REASONING QUESTIONS IN P BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. Though nitrogen exhibits +5 oxidation state, it does not form pentahalide. Give reason. Ans: Nitrogen valence electronic configuration ns np! due to absence empt" d# orbitals, it can not extend its valence to 5 . $%! has lo&er boiling point than N%!. 'h"( Ans: )nli*e N%!, $%! molecules are not associated through h"drogen bonding in li+uid state. That is &h" the boiling point of $%! is lo&er than N%!. !. 'h" are pentahalides more covalent than trihalides ( Ans: %igher the positive oxidation state of central atom, more &ill be its $olari,ing po&er &hich, in turn, increases the covalent character of bond formed bet&een the central atom and the other atom. -. 'h" is .i%! the strongest reducing agent amongst all the h"drides of Group 15 elements ( Ans: Among hidres of group 15 from N%! to .i%! as si,e of central atom /ncreases 01% bond strength decreases. %ence it act as strong reducing agent. 5. 'rite the reaction of thermal decomposition of sodium a,ide. Ans: NaN! Na + ! N 2g3 4. 'h" is N less reactive at room temperature( Ans: 5ue to its high NN bond dissociation energ" 6. 'h" does N%! act as a 7e&is base( Ans: 5ue to presence of one lone pair of electron present on Nitrogen 8. 0ention the conditions re+uired to maximi,e the "ield of ammonia. Ans: 9ptimum $ressure : 9ptimum Temperature : ;emoval of ammonia b" cooling. <. %o& does ammonia react &ith a solution of =u +( Ans: =u + + - N%! >=u2N%!3-?+ and this is deep blue in color. 1@. 'h" does N9 dimerise ( Ans: 5ue to presence one odd electron on Nitrogen of N9 11. 'hat is the covalence of nitrogen in N 95 ( Ans: =ovalenc" is - because N is bonded &ith - bonds

1 . /n &hat &a" can it be proved that $%! is basic in nature( Ans: $hosphine is &ea*l" basic and li*e ammonia, gives phosphonium compounds &ith acids e.g., $%! + %.r $%-.r 5ue to lone pair on phosphorus atom, $%! is acting as a 7e&is base in the above reaction. 1!. .ond angle in $%- + is higher than that in $%!. 'h"( Ans: .oth are sp! h"bridi,ed. /n $%-+ all the four orbital are bonded &hereas in $%! there is a lone pair of electrons on $, &hich is responsible for lone $air#bond pair repulsion in $%! reducing the bond angle to less than 1@<A 8. 1-. 'hat happens &hen &hite phosphorus is heated &ith concentrated Na9%( Bolution in an inert atmosphere of =9 (

15. 'h" does $=l! fume in moisture( Ans: $=l! react &ith moisture and gives %=l vapours. $=l! + ! % 9 %!$9! + ! %=l 14. Are all the five bonds in $=l5 molecule e+uivalent( Custif" "our ans&er. Ans: $=l5 has a trigonal bip"ramidal structure and the three e+uatorial $#=l bonds are e+uivalent, &hile the t&o axial bonds are different and longer than e+uatorial bonds. 16. 'hat happens &hen $=l5 is heated( Ans: $=l! h"drol"ses in the presence of moisture giving fumes of %=l. $=l! + ! % 9 %!$9! +!%=l 18. 'rite a balanced e+uation for the h"drol"tic reaction of $=l5 in heav" &ater. Ans: $=l5 + 5 9 $9=l! + 5=l 1<. %o& do "ou account for the reducing behavior of %!$9 on the basis of its structure ( Ans: /n %!$9 , t&o % atoms are bonded directl" to $ atom &hich imparts ;educing character to the acid. @. 'hat is the basicit" of %!$9-( Ans: Three $D9% groups are present in the molecule of %!$9-. Therefore, its basicit" is three. 1. $hosphorous in solid state is ionic, &h"( Ans: /n the solid state it exists as an ionic solid, >$=l-?+>$=l4?D in &hich the cation, >$=l-?+ is tetrahedral and the anion, >$=l4?Doctahedral. . Elements of Group 14 generall" sho& lo&er value of first ioni,ation enthalp" compared to the corresponding periods of group 15. 'h"( Ans: 5ue to extra stable half#filled p orbital electronic configurations of Group 15 elements, larger amount of energ" is re+uired to remove electrons compared to Group 14 elements. !. % B is less acidic than % Te. 'h"( Ans: 5ue to the decrease in bond 2ED%3 dissociation enthalp" do&n the group, acidic character increases. -. 7ist the important sources of sulphur. Ans: Traces of sulphur occur as h"drogen sulphide in volcanoes. 9rganic materials such as eggs, proteins, garlic, onion, mustard, hair and &ool contain sulphur. 25. 'rite the order of thermal stabilit" of the h"drides of Group 14 elements. AnsF % 9G% BG% BeG% TeG% $o As atomic si,e increases E1% bond strength decreases, %ence thermal stabilit" decreases. 26. 'h" is % 9 a li+uid and % B a gas ( Ans: .ecause of small si,e and high electro negativit" of ox"gen, molecules of &ater are highl" associated through h"drogen bonding resulting in its li+uid state. 6. 'hich of the follo&ing does not react &ith ox"gen directl"( Hn, Ti, $t, Ie Ans: $t is a noble metal it do not react &ith an" atmospheric gases. 28. =omplete the follo&ing reactions: 2i3 = %- + 9 =9 + % 9 2ii3 -Al + ! 9 2 l 3

