Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 101

1

:
-: adnan@quaium.com, adnan.quaium@aiub.edu, adnan.quaium@gmail.com, adnan.quaium@ubuntu.com,
adnan.quaium@ubuntu-bd.org, adnan.quaium@linux.org.bd
: www.adnan.quaium.com
:
-: panthorezwan@yahoo.com
: ,
: ,
,


, ,

, ,
, ,


,

. (:
,
(



: _________________________________________________ ________________________________6
: ?______________________________________________________________________11
: _________________________________________________________________________________13
: ?_______________________________________________________________________________________17
: (, , _____________________________________________________________19

: _______________________________________________________________________________________22
: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________24
: ___________________________________________________________________________27
: _______________________________________________ ________________________________29

: _______________________________________________________________________31
: __________________________________________________34
: - _____________________________________________________38
: - __________________________________________________________42
: - ________________________________________________________50

: ___________________________________________________________________________________57
: ______________________________________________________________________________64
: _________________________________________________________________________________70


: - _______________________________________________________________78
: __________________________________________________________________82

: ______________________________________________________________________89
: _______________________________________________________________________________93
: (LAMP) _______________________________________________________________95
: ...____________________________________________________100

:
: :


:

?

, - ,

, ,

,
!



:





! ,

,
,
, , (GNU)

,
, (GCC)


(HURD)

,

:
,

,


!

,

:
,
,

,
, , !
!


(GCC)
,
:
From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: What would you like to see most in minix?
Summary: small poll for my new operating system
Message-ID:
Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT
Organization: University of Helsinki
Hello everybody out there using minix Im doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, wont be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has
been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. Id like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my
OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system(due to practical reasons) among other things). Ive
currently ported bash (1.08) and gcc (1.40),and things seem to work. This implies that Ill get something practical within
a few months, and Id like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I wont
promise Ill implement them.
Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)
PS. Yes its free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and
it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as thats all I have.

.
--
. :
From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
Subject: Free minix-like kernel sources for 386-AT
Message-ID:
Date: 5 Oct 91 05:41:06 GMT
Organization: University of Helsinki
Do you pine for the nice days of minix-1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers? Are you without a
nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on a OS you can try to modify for your needs? Are you finding it
frustrating when everything works on minix? No more all-nighters to get a nifty program working? Then this post might
be just for you
As I mentioned a month(?)ago, Im working on a free version of a minix -lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has finally
reached the stage where its even usable (though may not be depending on what you want), and I am willing to put o ut

the sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02 (+1 (very small) patch already), but Ive successfully run
bash/gcc/gnu-make/gnu-sed/compress etc under it. Sources for this pet project of mine can be found at nic.funet.fi
(128.214.6.100) in the directory /pub/OS/Linux. The directory also contains some README-file and a couple of binaries to
work under linux (bash, update and gcc, what more can you ask for . Full kernel source is provided, as no minix code
has been used. Library sources are only partially free, so that cannot be distributed currently. The system is able to
compile as-is and has been known to work. Heh. Sources to the binaries (bash and gcc) can be found at the same place
in /pub/gnu.
. .
:
(FREAKS) Free, Freak Unix


,

, , Linuss Unix


,
! !


?

,

:
?

,

, - !

,
, , ( :
,

10

: : ?
!
,
? , ?

? ? ? ?
,
!
? , ,
; !

, ,


, (NT); (XNU)
,
+ (, , =
, , , ,
:
+ ( + + + + + + +
=


,

/


, ,
- ,

- ,
, , -
,

,
-
- , , , , , ,

11


- -

, - ,


, , - ?

? , ?
, , (, ,
,

? ? ?


-- ( :

12

: :
!
:


,

, , ,



(GNU)

,




, !
? !



- ,
, ,
-

!


:

!

(Thawte)



?
! !

13

:
? !
, ,

, ?



(



:




, humanity to others
,
,

14


- (

.:
,
http://no-name-yet.com !

.
. .
(Warty Warthog)


:
, ,

, , ,
,


, ,
, ,

,
, ,
, !
:
Linux for Human Beings

15





(
: ,

16

: : ?
?
?
,
,
,
, , ,

-

?


,

,
,
,

,
,



,
,

,
!

, ,

17

,
? ,
!

18

: : ( , , )
!
,
, , , -
! - ,
, , ? ? ?

