w: oelafjk nj
m%ldY lrkak'
iy
k
f,i .Kh
jQ AB kHdih w: olajkak'
idOdrK jYfhka"
lrkak'
nj m%ldY

isiqka fhduq lrkak'
2'
, ,
.eg iù iòyd A B C .Kh jQ" iup;=ri% kHdi iòyd
my; m%;sM, bm;a lrkak'
m%fhhka Nd; lrhs'
(
i
)
(
kHdfoaYh)
()
i
i
50
04
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
(i
i)
i
(
>gkh)
(v
i)
(
>gkh)
()
v
( hkq Y=kH kHdihhs)
O
(i AIn = A = InA
v)
(vii)
(viii) AB = O u iòyd A = O fyda B = O
u wjYH fkdf'
hehs .ksuq' A hkq ;ru n jQ
iup;=ri% kHdihla k"
u.ska fokq ,nk nj fmkajd fokak'
fuys
3'
kHdihl m%;sf,dauh
fidhhs'
f,i we;s g
kHdihl ksYapdhlh fidhkak'
A ksYaphlh =d t A
e
A=
nj meye,s lrkak'
A kHdih we;s g AB = I2 = BA jk m
B kHdihla w: olajkak'
1 . kHdi Nd;fhka iu.d

24
ilrK iòhs'
06
we;s g iu.d
ilrK AX = C wdldrhg ,sh yels nj
m%ldY lrkak'
fuys
iy
mj;sk g
nj fmkajd fokak'
51
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
iu.d ilrKj, my; iòyka i`
idlPd lrkak'
( wkkH iù
i
)
() wm; i` ;su
i
i
(i i` fkdue;s g
i)
i
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
13'1
1'
ksYapdhl
ks Y a p dhlhl w.h w: (
i
)
iy
wdldrfha ksYapdhl
olajhs'
y`kajkak'
()
i
i
ksYapdhlhl w.h
k
ksYapdhlhl w.h
(i
i)
i
k
m<uq ;Srfhka m%idrKh lsfuka
igyk( ksYapdhlfha kEu ;Srhlska fyda

fma<shlska m%idrKh l< yels nj
fmkajd fokak'
2'
ksYapdhlhl
wjhjhl lKsIaGh w:
olajhs'
k
i jk fma < s f ha j jk
wjhjfhys lKsIaGh M ij
lrk w;r i jk fma<sh
fkdue;sj ,efnk
f,i y`kajkak'
fuys i,j = 1 2 3
,,
;S r hg wkq r Em
u.ska wxlkh
yd j jk ;Srh
ksYapdhlh M ij
ksYapdhlhl wjhjhka ys lKsIaG

fiug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
52
08
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
3'

.Kk
ksYapdhlhl
wjhjhl iyidOlh w:
olajhs'
k
aij wjhjfha iyidOlh A ij u.ska wxlkh
lr A ij ys w.h
u.ska ,nd
fok nj meye,s lrkak'

fuys i,j = 1 2 3
,,
ksYapdhlhkays iyidOl fiug
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
4'
ksYpdhlhl ,laIK my; iòyka ,la I K i;Hdmkh lr

a
m%ldY lrhs'
idlPd lrkak'
A hkq ;ru 3 jQ iup;=ri% ksYpdhlhla
a
T
k" dt A = dt A f'
e
e
(
i
)
() tla fma<shl ^fyda ;Srhl& ish wjhj

i
i
iudk f k ksYpdhlfha w.h Y=kHh
a
f'
(i kEu fma<s ^fyda ;Sr& folla w;=re udre
i)
i
l< g ksYapdhlfha w.fhys ,l=K
udre f'
(v ksYapdhlfha fma<shl ^fyda ;Srhl&
i)
.= K dldrh fjk;a fma < s h lg ^fyda
;Srhlg& tl;= l< g ksYphlfha w.h
a
fjkia fkdf'
() ksYpdhlhl tla fma<hla ^fyda ;Srhla&
v
a
s
wYhlska .=K l< g tu
ksYapdhlfha w.h
g iudk f'
(i ksYapdhlhl fma<shla ^fyda ;Srhla&
v)
fjk;a fma<shlg ^fyda ;Srhlg& tl;=
l< g fyda fjk;a fma<shlska ^fyda
;Srhlsk& wvq l< g ksYpdhlfha w.h
a
a
fjkia fkdf'
(i) ksYapdhlhl fma<s yd ;Sr ish,a, w;=re
vi
udre l< g tys w.h fjkia fkdf'
(ii
vi)
53
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
k tg"
tk
5'
f'
p,H folla iys; iu.d p,H folla iys; iu.d ilrKj,

ilrK iù iòyd i` idlPd lrkak'
ks Y a p dhl Nd; l%euf.a kS;sh ( r m r s R l ) u.ska
Cae' ue
lrhs'
ilrKj, iù
iy
f,i m%ldY l< yels nj fmkajd fokak'

ilrK iù iòyd l%euf.a kS;h Nd;
s
lsug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
p,H ;=kla iys; iu.d ilrKj,
i` idlPd lrkak'
hk ilrKj, iù l%euf.a kS;h wkqj

s
54
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
fuys
nj m%ldY lr p,H 3la iys; iu.d
ilrK l%euf.a kS;h Nd;fhka iùg
s
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
55
ixhqla; .Ks;h II
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
3 1 1'
.6
(;=
jdrh)
(;=kajeks jdrh)

.Kk
ir, wkqj;S p,s;h
s
ir, wkqj;S p,s;h w: ir, wkqj;S p,s;h hkq" jHla;l foda,k
p,s; m%fNaohla nj m%ldY lrkak'
olajhs'
ir, fLdjla u; p,kh jk wxY=jl

fh ;ajrKh" fLdj u; jQ wp,
,laIHhl isg wxY=f ia:dmkhg
Yd,;ajfhka iudkqmd;sl o" tys Ydj
wp, ,laIHh fj; fhduq mj;S o
k" tu wxY=f p,s;h ir, wkqj;S
hehs lshkq ,ef'
by; w: oelau bm;a lrkak'
by; lS wp, ,laIHh foda,k flakh

a
f,i y`kajkq ,nk nj o m%ldY
lrkak'
>
2'
ir, wkq j ;S p,s ; fha

wjl,k ilrKh iy tys
idOdrK iù ,nd .kshs' by; oelafjkafka ir, wkqj;S p,s;fha
wjl,k ilrKhhs ' fuys
hkq
ksh;hls'
by; wjl,k ilrKfha idOdrK iù
lrkak' fuys A B yd
,
t hkq ld,hhs'
3'
ia:dmkfha Y%s;hla f,i

m%f.h ,nd .kshs'
nj i;Hdmkh
ksh; jk w;r"
u.ska
,fuys
,efnk nj fmkajd fokak'
t ld,fha ia:dmkh
iòyd
hk iQ;%h o Nd; l<

yels nj fmkajkak'
4'
ia;drh yd wdj; ld,h (

i
)
w: olajhs'
hkak" ir, wkqj;S

p,s;fha ia;drh nj o"
()
i
i
hkq ir, wkqj;S p,s;fha

wdj; ld,h nj o m%ldY lrkak'
56
06
ksmqK;d
ugu

.Kk
ta l dldr jD;a ; p,s ; h my; iòyka oE idlPd lrkak'
weiq f rka ir, wkq j ;S
p,s;h w:l:kh lrhs'
bf.kq M,
5'
P ,laIHh" wrh a jQ jD;a;hl ksh;

fldaKsl m%f.fhka p,kh jk g"
jD;a ; fha wp, Ia l Nhla u; P ys
m%lafIamKh jk Q ,laIHfha p,s;h ir,
wkqj;S jk nj by; olajd we;s whqka
fmkajd fokak'
.
6'
p,s; ld, m%dka;r fidhhs'

