Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and muckraker writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and womens right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition. 3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a trust-buster. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. 4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation. 5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelts ways and the two split. IDENTIFICATIONS: Jacob Riis Danish immigrant who was a reporter for the New York Sun who wrote How the Other Half Lives, an account of a damning indictment of the dirt, disease, and misery of the New York slums. Ida Tarbell A pioneering journalist who published a devastating but factual expos of the Standards Oil Company. Robert M. La Follette Progressive Republican Governor of Wisconsin, this man wrested control from the corporations and gave it back to the people. Charles Evans Hughes Republican Governor of New York who investigated malpractices of gas and insurance trusts. Upton Sinclair Author of The Jungle that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs. Initiative Progressive proposal to allow voters to bypass state legislatures and propose legislation themselves. Referendum The proposed system of placing to-be-passed laws on ballots, allowing the people to vote on them. Recall Giving voters the ability to remove from office disloyal or incompetent officials. Muckrakers Sensationalist journalists in the 20th century who used their public influence to reveal corporate corruption. Elkins Act Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them.

Hepburn Act Restricted railroad "free passes" and allowed the ICC to prosecute express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. First time the ICC has the ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates. Northern Securities Case A legal case that resulted in the dissolution of the trust between the Union Pacific and Northern Pacific Railroads. Also led to the dissolution of the company from which the case was named. Meat Inspection Act Allowed the Federal Government to inspect and ensure the quality of meat products in the United States. Pure Food and Drug Act Called for the regulation of consumer products to prevent false advertising. Newlands Act Took federal funds that were collected from national land sales and put them to use funding large-scale irrigation projects. Dollar diplomacy President Taft's policy of using economic interests as an inconspicuous way to bind other nations to the U.S. Payne-Aldrich Act Tariff passed by the Taft Administration whose purpose was to lower tariffs, a goal that it failed to achieve. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Dispute between Pinchot and Ballinger when Ballinger opened the public lands in Wyoming, Montana and Alaska trusts. Pinchot criticized his decision and was dismissed by Taft because of insubordination. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives? Progressives fought against many evils, notably monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice. They demanded better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Feminists called for social justice to suffrage. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers? Muckrakers assailed the malpractices of life insurance companies and tariff lobbies. They grilled the money trust, railroad barons, and the corrupt amassing of fortune. They fired at social evils, such as immoral traffic in women, the slums, the number of industrial accidents, child labor, illiteracy of blacks, and potent patent medicine. Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired. Direct Primary All party members can elect nominees, Initiative Citizens can introduce a bill, Referendum Voters cast ballots against laws, Recall Citizens can vote to remove elected officials from office, Australian Ballot Secret ballot, 17th Amendment Direct election of U.S. Senators.

Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, the Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level? Progressives attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency, and prostitution. La Follette wrested control from crooked corporations and returned it to the people. Hiram Johnson helped break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Charles Evans Hughes investigated malpractices by gas and insurance companies, and the coal trust. Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills? Progressives made major improvements in fighting against child labor. Anti-liquor organizations like the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, founded by Frances E. Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed. Finally, in 1919, the 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking of alcohol. TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal? Control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." TR understood the political popularity of monopoly-smashing, but he did not consider it a sound economic policy. He did not want to punish the trusts for their economic success, so he made his purpose symbolic. TR wanted to prove that the government, not private business, ruled the country and did not come down on trusts as hard as he could have. Caring for the Consumer Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act 8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle? It enlightened the American public to the disgustingly unsanitary food products in the big canning factories. Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation? Wasteful Americans, assuming that their natural resources were inexhaustible, had looted and polluted nature. Far-visioned leaders saw that the insane looting of natural resources will one day make them go away. The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907? The panic paved the way for long-overdue fiscal reforms, and in 1908, Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in response to the hard-pressed banks being unable to increase the volume of money in circulation. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs 11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency? He was to be known as the president to tame capitalism giving it a long life, with enthusiasm and perpetual youthfulness, which strenuously sought the middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism, and most of all, the president that started a conservation crusade.

Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain He was fat, jovial, graduated second in his class at Yale, had an enviable reputation as a judge and a lawyer, and was a trusted administrator of Roosevelt's, but he had none of the arts of a dashing political leader, was passive to Congress, did not take criticism well, and he was more wedded to status quo than to change. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced? A policy which called for Wall Street bankers to send their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S., especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal. Taft, seeing a possible strangulation of Chinese economic interests, had Secretary of State Knox propose that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to China. Taft also pumped U.S. dollars into Honduras and Haiti, while in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic, American forces were brought in to restore order and protect American investment. Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft? Taft is the true trustbuster. In his four years of office, Taft brought 90 suits against trusts. In his seven and a half years in office, Roosevelt brought 44 suits against trusts. Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft? Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, thus betraying his campaign promises and outraging the progressive wing of his party. Taft rubbed salt in the wound by proclaiming it "the best bill that the Republican Party ever passed." The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention? In 1911, the National Progressive Republican League was formed with La Follette as its leader, but in February 1912, Roosevelt began writing to state governors that he was willing to accept the Republic nomination. Roosevelt forthwith seized the Progressive banner, pushing La Follette aside.

Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes 1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. 4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic Ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being. IDENTIFICATIONS: Eugene Debs The Socialist candidate for president during the 1912 campaign. Pancho Villa A rebellious leader during the Mexican Revolution. His ordered attacks on U.S. citizens sparked a rapid response from Wilson. John J. Pershing The general sent by Woodrow Wilson into Mexico in 1916 to break up Poncho Villa's band. He defeated Villa's men but did not capture Poncho. He withdrew in January 1917. Central Powers World War I alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, and later Turkey and Bulgaria. Allies World War I alliance between France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy. Lusitania A British passenger liner carrying arms and munitions that was destroyed by a German sub. It killed 128 Americans, causing Wilson to issue a warning to Germany, telling them not to attack unarmed vessels "without warning". Sussex Pledge a German submarine hit a French passenger liner, called the Sussex, in March 1916. Wilson told Germany that he would break diplomatic relations and side with the Allies if they did not stop sinking passenger liners without warning. Federal Reserve Act This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency New Nationalism The name of the progressive platform of the Progressive Republicans in the campaign of 1912. This platform favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington. It also favored women's suffrage and broad program of social welfare.

New Freedom The name of the progressive platform of Woodrow Wilson's Democratic party in the campaign of 1912. It favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. The keynote of Wilson's campaign was fragmentation of the big industrial combines by the enforcement of antitrust laws. Underwood Tariff It reduced import fees and enacted a graduated income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment. Federal Trade Commission The FTC was expected to crush monopoly at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery. Clayton Antitrust Act It lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectionable, exempted labor unions from being called trusts, and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom 1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's. TR favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington. He also campaigned for woman suffrage, minimum wage laws and social insurance. Wilson favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. He hated social welfare and wanted the fragmentation of the big industrial agencies, by using antitrusts. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain. Wilson had only received 41% of the popular vote. His popular total was actually smaller than Bryan had received in any of his three defeats. The combined popular total of Taft and TR exceeded those of Wilson as well. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president? Wilsons Presbyterian upbringing enabled him to deliver spiritual and eloquent political sermons. His academic background turned him in to an austere and arrogant intellectual. Wilson was also inflexible and stubborn. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff 4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?" The three parts were the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Wilson Battles the Bankers Know: The Federal Reserve Act 5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913? It had a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money. The President Tames the Trusts Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act 6. How did Wilson curb the trusts? Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act.

Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis 7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions. Wilson was a proponent of Free Trade and low tariffs. In December of 1913, Wilson followed up on the controversial income tax law with the Federal Reserve Act, which is still debated today. New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: Haiti 8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft. Wilson, unlike his two previous predecessors, didn't pursue an aggressive foreign policy, as he stopped "dollar diplomacy." He persuaded Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, and even led to American bankers' pulling out of a six-nation, Taft-engineered loan to China. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration? The revolution led to a massive migration of Mexicans to the U.S. The revolutionary bloodshed also put American lives and property in Mexico in danger. A small party of American sailors were also arrested at the Atlantic Seaport of Tampico. Pancho Villa also killed a total of 35 Americans, trying to provoke war. Thunder Across the Sea Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers 10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914? In 1914, a Serbian nationalist killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. A Precarious Neutrality Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II 11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers? German and Austro-Hungarian agents in America tarnished the Central Powers' image when they resorted to violence in American factories and ports. Also, a German operative left his briefcase in a NY elevator, the contents of which were found to contain plans for sabotage. America Earns Blood Money Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex 12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.? German submarines sank many ships, including the Lusitania. The attack killed 128 Americans. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" 13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916? The Democratic ticket, with Wilson at its head again, went under the slogan "He kept us out of war," and warned that electing Hughes would be leading America into World War I. Even though Wilson didn't specifically promise to keep America out of war, enough people felt that he did to vote for him. Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives? Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians 14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why? I think the "New Left" historians are right. The Progressives wanted reform. They would not fight for reform if the corruption did not directly affect them in any way. The Progressives were the people who were affected by the corruption of trusts and wanted to do something about it.