, , , - ( ) , ,

(Desktop Environment DE) ,

; : , , , ,
-
( ) , , ,
,
, , ,

,
? !
, ,




(
)

19

20

:
(K de UBUNTU) => (K UBUNTU)
(Xfce UBUNTU) => (XUBUNTU)
(Lxde UBUNTU) => (LUBUNTU)

, (
, ) , ,
/
,
()
() ()
() , ,

, ,
: ,
, , ,
,
( )
,



( , )



- , , , - -
.
., . . ,
. ; ., . .-
,
, ,
(RAM)

,
-

21

:
: :
:
-- -,

,
, : ,


:





,

:

---


:
( )

22


,
,

23

: :
(ISO) :
.iso

/ / /
/ (Image Burn) ,
/
/
:
//// /:



Write Image Actions Burn image
Open
OK

/ /:

/ ,


Image File , ISO Next

24

Windows 7 :
ISO
Burn disc image
/ Burn

:
/
(ISO) Write to Disc
Burn

,
Help with installing Ubuntu

25

26

: :
:
(.iso) , / ( )
-

/

:


, .exe
Disk Image ISO
Drive ( )
Ok

:

Startup

27

Startup Disk Creator


Source disc image (.iso) or CD
Disk to use ( )
Make Startup Disk

,
Help with installing Ubuntu

28

: :
:
?
( )
,
-

, , -

,


(.iso)


( ) , Try Ubuntu

29

Install Ubuntu

,
,

,
,
, !

30

:
: : -
:

(Wubi)

,


,
( wubi.exe

Install inside Windows

31

C:
,

Username Password
Install


Enter ,

32

33

: :
(
:
,
:
, - , ,
, ,
-
:

( )
:

Try Ubuntu Install Ubuntu

Continue

34

Replace Windows with Ubuntu


Install Now

Install Now

Continue

USA , Continue

35


,
(
, , - )

Continue

Continue

36

Restart Now

Enter

37

: :
(
, )
,
,


:

,

C: , C:
,
- - (
)

:

Try Ubuntu Install Ubuntu

Continue

38

Install Ubuntu alongside Windows



( ,
) Install Now

Continue

USA , Continue

39


,
(
, , - )

Continue

Continue

40

Restart Now

Enter


Enter

41

: :
(
)

,
- (, , , ,
)
:

( )

:
,
:


,

,
( )
,
C, D, E
( ) sda1, sda5
sda, sdb
sdc, sdd (
) sda
sda1 sda5 sda1, sda5, sda6
sda1, sda5, sda6, sda7
C sda1, D sda5, E
sda6

42

:

Try Ubuntu Install Ubuntu

Continue

Something else
Continue

43


sda
(/dev/sda /dev/sdb ) sda sda1, sda2, sda3, sda4
, ntfs

.
.. , /dev/sda New Partition Table

.. , ( sda4
), sda4 free space

sda4 free space

44


, C , ,
sda1 sda4 ,
sda4

free space

. ,
.. :
free space Add

45

- New partition size in megabytes 5000 ( ) 10000 ( )


, ,
- Use As Ext4 ( ntfs Ext4
Ext4 )
- Format the partition ( )
- Mount Point / ( )
- OK
..
:

- Free Space
- Add
- New partition size in megabytes 500 () 1024 ()
- Use As swap area
- OK
..
:

- Free Space
- Add
- New partition size in megabytes
- Use As Ext4
- Format the partition
- Mount Point /home
- OK

46

. Free Space / (), swap (), /home ()


Back Install
Now
Continue

USA , Continue


,
(
, , - )

Continue

47

Continue

Restart Now

Enter

48


Enter

49

: :
(
, )


-, (, , ,
, )
-
:

( )

:
,
:


,

,
( )
,
C, D, E
( ) sda1, sda5
sda, sdb
sdc, sdd (
) sda
sda1 sda5 sda1, sda5, sda6
sda1, sda5, sda6, sda7
C sda1, D sda5, E
sda6

50

,
:

Try Ubuntu Install Ubuntu

Continue

Something else
Continue

51


sda
(/dev/sda /dev/sdb ) sda sda1, sda2, sda3, sda4
, ntfs

. ( sda4 ),

sda4 free space

52

. ,
.. :
free space Add

- New partition size in megabytes 5000 ( ) 10000 ( )


, ,
- Use As Ext4 ( ntfs Ext4
Ext4 )
- Format the partition ( )
- Mount Point / ( )
- OK
..
:

53

- Free Space
- Add
- New partition size in megabytes 500 () 1024 ()
- Use As swap area
- OK
..
:

- Free Space
- Add
- New partition size in megabytes
- Use As Ext4
- Format the partition
- Mount Point /home
- OK
. Free Space / (), swap (), /home ()
Back Install
Now
Continue

USA , Continue

54


,
(
, , - )

Continue

Continue

55

Restart Now

Enter


Enter

56

:
: :

!
! ,
, !
(Unity), (GNOME)

(, , )
()


, ,

57

:
,

( )
( Home Folder)
-- ( )

58


,
, ( )

-- !
--

59

, ,

,
,
,

,


,
,
,

:

,
!