29. 'h" does 9! act as a po&erful oxidi,ing agent( Ans: 5ue to the ease &ith &hich it liberates atoms of nascent ox"gen 29! 9 + 93,
it acts as a po&erful oxidising agent.

30. %o& is 9! estimated +uantitativel"( Ans: 'hen o,one reacts &ith an excess of potassium iodide solution buffered &ith a borate buffer 2p% <. 3, iodine is liberated &hich can be titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate. This is a +uantitative method for estimating 9! gas. 31. 'hich form of sulphur sho&s paramagnetic behavior ( Ans: /n vapour state sulphur partl" exists as B molecule &hich has t&o unpaired electrons in the antibonding J orbitals li*e 9 and, hence, exhibits paramagnetism. ! . 'hat happens &hen sulphur dioxide is passed through an a+ueous solution of Ie2///3 salt( Ans: 'hen moist, sulphur dioxide behaves as a reducing agent. Ior example, it converts iron2///3 ions to iron2//3 ions. 33. =omment on the nature of t&o BD9 bonds formed in B9 molecule. Are the t&o BD9 bonds in this molecule e+ual ( Ans: .oth the BD9 bonds are covalent and have e+ual strength due to resonating Btructures.

34. %o& is the presence of B9 detected ( Ans: /t is a suffocating odor gas, &hen B9 gas passed into lime &ater it gives 0il*" &hite ppt =a29%3 + =9 =a=9! + % 9 !5. 0ention three areas in &hich % B9- pla"s an important role. Ans: The bul* of sulphuric acid produced is used in the manufacture of fertili,ers 2e.g., ammonium sulphate, super phosphate3. 9ther uses are in: 2a3 petroleum refining 2b3 manufacture of pigments, paints and d"estuff /ntermediates 2c3 detergent industr" 2d3 metallurgical applications 2e.g., cleansing metals before enameling, electroplating and galvani,ing 2e3 storage batteries 36. 'rite the conditions to maximi,e the "ield of % B9- b" =ontact process. Ans: The reaction is exothermic, reversible and the for&ard reaction leads to a decrease in volume. Therefore, lo& temperature and high pressure are the favourable conditions for maximum "ield. .ut the temperature should not be ver" lo& other&ise rate of reaction &ill become slo&. 37. 'h" is Ka2 << Ka1 for % B9- in &ater ( Ans: % B9- is a ver" strong acid in &ater largel" because of its first ioni,ation to %!9+ and %B9-D. The ionisation of %B9-D to %!9+ and B9- D is ver" ver" small. That is &h" Ka1<< Ka . !8. %alogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalp" in the respective periods of the periodic table. 'h"( Ans: %alogens have the smallest si,e in their respective periods and therefore high effective nuclear charge. As a conse+uence, the" readil" accept one