O
)
)
ir, wkqj;S p,s;fha fhfok wxY=jl

msys folla w;r ld, m%dka;rh
nj"
by; rEmfha m jD;a; p,s;h weiqfrka
fmkajd fokak'
by; ld, m%dka;rh ir, wkqj;S p,s;h
ms<snò ilrK u.ska o ,nd .; yels nj o
fmkajd fokak'
3. 7
1
1'
isria fLdjla Tiafia ir, yqlaf.a kshuh tk" we ;ka;=jl fyda

wkqj;S p,s;fha iajNdjh ims, kakl wd;;sh fyda imS; ims,
kakl f;rmqu"
ia;r lrhs'
nj m%ldY lrkak'
m%;Hdia:;d udmdxlh
fuys
je jQ . fyda imS; . ^;;sh&
57
06
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
iajdNdl .
wkql,kh Nd;fhka m%;Hdia: Nj Yla;h
s
nj idOkh lrkak'
m%;Hdia: n,j, l%shdj hgf;a" wxY=jl isria
fh ir, wkqj;S p,s;h'
3'18
isria fLdjla Tiafia wxY=jl m%;Hdia: n, tfrys l%shdj hgf;a isria

ir, wkqj;S p,s;h ia;r fLdjla Tiafia wxY=jl ir, wkqj;S
p,s;h iy ir, wkqj;S p,s;hlska yd
lrhs'
.= r e;a j h hgf;a ks o e,a f ,a p,s ; hls k a
iuka; ixhqla; p,s; idlPd lrkak'
06
ixLHdkh
5'1
1'
ixLHdkh hkq l=ulaoehs ixLHdkh hkq m%udKd;aul o;a; ,nd f.k

Yaf,aIKh lsfuka ;SrKj,g t<ef
ia;r lrhs'
oHdjla nj m%ldY lrkak'
01
igyk( ixLHd;shla hkq o;a; l=,lhlska

.Kkh lrkq ,nk ksrEmH w.hls'
ixLHd;sh hk mofha nyq jpkh ixLHd;s
f'
2'
i
)
ixLHdkfha ia j Ndjh ( ia;rd;aul ixLHdkh
() wkq;sl ixLHdkh
i
i
ia;r lrhs'
hkqfjka ixLHd;h lafIa;% follg fjka
l< yels nj m%ldY lr" tajd my; oelafjk
wdldrhg ia;r lrkak'
(
i
)
ia;rd;aul ixLHdkfha" o;a;

ixOdkh" j.= m%ia;dr yd ksrEmH
w.hhka Nd;fhka o;a; bm;a lsu
yd ia;r lsu'
() wkq ;s l ixLHdkfha ix.ykhla

i
i
ms<snò j ;SrK .ekSug fyda
mqfrdal:khg kshe m%;sM, Wmfhda.S
lr .; yels l%u we;=<;a f'
fuys iuNd;d jHdma;s fhdod .kq
,ef' wkq ;s l ixLHdkh Ih
ksfoaYhg we;=<;a fkdf'
5'2
1'
o;a; u.ska f;dr;=re ,nd o;a; hkq p,H rdYshla yd inkaO w.h
.kakd whqre ia;r lrhs' iuqodhla nj m%ldY lrkak'
f;dr;= r la hkq o;a ; yeis r fuka yd
ieliSfuka ,efnkakla nj m%ldY lrkak'
58
01
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
o;a; hkq ieliSu iòyd m%odkh jk w;r"
f;dr;=re hkq ieliSf m%;sodkh f'
2'
mlaIKhla hkq l=ulaoehs mla I Khla hkq o;a ; ,nd .ekS f

ia;r lrhs'
l%shdldrlula nj fmkajd fokak'
mlaIK m%fNao ms<snò j idlPd lrkak'
3'
o;a; m%fNao ia;r lrhs'
.Kka l< yels w.hhka muKla .; yels

p,Hhl w.hj,g la; o;a; hehs o"
lssish m%dka;rhla ;=< kEu w.hla .;
yels p,Hhl w.hj,g" ika;;sl o;a;
hehs o lshkq ,nk nj m%ldY lrkak'
o;a; yd f;dr;=re j.SlrKh ixLHd; jHdma;shla iy jDka;-m;% jeks

wdldrj,ska o;a; j.SlrKh ms<snò j
lrhs'
idlPd lrkak'
01
54
.
i
)
o;a; yd f;dr;=re j.= .; lrhs' ( wiuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla
() iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla
i
i
(i iuqps; ixLHd; jHdma;shla
i)
i
iòyd j.=jla ilia lrk wdldrh idlPd
lrkak'
01
55
.
o;a; yd f;dr;=re m%ia;dlj my; oela f jk m% i a ; dl l% u idlPd

lrkak'
olajhs'
(i) ia:N m%ia;dr
04
53
.
m%ia;drh ia:Nj,ska iuka; jk

w;r" tla tla ia:Nfha Wiska tla tla
m%j.fha ixLHd;h oelafjhs'
(ii) jg m%ia;dr
m% j .j, idfma l a I ixLHd; fyda
m%;sY;j,g iudkqmd;slj jD;a;hla
flakasl LKavj,g fnod tla tla
flakl LKavfhka Bg wkqrEm m%j.h
a s
ksrEmKh lrhs'
(iii) cd, fLh
iEu wkq h d; ia : N folla w;r
mr;rhla fkdue;sj" tla tla ia:Nfha
j.M,h wkqrEm mka;sfha ixLHd;hg
iudkqmd;slj iuQys; o;a; ksrEmKh
59
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
iòyd w`kq ,nk ia:N m%ia;drhls'
(iv) fLd m%ia;dr
fh m%ia;drhla isria ir, fLd
LKavj,ska iuka; f' tla tla fLd
LKavfha .sk"a wkqrEm la; o;a;fha
ixLHd;h ksrEmKh f'
fLd m%ia;dr we`h yelafla la;
o;a; iòyd muKs'
(v) fldgq flòs igyk
p;=:l w;r w.hka fldgqjlska o b;s
w.hhka fLd LKv follska o olajkq
,nk w;r" tu fLd LKav fofla"
fldgqfjka msg; wka; ,laIH foflka
je;u w.h;a" wvq;u w.h;a olajkq
,ef'
(wvq;u
w.h) Q1
Q2
Q3 (je;u
w.h)
56
.
flakasl m%jK;d kq f,i uOHkHh" uOHia:h yd ud;h hkq o;a;

uOHkHh" uOHia:h yd ud;h l=,lh flakasl m%jK;d kq nj m%ldY
ia;r lrhs'
lrkak'
my; oelafjk w: oela yd iQ;% bm;a
lrkak'
hkq o;a; l=,lhla hehs o
tajdfha ixLHd; ms<fj<ska
s
o .ksuq'
tg"
o;a;j, uOHkHh
hehs
f,i;a tu
w: olajkq ,ef'
iuqys; jHdma;shla iòyd

hkq
tla tla mka;sfha uOH w.h jk w;r"
hkq ms<fj<ska tla tla mka;fha
s
s
ixLHd;h f' uOHkHh fiu iòyd fla;
l%uh o bm;a lrkak'
60
01
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,
ld,fo
.Kk
N; uOHkHh
fuys
hkq
ys Ndrhhs'
jHdma;shl p,Hfha je;u ixLHd;h

iys; w.hg ud;h hehs w: olajkq ,nk
nj m%ldY lrkak'
iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla iòyd
ud;h =
u.ska fokq
,ef'
fuys
= ud; mka;sfha hg;a udhsu
c = mx;s ;ru
iy
= ud; mka;sfha ixLHd;h
57
.
idfma l a I ms y s g q Nd;fhka wdfrdayK ^fyda wjfrdayK& mmdhg ilia

ixLHd; jHdma;shla jrKh l< o;a; jHdma;shl ueo w.h uOHia:h
f,i w: olajkq ,ef'
lrhs'
1
.
hkq wdfrdayK ms<sfj<g

ilia l< o;a; jHdma;shla hehs .ksuq'
tg" uOHia:h hkq
jeks w.h
f'
( n T;af;a jk g
i
)
() n brf jk g
i
i
hk wjia:d idlPd lrkak'
2
.
wiuQ y s ; ixLHd; jHdma ; s iòyd o

idlPd lrkak'
61
04
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
2
.
iuq y s ; ixLHd; jHdma ; s h la iòyd
uOHia:h
f,i w:
olajkq ,ef'
fuys
b = uOHia:h wvx.= mka;sfha my<
udhsu
c = mka;s ;ru
f = uOHia: mka;shg fmr mka;sh
olajd ixLHd;j, ftlHh
= uOHia: mka;sfha ixLHd;h
p;=:l
m<uq p;=:lh (Q1):
wdfrdayK mmdhg ilia l< o;a;j,"
jeks ia:dkfha msy w.hg m<uq jeks
s
p;=:lh hehs lshkq ,nk w;r" th Q 1 f,i
olajkq ,ef'
fojeks p;=:lh (Q2):
wdfrdayK mmdhg ilia l< o;a;j,
jeks ia:dkfha msys w.hg fojeks
p;=:lh hehs lshkq ,ef' th Q 2 f,i
olajkq ,ef'
f;jeks p;=:lh (Q3):
jeks ia:dkfha msys w.hg ;=kajeks
p;=:lh hehs lshkq ,nk w;r" th Q3 f,i
olajkq ,ef'
igyk( fojeks p;= :lh" Q 2 " hkq
uOHia:hhs'
wiuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shla iòyd o iuqys;
ixLHd; jHdma;shla iòyd o idlPd lrkak'
62
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
m%;Y;l(
s
wdfrda y K mmdhg ilia l< o;a ; j,
jeks m%;sY;lh
jeks ia:dkfha
we;s w.h f,i w: olajkq ,ef'