60

?
!

,
( ), :

Installed Filter
Results ,

61

:
(HUD Heads Up Display)

File
File ,
Alt ,
File ( ,
Copy, Print, Tab ) !

Alt Tab (
)

( Ctrl ) ,

62

(Super Key)
,

Super Key w

Super Key s

Alt ,

63

: :



(
) ,
-
,
:
(\) (/)
Bangladesh Dhaka Munsigonj
:
Bangladesh\Dhaka\Munsigonj
:
Bangladesh/Dhaka/Munsigonj

Bangladesh, Bangladesh
, :


Munsigonj

64

? Start My Computer , C:
Program Files Mozilla Firefox firefox
:
C:\\Program Files\Mozilla Firefox\firefox
My Computer ,
My Computer
C: D: E: ?

,
Home Folder Filesystem usr
lib firefox firefox.sh :
/usr/lib/firefox/firefox.sh
Home Folder ,
? Filesystem usr
(/) /usr/lib usr ,
lib
Filesystem

:

65

:
( ) (root)
C: C:
Program Files Windows ()
:
/b i n
( ) , , POSIX
(: , , )
/b o ot
/
/c drom
/
/dev

/etc

/ho me

66


, ,
/l ib

/l ost+found


/m edia

Places

/m nt
/media /mnt - /media
, ?
/o pt

/p roc


cat /proc/cpuinfo
/ro ot
root

, /home/USERNAME.
/s bin
bin ,
/s elinux
selinux selinux ,

67

/s rv
/var/www
/s ys

/tm p

/us r
,
, src

/var
www
?
! ?

, , , ,
, lib, etc, bin, src, include
/ () /lib, /etc, /bin, /sbin
, , /usr
lib, bin
etc, include src
etc , include src /usr
/usr apt
yum ,
,
?
, /usr/local/
bin, lib /opt,

68

,

:

, ,

: ? (
)

69

: :

!
( , )


,
; ?
, !
?

,
, ,



?

terminal Terminal

? ? !

70

:
nam e@name-desktop:~$
@ $

?
, (
? !



Enter
s udo apt-get install vlc

[s udo] password for (your name):
Enter !
!

, , ,
,
!
S UDO ?
s udo S Uper-user Do ( ,
sudo

71

,
sudo
sudo
sudo ,
sudo
?







!
! Enter
-
s udo apt-get update
Ctrl+c
Ctrl+Shift+v
Enter
[s udo] password for (your name):
sudo
,

Enter
!! !
System> Administration> Update Manager

!

( ,
!
With great power comes great responsibility

72



S UDO RM -RF /
,
sudo
sudo ! sudo ,
?

?
S UDO: (
RM : (ReM ove)
R: Recursive, RM -R /home/ovroniil
ovroniil
F: Force , F
!
/:

s udo rm -rf /home/ovroniil/downloads
downloads
/home/ovroniil/downloads / ( ,

The 10-character code of death !
, ?
?


:
fi refox
? !

vl c

73

! :
date

cal
:
df

up time
:
who ami
:
uname
:
uname a
, ? , !

:
/home/user_name ( user_name
ovroniil /home/ovroniil)
/home/user_name ,
, cal date !
:
p wd
:
ls
:
cd directory_name

74

directory_name cd Change Directory


:
cd /home/user_name/Desktop
user_name D ,
D d ,
desktop Desktop
( , ,
:
p wd
test :
m k dir /home/user_name/Desktop/test
mkdir Make Directory test test
:
cd /home/user_name/Desktop/test
test ( :
cd ../
( :
cd ../
UP ( test :
rm -r /home/user_name/Desktop/test
? sudo
,

man date
:
m an date
date q
man , man

75

s udo :
apt-get apt Advanced Packaging Tool
, ,
, :
s udo apt-get i nstall vlc
sudo sudo ?
sudo
sudo :
ap t-get update
sudo
:
s udo apt-get update
,

?
TCP/IP ( :
i fconfig
,
, :
http://ovroniil.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/logo.png; :
wget http://ovroniil.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/logo.png

wget
:
p ing www.google.com
Ctrl+z
:
who is www.google.com

:

76

s udo halt
:
s udo reboot
:

!

77

:
: : -
!