electron to ac+uire noble gas electronic configuration. !<. Although electron gain enthalp" of fluorine is less negative as compared to chlorine, fluorine is a stronger oxidi,ing agent than chlorine. 'h"( Ans: /t is due to 2i3 lo& enthalp" of dissociation of I#I bond 2ii3 high h"dration enthalp" of I -@. Iluorine exhibits onl" D1 oxidation state &hereas other halogens exhibit + 1, + !, + 5 and + 6 oxidation states also. Explain. Ans: Iluorine is the most electronegative element and cannot exhibit an" $ositive oxidation state. 9ther halogens have d orbitals and therefore, can expand their octets and sho& + 1, + !, + 5 and + 6 oxidation states also. -1. =onsidering the parameters such as bond dissociation enthalp", electron gain enthalp" and h"dration enthalp", compare the oxidi,ing po&er of I and=l . Ans: 9xidi,ing po&er depends on bond dissociation enthalp", electron gain enthalp" and h"dration enthalp" out of these Iluorine has more h"dration Enthalp" and less bond dissociation energ" that can compensate high negative enthalp" of =hlorine . 42. Give t&o examples to sho& the anomalous behavior of fluorine. Ans: 0ost of the reactions of fluorine are exothermic 2due to the small and strong bond formed b" it &ith other elements3. /t forms onl" one oxoacid &hile other halogens form a number of oxoacids. %"drogen fluoride is a li+uid 2b.p. <! K3 due to strong h"drogen bonding. 9ther h"drogen halides are gases. 43. Bea is the greatest source of some halogens. =omment. Ans: Larious minerals of halogens from soil are soluble in river &ater hence sea gets large amount of halogens in the dissolved form. --. 'rite the balanced chemical e+uation for the reaction of =l &ith hot and =oncentrated Na9%. /s this reaction a disproportionate reaction( Custif". Ans: !=l + 4Na9% 5Na=l + Na=l9! + !% 9 Mes, chlorine from ,ero oxidation state is changed to D1 and +5 oxidation states. -5. 'hen %=l reacts &ith finel" po&dered iron, it forms ferrous chloride and not ferric chloride. 'h"( Ans: /ts reaction &ith iron produces % . Ie + %=l Ie=l + % 7iberation of h"drogen prevents the formation of ferric chloride. -4. 5educe the molecular shape of .rI! on the basis of LBE$; theor".

lp and ! bp as LB$E; theor" it has trigonal bip"ram"dal shape. -6. 'h" is /=l more reactive than / ( Ans: /n general, interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens due to &ea*er NDN1 bonding than NDN bond. Thus, /=l is more reactive than / . -8. 'h" are the elements of Group 18 *no&n as noble gases ( Ans: The elements present in Group 18 have their valence shell orbital completel" filled and, therefore, react &ith a fe& elements onl" under certain conditions. Therefore, the" are no& *no&n as noble gases.

-<. Noble gases have ver" lo& boiling points. 'h"( Ans: Noble gases being monatomic have no interatomic forces except &ea* dispersion forces and therefore, the" are li+uefied at ver" lo& Temperatures. %ence, the" have lo& boiling points. 5@. 5oes the h"drol"sis of NeI4 lead to a redox reaction( Ans: No, the products of h"drol"sis are Ne9I- and Ne9 I &here the oxidation states of all the elements remain the same as it &as in the reacting state. 51. 'h" is helium used in diving apparatus( Ans: /t is used as a diluent for ox"gen in modern diving apparatus because of its Ler" lo& solubilit" in blood. 52. .alance the follo&ing e+uation: NeI4 + % 9 Ne9 I + %I Ans NeI4 + % 9 Ne9 I + -%I 53. 'h" has it been difficult to stud" the chemistr" of radon( Ans ;adon is radioactive &ith ver" short half#life &hich ma*es the stud" of =hemistr" of radon difficult. 5-. %alogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalp" in the respective periods of the periodic table. 'h"( Ans: %alogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalp" in the corresponding periods. This is due to the fact that the atoms of these elements have onl" one electron less than stable noble gas configurations. 55. Ag=l is soluble in &ater, &here as it is soluble in a+ueous ammonia solution. Ans: Ammonia react &ith Ag=l forms >Ag2N%!3 ?=l complex &hich is soluble in &ater. 54. Give the reason for bleaching action of =l . Ans: =hlorine &ater on standing loses its "ello& colour due to the formation of %=l and %9=l. %"pochlorous acid 2%9=l3 so formed, gives nascent ox"gen &hich is responsible for oxidising and bleaching properties of chlorine. 57. Name t&o poisonous gases &hich can be prepared from chlorine gas. Ans poisonous gases such as phosgene 2=9=l 3, tear gas 2==l!N9 3, mustard gas 2=l=% =% B=% =% =l3. 58. 'h" does the reactivit" of nitrogen differ from phosphorus( Ans: Nitrogen can form multiple bonds and has more bond dissociation energ" due to &hich it is less reactive. $hosphorous can not form multiple bonds. 5<. 'h" does N%! form h"drogen bond but $%! does not( Ans: Electronegetivit" of N is more than $. 4@. The %N% angle value is higher than %$%, %As% and %Bb% angles. 'h"( Ans: 5ue to more electronegative nature of Nitrogen it causes more repulsion, hence bond angle is more. 41. 'h" does ;!$ O 9 exist but ;!N O 9 does not 2; O al*"l group3( Ans: Nitrogen can not form d#p multiple bond due absence of empt" d # orbitals. 4 . Explain &h" N%! is basic &hile .i%! is onl" feebl" basic. Ans: 5ue to small si,e of PNQ it has more electron densit" and act as strong base. 4!. Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorus as $-. 'h"( Ans: PNQ can form multiple bonds &here as $ can not hence its tri valenc" it utili,ed in tetrahedron structure. 4-. Give the disproportionate reaction of %!$9!. Ans: phosphorous acid on heating disproportionates to give orthophosphoric acid

2or phosphoric acid3 and phosphine. 45. =an $=l5 act as an oxidi,ing as &ell as a reducing agent( Custif". Ans: /n $=l5 oxidation state of $ is +5, it can not increase its oxidation state more than it hence it can not act as reducing agent. .ut it can change its oxidation state to +! and act as oxidi,ing agent. 44. 'h" is diox"gen a gas but sulphur a solid( Ans: 5ue to small si,e 9x"gen can form multiple bonds &here as B canQt hence B bond &ith B8 molecule and exist in solid. 46. Kno&ing the electron gain enthalp" values for 9 9D and 9 9 D as D1-1 And 6@ *C molD1 respectivel", ho& can "ou account for the formation of a 7arge number of oxides having 9# species and not 9D( Ans: %igher second electron gain enthalp" is compensated b" high h"dration energ" and more lattice energ". 48. 'h" are halogens strong oxidi,ing agents( Ans: Bince halogens are having high electron gain enthalp" the" act as strong oxidi,ing agents. 4<. Explain &h" fluorine forms onl" one oxoacid, %9I. Ans: PIQ can form onl" #1 oxidation state, due to small si,e and absence of empt" d D orbitals , hence it forms onl" one oxoacid %9I 6@. Explain &h" in spite of nearl" the same electro negativit", ox"gen forms %"drogen bonding &hile chlorine does not. Ans: 5ue to small si,e of 9x"gen as compared to Bulphur. 61. 'h" are halogens colored( Ans: All halogens are coloured. This is due to absorption of radiations in visible region &hich results in the excitation of outer electrons to higher energ" level. ." absorbing different +uanta of radiation, the" displa" different colours. Ior example, I , has "ello&, =l , greenish "ello&, .r , red and / , violet colour. 6 . 'hat inspired N. .artlett for carr"ing out reaction bet&een Ne and $tI4( Ans: /n 0arch 1<4 , Neil .artlett, then at the )niversit" of .ritish =olumbia, observed
the reaction of a noble gas. Iirst, he prepared a red compound &hich is formulated as 9 $tI4 . %e, then realised that the first ioni,ation enthalp" of molecular ox"gen 21165 *CmolD13 &as almost identical &ith that of xenon 2116@ *C mol D13. %e made efforts to prepare same t"pe of compound &ith Ne and &as successful in preparing another red colour compound Ne+$tI4 D b" mixing $tI4 and xenon. After this discover", a number of xenon compounds mainl" &ith most electronegative elements li*e fluorine and ox"gen, have been s"nthesised.
+ D