58
.
59
.
ixLHd; jHdma;hla u; ;SrK ixLHd; jHdma ; s h l fla k a s l m% j K;d

s
.ekSug" W; flakasl kqj, Nd; idlPd lrkak' ksoiqka
m%jK;d kq Nd; lrhs' weiqrska meyeos,s lrkak'
04
wmlsrKfha kq ia;r lrhs' my; iòyka lreKq bm;a lrkak'

o;a;j, ish wmlsrKfhka yqjd olajhs'
wmlsrKfha kq" o;a;j, ish ksrEmKh
lsu iòyd fhdod .kq ,ef'
08
my; oelafjk wmlsrK kq w: olajkak'

1
.
mrdih
o;a;j, Yd,;u w.h;a" l=vd;u w.h;a
w;r fjkig mrdih hehs lshkq ,ef'
2'
wka;Ya p;=:l mrdih(

wka;Ya p;=:l mrdih =
3'
wO - wka;Ya p;=:l mrdih

wO wka;Ya p;=:l mrdih =
4'
uOHkH wm.ukh
o;a; l=,lhla iòyd
uOHkH wm.ukh =
ixLHd; jHdma;shla iòyd

n
f i xi
uOHkH wm.ukh =
i 1
fi
i 1
îuqys; jHdma;shla iòyd

hkq i jeks
mx;sfha uOH w.h f,i .kq ,ef&
63
ksmqK;d
ugu

.Kk
bf.kq M,
5
.
p,;dj =
p,;dj =
nj fmkajkak'
ixLHd; jHdma;shla iòyd
p,;dj =
îuqys; jHdma;shla iòyd

hkq jeks
mx;sfha uOH w.h f,i .kq ,ef'&
.nj fmkajkak'
6
.
iu; wm.ukh
iu; wm.ukh =
uOHkHh iy p,;dj iòyd fh
mKdukh ^fla ; l l% u h& idlPd
lrkak'
o;a; jHdma;shl uOHkHh
o iu;
wm.ukh
o hehs .ksuq'
wdldrfha fh mKdukhla
i,luq' fuys a yd b ksh; f'
nj o
nj o fmkajkak'
64
ksmqK;d
ugu
bf.kq M,

.Kk
7
.
Z- ,l=K
hk o;a; jHdma;shl
uOHkHh
yd iu; wm.ukh
jk g
,nk
,ef'
8
.
f,i w: olajkq
g"
ys z - ,l=K hehs lshkq
lsgq uOHkHh (pooled mean)

^tlu j.fha kslaIK ldKav foll
ixfhdackfha uOHkHh&
yd
hkq ms<sfj<ska
yd
hk
kslaIKj, uOHkHh hehs .ksuq'
+
kslaIKj, uOHkHh
tg
fyj;a lsgq uOHkHh
nj fmkajkak'
yd
hkq ms<sfj<ska tu kslaIK
ldKav fofla p,;d hehs .ksuq' tg
+ kslaIKj, p,;dj fyj;a lsgq
p,;dj
nj fmkajkak'
65
ksmqK;d
ugu
51
.0

.Kk
jHdma;shl yevh ksudKh Ok l=l;dj" iu;sl yd iDK l=l;dj" 02
lrhs'
ixLHd; jl% weiqfrka ia;r lrkak'
bf.kq M,
Mean
= Median
= Mode
MM M
o e e
d d a
e i n
a
n
(
Ok l=l)
(
iu;sl)
M
e
a
n
MM
e o
d d
i e
a
n
(iDK l=l)
fuys
Mean
= uOHkHh
Median = uOHia:h
Mode = ud;h
Ok l=l jk g"
ud;h < uOHia:h < uOHkHh
iDK l=l jk g"
uOHkHh < uOHia:h < ud;h
ld,a mshika l=l;d ix.=Klj, w: oela
bm;a lrkak'
fyda
66
mdi, mok lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh
67
mdi, mok lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - yekau

bf.kqu- b.ekau iy we.hSu wOHdmk lshdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a bf.kqfuys
%
iy b.ekafuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod .;hq;= nj;a iEu .=rejrhl= iska
u o; hq;= meye,s lreKls' tajd wfkdkH n,mEfuka hq;= j ls%hd lrk nj;a tfia u
tlsfkflys ixjOkh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s' ika;;sl
^ksrka;rfhka isjk& we.hS uQ,Ou wkqj we.hSu ish hq;af;a bf.kSu yd b.ekau
flfrk w;r;=r h' fuh bf.kq- b.eka ls%hdj,sh wrNfha fyda ueo fyda w.
fyda hk kEu wjia:djl ish yels nj f;are .ekSu .=rejrhl=g wjYH h' tf,i
;u isiqkaf.a bf.kq m%.;sh we.hSug wfmalaId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu b.ekau iy
we.hsu ms<sn| ixOdkd;aul ie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;=fjhs'
mdi, mok lr.;a we.hS jevms<sfj< yq Nd. l%uhla fyda mlaIK meje;aula fyda
fkdf' th y\qkajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekau;a je hqKq
lsu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk uey;a ula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag im j iska Tjqkaf.a
m%n,;d iy n,;d ykdf.k tajdg ms<sh fhdoka isiqkaf.a Wmu jOkh <.d lr
.ekSug fhdod.; yels jevms<sfj,ls'
bf.kq - b.eka ls%hdldrl ;=<ska wkdjrK ls%hdj,shlg isiqka fhduq flfrk w;r"
.=rejrhd isika w;r .ejfika Tjqka bgqlrk ldh kslaIKh lrka udf.damfoaYl;ajh
q
imhka lghq;= lsu mdi,a mok lr.;a we.hS jevms<sfj< ls%hd;aul lsf
wfmalId flf' fuys YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hSug ,lah hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd ixjOkh
a
wfmalaIs; wkaoka isjkafka oehs .=rejrhd iska ;yjqre lrkq ,eh hq;= fjhs'
bf.kSu iy b.ekau u.ska ish hq;af;a isiqkag ksis w;aoelS ,nd foka tajd isiqka
iska ksis m w;am;a lr f.k ;sf oehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu h' ta i|yd ksis udf.damfoaYh
iemhSu h' we.hSf ^;lafiare lsf& fh isk .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhl
udf.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd h yels h' tu udf.damfoaY fmdf ykajkafka m%;s fmdaIKh
(Feed Back) yd b fmdaIKh (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a n,;d yd fkdyelshd
wkdjrKh lr.;a g Tjqkaf.a bf.kq .eg u.yrjd .ekSug m%;sfmdaIKh;a isiq
yelshd iy m%n,;d y\qkd .;a g olaI;d je hqKq lsug b fmdaIKh;a ,nd u .=re
ldhh fjhs'
bf.kq- b.ekakq ls%hdj,sfha id:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,df wruqKq w;frka ljr
wruqKq ljr ugka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs ykd .ekSu isiqkag wjYH fjhs'
we.hS jevms<sfj, Tiafia isiqka <.d lr .;a m%K;d ug ksYaph lsu f wkqj
.=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isika yd foumshka we;= fjk;a wod< mdYjj,g
q
68
isiq m%.;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ikaksfokh lsug .=rejreka fhduqh hq;= h' f i|yd
fhdod.; yels fyd|u l%uh jkafka ika;;slj isiqka we.hSug md;% lsug bv m%ia:d
i,ik mdi, mok lr.;a we.hS l%uhhs'
hf:dala; wruqK iys;j ls%hd lrk .=rejreka iska ;u b.ekakq ls%hdj,sh;a isiqkaf.a
bf.kq ls%hdj,sh;a jvd;a ldhlaIu lsu msKsi jvd fyd| ldhlaIu;dfjka hqla;
bf.kq" b.ekakq iy we.hS l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' f inkaOfhka isiqkag iy
.=rejrekag fhdod .; yels m%fY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fjd fndfyda
l,l isg .=rejreka fj; Nd. fomd;fka;=j iska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iska
o f;dr;=re imdokh lrk ,o l%ufo fjhs' tfyhska tajd inkaOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha
.=rejreka fydka oekqj;a we;ehs wfmalaId flf' tu m%fNao fufiah'
01'
03'
05'
07'
09'
11'
13'
15'
17'
19'
21'
23'
25'
mejre
ilaIK
kslaIK
lafIa;% pdld
jHqy.; rpkd
ksudKd;aul ls%hdldrl
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrl
iaj ksudK
ixl,am is;sh
;a;s mqj;am;
m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a
idlPd uKav,
laIKsl l:d
02'
04'
06'
08'
10'
12'
14'
16'
18'
20'
22'
24'
26'
jHdmD;s
.fIK
m%oYk $bm;a lsu
fl ,s; mlaIK
jD; .%ka: mlaIK
Y%jK mlaIK
l:kh
lKavdh ls%hdldrl
oa;aj igyka ck,
m%Yk pdrd;aul jev igyka
a
jdo
iuka;%K
N+ld rx.k
ykajd we;s fuu bf.kq" b.ekakq iy we.hS l%u iEu tlla u iEu Ihhla
inkaOfhka iEu Ihh tallhlg u fhdod .; hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflfrhs' ;u
Ihhg" Ih tallhg .e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .ekSug .=rejreka oekqj;a h hq;=h;
j. n,d .; hq;=h'
fuu .=re udf.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kq m%.;sh ;lafiare lsu
i|yd fhdod.; yels bf.kq - b.ekakq yd we.hS m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sf' tajd
.=rejreka iska iqiq m ;u mka;sfha isiqkaf.a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsu msKsi fhdod.;
hq;= fjhs' tajd Nd; fkdfldg u. yeu isiqkag ;u Ydia;S%h yelshd fukau wdfoksl
.;s ,laIK;a ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| jOkhla <.d lr .ekSu;a m%oYkh lsu;a
ms<sn| wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'
69
13 fY%aKsh ixhqla; .Ks;h ^m<uqjeks jdrh&

mejre wxl 1
01.1
ks m q K ;dj 29 : fla;=lj, ilrK jrKh lrhs
01.2
YsIHmdol ls%hdldrlfuys iajNdjh :

.ekSu iòyd lKavdh jHdmD;shla
01.3
.= r ejrhdg Wmfoia :
fla;=jl lemq fPAo f,i fla;=l y`kd
1. fla;=l mdvu b.ekaug i;s 3lg muK fmr fuu jHdmD;s fhdackdj bosm;a lrkak'
2. mdvu b.ekaug i;shlg muK fmr jHdmD;sh ksulr bm;a lsug Wmfoia fokak'
3. jHdmD;s ksudj w.hkak'
4'
01.4
YsIHhska fla;=l ms<snò j oek isk ugf isg" ksh; kfha fla;=l mdvu
wrUkak'
ldh m;s % l dj
fla;=l (Conics)
ye`ka u
l1
l wp, fLdjla u; wp, v ,laIHhla yryd hka l iu. ksh; iq`: fldaKhla idoka l jgd
N%uKh jk l1 ir, fLdjla u.ska wjldYfha ckkh jk mN%uK >khg fla;=jla hehs lshkq
,ef'
v g fla;=f YSIh hehs o
hehs o lshkq ,ef'
wO YSI fldaKh ^wv isria fldaKh& hehs o l1 g ckl fLdj
v YSIfhka fla;=j fjkajk tla tla fldgig is`.=jla (nappe) hehs lshkq ,ef' tla tla
fldgi wm;sh ^m%dfhda.sl jYfhka fla;=j y`kajkafka tla is`.=jl m; fldgila muKs&
wlaIh
(1)
rEmfha oelafjk wdldrfha wdlD;s 5la uD ,Shlska fyda lemSug myiq

fjk;a jHhlska fyda ilialr .kak'
YSIh
tu wdlD;s my A, B, C, D iy E f,i klr we;ehs .ksuq'
70
A wdlD;sh" wlaIh Tiafia ;,hlska m`: follg fjka lrkak'
(2) (i)
(ii)
B wdlD;sfha tla is`.=jla" wlaIhg ,n ;,hla Tiafia lmd fjka lrkak'
(iii)
C wdlD;sfha tla is`.=jla" wlaIhg iudka;r fyda ,n fyda fkdjk fia o" ckl fLdjlg
iudka;r fkdjk fia o jQ ;,hla Tiafia lmkak'
(iv) D wdlD;sfha tla is`.=jla ckl fLdjlg iudka;r ;,hla Tiafia lmkak'
E wdlD;fha is`.= fol u" tlu ;,hla Tiafia lmkak'
(v)
by; tla tla wjia:df lemq fofha odrfha $odrj, yevh lvodishla u; msgm;a lrkak'
(3)
(i), (ii), (iii) yd (iv) hk wjia:dj, ,efnk jl% k lrkak'

(v) wjia:df ,efnk fldgia follska iuka; jl%h nyqj,h (hyperbola) f,i y`kajkq
,ef'
by; wdldrfha jl% Tng uqK.eiS we;s wjia:d ,shd olajkak'
(4)
YSIh Tiafia muKla hk ;,hlska fla;=j lemQ g lemq foh f,i l=ula ,ef o@
(5) (i)
(ii) ckl fLdjla Tiafia hk ;,hl fla;=jg;a fmd jl%h l=ula o ?
we.hS u iòyd ks Kdhl(

1. we;s WmlrKfha ksudj'
2. lemq fo ksjerj ,nd .ekSu'
3. lemq fo weiqfrka ,efnk jl% y`kd .ekSu'
4. m%dfhda.sl wjia:d wkdjrKh lsu'
5. iduQyslj ldhfhys ksr;u'
mejre wxl 2
02.1
ksmqK;d ugu : wdf.S ls%hdjl M,h jrKh lrhs
02.2
YsIHmdol ls%hdldrlfuys iajNdjh : fh .uH;d ixia;s uQ,Ouh yd hdka;%sl

Yla;s ixia;s uQ,Ouh Nd;h iòyd lKavdh ls%hdldrluls'
02.3
1. wdf.h iy ir, .uH;djh mdvfuka miq tu ixl,am ;yjqre we;aohs mrSlaId lsu
iòyd fuu mejreu isiqkg ,nd fokak'
2'
mejreu we.hSfuka miq wjYH m%;sfmdaIK ,nd fokak'

71
ldh m;% s l dj
1. (i)
iqug ;sria ;,hla u; kj;d we;s ialkaOh M jk ld,;=jlaljl lò ;srig

=
msysgd we;' ialkaOh m jk WKavhla fj ;efuka msg lrkq ,ef'
fldaKhlska
(ii) ialkaOh M jQ l=vd f.da,hla ieye,a w;kH ;ka;=jlska t,a,d ksi,j we;' u
m%f.fhka isriaj my,g jefgk ialkaOh m jk l=vd f.da,hla M u; joS' .efgk
fudfydf;a f.da,j, flakao% hd lrk fraLdj isrig fldaKhla wdk; f'
(a) rEmfha wdf.h fhu fudfyd;lg fmr wjia:dj olajd we;'

(b) rEmfha moaO;sh u; we;sjk wdf. olajd we;'
(c) rEmfha wdf.h fhfuka fudfyd;lg miq M yd m ys m%f. ,l=Kq lrkak'
.egj iù iòyd moaO;shg .uH;d ixia;s uQ,Ouh fhh yelafla l=uk Ydjlg
o@ tu osYdjg .uH;d ixia;s uQ,Ouh fhdod ilrKhla ,shkak'
2.
M ialkaOh we;s l+[a[hla iqug ;sria fihla u; ksi,j ;nd we;' tys ;srig
fldaKhlska wdk;j we;s iqug uqyqKf;a my, fl,jfrys ialkaOh m jk wxY=jla ;nd u
m%f.fhkA l+[[fha uqyK; f.a by,g m%lfIamKh lrk ,oafoa hdka;ka th l+[[fha
a
q
a
a
YSIh fj; ,`.djk m h'
72
(a) rEmfha wdrNl wjia:dj olajd we;'

(b) rEmfha m yd M u; ls%hdlrk n, ,l=Kq lrkak'
(c) rEmfha m yd M ys YSIh fj; ,`.d jQ wjia:dj olajd we;'
fuu p,s;h jrKh lsrSu iòyd moaO;shg .uH;d ixia;s uQ,Ouh yd Yla;s ixia;s
uQ,Ouh fhh yelafla wehs oehs meye,s lrkak'
tu uQ,Ou fhfuka ilrK folla ,ndf.k tajd i`fuka
nj fmkajkak'
fuu .egj iù iòyd fjk;a l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'
3.
iajNdl . l yd m%;Hdi: udmdxlh mg jQ ieye,a m%;Hdia: ;ka;=jl tla fl,jrla O

wp, ,lIHhlg .eg.id wfkla fl,jfrys ialkaOh m jk wxY=jla .eg.id we;' m
wxY=j O ,laIHfhys isg u m%f.fhka isriaj by,g m%lafIamKh lrk , wk;=rej we;sjk
p,s;fha ;ka;=f Wmu . fiu iòyd my; m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
(i)
wdrNl wjia:dj iòyd rEmigykla weò wxY=f m%f.h ,l=Kq lrkak'
(ii)
O g by,ska we;sjk p,s;fha ;ka;=j fkd we we;s wjia:djla iòyd rEmigykla weò
wxY=j u; ls%hdlrk n, ,l=Kq lrkak'
(iii)
O g by,ska we;sjk p,s;fha ;ka;=j we we;s wjia:djla iòyd rEmigykla weò

(iv)
O g my,ska we;sjk p,s;fha ;ka;=j fkd we we;s wjia:djla iòyd rEmigykla weò
(v)
O g my,ska we;sjk p,s;fha ;ka;=j we we;s wjia:djla iòyd rEmigykla weò

(vi)
;ka;=j Wmu .g m;aj we;s wjia:dj iòyd rEmigykla weò wxY=f m%f.h ,l=Kq
lrkak'
(vii)
imQK p,s;h iòyd wxY=j u; ls%hdlrk n, .ek Tng l=ula lsj yels o@
(viii)
by; p,s;h iòyd Yla;s ixia;s uQ,Ouh fhh yelafla wehs oehs meye,s lrkak'
(ix)
m%;Hdia: udmdxlh o iajdNdl . l o jk ;ka;=jla x .lska weS we;s g ;ka;=j

;=< .e we;s m%;Hdia: Nj YlA;sh iòyd m%ldYkhla ,shkak'
(x)
by; (i) yd (vi) wjia:d i,ld Yla;s ixia;s uQ,Ouh Nd;fhka ilrKhla
,shkak'
(xi)
;ka;=f Wmu . wfmdaykh lrkak'
we.hSu iòyd ksKdhl :

1'
.uH;d ixia;s uQ,Ouh wjfndaOh
2.
Yla;s ixia;s uQ,Ouh wjfndaOh
3.
ksrjq,aj woyia m%ldY lsrSu'
4.
W; wjia:d iòyd ksjer uQ,Ou Nd;h'
5'
we;s Wmfoia wkqj ldhfha kshe,Su
73
ir, fLdj
1.(a) P(2,a) yd Q(b+1, 3b-2) ,lIH y = 5x + 1 ir, fLdj u; msysghs'
(i)
(ii)
(b)
a yd b ys w.h
P yd Q w;r r fidhkak'
A, B yd C ,laIHj, LKavdxl ms<sfj,ka (6, -9) (-1, 15) iy (-10, 3) f'

fmkajkak' tkhska BAC fldaKfha fldihskh fidhkak'
2. (a) ABC ;s%fldaKfha YSI A (2,5), B(2, -1) iy C

(i)
nj
(-2, 3) f'
t ys ish w.hhka iòyd (t-1, t) LKavdxlj, msys ,lIH B yd Cg iu ka msysgk nj

fmkajkak'
(ii) D ,laIHh" A, B yd C ,laIHj,g iu ka msysgk nj we;ak D ys LKavdxl

fidhkak'
(b)
wkql%uKh 3 jQ o (2, 5) ,laIH yryd hkakd jQ o ir, fLdjla A ,laIHfha x wlaIh o B

,laIHfha y wlaIh o lmhs' O uQ, ,laIHh k AOB ;s%flaKfha j.M,h fidhkak'
3.(a) (-3, 13) yd (6, 10) ,laIH yryd hk ir, fLdj iy (1, 5) ,laIHh yryd hk wkql%uKh
3 jQ ir, Ldj fokh jk ,lIHfha LKavdxl fidhkak'
(b)
iup;=ri%hl flakafha LKavdxl (3, 4) o tys tla YSIhl LKavdxl (7, 1) o f'
iup;=ri%fha b;s YSIj, LKavdxl fidhkak'
tu
4.(a) ;s%fldaKhl YSI foll LKavdxl (5, -1) iy (-2, 3) f' tys mflakah uQ, ,laIHh f
k ;=kafjks YSIfha LKavdxl fidhkak'
(b)
3x - 4y + 7 = 0 iy 12x + 5y - 2 = 0 hk ir, fLd fofla iq`:fldaK iufolfha

ilrKh fidhkak'
5. (a) iudka;rdi%hl noaO mdo foll ilrK 2x - y = 0 iy x - 2y = 0 f' tys tla lKhl
ilrKh x + y = 6 k wfkla lKfha ilrKh fidhkak'
(b)
4x + 3y = 10 fLdjg tall tlla ka x + y = 4 fLdj u; msysgk ish u ,laIHj,

LKavdxl fidhkak'
jD;a;h
1.(a) my; we;s tla tla jD;a;fha flakafha LKavdxl o wrh o fidhkak'
(i)
(b)
x2 + y2 + 6x + 4y - 36 = 0
(ii)
2x2 + 2y2 - 2x - 2y - 1 = 0
x2 + y2 - 2ax - 2ay + a2 = 0 jD;a;h" x wlaIh;a y wlaIh;a iamY lrk nj fmkajkak'

tkhska (2, 4) ,laIHh yryd hkakd jQ o x wlaIh;a y wlaIh;a iamY lrkakd jQ o jD;a;
folla we;s nj fmkajkak' ta tla tla jD;a;hg (2, 4) ,laIHfha we` iamYlj, ilrK
fidhkak'
2.(a) O
(0, 0), A
(3, 2) iy B
(2, 1) f'
(i) O, A iy B yryd hk jD;a;fha ilrKh fidhkak'

(ii) AB YalNhla jk jD;a;fha ilrKh fidhkak'
74
(b)
x2 + y2 - 6x + 8y = 0 jD;a;h iy P (4, 3) ,laIHh i,lkak'

(i)
P " oS we;s jD;a;hg msg;ska msysgk nj fmkajkak'
(ii)
P isg S g we` iamYlj, . fidhkak'
(iii)
P isg S g we` iamYlj, ilrK fidhkak'
(iv)
P isg S g we` iamYlj, iamY cHdfha ilrKh fidhkak'
3. (a) 2x - 3y + 26 = 0 fLdj" x2 + y2 - 4x + 6y - 104 = 0 jD;a;fha iamYlhla nj fmkajkak'

(b) x2 + y2 - 4x + 2y - 4 = 0 jD;a;h;a x - 2y + 1 = 0 ir, fLdj; tlsfkl fokh jk nj
fmkajkak'
4. (a) x2 + y2 - 6x + 4y + 9 = 0 iy x2 + y2 - 4y + C = 0 jD;a;"
(i) tlfkl iamY f k" C ys w.h fidhkak' Tf ms<s;=r ikd: lrkak'
(ii) tlsfkl m%,nj fokh f k C ys w.h fidhkak'
(b) x2 +y2-x +3y -1 =0 jD;a;h m%,nj fokh lrka x +2y + 1 = 0 fLdj iamY lrk jD;a;
folla we;s nj fmkajd" tajdfha ilrK fidhkak'
ldhh" Yla;sh iy cjh