:
System -> Preferences -> Network Connections

:
( ,
) System -> Administration -> Hardware
Drivers
( )

78

System-> Administration-> Update Manager Check Install


Update
:

.deb
Applications -> System Tools -> Ubuntu Tweak
:
( ) System-> Administration -> Software Sources
,
Ubuntu Software Center Synaptic
Package Manager () ,
Software Sources

Close Reload

79

:
UFW
Application -> Ubuntu Software Center

gufw Firewall Configuration Install


Applications->
Accessories-> Terminal :
s udo apt-get install gufw
Enter System -> Administration -> Firewall Configuration

:

! , ,
, Ubuntu Restricted Extras

s udo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras
:
, ,
Enter
s udo wget --output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list http://www.medibuntu.org/sources
.l ist.d/$(lsb_release -cs).list & & sudo apt-get --quiet update & & sudo apt-get --yes --quiet --allow-unauthenticated
i nstall m edibuntu-keyring & & sudo apt-get --quiet update
s udo apt-get install libdvdcss2

80

s udo apt-get install w32codecs



s udo apt-get install w64codecs
:
( )
vlc
s udo apt-get install vlc
Enter ! Applications-> Sound & Video VLC Media Player

:
? !
Wine
s udo apt-get i nstall wine

- Compiz
, :
s udo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager
System-> Preferences-> Compiz Config Settings
Manager ( :

81

: :

? ?
.tar.gz
(.zip) , .exe

setup.exe ! ? ,
:
---
,
APT ()
?
,

, ,
? ,
,
,

(Repository), ,
,
(Ubuntu Software Center):
,
Applications Ubuntu Software
Center

82



( Fonts Games ),
Featured Applications


, ,
audio player

More Info Install More Info


Install

83

- (Synaptic Package M anager):


, , !
,

System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager

Quick Search ,
vlc ,
vlc , vlc
Mark for Installation , ()

84

Apply
. (.deb):
(setup.exe) .deb
.deb
, .deb

! ( Places -> Downloads) .deb


Install

, ,

85

:
,
? ,
,
Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal
, :
s udo apt-get install SOFTWARE_NAME
SOFTWARE_NAME

s udo apt-get install vlc
(Enter) ,
- .bin :
.bin .bin Open with Other Application...

Use a custom command


sh Open

86

.bin cd .bin
:
s udo chmod +x FILE_NAME.bin
FILE_NAME.bin -
chrome.bin :
s udo chmod +x chrome.bin
Enter .bin :
./FILE_NAME.bin
FILE_NAME Enter
:.tar.gz :
.tar.gz ,
INSTALL README
,
build-essential :
s udo apt-get install build-essential
.tar.gz Extract cd
:
./configure
make
sudo make install

87

: .rpm :
.deb .rpm
- .deb
.deb .rpm
, , .rpm
.rpm .rpm alien ()
.rpm .deb

.deb
,
(.tar.gz, .bin .rpm)
( , , )

88

: :
(Keryx)

.deb ,

, ,

(Keryx)
, !
( ) / (
)

.tar.gz .zip

linux win32 / linux


win32

:
, /
, //

,

89

/ :

linux keryx

New Project ( lucidlynx)

No

// :

win32 keryx
linux keryx (
)

Open Project (
lucidlynx)

(
) Yes No

90

( openshot
)

Download
Download

/ :

linux keryx

Open Project

Project Install Packages

Continue
Openshot

91


Enter

Enter Ok

!
/
,
( : , , )

92

: :


,

key keyboard.

Keyboard Layout

(+

Bengali Add

Add Options

93

Key(s) to change layout Close


, ,

94

: : (LAMP)
(LAMP)
,
, ,
, ,
- ,
(Apache HTTP Server, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python),

(LAMP Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) /


LAM P :

,
sudo apt-get install lamp-server^
, (^)
y Enter
MySQL


!
Ap ache :
http://localhost/
It Works!

95

PHP :
/var/www test.php

sudo gedit /var/www/test.php

sudo kate /var/www/test.php

phpinfo(); ?>

sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
http://localhost/testing.php/

l o calhost :
,
127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1
:

96

cat /etc/hosts | grep localhost


127.0.0.1 my.cnf
:
cat /etc/mysql/my.cnf | grep bind-address

bind-address = 127.0.0.1
my.cnf
p hpMyAdmin :
,

:
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql phpmyadmin
ok
apache2 Space , (*)
:

Enter

dbconfig-common
Tab Yes Enter

97

MySQL MySQL
Tab Ok Enter

phpMyAdmin MySQL
(: Enter , )

Enter

98

phpMyAdmin

p hpMyAdmin :
http://localhost/phpmyadmin/

root

phpMyAdmin
/var/www

99


,

,
,
/



, , , ! -

,
(

,
(

c:\ubuntu\disks


/
,

100

, -
,


(
, ! ( : ,
, )

101

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi