Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
KEBANGSAAN ???
MEDICINE
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
NAME :
CLASS :
IC NUMBER :
TEACHER’S NAME :
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
Content
10INTRODUCTION
20OBJECTIVE
30INTRODUCTION
3.1 Traditional medicines
3.2 Modern medicines
3.2.1Analgesics
3.2.2Antibiotics
3.2.3Psychotherapeutic medicine
3.3 Drug abuse
40Discussion
50Conclusion
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
60References
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
10INTRODUCTION OF
MEDICINES
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
20OBJECTIVE
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
10INFORMATION AND DATA
1.1Traditional medicine
Traditional medicines are derived from plants or
animals. Traditional medicines are usually not
processed. Any medicinal plant containing
alkaloid is potentially toxic to the liver.
Traditional medicines can cause serious side
effects. More research on the toxic and adverse
effects of traditional medicines should be carried
out in order to ensure the safety of these
medicines to the public.
1.1.1Some common medicinal plants and
their function
1.1.2Animals that have medicinal
properties
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
Traditional medicine Uses
bumi)
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
Ocimum basilicum To treat coughs, colds
the heart
convulsions
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
Side effects of traditional medicines
containing kava-kava.
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
3. While the use of traditional medicine is rising
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
1.2Modern medicine
Before the 20th century, most medicines were
extracted from plants (herbal medicines). Since
1900. Thousands of modern drugs have been
synthesised from organic compound. Modern
medicines can be classified as follows based on
their effects on the human body. Some examples
of modern medicines are analgesics, antibiotics,
psychotherapeutic drugs. Modern drugs have a
trade name and a generic name. For example, the
analgesic aspirin (generic name) is sold under
different brand names such as Caprin and Disprin.
Similarly, paracetamol (generic name) is sold
under the trade name of Panadol. Modern
medicines usually contain a mixture of active
ingredients prepared in different forms, such as
capsules, pills, solutions or suspensions. For
example, Alka-Seltzer (used as an antacid)
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), citric acid
and aspirin. It is the sodium bicarbonate then
neutralizes the excess stomach acid.Modern
medicines can be classified into a few categories
according to their effects on body:( a ) Analgesics
( b ) Antibiotics
( c ) Psychotherapeutic medicines
1.2.1Analgesics
Analgesics is to relieve pain without
causing numbness or affecting
consciousness. Analgesics relive pain but
do not cure the disease. Example of
common analgesics are aspirin,
paracetamol and codeine.
(a)Aspirin
Aspirinis used for relief, particularly
where there is inflammation involved,
such as arthritic pain and dental pain.
The active ingredient in aspirin is
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
acetylsalicylic acid. Aspirin has the
following structural formula.
structural formula.
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
reduce inflammation. Paracetamol also
reduces or relieves flu symptoms such
as fever, bone aches and runny nose.
An overdose of paracetamol can cause
liver damage.
(c)Codeine
Codeine is an analgesic used in
headache tables and in cough
medicines. Most codeine is
synthesizedfrom morphine. Codeine
may cause drowsiness when it taken.
Abuse of this medicine may lead to
addition, depression and nausea.
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
1.1.1Antibioties
Antibiotics are chemicals that destroy or
prevent the growth of infectious
microorganism. Two examples of
antibiotics are penicillin and streptomycin.
Antibiotics are used to treat diseases
caused by bacteria. Antibiotics are not
effective against diseases caused by viral
infections such as influenza, measles, or
small pox. Examples of antibiotics are
(a) Penicillin
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
effective on certain bacteria. For example, it
(b)Streptomycin
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
antibiotics are headache, allergic reaction,
diarrhea.
1.1.1psychotherapeutic medicine
Good metal health is fundamental and
essential to personal wellbeing and the
ability to lead a healthy, balanced and
productive life. People with mental illness
are not in control of their thoughts, feeling
and behaviours. These conditions can be
helped with the use of psychotherapeutic
medications.
Psychotherapeutic medicines are used to
alter abnormal thinking, feeling or
behaviours. These medicines do not cure
mental illness. However, they can reduce
many of the symptoms of mental illness
and help a person to get on with life.
Psychotherapeutic medicines are divided
into three categories based on the
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
symptoms for which they are primarily
used as shown below.
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
The example and side effects of some
psychotherapeutic medicines.
(a)Stimulant
(b)Antidepressant
(c)Antipsychotic
dependence.
(d)Antidepressant
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
(e)Antipsychotic
drowsiness, poor
coordinationor
lightheadadness. Overdose of
respiratory difficulties,
death
themselves accidentally by
taking an overdose
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
(f) Antipsychotic
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
other examples of drug is ice causes stroke and
Abuse potential
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
Depending on the actual compound, drug abuse
also alter systems other than the CNS. But not all
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
that individuals dependent on illicit drugs
syndromes.
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
4.0 Discussion
medicines
laboratories
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
In taking any medicine, we should know why the medicine is prescribed, how
what special diet should be followed, what are the side effects, and what
points :
1. Self-medication
people. Discuss with your doctor and listen to him concerning the
medicine to be taken.
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
3. Medicines for adult and children
Medicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.
4. Side effects
5. Expiry date
Like foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
Penicillin
Stimulant
Psychotherap
Antibiotics
Modern Medicine
Antidepressant
Streptomycin
medicines
eutic
Antipsychotic
medicines
Traditional
medicines
Analgesics
• Aspirin
• Paraceta
mol
• Codeine
Drug abuse
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
5.0 Conclusion
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
Since the olden days, man has used plants, animals and
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
codeine. Antibiotics are obtained from mold or other
streptomycin.
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
activity of the body of the patients. Examples of
and clozapine.
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
certain drugs like ecstasy and ice produce harmful side
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
6.0 References
1 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
3 ) Jess Tan Bsc ( Hons ) Ed, MED : COMPLETE Text & Guide
4 ) Traditional medicine,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine
Modern medicine,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_medicine
5 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com