6!. 'ith &hat neutral molecule is =l9D isoelectronic( /s that molecule a 7e&is base( Ans: =lI is isoelectronic &ith =l9# and it has lone pairs hence act as 7e&is base. 6-. Arrange the follo&ing in the order of propert" indicated for each set: 2i3 I , =l , .r , / # increasing bond dissociation enthalp". 2ii3 %I, %=l, %.r, %/ # increasing acid strength. 2iii3 N%!, $%!, As%!, Bb%!, .i%! D increasing base strength. Ans: 2i3 =l G .r GI G/ As atomic si,e increases bond dissociation energ" 5ecreases and since I is extremel" small si,e and cause repulsion

.et&een lone pairs of t&o I atoms of I molecule. 2ii3 %IR%.rR%=lR%/ as atomic si,e increases from I to / bond strength decreases and acidit" increases. 2iii3 .i%!RBb%!RAs%!R$%!RN%! as si,e increases from N to .i electron densit" decreases and basesit" decreases. 65. Give the formula and describe the structure of a noble gas species &hich is isostructural &ith: 2i3 /=l-# 2ii3 /.r # 2iii3 .r9!# Ans: 2i3 Ne=l- 2 lp + - bp O4, sp!d occupied &ith lone pairs over all geometr" is s+uare planar3 2ii3 Ne.r 2 bp+-lpO4, sp!d occupied &ith lone pairs over all geometr" is linear3 2iii3 Ne9! 2!bp+ 1lpO-, sp! occupied b" one lone pair, p"ramidal shape. 64. 'h" do noble gases have comparativel" large atomic si,es( Ans: Noble gases exist as mono atomic gases, there is no overlapping of atomic orbitals li*e in other compounds. %ere atomic radius is considered as vandr&aalQs radii. %ence atomic radii are comparativel" large. 66. 'h" does the reactivit" of nitrogen differ from phosphorus( Ans: 5ue to small si,e, multiple bond formation, absence of empt" d# orbitals. 68. The increase in the atomic si,e from As to .i is small as compare from N to $, Sustif" "our ans&er. Ans: There is a considerable increase in covalent radius from N to $. %o&ever, from As to .i onl" a small increase in covalent radius is observed. This is due to the presence of completel" filled d andTor f orbitals in heavier members. 68. 'h" N differs in its properties as compare &ith rest of elements of goup 15. Ans: Nitrogen differs from the rest of the members of this group due to its smaller si,e, high electronegativit", high ionisation enthalp" and non#availabilit" of d orbitals. 6<. Except N other elements of group 15 donQt form p# p multiple bond. Explain( Ans: %eavier elements of this group do not form p# p bonds as their atomic orbitals
are so large and diffuse that the" cannot have effective overlapping.

8@. 'h" NDN bond is &ea*er than the single $D$ bond( Ans: NDN bond is &ea*er than the single $D$ bond because of high inter electronic
repulsion of the non#bonding electrons, o&ing to the small bond length.

81. N has lo& catenation as compare &ith =. =omment. Ans: 5ue to its &ea* N#N single bond energ". 8 . .ased on &hat propert" &hite phosphorous is used in %olmes signals : smo*e screens( Ans: /t under goes spontaneous combustion. 8!. ;ed $ is chemicall" less reactive compare &ith 'hite $. Give reason. Ans: 5ue to its pol"meric structure it &ill have more bonds to brea* in chemical reactin. 8-. ox"gen exists as diatomic molecule 29 3 &hereas sulphur exists as pol"atomic molecule 2B83. Give reason. Ans: ox"gen exists as diatomic molecule 29 3 &hereas sulphur exists as pol"atomic molecule 2B83 because due to large si,e of B it cannot form multiple bonds.