1.(a) 500 kg ialkaOhlska hq;a l=hla 10 m la Wilg tif Tijkh u.ska .=re;ajhg
tfrysj lrk ,o ldhh fidhkak'
(b)
hl Odjkhg we;s idudkH m%;sfrdaOh 500 N k 6km rla Odjkh f h iska

m%;sfrdaOhg tfrysj lrk ,o ldhh fidhkak'
(c)
;srig sin-1
l wdk;shla iys; lkaol ihsl,alrefjla 100m rla ;u nhsisl,h
;,alrf.k hhs' nhsisl,fha iy ihs,alrejdf. nr 800 Nla k ihsl,alre .=re;ajhg

tfrysj lrk ,o lhh fidhkak' p,s;hg tfrysj mdf m%;sfrdaOh 50 N k" ihsl,alre
iska lrk ,o uq`: ldhh fidhkak'
2.
fgdka 150 (1 tonne = 1000 kg) l ialkaOhlska hq;a hla 1 : 15 wdk;shla iys; lkaola
by<g .uka lrhs' fha tkau u.ska lrk ksh; ldhh 300 kw jk w;r fha
Odjkhg tfrysj ud.fhka fhfok m%;sfrdaOh fgdka 1lg 40 N la f' fha Wmu
f.h fidhkak' bkamiq h" ;sria h ud.hlg wj;SK fjhs' h tkau u.ska
tu ldhh u is lrhs k iy fha Odjkhg ud.fhka we;s lrk m%;sfrdaOh fkdfjkia
k ;sria ud.fha fha wdrNl ;ajrKh fidhkak'
3.
ialkaOh 200 kg jQ ldrhla ialkaOh 400 kg jQ lerjEkhla iu;, ud.hla f.a weof.k
hhs' ldrfha p,s;hg m%;sfrdaOh1000 N la o lerjEkfha p,s;hg m%;sfrdaOh 100 N la o f'
tkaf cjh 100 kW k f.h 40 kmh-1 jk ksfIfha ldrfha iy lerjEkfha ;ajrKh
fidhkak' fuu fudfydf;a ldrfha iy lerjEkfha wE`f wd;;sh fidhkak'
75
wdf.h iy .uH;dj
1.
8 ms-1 f.fhka p,kh jk 1 kg ialkaOhlska hq;a f.da,hla iudk wrhla we;s ialkaOh 2
kg la jQ ksYap,j we;s f.da,hl ir, f,i .ef' m%;Hd.;s ix.=Klh (e) =
(i)
k"
.egqug miq f.da,j, m%f.
(ii) f.da, w;r we;s jQ wdf.h

(iii) .egqu ksid we;sjk pd,l Yla;s ydksh fidhkak'
2.
V f.fhka iqug" ;sria fihla u; p,kh jk ialkaOh m jQ f.da,hla iudk wrhlska hq;a
ialkaOh 2m jQ ksYap,;djfha we;s f.da,hla yd ir, f,i .ef' f.da, w;r m%;Hd.;s
ix.=Klh e f'
(i)
.egqug miq f.da,j, f. fidhkak'
(iii) .egqf pd,l Yla;sfhka

3.
la ydks jQfha k e ys w.h fidhkak'
tlsfkl foig p,kh jk iudk wrhhka we;s ialkaO ms<sfj,ka 3m yd 2 m jQ A yd B l=vd

iqug f.da, folla tlsfkl ir, f,i .ef' .egqug fudfyd;lg fmr A yd B ys f.
m<sfj,ska 4u yd u f' .egqu ksid B f.da,hg we;sjk wdf.fha Yd,;ajh 6 mcu f'
fuys c ksh;hls'
(i) .egqug fudfyd;lg miq A yd B ys f. u yd c weiqfrka fidhkak'
(ii) c weiqfrka m%;Hd.;s ix.=Klh fidhkak'
(iii) by; .egqu ish yels c ys w.h mrdih fidhkak'
(iv) .egqu ksid uq`: pd,l Yla;sfhka
4.
ydks jQfha k" c ys w.h fidhkak'
ialkaOh m yd 2m jQ l=vd f.da, folla . 2a jQ ieye,a w;kH ;ka;=jlska .eg .id we;'
;ka;=j uOH ,laIHfhka wp,j ilr ;ka;=j ;sriaj we mj;sk wjia:df .=re;ajh
hgf;a p,s;hg ksoyiaj f.da, ksYap,;djfha isg uqody' f.da, w;r m%;Hd.;s ix.=Klh
k"
(i) m<uq .egqfuka miq ialkaOh 2m jQ f.da,h ksYap,;djhg m;ajk nj fmkajkak'
(ii) fojk .egqfuka miq jvd ieye,a f.da,h ksYap,;djhg m;ajk nj fmkajkak'
(iii) ;=kajk .egqug fudfyd;lg miq tla tla f.da,fha m%f. fidhkak'
76
mejre wxl 2
04.1 ksmqK;d ugu :
4'1 iiNd mlaIKhl isoa jrKh lrhs'

4'2 wyUq is ms<snò .eg iù iòyd iNd;dj ms<snò
wdlD;s fhdod .kshs'
04.2
YsIHmdol ls%hdldrlfuys iajNdjh : fmd;am;a weiqka l=,l yd iNd;dj

ms<snò fmr oekqu mqKlaIKh lsu iòyd jD; .%ka: mlIKhla'
04.3
1. iNd;dj mdvu b.ekaug i;s 2lg muK fmr 6-11 olajd .Ks;h fm<fmd;aj,
l=,l iy iNd;dj mdv wOHhkh lug Wmfoia fokak' we;s mejreu isiqkg
bm;a lrkak'
2. iNd;dj mdvu b.ekaug i;shlg muK fmr ms<;re bm;a lsug Wmfoia fokak'
s =
4'
isiqka we;s ms<s;=re we.hSfuka miq isiqkg wjYH m%;sfmdaIK ,ndfoka iNd;dj
mdvu b.ekau wrUkak'
ldh m;s % l dj
(1) (i) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }.l=,lfha Wml=,l ish,a,u ,shkak' tys Wml=,l lShla ;sfo ?
(ii) my; iòyka l=,lj,ska ljr tajd B =
hk l=,lfha Wml=,l oehs
f;darkak'
P = { 1, 4, 9, 16}
Q = { 2, 3, 5, 7 }
R = { 10g wvq m%:ul ixLHd }
S = { 10g wvq .Ksk ixLHd}
T = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
Tn f;dard.;a Wml=,lj,ska A ys kshu Wml=,l ;sf k ,shkak'

.
(2)
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } , B = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } k yd
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, k
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
l=,lj, wjhj ,shd olajkak'

(3)
l=,l h ms<snò my; we;s kshu m%ldY lr fjka igyka u.ska meye,s lrkak'
(i) kHdhfoaYH kshuh
(ii)
>gk kshuh
(iii) ix>gk kshuh
(iv) o fuda.ka kshuh
80
(4)
my; iòyka m%;sM,j,ska i;H m%;sM, hka brla w`kak'

(i)
(ii)
(iv)
(iii)
(v)
(i)
iiNd mlaIKh w:l:kh lrkak'
(ii)
(5)
my; iòyka mlaIKj,ska iiNd mlaIK f;darkak'

(a)
fyg br mdhhs'
(b)
ldishla Wvoud u;=msg jefgk me;a; mlaId lsu'
(c)
me;sj, 1-6 olajd wxl fh odleghla Wvoud u;=msgg jefgk
me;a; mlaId lsu'
(d)
(e)
(6)
,s nqnq,l wdhq ld,h uekSu'
(f)
(iii)
mdi,a ld,h ;=, wikSm f.or hjk isiqka .Kk mlaId lsu'
r;=mdg fnda, ;=kla yd ks,mdg fnda,hla we;s u,a,lska wyUq f,i fnda;,hla
a
bj;g .ekSu
Tn by; f;dard.;a iiNd mrSlaIKj, kshe wjldY ,shkak'
ldis folla tljr Wvoud u;=mgg jefgk me;a; kslaIKh lsu hk iiNd mlaIKfha
s
(i)
kshe wjldYh ,shkak'
(ii)
tys ir, isoa folla ,shkak'
(iii)
ixhqla; isoa folla ,shkak'
(7)
wfkHdkH jYfhka nysIaldr isoa hkq l=ula o@ WodyrKhla u.ska mye,s lrkak'
(8)
ldishla 50 jrla Wvoud jfgk me;a; kslaIKh lr my; j.=j imQK lrkak'
jdrh
jegqk me;a; îsri fyda w.h&
1
2
3
.
.
.
25
(i) ldishla 25 jrla Wv oef ysi ,ef id:l Nd.h fidhkak'
(ii) by; mlaIKfha 50 jrla" 100 jrla islf<a k ysi ,ef id:l Nd. fidhkak'
(iii) id:l Nd.h" iNd;dj fiu iòyd Kqula f,i .ekSug k mlaIKh islrk jdr
.Kk flfia h hq;= o@
81
(9)
iNjH isoahla hkq l=ula o@ my; iòyka iiNd mrSlaIKj,ska iNjH iso ,efnk
mlaIK f;darkak'
ldishla Wvoud u;=msg jefgk me;a; kslaIKh lsu'
(i)
(ii) 1-6 olajd wxl fh idOdrK od leghla Wvoud u;=msgg jefgk me;a; kslaIKh
lsu'
(iii) ks,a fnda, folla yd r;= fnda, 3la we;s u,a,lska wyUq f,i fnda,hla f.k mdg
kslaIKh lsu'
(iv) 1-9 olajd wxl ,shd we;s ldm;a w;ka 1la wyUq f,i f;dard wxlh igyka lsu'
(10) (i) by; .egf (ii) yd iiNd mlaIKh iòyd kshe wjldYh ,shkak'
A = { brf ixLHdjla ,eu}
B = { m%:ul ixLHdjla ,eu }
C = {y;/ia ixLHdjla ,eu }
D = { T;af;a ixLHdjla ,eu} f,i f.k
(ii) (a) P (A)
(f) P(A
(b) P (B)
C) (g) P(C
(c) P(C)
A)
(h) P(A
(d) P(D)
B) (i) P(A
(e) P(A
B
C) (j) P(A
fidhkak'
(iii) (a) P(A
(b) P(A
B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A

B
B)
C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A

- P(C
A) + P(A
B) - P(B
C)
nj o idOkh lrkak'
(iv) (a) wfkHdkH jYfhka nysIaldr isoa folla f;darkak'
(b)
P(A
D) fidhkak'
we.hS ksKdhl
1. wjYH okqu ,nd .ekSu iòyd fmd;am;a mYS,kh'
2. l=,l h ms<snò wjfndaOh'
3. iNd;dj uQ,sl ixl,am ms<snò wjfndaOh'
4. we;s Wmfoia ksjerj ms<smeu'
5. ksrjq,a j woyia m%ldY lsu'
82
C)
B)
B
C)
,s; mlaIK iòyd .=rejreka yg my; iòyka wdldrfha .eg fhdod.; yels h'
wkql,kh
Nskak Nd.j,g fjkalrkak'
1. (a)
tkhska
nj fmkajkak'
(b) x-1 = u2 wdfoaYfhka fyda wka l%uhlska fyda
(c) fldgia jYfhka wkql,kh Nd;fhka
fidhkak'
w.hkak'
nj fmkajkak'
(d)
w.hkak'
Nskak Nd.j,g fjkalrkak'
2. (a)
t = tanx wdfoaYh Nd;fhka
nj fmkajkak'
tkhska
nj fmkajkak'
(b) fldgia jYfhka wkql,kh Nd;fhka

w.hkak'
(c)
3. (a)
iy
hk jl%j,ska udhs jk j.M,h fidhkak'

, wdfoaYh Nd;fhka fyda wka l%uhlska fyda
83
w.hkak'
k"
(b)
jk A, B, C ksh; fidhkak'
nj fmkajkak'
(c)
fldgia jYfhka wkql,kh Nd;fhka
w.hkak'
nj fmkajkak'
(d)
nj fmkajkak'
ys w.h fidhkak'
jD;a; p,s;h
1. . 14a jQ ieye,a w;kH ;ka;=jl fofl<jr A yd B wp, ,laIH follg .eg.id we;'
AB = 10a jk w;r A , B g isria j by<ska msysghs' AP = 8a jk m ;ka;=f msys P ,laIHhg
ialkaOh m jQ wxY=jla wEòd we;' ;ka;=j we isk m m wxY=j w fldaKsl m%f.hlska ;sria
jD;a;hl p,kh f'
(i) AP ;ka;=f wd;;sh
nj fmkajkak'
(ii) BP ;ka;= fldgfia wd;;sh fidhkak'

(iii)
nj fmkajkak'
2. wrh r jQ jD;a;hl wdldrhg kjd we;s iqug lhla isria ;,hl ilr we;' tys flakah
O o my<u ,laIHh B o hehs .ksuq' lhg wuqKd we;s ialkaOh m jQ P mn`:jla B ,laIHfha
isg u f.fhka lh Tiafia m%lafIamKh lrkq ,ef'
(i) mn`:j m<uqjrg ksYap,;djhg m;a jkafka OP ;sria jk g k" u ys w.h fidhkak'
(ii) P mn`:j imQK jD;a;hla f.jd hdu iòyd u ys h hq;= wju w.h fidhkak'
84
k" OP Wvq isri iu`. cos-1
(iii)
fldaKhla idok g mn`:j;a lh;a w;r
m%;sls%hdj Y=kHh nj fmkajd mn`:j m%:u jrg ksYap,;djhg m;a jk g OP isri iu`.
idok fldaKh fidhkak'
3. wrh a jQ wp, iqug f.da,hl by< u ,laIHfha ksYap,;djfha we;s wxY=jlg l=vd ia:dmkhla
fokq ,ef'
(i) wxY=j yryd hk wrh;a isri;a w;r fldaKh cos-1
jk g wxY=j" f.da,h yer hk nj
fmkajkak'
(ii) f.da,h msys ;,hg my<ska we;s ;sria ;,hl f.da,fha flakah yryd hk isria fLdf
isg
rlska" wxY=j m;s; f k" f.da,fha my<u ,laIHfha isg wxY=j m;s; jk
;sria ;,h we;af;a fldmuK .eUqrlska o@
4. wrh a o flakah O o jQ jD;a;dlr isyska iqug ;,hla isriaj ilr we;' ialkaO ms<sfj,ska
4m yd m jQ A yd B wxY= folla ieye,a w;kH ;ka;=jlska tlsfkl .eg .id we;' wdrNfha
A, B iy O tl u ;sria u=gul msysghs' oeka moaO;sh ksYap,;djfha isg uqod ykq ,efnhs'
t ld,hlg miq AOB fldaKh fldaKhlska yef'
nj fmkajkak'
(i)
(ii) B yd k,h w;r m%;sl%hdj" m, g yd

(iii) g yd
weiqfrka
weiqfrka fidhkak'
fidhkak'
(iv) tkhska ;ka;=f wd;;sh fidhkak'
85
ksmqK;d ug wxlj,g wod< ksmqK;d ug

13 fY%aKshg wod< tla tla ksmqK;d ug wxlj,g wod< ksmqK;d ug my; oela f'
m<uq j k jdrh
ixhqla; .Ks;h I
11'3
Y%s;j, udmdxl we;=<;a wiudk;d .eg iòhs'
27'1
ir, fLdjl ilrKh jHq;amkak lrhs'
27'2
fok ,o ir, fLd foll fok ,laIHh yryd hk kE u ir, fLdjl ilrKh
jHq;amkak lrhs'
27'3
fok ,o ir, fLdjlg idfmalaIj ,laIH foll msysu fidhhs'
27'4
ir, fLd folla w;r fldaKh fidhhs'
27'5
fok ,o ,laIHhl isg fok ,o ir, fLdjlg we;s ,n r weiqfrka ir, fLdjl yd
inkaO jfYaIs; m%;sM, jHq;mkak lrhs'
28'1
jD;a;hl ldiSh ilrKh fidhhs'
28'2
jD;a;hla wkqnoaOfhka ,laIHhl msysu ia;r lrhs'
28'3
jD;a;hla wkqnoaOfhka ir, fLdjl msysu ia;r lrhs'
28'4
ndysr ,lIHhl isg jD;a;hlg we` iamYlj, iamY cHdh jrKh lrhs'
28'5
28'6
28'7
29
ilrKh jrKh lrhss'

jD;a; foll msysu jrKh lrhs'
ilrKh jrKh lrhs'
fla;=lj, ilrK jrKh lrhs'
ixhqla; .Ks;h II
3'10
hdka;%sl Yla;sh jrKh lrhs'
3'11
wod< wjia:d iòyd cjfha Wmfhda.s;dj uika .eg iòhs'
3'12
wdf.S ls%hdjl M,h jrKh lrhs'
3'13
ir, m%;Hia: .egq jrKh lug ksgkaf.a m%;Hd.;s kshuh Nd; lrhs'
3'14
;sria jD;a;hl p,s; wjia:dj M,odhSj fhdod .ekSug wod, uQ,Ou uYkh lrhs'
3'15
isria jD;a; p,s;hl yeisu flfrys n,mdk idOlhla f,i wdrNl f.h ie,ls,a,g
.kS'
86
fojk jdrh
ixhqla; .Ks;h I
25'1 Y%s;hl jHq;amkakh ms<snò woyi weiqrska wkql,k m%;sM, wfmdaykh lrhs'
25'2 .eg,q iòSu iòyd wkql,kh ms<snò kS;s Nd; lrhs'
25'3 l,kfha uQ,sl m%fhh Nd;fhka ksYa; wkql,khl uQ,sl ,laIK uYkh lrhs'
25'4 W; l%u f;dard .kska mfh Y%s; wkql,kh lrhs'
25'5 ;s%fldaK;sl ijiduH Nd;fhka iu; wdldrj,g W!kkh lr ;s%fldaK;sl m%ldYk
wkql,kh lrhs'
25'6 wkql,kh iòyd p,H mj;k l%uh Nd; lrhs'
25'7 fldgia jYfhka wkql,kh l%uh Nd;fhka .eg iòhs'
25'8 wkql,kh Nd;fhka jl% u.ska udhs jQ m%foaYhl j.M,h ksKh lrhs'
8'1
.Kka lsu iòyd O l%u Nd; lrhs'
8'2
.Ks; .eg iù iòyd Ys,amSh l%uhla f,i ixlrK Nd; lrhs'
8'3
.Ks; .eg iù iòyd Ys,amSh l%uhla f,i ixfhdack Nd; lrhs'
21'1 uQ,sl fY%aKs ia;r lrhs'

21'2 iud-.=fKda;a;r fY%aKs jrKh lrhs'
21'3 Ok ks, .=Ks; mo iys; fY%aKs wdl,kh lrhs'
21'4 O l%u Nd;fhka fY%aKs wdl,kh lrhs'
ixhqla; .Ks;h II
2'11 w: oelau Nd;fhka iu;sl taldldr jia;=j, ialkaO flakah ksKh lsu iòyd O
Ys,amSh l%u fhdod .kshs'
2'12 w: oelau iy wkql,kh Nd;fhka ir, cHd;sl jia;=j, ialkaO flakah fidhhs'
2'13 ialkaO flakah yd .=re;aj flakah iumd; u hkak Wml,amkh lr ixhqla; jia;=j, iy
fYaI jia;=j, ialkaO flaka ^.=re;aj flaka& fidhhs'
2'14 jia;=jl iu;=,s;;djfha ia:dhs;djh ia;SrKh lrhs'
4'1
iiNd mlaIKhl isoa jrKh lrhs'
4'2
wyUq is ms<snò .eg iù iòyd iNd;dj ms<snò wdlD;s fhdod .kshs'
4'3
fok ,o ;;a;jj,g hg;a j wyUq isohl iNd;dj ksKh lsu iòyd wiNjH iNd;d
a
a
ixl,am Wmfhda.S lr .kshs'
4'4
wyUq isoa foll fyda je .Kkl iajdh;a;;dj ksKh lsu iòyd iNd;d wdlD;sh
fhdod .kshs'
4'5
wjia:dkql+,j fhia m%fhh Nd; lrhs'
87
;= k a j k jdrh
ixhqla; .Ks;h I
10'1 oamo m%idrKfha uQ,sl ,laIK .fIKh lrhs'

10'2 oamo m%idrKfha mo yd ix.=Kl w;r inkaOh uYkh lrhs'
14'1 ixLHd moaO;sh ia;SrKh lrhs'
14'2 ixlSK ixLHd ms<snò ch jrKh lrhs'
14'3 wd.ka igyk weiqka wdl,kh cHd;slj jrKh lrhs'
14'4 wd.ka igyk weiqka .=Ks;h iy ,h cHd;slj jrKh lrhs'
14'5 p,H ,laIHhl m:fha ixlSK ilrKh jrKh lrhs'
12'1 kHdi inkaO uQ,sl isoaOdka; ia;r lrhs'
12'2 iup;=ri% kHdij, fYaI wjia:d meyeo,s lrhs'
12'3 kHdihl m%;sf,dauh iy fmr`:u ia;r lrhs'
12'4 iu.d ilrKj, i` fiug kHdi Nd; lrhs'
13'1 ksYapdhlhl .=K jrKh lrhs'
ixhqla; .Ks;h II
3'16 ir, wkqj;S p,s;h Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

3'17 ;sria fLdjla Tiafia isjk ir, wkqj;S p,s;fha iajNdjh tys ,laIK weiqfrka ia;r
lrhs'
3'18 isria fLdjla Tiafia isjk ir, wkqj;S p,s;fha iajNdjh tys ,laIK weiqfrka .%y
lrhs'
5'1
ixLHdkfha iajNdjh y`kajhs'
5'2
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu iòyd o;a; yiqrejhs'
5'3
o;a; iy f;dr;=re j.SlrKh lrhs'
5'4
o;a; iy f;dr;=re j.=.; lrhs'
5'5
o;a; iy f;dr;=re rEmslj olajhs'
5'6
flakasl m%jK;d kqula f,i uOHkHh .%y lrhs'
5'7
idfmalaI msysgq kq w.hhka weiqka ixLHd; jHdma;sh jrKh lrhs'
5'8
ixLHd; jHdma;shla ms<snò ;SrKj,g t<u iòyd W; flakasl m%jK;d kq Nd; lrhs'
5'9
wmlsrK kq Nd;fhka ixLHd; jHdma;shl isu jrKh lrhs'
88
wdY%s; .%ka:
Bstock, L. and Chandler, J. Pure Mathematics I

Stanley Thrones (Publishers) Ltd.- 1993
Bstock, L. and Chandler, J. Pure Mathematics II

Bostock, L. and Chandler, J. Applied Mathematics I

Bostock, L. and Chandler, J. Applied Mathematics II

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska m%ldYs; im;a .%ka:

wkql,kh
ir, fh p,s;h
ixlrK y ixfhdack
wxY=jl iu;=,s;;j
j.c Y%s; yd j.c ilrK
nyqmo Y%s; yd mfh Y%s;
.Ks;uh wNHqykh yd oamo m%fhh
;d;a;al ixLHd yd Y%s;
;%fldaK;sh
s
wiudk;d
ffoYsl rdYs ms<sn| c.Ks;h
Y%s;hl iSudj
fY%aKs iudl,kh
ir, fLdj
oYl" >d;Sh Y%s; yd ,>q.Kl
ixLHdkh
jHq;amkakfha Nd;
jD;a;h
iNd;dj
ksjqgka kshu
tal;, n,
89

Com - Maths 13

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wOHhk fmd iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Od

uydpdh hQ'tka'' idkdhl -

wdpdh ta'ta'tia' fmfrd

wdpdh t't' kiS

wdpdh ta'ta'whs' fmfrd

uydpdh" .Ks; fomd;fka;=j

mdi,a mok lr.;a ;lafiarej

ksmqK;d ug wxlj,g wod< ksmqK;d ug

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la

Y%;hl udmdxlh w: olajhs'

Y%s;hla hehs .ksuq'

WodyrK u.ska oyd olajkak'

Y%s;hl udmdxlfha m%ia;dr

by; wdldrj, Y%s;hkays m%ia;dr we`ug

udmdxl iys ; wiudk;d

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la

ir, fLdjl wkql%uKh

,laIH yryd hk ir,

ir, fLdjl ilrKfha

ir, fLdjl ilrKh

x yd y wlaI u; wka;(Lkav ms<sfj,ska

uQ, ,laIHfha isg ir, fLdjg ,n

by; wdldrj, ilrK ,nd .ekSug

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la ld,fo

ir, fLd folla w;r wkql%uK

jk ir, fLd folla

ir, fLdjl mrd;s l

,laIHh yryd hk ir, fLdjl

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la ld,fo

,laIHhl isg ir,

fokh jk ir, fLd

m:hla f,i jD;a;h w: ;,hla u; wp, ,laIHhl isg ksh; rlska

jD;a;hl ilrKh ,nd

flakah o wrh r o jk jD;a;hl

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la ld,fo

nj fmkajd tys flakah

nj o ,nd .kak' fuys

jD;a;hla wkqnoaOfhka ,laIHhl

jD;a;hla wkqnoaOfhka ir,

(ii) jD;a;fha wrh yd jD;a;fha flakafha

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la

jD;a;h u; we;s ,laIHhl

,la I Hfha is g we`

iamYlj, iamY cHdfha

jD;a; foll idfmalI msyu flaka ms<sfj<ska C1 iy C2 o wrhka r1

jD;a; fol ndysrj iamY f k tg

(ii) jD;a; fol wNHka;rj iamY f k

(iv) tla jD;a;hla wfkla jD;a;h we;=<;

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la

jD;a; folla m%,nj fokh jk jD;a; foll fol fldaKh

fmd iamYlj, ilrK S = 0 yd S/ = 0 hk tlsfkl iamY jk

jD;a; fol i,luq'

,laIHhl m:h f,i ;,hl p,kh jk ,laIHhla tu ;,h

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la ld,fo

S hkq wp, ,laIHhla hehs o l hkq wp,

wdldrhg mrdj,hl ilrKh

wdldrhg b,smaihl hk ilrKh o

nyq j ,hl ilrKh o jHq ; a m ka k

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la

f,i ,nd .kak'

Ih lreKq lrf.k hdu i`oyd w;aje,la