Closed kinetic chain exercises or closed chain exercises (CKC) are physical exercises performed where the hand

(for arm movement) or foot (for leg movement) is fixed in space and cannot move. The extremity remains in constant contact with the immobile surface, usually the ground or the base of a machine. The opposite of CKC exercises are open kinetic chain exercises (OKC). Closed chain exercises are [1] considered safer and more "functional" compared to open chain exercises. Nonetheless, the two [2] families of exercises can co-exist in enabling rehabilitation and strengthening objectives. Closed chain exercises are often compound movements, that generally incur compressive forces, [3] while open-chain exercises are often isolation movements that promote more shearing forces. CKC exercises involve more than one muscle group and joint simultaneously rather than concentrating solely on one, as many OKC exercises do (single-joint movements),

Closed chain upper body exercises

Push ups,pull-ups or chin-ups, and dips. These concentrate on a co-contraction of the triceps, biceps, deltoids, pectorals, lats, abdominals and lower back for stabilization in various ratios depending upon angle and leverage

Closed chain lower body exercises

Squats, deadlifts, lunges, power cleans. These concentrate on a co-contraction of the quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles. The joints of movement include the knee, hip, and ankle

Open kinematic exercise Open kinetic chain exercises (OKC) or open chain exercises are exercises that are performed where the hand or foot is free to move.

Open chain upper body exercises

Biceps curl Lying triceps extensions Bench press

Open chain lower body exercises

Leg extension Leg curl
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