8-. 'h" ox"gen sho&s anomalous behavior as compare &ith its congeners ( Ans: /t is due to its small si,e, %igh Electro negativit", 0ore /oni,ation Enthalp" and absence of empt" d# orbitals. 85. The stabilit" of + 4 oxidation state decreases do&n the group and stabilit" of
+ - oxidation state increase in group 14, Explain. Ans: /t is due to inert pair effect. 85. Al 9! is amphoteric explain &ith chemical reactions. Ans:

84.

5uring dilution of sulphuric acid it must be added to &ater but &ater should not be added to acid. Explain( Ans: /t dissolves in &ater &ith the evolution of a large +uantit" of heat. %ence, care must be ta*en &hile preparing sulphuric acid solution from concentrated sulphuric acid. The concentrated acid must be added slo&l" into &ater &ith constant stirring. 86. 9xidising abilit" of halogens is I G=l G.r G/ give reason. Ans: The decreasing oxidising abilit" of the halogens in a+ueous solution 5o&n the group is evident from their standard electrode potentials &hich are dependent on the parameters indicated belo&:

88. /onic character of metal halides decreases from 0I to 0/. Give reason. Ans: The ionic character of the halides decreases in the order 0I G0=l G 0.r G 0/ &here 0 is a monovalent metal. As electronegetivit"TElectron gain enthalp" decreases /onic character increases. 8<. /onic character of 0etal chlorides decreases as oxidation state increases, Explain. Ans: As oxidation state increases /oni,ation energ" increases hence ionic =haracter decreases. the halides in higher oxidation state &ill be more covalent than the one in lo&er oxidation state .Ior e.g., Bn=l-, $b=l-, Bb=l5 and )I4 are more covalent than Bn=l , $b=l , Bb=l! and )I- respectivel". <@. 'hat is the maximum valence of Elements of Group 15. 0axmum valenc" O group No. D 1@O15#1@O5 /n the case of nitrogen, all oxidation states from +1 to +- tend to disproportionate in acid solution. Ior example, /n the laborator", dinitrogen is prepared b" treating an a+ueous solution of ammonium chloride &ith sodium nitrite. /t can also be obtained b" the thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate.

Ler" pure nitrogen can be obtained b" the thermal decomposition of sodium or barium a,ide. At higher temperatures, it directl" combines &ith some metals to form predominantl" ionic nitrides and &ith non#metals, covalent nitrides. A fe& t"pical reactions are:

/t combines &ith h"drogen at about 66! K in the presence of a catal"st 2%aberQs $rocess3 to form ammonia: 5initrogen combines &ith diox"gen onl" at ver" high temperature 2at about @@@ K3 to form nitric oxide, N9. Ammonia is present in small +uantities in air and soil &here it is formed b" the deca" of nitrogenous organic matter e.g., urea. 9n a small scale ammonia is obtained from ammonium salts &hich decompose &hen treated &ith caustic soda or lime.

9n a large scale, ammonia is manufactured b" %aberQs process. /t forms ammonium salts &ith acids, e.g., N%-=l, 2N%-3 B9-, etc. As a &ea* base, it precipitates the h"droxides of man" metals from their salt solutions. Ior example,

Ammonia donate lone pair to the metal ions and form different complex compounds, b" this metals ions can be detected.

Nitrogen 2/3 9xide >Nitrous 9xide? N%- N9! %eat N9 + %9 Nitrogen 2//3 9xide >Nitric 9xide? NaN9 + IeB9- + !% B9- Ie 2B9-3! + Na%B9- + % 9 + N9 Nitrogen 2///3 9xide >di Nitrogen Tri 9xideU N9 + N 95@K N 9!

Nitrogen di 9xide >Nitrogen 2/L3 9xide? $b 2N9!3 46!K -N9 + $b9 Nitrogen 2/L3 9xide >di Nitrogen tetroxide? Nitrogen 2L3 9xide >di Nitrogen pentoxide? -%N9! + $-91@ -%!$9! + N 95 /n the laborator", nitric acid is prepared b" heating KN9! or NaN9! and concentrated % B9- in a glass retort. 9n a large scale it is prepared mainl" b" 9st&aldQs process. This method is based upon catal"tic oxidation of N%! b" atmospheric ox"gen. Nitric oxide thus formed combines &ith ox"gen giving N9 . Nitrogen dioxide so formed, dissolves in &ater to give %N9!. =oncentrated nitric acid is a strong oxidi,ing agent and attac*s most metals except noble metals such as gold and platinum.

Hinc reacts &ith dilute nitric acid to give N 9 and &ith concentrated acid to give N9 .

=oncentrated nitric acid also oxidises nonDmetals and their compounds. /odine is oxidised to iodic acid, carbon to carbon dioxide, sulphur to % B9-, and phosphorus to phosphoric acid.

Brown Ring Test: The familiar bro&n ring test for nitrates depends on the abilit" of Ie + to reduce nitrates to nitric oxide, &hich reacts &ith Ie + to form a bro&n coloured complex.

/t dissolves in boiling Na9% solution in an inert atmosphere giving $%!.

/t readil" catches fire in air to give dense &hite fumes of $-91@.

$hosphine is prepared b" the reaction of calcium phosphide &ith &ater or dilute %=l.

/n the laborator", it is prepared b" heating &hite phosphorus &ith concentrated Na9% solution in an inert atmosphere of =9 .

it is absorbed in %/ to form phosphonium iodide 2$%-/3 &hich on treating &ith K9% gives off phosphine. 'hen absorbed in copper sulphate or mercuric chloride solution, the corresponding phosphides are obtained.

$hosphine is &ea*l" basic and li*e ammonia, gives phosphonium compounds &ith acids e.g., /t is obtained b" passing dr" chlorine over heated &hite phosphorus. /t is also obtained b" the action of thion"l chloride &ith &hite phosphorus. /t is a colourless oil" li+uid and h"drol"ses in the presence of moisture . /t reacts &ith organic compounds containing D9% group such as =%!=99%, = %59%.

$hosphorus pentachloride is prepared b" the reaction of &hite phosphorus &ith excess of dr" chlorine.

$=l5 is a "ello&ish &hite po&der and in moist air, it h"drol"ses to $9=l! and finall" gets converted to phosphoric acid.

'hen heated, it sublimes but decomposes on stronger heating. /t reacts &ith organic compounds containing D9% group converting them to chloro derivatives.

Iinel" divided metals on heating &ith $=l5 give corresponding chlorides.

phosphorous acid on heating disproportionates to give orthophosphoric acid 2or phosphoric acid3 and phosphine. The acids &hich contain $D% bond have strong reducing properties. Thus, h"pophosphorous acid is a good reducing agent as it contains t&o $D% bonds and reduces, for example, AgN9! to metallic silver. These dimeric halides undergo disproportionation as given belo&: 5iox"gen can be obtained in the laborator" b" the follo&ing &a"s: 2i3 ." heating ox"gen containing salts such as chlorates, nitrates and permanganates.

B9 combines &ith &ater to give % B9!, an acid. Al 9! reacts &ith acids as &ell as al*alies.

'hen a slo& dr" stream of ox"gen is passed through a silent electricaldischarge, conversion of ox"gen to o,one 21@V3 occurs. The product is *no&n as o,onised ox"gen. it oxidi,es lead sulphide to lead sulphate and iodide ions to iodine.

Nitrogen oxides emitted from the exhaust s"stems of supersonic Set aeroplanes might be slo&l" depleting the concentration of the o,one la"er in the upper atmosphere.

'hen moist, sulphur dioxide behaves as a reducing agent. Ior example, it converts iron2///3 ions to iron2//3 ions and decolori,es acidified potassium permanganate2L//3 solution

The *e" step in the manufacture of % B9- is the catal"tic oxidation of B9 &ith 9 to give B9! in the presence of L 95 2catal"st3.

Bulphuric acid, because of its lo& volatilit" can be used to manufacture more volatile acids from their corresponding salts.

Bulphuric acid removes &ater from organic compoundsF it is evident b" its charring action on carboh"drates. metals and non#metals are oxidi,ed b" concentrated sulphuric acid, &hich is reduced to B9 .

/n general, a halogen oxidi,es halide ions of higher atomic number.

/D can be oxidised b" ox"gen in acidic mediumF Sust the reverse of the reaction observed &ith fluorine.

$reparation of =hlorine: